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ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA which was written by Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H., and was published on Wednesday, 1 February 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled Impact of Mixed Marriages on Citizenships and Stay Permits for Foreigners (Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA) which was written by Erizka Permatasari, S.H. and was first published on Tuesday, 24 November 2020. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Impact of Mixed Marriages on CitizenshipsMixed marriages are marriages between two persons in Indonesia who are subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is an Indonesian Citizen.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Couples who conduct mixed marriages may acquire citizenship from their husbands/wives or may lose their citizenships, in accordance with the procedures which are regulated under the prevailing nationality law.[2]In order to become Indonesian Citizens, known as naturalization (in Bahasa Indonesia: pewarganegaraan), i.e. the procedure for foreigners to obtain Indonesian Citizenship through an application.[3]Foreign Citizens (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA") who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") may obtain Indonesian Citizenship by submitting a statement of becoming citizens in front of an authorized official.[4]However, in order to make such a statement, the relevant foreigner must have resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 consecutive years or for 10 non-consecutive years, unless the acquisition of said citizenship causes dual citizenship.[5]Therefore, we would like to clarify that your mother, who is originally a Japanese Citizen and got married to your father who is an Indonesian Citizen, does not automatically make your mother an Indonesian Citizen as you said. There are requirements that must be fulfilled by your mother, as outlined above.Requirements on NaturalizationFurthermore, applications for naturalization may be submitted by applicants if they meet the following requirements:[6]has reached the age of 18 (eighteen) or married;at the time of submitting the application, the applicant has resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or at least 10 (ten) years intermittentlyphysically and mentally healthy;is able to speak Bahasa Indonesia and acknowledges the state fundamental principles of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;never convicted of a criminal offense with imprisonment of 1(one) year or more;if the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia is acquired, it will not cause dual citizenship;has a profession and/or a steady income; andpay a naturalization fee to the Government Treasury.If the relevant foreign citizen does not acquire Indonesian Citizenship due to the fact that he/she holds dual citizenship, then he/she may be granted a permanent residency permit/ stay permit in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations.[7]A permanent stay permit is a permit granted to certain foreigners to reside and settle in Indonesian territory as Indonesian residents.[8]Thus, mixed marriages in Indonesia do not automatically change a person's nationality, unless after marriage the foreign party undertakes naturalization by fulfilling the requirements specified in the prevailing laws and regulations.Citizenship Status of a PersonFurthermore, based on the information you provided, your mother was previously a Japanese Citizen, however, after marrying an Indonesian Citizen, she changed her nationality to become an Indonesian Citizen.It should be noted that the Lecturer/Vice Dean II of the Faculty of Law at the Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum in the Workshop entitled Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia about Citizenship Services and Citizenships Conducted Online, which was organized by the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ “AHU”), explained that in accordance with Law 12/2006, Indonesia adheres to the principle of single citizenship, namely every people can only have one nationality.Moreover, based on Japanese Law, if your mother converts to become an Indonesian Citizen, then she will lose her previous Japanese Citizenship, as regulated under Article 11 of The Nationality Law (Law No. 147 of 1950) and its amendments, which state:A Japanese national shall lose Japanese nationality when he or she acquires a foreign nationality by his or her own choice.The abovementioned article affirms that a Japanese Citizen will lose his/her citizenship when he/she acquires foreign citizenship of his/her choice.For this reason, in this case, you need to re-confirm your mother's citizenship status, whether she has really changed it to become an Indonesian Citizen or has only obtained a stay permit in Indonesia. Both of these have different consequences.Reasons Why a Person Loses CitizenshipAn Indonesian Citizen may lose his/her citizenship if he/she:[9]acquires another citizenship voluntarily;will not refuse or will not relinquish other citizenship when the person concerned has the opportunity to do so;is declared of having relinquished their citizenship by the President at their voluntary request, the person is aged above 18 (eighteen) or married, is living abroad, and with the relinquishment of the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia does not cause them to become stateless;has entered into foreign military service without prior approval from the President;has voluntarily entered into the services of foreign entities in a position whereby law, such a position in Indonesia in accordance with laws and regulations may only be occupied by the Indonesian Citizens;has voluntarily taken an oath or declared allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country;was not obligated but has voluntarily participated in a referendum that is civic in nature for a foreign country;possesses a passport or travel document equivalent to a passport from a foreign country or a letter that may be construed as a valid citizenship identity from another country on his/her name; orliving outside the territories of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 (five) consecutive years for non-official purposes, without valid reason and deliberately refusing to declare their intention to remain as Indonesian Citizens before the 5 (five) year limit ends, and in each of the next 5 (five) years, the said person fails to declare their intention to remain an Indonesian Citizen to Indonesian Representative Offices whose work area covers the said person’s residence although the said Representative Office has duly notified them in writing, as long as the person concerned does not become stateless.According to the abovementioned reasons, then in order to answer your question, if a foreign citizen changes his/her nationality to become an Indonesian Citizen due to his/her marriage with an Indonesian Citizen, but then he/she is divorced, the divorce will not cause him/her losing his/her citizenship as an Indonesian Citizen unless he/she undertakes the actions as regulated under Article 23 Law 12/2006 above.Therefore, if your mother is an Indonesian Citizen who has undertaken naturalization, she will not lose her citizenship even though she is divorced from your father.Reasons for Deportation from IndonesiaAs for deportation, it is important to note that deportation is the act of forcibly expelling foreigners from Indonesian territory.[10]More specifically, deportation is an administrative immigration action, which is carried out by authorized immigration officials against foreigners who are located in Indonesian territory who carry out dangerous activities and are reasonably suspected of endangering security and public order or not complying with laws and regulations.[11]Based on this, divorce does not automatically mean that a foreigner can be deported. However, in essence, temporary/limited or permanent stay permits for foreigners may be annulled by reason of the termination of marital relations due to divorce and/or upon court decisions for foreigners who obtain limited/permanent stay permits due to legal marriages with Indonesian Citizens.[12]However, there are several exceptions according to Article 162 section (1) and (2) as well as Article 163 section (1) Government Regulation 31/2013 which regulates:For mixed marriages that lasted 10 years or more, the foreigner's permanent stay permit obtained due to a valid marriage remains valid even though the marriage has ended due to divorce and/or a court decision.Holders of permanent stay permits as referred to above must be guaranteed by a sponsor that is an Indonesian Citizen.For mixed marriages which lasted less than 10 years old, permanent stay permits for foreigners that are obtained due to valid marriages remain valid even if the marriage has ended due to divorce and/or upon a court decision if the foreigner concerned has a sponsor.So, for the relevant foreign citizen, an Indonesian Citizen sponsor is required[13] in order for the permanent stay permit to remain valid even though the marriage has ended due to divorce.Therefore, if your mother is still a foreigner and then divorced from your father, your mother may still remain living in Indonesia using her permanent stay permit as long as she has a sponsor that is an Indonesian Citizen.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage;Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia;Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration;Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation;Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration as amended by Government Regulation Number 26 of 2016 on the Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration as secondly amended by Government Regulation Number 51 of 2020 on the Second Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration as thirdly amended by Government Regulation Number 48 of 2021 on the Third Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration.Reference:The Nationality Law No. 147 of 1950 as amended by Law No. 268 of 1952, Law No. 45 of 1984, Law No. 89 of 1993 and Law No. 147 of 2004, Law No. 88 of 2008.NB:Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M. Hum presented the material entitled "How to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship According to Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia" in the Workshop entitled Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia about Citizenship Services and Citizenships Conducted Online, and was organized by the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ “AHU”) on Wednesday, 18 November 2020.[1] Article 57 Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”).[2] Article 58 Law 1/1974.[3] Article 1 number 3 Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (“Law 12/2006”). [4] Article 19 section (1) Law 12/2006.[5] Article 19 section (2) Law 12/2006.[6] Article 9 Law 12/2006.[7] Article 19 section (3) Law 12/2006.[8] Article 1 number 19 Government Regulation Number 48 of 2021 on the Third Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration (“Government Regulation 48/2021”).[9] Article 23 Law 12/2006. [10] Article 106 number 1 Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation (“Perppu 2/2022”) that amended Article 1 number 36 Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration (“Law 6/2011”).[11] Article 75 section (1) and (2) Law 6/2011.[12] Article 159 section (3) letter f jo. section (4) letter g Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration (“Government Regulation 31/2013”).[13] Article 162 section (2) jo. Article 163 section (2) Government Regulation 31/2013.Tagsklinik english edition
My father and mother were married in Indonesia. My mother was previously a Japanese Citizen, and after marriage, she automatically changed to an Indonesian Citizen. However, both my parents have been separated for more than 20 years and my father has remarried. When I asked my father the reason why he did not divorce my mother, his answer was that he was afraid that my mother would lose her citizenship and might be deported back to Japan. Is this true?
In the event of marriage between Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") and expatriates or Foreign Citizens (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA") or so-called mixed marriages, people of different nationalities who conduct mixed marriages may obtain citizenship from their husbands/wives and may also lose their citizenships, in accordance with the methods which have been determined under the prevailing citizenship law. So, does a mixed marriage automatically change the citizenship of a foreigner to an Indonesian Citizen, and could the divorce also be used as a reason for the immediate deportation of the foreign citizen concerned? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/consequences-of-mixed-marriages-on-citizenships-and-stay-permits-for-foreigners-lt63e0df05ef570/
Consequences of Mixed Marriages on Citizenships and Stay Permits for Foreigners
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/konsekuensi-perkawinan-campuran-terhadap-kewarganegaraan-dan-izin-tinggal-wna-lt5fbce9b439968#!?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=konsekuensi_kawin_campur_kewarganegaraan_izin_tinggal) which was written by [**Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dian-dwi-jayanti--sh-lt6374680d16d2f), and was published on Wednesday, 1 February 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Impact of Mixed Marriages on Citizenships and Stay Permits for Foreigners** **(Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA)** which was written by [**Erizka Permatasari, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72) and was first published on Tuesday, 24 November 2020. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Impact of Mixed Marriages on Citizenships** **Mixed marriages** are marriages between two persons in Indonesia who are subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is an Indonesian Citizen.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Couples who conduct mixed marriages **may acquire citizenship from their husbands/wives or may lose their citizenships**, in accordance with the procedures which are regulated under the prevailing [nationality](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/k/kewarganegaraan) law.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) In order to become Indonesian Citizens, known as **naturalization** (in Bahasa Indonesia: pewarganegaraan), i.e. the procedure for foreigners to obtain Indonesian Citizenship through an application.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Foreign Citizens (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA") who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") **may obtain Indonesian Citizenship** by submitting a statement of becoming citizens in front of an authorized official.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) However, in order to make such a statement, the relevant foreigner **must have resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 consecutive years or for 10 non-consecutive years**, unless the acquisition of said citizenship causes dual citizenship.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Therefore, we would like to clarify that your mother, who is originally a Japanese Citizen and got married to your father who is an Indonesian Citizen, does not automatically make your mother an Indonesian Citizen as you said. There are requirements that must be fulfilled by your mother, as outlined above. ### **Requirements on Naturalization** Furthermore, applications for naturalization may be submitted by applicants if they meet the following requirements:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. has reached the age of 18 (eighteen) or married; 2. at the time of submitting the application, the applicant has resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or at least 10 (ten) years intermittently 3. physically and mentally healthy; 4. is able to speak Bahasa Indonesia and acknowledges the state fundamental principles of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; 5. never convicted of a criminal offense with imprisonment of 1(one) year or more; 6. if the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia is acquired, it will not cause dual citizenship; 7. has a profession and/or a steady income; and 8. pay a naturalization fee to the Government Treasury. If the relevant foreign citizen does not acquire Indonesian Citizenship due to the fact that he/she holds dual citizenship, then he/she **may be granted a permanent residency permit/ stay permit** in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) A permanent stay permit is a permit granted to certain foreigners to reside and settle in Indonesian territory as Indonesian residents.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Thus, mixed marriages in Indonesia **do not automatically change a person's nationality**, unless after marriage the foreign party undertakes naturalization by fulfilling the requirements specified in the prevailing laws and regulations. ### **Citizenship Status of a Person** Furthermore, based on the information you provided, your mother was previously a Japanese Citizen, however, after marrying an Indonesian Citizen, she changed her nationality to become an Indonesian Citizen. It should be noted that the Lecturer/Vice Dean II of the Faculty of Law at the Universitas Sriwijaya, **Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum** in the Workshop entitled Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia about Citizenship Services and Citizenships Conducted Online, which was organized by the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ “AHU”), explained that in accordance with Law 12/2006, Indonesia adheres to the **principle of single citizenship**, namely every people can only have one nationality. Moreover, based on Japanese Law, if your mother converts to become an Indonesian Citizen, then she will lose her previous Japanese Citizenship, as regulated under **Article 11 of** [**The Nationality Law (Law No. 147 of 1950)**](https://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/tnl-01.html) and its amendments, which state: **_A Japanese national shall lose Japanese nationality_** _when he or she **acquires a foreign nationality** by his or her own choice._ The abovementioned article affirms that a Japanese Citizen will lose his/her citizenship when he/she acquires foreign citizenship of his/her choice. For this reason, in this case, you need to re-confirm your mother's citizenship status, whether she has really changed it to become an Indonesian Citizen or has only obtained a stay permit in Indonesia. Both of these have different consequences. ### **Reasons Why a Person Loses Citizenship** An Indonesian Citizen may lose his/her citizenship if he/she:[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 1. acquires another citizenship voluntarily; 2. will not refuse or will not relinquish other citizenship when the person concerned has the opportunity to do so; 3. is declared of having relinquished their citizenship by the President at their voluntary request, the person is aged above 18 (eighteen) or married, is living abroad, and with the relinquishment of the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia does not cause them to become stateless; 4. has entered into foreign military service without prior approval from the President; 5. has voluntarily entered into the services of foreign entities in a position whereby law, such a position in Indonesia in accordance with laws and regulations may only be occupied by the Indonesian Citizens; 6. has voluntarily taken an oath or declared allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country; 7. was not obligated but has voluntarily participated in a referendum that is civic in nature for a foreign country; 8. possesses a passport or travel document equivalent to a passport from a foreign country or a letter that may be construed as a valid citizenship identity from another country on his/her name; or 9. living outside the territories of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 (five) consecutive years for non-official purposes, without valid reason and deliberately refusing to declare their intention to remain as Indonesian Citizens before the 5 (five) year limit ends, and in each of the next 5 (five) years, the said person fails to declare their intention to remain an Indonesian Citizen to Indonesian Representative Offices whose work area covers the said person’s residence although the said Representative Office has duly notified them in writing, as long as the person concerned does not become stateless. According to the abovementioned reasons, then in order to answer your question, if a foreign citizen changes his/her nationality to become an Indonesian Citizen due to his/her marriage with an Indonesian Citizen, but then he/she is divorced, the divorce will not cause him/her losing his/her citizenship as an Indonesian Citizen unless he/she undertakes the actions as regulated under **Article 23** [**Law 12/2006**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) above. Therefore, if your mother is an Indonesian Citizen who has undertaken naturalization, **she will not lose her citizenship even though she is divorced from your father**. ### **Reasons for Deportation from Indonesia** As for [deportation](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/d/deportasi), it is important to note that deportation is the act of forcibly expelling foreigners from Indonesian territory.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) More specifically, deportation is an administrative immigration action, which is carried out by authorized immigration officials against foreigners who are located in Indonesian territory who carry out dangerous activities and are reasonably suspected of endangering security and public order or not complying with laws and regulations.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Based on this, **divorce does not automatically mean that a foreigner can be deported**. However, in essence, temporary/limited or permanent stay permits for foreigners may be annulled by reason of the termination of marital relations due to divorce and/or upon court decisions for foreigners who obtain limited/permanent stay permits due to legal marriages with Indonesian Citizens.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) However, there are several exceptions according to **Article 162 section (1) and (2)** as well as **Article 163 section (1)** **Government Regulation 31/2013** which regulates: 1. For mixed marriages that **lasted 10 years or more, the foreigner's permanent stay permit** obtained due to a valid marriage remains **valid** even though the marriage has ended due to divorce and/or a court decision. 2. Holders of permanent stay permits as referred to above must be guaranteed by a sponsor that is an Indonesian Citizen. 3. For mixed marriages which lasted less than 10 years old, permanent stay permits for foreigners that are obtained due to valid marriages remain **valid even if the marriage has ended due to divorce and/or upon a court decision if the foreigner concerned has a sponsor**. So, for the relevant foreign citizen, an Indonesian Citizen sponsor is required[\[13\]](#_ftn13) in order for the permanent stay permit to remain valid even though the marriage has ended due to divorce. Therefore, if your mother is still a foreigner and then divorced from your father, your mother may still remain living in Indonesia using her permanent stay permit as long as she has a sponsor that is an Indonesian Citizen. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) as amended by [Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019); 2. [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); 3. [Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011); 4. [Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022); 5. [Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt518a19697ab23/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2013/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_31_2013) as amended by [Government Regulation Number 26 of 2016 on the Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt578493f1135b5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_26_2016) as secondly amended by [Government Regulation Number 51 of 2020 on the Second Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f6d901555047?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_51_2020) as thirdly amended by [Government Regulation Number 48 of 2021 on the Third Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032472bafe24?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_48_2021). Reference: [The Nationality Law No. 147 of 1950 as amended by Law No. 268 of 1952, Law No. 45 of 1984, Law No. 89 of 1993 and Law No. 147 of 2004, Law No. 88 of 2008](http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/tnl-01.html). NB: _Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M. Hum presented the material entitled "How to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship According to Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia" in the Workshop entitled Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia about Citizenship Services and Citizenships Conducted Online, and was organized by the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ “AHU”) on Wednesday, 18 November 2020._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 57 [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) (“Law 1/1974”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 58 Law 1/1974. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 1 number 3 [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) (“Law 12/2006”). [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 19 section (1) Law 12/2006. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 19 section (2) Law 12/2006. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 9 Law 12/2006. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 19 section (3) Law 12/2006. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 1 number 19 [Government Regulation Number 48 of 2021 on the Third Amendment of Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032472bafe24?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_48_2021) (“Government Regulation 48/2021”). [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 23 Law 12/2006. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 106 number 1 [Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu 2/2022”) that amended Article 1 number 36 [Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011) (“Law 6/2011”). [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 75 section (1) and (2) Law 6/2011. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 159 section (3) letter f _jo._ section (4) letter g [Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 on the Regulation on the Implementation of Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt518a19697ab23/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2013/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_31_2013) (“Government Regulation 31/2013”). [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Article 162 section (2) _jo._ Article 163 section (2) Government Regulation 31/2013. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Awalnya Korban Malah Menjadi Tersangka yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 21 Mei 2014.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Dalam hal kakak ipar Anda ditusuk dengan menggunakan pisau oleh seseorang, maka terlepas dari orang tersebut telah meninggal dunia, pada dasarnya orang yang menusuknya itu telah melakukan tindak pidana berupa percobaan pembunuhan atau penganiayaan. Tindak Pidana Percobaan PembunuhanJika penusukan dilakukan dengan niat untuk menghilangkan nyawa kakak ipar Anda, maka orang tersebut melakukan tindak pidana pembunuhan sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 338 – 340 KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan Pasal 458 ayat (1), (3) dan Pasal 459 UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan.[1]Namun, karena kakak ipar Anda tidak sampai terbunuh, maka tindakan yang dilakukan oleh orang tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai percobaan pembunuhan yang diatur dalam Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHP dan Pasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut.Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHPPasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023Mencoba melakukan kejahatan dipidana, jika niat untuk itu telah ternyata dan adanya permulaan pelaksanaan, dan tidak selesainya pelaksanaan itu, bukan semata-mata disebabkan karena kehendaknya sendiri. Percobaan melakukan tindak pidana terjadi jika niat pelaku telah nyata dari adanya permulaan pelaksanaan dari tindak pidana yang dituju, tetapi pelaksanaannya tidak selesai, tidak mencapai hasil, atau tidak menimbulkan akibat yang dilarang, bukan karena semata-mata atas kehendaknya sendiri. Adapun ancaman hukuman untuk percobaan tindak pidana adalah maksimum pidana pokok dikurangi 1/3 atau 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok. Terhadap tindak pidana yang diancam pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, maka dipidana penjara maksimal 15 tahun.[2]Tindak Pidana PenganiayaanAkan tetapi, jika orang tersebut hanya ingin membuat kakak ipar Anda merasakan rasa sakit atau hanya ingin menganiaya kakak ipar Anda, maka orang tersebut telah melakukan tindak pidana penganiayaan yang diatur dalam Pasal 351 – Pasal 358 KUHP dan Pasal 466 – Pasal 471 UU 1/2023. Hukuman dari tindak pidana penganiayaan bergantung pada akibat yang ditimbulkannya, yakni apakah luka berat atau ringan. Selain itu, pemidanaan dalam pasal-pasal tersebut juga bergantung pada sengaja atau tidak dilakukannya penganiayaan itu. Lebih lanjut mengenai penganiayaan, Anda dapat membaca artikel Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan.Jika Pelaku Meninggal DuniaPerlu Anda ketahui bahwa jika pelaku meninggal dunia, maka kewenangan menuntut pidana menjadi hapus. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 77 KUHP dan Pasal 132 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023. Menurut R. Soesilo dalam buku Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 91), penuntutan hukuman itu harus ditujukan kepada diri pribadi orang. Jika orang yang dituduh telah melakukan peristiwa pidana itu meninggal dunia, maka tuntutan atas peristiwa itu habis begitu saja, artinya tidak dapat tuntutan itu lalu diarahkan kepada ahli warisnya.Jika Korban Jadi TersangkaSama seperti uraian di atas, di samping pelaku yang meninggal dunia tersebut, tindakan yang dilakukan oleh kakak ipar Anda dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana pembunuhan jika memang maksud dari tindakan tersebut adalah untuk menghilangkan nyawa orang tersebut. Akan tetapi bisa juga dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana penganiayaan jika maksudnya hanya untuk memberikan rasa sakit.Tetapi bisa juga tindakan yang dilakukan oleh kakak ipar Anda tidak dihukum karena adanya alasan penghapus pidana. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam artikel Membunuh karena Membela Diri, Tetap Ditahan Polisi?, dalam ilmu hukum pidana dikenal alasan penghapus pidana yaitu alasan pembenar dan alasan pemaaf yang uraiannya sebagai berikut.Alasan pembenar berarti alasan yang menghapus sifat melawan hukum suatu tindak pidana. Jadi, dalam alasan pembenar dilihat dari sisi perbuatannya (objektif). Alasan pembenar diatur di dalam Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP dan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023;Alasan pemaaf adalah alasan yang menghapus kesalahan dari si pelaku suatu tindak pidana, sedangkan perbuatannya tetap melawan hukum. Jadi, dalam alasan pemaaf dilihat dari sisi orang/pelakunya (subjektif). Misalnya, lantaran pelakunya tak waras atau gila sehingga tak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya itu atau mengalami keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum. Alasan pemaaf ini diatur di dalam Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP dan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023.Berdasarkan kronologi yang Anda sampaikan, bahwa tindakan yang dilakukan kakak ipar Anda dilakukan karena kakak ipar Anda sudah ditusuk pisau. Atas dasar hal tersebut, maka perbuatan kakak ipar Anda dapat dikatakan sebagai pembelaan darurat (alasan pembenar) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP dan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 jika memenuhi syarat-syarat dalam pasal tersebut.R. Soesilo berkomentar antara lain bahwa supaya orang dapat mengatakan dirinya dalam “pembelaan darurat” dan tidak dapat dihukum harus dipenuhi tiga syarat (hal. 64-66):Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa dilakukan untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain. Di sini harus ada keseimbangan yang tertentu antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dengan serangannya. Untuk membela kepentingan yang tidak berarti misalnya, orang tidak boleh membunuh atau melukai orang lain.Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut dalam pasal itu yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain.Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam dengan sekonyong-konyong atau pada ketika itu juga.Dalam hal kakak ipar Anda dari korban jadi tersangka, pada dasarnya semua orang yang melakukan tindak pidana dapat menjadi tersangka. Pada prinsipnya, hukum pidana itu mencari kebenaran materiel yaitu kebenaran yang sesungguhnya mengenai siapa pelaku tindak pidana yang sesungguhnya yang seharusnya dituntut dan didakwa. Oleh karena itu, perihal apakah nantinya kakak ipar Anda akan dihukum atau tidak, semua bergantung pada bukti-bukti yang ada di persidangan dan keyakinan hakim.Hal lain yang perlu dibahas adalah Anda mengatakan bahwa kakak ipar Anda sudah berdamai dengan keluarga penusuk. Penganiayaan adalah delik laporan (delik biasa) dan bukan delik aduan. Dalam delik laporan, walaupun pihak korban sudah memaafkan pelaku, proses hukum akan tetap dijalankan. Artinya, setelah dilakukannya tindakan pelaporan kepada polisi, maka laporan tersebut tidak dapat ditarik kembali. Oleh karena itu, tuntutan pidana terhadap kakak ipar Anda tetap diproses. Namun demikian, perdamaian antara kakak ipar Anda sebagai pelaku dengan keluarga korban dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi hakim untuk meringankan hukuman. Sebaliknya, tidak adanya perdamaian antara pelaku dengan keluarga korban bisa menjadi hal yang memberatkan kakak ipar Anda. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Referensi:R. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Politeia: Bogor, 1991.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 53 ayat (2) dan (3) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dan Pasal 17 ayat (3) dan (4) UU 1/2023Tagskorbankuhpkuhp barupenetapan tersangkastatus tersangka
Saya punya kakak ipar. Beliau ditusuk pakai pisau oleh seseorang hingga menyebabkan dua luka pada tulang belikat dan satu lagi hampir tembus ke depan dada. Kemudian beliau menghajar si penusuk hingga kepala bagian belakang membentur batu dan menyebabkan si penusuk meninggal dunia. Kemudian kakak ipar saya dirawat hanya 2 hari di rumah sakit lalu dijemput polisi dan dimasukkan ke dalam sel. Pertanyaan saya, bagaimana ketentuan hukumnya karena awalnya kakak saya menjadi korban kemudian bisa jadi tersangka? Sebagai catatan, sekarang kakak ipar saya dengan keluarga yang meninggal sudah berdamai. Terima kasih atas jawabannya.
Mengenai kakak ipar Anda dari korban jadi tersangka, pada dasarnya semua orang yang melakukan tindak pidana dapat menjadi tersangka. Namun demikian, jika tindakan yang dilakukan merupakan pembelaan diri, maka dapat dijadikan alasan pembenar yang menghapus sifat melawan hukum suatu tindak pidana. Namun demikian, perihal apakah nantinya kakak ipar Anda akan dihukum atau tidak, semua bergantung pada bukti-bukti yang ada di persidangan dan berdasarkan pada keyakinan hakim. Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/awalnya-korban-malah-jadi-tersangka--bagaimana-hukumnya-lt537ab1e1ea721/
Awalnya Korban Malah Jadi Tersangka, Bagaimana Hukumnya?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Awalnya Korban Malah Menjadi Tersangka_ yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 21 Mei 2014.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Dalam hal kakak ipar Anda ditusuk dengan menggunakan pisau oleh seseorang, maka terlepas dari orang tersebut telah meninggal dunia, pada dasarnya orang yang menusuknya itu telah melakukan tindak pidana berupa percobaan pembunuhan atau penganiayaan. ### **Tindak Pidana Percobaan Pembunuhan** Jika penusukan dilakukan dengan niat untuk menghilangkan nyawa kakak ipar Anda, maka orang tersebut melakukan tindak pidana pembunuhan sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan **Pasal 338 – 340** [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan **Pasal 458 ayat (1), (3) dan Pasal 459** [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Namun, karena kakak ipar Anda tidak sampai terbunuh, maka tindakan yang dilakukan oleh orang tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai percobaan pembunuhan yang diatur dalam **Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHP** dan **Pasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** yang berbunyi sebagai berikut. **Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHP** **Pasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** Mencoba melakukan kejahatan dipidana, jika niat untuk itu telah ternyata dan adanya permulaan pelaksanaan, dan tidak selesainya pelaksanaan itu, bukan semata-mata disebabkan karena kehendaknya sendiri. Percobaan melakukan tindak pidana terjadi jika niat pelaku telah nyata dari adanya permulaan pelaksanaan dari tindak pidana yang dituju, tetapi pelaksanaannya tidak selesai, tidak mencapai hasil, atau tidak menimbulkan akibat yang dilarang, bukan karena semata-mata atas kehendaknya sendiri. Adapun ancaman hukuman untuk percobaan tindak pidana adalah maksimum pidana pokok dikurangi 1/3 atau 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok. Terhadap tindak pidana yang diancam pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, maka dipidana penjara maksimal 15 tahun.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) ### **Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan** Akan tetapi, jika orang tersebut hanya ingin membuat kakak ipar Anda merasakan rasa sakit atau hanya ingin menganiaya kakak ipar Anda, maka orang tersebut telah melakukan tindak pidana penganiayaan yang diatur dalam **Pasal 351 – Pasal 358 KUHP** dan **Pasal 466 – Pasal 471 UU 1/2023**. Hukuman dari tindak pidana penganiayaan bergantung pada akibat yang ditimbulkannya, yakni apakah luka berat atau ringan. Selain itu, pemidanaan dalam pasal-pasal tersebut juga bergantung pada sengaja atau tidak dilakukannya penganiayaan itu. Lebih lanjut mengenai penganiayaan, Anda dapat membaca artikel **[Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-perbuatan-yang-termasuk-penganiayaan-lt515867216deba/#_ftnref2?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perbuatan_perbuatan_termasuk_penganiayaan)**. ### **Jika Pelaku Meninggal Dunia** Perlu Anda ketahui bahwa **jika pelaku meninggal dunia, maka kewenangan menuntut pidana menjadi hapus.** Hal ini diatur dalam **Pasal 77 KUHP** dan **Pasal 132 ayat (1) huruf** **b** **UU 1/2023**. Menurut **R. Soesilo** dalam buku _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal. 91), penuntutan hukuman itu harus ditujukan kepada diri pribadi orang. Jika orang yang dituduh telah melakukan peristiwa pidana itu meninggal dunia, maka tuntutan atas peristiwa itu habis begitu saja, artinya tidak dapat tuntutan itu lalu diarahkan kepada ahli warisnya. ### **Jika Korban Jadi Tersangka** Sama seperti uraian di atas, di samping pelaku yang meninggal dunia tersebut, tindakan yang dilakukan oleh kakak ipar Anda dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana pembunuhan jika memang maksud dari tindakan tersebut adalah untuk menghilangkan nyawa orang tersebut. Akan tetapi bisa juga dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana penganiayaan jika maksudnya hanya untuk memberikan rasa sakit. Tetapi bisa juga tindakan yang dilakukan oleh kakak ipar Anda tidak dihukum karena adanya alasan penghapus pidana. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam artikel **[Membunuh karena Membela Diri, Tetap Ditahan Polisi?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/membunuh-karena-membela-diri-tetap-ditahan-polisi-cl1578?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Membunuh_karena_Membela_Diri_Tetap_Ditahan_Polisi)**, dalam ilmu hukum pidana dikenal alasan penghapus pidana yaitu alasan pembenar dan alasan pemaaf yang uraiannya sebagai berikut. 1. **Alasan pembenar** berarti alasan yang menghapus sifat melawan hukum suatu tindak pidana. Jadi, dalam alasan pembenar dilihat dari sisi perbuatannya (objektif). Alasan pembenar diatur di dalam **Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP** dan **Pasal 34 UU 1/2023**; 2. **Alasan pemaaf** adalah alasan yang menghapus kesalahan dari si pelaku suatu tindak pidana, sedangkan perbuatannya tetap melawan hukum. Jadi, dalam alasan pemaaf dilihat dari sisi orang/pelakunya (subjektif). Misalnya, lantaran pelakunya tak waras atau gila sehingga tak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya itu atau mengalami keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum. Alasan pemaaf ini diatur di dalam **Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP** dan **Pasal 43 UU 1/2023**. Berdasarkan kronologi yang Anda sampaikan, bahwa tindakan yang dilakukan kakak ipar Anda dilakukan karena kakak ipar Anda sudah ditusuk pisau. Atas dasar hal tersebut, maka perbuatan kakak ipar Anda dapat dikatakan sebagai pembelaan darurat (alasan pembenar) sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP** dan **Pasal 34 UU 1/2023** jika memenuhi syarat-syarat dalam pasal tersebut. **R. Soesilo** berkomentar antara lain bahwa supaya orang dapat mengatakan dirinya dalam “pembelaan darurat” dan tidak dapat dihukum harus dipenuhi tiga syarat (hal. 64-66): 1. Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa dilakukan untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain. Di sini harus ada keseimbangan yang tertentu antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dengan serangannya. Untuk membela kepentingan yang tidak berarti misalnya, orang tidak boleh membunuh atau melukai orang lain. 2. Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut dalam pasal itu yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain. 3. Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam dengan sekonyong-konyong atau pada ketika itu juga. Dalam hal kakak ipar Anda dari korban jadi tersangka, pada dasarnya semua orang yang melakukan tindak pidana dapat menjadi tersangka. Pada prinsipnya, hukum pidana itu mencari kebenaran materiel yaitu kebenaran yang sesungguhnya mengenai siapa pelaku tindak pidana yang sesungguhnya yang seharusnya dituntut dan didakwa. Oleh karena itu, perihal apakah nantinya kakak ipar Anda akan dihukum atau tidak, semua bergantung pada bukti-bukti yang ada di persidangan dan keyakinan hakim. Hal lain yang perlu dibahas adalah Anda mengatakan bahwa kakak ipar Anda sudah berdamai dengan keluarga penusuk. Penganiayaan adalah delik laporan (delik biasa) dan bukan delik aduan. Dalam delik laporan, walaupun pihak korban sudah memaafkan pelaku, proses hukum akan tetap dijalankan. Artinya, setelah dilakukannya tindakan pelaporan kepada polisi, maka laporan tersebut tidak dapat ditarik kembali. Oleh karena itu, tuntutan pidana terhadap kakak ipar Anda tetap diproses. Namun demikian, perdamaian antara kakak ipar Anda sebagai pelaku dengan keluarga korban dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi hakim untuk meringankan hukuman. Sebaliknya, tidak adanya perdamaian antara pelaku dengan keluarga korban bisa menjadi hal yang memberatkan kakak ipar Anda. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru).  Referensi: R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Politeia: Bogor, 1991. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 53 ayat (2) dan (3) [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) dan Pasal 17 ayat (3) dan (4) UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [korban](/tag/korban) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [penetapan tersangka](/tag/penetapan-tersangka) [status tersangka](/tag/status-tersangka)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITCara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Bisakah WNA di Luar Negeri Melapor Pidana ke Polisi Indonesia?06 Mar 2023Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA01 Feb 2023WNI Menggunakan Identitas WNA, Termasuk Kejahatan Siber?26 Okt 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 29 November 2013. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Hukum Perkelahian Dalam hal kedua Warga Negara Asing (“WNA”) tersebut berkelahi hingga salah satu atau keduanya terluka, maka WNA yang bersangkutan telah melakukan tindak pidana yang diatur dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 dengan bunyi sebagai berikut.Pasal 184 KUHPPasal 472 UU 1/2023Seseorang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan, jika ia dalam perkelahian tanding itu tidak melukai tubuh pihak lawannya.Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun dan 4 bulan, barang siapa melukai tubuh lawannya.Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun, barang siapa melukai berat tubuh lawannya.Barang siapa yang merampas nyawa lawannya, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun, atau jika perkelahian tanding itu dilakukan dengan perjanjian hidup atau mati, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 12 tahun.Percobaan perkelahian tanding tidak dipidana.Setiap orang yang turut serta dalam penyerangan atau perkelahian yang melibatkan beberapa orang, selain tanggung jawab masing-masing terhadap tindak pidana yang khusus dilakukan, dipidana dengan:pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III, yaitu Rp50 juta[2] jika penyerangan atau perkelahian tersebut mengakibatkan luka berat; ataupidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun, jika penyerangan atau perkelahian tersebut mengakibatkan matinya orang. Dari bunyi pasal di atas dapat diketahui sepanjang penelusuran kami bahwa perkelahian yang diatur dalam UU 1/2023 adalah spesifik penyerangan atau perkelahian yang melibatkan beberapa orang, selain tanggung jawab masing-masing terhadap tindak pidana yang khusus dilakukannya.R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal menjelaskan Pasal 182 KUHP bahwa undang-undang tidak memberikan definisi apa yang dinamakan “berkelahi satu lawan satu” itu. Menurut pengertian umum, lanjut Soesilo, maka “berkelahi satu lawan satu” itu adalah perkelahian dua orang dengan teratur, dengan tantangan lebih dahulu, sedangkan tempat, waktu, senjata yang dipakai, siapa saksi-saksinya ditetapkan pula. Perkelahian ini biasanya disebut “duel”. Perkelahian meskipun antara dua orang, apabila tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat tersebut, tidak masuk dalam pasal ini. Bisakah WNA Dipidana dengan Hukum Indonesia?Selanjutnya, kami akan menerangkan terkait keberlakuan hukum pidana Indonesia yang bersumber pada tulisan Wirjono Prodjodikoro dalam bukunya Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia (hal. 51-57):Prinsip TeritorialitasPrinsip teritorialitas adalah prinsip yang menganggap hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku di dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia, siapapun yang melakukan tindak pidana. Prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam Pasal 2 KUHP dan Pasal 4 huruf a UU 1/2023.  Prinsip Nasional AktifPrinsip ini dianut dalam Pasal 5 KUHP dan Pasal 8 UU 1/2023 bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi warga negara Indonesia yang melakukan tindak pidana di luar wilayah negara Indonesia. Prinsip ini dinamakan nasional aktif karena berhubungan dengan keaktifan berupa kejahatan dari seorang warga negara. Prinsip Nasional PasifPrinsip ini memperluas berlakunya ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia di luar wilayah Indonesia berdasar atas kerugian nasional amat besar yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa kejahatan sehingga siapa saja termasuk orang asing yang melakukannya di mana saja pantas dihukum oleh pengadilan negara Indonesia. Prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam Pasal 4 KUHP dan Pasal 5 UU 1/2023. Prinsip UniversalitasPrinsip ini melihat pada suatu tata hukum internasional, di mana terlibat kepentingan bersama dari semua negara di dunia. Maka, kalau ada suatu tindak pidana yang merugikan kepentingan bersama dari semua negara ini, adalah layak bahwa tindak pidana dapat dituntut dan dihukum oleh pengadilan setiap negara, dengan tidak dipedulikan, siapa saja yang melakukannya dan di mana saja. Prinsip ini dianut dalam Pasal 4 KUHP dan Pasal 6 UU 1/2023 yang pada intinya menentukan bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi siapa saja, termasuk orang-orang asing yang di luar wilayah Indonesia yang melakukan kejahatan yang melibatkan kepentingan bersama negara di dunia. Baca juga: 5 Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana dalam KUHP BaruPrinsip yang diterapkan pada kasus yang Anda tanyakan adalah prinsip teritorialitas. Wirjono (hal. 51) menjelaskan prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam Pasal 2 KUHP dan Pasal 4 huruf a UU 1/2023 yang menyatakan bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi siapa saja yang melakukan tindak pidana di dalam wilayah negara Indonesia.Masih mengenai Pasal 2 KUHP, R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang sama menyatakan bahwa tiap orang berarti siapa juga, baik WNI sendiri, maupun WNA, dengan tidak membedakan kelamin atau agama, kedudukan atau pangkat, yang berbuat peristiwa pidana dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia (hal. 29).Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dua WNA yang berkelahi hingga menyebabkan luka (perbuatan tindak pidana penganiayaan) di wilayah Indonesia berlaku dan tunduk pada hukum Indonesia. Artinya, kedua WNA tersebut bisa diadili sesuai hukum negara Indonesia. Contoh KasusSebagai contoh, dalam Putusan PN Makale Nomor 161/Pid.B/2019/PN Mak yang mana terdakwa I dan II adalah seseorang berkewarganegaraan Iran dan Turki yang didakwa atas dasar tindak pidana penipuan.  Terdakwa I dan II melakukan penipuan dengan cara mengalihkan fokus korban sehingga tanpa sadar korban memberikan sejumlah uang kepada para terdakwa (hal 34-36).Majelis hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya berdasarkan Pasal 378 jo. Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke- 1 KUHP menyatakan terdakwa secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana penipuan dan menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa I dan terdakwa II dengan pidana penjara selama 2 bulan serta menetapkan masa penangkapan dan penahanan yang telah dijalani oleh terdakwa dikurangkan sepenuhnya dari pidana yang dijatuhkan (hal. 43).Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana REFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991;Wirjono Prodjodikoro. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2003. PUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri Makale Nomor 161/Pid.B/2019/PN Mak.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023Tagshukum pidanapidanawarga negara asing
Saya ingin menanyakan apakah perkelahian antara 2 WNA yang terjadi di Indonesia dapat terkena sanksi pidana undang-undang di Indonesia? Terima kasih.
Dua orang WNA yang berkelahi di Indonesia dapat dituntut berdasarkan hukum Indonesia dan jika terbukti bersalah, dapat dikenai hukum pidana. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena prinsip teritorialitas yang dianut oleh Indonesia. Bagaimana bunyi pasalnya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Bisakah WNA di Luar Negeri Melapor Pidana ke Polisi Indonesia?06 Mar 2023Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA01 Feb 2023WNI Menggunakan Identitas WNA, Termasuk Kejahatan Siber?26 Okt 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Bisakah WNA di Luar Negeri Melapor Pidana ke Polisi Indonesia?06 Mar 2023Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA01 Feb 2023WNI Menggunakan Identitas WNA, Termasuk Kejahatan Siber?26 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-wna-dipidana-dengan-hukum-indonesia-lt52849fabe5a87/
Bisakah WNA Dipidana dengan Hukum Indonesia?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA ](/klinik/a/cara-pindah-kewarganegaraan-lt59b2426ec0ed5/) ![Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt59b2426ec0ed5/thumbnail_lt619df85d695aa.jpg) 25 Mar 2024 [ #### Bisakah WNA di Luar Negeri Melapor Pidana ke Polisi Indonesia? ](/klinik/a/bisakah-wna-di-luar-negeri-melapor-pidana-ke-polisi-indonesia-lt61131b38e6fc2/) ![Bisakah WNA di Luar Negeri Melapor Pidana ke Polisi Indonesia?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt61131b38e6fc2/thumbnail_lt6405ca8d668a1.jpg) 06 Mar 2023 [ #### Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA ](/klinik/a/konsekuensi-perkawinan-campuran-terhadap-kewarganegaraan-dan-izin-tinggal-wna-lt5fbce9b439968/) ![Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5fbce9b439968/thumbnail_lt63da4afc917d7.jpg) 01 Feb 2023 [ #### WNI Menggunakan Identitas WNA, Termasuk Kejahatan Siber? ](/klinik/a/wni-menggunakan-identitas-wna--termasuk-kejahatan-siber-lt52d3d3f15c110/) ![WNI Menggunakan Identitas WNA, Termasuk Kejahatan Siber?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52d3d3f15c110/thumbnail_lt635916ad1a2c9.jpg) 26 Okt 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 29 November 2013.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Hukum Perkelahian** Dalam hal kedua Warga Negara Asing (“WNA”) tersebut berkelahi hingga salah satu atau keduanya terluka, maka WNA yang bersangkutan telah melakukan tindak pidana yang diatur dalam [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) **yang lama yang masih berlaku** pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 dengan bunyi sebagai berikut. **Pasal 184 KUHP** **Pasal 472 UU 1/2023** 1. Seseorang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan, jika ia dalam perkelahian tanding itu tidak melukai tubuh pihak lawannya. 2. Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun dan 4 bulan, barang siapa melukai tubuh lawannya. 3. Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun, barang siapa melukai berat tubuh lawannya. 4. Barang siapa yang merampas nyawa lawannya, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun, atau jika perkelahian tanding itu dilakukan dengan perjanjian hidup atau mati, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 12 tahun. 5. Percobaan perkelahian tanding tidak dipidana. Setiap orang yang turut serta dalam penyerangan atau perkelahian yang melibatkan beberapa orang, selain tanggung jawab masing-masing terhadap tindak pidana yang khusus dilakukan, dipidana dengan: 1. 1. pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III, yaitu Rp50 juta[\[2\]](#_ftn2) jika penyerangan atau perkelahian tersebut mengakibatkan luka berat; atau 2. pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun, jika penyerangan atau perkelahian tersebut mengakibatkan matinya orang. Dari bunyi pasal di atas dapat diketahui sepanjang penelusuran kami bahwa perkelahian yang diatur dalam UU 1/2023 adalah spesifik penyerangan atau perkelahian yang melibatkan beberapa orang, selain tanggung jawab masing-masing terhadap tindak pidana yang khusus dilakukannya. **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ menjelaskan **Pasal 182 KUHP** bahwa undang-undang tidak memberikan definisi apa yang dinamakan “berkelahi satu lawan satu” itu. Menurut pengertian umum, lanjut Soesilo, maka “berkelahi satu lawan satu” itu adalah **perkelahian dua orang dengan teratur, dengan tantangan lebih dahulu, sedangkan tempat, waktu, senjata yang dipakai, siapa saksi-saksinya ditetapkan pula**. Perkelahian ini biasanya disebut “duel”. Perkelahian meskipun antara dua orang, apabila tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat tersebut, tidak masuk dalam pasal ini. ### **Bisakah WNA Dipidana dengan Hukum Indonesia?** Selanjutnya, kami akan menerangkan terkait keberlakuan hukum pidana Indonesia yang bersumber pada tulisan **Wirjono Prodjodikoro** dalam bukunya _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia_ (hal. 51-57): 1. **Prinsip Teritorialitas** Prinsip teritorialitas adalah prinsip yang menganggap hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku di dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia, siapapun yang melakukan tindak pidana. Prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam **Pasal 2 KUHP** dan **Pasal 4 huruf a [UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)**.  2. **Prinsip Nasional Aktif** Prinsip ini dianut dalam **Pasal 5 KUHP** dan **Pasal 8 UU 1/2023** bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi warga negara Indonesia yang melakukan tindak pidana di luar wilayah negara Indonesia. Prinsip ini dinamakan nasional aktif karena berhubungan dengan keaktifan berupa kejahatan dari seorang warga negara. 3. **Prinsip Nasional Pasif** Prinsip ini memperluas berlakunya ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia di luar wilayah Indonesia berdasar atas kerugian nasional amat besar yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa kejahatan sehingga siapa saja termasuk orang asing yang melakukannya di mana saja pantas dihukum oleh pengadilan negara Indonesia. Prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam **Pasal 4 KUHP** dan **Pasal 5 UU 1/2023**. 4. **Prinsip Universalitas** Prinsip ini melihat pada suatu tata hukum internasional, di mana terlibat kepentingan bersama dari semua negara di dunia. Maka, kalau ada suatu tindak pidana yang merugikan kepentingan bersama dari semua negara ini, adalah layak bahwa tindak pidana dapat dituntut dan dihukum oleh pengadilan setiap negara, dengan tidak dipedulikan, siapa saja yang melakukannya dan di mana saja. Prinsip ini dianut dalam **Pasal 4 KUHP** dan **Pasal 6 UU 1/2023** yang pada intinya menentukan bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi siapa saja, termasuk orang-orang asing yang di luar wilayah Indonesia yang melakukan kejahatan yang melibatkan kepentingan bersama negara di dunia. Baca juga: **[5 Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana dalam KUHP Baru](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/asas-asas-hukum-pidana-lt62cb7d58e9538/?page=all?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=asas_hukum_pidana)** Prinsip yang diterapkan pada kasus yang Anda tanyakan adalah prinsip teritorialitas. Wirjono (hal. 51) menjelaskan prinsip ini ditegaskan dalam Pasal 2 KUHP dan Pasal 4 huruf a UU 1/2023 yang menyatakan bahwa ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi siapa saja yang melakukan tindak pidana di dalam wilayah negara Indonesia. Masih mengenai Pasal 2 KUHP, R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang sama menyatakan bahwa tiap orang berarti siapa juga, baik WNI sendiri, maupun WNA, dengan tidak membedakan kelamin atau agama, kedudukan atau pangkat, yang berbuat peristiwa pidana dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia (hal. 29). Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dua WNA yang berkelahi hingga menyebabkan luka (perbuatan tindak pidana penganiayaan) di wilayah Indonesia berlaku dan tunduk pada hukum Indonesia. Artinya, kedua WNA tersebut bisa diadili sesuai hukum negara Indonesia. ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai contoh, dalam **[Putusan PN Makale Nomor 161/Pid.B/2019/PN Mak](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/833241d9f85525b9b8592185c6dbd615.html)** yang mana terdakwa I dan II adalah seseorang berkewarganegaraan Iran dan Turki yang didakwa atas dasar tindak pidana penipuan.  Terdakwa I dan II melakukan penipuan dengan cara mengalihkan fokus korban sehingga tanpa sadar korban memberikan sejumlah uang kepada para terdakwa (hal 34-36). Majelis hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya berdasarkan **Pasal 378 _jo._ Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke- 1 KUHP** menyatakan terdakwa secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana penipuan dan menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa I dan terdakwa II dengan pidana penjara selama 2 bulan serta menetapkan masa penangkapan dan penahanan yang telah dijalani oleh terdakwa dikurangkan sepenuhnya dari pidana yang dijatuhkan (hal. 43). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- 1. R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991; 2. Wirjono Prodjodikoro. _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia_. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2003. PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Makale Nomor 161/Pid.B/2019/PN Mak](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/833241d9f85525b9b8592185c6dbd615.html). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [warga negara asing](/tag/warga-negara-asing)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.KLINIK TERKAITJerat Hukum Pinjol Ilegal yang Sebar Data Pribadi08 Des 2022Pinjol Hanya Boleh Menagih Utang Maksimal 90 Hari, Benarkah?17 Okt 2022Jerat Pasal Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi untuk Emergency Contact Pinjol28 Sep 2022Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya18 Mar 2022Layanan pinjaman online (“pinjol”) atau dalam POJK 10/2022 dikenal sebagai Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (“LPBBTI”) adalah penyelenggaraan layanan jasa keuangan untuk mempertemukan pemberi dana dengan penerima dana dalam rangka melakukan pendanaan konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip syariah secara langsung melalui sistem elektronik dengan menggunakan internet.[1]Penyelenggara pinjol untuk melaksanakan kegiatannya harus memperoleh izin usaha dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (“OJK”).[2] Pinjol yang mendapatkan izin dari OJK merupakan pinjol legal, sementara yang tidak berizin dapat dikatakan sebagai pinjol ilegal.Tata Cara Penagihan PinjolBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Selanjutnya, terkait dengan penagihan yang dilakukan oleh penyelenggara pinjol, Anda dapat simak ketentuannya dalam POJK 10/2022. Pada dasarnya, penagihan dapat dilakukan jika penerima dana wanprestasi. Adapun, penagihan dilakukan dengan cara memberikan surat peringatan sesuai dengan jangka waktu perjanjian pendanaan yang berisi:[3]jumlah hari keterlambatan pembayaran kewajiban;posisi akhir total pendanaan yang belum dilunasi atau pokok terutang;manfaat ekonomi pendanaan; dandenda yang terutang.Penyelenggara pinjol juga bisa bekerja sama dengan pihak lain untuk melakukan penagihan dengan ketentuan:[4]berbadan hukum;punya izin dari instansi berwenang;punya sumber daya manusia yang tersertifikasi di bidang penagihan dari lembaga sertifikasi profesi yang terdaftar di OJK; danbukan merupakan afiliasi dari pihak penyelenggara pinjol atau pemberi dana.Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam melakukan penagihan, penyelenggara pinjol wajib memastikan bahwa penagihan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[5]Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penagihan yang dilakukan pinjol tidak boleh melanggar norma yang berlaku di masyarakat dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Artinya jika penagihan dilakukan dengan cara menelepon terus menerus, mengganggu, hingga meneror adalah hal yang tidak dibenarkan.Langkah Hukum Jika Terus Menerus Diteror PinjolBerdasarkan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, Anda tidak menyebutkan apakah layanan pinjol yang Anda gunakan itu legal atau ilegal.Kami berasumsi bahwa layanan pinjol yang Anda gunakan termasuk pinjol yang ilegal, sebab mekanisme penagihan pada pinjol legal dilakukan dengan iktikad baik dan tunduk pada ketentuan dalam POJK 10/2022 dan peraturan terkait. Apabila Anda terlambat membayar utang, terdapat mekanisme restrukturisasi pembayaran utang. Lain halnya dengan pinjol ilegal yang sistem penagihannya cenderung tidak jelas dan dengan iktikad buruk. Contohnya seperti dihubungi atau ditelepon terus menerus untuk menagih utang padahal utang belum jatuh tempo.Selanjutnya, Anda menyampaikan bahwa Anda diteror oleh penyelenggara pinjol, maka kami asumsikan bahwa bentuk teror pinjol tersebut merupakan usaha menciptakan ketakutan, kengerian, dan kekejaman oleh seseorang atau golongan; ancaman, tindakan kekerasan, dan sebagainya yang menakutkan.  Maka, tindakan teror pinjol tersebut dapat dijerat Pasal 29 UU ITE jo. Pasal 45B UU 19/2016 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut.Pasal 29 UU ITESetiap orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang berisi ancaman kekerasan atau menakut-nakuti yang ditujukan secara pribadi.Pasal 45B UU 19/2016Setiap orang yang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang berisi ancaman kekerasan atau menakut-nakuti yang ditujukan secara pribadi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 29 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 750.000.000,00 (tujuh ratus lima puluh juta rupiah).Atas dasar tersebut, Anda dapat melaporkan teror pinjol ke pihak kepolisian. Mengenai tata cara membuat laporan polisi dapat dilihat dalam artikel Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya.Meski demikian, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa baik pada pinjol legal maupun ilegal, hubungan Anda dan pihak penyelenggara pinjol adalah utang piutang. Sehingga, Anda selaku debitur tetap wajib membayar utang tersebut sesuai dengan kesepakatan awal.Anda terlebih dahulu dapat menghubungi pihak pinjol dan menyelesaikan pembayaran utang secara musyawarah dan kekeluargaan. Disarikan dari artikel Penagihan Pinjol Meresahkan? Perhatikan Tips Ini Agar Tak Salah Langkah, Anda perlu menunjukkan iktikad baik untuk melunasi utang/pinjaman tersebut. Upayakan Anda dapat bernegosiasi untuk bisa penjadwalan kembali (rescheduling), persyaratan kembali (reconditioning), dan penataan kembali (restructuring).Setelah hal tersebut Anda lakukan, namun pihak pinjol masih tetap meneror Anda, maka Anda dapat melaporkan pihak pinjol kepada polisi dengan melampirkan hasil screenshot riwayat panggilan telepon, chat, dan/atau rekaman pembicaraan sebagai bukti.Anda juga dapat mengadukan ke OJK untuk selanjutnya difasilitasi penyelesaiannya. Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikPeraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 10/POJK.05/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berbasis Teknologi InformasiREFERENSIKBBI, teror yang diakses pada Senin, 2 Februari 2023 pukul 12.30 WIB.[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 10/POJK.05/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berasis Teknologi Informasi (“POJK 10/2022”)[2] Pasal 8 ayat (1) POJK 10/2022[3] Pasal 102 ayat (1) dan (2) POJK 10/2022[4] Pasal 103 ayat (1) dan (3) POJK 10/2022[5] Pasal 104 ayat (1) POJK 10/2022Tagsojkpinjamanpinjaman onlinepinjolpinjol ilegalpojk
Karena tertunda pembayaran, tapi belum satu bulan, saya sudah diteror setiap saat melalui telepon oleh pinjol. Mereka selalu tanya kapan dibayar, padahal sudah dijelaskan. Apakah boleh pihak pinjol menelepon terus, dari subuh, pagi, siang, sore dan malam sepanjang waktu seperti neror?
Layanan pinjaman online (“pinjol”) atau dikenal juga sebagai Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (“LPBBTI”) pada umumnya menyediakan layanan pinjam meminjam uang melalui sistem elektronik. Pada praktiknya, tak jarang debitur menunggak pembayaran pinjaman sehingga penyelenggara pinjol akan melakukan penagihan kepada debitur dengan bermacam-macam cara. Lantas, bolehkah menagih pembayaran pinjol dengan cara meneror debitur?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Jerat Hukum Pinjol Ilegal yang Sebar Data Pribadi08 Des 2022Pinjol Hanya Boleh Menagih Utang Maksimal 90 Hari, Benarkah?17 Okt 2022Jerat Pasal Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi untuk Emergency Contact Pinjol28 Sep 2022Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya18 Mar 2022Jerat Hukum Pinjol Ilegal yang Sebar Data Pribadi08 Des 2022Pinjol Hanya Boleh Menagih Utang Maksimal 90 Hari, Benarkah?17 Okt 2022Jerat Pasal Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi untuk Emergency Contact Pinjol28 Sep 2022Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya18 Mar 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/diteror-pinjol-buat-bayar-utang--lakukan-langkah-ini-lt637c266aef8a7/
Diteror Pinjol Buat Bayar Utang, Lakukan Langkah Ini
pages/170/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Jerat Hukum Pinjol Ilegal yang Sebar Data Pribadi ](/klinik/a/jerat-hukum-pinjol-ilegal-yang-sebar-data-pribadi-lt628fac477af9c/) ![Jerat Hukum Pinjol Ilegal yang Sebar Data Pribadi](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt628fac477af9c/thumbnail_lt6391d1b07cb85.jpg) 08 Des 2022 [ #### Pinjol Hanya Boleh Menagih Utang Maksimal 90 Hari, Benarkah? ](/klinik/a/benarkah-pinjol-hanya-boleh-menagih-utang-maksimal-90-hari-lt62885c8debfde/) ![Pinjol Hanya Boleh Menagih Utang Maksimal 90 Hari, Benarkah?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62885c8debfde/thumbnail_lt634d302b459cb.jpg) 17 Okt 2022 [ #### Jerat Pasal Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi untuk _Emergency Contact_ Pinjol ](/klinik/a/pasal-penyalahgunaan-data-pribadi-lt610129a817b6c/) ![Jerat Pasal Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi untuk <i>Emergency Contact</i> Pinjol](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt610129a817b6c/thumbnail_lt6333ffa28d47e.jpg) 28 Sep 2022 [ #### Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya ](/klinik/a/terlilit-utang-pinjol-ilegal--ini-cara-melaporkannya-lt5d82e273126a2/) ![Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d82e273126a2/thumbnail_lt5df741d7b9fb4.jpg) 18 Mar 2022 [](#!) Layanan pinjaman _o__nline_ (“pinjol”) atau dalam **[POJK 10/2022](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62ce684f3bf66/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-10-pojk05-2022-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_10_2022)** dikenal sebagai Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (“LPBBTI”) adalah penyelenggaraan layanan jasa keuangan untuk mempertemukan pemberi dana dengan penerima dana dalam rangka melakukan pendanaan konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip syariah secara langsung melalui sistem elektronik dengan menggunakan internet.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Penyelenggara pinjol untuk melaksanakan kegiatannya harus memperoleh izin usaha dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (“OJK”).[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Pinjol yang mendapatkan izin dari OJK merupakan pinjol legal, sementara yang tidak berizin dapat dikatakan sebagai pinjol ilegal. ### **Tata Cara Penagihan Pinjol** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Selanjutnya, terkait dengan penagihan yang dilakukan oleh penyelenggara pinjol, Anda dapat simak ketentuannya dalam POJK 10/2022. Pada dasarnya, penagihan dapat dilakukan jika penerima dana wanprestasi. Adapun, penagihan dilakukan dengan cara memberikan surat peringatan sesuai dengan jangka waktu perjanjian pendanaan yang berisi:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. jumlah hari keterlambatan pembayaran kewajiban; 2. posisi akhir total pendanaan yang belum dilunasi atau pokok terutang; 3. manfaat ekonomi pendanaan; dan 4. denda yang terutang. Penyelenggara pinjol juga bisa bekerja sama dengan pihak lain untuk melakukan penagihan dengan ketentuan:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. berbadan hukum; 2. punya izin dari instansi berwenang; 3. punya sumber daya manusia yang tersertifikasi di bidang penagihan dari lembaga sertifikasi profesi yang terdaftar di OJK; dan 4. bukan merupakan afiliasi dari pihak penyelenggara pinjol atau pemberi dana. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam melakukan penagihan, penyelenggara pinjol wajib memastikan bahwa penagihan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penagihan yang dilakukan pinjol tidak boleh melanggar norma yang berlaku di masyarakat dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Artinya jika penagihan dilakukan dengan cara menelepon terus menerus, mengganggu, hingga meneror adalah hal yang tidak dibenarkan. ### **Langkah** **H****ukum** **J****ika** **Terus Menerus D****iteror Pinjol** Berdasarkan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, Anda tidak menyebutkan apakah layanan pinjol yang Anda gunakan itu legal atau ilegal. Kami berasumsi bahwa layanan pinjol yang Anda gunakan termasuk pinjol yang ilegal, sebab mekanisme penagihan pada pinjol legal dilakukan dengan iktikad baik dan tunduk pada ketentuan dalam POJK 10/2022 dan peraturan terkait. Apabila Anda terlambat membayar utang, terdapat mekanisme restrukturisasi pembayaran utang. Lain halnya dengan pinjol ilegal yang sistem penagihannya cenderung tidak jelas dan dengan iktikad buruk. Contohnya seperti dihubungi atau ditelepon terus menerus untuk menagih utang padahal utang belum jatuh tempo. Selanjutnya, Anda menyampaikan bahwa Anda diteror oleh penyelenggara pinjol, maka kami asumsikan bahwa bentuk [teror](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/teror) pinjol tersebut merupakan usaha menciptakan ketakutan, kengerian, dan kekejaman oleh seseorang atau golongan; ancaman, tindakan kekerasan, dan sebagainya yang menakutkan.   Maka, tindakan teror pinjol tersebut dapat dijerat **Pasal** **29** **[UU ITE](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite)** _jo._ **Pasal 45B** **[UU 19/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016)** yang berbunyi sebagai berikut. Pasal 29 UU ITE _Setiap orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik **yang berisi ancaman kekerasan atau menakut-nakuti yang ditujukan secara pribadi**_. Pasal 45B UU 19/2016 _Setiap orang yang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang berisi ancaman kekerasan atau menakut-nakuti yang ditujukan secara pribadi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 29 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 750.000.000,00 (tujuh ratus lima puluh juta rupiah)_. Atas dasar tersebut, Anda dapat melaporkan teror pinjol ke pihak kepolisian. Mengenai tata cara membuat laporan polisi dapat dilihat dalam artikel **[Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mau-melaporkan-tindak-pidana-ke-polisi-begini-prosedurnya-lt504d52481c208/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mau_lapor_tindak_pidana_ke_polisi)**. Meski demikian, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa baik pada pinjol legal maupun ilegal, hubungan Anda dan pihak penyelenggara pinjol adalah utang piutang. Sehingga, Anda selaku debitur tetap wajib membayar utang tersebut sesuai dengan kesepakatan awal. Anda terlebih dahulu dapat menghubungi pihak pinjol dan menyelesaikan pembayaran utang secara musyawarah dan kekeluargaan. Disarikan dari artikel **[Penagihan Pinjol Meresahkan? Perhatikan Tips Ini Agar Tak Salah Langkah](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/penagihan-pinjol-meresahkan-perhatikan-tips-ini-agar-tak-salah-langkah-lt5e61064053e54/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=penagihan_pinjol)**, Anda perlu menunjukkan iktikad baik untuk melunasi utang/pinjaman tersebut. Upayakan Anda dapat bernegosiasi untuk bisa penjadwalan kembali (_rescheduling_), persyaratan kembali (_reconditioning_), dan penataan kembali (_restructuring_). Setelah hal tersebut Anda lakukan, namun pihak pinjol masih tetap meneror Anda, maka Anda dapat melaporkan pihak pinjol kepada polisi dengan melampirkan hasil _screenshot_ riwayat panggilan telepon, _chat,_ dan/atau rekaman pembicaraan sebagai bukti. Anda juga dapat mengadukan ke OJK untuk selanjutnya difasilitasi penyelesaiannya. Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam **[Terlilit Utang Pinjol Ilegal, Ini Cara Melaporkannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/terlilit-utang-pinjol-ilegal--ini-cara-melaporkannya-lt5d82e273126a2?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=fb_post&utm_campaign=terlilit_utang_pinjol_ilegal?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=terlilit_pinjol).** Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 10/POJK.05/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berbasis Teknologi Informasi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62ce684f3bf66/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-10-pojk05-2022-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_10_2022) REFERENSI --------- [KBBI, teror](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/teror) yang diakses pada Senin, 2 Februari 2023 pukul 12.30 WIB. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 10/POJK.05/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Layanan Pendanaan Bersama Berasis Teknologi Informasi](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62ce684f3bf66/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-10-pojk05-2022-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_10_2022) (“POJK 10/2022”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 8 ayat (1) POJK 10/2022 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 102 ayat (1) dan (2) POJK 10/2022 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 103 ayat (1) dan (3) POJK 10/2022 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 104 ayat (1) POJK 10/2022 Tags ---- [ojk](/tag/ojk) [pinjaman](/tag/pinjaman) [pinjaman online](/tag/pinjaman-online) [pinjol](/tag/pinjol) [pinjol ilegal](/tag/pinjol-ilegal) [pojk](/tag/pojk)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITPerizinan Berusaha untuk Penjualan Dolomit dalam Negeri28 Nov 2022Perlukah Perizinan Berusaha bagi Penyelenggara Webinar Berbayar?03 Nov 2022Haruskah Memperbarui Legalitas Usaha ke OSS RBA?10 Nov 2021Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Begini Penjelasannya12 Apr 2021Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Apa itu Terminal Khusus?Terminal khusus adalah terminal yang terletak di luar Daerah Lingkungan Kerja (DLKr) dan Daerah Lingkungan Kepentingan Pelabuhan (DLKp) yang merupakan bagian dari pelabuhan untuk melayani kepentingan sendiri sesuai dengan usaha pokoknya.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Terminal khusus ini dibangun untuk menunjang kegiatan tertentu di luar DLKr dan DLKp. Yang dimaksud dengan “kegiatan tertentu” yaitu kegiatan untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha pokok yang tidak terlayani oleh pelabuhan karena sifat barang atau kegiatannya memerlukan pelayanan khusus atau karena lokasinya jauh dari pelabuhan.[2]Adapun kegiatan usaha pokok yang dimaksud antara lain pertambangan, energi, kehutanan, pertanian, perikanan, industri, dan dok serta galangan kapal.[3]Lebih lanjut dalam Permenhub 52/2021 disebutkan lebih rinci mengenai kegiatan usaha pokok yaitu meliputi:[4]pertanian;kehutanan;perikanan;pertambangan dan penggalian;industri pengolahan;pengadaan listrik, gas, uap/air panas, dan udara dingin;pengelolaan air, pengelolaan air limbah dan daur ulang;konstruksi;perdagangan besar;penyediaan akomodasi;kawasan pariwisata, taman wisata alam, dan taman nasional; dankegiatan tertentu yang dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan memerlukan fasilitas dermaga.Menurut Pasal 57 angka 22 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 104 ayat (1) UU Pelayaran terminal khusus hanya dapat dibangun dan dioperasikan dalam hal:pelabuhan terdekat tidak dapat menampung kegiatan pokok tersebut; atauberdasarkan pertimbangan ekonomis dan teknis operasional akan lebih efektif dan efisien serta lebih menjamin keselamatan dan keamanan pelayaran apabila membangun dan mengoperasikan terminal khusus. Pengalihan Pengoperasian Terminal KhususTerminal khusus yang sudah tidak dioperasikan sesuai dengan perizinan berusaha yang telah diberikan, maka:[5]diserahkan kepada pemerintah;dikembalikan seperti keadaan semula; ataudiusulkan untuk perubahan status menjadi terminal khusus untuk menunjang usaha pokok lain atau menjadi pelabuhan.Terkait dengan terminal khusus yang diusulkan untuk perubahan status menjadi terminal khusus untuk menunjang usaha pokok yang lain harus dilakukan penyesuaian perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus.[6]Sementara itu, pengalihan perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus hanya dapat dialihkan jika usaha pokoknya dialihkan kepada pihak lain.[7] Artinya, pengalihan pengoperasian terminal khusus tersebut hanya boleh dilakukan apabila kegiatan usaha pokok pemegangnya juga dialihkan kepada pihak lain.Selain itu, pengalihan usaha pokok terminal khusus tersebut juga wajib dilaporkan kepada Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Laut maksimal 3 bulan setelah dilakukan pengalihan. Pelaporan tersebut harus dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus berdasarkan norma, standar, prosedur, dan kriteria sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai penyelenggaraan perizinan berusaha berbasis risiko.[8]Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka untuk ‘mengalihkan’ pengoperasian terminal khusus dapat dilakukan atas dua kondisi, yaitu mengubah status terminal khusus yang sudah tidak dioperasikan menjadi terminal khusus yang mendukung usaha pokok lain atau mengalihkan terminal khusus kepada pihak lain dengan syarat usaha pokoknya juga dialihkan. Kedua kondisi tersebut sama-sama mensyaratkan adanya usaha pokok bagi pengoperasian terminal khusus.Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dapat kami sampaikan bahwa pengalihan pengoperasian terminal khusus hanya dapat dilakukan jika usaha pokoknya juga dialihkan kepada pihak lain. Bisakah Mengoperasikan Terminal Khusus Tanpa Ada Usaha Pokok?Selanjutnya, menjawab pertanyaan Anda yang kedua, tentang bisakah suatu perusahaan yang tidak memiliki izin usaha pokok membeli aset terminal khusus, kami asumsikan bahwa yang Anda maksud dengan ‘membeli aset terminal khusus’ adalah membeli terminal khusus untuk kemudian dioperasikan oleh perusahaan tersebut.Terkait dengan pengoperasian terminal khusus, dalam Lampiran Permenhub 12/2021 diatur tentang standar pengoperasian terminal khusus untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha pokoknya (hal. 624).  Lebih lanjut, terkait dengan izin terminal khusus, terdapat persyaratan umum untuk mengoperasikan terminal khusus (hal. 627), yaitu:persyaratan administratif yang disesuaikan dengan Lembaga OSS; dandurasi waktu sesuai dengan ketentuan Lembaga OSS.Sementara, persyaratan khusus/teknis pengoperasian terminal khusus meliputi (hal. 627 – 628):sertifikat standar pembangunan/pengembangan terminal khusus;izin usaha pokok yang masih berlaku;tanda bukti status kepemilikan hak atas tanah atau tanda bukti perjanjian pemanfaatan tanah;berita acara pemeriksaan fisik, uji coba sandar/lepas dan olah gerak kapal oleh syahbandar pada pelabuhan terdekat;dalam hal terminal khusus dioperasikan untuk menunjang usaha anak perusahaan, perusahaan induk, atau perusahaan seinduk, harus menunjukkan akta pendirian yang menyatakan hubungan perusahaan.Selengkapnya terkait dengan izin terminal khusus dapat Anda baca dalam artikel Izin Pengoperasian Terminal Khusus di Dua Lokasi Berbeda.Dengan demikian, perusahaan yang membeli terminal khusus untuk kemudian dioperasikan wajib mempunyai izin usaha pokok yang masih berlaku. Hal ini sesuai dengan tujuan dari terminal khusus yang diperuntukkan untuk menunjang kegiatan pokoknya.Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik di sini untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang PelayaranPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang PelayaranPeraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM.12 Tahun 2021 tentang Standar Kegiatan Usaha dan Produk pada Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko Sektor TransportasiPeraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM.52 Tahun 2021 tentang Terminal Khusus dan Terminal untuk Kepentingan Sendiri REFERENSIOSS yang diakses pada Jumat, 3 Februari 2023 pukul 15.48 WIB.[1] Pasal 1 angka 21 Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran (“UU Pelayaran”)[2] Pasal 102 ayat (1) UU Pelayaran dan penjelasannya[3] Penjelasan Pasal 102 ayat (1) UU Pelayaran[4] Pasal 3 ayat (3) Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM. 52 Tahun 2021 tentang Terminal Khusus dan Terminal untuk Kepentingan Sendiri (“Permenhub 52/2021”)[5] Pasal 57 angka 23 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 106 UU Pelayaran jo. Pasal 27 Permenhub 52/2021[6] Pasal 28 ayat (4) Permenhub 52/2021[7] Pasal 77 ayat (1) dan (2) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Pelayaran[8] Pasal 8 ayat (2) dan (3) jo. Pasal 1 angka 17 Permenhub 52/2021Tagsbisnisossoss berbasis risikoperusahaan
Apakah terminal khusus yang dimiliki oleh suatu perusahaan pemegang PKP2B dapat dialihkan ke perusahaan lain tetapi tanpa pengalihan izin usaha pokoknya? Apakah suatu perusahaan yang tidak memiliki izin usaha pokok bisa membeli aset terminal khusus tersebut?
Terminal khusus pada dasarnya adalah terminal yang ditujukan untuk melayani kepentingan sendiri sesuai dengan usaha pokoknya. Terminal khusus ini dibangun untuk menunjang kegiatan tertentu seperti kegiatan untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha pokok karena tidak terlayani oleh pelabuhan karena sifat barang/kegiatannya perlu pelayanan khusus atau lokasinya yang jauh dari pelabuhan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, lantas, bolehkah terminal khusus dialihkan tanpa mengalihkan izin usaha pokoknya? Bagaimana dengan perusahaan yang tidak mempunyai izin usaha pokok, bisakah mengoperasikan terminal khusus?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Perizinan Berusaha untuk Penjualan Dolomit dalam Negeri28 Nov 2022Perlukah Perizinan Berusaha bagi Penyelenggara Webinar Berbayar?03 Nov 2022Haruskah Memperbarui Legalitas Usaha ke OSS RBA?10 Nov 2021Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Begini Penjelasannya12 Apr 2021Perizinan Berusaha untuk Penjualan Dolomit dalam Negeri28 Nov 2022Perlukah Perizinan Berusaha bagi Penyelenggara Webinar Berbayar?03 Nov 2022Haruskah Memperbarui Legalitas Usaha ke OSS RBA?10 Nov 2021Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Begini Penjelasannya12 Apr 2021Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-terminal-khusus-dialihkan-tanpa-izin-usaha-pokoknya-lt63e0963bd05ac/
Bisakah Terminal Khusus Dialihkan Tanpa Izin Usaha Pokoknya?
pages/170/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Perizinan Berusaha untuk Penjualan Dolomit dalam Negeri ](/klinik/a/perizinan-berusaha-untuk-penjualan-dolomit-dalam-negeri-lt63846fe5490ee/) ![Perizinan Berusaha untuk Penjualan Dolomit dalam Negeri](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt63846fe5490ee/thumbnail_lt638470d6c102b.jpg) 28 Nov 2022 [ #### Perlukah Perizinan Berusaha bagi Penyelenggara Webinar Berbayar? ](/klinik/a/perizinan-berusaha-penyelenggara-webinar-berbayar-lt6287244b821c0/) ![Perlukah Perizinan Berusaha bagi Penyelenggara Webinar Berbayar?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6287244b821c0/thumbnail_lt636481b7919ef.jpg) 03 Nov 2022 [ #### Haruskah Memperbarui Legalitas Usaha ke OSS RBA? ](/klinik/a/haruskah-memperbarui-legalitas-usaha-ke-oss-rba-lt618b8e251af5d/) ![Haruskah Memperbarui Legalitas Usaha ke OSS RBA?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt618b8e251af5d/thumbnail_lt618b8f684b3f6.jpg) 10 Nov 2021 [ #### Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Begini Penjelasannya ](/klinik/a/perizinan-berusaha-berbasis-risiko-begini-penjelasannya-lt60741b4e30518/) ![Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Begini Penjelasannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60741b4e30518/thumbnail_lt60741d20ecb61.png) 12 Apr 2021 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Apa itu Terminal Khusus?** Terminal khusus adalah terminal yang terletak di luar Daerah Lingkungan Kerja (DLKr) dan Daerah Lingkungan Kepentingan Pelabuhan (DLKp) yang merupakan bagian dari pelabuhan untuk melayani kepentingan sendiri sesuai dengan usaha pokoknya.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Terminal khusus ini dibangun untuk menunjang kegiatan tertentu di luar DLKr dan DLKp. Yang dimaksud dengan “kegiatan tertentu” yaitu **kegiatan untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha pokok** yang tidak terlayani oleh pelabuhan karena sifat barang atau kegiatannya memerlukan pelayanan khusus atau karena lokasinya jauh dari pelabuhan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Adapun kegiatan usaha pokok yang dimaksud antara lain pertambangan, energi, kehutanan, pertanian, perikanan, industri, dan dok serta galangan kapal.[\[3](#_ftn3)[\]](#_ftn2) Lebih lanjut dalam **Permenhub 52/2021** disebutkan lebih rinci mengenai kegiatan usaha pokok yaitu meliputi:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. pertanian; 2. kehutanan; 3. perikanan; 4. pertambangan dan penggalian; 5. industri pengolahan; 6. pengadaan listrik, gas, uap/air panas, dan udara dingin; 7. pengelolaan air, pengelolaan air limbah dan daur ulang; 8. konstruksi; 9. perdagangan besar; 10. penyediaan akomodasi; 11. kawasan pariwisata, taman wisata alam, dan taman nasional; dan 12. kegiatan tertentu yang dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan memerlukan fasilitas dermaga. Menurut **Pasal 57 angka 22** [**Perppu Cipta Kerja**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) **yang mengubah** **Pasal 104 ayat (1)** [**UU Pelayaran**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27983/undangundang-nomor-17-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2017%202008&rs=1847&re=2022&h=uu?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_17_2008) terminal khusus hanya dapat dibangun dan dioperasikan dalam hal: 1. pelabuhan terdekat tidak dapat menampung kegiatan pokok tersebut; atau 2. berdasarkan pertimbangan ekonomis dan teknis operasional akan lebih efektif dan efisien serta lebih menjamin keselamatan dan keamanan pelayaran apabila membangun dan mengoperasikan terminal khusus. ### **Pengalihan Pengoperasian Terminal Khusus** Terminal khusus yang sudah tidak dioperasikan sesuai dengan perizinan berusaha yang telah diberikan, maka:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. diserahkan kepada pemerintah; 2. dikembalikan seperti keadaan semula; atau 3. diusulkan untuk perubahan status menjadi terminal khusus untuk menunjang usaha pokok lain atau menjadi pelabuhan. Terkait dengan terminal khusus yang diusulkan untuk perubahan status menjadi terminal khusus untuk menunjang usaha pokok yang lain harus dilakukan penyesuaian perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Sementara itu, pengalihan perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus **hanya dapat dialihkan jika usaha pokoknya dialihkan kepada pihak lain**.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Artinya, pengalihan pengoperasian terminal khusus tersebut hanya boleh dilakukan apabila kegiatan usaha pokok pemegangnya juga dialihkan kepada pihak lain. Selain itu, pengalihan usaha pokok terminal khusus tersebut juga wajib dilaporkan kepada Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Laut maksimal 3 bulan setelah dilakukan pengalihan. Pelaporan tersebut harus dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap perizinan berusaha pengoperasian terminal khusus berdasarkan norma, standar, prosedur, dan kriteria sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai penyelenggaraan perizinan berusaha berbasis risiko.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka untuk ‘mengalihkan’ pengoperasian terminal khusus dapat dilakukan atas dua kondisi, yaitu mengubah status terminal khusus yang sudah tidak dioperasikan menjadi terminal khusus yang mendukung usaha pokok lain atau mengalihkan terminal khusus kepada pihak lain dengan syarat usaha pokoknya juga dialihkan. Kedua kondisi tersebut sama-sama mensyaratkan adanya usaha pokok bagi pengoperasian terminal khusus. Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dapat kami sampaikan bahwa pengalihan pengoperasian terminal khusus **hanya dapat dilakukan jika usaha pokoknya juga dialihkan kepada pihak lain**. ### **Bisakah Mengoperasikan Terminal Khusus Tanpa Ada Usaha Pokok?** Selanjutnya, menjawab pertanyaan Anda yang kedua, tentang bisakah suatu perusahaan yang tidak memiliki izin usaha pokok membeli aset terminal khusus, kami asumsikan bahwa yang Anda maksud dengan ‘membeli aset terminal khusus’ adalah membeli terminal khusus untuk kemudian dioperasikan oleh perusahaan tersebut. Terkait dengan pengoperasian terminal khusus, dalam **Lampiran** [**Permenhub 12/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60bdbcef78454/peraturan-menteri-perhubungan-nomor-pm12-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhub_12_2021) diatur tentang standar pengoperasian terminal khusus **untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha pokoknya** (hal. 624).   Lebih lanjut, terkait dengan izin terminal khusus, terdapat persyaratan umum untuk mengoperasikan terminal khusus (hal. 627), yaitu: 1. persyaratan administratif yang disesuaikan dengan Lembaga [**OSS**](https://oss.go.id/); dan 2. durasi waktu sesuai dengan ketentuan Lembaga OSS. Sementara, persyaratan khusus/teknis pengoperasian terminal khusus meliputi (hal. 627 – 628): 1. sertifikat standar pembangunan/pengembangan terminal khusus; 2. **izin usaha pokok yang masih berlaku**; 3. tanda bukti status kepemilikan hak atas tanah atau tanda bukti perjanjian pemanfaatan tanah; 4. berita acara pemeriksaan fisik, uji coba sandar/lepas dan olah gerak kapal oleh syahbandar pada pelabuhan terdekat; 5. dalam hal terminal khusus dioperasikan untuk menunjang usaha anak perusahaan, perusahaan induk, atau perusahaan seinduk, harus menunjukkan akta pendirian yang menyatakan hubungan perusahaan. Selengkapnya terkait dengan izin terminal khusus dapat Anda baca dalam artikel [**Izin Pengoperasian Terminal Khusus di Dua Lokasi Berbeda**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/izin-pengoperasian-terminal-khusus-di-dua-lokasi-berbeda-lt6388574be3682?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=terminal_khusus). Dengan demikian, perusahaan yang membeli terminal khusus untuk kemudian dioperasikan wajib mempunyai izin usaha pokok yang masih berlaku. Hal ini sesuai dengan tujuan dari terminal khusus yang diperuntukkan untuk menunjang kegiatan pokoknya. Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis _Artificial Intelligence_, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik [**di sini**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27983/undangundang-nomor-17-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2017%202008&rs=1847&re=2022&h=uu?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_17_2008) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Pelayaran [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60321ccfaf97c/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2021?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Pemerintah%20Nomor%2031%20Tahun%202021&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_31_2021) Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM.12 Tahun 2021 tentang Standar Kegiatan Usaha dan Produk pada Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko Sektor Transportasi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60bdbcef78454/peraturan-menteri-perhubungan-nomor-pm12-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhub_12_2021) Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM.52 Tahun 2021 tentang Terminal Khusus dan Terminal untuk Kepentingan Sendiri [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt611cb591156dc/peraturan-menteri-perhubungan-nomor-pm52-tahun-2021?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Menteri%20Perhubungan%20Nomor%20PM.52%20Tahun%202021&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhub_52_2021) REFERENSI --------- [OSS](https://oss.go.id/) yang diakses pada Jumat, 3 Februari 2023 pukul 15.48 WIB. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 21 [Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27983/undangundang-nomor-17-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2017%202008&rs=1847&re=2022&h=uu?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_17_2008) (“UU Pelayaran”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 102 ayat (1) UU Pelayaran dan penjelasannya [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Penjelasan Pasal 102 ayat (1) UU Pelayaran [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 3 ayat (3) [Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM. 52 Tahun 2021 tentang Terminal Khusus dan Terminal untuk Kepentingan Sendiri](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt611cb591156dc/peraturan-menteri-perhubungan-nomor-pm52-tahun-2021?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Menteri%20Perhubungan%20Nomor%20PM.52%20Tahun%202021&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhub_52_2021) (“Permenhub 52/2021”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 57 angka 23 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) yang mengubah Pasal 106 UU Pelayaran _jo._ Pasal 27 Permenhub 52/2021 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 28 ayat (4) Permenhub 52/2021 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 77 ayat (1) dan (2) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Pelayaran](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60321ccfaf97c/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2021?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Pemerintah%20Nomor%2031%20Tahun%202021&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_31_2021) [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 8 ayat (2) dan (3) _jo._ Pasal 1 angka 17 Permenhub 52/2021 Tags ---- [bisnis](/tag/bisnis) [oss](/tag/oss) [oss berbasis risiko](/tag/oss-berbasis-risiko) [perusahaan](/tag/perusahaan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITArti Asas Praduga Sah Pada Akta Notaris04 Nov 2022Legalitas Penggunaan Tanda Tangan Elektronik oleh Notaris04 Jun 2020Apakah Ketentuan Persaingan Usaha Berlaku bagi Notaris?04 Jul 2019Pemberian Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-cuma oleh Notaris25 Apr 2019Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 5 Februari 2020. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda tentang surat kuasa notaris, penting untuk diketahui bahwa notaris berwenang membuat akta autentik mengenai semua perbuatan, perjanjian, dan penetapan yang diharuskan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan dan/atau yang dikehendaki oleh yang berkepentingan untuk dinyatakan dalam akta autentik, menjamin kepastian tanggal pembuatan akta, menyimpan akta, memberikan grosse, salinan dan kutipan akta, sepanjang pembuatan akta itu tidak ditugaskan atau dikecualikan kepada pejabat lain atau orang lain yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang.[1]Selain itu, notaris berwenang pula untuk:[2]mengesahkan tanda tangan dan menetapkan kepastian tanggal surat di bawah tangan dengan mendaftar dalam buku khusus;membukukan surat di bawah tangan dengan mendaftar dalam buku khusus;membuat kopi dari asli surat di bawah tangan berupa salinan yang memuat uraian sebagaimana ditulis dan digambarkan dalam surat yang bersangkutan;melakukan pengesahan kecocokan fotokopi dengan surat aslinya;memberikan penyuluhan hukum sehubungan dengan pembuatan akta;membuat akta yang berkaitan dengan pertanahan; ataumembuat akta risalah lelang. Macam-Macam Akta Notaris Mengutip artikel Jenis-Jenis Akta yang Dibuat Notaris, akta notaris terdiri dari:Akta yang dibuat oleh notaris (akta relaas atau akta pejabat)Akta ini disebut juga akta berita acara, yaitu akta yang dibuat oleh notaris yang memuat uraian secara autentik dari notaris mengenai suatu tindakan yang dilakukan atau suatu keadaan yang dilihat atau disaksikan oleh notaris di dalam menjalankan jabatannya sebagai notaris, misalnya akta berita acara/risalah rapat umum pemegang saham suatu perseroan terbatas, akta pencatatan budel, dan lain-lain.Akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris/akta pihak (akta partij)Akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris memuat uraian dari apa yang diterangkan atau diceritakan oleh para pihak yang menghadap kepada notaris, misalnya perjanjian kredit.Dengan demikian, kami berpendapat bahwa surat kuasa yang Anda maksud termasuk sebagai akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris dan berbentuk akta kuasa. Penandatanganan Surat KuasaTerkait pemberian kuasa, Pasal 1792 KUH Perdata menerangkan bahwa pemberian kuasa adalah suatu persetujuan yang berisikan pemberian kekuasaan kepada orang lain yang menerimanya untuk melaksanakan sesuatu atas nama orang yang memberikan kuasa.Selanjutnya, Pasal 1793 KUH Perdata menerangkan ketentuan bahwa surat kuasa dapat diberikan dan diterima dengan suatu akta umum, dengan suatu surat di bawah tangan bahkan dengan sepucuk surat ataupun dengan lisan. Penerimaan suatu kuasa dapat pula terjadi secara diam-diam dan disimpulkan dari pelaksanaan kuasa itu oleh yang diberi kuasa.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, karena tidak ada ketentuan yang mewajibkan surat kuasa untuk ditandatangani oleh penerima kuasa, maka sekalipun tidak ditandatangani oleh ayah Anda, surat kuasa tersebut tetap sah sebagaimana pula diterangkan dalam artikel Haruskah Surat Kuasa Ditandatangani Penerima Kuasa?Mengenai penandatanganan dari pemberi kuasa, jika ibu Anda akan memberikan kuasa kepada ayah Anda dan membuat akta kuasa untuk itu, seharusnya ibu Anda selaku pemberi kuasa menghadap kepada notaris dan menandatangani akta sebagai penghadap.Akta tersebut harus dibacakan dan ditandatangani oleh setiap penghadap, saksi, dan notaris, kecuali apabila ada penghadap yang tidak dapat membubuhkan tanda tangan dengan menyebutkan alasannya secara tegas pada akhir akta.[3]Pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan tersebut mengakibatkan suatu akta hanya mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian sebagai akta di bawah tangan dan dapat menjadi alasan bagi pihak yang menderita kerugian untuk menuntut penggantian biaya, ganti rugi, dan bunga kepada notaris.[4]R. Subekti dalam Hukum Pembuktian menerangkan bahwa akta autentik merupakan bukti yang mengikat, artinya apa yang ditulis di dalamnya harus dipercaya oleh hakim, yaitu harus dianggap benar selama ketidakbenarannya tidak dibuktikan. Akta autentik pun adalah bukti yang sempurna, artinya ia tidak memerlukan suatu penambahan pembuktian (hal. 29).Sebaliknya, terhadap akta di bawah tangan, pemeriksaan akan kebenaran tanda tangan itu justru adalah acara pertama di pengadilan (hal. 31).Dengan demikian, menurut hemat kami, akta kuasa tersebut dapat menjadi alas hak bagi ayah Anda untuk melakukan kredit di bank atas kepentingan ibu Anda, namun ketika di kemudian hari ada permasalahan hukum, kekuatan pembuktian akta kuasa tersebut tidak mengikat dan sempurna, seperti akta autentik. Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait surat kuasa notaris sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat.  DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan NotarisUndang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris REFERENSIR. Subekti. Hukum Pembuktian. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1991.[1] Pasal 15 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris (“UU 2/2014”)[2] Pasal 15 ayat (2) UU 2/2014[3] Pasal 44 ayat (1) dan (2) UU 2/2014[4] Pasal 44 ayat (5) UU 2/2014Tagsaktaakta autentikakta notarishukum perdatakuh perdatanotarisperdatasurat kuasa
Ibu saya ingin memberikan persetujuan untuk surat kuasa kepada ayah saya dalam hal kredit bank. Namun notaris yang ayah saya datangi justru membuat surat kuasa tanpa adanya tanda tangan pemberi dan penerima kuasa dan hanya terdapat tanda tangan beliau selaku notaris. Apakah hal tersebut memungkinkan sementara si pemberi kuasa, yaitu ibu saya, bahkan tidak ada di kantor notaris dan apakah surat kuasa tersebut memungkinkan untuk digunakan dalam kredit bank?
Akta notaris terdiri dari akta yang dibuat oleh notaris dan akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris. Pembuatan akta kuasa dapat dikategorikan sebagai akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris. Di sisi lain, surat/akta kuasa tetap dianggap sah, meskipun tidak ditandatangani oleh penerima kuasa. Patut diperhatikan bahwa pemberi kuasa sekaligus sebagai penghadap seharusnya ikut menandatangani akta tersebut, tidak hanya notaris. Dengan tidak adanya tanda tangan dari pemberi kuasa, maka surat tersebut hanya mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian sebagai akta di bawah tangan.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini.  Arti Asas Praduga Sah Pada Akta Notaris04 Nov 2022Legalitas Penggunaan Tanda Tangan Elektronik oleh Notaris04 Jun 2020Apakah Ketentuan Persaingan Usaha Berlaku bagi Notaris?04 Jul 2019Pemberian Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-cuma oleh Notaris25 Apr 2019Arti Asas Praduga Sah Pada Akta Notaris04 Nov 2022Legalitas Penggunaan Tanda Tangan Elektronik oleh Notaris04 Jun 2020Apakah Ketentuan Persaingan Usaha Berlaku bagi Notaris?04 Jul 2019Pemberian Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-cuma oleh Notaris25 Apr 2019Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/surat-kuasa-notaris-lt5e325de6bed34/
Pembuatan Surat Kuasa di Hadapan Notaris
pages/170/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Arti Asas Praduga Sah Pada Akta Notaris ](/klinik/a/arti-asas-praduga-sah-pada-akta-notaris-lt5cbed96685ff4/) ![Arti Asas Praduga Sah Pada Akta Notaris](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5cbed96685ff4/thumbnail_lt5cc2cb42dbd90.jpg) 04 Nov 2022 [ #### Legalitas Penggunaan Tanda Tangan Elektronik oleh Notaris ](/klinik/a/legalitas-penggunaan-tanda-tangan-elektronik-oleh-notaris-lt5cd238184b299/) ![Legalitas Penggunaan Tanda Tangan Elektronik oleh Notaris](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5cd238184b299/thumbnail_lt5cd39e5167109.jpg) 04 Jun 2020 [ #### Apakah Ketentuan Persaingan Usaha Berlaku bagi Notaris? ](/klinik/a/apakah-ketentuan-persaingan-usaha-berlaku-bagi-notaris-lt4b91cc876fd17/) ![Apakah Ketentuan Persaingan Usaha Berlaku bagi Notaris?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4b91cc876fd17/thumbnail_lt5d1d717e4c687.jpg) 04 Jul 2019 [ #### Pemberian Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-cuma oleh Notaris ](/klinik/a/pemberian-jasa-hukum-secara-cuma-cuma-oleh-notaris-lt5cbe92c427758/) ![Pemberian Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-cuma oleh Notaris](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5cbe92c427758/thumbnail_lt5cc17ec6ce72e.jpg) 25 Apr 2019 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 5 Februari 2020.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda tentang surat kuasa notaris, penting untuk diketahui bahwa notaris berwenang membuat akta autentik mengenai semua perbuatan, perjanjian, dan penetapan yang diharuskan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan dan/atau yang dikehendaki oleh yang berkepentingan untuk dinyatakan dalam akta autentik, menjamin kepastian tanggal pembuatan akta, menyimpan akta, memberikan grosse, salinan dan kutipan akta, sepanjang pembuatan akta itu tidak ditugaskan atau dikecualikan kepada pejabat lain atau orang lain yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Selain itu, notaris berwenang pula untuk:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. mengesahkan tanda tangan dan menetapkan kepastian tanggal surat di bawah tangan dengan mendaftar dalam buku khusus; 2. membukukan surat di bawah tangan dengan mendaftar dalam buku khusus; 3. membuat kopi dari asli surat di bawah tangan berupa salinan yang memuat uraian sebagaimana ditulis dan digambarkan dalam surat yang bersangkutan; 4. melakukan pengesahan kecocokan fotokopi dengan surat aslinya; 5. memberikan penyuluhan hukum sehubungan dengan pembuatan akta; 6. membuat akta yang berkaitan dengan pertanahan; atau 7. membuat akta risalah lelang. ### **Macam-Macam Akta Notaris** Mengutip artikel **[Jenis-Jenis Akta yang Dibuat Notaris](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jenis-jenis-akta-notaris-cl1996?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=jenis_akta_notaris)**, akta notaris terdiri dari: 1. **Akta yang dibuat oleh notaris (akta _relaas_ atau akta pejabat)** Akta ini disebut juga akta berita acara, yaitu akta yang dibuat oleh notaris yang memuat uraian secara autentik dari notaris mengenai suatu tindakan yang dilakukan atau suatu keadaan yang dilihat atau disaksikan oleh notaris di dalam menjalankan jabatannya sebagai notaris, misalnya akta berita acara/risalah rapat umum pemegang saham suatu perseroan terbatas, akta pencatatan budel, dan lain-lain. 2. **Akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris/akta pihak (akta _partij_)** Akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris memuat uraian dari apa yang diterangkan atau diceritakan oleh para pihak yang menghadap kepada notaris, misalnya perjanjian kredit. Dengan demikian, kami berpendapat bahwa surat kuasa yang Anda maksud termasuk sebagai akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris dan berbentuk akta kuasa. ### **Penandatanganan Surat Kuasa** Terkait pemberian kuasa, **Pasal 1792 [KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)** menerangkan bahwa pemberian kuasa adalah suatu persetujuan yang berisikan pemberian kekuasaan kepada orang lain yang menerimanya untuk melaksanakan sesuatu atas nama orang yang memberikan kuasa. Selanjutnya, **Pasal 1793 KUH Perdata** menerangkan ketentuan bahwa surat kuasa dapat diberikan dan diterima dengan suatu akta umum, dengan suatu surat di bawah tangan bahkan dengan sepucuk surat ataupun dengan lisan. Penerimaan suatu kuasa dapat pula terjadi secara diam-diam dan disimpulkan dari pelaksanaan kuasa itu oleh yang diberi kuasa. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, karena tidak ada ketentuan yang mewajibkan surat kuasa untuk ditandatangani oleh penerima kuasa, maka sekalipun tidak ditandatangani oleh ayah Anda, surat kuasa tersebut tetap sah sebagaimana pula diterangkan dalam artikel **[Haruskah Surat Kuasa Ditandatangani Penerima Kuasa?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/haruskah-surat-kuasa-ditandatangani-penerima-kuasa-lt4d09825f048e0?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=surat_kuasa_penerima)** Mengenai penandatanganan dari pemberi kuasa, jika ibu Anda akan memberikan kuasa kepada ayah Anda dan membuat akta kuasa untuk itu, seharusnya ibu Anda selaku pemberi kuasa menghadap kepada notaris dan menandatangani akta sebagai penghadap. Akta tersebut harus dibacakan dan ditandatangani oleh setiap penghadap, saksi, dan notaris, kecuali apabila ada penghadap yang tidak dapat membubuhkan tanda tangan dengan menyebutkan alasannya secara tegas pada akhir akta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan tersebut mengakibatkan suatu akta hanya mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian sebagai akta di bawah tangan dan dapat menjadi alasan bagi pihak yang menderita kerugian untuk menuntut penggantian biaya, ganti rugi, dan bunga kepada notaris.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) **R. Subekti** dalam _Hukum Pembuktian_ menerangkan bahwa akta autentik merupakan bukti yang mengikat, artinya apa yang ditulis di dalamnya harus dipercaya oleh hakim, yaitu harus dianggap benar selama ketidakbenarannya tidak dibuktikan. Akta autentik pun adalah bukti yang sempurna, artinya ia tidak memerlukan suatu penambahan pembuktian (hal. 29). Sebaliknya, terhadap akta di bawah tangan, pemeriksaan akan kebenaran tanda tangan itu justru adalah acara pertama di pengadilan (hal. 31). Dengan demikian, menurut hemat kami, akta kuasa tersebut dapat menjadi alas hak bagi ayah Anda untuk melakukan kredit di bank atas kepentingan ibu Anda, namun ketika di kemudian hari ada permasalahan hukum, kekuatan pembuktian akta kuasa tersebut tidak mengikat dan sempurna, seperti akta autentik. Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait surat kuasa notaris sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19754/undangundang-nomor-30-tahun-2004?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_30_2004) Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61d0707fe3/undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2014) REFERENSI --------- R. Subekti. _Hukum Pembuktian_. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1991. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 15 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61d0707fe3/undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2014) (“UU 2/2014”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 15 ayat (2) UU 2/2014 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 44 ayat (1) dan (2) UU 2/2014 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 44 ayat (5) UU 2/2014 Tags ---- [akta](/tag/akta) [akta autentik](/tag/akta-autentik) [akta notaris](/tag/akta-notaris) [hukum perdata](/tag/hukum-perdata) [kuh perdata](/tag/kuh-perdata) [notaris](/tag/notaris) [perdata](/tag/perdata) [surat kuasa](/tag/surat-kuasa)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Haruskah Ahli Waris Membayar Semua Utang Pewaris? yang dibuat oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn., dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 28 Mei 2015.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda seputar warisan utang, kami sampaikan bahwa Anda menyebutkan keluarga tidak beragama Islam. Oleh karena itu, kami akan menjawab pertanyaan berdasarkan KUH Perdata.J. Satrio dalam Hukum Waris (hal. 8) menerangkan bahwa warisan adalah kekayaan yang berupa kompleks aktiva dan pasiva si pewaris yang berpindah kepada para ahli waris. Dengan kata lain, jika seseorang menerima warisan dari pewaris, dirinya tidak hanya menerima harta, namun juga memikul utang pewaris.Melepaskan Hak Waris  Mengenai anak yang melepaskan hak warisnya, pada dasarnya, menurut hukum perdata, seseorang dapat menerima maupun menolak warisan yang jatuh kepadanya. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 1045 KUH Perdata yang menerangkan bahwa tiada seorang pun diwajibkan untuk menerima warisan yang jatuh ke tangannya.Berdasarkan Pasal 1057 KUH Perdata, untuk menolak warisan, orang yang menolak harus melakukan penolakan secara tegas dengan memberikan pernyataan yang dibuat di kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri yang dalam daerah hukumnya warisan itu terbuka. Jika anak pertama melepaskan hak warisnya, maka ia tidak menerima warisan si pewaris, baik harta maupun utangnya. Dengan demikian, anak pertama tersebut tidak dapat dibebankan atas utang si pewaris dan tidak dapat dituntut karena melepaskan hak waris. Menolak Warisan UtangLalu bagaimana dengan utang pewaris atau warisan utang? Utang pewaris harus ditanggung oleh para ahli waris yang menerima warisan. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 1100 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Para ahli waris yang telah bersedia menerima warisan, harus ikut memikul pembayaran utang, hibah wasiat dan beban-beban lain, seimbang dengan apa yang diterima masing-masing dari warisan itu.Misalnya A, B, dan C mendapatkan 20%, 30%, dan 50% dari warisan pewaris, maka A, B, dan C harus membayar utang pewaris dengan perbandingan 20%, 30% dan 50%.Untuk itu ada yang dinamakan “hak berpikir”. J. Satrio dalam dalam Hukum Waris (hal. 313), menjelaskan bahwa karena seorang ahli waris demi hukum memperoleh semua hak dan kewajiban si pewaris, maka ada konsekuensi yang tidak adil terhadap seseorang, sebab suatu warisan tidak selalu mempunyai saldo yang positif. Pasalnya, tidak tertutup kemungkinan jumlah utang pewaris melebihi aktiva pewaris. Oleh karena itu ada yang dinamakan “hak berpikir” yang diatur dalam Pasal 1023 KUH Perdata:Barangsiapa memperoleh hak atas suatu warisan dan sekiranya ingin menyelidiki keadaan harta peninggalan itu, agar dapat mempertimbangkan yang terbaik bagi kepentingan mereka, apakah menerima secara murni, ataukah menerima dengan hak istimewa untuk merinci harta peninggalan itu, ataukah menolaknya, mempunyai hak untuk berpikir, dan harus memberikan pernyataan mengenai hal itu pada kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri yang dalam daerah hukumnya warisan itu terbuka; pernyataan itu harus didaftarkan dalam daftar yang disediakan untuk itu.Dalam hal ini, jika seseorang menerima warisan secara murni, ia bertanggung jawab atas seluruh utang pewaris. Sedangkan jika ia menerima dengan hak istimewa (ahli waris beneficiair), ia hanya harus menanggung utang pewaris, sebesar jumlah aktiva yang diterimanya. J. Satrio (hal. 316) kemudian menjelaskan bahwa ada sarjana yang berpendapat bahwa para ahli waris beneficiair adalah debitur untuk seluruh utang-utang warisan, hanya saja tanggung jawabnya terbatas hanya sampai sebesar aktiva harta warisan saja. Lebih lanjut, J. Satrio mengutip Martens, menerangkan bahwa para ahli waris beneficiair dapat dikatakan sebagai debitur warisan, tetapi tidak untuk seluruh utang-utang warisan.Sehubungan dengan itu, ada sejumlah akibat dari hak istimewa ini yang diatur dalam Pasal 1032 KUH Perdata:bahwa ahli waris itu tidak wajib membayar utang-utang dan beban-beban harta peninggalan itu lebih daripada jumlah harga barang-barang yang termasuk warisan itu, dan bahkan bahwa ia dapat membebaskan diri dari pembayaran itu, dengan menyerahkan semua barang-barang yang termasuk harta peninggalan itu kepada penguasaan para kreditur dan penerima hibah wasiat; danbahwa barang-barang para ahli waris sendiri tidak dicampur dengan barang-barang harta peninggalan itu, dan bahwa dia tetap berhak menagih piutang-piutangnya sendiri dari harta peninggalan itu. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika para ahli waris lain menerima warisan secara murni, maka para ahli waris harus membayar semua utang pewaris. Masing-masing ahli waris harus membayar utang tersebut sebesar bagian warisan yang ia terima (jika menerima ½ bagian warisan, maka ia harus membayar ½ bagian utang pewaris). Ini berarti setiap ahli waris harus membayar utang si pewaris dengan harta mereka sendiri. Mengenai apakah harta para ahli waris bisa diambil, tentu saja tidak bisa seketika diambil, karena tidak adanya beban jaminan kebendaan yang diletakkan di atas harta pribadi para ahli waris. Akan tetapi, kreditur mempunyai hak untuk menggugat para ahli waris untuk melunasi utang pewaris jika sampai tanggal yang disepakati, utang tersebut tidak juga dibayar.Namun, jika para ahli waris menerima dengan hak istimewa untuk diadakan perhitungan aktiva dan pasiva warisan, para ahli waris beneficiair tersebut hanya perlu membayar utang pewaris sebesar jumlah warisan yang diterimanya. Dengan demikian, para ahli waris beneficiair ini membayar utang pewaris tersebut menggunakan warisan (aktiva) yang diperolehnya dari pewaris dan hanya sebesar itu saja.Demikian jawaban dari kami seputar warisan utang, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata.Referensi:J. Satrio. Hukum Waris. Alumni: Bandung, 1992.Tagsahli warishak warisharta warishukumhukum warishukumonlinewariswarisan
Seorang ayah meninggal meninggalkan surat wasiat pembagian harta dan utang piutang kepada anak-anak dan istrinya. Anak pertamanya menolak warisan harta dan warisan utang dengan membuat surat pelepasan hak waris. Pertanyaannya, apakah ahli waris yang lain harus membayar utang tersebut? Kemudian, apakah harta atas nama sang ayah saja yang dipakai untuk membayar hutang? Atau harta istri dan anak-anak lainnya bisa diambil? Pewaris dan seluruh ahli waris tidak beragama Islam.
Jika para ahli waris menerima warisan secara murni, maka warisan utang pewaris harus dibayar oleh para ahli waris. Masing-masing ahli waris harus membayar utang tersebut sebesar bagian warisan yang ia terima. Bagaimana ketentuan tentang warisan utang dan perhitungannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-ahli-waris-menolak-warisan-utang-lt555f48ea22efb/
Bisakah Ahli Waris Menolak Warisan Utang?
pages/170/page-6.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Haruskah Ahli Waris Membayar Semua Utang Pewaris?_ yang dibuat oleh [Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e), dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 28 Mei 2015.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda seputar warisan utang, kami sampaikan bahwa Anda menyebutkan keluarga tidak beragama Islam. Oleh karena itu, kami akan menjawab pertanyaan berdasarkan [**KUH Perdata**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). **J. Satrio** dalam _Hukum Waris_ (hal. 8) menerangkan bahwa warisan adalah kekayaan yang berupa kompleks aktiva dan pasiva si pewaris yang berpindah kepada para ahli waris. Dengan kata lain, jika seseorang menerima warisan dari pewaris, dirinya tidak hanya menerima harta, namun juga memikul utang pewaris. ### **Melepaskan Hak Waris**  Mengenai anak yang melepaskan hak warisnya, pada dasarnya, menurut hukum perdata, seseorang dapat menerima maupun menolak warisan yang jatuh kepadanya. Hal ini diatur dalam **Pasal 1045 KUH Perdata** yang menerangkan bahwa tiada seorang pun diwajibkan untuk menerima warisan yang jatuh ke tangannya. Berdasarkan **Pasal 1057 KUH Perdata**, untuk menolak warisan, orang yang menolak harus melakukan penolakan secara tegas dengan memberikan pernyataan yang dibuat di kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri yang dalam daerah hukumnya warisan itu terbuka. Jika anak pertama melepaskan hak warisnya, maka ia tidak menerima warisan si pewaris, baik harta maupun utangnya. Dengan demikian, anak pertama tersebut tidak dapat dibebankan atas utang si pewaris dan tidak dapat dituntut karena melepaskan hak waris. ### **Menolak Warisan Utang** Lalu bagaimana dengan utang pewaris atau warisan utang? Utang pewaris harus ditanggung oleh para ahli waris yang menerima warisan. Hal ini diatur dalam **Pasal 1100 KUH Perdata** yang berbunyi: _Para ahli waris yang telah bersedia menerima warisan, harus ikut memikul pembayaran utang, hibah wasiat dan beban-beban lain, seimbang dengan apa yang diterima masing-masing dari warisan itu._ Misalnya A, B, dan C mendapatkan 20%, 30%, dan 50% dari warisan pewaris, maka A, B, dan C harus membayar utang pewaris dengan perbandingan 20%, 30% dan 50%. Untuk itu ada yang dinamakan “hak berpikir”. J. Satrio dalam dalam _Hukum Waris_ (hal. 313), menjelaskan bahwa karena seorang ahli waris demi hukum memperoleh semua hak dan kewajiban si pewaris, maka ada konsekuensi yang tidak adil terhadap seseorang, sebab suatu warisan tidak selalu mempunyai saldo yang positif. Pasalnya, tidak tertutup kemungkinan jumlah utang pewaris melebihi aktiva pewaris. Oleh karena itu ada yang dinamakan “hak berpikir” yang diatur dalam **Pasal 1023 KUH Perdata**: _Barangsiapa memperoleh hak atas suatu warisan dan sekiranya ingin menyelidiki keadaan harta peninggalan itu, agar dapat mempertimbangkan yang terbaik bagi kepentingan mereka, apakah menerima secara murni, ataukah menerima dengan hak istimewa untuk merinci harta peninggalan itu, ataukah menolaknya, mempunyai hak untuk berpikir, dan harus memberikan pernyataan mengenai hal itu pada kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri yang dalam daerah hukumnya warisan itu terbuka; pernyataan itu harus didaftarkan dalam daftar yang disediakan untuk itu._ Dalam hal ini, jika seseorang menerima warisan secara murni, ia bertanggung jawab atas seluruh utang pewaris. Sedangkan jika ia menerima dengan hak istimewa (ahli waris _beneficiair_), ia hanya harus menanggung utang pewaris, sebesar jumlah aktiva yang diterimanya. J. Satrio (hal. 316) kemudian menjelaskan bahwa ada sarjana yang berpendapat bahwa para ahli waris _beneficiair_ adalah debitur untuk seluruh utang-utang warisan, hanya saja tanggung jawabnya terbatas hanya sampai sebesar aktiva harta warisan saja. Lebih lanjut, J. Satrio mengutip Martens, menerangkan bahwa para ahli waris _beneficiair_ dapat dikatakan sebagai debitur warisan, tetapi tidak untuk seluruh utang-utang warisan. Sehubungan dengan itu, ada sejumlah akibat dari hak istimewa ini yang diatur dalam **Pasal 1032 KUH Perdata**: 1. bahwa ahli waris itu tidak wajib membayar utang-utang dan beban-beban harta peninggalan itu lebih daripada jumlah harga barang-barang yang termasuk warisan itu, dan bahkan bahwa ia dapat membebaskan diri dari pembayaran itu, dengan menyerahkan semua barang-barang yang termasuk harta peninggalan itu kepada penguasaan para kreditur dan penerima hibah wasiat; dan 2. bahwa barang-barang para ahli waris sendiri tidak dicampur dengan barang-barang harta peninggalan itu, dan bahwa dia tetap berhak menagih piutang-piutangnya sendiri dari harta peninggalan itu. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika para ahli waris lain menerima warisan secara murni, maka para ahli waris harus membayar semua utang pewaris. Masing-masing ahli waris harus membayar utang tersebut sebesar bagian warisan yang ia terima (jika menerima ½ bagian warisan, maka ia harus membayar ½ bagian utang pewaris). Ini berarti setiap ahli waris harus membayar utang si pewaris dengan harta mereka sendiri. Mengenai apakah harta para ahli waris bisa diambil, tentu saja tidak bisa seketika diambil, karena tidak adanya beban jaminan kebendaan yang diletakkan di atas harta pribadi para ahli waris. Akan tetapi, kreditur mempunyai hak untuk menggugat para ahli waris untuk melunasi utang pewaris jika sampai tanggal yang disepakati, utang tersebut tidak juga dibayar. Namun, jika para ahli waris menerima dengan hak istimewa untuk diadakan perhitungan aktiva dan pasiva warisan, para ahli waris _beneficiair_ tersebut hanya perlu membayar utang pewaris sebesar jumlah warisan yang diterimanya. Dengan demikian, para ahli waris _beneficiair_ ini membayar utang pewaris tersebut menggunakan warisan (aktiva) yang diperolehnya dari pewaris dan hanya sebesar itu saja. Demikian jawaban dari kami seputar warisan utang, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). Referensi: J. Satrio. _Hukum Waris_. Alumni: Bandung, 1992. Tags ---- [ahli waris](/tag/ahli-waris) [hak waris](/tag/hak-waris) [harta waris](/tag/harta-waris) [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukum waris](/tag/hukum-waris) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [waris](/tag/waris) [warisan](/tag/warisan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Pendirian Serikat Pekerja yang dibuat oleh Imam Hadi Wibowo, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 31 Agustus 2009.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Hak Pekerja untuk Membentuk Serikat Pekerja/BuruhSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu apa itu serikat pekerja. Serikat pekerja atau serikat buruh adalah organisasi yang dibentuk dari, oleh, dan untuk pekerja/buruh baik di perusahaan maupun di luar perusahaan, yang bersifat bebas, terbuka, mandiri, demokratis, dan bertanggung jawab guna memperjuangkan, membela serta melindungi hak dan kepentingan pekerja/buruh serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan pekerja/buruh dan keluarganya.[1]Pada prinsipnya, setiap pekerja berhak untuk membentuk serikat pekerja. Menurut Arifuddin Muda Harahap dalam bukunya Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan (hal. 35) menyebutkan bahwa dalam kedudukannya sebagai warga negara, pekerja/buruh mempunyai posisi yang sama di hadapan hukum. Setiap pekerja/buruh memiliki hak mendapatkan pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak, hak untuk mengeluarkan pendapat, hak untuk berkumpul maupun membuat organisasi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh.Hal ini senada dengan ketentuan Pasal 104 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan jo. Pasal 5 ayat (1) UU Serikat Pekerja yang berbunyi:Setiap pekerja/buruh berhak membentuk dan menjadi anggota serikat pekerja/serikat buruh.Hukumnya Perusahaan yang Menghalangi Pembentukan Serikat PekerjaPembentukan serikat pekerja harus atas dasar kehendak bebas dari para pekerja/buruh serta tanpa tekanan atau campur tangan dari pengusaha, pemerintah, partai politik, dan pihak manapun.[2]   HRD atau siapapun dilarang untuk menghalang-halangi pekerja untuk membentuk atau tidak membentuk serikat pekerja, menjadi anggota atau tidak menjadi anggota pekerja, menjadi pengurus atau tidak menjadi pengurus serikat pekerja, dan/atau menjalankan atau tidak menjalankan kegiatan serikat pekerja dengan cara:[3]melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja, memberhentikan sementara, menurunkan jabatan, atau melakukan mutasi;tidak membayar atau mengurangi upah pekerja/buruh;melakukan intimidasi dalam bentuk apapun;melakukan kampanye anti pembentukan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh.Dengan demikian, apakah boleh menghalangi pembentukan serikat pekerja? Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, telah secara jelas menyebutkan siapapun tidak boleh menghalangi ataupun melakukan intimidasi terhadap pekerja yang hendak membentuk serikat pekerja.Kemudian, bagi siapapun yang menghalang-halangi atau memaksa pekerja seperti yang disebutkan di atas, dikenakan sanksi pidana penjara paling singkat 1 tahun dan paling lama 5 tahun dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp100 juta dan paling banyak Rp500 juta.Jika memang benar pihak perusahaan yaitu HRD telah menghalangi pekerja untuk membentuk serikat pekerja dengan ancaman panitia pembentuk dan pekerja yang sudah menandatangani kesanggupan untuk menjadi anggota serikat pekerja akan dilakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja (“PHK”), panitia pembentuk serikat pekerja dapat melaporkan tindakan intimidasi tersebut ke pihak kepolisian atas dugaan tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 28 jo. Pasal 43 UU Serikat Pekerja.  Terkait dengan prosedur melaporkan tindak pidana, selengkapnya dapat dibaca dalam artikel Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya.Contoh KasusContoh kasus tentang penerapan Pasal 28 jo Pasal 43 UU Serikat Pekerja dapat disimak dalam Putusan MA No. 2014 K/Pid.Sus/2012. Terdakwa adalah direksi suatu Perseroan Terbatas (“PT”) meminta ketua serikat pekerja di PT tersebut untuk tidak aktif dalam kegiatan-kegiatan serikat pekerja. Terdakwa pun mengancam akan mem-PHK semua karyawan yang menjadi anggota serikat pekerja di PT tersebut (hal. 2 – 3).Selanjutnya, terdakwa melakukan PHK terhadap ketua beserta 107 orang anggota serikat pekerja yang bertujuan untuk membekukan kegiatan dan mempersempit ruang gerak serikat pekerja. Terdakwa juga memerintahkan Kepala Bagian Personalia PT untuk menjatuhkan skorsing menuju PHK terhadap pengurus dan sebagian besar serikat pekerja setelah mengetahui rencana mogok kerja (hal. 4).Majelis hakim Pengadilan Negeri Bangil memutus terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan melanggar Pasal 43 jo. Pasal 28 UU Serikat Pekerja. Terdakwa dijatuhi pidana penjara selama 1 tahun dan pidana denda sebesar Rp250 juta (hal. 9 dan 31). Putusan tersebut dikuatkan oleh putusan kasasi Mahkamah Agung (hal. 30 dan 32).Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 Tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh;Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan;Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja.Putusan:Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2014 K/Pid.Sus/2012Referensi:Arifuddin Muda Harahap. Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan. Medan: Literasi Nusantara, 2020.[1] Pasal 1 angka 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan jo. Pasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh (“UU Serikat Pekerja”)[2] Pasal 9 ayat (1) UU Serikat Pekerja[3] Pasal 28 UU Serikat PekerjaTagshukum ketenagakerjaankarier hukumprofesi hukumserikat buruhserikat pekerjauu ketenagakerjaan
Pada saat pendirian serikat pekerja, panitia pembentuk dan pekerja yang sudah menandatangani kesanggupan untuk menjadi anggota serikat pekerja diintimidasi oleh pihak HRD dengan ancaman bila serikat pekerja sampai terbentuk, panitia pembentuk dan pekerja yang sudah menandatangani kesanggupan untuk menjadi anggota serikat pekerja akan di-PHK. Apa yang sebaiknya dilakukan oleh panitia pembentuk?
Pada prinsipnya, setiap pekerja berhak untuk membentuk dan menjadi anggota serikat pekerja. Hal tersebut tentunya perlu didukung oleh pihak perusahaan dan pihak lainnya. Pihak perusahaan atau siapapun dilarang menghalang-halangi pekerja untuk membentuk, menjadi anggota, menjadi pengurus, dan/atau menjalankan kegiatan serikat pekerja dengan ancaman pemutusan hubungan kerja. Lantas, apa sanksi bagi pihak yang menghalang-halangi tersebut? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. 4 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/menghalangi-pembentukan-serikat-pekerja--ini-jerat-pidananya-cl7032/
Menghalangi Pembentukan Serikat Pekerja, Ini Jerat Pidananya
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Pendirian Serikat Pekerja_ yang dibuat oleh [Imam Hadi Wibowo, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/imam-hadi-wibowo--sh-lt4b4589aa5409c), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 31 Agustus 2009.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Hak Pekerja untuk Membentuk Serikat Pekerja/Buruh** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu apa itu serikat pekerja. [Serikat pekerja atau serikat buruh](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/s/serikat-pekerja-serikat-buruh) adalah organisasi yang dibentuk dari, oleh, dan untuk pekerja/buruh baik di perusahaan maupun di luar perusahaan, yang bersifat bebas, terbuka, mandiri, demokratis, dan bertanggung jawab guna memperjuangkan, membela serta melindungi hak dan kepentingan pekerja/buruh serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan pekerja/buruh dan keluarganya.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Pada prinsipnya, setiap pekerja berhak untuk membentuk serikat pekerja. Menurut **Arifuddin Muda Harahap** dalam bukunya _Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan_ (hal. 35) menyebutkan bahwa dalam kedudukannya sebagai warga negara, pekerja/buruh mempunyai posisi yang sama di hadapan hukum. Setiap pekerja/buruh memiliki hak mendapatkan pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak, hak untuk mengeluarkan pendapat, hak untuk berkumpul maupun membuat organisasi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh. Hal ini senada dengan ketentuan **Pasal 104 ayat (1) [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003)** _jo._ **Pasal 5 ayat (1) [UU Serikat Pekerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/732/undangundang-nomor-21-tahun-2000/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_21_2000)** yang berbunyi: _Setiap pekerja/buruh berhak membentuk dan menjadi anggota serikat pekerja/serikat buruh._ ### **Hukumnya Perusahaan yang Menghalangi Pembentukan Serikat Pekerja** Pembentukan serikat pekerja harus atas dasar kehendak bebas dari para pekerja/buruh serta **tanpa tekanan atau campur tangan dari pengusaha,** pemerintah, partai politik, dan pihak manapun.[\[2\]](#_ftn2)    HRD atau siapapun dilarang untuk menghalang-halangi pekerja untuk membentuk atau tidak membentuk serikat pekerja, menjadi anggota atau tidak menjadi anggota pekerja, menjadi pengurus atau tidak menjadi pengurus serikat pekerja, dan/atau menjalankan atau tidak menjalankan kegiatan serikat pekerja dengan cara:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja, memberhentikan sementara, menurunkan jabatan, atau melakukan mutasi; 2. tidak membayar atau mengurangi upah pekerja/buruh; 3. melakukan intimidasi dalam bentuk apapun; 4. melakukan kampanye anti pembentukan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh. Dengan demikian, apakah boleh menghalangi pembentukan serikat pekerja? Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, telah secara jelas menyebutkan **siapapun tidak boleh menghalangi ataupun melakukan intimidasi terhadap pekerja yang hendak membentuk serikat pekerja.** Kemudian, bagi siapapun yang menghalang-halangi atau memaksa pekerja seperti yang disebutkan di atas, dikenakan sanksi pidana penjara paling singkat 1 tahun dan paling lama 5 tahun dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp100 juta dan paling banyak Rp500 juta. Jika memang benar pihak perusahaan yaitu HRD telah menghalangi pekerja untuk membentuk serikat pekerja dengan ancaman panitia pembentuk dan pekerja yang sudah menandatangani kesanggupan untuk menjadi anggota serikat pekerja akan dilakukan [pemutusan hubungan kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/pemutusan-hubungan-kerja) (“PHK”), panitia pembentuk serikat pekerja dapat melaporkan tindakan intimidasi tersebut ke pihak kepolisian atas dugaan tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 28 _jo._ Pasal 43 UU Serikat Pekerja.**   Terkait dengan prosedur melaporkan tindak pidana, selengkapnya dapat dibaca dalam artikel **[Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mau-melaporkan-tindak-pidana-ke-polisi-begini-prosedurnya-lt504d52481c208/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mau_lapor_tindak_pidana_ke_polisi).** ### **Contoh Kasus** Contoh kasus tentang penerapan Pasal 28 _jo_ Pasal 43 UU Serikat Pekerja dapat disimak dalam **[Putusan MA No. 2014 K/Pid.Sus/2012](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/8019cedc1cebef143027324c936e3fe3.html)**. Terdakwa adalah direksi suatu Perseroan Terbatas (“PT”) meminta ketua serikat pekerja di PT tersebut untuk tidak aktif dalam kegiatan-kegiatan serikat pekerja. Terdakwa pun mengancam akan mem-PHK semua karyawan yang menjadi anggota serikat pekerja di PT tersebut (hal. 2 – 3). Selanjutnya, terdakwa melakukan PHK terhadap ketua beserta 107 orang anggota serikat pekerja yang bertujuan untuk membekukan kegiatan dan mempersempit ruang gerak serikat pekerja. Terdakwa juga memerintahkan Kepala Bagian Personalia PT untuk menjatuhkan _skorsing_ menuju PHK terhadap pengurus dan sebagian besar serikat pekerja setelah mengetahui rencana mogok kerja (hal. 4). Majelis hakim Pengadilan Negeri Bangil memutus terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan melanggar Pasal 43 _jo._ Pasal 28 UU Serikat Pekerja. Terdakwa dijatuhi pidana penjara selama 1 tahun dan pidana denda sebesar Rp250 juta (hal. 9 dan 31). Putusan tersebut dikuatkan oleh putusan kasasi Mahkamah Agung (hal. 30 dan 32). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 Tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh;](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/732/undangundang-nomor-21-tahun-2000/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_21_2000) 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan;](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) 3. [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022). Putusan: [Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2014 K/Pid.Sus/2012](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/8019cedc1cebef143027324c936e3fe3.html) Referensi: Arifuddin Muda Harahap. _Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan_. Medan: Literasi Nusantara, 2020. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 17 [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) _jo._ Pasal 1 angka 1 [Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/732/undangundang-nomor-21-tahun-2000/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_21_2000) (“UU Serikat Pekerja”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 9 ayat (1) UU Serikat Pekerja [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 28 UU Serikat Pekerja Tags ---- [hukum ketenagakerjaan](/tag/hukum-ketenagakerjaan) [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [serikat buruh](/tag/serikat-buruh) [serikat pekerja](/tag/serikat-pekerja) [uu ketenagakerjaan](/tag/uu-ketenagakerjaan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITAturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 2023Merasa Stres Kerja, Bolehkah Resign Sebelum PKWT Berakhir?15 Des 2022Bolehkah TKA jadi Anggota Serikat Pekerja?20 Apr 2022Bolehkah TKA Digaji oleh Perusahaan Induk di Luar Negeri?29 Sep 2021Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran ketiga dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 18 Juni 2015, kemudian pertama kalinya dimutakhirkan pada Senin, 22 Agustus 2016, dan kedua kalinya dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 27 Juli 2018. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Syarat TKA yang Bekerja di IndonesiaTenaga Kerja Asing (“TKA”) adalah warga negara asing pemegang visa dengan maksud bekerja di wilayah Indonesia.[1]Filosofi ketenagakerjaan Indonesia adalah melindungi tenaga kerja berkewarganegaraan Indonesia yang bekerja di Indonesia sehingga jika ada kebutuhan yang khusus dan sangat membutuhkan untuk memakai tenaga kerja asing, harus dibuat persyaratan yang ketat agar tenaga kerja Indonesia terhindar dari kompetisi yang tidak sehat. Demikian yang dijelaskan oleh Togar S.M. Sijabat dalam artikel Adakah Batas Usia Bagi Tenaga Kerja Asing?.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, setiap TKA yang dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja TKA harus:[2]memiliki pendidikan sesuai dengan kualifikasi jabatan yang akan diduduki;memiliki kompetensi atau pengalaman kerja paling sedikit 5 tahun sesuai dengan kualifikasi jabatan yang akan diduduki; danmengalihkan keahliannya kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA.Selain persyaratan di atas, TKA dapat dipekerjakan di Indonesia hanya dalam hubungan kerja untuk jabatan tertentu dan waktu tertentu serta memiliki kompetensi sesuai dengan jabatan yang akan diduduki.[3] Jabatan tertentu yang dapat diduduki oleh TKA ditetapkan oleh menteri setelah mendapat masukan dari kementerian/lembaga terkait.[4] Pelaporan TKA yang Belum Memenuhi Syarat Bekerja di IndonesiaMenjawab pertanyaan Anda, mengenai pelaporan TKA, kami kurang jelas apa yang Anda maksud tentang pelaporan TKA di sini. Prinsipnya, jika TKA tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka TKA tersebut tidak dapat dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja. Ini karena untuk dapat mempekerjakan TKA, setiap pemberi kerja yang mempekerjakan TKA wajib memiliki rencana penggunaan TKA yang disahkan oleh pemerintah pusat.[5]Selain itu pemberi kerja harus memiliki pengesahan izin mempekerjakan TKA yang berupa Rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing (“RPTKA”) yaitu rencana penggunaan TKA pada jabatan tertentu dan jangka waktu tertentu,[6] yang disahkan oleh menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk.[7]Jika perusahaan atau pemberi kerja mempekerjakan TKA tanpa mempunyai izin, pemerintah pusat atau pemerintah daerah sesuai dengan kewenangannya dapat mengenakan sanksi administratif atas pelanggaran Pasal 42 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan.[8]Lalu, mengenai pelaporan yang Anda maksud, dalam Pasal 32 ayat (1) PP 34/2021 disebutkan pemberi kerja TKA wajib melaporkan setiap 1 tahun kepada menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk untuk pelaksanaan:penggunaan TKA;pendidikan dan pelatihan kerja bagi Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA; danalih teknologi dan alih keahlian dari TKA kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA.Pemberi kerja TKA juga wajib melaporkan pelaksanaan penggunaan TKA untuk pekerjaan yang bersifat sementara setelah berakhirnya perjanjian kerja kepada menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk.[9]Kemudian pemberi kerja TKA juga wajib melaporkan kepada Menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk untuk perjanjian kerja TKA yang telah berakhir atau diakhiri sebelum jangka waktu perjanjian kerja berakhir.[10]Sedangkan pengawasan penggunaan TKA dilaksanakan oleh pengawas ketenagakerjaan pada kementerian yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang ketenagakerjaan dan/atau dinas yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang ketenagakerjaan provinsi, yang melakukan pengawasan pada norma penggunaan TKA sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang ketenagakerjaan.Selain itu, pengawasan penggunaan TKA juga dilaksanakan oleh pejabat imigrasi yang bertugas di bidang pengawasan dan penindakan keimigrasian, secara terkoordinasi sesuai dengan lingkup tugas dan kewenangan masing-masing.[11]Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penulis sebelumnya yang mewawancarai Umar Kasim pun menerangkan seharusnya sejak awal dari pengajuan RPTKA, tentunya diperiksa apakah TKA yang dipekerjakan memenuhi syarat atau tidak. Jika tidak memenuhi syarat, maka RPTKA tidak disetujui.Jika didapati perusahaan mempekerjakan TKA yang tidak memenuhi syarat, misalnya seorang TKA memiliki kompetensi di marketing, namun ia dipekerjakan di bagian financial administration, maka syarat TKA tidak terpenuhi dan izin mempekerjakan TKA perusahaan itu (RPTKA) bisa dicabut.[12] Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja AsingPeraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja AsingCatatan:Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Umar Kasim via telepon pada 18 Juni 2015, pukul 14.39 WIB.[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing (“Permenaker 8/2021”) dan Pasal 1 angka 1 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing (“PP 34/2021”)[2] Pasal 4 Permenaker 8/2021[3] Pasal 81 angka 4 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu 2/2022”) yang mengubah Pasal 42 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”)[4] Pasal 4 ayat (2) PP 34/2021[5] Pasal 81 angka 4 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Pasal 42 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan[6] Pasal 1 angka 4 Permenaker 8/2021[7] Pasal 2 Permenaker 8/2021[8] Pasal 81 angka 70 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Pasal 190 UU Ketenagakerjaan[9] Pasal 32 ayat (2) PP 34/2021[10] Pasal 32 ayat (3) PP 34/2021[11] Pasal 35 PP 34/2021[12] Pasal 36 ayat (1) huruf c PP 34/2021Tagscipta kerjaketenagakerjaanorang asingpekerjapekerja asingtenaga kerja asingtkauu cipta kerjawarga negara asing
Bagaimana prosedur pelaporan tenaga kerja asing yang belum memenuhi syarat bekerja di Indonesia? Apa saja syarat tenaga kerja asing untuk dapat bekerja di Indonesia?
Tenaga Kerja Asing (“TKA”) yang dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja wajib memenuhi persyaratan salah satunya yaitu memiliki pendidikan yang sesuai dengan kualifikasi jabatan yang akan diduduki. Prinsipnya, jika TKA tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka TKA tersebut tidak dapat dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja. Lalu bagaimana dengan pelaporan TKA yang belum memenuhi syarat bekerja?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 2023Merasa Stres Kerja, Bolehkah Resign Sebelum PKWT Berakhir?15 Des 2022Bolehkah TKA jadi Anggota Serikat Pekerja?20 Apr 2022Bolehkah TKA Digaji oleh Perusahaan Induk di Luar Negeri?29 Sep 2021Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 2023Merasa Stres Kerja, Bolehkah Resign Sebelum PKWT Berakhir?15 Des 2022Bolehkah TKA jadi Anggota Serikat Pekerja?20 Apr 2022Bolehkah TKA Digaji oleh Perusahaan Induk di Luar Negeri?29 Sep 2021Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/syarat-tenaga-kerja-asing-bisa-bekerja-di-indonesia-lt557fb3beea80c/
Syarat Tenaga Kerja Asing Bisa Bekerja di Indonesia
pages/170/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja ](/klinik/a/aturan-kenaikan-gaji-cl2752/) ![Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl2752/thumbnail_lt64ec7c73ca31d.jpg) 28 Agt 2023 [ #### Merasa Stres Kerja, Bolehkah _Resign_ Sebelum PKWT Berakhir? ](/klinik/a/resign-sebelum-pkwt-berakhir-lt60deca542c3c7/) ![Merasa Stres Kerja, Bolehkah <i>Resign</i> Sebelum PKWT Berakhir?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60deca542c3c7/thumbnail_lt61014bed8da4c.jpg) 15 Des 2022 [ #### Bolehkah TKA jadi Anggota Serikat Pekerja? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-tka-jadi-anggota-serikat-pekerja-lt620b2f1589090/) ![Bolehkah TKA jadi Anggota Serikat Pekerja?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt620b2f1589090/thumbnail_lt625fe21ad379e.jpg) 20 Apr 2022 [ #### Bolehkah TKA Digaji oleh Perusahaan Induk di Luar Negeri? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-tka-digaji-oleh-perusahaan-induk-di-luar-negeri-lt615429490f76f/) ![Bolehkah TKA Digaji oleh Perusahaan Induk di Luar Negeri?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt615429490f76f/thumbnail_lt61542aa8c2f1f.jpg) 29 Sep 2021 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran ketiga dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt5165540a9b53c/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 18 Juni 2015, kemudian pertama kalinya dimutakhirkan pada Senin, 22 Agustus 2016, dan kedua kalinya dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 27 Juli 2018.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**. ### **Syarat TKA yang Bekerja di Indonesia** Tenaga Kerja Asing (“TKA”) adalah warga negara asing pemegang visa dengan maksud bekerja di wilayah Indonesia.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Filosofi ketenagakerjaan Indonesia adalah melindungi tenaga kerja berkewarganegaraan Indonesia yang bekerja di Indonesia sehingga jika ada kebutuhan yang khusus dan sangat membutuhkan untuk memakai tenaga kerja asing, harus dibuat persyaratan yang ketat agar tenaga kerja Indonesia terhindar dari kompetisi yang tidak sehat. Demikian yang dijelaskan oleh **[Togar S.M. Sijabat](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pbh-peradi-lt4c452c9c1a7d2/togar-sm-sijabat--sh--mh-lt5498cf248996a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=togar_sijabat)** dalam artikel **[Adakah Batas Usia Bagi Tenaga Kerja Asing?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/adakah-batas-usia-bagi-tenaga-kerja-asing-lt5453456947a48?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Adakah_Batas_Usia_Bagi_Tenaga_Kerja_Asing?)**. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, setiap TKA yang dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja TKA harus:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. memiliki pendidikan sesuai dengan kualifikasi jabatan yang akan diduduki; 2. memiliki kompetensi atau pengalaman kerja paling sedikit 5 tahun sesuai dengan kualifikasi jabatan yang akan diduduki; dan 3. mengalihkan keahliannya kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA. Selain persyaratan di atas, TKA dapat dipekerjakan di Indonesia hanya dalam hubungan kerja untuk jabatan tertentu dan waktu tertentu serta memiliki kompetensi sesuai dengan jabatan yang akan diduduki.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Jabatan tertentu yang dapat diduduki oleh TKA ditetapkan oleh menteri setelah mendapat masukan dari kementerian/lembaga terkait.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **Pelaporan TKA yang Belum Memenuhi Syarat Bekerja di Indonesia** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, mengenai pelaporan TKA, kami kurang jelas apa yang Anda maksud tentang pelaporan TKA di sini. Prinsipnya, jika TKA tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka TKA tersebut tidak dapat dipekerjakan oleh pemberi kerja. Ini karena untuk dapat mempekerjakan TKA, setiap pemberi kerja yang mempekerjakan TKA wajib memiliki rencana penggunaan TKA yang disahkan oleh pemerintah pusat.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Selain itu pemberi kerja harus memiliki pengesahan izin mempekerjakan TKA yang berupa Rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing (“RPTKA”) yaitu rencana penggunaan TKA pada jabatan tertentu dan jangka waktu tertentu,[\[6\]](#_ftn6) yang disahkan oleh menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Jika perusahaan atau pemberi kerja mempekerjakan TKA tanpa mempunyai izin, pemerintah pusat atau pemerintah daerah sesuai dengan kewenangannya dapat mengenakan sanksi administratif atas pelanggaran **Pasal 42 ayat (1) [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003)**.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Lalu, mengenai pelaporan yang Anda maksud, dalam **Pasal 32 ayat (1) [PP 34/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322aa20df10/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-34-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_34_2021)** disebutkan pemberi kerja TKA wajib melaporkan setiap 1 tahun kepada menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk untuk pelaksanaan: 1. penggunaan TKA; 2. pendidikan dan pelatihan kerja bagi Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA; dan 3. alih teknologi dan alih keahlian dari TKA kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping TKA. Pemberi kerja TKA juga wajib melaporkan pelaksanaan penggunaan TKA untuk pekerjaan yang bersifat sementara setelah berakhirnya perjanjian kerja kepada menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Kemudian pemberi kerja TKA juga wajib melaporkan kepada Menteri atau pejabat yang ditunjuk untuk perjanjian kerja TKA yang telah berakhir atau diakhiri sebelum jangka waktu perjanjian kerja berakhir.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Sedangkan pengawasan penggunaan TKA dilaksanakan oleh pengawas ketenagakerjaan pada kementerian yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang ketenagakerjaan dan/atau dinas yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang ketenagakerjaan provinsi, yang melakukan pengawasan pada norma penggunaan TKA sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang ketenagakerjaan. Selain itu, pengawasan penggunaan TKA juga dilaksanakan oleh pejabat imigrasi yang bertugas di bidang pengawasan dan penindakan keimigrasian, secara terkoordinasi sesuai dengan lingkup tugas dan kewenangan masing-masing.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penulis sebelumnya yang mewawancarai **[Umar Kasim](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/INDOLaw-lt4b79f9cad28fa/umar-kasim-lt4b78d72b89322?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=umar_kasim)** pun menerangkan seharusnya sejak awal dari pengajuan RPTKA, tentunya diperiksa apakah TKA yang dipekerjakan memenuhi syarat atau tidak. Jika tidak memenuhi syarat, maka RPTKA tidak disetujui. Jika didapati perusahaan mempekerjakan TKA yang tidak memenuhi syarat, misalnya seorang TKA memiliki kompetensi di _marketing_, namun ia dipekerjakan di bagian _financial administration_, maka syarat TKA tidak terpenuhi dan izin mempekerjakan TKA perusahaan itu (RPTKA) bisa dicabut.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322aa20df10/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-34-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_34_2021) Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6098d852a541a/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-8-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenaker_8_2021) Catatan: _Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Umar Kasim via telepon pada 18 Juni 2015, pukul 14.39 WIB._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6098d852a541a/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-8-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenaker_8_2021) (“Permenaker 8/2021”) dan Pasal 1 angka 1 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322aa20df10/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-34-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_34_2021) (“PP 34/2021”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 4 Permenaker 8/2021 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 81 angka 4 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu 2/2022”) yang mengubah Pasal 42 ayat (4) [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 4 ayat (2) PP 34/2021 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 81 angka 4 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Pasal 42 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 1 angka 4 Permenaker 8/2021 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 2 Permenaker 8/2021 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 81 angka 70 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Pasal 190 UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 32 ayat (2) PP 34/2021 [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 32 ayat (3) PP 34/2021 [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 35 PP 34/2021 [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 36 ayat (1) huruf c PP 34/2021 Tags ---- [cipta kerja](/tag/cipta-kerja) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [orang asing](/tag/orang-asing) [pekerja](/tag/pekerja) [pekerja asing](/tag/pekerja-asing) [tenaga kerja asing](/tag/tenaga-kerja-asing) [tka](/tag/tka) [uu cipta kerja](/tag/uu-cipta-kerja) [warga negara asing](/tag/warga-negara-asing)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Bekerja Jarak Jauh, Upah Minimum Mana yang Berlaku? which was written by Leli Veronica Lumban Gaol, S.H., and was published on Tuesday, 31 January 2023. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Applicable Minimum Wage for Remote Working EmployeesWith the development of information technology and the post-COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of work is not only done in the office but also from home (work from home) or more often referred to as remote working. What is remote working? Remote working is working with remote work controls where the implementation of work can be done anywhere.Then, in order to answer your question, according to our research based on the relevant manpower laws and regulations, there are no explicit and detailed provisions about which minimum wage applies to remote working employees, whether the minimum wage at where the company is located or at the location of the employees.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Under the laws and regulations, for example under Government Regulation 36/2021, employers/entrepreneurs are prohibited from paying wages lower than the minimum wage.[1] The minimum wage is the lowest monthly wage, i.e., wages without allowances or basic wages and fixed allowances.[2] Furthermore, the minimum wage shall consist of Provincial Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum Provinsi/ “UMP”) and Regency/city-level Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum Kabupaten atau Kota/ “UMK”) with certain conditions, which are determined based on economic and manpower conditions.[3]Also read: Which is the Reference, the UMP or the UMK?This is also reaffirmed in Article 81 number 28 Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation which contains new Article 88C section (4) and (5) Law 13/2003 which states that the minimum wage is determined based on economic and manpower conditions based on data from an authorized statistics agency.However, neither the Regulation on the Government in Lieu of Law 2/2022 nor the Government Regulation 36/2021 explicitly states which minimum wage applies. In addition, In addition, it is also not explicitly regulated regarding the determination of the minimum wage based on economic and manpower conditions, that is based on where the company is located, or the location of the employees.In our opinion, in determining which minimum wage regulations apply to remote working employees, this needs to be determined according to agreements between employers and employees which are made into work agreements.However, it should be noted that the minimum wage shall apply to workers/laborers or employees with a work period of less than 1 (one) year. Meanwhile, wages for workers/laborers with a work period of 1 (one) year or more shall refer to the wage structure and scale.[4] Therefore, if you have been working for more than 1 year, your wage will no longer be based on the minimum wage but will be based on the wage structure and scale that is determined by the company you are working for.Also read: Want to Formulate Wage Structures and Scales? Pay Attention to These 5 ThingsSteps That Could Be TakenIf the determination of wages made by the company is deemed detrimental, then you as an employee may take legal action.Disputes over the determination of wages are classified as industrial relations disputes, as regulated under Law 2/2004. You may file a lawsuit of a dispute of interest, which occurs in the course of the employment relationship due to the absence of agreement concerning the drawing up, and or amendment of work requirements which are established under the employment agreement, or company regulation, or collective agreement.[5]However, prior to filing a lawsuit to the Industrial Relations Court, you must first conduct bipartite and tripartite negotiations. You can read more details in article entitled 3 Mechanisms on Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower;Law Number 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlements;Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation;Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 on Wages.[1] Article 23 section (3) Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 on Wages (“Government Regulation 36/2021”).[2] Article 23 section (1) Government Regulation 36/2021.[3] Article 25 section (1) and (2) Government Regulation 36/2021.[4] Article 24 Government Regulation 36/2021.[5] Article 1 number 3 Law Number 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlements (“Law 2/2004”).Tagsklinik english edition
I work remotely for a company which is located in Jakarta, and I am assigned to live in Yogyakarta. There are no branch offices in Yogyakarta. However, my salary follows the Provincial Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum Provinsi/ “UMP”) in Yogyakarta instead of Jakarta. The problem is that the Provincial Minimum Wage in Yogyakarta is low and I feel disadvantaged. What are the regulations on salary for remote working employees like me? Do I follow the Provincial Minimum Wage where my company is located or follow the Provincial Minimum Wage where I live and work?
With the development of technology and the post-COVID-19 pandemic, remote working has been widely adopted by companies and businesses. In the conventional work system in which employees work in offices, the wage system is adjusted to the minimum wage where the company is located. However, under the remote working system, which minimum wage applies? Is it based on the location where the company is located or the location of the employees? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/working-remotely-which-minimum-wage-applies--lt63dcb1bd83a87/
Working Remotely, Which Minimum Wage Applies?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Bekerja Jarak Jauh, Upah Minimum Mana yang Berlaku?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bekerja-jarak-jauh-upah-minimum-mana-yang-berlaku-lt63d8d0be2a0f2/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bekerja_jarak_jauh) which was written by [**Leli Veronica Lumban Gaol, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lembaga-bantuan-hukum-mawar-saron-lt4ddc7a184bdfe/leli-veronica-lumban-gaol--sh-lt625526b968fa8), and was published on Tuesday, 31 January 2023. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Applicable Minimum Wage for Remote Working Employees** With the development of information technology and the post-COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of work is not only done in the office but also from home (work from home) or more often referred to as remote working. What is remote working? Remote working is working with remote work controls where the implementation of work can be done anywhere. Then, in order to answer your question, according to our research based on the relevant manpower laws and regulations, there are no explicit and detailed provisions about which minimum [wage](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) applies to remote working employees, whether the minimum wage at where the company is located or at the location of the employees. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Under the laws and regulations, for example under [**Government Regulation 36/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021), employers/entrepreneurs are prohibited from paying wages lower than the minimum wage.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) The minimum wage is the lowest monthly wage, i.e., wages without allowances or basic wages and fixed allowances.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Furthermore, the minimum wage shall consist of Provincial Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum Provinsi/ “UMP”) and Regency/city-level Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum Kabupaten atau Kota/ “UMK”) with certain conditions, which are determined based on economic and manpower conditions.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Also read: [**Which is the Reference, the UMP or the UMK?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mana-yang-jadi-acuan-ump-atau-umk-lt51209025aacaf?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UMP_UMK?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mana_jadi_acuan_ump_umk) This is also reaffirmed in **Article 81 number 28** [**Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) which contains new **Article 88C section (4) and (5)** [**Law 13/2003**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) which states that the minimum wage is determined based on economic and manpower conditions based on data from an authorized statistics agency. However, neither the Regulation on the Government in Lieu of Law 2/2022 nor the Government Regulation 36/2021 explicitly states which minimum wage applies. In addition, In addition, it is also not explicitly regulated regarding the determination of the minimum wage based on economic and manpower conditions, that is based on where the company is located, or the location of the employees. In our opinion, in determining which minimum wage regulations apply to remote working employees, **this needs to be determined according to agreements between employers and employees which are made into** [**work agreements**](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama). However, it should be noted that the minimum wage shall apply to workers/laborers or employees with a work period of less than 1 (one) year. Meanwhile, wages for workers/laborers with a work period of 1 (one) year or more shall refer to the wage structure and scale.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Therefore, if you have been working for more than 1 year, your wage will no longer be based on the minimum wage but will be based on the wage structure and scale that is determined by the company you are working for. Also read: [**Want to Formulate Wage Structures and Scales? Pay Attention to These 5 Things**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6087?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=struktur_dan_skala_upah?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=susun_struktur_skala_upah) ### **Steps That Could Be Taken** If the determination of wages made by the company is deemed detrimental, then you as an employee may take legal action. Disputes over the determination of wages are classified as industrial relations disputes, as regulated under [**Law 2/2004**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/undangundang-nomor-2-tahun-2004/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004). You may file a **lawsuit of a** **dispute of interest**, which occurs in the course of the employment relationship due to the absence of agreement concerning the drawing up, and or amendment of work requirements which are established under the employment agreement, or company regulation, or collective agreement.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) However, prior to filing a lawsuit to the Industrial Relations Court, you must first conduct bipartite and tripartite negotiations. You can read more details in article entitled [**3 Mechanisms on Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/3-mekanisme-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial-lt4b82643d06be9?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_mekanisme_penyelesaian?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_mekanisme_perselisihan_hubungan_industrial). These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003); 2. [Law Number 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlements](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/undangundang-nomor-2-tahun-2004/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004); 3. [Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022); 4. [Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 on Wages](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 23 section (3) [Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 on Wages](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) (“Government Regulation 36/2021”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 23 section (1) Government Regulation 36/2021. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 25 section (1) and (2) Government Regulation 36/2021. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 24 Government Regulation 36/2021. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 1 number 3 [Law Number 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlements](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/undangundang-nomor-2-tahun-2004/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004) (“Law 2/2004”). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Rabu, 19 Juni 2017.KLINIK TERKAITSyarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Status Hak atas Tanah Hasil Reklamasi oleh Perusahaan 09 Des 2022Ketentuan Balik Nama atas Tanah Harta Gono-Gini29 Nov 2022Cara Cek Sertifikat Tanah Ganda dan Langkah Hukumnya26 Jul 2022Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Gunanegara dalam Hukum Pidana Agraria: Logika Hukum Pemberian Hak Atas Tanah dan Ancaman Hukum Pidana (hal. 3) menerangkan bahwa hak atas tanah menurut hukum barat dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi:Hak eigendom atau eigendomsrecht yang terdiri atas:hak hypotheek;hak servituut;hak vruch;hak gebruik;hak grant cotoleur;hak bruikleen; danActe van eigendom.Hak erfpacht atau erpachtrechtHak postal atau opstalrecht  Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sementara itu, Boedi Harsono dalam Hukum Agraria Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya (hal. 59) menjelaskan bahwa hukum tanah barat bersumber pada KUH Perdata.Sehubungan dengan itu, berdasarkan penelusuran kami, hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal, dan hak gebruik merupakan jenis hak atas tanah barat yang dikenal pada zaman kolonial Belanda yang pengaturannya dapat dijumpai pada Buku ke-II KUH Perdata.Dengan berlakunya UU PA, aturan-aturan agraria yang berhubungan dengan tanah pada zaman kolonial telah dicabut, di antaranya:"Agrarische Wet" (Staatsblad 1870 No.55), sebagai yang termuat dalam pasal 51 "Wet op de Staatsinrichting van Nederlands Indie" (Staatsblad 1925 No.447) dan ketentuan dalam ayat-ayat lainnya dari pasal itu; a. "Domienverklaring" tersebut dalam pasal 1 "Agrarisch Besluit " (Staatsblad 1870 No.118); b.    "Algemene Domienverklaring" tersebut dalam Staatsblad 1875 No.119A;c.    "Domienverklaring untuk Sumatera" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari Staatsblad 1874 No.94f;d.    "Domeinverklaring untuk keresidenan Menado" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari Staatsblad 1877 No.55; e.    "Domienverklaring untuk residentie Zuider en Oosterafdeling van Borneo" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari Staatsblad 1888 No.58. Koninklijk Besluit tanggal 16 April 1872 No.29 (Staatsblad 1872 No.117) dan peraturan pelaksanaannya; danBuku ke-II KUH Perdata Indonesia sepanjang yang mengenai bumi, air serta kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya, kecuali ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai hipotek yang masih berlaku saat mulai berlakunya UU PA. Hak Eigendom, Hak Erfpacht, Hak Opstal, dan Hak GebruikHak Eigendom (Hak Milik)Pengaturan mengenai hak eigendom terdapat pada Pasal 570 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Hak milik adalah hak untuk menikmati suatu barang secara lebih leluasa dan untuk berbuat terhadap barang itu secara bebas sepenuhnya, asalkan tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang atau peraturan umum yang ditetapkan oleh kuasa yang berwenang dan asal tidak mengganggu hak-hak orang lain; kesemuanya itu tidak mengurangi kemungkinan pencabutan hak demi kepentingan umum dan penggantian kerugian yang pantas, berdasarkan ketentuan-ketentuan perundang-undangan. Hak eigendom sebagai hak individu tertinggi, sekaligus juga merupakan hak penguasaan atas tanah yang tertinggi dalam hukum tanah barat.[1] Jadi hak eigendom itu merupakan salah satu jenis hak atas tanah barat yang dikenal sebagai hak milik.Hak ErfpachtMenurut Pasal 720 dan Pasal 721 KUH Perdata, hak erfpacht merupakan hak kebendaan yang memberikan kewenangan yang paling luas kepada pemegang haknya untuk menikmati sepenuhnya akan kegunaan tanah kepunyaan pihak lain.[2] Pemegang hak erfpacht boleh menggunakan kewenangan yang terkandung dalam hak eigendom atas tanah.[3]Pasal 720 KUH Perdata berbunyi:Hak guna usaha adalah hak kebendaan untuk menikmati sepenuhnya barang tak bergerak milik orang lain, dengan kewajiban membayar upeti tahunan kepada pemilik tanah, sebagai pengakuan tentang pemilikannya, baik berupa uang maupun berupa hasil atau pendapatan. Alas hak lahirnya hak guna usaha harus diumumkan dengan cara seperti yang ditentukan dalam Pasal 620.Dengan demikian, hak erfpacht merupakan hak guna usaha atau hak kebendaan untuk menikmati sepenuhnya tanah kepunyaan pihak lain.Hak OpstalHak opstal atau dikenal juga dengan sebutan hak numpang karang diatur dalam Pasal 711 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Hak numpang karang adalah hak kebendaan untuk mempunyai gedung bangunan atau tanaman di atas tanah orang lain.Setiap orang yang mempunyai hak numpang karang atas sebidang pekarangan, boleh mengalihkannya kepada orang lain atau memberikannya dengan hipotek. Ia juga boleh membebani pekarangan tadi dengan pengabdian pekarangan tetapi hanya untuk jangka waktu selama ia boleh menikmati haknya.[4]Hak GebruikSedangkan hak gebruik seperti yang telah kami sebutkan di awal, termasuk jenis hak eigendom (hak milik). Hak gebruik ini diatur dalam Pasal 818 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Hak pakai dan hak mendiami, diperoleh dan berakhir dengan cara yang sama seperti hak pakai hasil.Dengan demikian, hak gebruik merupakan hak pakai, yaitu hak pakai atas sebidang tanah pekarangan, yang kepada pemakainya hanya boleh mengambil hasil-hasilnya, sebanyak yang diperlukan untuk diri sendiri dan seisi rumahnya.[5]Konversi Hak atas Tanah BaratHak-hak asing tersebut (hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal, dan hak gebruik) yang menurut ketentuan konversi Pasal I, II, III, IV dan V UU PA dijadikan hak usaha-usaha dan hak guna-bangunan hanya berlaku untuk sementara selama sisa waktu hak-hak tersebut, dengan jangka waktu paling lama 20 tahun.[6]Oleh karena itu, setelah berlakunya UUPA, hak-hak atas tanah barat tersebut dikonversi dan dijadikan hak guna-usaha dan hak guna-bangunan, hanya berlaku untuk sementara selama sisa waktu hak-hak tersebut, dengan jangka waktu paling lama 20 tahun.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan antara hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal, dan hak gebruik adalah sama-sama jenis hak tanah barat, yang sejak berlakunya UU PA pengaturan tentang hak tanah barat tersebut dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi. Demikian jawaban kami atas pertanyaan mengenai hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal dan hak gebruik, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok AgrariaREFERENSIBoedi Harsono. Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya. Jakarta: Djambatan. 1997.Gunanegara. Hukum Pidana Agraria: Logika Hukum Pemberian Hak Atas Tanah dan Ancaman Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT. Tatanusa, 2017.[1] Boedi Harsono, Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal. 59[2] Boedi Harsono, Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal 37.[3] Boedi Harsono, Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal 37.[4] Pasal 712 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (“KUH Perdata”)[5] Pasal 821 KUH Perdata[6] Pasal 55 ayat (1) jo. Bagian Kedua Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konversi Pasal I, II, III, IV, dan V Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok AgrariaTagsagrariaagrobisnisbelandagooglehak atas tanahhak guna usahahak milikhgbhguhukumhukumonlineklinikklinik hukumonlineperdatapertahananpertanahantanahuu pokok agrariauupa
Adakah hubungannya antara hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal, dan hak gebruik?
Hubungan antara hak eigendom, hak erfpacht, hak opstal, dan hak gebruik adalah keempatnya merupakan sama-sama jenis hak atas tanah barat. Hak eigendom merupakan hak milik dalam pengaturan tanah barat, hak erfpacht merupakan hak guna usaha, hak opstal merupakan hak numpang karang, dan hak gebruik merupakan salah satu jenis dari hak eigendom. Lantas, apakah hak-hak atas tanah barat tersebut masih berlaku hingga saat ini? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Status Hak atas Tanah Hasil Reklamasi oleh Perusahaan 09 Des 2022Ketentuan Balik Nama atas Tanah Harta Gono-Gini29 Nov 2022Cara Cek Sertifikat Tanah Ganda dan Langkah Hukumnya26 Jul 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Status Hak atas Tanah Hasil Reklamasi oleh Perusahaan 09 Des 2022Ketentuan Balik Nama atas Tanah Harta Gono-Gini29 Nov 2022Cara Cek Sertifikat Tanah Ganda dan Langkah Hukumnya26 Jul 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hak-eigendom-lt58e28281dd903/
Hak Eigendom, Hak Erfpacht, Hak Opstal, dan Hak Gebruik
pages/171/page-1.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Rabu, 19 Juni 2017.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-biaya-balik-nama-sertifikat-tanah-karena-jual-beli-lt4c66b0f0dd1dd/) ![Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4c66b0f0dd1dd/thumbnail_lt62b575da7fa1e.jpg) 25 Jun 2024 [ #### Status Hak atas Tanah Hasil Reklamasi oleh Perusahaan ](/klinik/a/status-hak-atas-tanah-hasil-reklamasi-lt583cebd7a4475/) ![Status Hak atas Tanah Hasil Reklamasi oleh Perusahaan ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt583cebd7a4475/thumbnail_lt6393143f77d6b.jpg) 09 Des 2022 [ #### Ketentuan Balik Nama atas Tanah Harta Gono-Gini ](/klinik/a/harta-gono-gini-lt5ceca1e9f2eb3/) ![Ketentuan Balik Nama atas Tanah Harta Gono-Gini](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ceca1e9f2eb3/thumbnail_lt6385fd6193f3b.jpg) 29 Nov 2022 [ #### Cara Cek Sertifikat Tanah Ganda dan Langkah Hukumnya ](/klinik/a/cara-cek-sertifikat-tanah-ganda-dan-langkah-hukumnya-lt5f48af9a5cd49/) ![Cara Cek Sertifikat Tanah Ganda dan Langkah Hukumnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f48af9a5cd49/thumbnail_lt62e131bf20d9e.jpg) 26 Jul 2022 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** **Gunanegara** dalam _Hukum Pidana Agraria: Logika Hukum Pemberian Hak Atas Tanah dan Ancaman Hukum Pidana_ (hal. 3) menerangkan bahwa hak atas tanah menurut hukum barat dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi: 1. Hak _eigendom_ atau _eigendomsrecht_ yang terdiri atas: 1. hak _hypotheek;_ 2. hak _servituut_; 3. hak _vruch_; 4. hak _gebruik_; 5. hak _grant cotoleur;_ 6. hak _bruikleen;_ dan 7. _Acte van eigendom_. 2. Hak _erfpacht_ atau _erpachtrecht_ 3. Hak _postal_ atau _opstalrecht_  Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sementara itu, **Boedi Harsono** dalam _Hukum Agraria Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria_, _Isi dan Pelaksanaannya_ (hal. 59) menjelaskan bahwa hukum tanah barat bersumber pada **[KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)**. Sehubungan dengan itu, berdasarkan penelusuran kami, hak _eigendom_, hak _erfpacht_, hak o_pstal_, dan hak _gebruik_ merupakan jenis hak atas tanah barat yang dikenal pada zaman kolonial Belanda yang pengaturannya dapat dijumpai pada Buku ke-II KUH Perdata. Dengan berlakunya **[UU PA](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960)**, aturan-aturan agraria yang berhubungan dengan tanah pada zaman kolonial telah dicabut, di antaranya: 1. "_Agrarische Wet_" (Staatsblad 1870 No.55), sebagai yang termuat dalam pasal 51 "_Wet op de Staatsinrichting van Nederlands Indie_" (Staatsblad 1925 No.447) dan ketentuan dalam ayat-ayat lainnya dari pasal itu; 2. a. "_Domienverklaring_" tersebut dalam pasal 1 "_Agrarisch Besluit_ " (_Staatsblad_ 1870 No.118); b.    "_Algemene Domienverklaring_" tersebut dalam _Staatsblad_ 1875 No.119A; c.    "_Domienverklaring_ untuk Sumatera" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari _Staatsblad_ 1874 No.94f; d.    "_Domeinverklaring_ untuk keresidenan Menado" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari _Staatsblad_ 1877 No.55; e.    "_Domienverklaring_ untuk _residentie Zuider en Oosterafdeling van Borneo_" tersebut dalam pasal 1 dari Staatsblad 1888 No.58. 3. _Koninklijk Besluit_ tanggal 16 April 1872 No.29 (_Staatsblad_ 1872 No.117) dan peraturan pelaksanaannya; dan 4. Buku ke-II KUH Perdata Indonesia sepanjang yang mengenai bumi, air serta kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya, kecuali ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai hipotek yang masih berlaku saat mulai berlakunya UU PA. ### **Hak _Eigendom_, Hak _Erfpacht,_ Hak _Opstal,_ dan Hak _Gebruik_** #### **Hak _Eigendom_ (Hak Milik)** Pengaturan mengenai hak _eigendom_ terdapat pada **Pasal 570 KUH Perdata** yang berbunyi: _Hak milik adalah hak untuk menikmati suatu barang secara lebih leluasa dan untuk berbuat terhadap barang itu secara bebas sepenuhnya, asalkan tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang atau peraturan umum yang ditetapkan oleh kuasa yang berwenang dan asal tidak mengganggu hak-hak orang lain; kesemuanya itu tidak mengurangi kemungkinan pencabutan hak demi kepentingan umum dan penggantian kerugian yang pantas, berdasarkan ketentuan-ketentuan perundang-undangan._ Hak _eigendom_ sebagai hak individu tertinggi, sekaligus juga merupakan hak penguasaan atas tanah yang tertinggi dalam hukum tanah barat.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Jadi hak _eigendom_ itu merupakan salah satu jenis hak atas tanah barat yang dikenal sebagai hak milik. #### **Hak _Erfpacht_** Menurut **Pasal 720 dan Pasal 721 KUH Perdata**, hak _erfpacht_ merupakan hak kebendaan yang memberikan kewenangan yang paling luas kepada pemegang haknya untuk menikmati sepenuhnya akan kegunaan tanah kepunyaan pihak lain.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Pemegang hak _erfpacht_ boleh menggunakan kewenangan yang terkandung dalam hak _eigendom_ atas tanah.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Pasal 720 KUH Perdata berbunyi: _Hak guna usaha adalah hak kebendaan untuk menikmati sepenuhnya barang tak bergerak milik orang lain, dengan kewajiban membayar upeti tahunan kepada pemilik tanah, sebagai pengakuan tentang pemilikannya, baik berupa uang maupun berupa hasil atau pendapatan. Alas hak lahirnya hak guna usaha harus diumumkan dengan cara seperti yang ditentukan dalam Pasal 620._ Dengan demikian, hak e_rfpacht_ merupakan hak guna usaha atau hak kebendaan untuk menikmati sepenuhnya tanah kepunyaan pihak lain. #### **Hak _Opstal_** Hak _opstal_ atau dikenal juga dengan sebutan hak numpang karang diatur dalam **Pasal 711 KUH Perdata** yang berbunyi: _Hak numpang karang adalah hak kebendaan untuk mempunyai gedung bangunan atau tanaman di atas tanah orang lain._ Setiap orang yang mempunyai hak numpang karang atas sebidang pekarangan, boleh mengalihkannya kepada orang lain atau memberikannya dengan hipotek. Ia juga boleh membebani pekarangan tadi dengan pengabdian pekarangan tetapi hanya untuk jangka waktu selama ia boleh menikmati haknya.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) #### **Hak _Gebruik_** Sedangkan hak _gebruik_ seperti yang telah kami sebutkan di awal, termasuk jenis hak _eigendom_ (hak milik). Hak _gebruik_ ini diatur dalam **Pasal 818 KUH** Perdata yang berbunyi: _Hak pakai dan hak mendiami, diperoleh dan berakhir dengan cara yang sama seperti hak pakai hasil._ Dengan demikian, hak _gebruik_ merupakan hak pakai, yaitu hak pakai atas sebidang tanah pekarangan, yang kepada pemakainya hanya boleh mengambil hasil-hasilnya, sebanyak yang diperlukan untuk diri sendiri dan seisi rumahnya.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) ### **Konversi Hak atas Tanah Barat** Hak-hak asing tersebut (hak _eigendom_, hak _erfpacht_, hak _opstal,_ dan hak _gebruik_) yang menurut ketentuan konversi **Pasal I, II, III, IV dan V UU PA** dijadikan hak usaha-usaha dan hak guna-bangunan hanya berlaku untuk sementara selama sisa waktu hak-hak tersebut, dengan jangka waktu paling lama 20 tahun.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Oleh karena itu, setelah berlakunya UUPA, hak-hak atas tanah barat tersebut dikonversi dan dijadikan hak guna-usaha dan hak guna-bangunan, hanya berlaku untuk sementara selama sisa waktu hak-hak tersebut, dengan jangka waktu paling lama 20 tahun. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan antara hak _eigendom,_ hak _erfpacht_, hak _opstal_, dan hak _gebruik_ adalah sama-sama jenis hak tanah barat, yang sejak berlakunya UU PA pengaturan tentang hak tanah barat tersebut dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi. Demikian jawaban kami atas pertanyaan mengenai hak _eigendom_, hak _erfpacht_, hak _opstal_ dan hak _gebruik,_ semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960) REFERENSI --------- 1. Boedi Harsono. _Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya_. Jakarta: Djambatan. 1997. 2. Gunanegara. _Hukum Pidana Agraria: Logika Hukum Pemberian Hak Atas Tanah dan Ancaman Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: PT. Tatanusa, 2017. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Boedi Harsono, _Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya_, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal. 59 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Boedi Harsono, _Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya_, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal 37. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Boedi Harsono, _Hukum Agararia Indonesia: Sejarah Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria, Isi dan Pelaksanaannya_, Jakarta: Djambatan, 1997, hal 37. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 712 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) (“KUH Perdata”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 821 KUH Perdata [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 55 ayat (1) _jo._ Bagian Kedua Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konversi Pasal I, II, III, IV, dan V [Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960) Tags ---- [agraria](/tag/agraria) [agrobisnis](/tag/agrobisnis) [belanda](/tag/belanda) [google](/tag/google) [hak atas tanah](/tag/hak-atas-tanah) [hak guna usaha](/tag/hak-guna-usaha) [hak milik](/tag/hak-milik) [hgb](/tag/hgb) [hgu](/tag/hgu) [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [perdata](/tag/perdata) [pertahanan](/tag/pertahanan) [pertanahan](/tag/pertanahan) [tanah](/tag/tanah) [uu pokok agraria](/tag/uu-pokok-agraria) [uupa](/tag/uupa)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITDasar Hukum Penerbitan Kebijakan Moratorium05 Jan 2023Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Perusahaan Pembabat Hutan Adat28 Agt 2020Kedudukan Dinas Pemajuan Masyarakat Adat di Bali07 Feb 2020Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Arti Teori Receptio A Contrario yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 23 April 2018. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Definisi Teori Receptio A ContrarioPembahasan teori receptio a contrario ini umumnya ditemukan dalam hubungan antara hukum agama dan hukum adat. Disarikan dari jurnal Epistemologi Pengembangan Hukum Islam yang ditulis Nova Effenty Muhammad (hal. 83), kemunculan receptio a contrario ini diprakarsai oleh kemunculan teori receptio in complexu yang digagas Van Den Berg, pakar hukum asal belanda. Pada intinya, teori receptio in complexu menyatakan bahwa hukum agama (Islam) diterima secara keseluruhan oleh masyarakat yang memeluk agama tersebut. Jika diartikan, teori ini menganggap hukum adat mengikuti hukum agama yang dipeluk oleh masyarakat adat itu. Kemudian, hadirnya receptio in complexu dibantah oleh Snouck Hurgronje dan C. Van Vollenhoven melalui teori receptie-nya. Teori receptie menyatakan bahwa hukum Islam dapat diberlakukan sepanjang tidak bertentangan atau telah diterima keberlakuannya oleh hukum adat. Artinya, hukum Islam mengikuti hukum adat masyarakat sekitar.Teori Hurgronje tersebut dibantah oleh Hazairin, pakar hukum adat asal Indonesia, dengan teori receptio exit. Teori inilah yang kemudian dikembangan oleh Sayuti Thalib menjadi teori receptio a contrario. Jika diartikan, teori receptio a contrario adalah teori yang menyatakan bahwa hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum agama, yang berarti hukum adat hanya berlaku kalau tidak bertentangan dengan hukum agama. Ajaran Teori Receptio A ContrarioMenurut M. Yahya Harahap dalam Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat (hal. 62) teori atau ajaran penetrasi persentuhan hukum Islam dan adat secara receptio contrario, banyak sekali penganutnya di kalangan penulis-penulis hukum.Sebagaimana pernah dijelaskan oleh Hamka yang dikutip oleh Yahya Harahap (hal. 62) inti pokok yang terkandung dalam ajaran teori receptio a contrario antara lain:Telah berkembang suatu garis hukum hampir di seluruh kepulauan nusantara.Garis hukum itu hukum adat hanya dapat berlaku dan dilaksanakan dalam kehidupan pergaulan masyarakat jika hukum adat itu tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Islam.Lebih lanjut, Yahya Harahap (hal. 63) menjelaskan jika teori resepsio mengatakan bahwa hukum Islam baru dapat dilaksanakan sebagai norma hukum apabila hukum adat telah menerimanya sebagai hukum, maka teori receptio a contrario adalah kebalikannya. Menurut ajaran receptio a contrario, hukum adat yang menyesuaikan diri ke dalam hukum Islam. Hukum adat yang diterapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat adalah norma hukum adat yang sesuai dengan jiwa hukum Islam. Jika norma hukum adat tersebut tidak sejalan dengan jiwa dan semangat hukum Islam, maka hukum adat tersebut harus dijauhkan dari kehidupan pergaulan lalu lintas masyarakat. Contoh Teori Receptio a Contrario dalam Ungkapan Hukum AdatM. Yahya Harahap memberikan contoh ungkapan yang telah tercipta sebagai landasan pedoman penerapan hukum di beberapa daerah, misalnya:[1]Hukum ngon adat hantom cre, lagu zat ngon sepentUngkapan ini terdapat di daerah Aceh yang artinya hukum Islam dan hukum adat tak dapat dipisahceraikan, seperti hubungan zat dengan sifatnya.Adatna di uhomkon manise tu na disyariatkonUngkapan ini berasal dari Tapanuli Selatan yang berarti hukum adat yang hendak diterapkan sebagai hukum, harus lebih dulu dipertanyakan dan diujikan kepada syariat Islam, apakah ketentuan hukum adat yang hendak diterapkan dan diberlakukan itu tidak bertentangan dengan syariat. Jika ternyata bertentangan, hukum adat tersebut harus disingkirkan. Untuk menguji bertentangan atau tidaknya hukum adat tersebut, para fungsionaris adat mempertanyakan dulu kepada ulama atau guru agama setempat.Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, secara sederhana teori receptio a contrario dapat diartikan hukum adat hanya berlaku bila tidak bertentangan dengan hukum agama yang dipeluk oleh masyarakat. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. REFERENSIM. Yahya Harahap. Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1993;Nova Effenty Muhammad. Epistemologi Pengembangan Hukum Islam. Al-Mizan, Vol. 9 No. 1 Juni 2013.[1] M. Yahya Harahap. Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1993, hal 63–64Tagsanak hukumfakultas hukumhukumhukum adathukum islamjurusan hukumkampus hukumkuliah hukummaba hukummahasiswa hukum
Mohon jelaskan teori resepsi a contrario dan contoh teori resepsi a contrario jika ada. Terima kasih.
Teori receptio a contrario ini dapat kita temukan dalam hubungan antara hukum agama dan hukum adat. Secara sederhana teori receptio a contrario dapat diartikan sebagai teori yang menganggap hukum adat hanya berlaku bila tidak bertentangan dengan hukum agama yang dipeluk oleh masyarakat.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Dasar Hukum Penerbitan Kebijakan Moratorium05 Jan 2023Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Perusahaan Pembabat Hutan Adat28 Agt 2020Kedudukan Dinas Pemajuan Masyarakat Adat di Bali07 Feb 2020Dasar Hukum Penerbitan Kebijakan Moratorium05 Jan 2023Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Perusahaan Pembabat Hutan Adat28 Agt 2020Kedudukan Dinas Pemajuan Masyarakat Adat di Bali07 Feb 2020Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/teori-receptio-a-contrario-lt5add48d9a8a43/
Arti Teori Receptio A Contrario
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Dasar Hukum Penerbitan Kebijakan Moratorium ](/klinik/a/dasar-hukum-penerbitan-kebijakan-moratorium-lt4eb8e69aab44f/) ![Dasar Hukum Penerbitan Kebijakan Moratorium](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4eb8e69aab44f/thumbnail_lt63b6ad13bb29e.jpg) 05 Jan 2023 [ #### Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum ](/klinik/a/mengenal-frasa-demi-hukum-dan-batal-demi-hukum-lt4fff97aad74a5/) ![Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4fff97aad74a5/thumbnail_lt63b3ee4cb7231.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Jerat Pidana Perusahaan Pembabat Hutan Adat ](/klinik/a/jerat-pidana-perusahaan-pembabat-hutan-adat-lt5f48f57a576b0/) ![Jerat Pidana Perusahaan Pembabat Hutan Adat](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f48f57a576b0/thumbnail_lt5f48f6bbb0ba5.jpg) 28 Agt 2020 [ #### Kedudukan Dinas Pemajuan Masyarakat Adat di Bali ](/klinik/a/kedudukan-dinas-pemajuan-masyarakat-adat-di-bali-lt5e3d18a151aa7/) ![Kedudukan Dinas Pemajuan Masyarakat Adat di Bali](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5e3d18a151aa7/thumbnail_lt5e3d194c5f083.jpg) 07 Feb 2020 [](#!) **Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Arti Teori Receptio A Contrario_ yang dibuat oleh** **[Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4)** **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 23 April 2018.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Definisi Teori _Receptio A Contrario_** Pembahasan teori _receptio a contrario_ ini umumnya ditemukan dalam hubungan antara hukum agama dan hukum adat. Disarikan dari jurnal _Epistemologi Pengembangan Hukum Islam_ yang ditulis **Nova Effenty Muhammad** (hal. 83), kemunculan _receptio a contrario_ ini diprakarsai oleh kemunculan teori _receptio in complexu_ yang digagas **Van Den Berg**, pakar hukum asal belanda. Pada intinya, teori _receptio in complexu_ menyatakan bahwa hukum agama (Islam) diterima secara keseluruhan oleh masyarakat yang memeluk agama tersebut. Jika diartikan, teori ini menganggap hukum adat mengikuti hukum agama yang dipeluk oleh masyarakat adat itu. Kemudian, hadirnya _receptio in complexu_ dibantah oleh **Snouck Hurgronje** dan **C. Van Vollenhoven** melalui teori _receptie_\-nya. Teori _receptie_ menyatakan bahwa hukum Islam dapat diberlakukan sepanjang tidak bertentangan atau telah diterima keberlakuannya oleh hukum adat. Artinya, hukum Islam mengikuti hukum adat masyarakat sekitar. Teori Hurgronje tersebut dibantah oleh **Hazairin**, pakar hukum adat asal Indonesia, dengan teori _receptio exit_. Teori inilah yang kemudian dikembangan oleh **Sayuti Thalib** menjadi teori _receptio a contrario._ Jika diartikan, teori receptio a contrario adalah teori yang menyatakan bahwa hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum agama, yang berarti hukum adat hanya berlaku kalau tidak bertentangan dengan hukum agama. ### **Ajaran Teori _Receptio A Contrario_** Menurut **M.** **Yahya Harahap** dalam _Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat_ (hal. 62) teori atau ajaran penetrasi persentuhan hukum Islam dan adat secara _receptio contrario_, banyak sekali penganutnya di kalangan penulis-penulis hukum. Sebagaimana pernah dijelaskan oleh **Hamka** yang dikutip oleh Yahya Harahap (hal. 62) inti pokok yang terkandung dalam ajaran teori _receptio a contrario_ antara lain: 1. Telah berkembang suatu garis hukum hampir di seluruh kepulauan nusantara. 2. Garis hukum itu hukum adat hanya dapat berlaku dan dilaksanakan dalam kehidupan pergaulan masyarakat jika hukum adat itu tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Lebih lanjut, Yahya Harahap (hal. 63) menjelaskan jika teori _resepsio_ mengatakan bahwa hukum Islam baru dapat dilaksanakan sebagai norma hukum apabila hukum adat telah menerimanya sebagai hukum, maka teori _receptio a contrario_ adalah kebalikannya. Menurut ajaran _receptio a contrario,_ hukum adat yang menyesuaikan diri ke dalam hukum Islam. Hukum adat yang diterapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat adalah norma hukum adat yang sesuai dengan jiwa hukum Islam. Jika norma hukum adat tersebut tidak sejalan dengan jiwa dan semangat hukum Islam, maka hukum adat tersebut harus dijauhkan dari kehidupan pergaulan lalu lintas masyarakat. ### **Contoh** **_Teori Receptio a Contrario_** **dalam Ungkapan Hukum Adat** M. Yahya Harahap memberikan contoh ungkapan yang telah tercipta sebagai landasan pedoman penerapan hukum di beberapa daerah, misalnya:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) * _Hukum ngon adat hantom cre, lagu zat ngon sepent_ Ungkapan ini terdapat di daerah Aceh yang artinya hukum Islam dan hukum adat tak dapat dipisahceraikan, seperti hubungan zat dengan sifatnya. * _Adatna di uhomkon manise tu na disyariatkon_ Ungkapan ini berasal dari Tapanuli Selatan yang berarti hukum adat yang hendak diterapkan sebagai hukum, harus lebih dulu dipertanyakan dan diujikan kepada syariat Islam, apakah ketentuan hukum adat yang hendak diterapkan dan diberlakukan itu tidak bertentangan dengan syariat. Jika ternyata bertentangan, hukum adat tersebut harus disingkirkan. Untuk menguji bertentangan atau tidaknya hukum adat tersebut, para fungsionaris adat mempertanyakan dulu kepada ulama atau guru agama setempat. Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, secara sederhana teori _receptio a contrario_ dapat diartikan hukum adat hanya berlaku bila tidak bertentangan dengan hukum agama yang dipeluk oleh masyarakat. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. REFERENSI --------- 1. M. Yahya Harahap. _Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat_. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1993; 2. Nova Effenty Muhammad. _Epistemologi Pengembangan Hukum Islam_. Al-Mizan, Vol. 9 No. 1 Juni 2013. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) M. Yahya Harahap. _Kedudukan Janda, Duda dan Anak Angkat dalam Hukum Adat_. Bandung: PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, 1993, hal 63–64 Tags ---- [anak hukum](/tag/anak-hukum) [fakultas hukum](/tag/fakultas-hukum) [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukum adat](/tag/hukum-adat) [hukum islam](/tag/hukum-islam) [jurusan hukum](/tag/jurusan-hukum) [kampus hukum](/tag/kampus-hukum) [kuliah hukum](/tag/kuliah-hukum) [maba hukum](/tag/maba-hukum) [mahasiswa hukum](/tag/mahasiswa-hukum)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITSaham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya25 Jan 2023Gugatan Derivatif Terhadap Direksi dan Komisaris PT30 Nov 2022Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 2021Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 2021Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Tanggung Jawab Pemegang Saham yang dibuat oleh Si Pokrol dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 10 Oktober 2001. PT sebagai Badan HukumBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sebaiknya kita pahami terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan perseroan.Merujuk pada Pasal 109 angka 1 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 1 UU PT mendefinisikan Perseroan Terbatas (“PT”) adalah badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham atau badan hukum perorangan yang memenuhi kriteria usaha mikro dan kecil sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai usaha mikro dan kecil.Adapun organ perseroan terdiri dari 3 organ, yaitu:Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (“RUPS”);Direksi; danDewan Komisaris.Mengingat PT adalah subjek hukum berupa badan hukum (rechts persoon) layaknya manusia (natuurlijk persoon), maka PT memiliki hak dan kewajibannya sendiri yang terpisah dari hak dan kewajiban pribadi para pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris.Direksi sendiri berwenang bertindak atas nama PT untuk kepentingan PT sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT serta sesuai dengan kebijakan yang dipandang tepat, dalam batas yang ditentukan dalam UU PT dan/atau anggaran dasar.[1]Artinya, anggaran dasar juga dapat menentukan syarat-syarat tertentu bagi direksi, misalnya dalam melakukan suatu perbuatan hukum tertentu atas nama PT, direksi harus mendapatkan persetujuan RUPS dan/atau dewan komisaris terlebih dahulu. Utang Sewa Rumah oleh PT, Tanggung Jawab Siapa?Menyambung pertanyaan Anda, kami mengasumsikan PT telah melakukan perbuatan hukum menyewa rumah di mana pada saat itu direksi bertindak atas nama PT berdasarkan persetujuan RUPS dan dewan komisaris. Kemudian, terjadi perubahan pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris. Pemberi sewa lalu menagih utang kepada PT atas biaya sewa rumah.Pada dasarnya pemegang saham tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas perikatan yang dibuat atas nama PT dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian PT melebihi saham yang dimiliki. Tapi ketentuan ini tidak berlaku apabila:[2]persyaratan PT sebagai badan hukum belum atau tidak terpenuhi;pemegang saham baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan iktikad buruk memanfaatkan PT untuk kepentingan pribadi;pemegang saham terlibat dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh PT; ataupemegang saham baik langsung maupun tidak langsung secara melawan hukum menggunakan kekayaan PT, yang mengakibatkan kekayaan PT menjadi tidak cukup untuk melunasi utang PT.Sedangkan pengurusan PT wajib dilaksanakan setiap anggota direksi dengan iktikad baik dan penuh tanggung jawab. Setiap anggota direksi bertanggung jawab penuh secara pribadi atas kerugian PT apabila ia bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya.[3]Adapun anggota direksi tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas kerugian apabila dapat membuktikan:[4]kerugian tersebut bukan karena kesalahan atau kelalaiannya;telah melakukan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian untuk kepentingan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT;tidak mempunyai benturan kepentingan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan yang mengakibatkan kerugian; dantelah mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah timbul atau berlanjutnya kerugian tersebut.Begitu pula dengan setiap anggota dewan komisaris wajib dengan iktikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan bertanggung jawab dalam menjalankan tugas pengawasan dan pemberian nasihat kepada direksi untuk kepentingan PT dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT. Selain itu, setiap anggota dewan komisaris ikut bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas kerugian PT apabila ia bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya.[5]Anggota dewan komisaris tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas kerugian jika dapat membuktikan:[6]telah melakukan pengawasan dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian untuk kepentingan PT dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT;tidak mempunyai kepentingan pribadi baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan direksi yang mengakibatkan kerugian; dantelah memberikan nasihat kepada direksi untuk mencegah timbul atau berlanjutnya kerugian tersebut.Sehingga menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika sewa menyewa rumah tersebut dilakukan atas dasar iktikad baik untuk kepentingan mencapai maksud dan tujuan PT misalnya untuk keperluan ditempati karyawan demi efisiensi kerja agar lokasinya dekat dengan perusahaan. Maka, utang sewa rumah menjadi tanggung jawab PT sepenuhnya.Lain halnya apabila perbuatan hukum menyewa rumah tersebut didasari iktikad buruk, kesalahan, dan/atau kelalaian dari pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan/atau anggota dewan komisaris yang lama. Misalnya, sewa menyewa rumah hanya untuk dinikmati untuk kepentingan pribadi tanpa ada kaitannya dengan kepentingan PT. Maka, pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris yang lama dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pribadi atas utang sewa rumah.Secara perdata, tindakan perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan pemegang saham, direksi, komisaris lama bisa digugat berdasarkan Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata untuk mengganti kerugian PT akibat utang sewa rumah tersebut.Selain itu, apabila perbuatan itu mengandung pula unsur pidana, anggota direksi dan anggota dewan komisaris dapat dituntut secara pidana sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam Pasal 155 UU PT.Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, pada dasarnya utang sewa rumah menjadi tanggung jawab PT sepenuhnya, bukan tanggung jawab pribadi pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan/atau anggota dewan komisaris yang lama maupun yang baru.Namun apabila nyata-nyatanya terdapat kesalahan, kelalaian, iktikad buruk dalam sewa menyewa rumah hingga timbul kerugian, pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris yang lama dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pribadi atas utang sewa rumah. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan TerbatasPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja[1] Pasal 92 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (“UU PT”)[2] Pasal 3 UU PT[3] Pasal 97 ayat (2) dan (3) UU PT[4] Pasal 97 ayat (5) UU PT[5] Pasal 114 ayat (2) dan (3) UU PT[6] Pasal 114 ayat (5) UU PTTagsdireksikomisarispemegang sahamperseroan terbatassewa menyewauu perseroan terbatas
Bisakah pemegang saham lama atau pengurus lama (direksi dan komisaris) pada suatu perseroan dimintai pertanggungjawaban atas utang sewa menyewa rumah yang dilakukan semasa periode jabatan pemegang saham lama dan pengurus lama? Diasumsikan pemegang saham baru atau direksi dan komisaris baru tidak mau bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan pemegang saham lama dan pengurus lama tersebut.
Pada dasarnya PT adalah subjek hukum yang berbeda dengan pribadi pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris, sehingga PT memiliki hak dan kewajibannya sendiri. Karena itu, utang sewa rumah yang dimiliki PT sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab PT itu sendiri, bukan tanggung jawab pribadi pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan/atau anggota dewan komisaris. Namun, lain halnya apabila perbuatan hukum menyewa rumah didasari iktikad buruk, siapa yang bertanggung jawab?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca dalam ulasan di bawah ini. Saham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya25 Jan 2023Gugatan Derivatif Terhadap Direksi dan Komisaris PT30 Nov 2022Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 2021Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 2021Saham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya25 Jan 2023Gugatan Derivatif Terhadap Direksi dan Komisaris PT30 Nov 2022Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 2021Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?22 Sep 20214 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 20244 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/utang-sewa-rumah-oleh-pt-siapa-yang-tanggung-jawab-cl186/
Utang Sewa Rumah oleh PT, Siapa yang Tanggung Jawab?
pages/171/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Saham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya ](/klinik/a/saham-dan-obligasi--dari-pengertian-hingga-perbedaannya-lt5120047721962/) ![Saham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5120047721962/thumbnail_lt63d0f4ecd7a0f.jpg) 25 Jan 2023 [ #### Gugatan Derivatif Terhadap Direksi dan Komisaris PT ](/klinik/a/gugatan-derivatif-terhadap-direksi-dan-komisaris-pt-cl1201/) ![Gugatan Derivatif Terhadap Direksi dan Komisaris PT](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1201/thumbnail_lt6387390abf7c9.jpg) 30 Nov 2022 [ #### Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT ](/klinik/a/bentuk-perlindungan-hukum-terhadap-pemegang-saham-pt-cl1017/) ![Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1017/thumbnail_lt635a66cced918.png) 27 Okt 2022 [ #### Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT? ](/klinik/a/direktur-baru-saja-diberhentikan-sahkah-tindakannya-mewakili-pt-lt614b23be31a48/) ![Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt614b23be31a48/thumbnail_lt614b25e366523.jpg) 22 Sep 2021 [ #### Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT? ](/klinik/a/direktur-baru-saja-diberhentikan-sahkah-tindakannya-mewakili-pt-lt614b23be31a48/) ![Direktur Baru Saja Diberhentikan, Sahkah Tindakannya Mewakili PT?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt614b23be31a48/thumbnail_lt614b25e366523.jpg) 22 Sep 2021 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Tanggung Jawab Pemegang Saham_ yang dibuat oleh [Si Pokrol](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/si-pokrol-lt4a0aae6c03cb7) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 10 Oktober 2001.** ### **PT sebagai Badan Hukum** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sebaiknya kita pahami terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan perseroan. Merujuk pada **Pasal 109 angka 1 [Perppu 2/2022](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 1 [UU PT](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt)** mendefinisikan Perseroan Terbatas (“PT”) adalah **badan hukum** yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham atau badan hukum perorangan yang memenuhi kriteria usaha mikro dan kecil sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai usaha mikro dan kecil. Adapun organ perseroan terdiri dari 3 organ, yaitu: 1. Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (“RUPS”); 2. Direksi; dan 3. Dewan Komisaris. Mengingat PT adalah subjek hukum berupa badan hukum (_rechts persoon_) layaknya manusia (_natuurlijk persoon_), maka PT memiliki hak dan kewajibannya sendiri yang terpisah dari hak dan kewajiban pribadi para pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris. Direksi sendiri berwenang bertindak atas nama PT untuk kepentingan PT sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT serta sesuai dengan kebijakan yang dipandang tepat, dalam batas yang ditentukan dalam UU PT dan/atau anggaran dasar.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Artinya, anggaran dasar juga dapat menentukan syarat-syarat tertentu bagi direksi, misalnya dalam melakukan suatu perbuatan hukum tertentu atas nama PT, direksi harus mendapatkan persetujuan RUPS dan/atau dewan komisaris terlebih dahulu. ### **Utang Sewa Rumah oleh PT, Tanggung Jawab Siapa?** Menyambung pertanyaan Anda, kami mengasumsikan PT telah melakukan perbuatan hukum menyewa rumah di mana pada saat itu direksi bertindak atas nama PT berdasarkan persetujuan RUPS dan dewan komisaris. Kemudian, terjadi perubahan pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris. Pemberi sewa lalu menagih utang kepada PT atas biaya sewa rumah. Pada dasarnya **pemegang saham** tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas perikatan yang dibuat atas nama PT dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian PT melebihi saham yang dimiliki. Tapi ketentuan ini tidak berlaku apabila:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. persyaratan PT sebagai badan hukum belum atau tidak terpenuhi; 2. pemegang saham baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan iktikad buruk memanfaatkan PT untuk kepentingan pribadi; 3. pemegang saham terlibat dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh PT; atau 4. pemegang saham baik langsung maupun tidak langsung secara melawan hukum menggunakan kekayaan PT, yang mengakibatkan kekayaan PT menjadi tidak cukup untuk melunasi utang PT. Sedangkan pengurusan PT wajib dilaksanakan setiap anggota **direksi** dengan iktikad baik dan penuh tanggung jawab. Setiap anggota direksi bertanggung jawab penuh secara pribadi atas kerugian PT apabila ia bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Adapun anggota direksi tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas kerugian apabila dapat membuktikan:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. kerugian tersebut bukan karena kesalahan atau kelalaiannya; 2. telah melakukan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian untuk kepentingan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT; 3. tidak mempunyai benturan kepentingan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan yang mengakibatkan kerugian; dan 4. telah mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah timbul atau berlanjutnya kerugian tersebut. Begitu pula dengan setiap anggota **dewan komisaris** wajib dengan iktikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan bertanggung jawab dalam menjalankan tugas pengawasan dan pemberian nasihat kepada direksi untuk kepentingan PT dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT. Selain itu, setiap anggota dewan komisaris ikut bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas kerugian PT apabila ia bersalah atau lalai menjalankan tugasnya.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Anggota dewan komisaris tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas kerugian jika dapat membuktikan:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. telah melakukan pengawasan dengan iktikad baik dan kehati-hatian untuk kepentingan PT dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT; 2. tidak mempunyai kepentingan pribadi baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan direksi yang mengakibatkan kerugian; dan 3. telah memberikan nasihat kepada direksi untuk mencegah timbul atau berlanjutnya kerugian tersebut. Sehingga menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika sewa menyewa rumah tersebut dilakukan atas dasar iktikad baik untuk kepentingan mencapai maksud dan tujuan PT misalnya untuk keperluan ditempati karyawan demi efisiensi kerja agar lokasinya dekat dengan perusahaan. Maka, utang sewa rumah menjadi tanggung jawab PT sepenuhnya. Lain halnya apabila perbuatan hukum menyewa rumah tersebut didasari iktikad buruk, kesalahan, dan/atau kelalaian dari pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan/atau anggota dewan komisaris yang lama. Misalnya, sewa menyewa rumah hanya untuk dinikmati untuk kepentingan pribadi tanpa ada kaitannya dengan kepentingan PT. Maka, pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris yang lama dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pribadi atas utang sewa rumah. Secara perdata, tindakan perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan pemegang saham, direksi, komisaris lama bisa digugat berdasarkan **Pasal 1365 [KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)** untuk mengganti kerugian PT akibat utang sewa rumah tersebut. Selain itu, apabila perbuatan itu mengandung pula unsur pidana, anggota direksi dan anggota dewan komisaris dapat dituntut secara pidana sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam **Pasal 155 UU PT**. Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, pada dasarnya utang sewa rumah menjadi tanggung jawab PT sepenuhnya, bukan tanggung jawab pribadi pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan/atau anggota dewan komisaris yang lama maupun yang baru. Namun apabila nyata-nyatanya terdapat kesalahan, kelalaian, iktikad buruk dalam sewa menyewa rumah hingga timbul kerugian, pemegang saham, anggota direksi, dan anggota dewan komisaris yang lama dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pribadi atas utang sewa rumah. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 92 ayat (1) dan (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt) (“UU PT”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 UU PT [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 97 ayat (2) dan (3) UU PT [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 97 ayat (5) UU PT [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 114 ayat (2) dan (3) UU PT [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 114 ayat (5) UU PT Tags ---- [direksi](/tag/direksi) [komisaris](/tag/komisaris) [pemegang saham](/tag/pemegang-saham) [perseroan terbatas](/tag/perseroan-terbatas) [sewa menyewa](/tag/sewa-menyewa) [uu perseroan terbatas](/tag/uu-perseroan-terbatas)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Bisakah Penyelesaian Sengketa Jarak Jauh Dilakukan oleh LAPS SJK? KLINIK TERKAITAlur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK01 Feb 2023Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Litigasi dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan10 Jul 2020Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (“LAPS SJK”) dapat menyelesaikan sengketa konsumen jasa keuangan meskipun salah satu pihak berada di luar Jakarta.Hal tersebut merupakan komitmen LAPS SJK untuk mendukung kemajuan teknologi dan memberikan kemudahan akses bagi para pihak untuk menyelesaikan sengketanya di LAPS SJK. Selain itu, pada dasarnya penyelesaian sengketa oleh LAPS SJK dapat dilakukan melalui:[1]tatap muka langsung dihadapan mediator atau arbiter;media elektronik; dan/ataupemeriksaan dokumen.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Penyelesaian sengketa secara jarak jauh atau dengan media elektronik tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui media komunikasi jarak jauh yang memungkinkan semua pihak untuk saling mendengar atau melihat dan mendengar secara langsung serta berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan.[2]Saat ini LAPS SJK memiliki layanan penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh melalui Online Dispute Resolution yang dapat memberikan layanan penyelesaian sengketa dengan jangkauan seluruh Indonesia hingga luar negeri.Kemudian, bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui LAPS SJK? LAPS SJK sekurang-kurangnya menyediakan layanan mediasi dan arbitrase untuk menangani sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan dengan kriteria tertentu.Lantas, sengketa apa saja yang dapat diselesaikan oleh LAPS SJK tersebut? Menurut POJK 61/2020, kriteria sengketa yang dapat diajukan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK adalah sebagai berikut.[3]Pengaduan telah dilakukan upaya penyelesaian oleh PUJK namun ditolak oleh konsumen atau konsumen belum menerima tanggapan pengaduan sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan OJK mengenai layanan pengaduan konsumen di sektor jasa keuangan;Sengketa yang diajukan bukan merupakan sengketa yang sedang dalam proses atau pernah diputus oleh lembaga peradilan, arbitrase, atau lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa lainnya; danSengketa bersifat keperdataan.Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jarak Jauh oleh LAPS SJKAnda dapat mengajukan permohonan penyelesaian sengketa melalui Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK)maupun non-APPK. Selanjutnya, permohonan tersebut akan diverifikasi dan diklarifikasi terlebih dahulu. Pada tahap ini, LAPS SJK akan berkomunikasi dengan konsumen dan Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (“PUJK”) untuk memastikan apakah pengaduan tersebut dapat dan layak diproses lebih lanjut ke tahap mediasi atau arbitrase.Jika dari hasil verifikasi memenuhi syarat, maka pengurus LAPS SJK akan menerima pendaftaran tersebut, membubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara, dan akan diproses serta diselesaikan oleh LAPS SJK. Selengkapnya terkait dengan alur pengaduan hingga penyelesaian sengketa, dapat Anda baca dalam artikel Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK.Terhadap penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh melalui media elektronik, dapat dimohonkan oleh para pihak kepada sekretaris mediasi atau sekretaris sidang apabila diselesaikan melalui arbitrase saat proses verifikasi sengketa oleh pihak LAPS SJK.Secara best practice, pelaksanaan penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh secara online di LAPS SJK menggunakan aplikasi Zoom, yang memungkinkan para pihak untuk saling mendengar atau melihat dan mendengar secara langsung serta berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan. Namun, LAPS SJK memberikan kesempatan bagi para pihak untuk melakukan penyelesaian sengketa secara tatap muka di kantor LAPS SJK.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMPeraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan.REFERENSIAplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK) yang diakses pada Kamis, 2 Februari 2023 pukul 11.40 WIB.[1] Pasal 33 ayat (1) Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (“POJK 61/2020”)[2] Pasal 33 ayat (2) POJK 61/2020[3] Pasal 32 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020Tagsalternatif penyelesaian sengketapenyelesaian sengketasengketa konsumen
Saya dengar, LAPS SJK bisa menyelesaikan sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan. Saya cek di web LAPS SJK, lokasi LAPS SJK ada di Jakarta, sementara saya ada di Kalimantan. Apakah bisa LAPS SJK menyelesaikan sengketa konsumen di luar Jakarta? Dan berapa lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikannya?
Saat ini Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (“LAPS SJK”) menyediakan layanan penyelesaian sengketa secara tatap muka dan jarak jauh melalui media elektronik. Jadi, apabila Anda berada di luar Jakarta, Anda tetap dapat mengajukan penyelesaian sengketa melalui LAPS SJK. Lantas, apa saja syarat-syarat suatu sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan dapat dilakukan penyelesaian secara jarak jauh oleh LAPS SJK? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK01 Feb 2023Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Litigasi dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan10 Jul 2020Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK01 Feb 2023Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Litigasi dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan10 Jul 2020Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-penyelesaian-sengketa-jarak-jauh-dilakukan-melalui-laps-sjk-lt63db6205289c7/
Bisakah Penyelesaian Sengketa Jarak Jauh Dilakukan Melalui LAPS SJK?
pages/171/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** ### **Bisakah Penyelesaian Sengketa Jarak Jauh Dilakukan oleh LAPS SJK?** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK ](/klinik/a/alur-penyelesaian-sengketa-jasa-keuangan-melalui-laps-sjk-lt63da2bd746301/) ![Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt63da2bd746301/thumbnail_lt63da2ca8419d7.jpg) 01 Feb 2023 [ #### Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan) ](/klinik/a/mengenal-laps-sjk-lembaga-alternatif-penyelesaian-sengketa-sektor-jasa-keuangan-lt63d79c5153926/) ![Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt63d79c5153926/thumbnail_lt63d79e3a191ff.jpg) 30 Jan 2023 [ #### Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK ](/klinik/a/penyelesaian-sengketa-di-luar-pengadilan-via-laps-sjk-lt628e118797df9/) ![Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt628e118797df9/thumbnail_lt628e133aef0be.jpg) 25 Mei 2022 [ #### Litigasi dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan ](/klinik/a/litigasi-dan-alternatif-penyelesaian-sengketa-di-luar-pengadilan-lt52897351a003f/) ![Litigasi dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52897351a003f/thumbnail_lt5f0812af21909.jpg) 10 Jul 2020 [](#!) Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (“LAPS SJK”) dapat menyelesaikan sengketa konsumen jasa keuangan meskipun salah satu pihak berada di luar Jakarta. Hal tersebut merupakan komitmen LAPS SJK untuk mendukung kemajuan teknologi dan memberikan kemudahan akses bagi para pihak untuk menyelesaikan sengketanya di LAPS SJK. Selain itu, pada dasarnya penyelesaian sengketa oleh LAPS SJK dapat dilakukan melalui:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. tatap muka langsung dihadapan mediator atau arbiter; 2. **media elektronik; dan/atau** 3. pemeriksaan dokumen. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Penyelesaian sengketa secara jarak jauh atau dengan media elektronik tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui media komunikasi jarak jauh yang memungkinkan semua pihak untuk saling mendengar atau melihat dan mendengar secara langsung serta berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Saat ini LAPS SJK memiliki layanan penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh melalui _Online Dispute Resolution_ yang dapat memberikan layanan penyelesaian sengketa dengan jangkauan seluruh Indonesia hingga luar negeri. Kemudian, bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui LAPS SJK? LAPS SJK sekurang-kurangnya menyediakan layanan **mediasi** dan **arbitrase untuk menangani sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan dengan kriteria tertentu.** Lantas, sengketa apa saja yang dapat diselesaikan oleh LAPS SJK tersebut? Menurut **[POJK 61/2020](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020)**, kriteria sengketa yang dapat diajukan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK adalah sebagai berikut.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. Pengaduan telah dilakukan upaya penyelesaian oleh PUJK namun ditolak oleh konsumen atau konsumen belum menerima tanggapan pengaduan sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan OJK mengenai layanan pengaduan konsumen di sektor jasa keuangan; 2. Sengketa yang diajukan bukan merupakan sengketa yang sedang dalam proses atau pernah diputus oleh lembaga peradilan, arbitrase, atau lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa lainnya; dan 3. Sengketa bersifat keperdataan. ### **Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jarak Jauh oleh LAPS SJK** Anda dapat mengajukan permohonan penyelesaian sengketa melalui **[Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK)](https://kontak157.ojk.go.id/appkpublicportal/)**maupun non-APPK. Selanjutnya, permohonan tersebut akan diverifikasi dan diklarifikasi terlebih dahulu. Pada tahap ini, LAPS SJK akan berkomunikasi dengan konsumen dan Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (“PUJK”) untuk memastikan apakah pengaduan tersebut dapat dan layak diproses lebih lanjut ke tahap mediasi atau arbitrase. Jika dari hasil verifikasi memenuhi syarat, maka pengurus LAPS SJK akan menerima pendaftaran tersebut, membubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara, dan akan diproses serta diselesaikan oleh LAPS SJK. Selengkapnya terkait dengan alur pengaduan hingga penyelesaian sengketa, dapat Anda baca dalam artikel **[Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/alur-penyelesaian-sengketa-jasa-keuangan-melalui-laps-sjk-lt63da2bd746301?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=alur_penyelesaian_sengketa_LAPSSJK).** Terhadap penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh melalui media elektronik, dapat dimohonkan oleh para pihak kepada sekretaris mediasi atau sekretaris sidang apabila diselesaikan melalui arbitrase saat proses verifikasi sengketa oleh pihak LAPS SJK. Secara _best practice,_ pelaksanaan penyelesaian sengketa jarak jauh secara _online_ di LAPS SJK menggunakan aplikasi Zoom, yang memungkinkan para pihak untuk saling mendengar atau melihat dan mendengar secara langsung serta berpartisipasi dalam pertemuan. Namun, LAPS SJK memberikan kesempatan bagi para pihak untuk melakukan penyelesaian sengketa secara tatap muka di kantor LAPS SJK. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020). REFERENSI --------- [Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK)](https://kontak157.ojk.go.id/appkpublicportal/) yang diakses pada Kamis, 2 Februari 2023 pukul 11.40 WIB. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 33 ayat (1) [Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020) (“POJK 61/2020”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 33 ayat (2) POJK 61/2020 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 32 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020 Tags ---- [alternatif penyelesaian sengketa](/tag/alternatif-penyelesaian-sengketa) [penyelesaian sengketa](/tag/penyelesaian-sengketa) [sengketa konsumen](/tag/sengketa-konsumen)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Dapatkah Advokat Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia? which was written by Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H. and was published on Monday, 30 January 2023. This article below is the second update of the article entitled Can Foreign Legal Consultants Establish Law Offices/ Law Firms in Indonesia? (Dapatkah Konsultan Hukum Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?) which was first written by Bimo Prasetio, S.H. & Pamela Permatasari, S.H. and first published on Monday, 19 August 2013, and was first updated on Wednesday, 28 October 2020 by Erizka Permatasari, S.H.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.In order to answer your question, we will adjust the terms used in the laws and regulations, among others, by referring to legal consultants as advocates, and law firms as advocate/ law offices.Provisions for Foreign Advocates in IndonesiaBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Before discussing foreign advocates, we should first address the requirements of becoming an advocate in Indonesia. According to Article 1 Number 1 Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates (“Law 18/2003”), an advocate is a person who provides legal services, both in and out of the court, and who meets the requirements.Legal services provided by advocates are in the form of legal consultations, legal assistance, exercising power of attorney, representing, accompanying, defending, and taking other legal actions for the legal interests of clients.[1]In order to become an advocate, a person must have a bachelor's degree with a high education background in law and have attended Advocate Profession Special Education Program (Pendidikan Khusus Profesi Advokat/ "PKPA"), which is organized by an advocate organization in cooperation with law universities (high educations) or law schools whose accredited at least B.[2]Meanwhile, foreign advocates are foreign advocates who carry out their professions in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia based on the requirements of laws and regulations.[3]Article 23 Section (2) Law 18/2003 and Article 2 Section (1) Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector (“Regulation 26/2017”) allow foreign advocates to work as employees or experts in the field of foreign law in Indonesian advocate offices.The foreign law sector in question is the law of the country of origin or international law in the fields of business and arbitration as well as out-of-court dispute settlement.[4]In order to employ foreign advocates, several provisions must be considered, namely:The advocate office concerned must submit an approval for the employment of foreign advocates to the Minister of Law and Human Rights;[5]Foreign advocates are required to obtain work permits from the Minister of Manpower;[6]The number of foreign advocates who may be employed in an advocate office is determined based on the total number of Indonesian advocates working in the said office with a ratio of 4 Indonesian advocates to 1 foreign advocate, provided that there are a maximum of 5 foreign advocates for each advocate office. However, if there are only 3 Indonesian advocates in an advocate office, then the office may be given the opportunity to employ 1 foreign advocate;[7]Foreign advocates are required to provide free legal services to the sector of legal education and research, or to government agencies;[8]Foreign advocates are prohibited from speaking in court, practicing, and/or establishing legal service offices or their representatives in Indonesia.[9]However, in relation to provision number 1 above, it should also be noted that the provision of Article 81 Number 4 Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation (“Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law 2/2022”) that amended the provisions of Article 42 Section (1) Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower (“Law 13/2003”) states that:Every Employer that employs Foreign Employees is required to have a Foreign Workers' Employment plan, approved by the Central Government.Can Foreign Advocates Establish Law Offices in Indonesia?As stipulated in Article 23 Section (1) Law 13/2003 and Article 19 Section (1) Regulation 26/2017, foreign advocates are prohibited from speaking in court, practicing, and/or establishing legal services offices or their representatives in Indonesia.In response to your question, it is clear that based on the abovementioned provisions, foreign advocates cannot establish legal services offices/advocate offices in Indonesia.Therefore, the establishment of an advocate office in any form is not permitted in Indonesia if it is established by a foreign advocate, as well as the representative office.Then, based on the information you have provided, it has been discovered that one of the foreign advocates in question has an employee who is licensed as an Indonesian advocate. The alternative that could be taken is for the Indonesian advocate to establish a law office first, then the foreign advocates may work in the Indonesian law office. Therefore, foreign advocates may join the Indonesian law office, while still subject to the provisions which we have outlined previously.Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates;Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower;Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation;Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector.Court Decision:Constitutional Court Decision Number 95/PUU-XIV/2016.[1] Article 1 Number 2 Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates (“Law 18/2003”).[2] Article 2 Section (1) Law 18/2003 jo. Constitutional Court Decision Number 95/PUU-XIV/2016 (p. 43).[3] Article 1 Number 8 Law 18/2003.[4] Article 2 Section (2) Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector (“Regulation 26/2017”).[5] Article 4 Section (2) Regulation 26/2017.[6] Article 4 Section (1) Regulation 26/2017.[7] Article 3 Regulation 26/2017.[8] Article 17 Section (1) and (2) Regulation 26/2017.[9] Article 23 Section (1) Law 18/2003.Tagsklinik english edition
I would like to ask about the legal basis, the documents that need to be prepared, and the licensing process if a foreign (Japanese) legal consultant who owns a legal consultant office in the form of a legal entity (Ltd./LLC) located in Jakarta, wishes to establish a law firm on behalf of him or his/ her fellow foreign colleagues. Moreover, the foreign citizens in question have licensed employees (with a work permit). Please explain what is prohibited and allowed according to this case. Thank you.
Foreign advocates may work as employees or experts in Indonesian law firms if they fulfill the provisions set out under the laws and regulations. However, can foreign advocates establish law firms in Indonesia? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/can-foreign-advocates-establish-law-firms-in-indonesia--lt63db59e6b9a69/
Can Foreign Advocates Establish Law Firms in Indonesia?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Dapatkah Advokat Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/dapatkah-advokat-asing-mendirikan-kantor-hukum-di-indonesia-lt51baca174a03a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dapatkah_advokat_asing_mendirikan_kantor) which was written by [**Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dian-dwi-jayanti--sh-lt6374680d16d2f) and was published on Monday, 30 January 2023. This article below is the second update of the article entitled **Can Foreign Legal Consultants Establish Law Offices/ Law Firms in Indonesia?** **(Dapatkah Konsultan Hukum Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?)** which was first written by [**Bimo Prasetio, S.H. & Pamela Permatasari, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt5135b4b87dbd4/mitra/lt5135aa700805e/bimo-prasetio--sh-pamela-permatasari--sh) and first published on Monday, 19 August 2013, and was first updated on Wednesday, 28 October 2020 by [**Erizka Permatasari, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72) All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). In order to answer your question, we will adjust the terms used in the laws and regulations, among others, by referring to legal consultants as advocates, and law firms as advocate/ law offices. ### **Provisions for Foreign Advocates in Indonesia** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Before discussing [foreign advocates](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/a/advokat-asing), we should first address the requirements of becoming an [advocate](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/a/advokat-asing) in Indonesia. According to **Article 1 Number 1** [**Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/undangundang-nomor-18-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003) **(“Law 18/2003”)**, an advocate is a person who provides legal services, both in and out of the court, and who meets the requirements. Legal services provided by advocates are in the form of legal consultations, legal assistance, exercising power of attorney, representing, accompanying, defending, and taking other legal actions for the legal interests of clients.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) In order to become an advocate, a person must have a bachelor's degree with a high education background in law and have attended Advocate Profession Special Education Program (Pendidikan Khusus Profesi Advokat/ "PKPA"), which is organized by an advocate organization in cooperation with law universities (high educations) or law schools whose accredited at least B.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Meanwhile, foreign advocates are foreign advocates who carry out their professions in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia based on the requirements of laws and regulations.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Article 23 Section (2) Law 18/2003** and **Article 2 Section (1)** [**Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-26-tahun-2017/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhumham_26_2017) **(“****Regulation 26/2017”)** allow foreign advocates to work as employees or experts in the field of foreign law in Indonesian advocate offices. The foreign law sector in question is the law of the country of origin or international law in the fields of business and arbitration as well as out-of-court dispute settlement.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) In order to employ foreign advocates, several provisions must be considered, namely: 1. The advocate office concerned must submit an approval for the employment of foreign advocates to the Minister of Law and Human Rights;[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 2. Foreign advocates are required to obtain work permits from the Minister of Manpower;[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 3. The number of foreign advocates who may be employed in an advocate office is determined based on the total number of Indonesian advocates working in the said office with a ratio of 4 Indonesian advocates to 1 foreign advocate, provided that there are a maximum of 5 foreign advocates for each advocate office. However, if there are only 3 Indonesian advocates in an advocate office, then the office may be given the opportunity to employ 1 foreign advocate;[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 4. Foreign advocates are required to provide free legal services to the sector of legal education and research, or to government agencies;[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 5. Foreign advocates are prohibited from speaking in court, practicing, and/or **establishing legal service offices or their representatives in Indonesia**.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) However, in relation to provision number 1 above, it should also be noted that the provision of **Article 81 Number 4** [**Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) **(“Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law 2/2022”)** that amended the provisions of **Article 42 Section (1)** [**Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) **(“Law 13/2003”)** states that: _Every Employer that employs Foreign Employees is **required to have a Foreign Workers' Employment plan, approved by the Central Government**._ ### **Can Foreign Advocates Establish Law Offices in Indonesia?** As stipulated in **Article 23 Section (1)** **Law 13/2003** and **Article 19 Section (1)** **Regulation 26/2017**, foreign advocates are **prohibited** from speaking in court, practicing, and/or **establishing legal services offices or their representatives in Indonesia**. In response to your question, it is clear that based on the abovementioned provisions, **foreign advocates cannot establish legal services offices/advocate offices in Indonesia**. Therefore, the establishment of an advocate office in any form is **not permitted** in Indonesia if it is established by a foreign advocate, as well as the representative office. Then, based on the information you have provided, it has been discovered that one of the foreign advocates in question has an employee who is licensed as an Indonesian advocate. The alternative that could be taken is for the Indonesian advocate to establish a law office first, then the foreign advocates may work in the Indonesian law office. Therefore, foreign advocates may join the Indonesian law office, while still subject to the provisions which we have outlined previously. Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click [**here**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/undangundang-nomor-18-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003); 2. [Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003); 3. [Regulation of the Government in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022); 4. [Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-26-tahun-2017/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhumham_26_2017). Court Decision: [Constitutional Court Decision Number 95/PUU-XIV/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5c11d5e59d176?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_95_2016). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Number 2 [Law Number 18 of 2003 on Advocates](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/undangundang-nomor-18-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003) (“Law 18/2003”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 2 Section (1) Law 18/2003 _jo._ [Constitutional Court Decision Number 95/PUU-XIV/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5c11d5e59d176?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_95_2016) (p. 43). [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 1 Number 8 Law 18/2003. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 2 Section (2) [Regulation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Number 26 of 2017 on Requirements and Procedures to Employ Foreign Advocates and Obligations for the Provision of Pro-Bono Services to the Legal Education and Research Sector](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-26-tahun-2017/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenhumham_26_2017) (“Regulation 26/2017”). [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 4 Section (2) Regulation 26/2017. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 4 Section (1) Regulation 26/2017. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 3 Regulation 26/2017. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 17 Section (1) and (2) Regulation 26/2017. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 23 Section (1) Law 18/2003. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Bisakah Konsumen VCS Dipidana? which was written by Arasy Pradana A. Azis, S.H., M.H. and was published on Friday, 27 January 2023. This article below is the third update of the article entitled Can Video Call Sex Consumers Be Convicted? (Dapatkah Konsumen Video Call Sex Dipidana?) which was first published on 13 May 2020, was first updated on 29 July 2021, and was secondly updated on 13 December 2021.This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Previously you need to understand, what does VCS mean? VCS stands for video call sex. Your concern over the possibility of being involved in criminal prosecution due to the use of VCS services should be reviewed in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.Prohibitions under the Law on PornographyNow that we know the acronym for VCS, let's learn an overview of it according to the Law on Pornography or Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography (“Law 44/2008”).Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008 clarifies the prohibition for any person to produce, create, reproduce, duplicate, disseminate, broadcast, import, export, offer, trade, lease, or provide pornography that explicitly contains:copulation, including deviant copulation;sexual violence;masturbation;nudity or display of nudity;genitals; orchild pornography.Pornography means pictures, sketches, illustrations, photographs, writings, sounds, moving pictures, animations, cartoons, conversations, gestures, or other forms of messages through various forms of communication media and/or public performances, that contain obscenity or sexual exploitation that violates the norms of decency in the society.[1]If violated, the perpetrators may be sentenced to imprisonment for a minimum of six months and a maximum of 12 years and/or a minimum fine of IDR 250 million and a maximum of IDR 6 billion.[2]However, this article does not apply if it is "made for himself and his own interest".[3]In addition, individuals are also prohibited from providing pornographic services which:[4]present explicitly nudity or suggestive displays of nudity;explicitly present genitals;exploit or exhibit sexual activity; oroffer or advertise, either directly or indirectly, sexual services.If done so, the perpetrators may be sentenced to imprisonment for a minimum of six months and a maximum of six years and/or a minimum fine of IDR 250 million and a maximum of IDR 3 billion.[5]Can VCS be Imprisoned?In relation to whether or not you as a consumer of VCS are convicted under the Law on Pornography, we refer to the article entitled Spreading Pornographic Videos and Pictures to the Internet, Here Are the Sanctions.In the event that a man and a woman give each other their consent for the recording of their sex videos, and if the photos and videos are only used for their own interests as referred to in the exception described in the Elucidation of Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008, then the act of making and storing in question is not included in the scope of “making” as referred to in Article 4 Law 44/2008.Therefore, in our opinion, VCS consumers cannot be criminally convicted according to Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008. However, VCS service providers may be charged with Article 4 Section (2) Law 44/2008 for the provision of services containing pornographic elements.VCS Consumers on the Point of View of Electronic Information and Transactions LawSecondly, this case can be reviewed under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law or Law 11/2008 as amended by Law 19/2016.Article 45 Section (1) Law 19/2016 stipulates that:Any Person who intentionally and illegally or unlawfully distributes and/or transmits and/or made accessible Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents which contain content that violates decency as referred to in Article 27 paragraph (1) will be subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 6 (six) years and/or a maximum fine of IDR1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiahs)."Transmitting" is the sending of electronic information and/or electronic documents which are addressed to another party through an electronic system.[6]In order to understand the meaning of the said article, according to the Appendix of Joint Decree of the Minister 229, 154, Kb/12/Vi/2021, the content which violates decency is transmitted, distributed, or disseminated by means of single delivery to individuals or to many people (distributed, uploaded, broadcasted, or posted).Based on the abovementioned provisions, it can be concluded that if reviewed according to Law 11/2008, the transmission of decency-violating content which is addressed to one person, already fulfills the elements of Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008.VCS as a Two-Way CommunicationIn addition, it should be noted that VCS is a two-way communication video call service. Virpi Oksman in the article Mobile Video: Between Personal, Community and Mass Media in the book After the Mobile Phone?: Social Changes and the Development of Mobile Communication (p. 106) elaborates that:Video call is more engaging activity than voice call, partly because it does not allow so much for simultaneous ‘parallel activities’ … The tester estimated video calls to be perfect product also for relationship communication.This indicates that two-way communication has taken place under VCS between you and the VCS service provider. Therefore, it can be assumed that the transmission of VCS services involves both parties, both the VCS service provider and the VCS service provider as the recipient.We took the case of District Court Decision of Barru Number 74/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Bar, as an example, in which the defendant asked a girl to perform VCS while simultaneously taking a video of it (p. 24). Thus, in our opinion, users of VCS services have the potential to be convicted under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and its amendments.Furthermore, in response to your question regarding reporting the crime, we would like to inform you that even if you have not used the VCS service yet (because you were defrauded by the service provider), you may still be convicted for preparation to commit a crime. The preparation to commit a crime is regulated under the previous Criminal Code, which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, Law 1/2023, which will entry into force in 2026. These are the provisions:Article 53 Criminal CodeArticle 17 Law 1/2023Article 53 Section (1) Criminal Code:Attempt to commit a crime is punishable if the intention of the offender has revealed itself by a commencement of the performance and the performance is not completed only because of circumstances independent of his will.Article 17 Section (1) Law 1/2023:An attempt to commit a Crime shall occur if the intention of the offender is evident from the start of the execution of the intended Crime, but its execution is not completed, does not achieve the result, or does not cause the prohibited result, not solely because of his/her own will.Article 53 Section (2) Criminal Code:The maximum of the basic punishments imposed on the crime in case of attempt shall be mitigated by one third.Article 17 Section (3) Law 1/2023:The criminal sentence for an attempted Crime shall be a maximum of 2/3 (two-thirds) of the maximum principal sentence for the relevant Crime.For example, if you intend to use VCS services, and you have transferred a certain amount of money in order to pay for said services, but it turns out that the service provider does not contact you or you are unable to contact them at the appointed time for VCS services.Therefore, according to those actions, you already have the intention to commit an act that is subject to criminal sanctions, and you have also started the act by transferring money and other preparatory actions in order to use VCS services, however, the act was not completed, because it was hindered by a VCS service provider who reneged or lie.Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Criminal Code;Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions;Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography;Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code;Joint Decree of The Minister of Communication and Informatics of The Republic of Indonesia, The Attorney General Of The Republic Of Indonesia, and The Chief of The Indonesian National Police Number 229, 154, Kb/2/Vi/2021 of 2021 on Guidelines for The Implementation of Certain Articles in Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as Amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions.Court Decision:District Court Decision of Barru Number 74/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Bar.Reference:Virpi Oksman. Mobile Video: Between Personal, Community and Mass Mediadalam buku Maren Hartmann (Eds.). After the Mobile Phone?: Social Changes and the Development of Mobile Communication. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2008.[1] Article 1 Number 1 Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography (“Law 44/2008”).[2] Article 29 Law 44/2008.[3] Elucidation of Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008.[4] Article 4 Section (2) Law 44/2008.[5] Article 30 Law 44/2008.[6] Elucidation of Article 27 Section (1) Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (“Law 19/2016”).Tagsklinik english edition
Are there criminal laws against people using VCS services? I was defrauded by a VCS service provider via transfers between accounts. If I report it to the bank/police, am I going to be convicted as well for using the VCS services?
What is VCS? We assume that VCS stands for video call sex. Basically, consumers of VCS cannot be criminally charged under the Law on Pornography or Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography. However, the VCS service provider may still be convicted with Article 4 Section (2) Law on Pornography. On the other hand, it should be noted that in VCS there is a two-way communication between consumers and VCS service providers. In other words, it is not only VCS service providers who transmit immoral content but also their consumers, with VCS service providers as the recipients. Therefore, do VCS providers and consumers have the potential to be convicted? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
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Can VCS Consumers Be Convicted?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Bisakah Konsumen VCS Dipidana?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-konsumen-vcs-dipidana-lt5eb9b709b90be?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=vcs_dipidana) which was written by [**Arasy Pradana A. Azis, S.H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/arasy-pradana-a-azis--sh--mh-lt5d440231bcb5a) and was published on Friday, 27 January 2023. This article below is the third update of the article entitled **Can Video Call Sex Consumers Be Convicted?** **(Dapatkah Konsumen Video Call Sex Dipidana?)** which was first published on 13 May 2020, was first updated on 29 July 2021, and was secondly updated on 13 December 2021. **This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.** All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Previously you need to understand, what does VCS mean? VCS stands for video call sex. Your concern over the possibility of being involved in criminal prosecution due to the use of VCS services should be reviewed in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. ### **Prohibitions under the Law on Pornography** Now that we know the acronym for VCS, let's learn an overview of it according to the Law on Pornography or [**Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28607/undangundang-nomor-44-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2044%202008&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_44_2008) **(“Law 44/2008”)**. **Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008** clarifies the prohibition for any person to produce, create, reproduce, duplicate, disseminate, broadcast, import, export, offer, trade, lease, or provide pornography that explicitly contains: 1. copulation, including deviant copulation; 2. sexual violence; 3. masturbation; 4. nudity or display of nudity; 5. genitals; or 6. child pornography. Pornography means pictures, sketches, illustrations, photographs, writings, sounds, moving pictures, animations, cartoons, conversations, gestures, or other forms of messages through various forms of communication media and/or public performances, that contain obscenity or sexual exploitation that violates the norms of decency in the society.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) If violated, the perpetrators may be sentenced to imprisonment for a minimum of six months and a maximum of 12 years and/or a minimum fine of IDR 250 million and a maximum of IDR 6 billion.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) However, this article does not apply if it is "made for himself and his own interest".[\[3\]](#_ftn3) In addition, individuals are also prohibited from providing pornographic services which:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. present explicitly nudity or suggestive displays of nudity; 2. explicitly present genitals; 3. exploit or exhibit sexual activity; or 4. offer or advertise, either directly or indirectly, sexual services. If done so, the perpetrators may be sentenced to imprisonment for a minimum of six months and a maximum of six years and/or a minimum fine of IDR 250 million and a maximum of IDR 3 billion.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) ### **Can VCS be Imprisoned?** In relation to whether or not you as a consumer of VCS are convicted under the Law on Pornography, we refer to the article entitled [**Spreading Pornographic Videos and Pictures to the Internet, Here Are the Sanctions**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/sebar-video-dan-gambar-pornografi-ke-internet--ini-sanksinya-lt540b73ac32706?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=sebar_video_gambar_porno_internet). In the event that a man and a woman give each other their consent for the recording of their sex videos, and if the photos and videos are only used for their own interests as referred to in the exception described in the **Elucidation of Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008**, then the act of making and storing in question is not included in the scope of “making” as referred to in Article 4 Law 44/2008. Therefore, in our opinion, VCS consumers cannot be criminally convicted according to Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008. However, VCS service providers may be charged with **Article 4 Section (2) Law 44/2008** for the provision of services containing pornographic elements. ### **VCS Consumers on the Point of View of Electronic Information and Transactions Law** Secondly, this case can be reviewed under the **Electronic Information and Transactions Law** or [**Law 11/2008**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) as amended by [**Law 19/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016). **Article 45 Section (1) Law 19/2016** stipulates that: _Any Person who intentionally and illegally or unlawfully distributes and/or transmits and/or made accessible Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents which contain content that violates decency as referred to in Article 27 paragraph (1) will be subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 6 (six) years and/or a maximum fine of IDR1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiahs)._ "Transmitting" is the sending of electronic information and/or electronic documents which are addressed to another party through an electronic system.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) In order to understand the meaning of the said article, according to the **Appendix** of [**Joint Decree of the Minister 229, 154, Kb/12/Vi/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmen_komunikasi_229_2021), the content which violates decency is transmitted, distributed, or disseminated by means of single delivery to individuals or to many people (distributed, uploaded, broadcasted, or posted). Based on the abovementioned provisions, it can be concluded that if reviewed according to Law 11/2008, the transmission of decency-violating content which is addressed to one person, already fulfills the elements of **Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008**. ### **VCS as a Two-Way Communication** In addition, it should be noted that VCS is a two-way communication video call service. **Virpi Oksman** in the article _Mobile Video: Between Personal, Community and Mass Media_ in the book _After the Mobile Phone?: Social Changes and the Development of Mobile Communication_ (p. 106) elaborates that: _Video call is more engaging activity than voice call, partly because it does not allow so much for simultaneous ‘parallel activities’ … The tester estimated video calls to be perfect product also for relationship communication._ This indicates that two-way communication has taken place under VCS between you and the VCS service provider. Therefore, it can be assumed that the transmission of VCS services involves both parties, both the VCS service provider and the VCS service provider as the recipient. We took the case of [**District Court Decision of Barru Number 74/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Bar**](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/21b0b45e999709be62f04435af90dd9c.html), as an example, in which the defendant asked a girl to perform VCS while simultaneously taking a video of it (p. 24). Thus, in our opinion, users of VCS services have the potential to be convicted under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and its amendments. Furthermore, in response to your question regarding reporting the crime, we would like to inform you that even if you have not used the VCS service yet (because you were defrauded by the service provider), you may still be convicted for preparation to commit a crime. The preparation to commit a crime is regulated under the previous [**Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP), which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, [**Law 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru), which will entry into force in 2026. These are the provisions: **Article 53 Criminal Code** **Article 17 Law 1/2023** Article 53 Section (1) Criminal Code: Attempt to commit a crime is punishable if the intention of the offender has revealed itself by a commencement of the performance and the performance is not completed only because of circumstances independent of his will. Article 17 Section (1) Law 1/2023: An attempt to commit a Crime shall occur if the intention of the offender is evident from the start of the execution of the intended Crime, but its execution is not completed, does not achieve the result, or does not cause the prohibited result, not solely because of his/her own will. Article 53 Section (2) Criminal Code: The maximum of the basic punishments imposed on the crime in case of attempt shall be mitigated by one third. Article 17 Section (3) Law 1/2023: The criminal sentence for an attempted Crime shall be a maximum of 2/3 (two-thirds) of the maximum principal sentence for the relevant Crime. For example, if you intend to use VCS services, and you have transferred a certain amount of money in order to pay for said services, but it turns out that the service provider does not contact you or you are unable to contact them at the appointed time for VCS services. Therefore, according to those actions, you already have the intention to commit an act that is subject to criminal sanctions, and you have also started the act by transferring money and other preparatory actions in order to use VCS services, however, the act was not completed, because it was hindered by a VCS service provider who reneged or lie. Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click [**here**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) as amended by [Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016); 3. [Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28607/undangundang-nomor-44-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2044%202008&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_44_2008); 4. [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru); 5. [Joint Decree of The Minister of Communication and Informatics of The Republic of Indonesia, The Attorney General Of The Republic Of Indonesia, and The Chief of The Indonesian National Police Number 229, 154, Kb/2/Vi/2021 of 2021 on Guidelines for The](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmen_komunikasi_229_2021) [Implementation of Certain Articles in Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as Amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions.](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/translations?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmen_komunikasi_229_2021) Court Decision: [District Court Decision of Barru Number 74/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Bar](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/21b0b45e999709be62f04435af90dd9c.html). Reference: Virpi Oksman. _Mobile Video: Between Personal, Community and Mass Media_dalam buku Maren Hartmann (Eds.). _After the Mobile Phone?: Social Changes and the Development of Mobile Communication_. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2008. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Number 1 [Law Number 44 of 2008 on Pornography](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28607/undangundang-nomor-44-tahun-2008?r=0&p=1&q=uu%2044%202008&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_44_2008) (“Law 44/2008”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 29 Law 44/2008. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Elucidation of Article 4 Section (1) Law 44/2008. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 4 Section (2) Law 44/2008. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 30 Law 44/2008. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Elucidation of Article 27 Section (1) [Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) (“Law 19/2016”). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Larangan Pihak Asing Memiliki Pulau Reklamasi which was written by Sovia Hasanah, S.H. and was published on Wednesday, 6 December 2017. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Thank you for your question.We do not have clear information from your statement here. For this reason, we assume that foreigners who are going to create artificial islands or reclamation on small artificial islands have the intention of owning those artificial islands.Island ReclamationBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Regulation of small islands, in general, can be seen in Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Law 27/2007”) as amended by Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands ("Law 1/2014") and is further regulated under Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Ministerial Regulation 17/2016”).Reclamation is an activity carried out by any person to increase the benefits of land resources in terms of the environment and socio-economic point of view, by land backfilling, land drying, or drainage.[1]Creating artificial islands or reclamation activities on Coastal Areas and Small Islands are conducted in order to increase the benefits and/or to add value of Coastal Areas and Small Islands in terms of technical, environmental, and socio-economic aspects. The implementation of Reclamation must maintain and pay attention to:[2]sustainability of Community life and livelihood;the balance between the interests of utilization and preservation of environmental functions of Coastal and Small Islands; as well astechnical requirements for material extraction, dredging, and stockpiling.According to Article 3 Section (1) Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands ("Presidential Regulation 122/2012") the Government, regional governments, and any person who will carry out the reclamation are obliged to make a reclamation plan. Then the Government, regional governments, and any person concerned who will carry out the reclamation must obtain a location permit and a license for the implementation of the reclamation.[3]In order to obtain location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation, the Government, regional governments, and any person must first submit applications to the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning ("Minister"), governors, or regents/mayors. The Minister shall grant location permits and licenses for the implementation of reclamation in Certain National Strategic Areas (“Kawasan Strategis Nasional Tertentu”), inter-provincial reclamation activities, and reclamation activities in fisheries ports which are managed by the Government.[4]The granting of location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation in Certain National Strategic Areas and inter-provincial reclamation activities shall be granted after obtaining consideration from the regents/mayors and governors. Meanwhile, Governors and regents/mayors shall issue location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation within the region in accordance with their authorities and reclamation activities in fisheries ports which are managed by regional governments.[5]Therefore, reclamation can be carried out by the government, regional government and any person, however, Presidential Regulation 122/2012 does not explicitly mention whether any of these people are foreigners or only Indonesians. The important thing to remember is that in carrying out reclamation, planning and obtaining a location permit and a license for the implementation of reclamation must be made.Reclamation Land StatusIt should be noted that the reclaimed land does not automatically become the land of the party who is reclaiming it. According to the Circular Letter of the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency Number: 410-1293 on the Control of the Status of Emerging Lands and Reclamation Lands, reclaimed lands shall be declared as state-controlled lands and the arrangements shall be implemented by the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency. You can read the full explanation in the article entitled Coastal Reclamation Land Status.However, the reclaimed land may be granted land rights under the following conditions:[6]fulfill licensing provisions from the government and regional governments;equipped with environmental documents from the relevant government agencies;use and utilization are in accordance with the direction of its designation in the spatial plan of the province/regency/city, or zoning plan of coastal areas and small islands;maintain the sustainability of life and livelihoods of fishermen and the community;maintain a balance between the interests of utilization and the preservation of the functions of the coastal environment and small islands; andfulfill the technical requirements for material extraction, dredging, and stockpiling.The reclaimed land in question includes artificial sea coasts, artificial river banks, artificial lakes, and artificial islands.[7] Granting of land rights on land resulting from reclamation is conducted in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations.[8]Therefore, if a person intends to reclaim the island and then wishes to obtain ownership of the land on a reclaimed island, then they must first apply for land rights to the government.The provisions relating to the acquisition of land rights may refer to the provisions of laws and regulations on the land sector.[9]Can Foreigners Obtain Land Rights on Reclaimed Island?Are foreigners allowed to obtain land rights on a reclaimed island? Basically, the granting of land rights on reclaimed islands is conducted in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations.[10] Land rights in question are the right as regulated in Article 16  Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles (“Law 5/1960”).[11]Land rights consist of:[12]right of ownership;right to cultivate;right to build;right to use;right to lease;right to clear land;right to collect forest products;rights other than those mentioned above which will be stipulated by a Law and rights of provisional nature.It should be noted that the land rights which might be given to foreigners as well as foreign legal entities that have representatives in Indonesia are only usufructuaries and leases.[13]Answering your question, the only land rights on reclaimed islands that can be obtained by foreigners and foreign legal entities that have representatives in Indonesia are usufructuary rights and lease rights.For more information, if a foreign party wishes to utilize a small island and to utilize its surrounding waters for the purpose of foreign investment, then a permit from the Minister must be obtained.[14] Such foreign investment must prioritize the national interest.[15]The utilization of small islands and their surrounding waters shall be prioritized for the following interests:[16]conservation;education and training;research and development;mariculture;tourism;sustainable fishery and marine business and fishery industry;organic agriculture; and/oranimal husbandry; and/orstate defense and security.So we can conclude that, if any party intends to reclaim an island, then the said party must first make a plan and obtain a location permit and a license for the implementation of the reclamation. Then if the party wishes to obtain ownership of the land on a reclaimed island, then the party must apply for land rights to the government. However, it should be noted that lands on reclaimed islands may not be owned by foreigners or by foreign legal entities.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles;Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands as amended by Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands;Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands;Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands.[1] Article 1 Number 23 Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Law 1/2014”).[2] Article 34 Section (1) and (2) Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Law 27/2007”).[3] Article 15 Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Presidential Regulation 122/2012”).[4] Article 16 Section (1) and (2) Presidential Regulation 122/2012.[5] Article 16 Section (3) and (4) Presidential Regulation 122/2012.[6] Article 14 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands (“Ministerial Regulation 17/2016”).[7] Article 14 Section (2) Ministerial Regulation 17/2016.[8] Article 16 Ministerial Regulation 17/2016.[9] Article 3 Section (1) Article 16 Section (3) and (4) Presidential Regulation 122/2012.[10] Article 16 Ministerial Regulation 17/2016.[11] Article 1 Number (11) Ministerial Regulation 17/2016.[12] Article 16 Section (1) Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles (“Law 5/1960”).[13] Law 42 Letter b and d jo. Article 45 Letter b and d Law 5/1960.[14] Article 26A Section (1) Law 1/2014.[15] Article 26A Section (2) Law 1/2014.[16] Article 23 Section (2) Law 1/2014.Tagsklinik english edition
What is the regulation in Indonesia regarding the construction of artificial islands? If there are foreign citizens who want to build artificial islands in the most outer islands (outlying islands/ outermost islands) of Indonesia, are they allowed to build artificial islands?
Reclamation can be carried out by the government, regional governments, and any individual/person, however, Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands does not mention whether these individuals are foreigners or only Indonesians. The important thing to remember is that in carrying out reclamation, planning and obtaining a location permit and a license for the implementation of reclamation must be made. It should be noted that reclaimed land does not automatically become the land of the party who is reclaiming it, the status of the land is land controlled by the state. Therefore, any person who wants to control or own land on a reclamation island must first apply for land rights to the government. The reclaimed land (artificial island) may be granted land rights in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, namely Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles. It should be noted that the land rights which are granted to foreigners as well as foreign legal entities that have representatives in Indonesia, are only usufructuaries or leases (usufructuary rights or lease rights). Therefore, reclamation islands may not be owned by foreigners or by foreign legal entities. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/prohibition-on-foreign-parties-to-own-reclamation-islands-lt63da61e49bb96/
Prohibition on Foreign Parties to Own Reclamation Islands
pages/171/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Larangan Pihak Asing Memiliki Pulau Reklamasi_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/larangan-pihak-asing-memiliki-pulau-reklamasi-lt5a23c78671038?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=larangan_pihak_asing_pulau_reklamasi) which was written by [**Sovia Hasanah, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4) and was published on Wednesday, 6 December 2017. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Thank you for your question. We do not have clear information from your statement here. For this reason, we assume that foreigners who are going to create artificial islands or reclamation on small artificial islands have the intention of **owning** those artificial islands. ### **Island Reclamation** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Regulation of small islands, in general, can be seen in [**Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26898/undangundang-nomor-27-tahun-2007/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_27_2007) **(“Law 27/2007”)** as amended by [**Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61c61e43b5/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2014/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_2014) **("Law 1/2014")** and is further regulated under [**Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5768aadc7f2d5/node/peraturan-menteri-agraria-dan-tata-ruang_kepala-badan-pertanahan-nasional-no-17-tahun-2016-penataan-pertanahan-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_agraria_17_2016) **(“Ministerial Regulation 17/2016”)**. **Reclamation** is an activity carried out by any person to increase the benefits of land resources in terms of the environment and socio-economic point of view, by land backfilling, land drying, or drainage.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Creating artificial islands or reclamation activities on Coastal Areas and Small Islands are conducted in order to increase the benefits and/or to add value of Coastal Areas and Small Islands in terms of technical, environmental, and socio-economic aspects. The implementation of Reclamation must maintain and pay attention to:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. sustainability of Community life and livelihood; 2. the balance between the interests of utilization and preservation of environmental functions of Coastal and Small Islands; as well as 3. technical requirements for material extraction, dredging, and stockpiling. According to **Article 3 Section (1)** [**Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50d2d2c1ccbc9/node/lt4f2a56dac0084/perpres-no-122-tahun-2012-reklamasi-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_122_2012) **("Presidential Regulation 122/2012")** the Government, regional governments, and any person who will carry out the reclamation are obliged to make a reclamation plan. Then the Government, regional governments, and any person concerned who will carry out the reclamation **must obtain a location permit and a license for the implementation of the reclamation**.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) In order to obtain location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation, the Government, regional governments, and any person must first submit applications to the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning ("Minister"), governors, or regents/mayors. The Minister shall grant location permits and licenses for the implementation of reclamation in Certain National Strategic Areas (“Kawasan Strategis Nasional Tertentu”), inter-provincial reclamation activities, and reclamation activities in fisheries ports which are managed by the Government.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The granting of location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation in Certain National Strategic Areas and inter-provincial reclamation activities shall be granted after obtaining consideration from the regents/mayors and governors. Meanwhile, Governors and regents/mayors shall issue location permits and licenses for the implementation of the reclamation within the region in accordance with their authorities and reclamation activities in fisheries ports which are managed by regional governments.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Therefore, reclamation can be carried out by the government, regional government and **any person**, however, Presidential Regulation 122/2012 **does not explicitly mention whether any of these people are foreigners or only Indonesians. The important thing to remember is that in carrying out reclamation, planning and obtaining a location permit and a license for the implementation of reclamation must be made**. ### **Reclamation Land Status** It should be noted that the reclaimed land does not automatically become the land of the party who is reclaiming it. According to the **Circular Letter of the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency Number: 410-1293 on the Control of the Status of Emerging Lands and Reclamation Lands**, reclaimed lands shall be declared as **state-controlled lands** and the arrangements shall be implemented by the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency. You can read the full explanation in the article entitled [**Coastal Reclamation Land Status**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt583cebd7a4475/status-tanah-hasil-reklamasi-pantai?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=status_tanah_reklamasi_pantai). However, the reclaimed land **may be granted land rights** under the following conditions:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. fulfill licensing provisions from the government and regional governments; 2. equipped with environmental documents from the relevant government agencies; 3. use and utilization are in accordance with the direction of its designation in the spatial plan of the province/regency/city, or zoning plan of coastal areas and small islands; 4. maintain the sustainability of life and livelihoods of fishermen and the community; 5. maintain a balance between the interests of utilization and the preservation of the functions of the coastal environment and small islands; and 6. fulfill the technical requirements for material extraction, dredging, and stockpiling. The reclaimed land in question includes artificial sea coasts, artificial river banks, artificial lakes, and **artificial islands**.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) **Granting of land rights on land resulting from reclamation is conducted in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations**.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Therefore, if a person intends to reclaim the island and then wishes to obtain ownership of the land on a reclaimed island, then they must first apply for land rights to the government. The provisions relating to the acquisition of land rights may refer to the provisions of **laws and regulations on the land sector**.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) ### **Can Foreigners Obtain Land Rights on Reclaimed Island?** Are foreigners allowed to obtain land rights on a reclaimed island? Basically, the granting of land rights on reclaimed islands is conducted in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Land rights in question are the right as regulated in Article 16  [**Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960) **(“Law 5/1960”)**.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Land rights consist of:[\[12\]](#_ftn12) 1. **right of ownership**; 2. right to cultivate; 3. right to build; 4. right to use; 5. right to lease; 6. right to clear land; 7. right to collect forest products; 8. rights other than those mentioned above which will be stipulated by a Law and rights of provisional nature. It should be noted that the land rights which might be given to foreigners as well as foreign legal entities that have representatives in Indonesia are only **usufructuaries and leases**.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) Answering your question, the only land rights on reclaimed islands that can be obtained by **foreigners and foreign legal entities** that have representatives in Indonesia are **usufructuary rights and lease rights**. For more information, if a foreign party wishes to utilize a small island and to utilize its surrounding waters for the purpose of foreign investment, then a permit from the Minister must be obtained.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) Such foreign investment must prioritize the national interest.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) The utilization of small islands and their surrounding waters shall be prioritized for the following interests:[\[16\]](#_ftn16) 1. conservation; 2. education and training; 3. research and development; 4. mariculture; 5. tourism; 6. sustainable fishery and marine business and fishery industry; 7. organic agriculture; and/or 8. animal husbandry; and/or 9. state defense and security. So we can conclude that, if any party intends to reclaim an island, then the said party must first make a plan and obtain a location permit and a license for the implementation of the reclamation. Then if the party wishes to obtain ownership of the land on a reclaimed island, then the party must apply for land rights to the government. However, it should be noted that lands on reclaimed islands may not be owned by foreigners or by foreign legal entities. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960); 2. [Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26898/undangundang-nomor-27-tahun-2007/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_27_2007) as amended by [Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61c61e43b5/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2014/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_2014); 3. [Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50d2d2c1ccbc9/node/lt4f2a56dac0084/perpres-no-122-tahun-2012-reklamasi-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_122_2012); 4. [Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5768aadc7f2d5/node/peraturan-menteri-agraria-dan-tata-ruang_kepala-badan-pertanahan-nasional-no-17-tahun-2016-penataan-pertanahan-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_agraria_17_2016). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Number 23 [Law Number 1 of 2014 on the Amendment to Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61c61e43b5/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2014/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_2014) (“Law 1/2014”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 34 Section (1) and (2) [Law Number 27 of 2007 on The Managements of Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26898/undangundang-nomor-27-tahun-2007/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_27_2007) (“Law 27/2007”). [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 15 [Presidential Regulation Number 122 of 2012 on Reclamation on Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50d2d2c1ccbc9/node/lt4f2a56dac0084/perpres-no-122-tahun-2012-reklamasi-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_122_2012) (“Presidential Regulation 122/2012”). [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 16 Section (1) and (2) Presidential Regulation 122/2012. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 16 Section (3) and (4) Presidential Regulation 122/2012. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 14 Section (1) [Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Number 17 of 2016 on Land Management on Coastal Areas and Small Islands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5768aadc7f2d5/node/peraturan-menteri-agraria-dan-tata-ruang_kepala-badan-pertanahan-nasional-no-17-tahun-2016-penataan-pertanahan-di-wilayah-pesisir-dan-pulau-pulau-kecil?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_agraria_17_2016) (“Ministerial Regulation 17/2016”). [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 14 Section (2) Ministerial Regulation 17/2016. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 16 Ministerial Regulation 17/2016. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 3 Section (1) Article 16 Section (3) and (4) Presidential Regulation 122/2012. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 16 Ministerial Regulation 17/2016. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 1 Number (11) Ministerial Regulation 17/2016. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 16 Section (1) [Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960) (“Law 5/1960”). [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Law 42 Letter b and d _jo._ Article 45 Letter b and d Law 5/1960. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Article 26A Section (1) Law 1/2014. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Article 26A Section (2) Law 1/2014. [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Article 23 Section (2) Law 1/2014. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNAyang dibuat oleh Erizka Permatasari, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 24 November 2020.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap KewarganegaraanPerkawinan campuran adalah perkawinan antara dua orang yang di Indonesia tunduk pada hukum yang berlainan, karena perbedaan kewarganegaraan dan salah satu pihak berkewarganegaraan Indonesia.[1]Pasangan yang melakukan perkawinan campuran dapat memperoleh kewarganegaraan dari suami/istrinya dan dapat pula kehilangan kewarganegaraannya, menurut cara-cara yang telah ditentukan dalam undang-undang kewarganegaraan yang berlaku.[2]Untuk bisa menjadi warga negara Indonesia, dikenal dengan istilah pewarganegaraan, yaitu tata cara bagi orang asing untuk memperoleh kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia (“RI”) melalui permohonan.[3]Warga Negara Asing (“WNA”) yang telah menikah secara sah dengan Warga Negara Indonesia (“WNI”) dapat memperoleh kewarganegaraan RI dengan menyampaikan pernyataan menjadi warga negara di hadapan pejabat yang berwenang.[4]Namun, untuk dapat membuat pernyataan tersebut, WNA terkait harus sudah bertempat tinggal di wilayah RI paling singkat 5 tahun berturut-turut atau 10 tahun tidak berturut-turut, kecuali dengan perolehan kewarganegaraan tersebut mengakibatkan kewarganegaraan ganda.[5]Jadi, perlu kami luruskan bahwa ibu Anda yang semula berkewarganegaraan Jepang dan menikah dengan ayah Anda yang berkewarganegaraan Indonesia, tidak secara otomatis menjadi WNI seperti yang Anda katakan. Ada syarat yang wajib dipenuhi ibu Anda sebagaimana kami terangkan di atas.Syarat PewarganegaraanLebih lanjut, permohonan pewarganegaraan dapat diajukan oleh pemohon jika memenuhi persyaratan sebagai berikut:[6]telah berusia 18 tahun atau sudah kawin;bertempat tinggal di Indonesia paling singkat 5 tahun berturut-turut atau paling singkat 10 tahun tidak berturut-turut;sehat jasmani dan rohani;dapat berbahasa Indonesia serta mengakui Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;tidak pernah dijatuhi pidana karena melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara 1 tahun atau lebih;jika dengan memperoleh kewarganegaraan RI, tidak menjadi berkewarganegaraan ganda;memiliki pekerjaan dan/atau penghasilan tetap; danmembayar uang pewarganegaraan ke kas negara.Apabila WNA terkait tidak memperoleh kewarganegaraan Indonesia karena memiliki kewarganegaraan ganda, yang bersangkutan dapat diberi izin tinggal tetap sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.[7]Adapun izin tinggal tetap adalah izin yang diberikan kepada orang asing tertentu untuk bertempat tinggal dan menetap di wilayah Indonesia sebagai penduduk Indonesia.[8]Dengan demikian, perkawinan campuran di Indonesia tidak serta merta mengubah kewarganegaraan seseorang secara otomatis, kecuali jika setelah menikah pihak WNA melakukan pewarganegaraan dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.Status Kewarganegaraan SeseorangSelanjutnya, berdasarkan informasi yang Anda berikan, sebelumnya ibu Anda merupakan warga negara Jepang, namun setelah menikah dengan WNI, berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI.Perlu dicatat, Dosen/Wakil Dekan II Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum dalam Workshop Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM RI tentang Pelayanan Pewarganegaraan dan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Online yang diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum (AHU) menjelaskan sesuai dengan UU 12/2006, Indonesia menganut asas kewarganegaraan tunggal, yakni tiap orang hanya dapat memiliki satu kewarganegaraan.Selain itu, berdasarkan hukum yang berlaku di Jepang juga, jika ibu Anda beralih menjadi WNI, maka ia kehilangan kewarganegaraan Jepang yang ia miliki sebelumnya, sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 11 The Nationality Law (Law No. 147 of 1950) berikut aturan perubahanya, yang menyatakan sebagai berikut.A Japanese national shall lose Japanese nationality when he or she acquires a foreign nationality by his or her own choice.Pasal di atas menegaskan bahwa seorang warga negara Jepang akan kehilangan kewarganegaraannya ketika ia mendapatkan kewarganegaraan asing atas pilihannya sendiri.Untuk itu, dalam hal ini Anda perlu memastikan kembali perihal status kewarganegaraan ibu Anda, apakah benar telah berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI atau hanya mendapatkan izin tinggal di Indonesia. Kedua hal tersebut memiliki konsekuensi yang berbeda.Alasan Seseorang Kehilangan KewarganegaraanSeseorang WNI dapat kehilangan kewarganegaraannya jika yang bersangkutan:[9]memperoleh kewarganegaraan lain atas kemauannya sendiri;tidak menolak atau tidak melepaskan kewarganegaraan lain, sedangkan orang yang bersangkutan mendapat kesempatan untuk itu;dinyatakan hilang kewarganegaraannya oleh Presiden atas permohonannya sendiri, yang bersangkutan sudah berusia 18 tahun atau sudah kawin, bertempat tinggal di luar negeri, dan dengan dinyatakan hilang kewarganegaraan RI tidak menjadi tanpa kewarganegaraan;masuk dalam dinas tentara asing tanpa izin terlebih dahulu dari Presiden;secara sukarela masuk dalam dinas negara asing, yang jabatan dalam dinas semacam itu di Indonesia sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan hanya dapat dijabat oleh WNI;secara sukarela mengangkat sumpah atau menyatakan janji setia kepada negara asing atau bagian dari negara asing tersebut;tidak diwajibkan tetapi turut serta dalam pemilihan sesuatu yang bersifat ketatanegaraan untuk suatu negara asing;mempunyai paspor atau surat yang bersifat paspor dari negara asing atau surat yang dapat diartikan sebagai tanda kewarganegaraan yang masih berlaku dari negara lain atas namanya; ataubertempat tinggal di luar wilayah negara RI selama 5 tahun terus-menerus bukan dalam rangka dinas negara, tanpa alasan yang sah dan dengan sengaja tidak menyatakan keinginannya untuk tetap menjadi WNI sebelum jangka waktu 5 tahun itu berakhir, dan setiap 5 tahun berikutnya yang bersangkutan tidak mengajukan pernyataan ingin tetap menjadi WNI kepada perwakilan RI yang wilayah kerjanya meliputi tempat tinggal yang bersangkutan padahal perwakilan RI tersebut telah memberitahukan secara tertulis kepada yang bersangkutan, sepanjang yang bersangkutan tidak menjadi tanpa kewarganegaraan.Berdasarkan alasan-alasan di atas, maka menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apabila seorang WNA berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI karena menikah dengan WNI, kemudian ia bercerai, perceraian tersebut tidak lantas membuatnya kehilangan kewarganegaraannya sebagai WNI, kecuali ia melakukan hal-hal sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 23 UU 12/2006 di atas.Dengan demikian, apabila ibu Anda merupakan WNI yang telah melakukan pewarganegaraan, kewarganegaraannya tidak akan hilang meskipun bercerai dengan Ayah Anda.Alasan Seseorang Dideportasi dari IndonesiaAdapun terkait dengan deportasi, perlu Anda ketahui bahwa deportasi adalah tindakan paksa mengeluarkan orang asing dari wilayah Indonesia.[10] Lebih lengkapnya, deportasi merupakan sebuah tindakan administratif keimigrasian, yang dilakukan oleh pejabat imigrasi yang berwenang terhadap orang asing yang berada di wilayah Indonesia yang melakukan kegiatan berbahaya dan patut diduga membahayakan keamanan dan ketertiban umum atau tidak menaati peraturan perundang-undangan.[11]Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka perceraian tidak serta merta membuat seorang WNA dapat dideportasi. Namun, pada dasarnya izin tinggal sementara atau tetap bagi WNA memang dapat dibatalkan dengan alasan putusnya hubungan perkawinan karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan bagi WNA yang memperoleh izin tinggal terbatas/tetap karena kawin secara sah dengan WNI.[12] Namun demikian, terdapat beberapa pengecualian berdasarkan Pasal 162 ayat (1) dan (2) serta Pasal 163 ayat (1) PP 31/2013 yang mengatur sebagai berikut.Untuk perkawinan campuran yang telah berusia 10 tahun atau lebih, izin tinggal tetap orang asing yang diperoleh karena perkawinan yang sah tetap berlaku walaupun perkawinannya telah berakhir karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan.Pemegang izin tinggal tetap sebagaimana dimaksud di atas harus memiliki penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia.Untuk perkawinan campuran yang berusia kurang dari 10 tahun, izin tinggal tetap orang asing yang diperoleh karena perkawinan yang sah tetap berlaku walaupun perkawinannya telah berakhir karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan jika orang asing yang bersangkutan memiliki penjamin.Sehingga, untuk WNA yang bersangkutan, dibutuhkan penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia[13] agar izin tinggal tetapnya dapat tetap berlaku meskipun perkawinannya berakhir karena perceraian.Dengan demikian, apabila ibu Anda masih berstatus sebagai WNA dan kemudian bercerai dengan ayah Anda, ibu Anda tetap dapat tinggal di Indonesia menggunakan izin tinggal tetap yang dimiliki selama ia memiliki penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan;Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia;Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian;Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja; Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian yang diubah kedua kalinya dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 51 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian dan diubah ketiga kalinya dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian.Referensi:The Nationality Law No. 147 of 1950 as amended by Law No. 268 of 1952, Law No. 45 of 1984, Law No. 89 of 1993 and Law No. 147 of 2004, Law No. 88 of 2008.Catatan:Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M. Hum memaparkan materi dengan judul “Cara Memperoleh Kewarganegaraan RI Berdasarkan UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia” dalam Workshop Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM RI Tentang Pelayanan Pewarganegaraan dan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Online yang diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Jendral Administrasi Hukum Umum (AHU) pada hari Rabu, 18 November 2020.[1] Pasal 57 Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (“UU 1/1974”)[2] Pasal 58 UU 1/1974[3] Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia (“UU 12/2006”)[4] Pasal 19 ayat (1) UU 12/2006[5] Pasal 19 ayat (2) UU 12/2006[6] Pasal 9 UU 12/2006[7] Pasal 19 ayat (3) UU 12/2006[8] Pasal 1 angka 19 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian[9] Pasal 23 UU 12/2006[10] Pasal 106 angka 1 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 36 Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian (“UU Keimigrasian”)[11] Pasal 75 ayat (1) dan (2) UU Keimigrasian[12] Pasal 159 ayat (3) huruf f jo. ayat (4) huruf g  Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian (“PP 31/2013”)[13] Pasal 162 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 163 ayat (2) PP 31/2013Tagsimigrasikeluarga dan perkawinan
Bapak dan Ibu saya menikah di Indonesia. Ibu sebelumnya warga negara Jepang, dan setelah menikah otomatis berubah menjadi WNI. Akan tetapi keduanya sudah lebih dari 20 tahun pisah rumah dan bapak sudah menikah lagi. Ketika saya tanya mengapa bapak tidak menceraikan ibu, jawabannya karena takut ibu kehilangan kewarganegaraannya dan dideportasi kembali ke Jepang. Apakah hal ini benar?
Dalam hal terjadi perkawinan antara Warga Negara Indonesia (“WNI”) dengan Warga Negara Asing (“WNA”) atau yang disebut dengan perkawinan campuran, orang-orang yang berlainan kewarganegaraan yang melakukan perkawinan campuran dapat memperoleh kewarganegaraan dari suami/istrinya dan dapat pula kehilangan kewarganegaraannya, menurut cara-cara yang telah ditentukan dalam undang-undang kewarganegaraan yang berlaku. Lantas, apakah perkawinan campuran serta merta mengubah kewarganegaraan WNA menjadi WNI, dan perceraiannya pun juga dapat dijadikan alasan untuk langsung mendeportasi WNA yang bersangkutan? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/konsekuensi-perkawinan-campuran-terhadap-kewarganegaraan-dan-izin-tinggal-wna-lt5fbce9b439968/
Konsekuensi Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan dan Izin Tinggal WNA_** **yang dibuat oleh [Erizka Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 24 November 2020.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Dampak Perkawinan Campuran Terhadap Kewarganegaraan** **Perkawinan campuran** adalah perkawinan antara dua orang yang di Indonesia tunduk pada hukum yang berlainan, karena perbedaan kewarganegaraan dan salah satu pihak berkewarganegaraan Indonesia.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Pasangan yang melakukan perkawinan campuran **dapat memperoleh kewarganegaraan dari suami/istrinya** **dan dapat pula kehilangan kewarganegaraannya**, menurut cara-cara yang telah ditentukan dalam undang-undang [kewarganegaraan](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/k/kewarganegaraan) yang berlaku.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Untuk bisa menjadi warga negara Indonesia, dikenal dengan istilah **pewarganegaraan**, yaitu tata cara bagi orang asing untuk memperoleh kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia (“RI”) melalui permohonan.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Warga Negara Asing (“WNA”) yang telah menikah secara sah dengan Warga Negara Indonesia (“WNI”) **dapat memperoleh kewarganegaraan RI** dengan menyampaikan pernyataan menjadi warga negara di hadapan pejabat yang berwenang.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Namun, untuk dapat membuat pernyataan tersebut, WNA terkait harus **sudah bertempat tinggal di wilayah RI paling singkat 5 tahun berturut-turut atau 10 tahun tidak berturut-turut,** kecuali dengan perolehan kewarganegaraan tersebut mengakibatkan kewarganegaraan ganda.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Jadi, perlu kami luruskan bahwa ibu Anda yang semula berkewarganegaraan Jepang dan menikah dengan ayah Anda yang berkewarganegaraan Indonesia, tidak secara otomatis menjadi WNI seperti yang Anda katakan. Ada syarat yang wajib dipenuhi ibu Anda sebagaimana kami terangkan di atas. ### **Syarat Pewarganegaraan** Lebih lanjut, permohonan pewarganegaraan dapat diajukan oleh pemohon jika memenuhi persyaratan sebagai berikut:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. telah berusia 18 tahun atau sudah kawin; 2. bertempat tinggal di Indonesia paling singkat 5 tahun berturut-turut atau paling singkat 10 tahun tidak berturut-turut; 3. sehat jasmani dan rohani; 4. dapat berbahasa Indonesia serta mengakui Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945; 5. tidak pernah dijatuhi pidana karena melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara 1 tahun atau lebih; 6. jika dengan memperoleh kewarganegaraan RI, tidak menjadi berkewarganegaraan ganda; 7. memiliki pekerjaan dan/atau penghasilan tetap; dan 8. membayar uang pewarganegaraan ke kas negara. Apabila WNA terkait tidak memperoleh kewarganegaraan Indonesia karena memiliki kewarganegaraan ganda, yang bersangkutan **dapat diberi izin tinggal tetap** sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Adapun izin tinggal tetap adalah izin yang diberikan kepada orang asing tertentu untuk bertempat tinggal dan menetap di wilayah Indonesia sebagai penduduk Indonesia.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Dengan demikian, perkawinan campuran di Indonesia **tidak serta merta mengubah kewarganegaraan seseorang secara otomatis,** kecuali jika setelah menikah pihak WNA melakukan pewarganegaraan dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. ### **Status Kewarganegaraan Seseorang** Selanjutnya, berdasarkan informasi yang Anda berikan, sebelumnya ibu Anda merupakan warga negara Jepang, namun setelah menikah dengan WNI, berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI. Perlu dicatat, Dosen/Wakil Dekan II Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sriwijaya, **Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M.Hum** dalam _Workshop Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM RI tentang Pelayanan Pewarganegaraan dan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Online_ yang diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum (AHU) menjelaskan sesuai dengan UU 12/2006, Indonesia menganut **asas kewarganegaraan tunggal**, yakni tiap orang hanya dapat memiliki satu kewarganegaraan. Selain itu, berdasarkan hukum yang berlaku di Jepang juga, jika ibu Anda beralih menjadi WNI, maka ia **kehilangan kewarganegaraan Jepang** **yang ia miliki sebelumnya**, sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 11** [**The Nationality Law (Law No. 147 of 1950**](http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/tnl-01.html)**)** berikut aturan perubahanya, yang menyatakan sebagai berikut. **_A Japanese national shall lose Japanese nationality_** _when he or she **acquires a foreign nationality** by his or her own choice._ Pasal di atas menegaskan bahwa seorang warga negara Jepang akan kehilangan kewarganegaraannya ketika ia mendapatkan kewarganegaraan asing atas pilihannya sendiri. Untuk itu, dalam hal ini Anda perlu memastikan kembali perihal status kewarganegaraan ibu Anda, apakah benar telah berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI atau hanya mendapatkan izin tinggal di Indonesia. Kedua hal tersebut memiliki konsekuensi yang berbeda. ### **Alasan Seseorang Kehilangan Kewarganegaraan** Seseorang WNI dapat kehilangan kewarganegaraannya jika yang bersangkutan:[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 1. memperoleh kewarganegaraan lain atas kemauannya sendiri; 2. tidak menolak atau tidak melepaskan kewarganegaraan lain, sedangkan orang yang bersangkutan mendapat kesempatan untuk itu; 3. dinyatakan hilang kewarganegaraannya oleh Presiden atas permohonannya sendiri, yang bersangkutan sudah berusia 18 tahun atau sudah kawin, bertempat tinggal di luar negeri, dan dengan dinyatakan hilang kewarganegaraan RI tidak menjadi tanpa kewarganegaraan; 4. masuk dalam dinas tentara asing tanpa izin terlebih dahulu dari Presiden; 5. secara sukarela masuk dalam dinas negara asing, yang jabatan dalam dinas semacam itu di Indonesia sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan hanya dapat dijabat oleh WNI; 6. secara sukarela mengangkat sumpah atau menyatakan janji setia kepada negara asing atau bagian dari negara asing tersebut; 7. tidak diwajibkan tetapi turut serta dalam pemilihan sesuatu yang bersifat ketatanegaraan untuk suatu negara asing; 8. mempunyai paspor atau surat yang bersifat paspor dari negara asing atau surat yang dapat diartikan sebagai tanda kewarganegaraan yang masih berlaku dari negara lain atas namanya; atau 9. bertempat tinggal di luar wilayah negara RI selama 5 tahun terus-menerus bukan dalam rangka dinas negara, tanpa alasan yang sah dan dengan sengaja tidak menyatakan keinginannya untuk tetap menjadi WNI sebelum jangka waktu 5 tahun itu berakhir, dan setiap 5 tahun berikutnya yang bersangkutan tidak mengajukan pernyataan ingin tetap menjadi WNI kepada perwakilan RI yang wilayah kerjanya meliputi tempat tinggal yang bersangkutan padahal perwakilan RI tersebut telah memberitahukan secara tertulis kepada yang bersangkutan, sepanjang yang bersangkutan tidak menjadi tanpa kewarganegaraan. Berdasarkan alasan-alasan di atas, maka menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apabila seorang WNA berpindah kewarganegaraan menjadi WNI karena menikah dengan WNI, kemudian ia bercerai, perceraian tersebut tidak lantas membuatnya kehilangan kewarganegaraannya sebagai WNI, kecuali ia melakukan hal-hal sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 23 UU 12/2006 di atas. Dengan demikian, apabila ibu Anda merupakan WNI yang telah melakukan pewarganegaraan, **kewarganegaraannya tidak akan hilang meskipun bercerai dengan Ayah Anda**. ### **Alasan Seseorang Dideportasi dari Indonesia** Adapun terkait dengan [deportasi](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/d/deportasi), perlu Anda ketahui bahwa deportasi adalah tindakan paksa mengeluarkan orang asing dari wilayah Indonesia.[\[10\]](#_ftn10)  Lebih lengkapnya, deportasi merupakan sebuah tindakan administratif keimigrasian, yang dilakukan oleh pejabat imigrasi yang berwenang terhadap orang asing yang berada di wilayah Indonesia yang melakukan kegiatan berbahaya dan patut diduga membahayakan keamanan dan ketertiban umum atau tidak menaati peraturan perundang-undangan.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka **perceraian tidak serta merta membuat seorang WNA dapat dideportasi**. Namun, pada dasarnya izin tinggal sementara atau tetap bagi WNA memang dapat dibatalkan dengan alasan putusnya hubungan perkawinan karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan bagi WNA yang memperoleh izin tinggal terbatas/tetap karena kawin secara sah dengan WNI.[\[12\]](#_ftn12)  Namun demikian, terdapat beberapa pengecualian berdasarkan **Pasal 162 ayat (1) dan (2)** serta **Pasal 163 ayat (1) PP 31/2013** yang mengatur sebagai berikut. 1. Untuk perkawinan campuran yang **telah berusia 10 tahun atau lebih**, **izin tinggal tetap orang asing** yang diperoleh karena perkawinan yang sah **tetap berlaku** walaupun perkawinannya telah berakhir karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan. 2. Pemegang izin tinggal tetap sebagaimana dimaksud di atas harus memiliki penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia. 3. Untuk perkawinan campuran yang berusia kurang dari 10 tahun, izin tinggal tetap orang asing yang diperoleh karena perkawinan yang sah **tetap berlaku walaupun perkawinannya telah berakhir karena perceraian dan/atau atas putusan pengadilan jika orang asing yang bersangkutan memiliki penjamin.** Sehingga, untuk WNA yang bersangkutan, dibutuhkan penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia[\[13\]](#_ftn13) agar izin tinggal tetapnya dapat tetap berlaku meskipun perkawinannya berakhir karena perceraian. Dengan demikian, apabila ibu Anda masih berstatus sebagai WNA dan kemudian bercerai dengan ayah Anda, ibu Anda tetap dapat tinggal di Indonesia menggunakan izin tinggal tetap yang dimiliki selama ia memiliki penjamin berkewarganegaraan Indonesia. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan [Undang-Undang Nomor 16 tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); 3. [Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011); 4. [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022); 5. [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt518a19697ab23/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2013/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_31_2013) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt578493f1135b5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_26_2016) yang diubah kedua kalinya dengan [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 51 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f6d901555047?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_51_2020) dan diubah ketiga kalinya dengan [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032472bafe24/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-48-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_48_2021). Referensi: [The Nationality Law No. 147 of 1950 as amended by Law No. 268 of 1952, Law No. 45 of 1984, Law No. 89 of 1993 and Law No. 147 of 2004, Law No. 88 of 2008](http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/tnl-01.html). Catatan: _Dr. Ridwan, S.H., M. Hum memaparkan materi dengan judul “Cara Memperoleh Kewarganegaraan RI Berdasarkan UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia” dalam Workshop Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM RI Tentang Pelayanan Pewarganegaraan dan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Online yang diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Jendral Administrasi Hukum Umum (AHU) pada hari Rabu, 18 November 2020._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 57 [Undang-Undang  Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) (“UU 1/1974”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 58 UU 1/1974 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 1 angka 3 [Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006)  (“UU 12/2006”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 19 ayat (1) UU 12/2006 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 19 ayat (2) UU 12/2006 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 9 UU 12/2006 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 19 ayat (3) UU 12/2006 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 1 angka 19 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032472bafe24/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-48-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_48_2021) [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 23 UU 12/2006 [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 106 angka 1 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 36 [Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011) (“UU Keimigrasian”) [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 75 ayat (1) dan (2) UU Keimigrasian [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 159 ayat (3) huruf f _jo_. ayat (4) huruf g  [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2013 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt518a19697ab23/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-31-tahun-2013/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_31_2013) (“PP 31/2013”) [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 162 ayat (2) _jo_. Pasal 163 ayat (2) PP 31/2013 Tags ---- [imigrasi](/tag/imigrasi) [keluarga dan perkawinan](/tag/keluarga-dan-perkawinan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Jenis-jenis Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan yang Ditangani LAPS SJKKLINIK TERKAITMengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Etika Konsumen Saat Memberikan Review Produk atau Jasa 28 Sep 2022Hak dan Kewajiban Konsumen serta Pelaku Usaha yang Perlu Diketahui28 Jul 2022Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Sebelum membahas alur pengaduan di LAPS SJK, perlu Anda ketahui terlebih dahulu jenis-jenis pengaduan yang dapat dapat ditangani dan diselesaikan melalui LAPS SJK.Berdasarkan POJK 31/2020, Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (“OJK”) menyediakan dua jenis layanan pengaduan yang diajukan oleh konsumen terhadap Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (“PUJK”), yaitu:[1]pengaduan yang berindikasi sengketa adalah ungkapan ketidakpuasan konsumen yang disebabkan oleh adanya kerugian dan/atau potensi kerugian materiel, wajar dan secara langsung pada konsumen karena PUJK tidak memenuhi perjanjian dan/atau dokumen transaksi keuangan yang telah disepakati; dan/ataupengaduan yang berindikasi pelanggaran adalah penyampaian ungkapan oleh konsumen dan/atau masyarakat atas indikasi pelanggaran ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di sektor jasa keuangan yang dilakukan oleh Lembaga Jasa Keuangan (“LJK”) yang diduga terjadi karena kesengajaan atau kelalaian LJK.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Dari dua jenis layanan pengaduan tersebut, aduan yang dapat dimohonkan untuk diselesaikan melalui LAPS SJK adalah aduan yang berindikasi sengketa.[2]Adapun, menurut POJK 61/2020 kriteria sengketa yang dapat diajukan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK adalah sebagai berikut.[3]Pengaduan telah dilakukan upaya penyelesaian oleh PUJK namun ditolak oleh konsumen atau konsumen belum menerima tanggapan pengaduan sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan OJK mengenai layanan pengaduan konsumen di sektor jasa keuangan;Sengketa yang diajukan bukan merupakan sengketa yang sedang dalam proses atau pernah diputus oleh lembaga peradilan, arbitrase, atau lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa lainnya; danSengketa bersifat keperdataan.Selain ketiga jenis sengketa di atas, LAPS SJK pada dasarnya dapat menangani sengketa lain yang mendapat persetujuan dari OJK.[4]Sengketa yang menjadi ruang lingkup LAPS SJK dapat diselesaikan melalui mediasi atau arbitrase. Mediasi adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa melalui pihak ketiga untuk membantu pihak yang bersengketa mencapai kesepakatan.[5] Dalam konteks mediasi oleh LAPS SJK adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa melalui proses perundingan antara para pihak yang bersengketa dengan dibantu oleh mediator LAPS SJK guna mencari berbagai kemungkinan penyelesaian sengketa tanpa cara memutus atau memaksakan kehendak sehingga dapat tercapai kesepakatan perdamaian (settlement agreement) yang win-win-solution. Para pihak yang ingin menyelesaikan sengketanya melalui mediasi di LAPS SJK harus terlebih dahulu memiliki kesepakatan untuk bermediasi di LAPS SJK dengan suatu perjanjian mediasi.Penyelesaian sengketa kedua yaitu melalui arbitrase adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa perdata di luar peradilan yang didasarkan pada perjanjian arbitrase yang dibuat secara tertulis oleh pada pihak yang bersengketa.[6] Secara lebih spesifik, arbitrase LAPS SJK adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa perdata di luar peradilan umum yang didasarkan pada perjanjian arbitrase yang dibuat secara tertulis oleh para pihak yang bersengketa, melalui pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh arbiter tunggal atau majelis arbitrase untuk memberikan putusan arbitrase sesuai prosedur acara yang ditentukan oleh LAPS SJK.Perlu Anda ketahui bahwa penyelesaian sengketa melalui LAPS SJK dapat dilakukan melalui tatap muka langsung di hadapan mediator atau arbiter, melalui media elektronik, dan/atau pemeriksaan dokumen.[7]Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa di LAPS SJKMenjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui LAPS SJK, berikut uraian penyelesaian sengketa melalui mediasi dan arbitrase di LAPS SJK.MediasiJika sengketa yang Anda alami telah sesuai dengan kritera sengketa yang ditangani LAPS SJK sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, maka langkah yang dapat Anda tempuh adalah:menyampaikan permohonan penyelesaian sengketa ke LAPS SJK melalui Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK) yang disediakan oleh OJK, atau melalui non-APPK dengan cara langsung mengunjungi kantor LAPS SJK;proses verifikasi dan klarifikasi terlebih dahulu dengan cara pihak LAPS SJK akan berkomunikasi dengan konsumen dan PUJK untuk memastikan apakah pengaduan dimaksud dapat dan layak diproses lebih lanjut ke tahap mediasi;jika dinilai dapat dan layak, selanjutnya LAPS SJK akan mengajak para pihak untuk membuat kesepakatan untuk mediasi di LAPS SJK melalui perjanjian mediasi;aduan yang telah melalui verifikasi dan sepakat untuk diselesaikan di LAPS SJK dibubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara;tahap pembayaran biaya-biaya mediasi jika sengketa termasuk sengketa komersial;penunjukan mediator;pelaksanaan perundingan mediasi.Terkait dengan biaya LAPS SJK, untuk perkara yang termasuk retail & small claim tidak dikenai biaya mediasi. Sementara, untuk sengketa komersial akan dikenai biaya.Untuk menentukan sengketa termasuk retail & small claim akan dinilai berdasarkan nilai tuntutan konsumen ke PUJK yang akan diselesaikan di LAPS SJK, yaitu:Rp200 juta untuk sengketa di bidang pergadaian, pembiayaan dan fintech, sengketa dengan nilai tuntutan Konsumen kepada PUJK;Rp500 juta untuk sengketa di bidang perbankan, pasar modal, asuransi jiwa, dana pensiun, modal ventura, dan penjaminan;Rp750 juta untuk sengketa di bidang asuransi umum.ArbitraseApabila Anda ingin menyelesaikan sengketa melalui arbitrase di LAPS SJK, Anda harus terlebih dahulu memiliki kesepakatan untuk berarbitrase di LAPS SJK melalui perjanjian arbitrase.Selanjutnya, Anda dapat mengajukan permohonan arbitrase sesuai dengan peraturan dan acara arbitrase LAPS SJK dengan mendaftarkan permohonan tersebut kepada sekretariat LAPS SJK u.p. Ketua LAPS SJK dan langsung membayar biaya pendaftaran permohonan arbitrase atau melalui permohonan arbitrase dalam bentuk pengaduan melalui APPK.Pengurus LAPS SJK akan melakukan verifikasi pendaftaran tersebut. Jika pendaftaran memenuhi syarat menurut peraturan dan acara arbitrase LAPS SJK, maka pengurus LAPS SJK akan menerima pendaftaran tersebut, membubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara.Selanjutnya, perkara akan diproses ke tahap berikutnya, yaitu:pembayaran biaya administrasi dan honorarium arbiter;penunjukan arbiter;memasuki tahap persidangan arbitrase.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMPeraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 31/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penyelenggaraan Layanan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan oleh Otoritas Jasa KeuanganPeraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa KeuanganREFERENSIAplikasi Portal Perlindugan Konsumen (APPK) yang diakses pada Rabu, 1 Februari 2023 pukul 11.45 WIB.[1] Pasal 9 jo Pasal 1 angka 6 dan 7 Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 31/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penyelenggaraan Layanan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (“POJK 31/2020”)[2] Pasal 3 jo Pasal 1 angka 6 Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 61/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (“POJK 61/2020”)[3] Pasal 32 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020[4] Pasal 32 ayat (2) POJK 61/2020[5] Penjelasan Pasal 8 ayat (3) huruf a angka 1 POJK 61/2020[6] Penjelasan Pasal 8 ayat (3) huruf a angka 2 POJK 61/2020[7] Pasal 33 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020Tagsalternatif penyelesaian sengketapenyelesaian sengketasengketa konsumen
Jika saya memiliki permasalahan dengan produk jasa keuangan, bagaimana saya menyampaikan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK?
LAPS SJK atau Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan dapat membantu Anda untuk menyelesaikan sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan dengan mediasi atau arbitrase. Untuk dapat menyelesaikan sengketa sektor jasa keuangan di LAPS SJK, para pihak perlu memastikan bahwa sengketa yang akan diajukan sesuai dengan kriteria sengketa yang dapat ditangani oleh LAPS SJK. Selanjutnya, Anda dapat menyampaikan permohonan ke Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK) atau datang langsung ke LAPS SJK. Bagaimana langkah untuk melakukan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK selengkapnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Etika Konsumen Saat Memberikan Review Produk atau Jasa 28 Sep 2022Hak dan Kewajiban Konsumen serta Pelaku Usaha yang Perlu Diketahui28 Jul 2022Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)30 Jan 2023Etika Konsumen Saat Memberikan Review Produk atau Jasa 28 Sep 2022Hak dan Kewajiban Konsumen serta Pelaku Usaha yang Perlu Diketahui28 Jul 2022Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK25 Mei 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/alur-penyelesaian-sengketa-jasa-keuangan-melalui-laps-sjk-lt63da2bd746301/
Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa Jasa Keuangan Melalui LAPS SJK
pages/172/page-0.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Jenis-jenis Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan yang Ditangani LAPS SJK** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan) ](/klinik/a/mengenal-laps-sjk-lembaga-alternatif-penyelesaian-sengketa-sektor-jasa-keuangan-lt63d79c5153926/) ![Mengenal LAPS SJK (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan)](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt63d79c5153926/thumbnail_lt63d79e3a191ff.jpg) 30 Jan 2023 [ #### Etika Konsumen Saat Memberikan _Review_ Produk atau Jasa ](/klinik/a/etika-konsumen-saat-memberikan-review-produk-atau-jasa-lt5cf05fbce61c6/) ![Etika Konsumen Saat Memberikan <i>Review</i> Produk atau Jasa ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5cf05fbce61c6/thumbnail_lt5d01f59c2bf16.jpg) 28 Sep 2022 [ #### Hak dan Kewajiban Konsumen serta Pelaku Usaha yang Perlu Diketahui ](/klinik/a/hak-dan-kewajiban-konsumen-serta-pelaku-usaha-yang-perlu-diketahui-lt62e27b1d9c927/) ![Hak dan Kewajiban Konsumen serta Pelaku Usaha yang Perlu Diketahui](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62e27b1d9c927/thumbnail_lt62e27be856664.jpg) 28 Jul 2022 [ #### Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK ](/klinik/a/penyelesaian-sengketa-di-luar-pengadilan-via-laps-sjk-lt628e118797df9/) ![Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan via LAPS SJK](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt628e118797df9/thumbnail_lt628e133aef0be.jpg) 25 Mei 2022 [](#!) Sebelum membahas alur pengaduan di LAPS SJK, perlu Anda ketahui terlebih dahulu jenis-jenis pengaduan yang dapat dapat ditangani dan diselesaikan melalui LAPS SJK. Berdasarkan **[POJK 31/2020](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5ec217f577d8e/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-31-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_31_2020)**, Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (“OJK”) menyediakan dua jenis layanan pengaduan yang diajukan oleh konsumen terhadap Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (“PUJK”), yaitu:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. **pengaduan yang berindikasi sengketa** adalah ungkapan ketidakpuasan konsumen yang disebabkan oleh adanya kerugian dan/atau potensi kerugian materiel, wajar dan secara langsung pada konsumen karena PUJK tidak memenuhi perjanjian dan/atau dokumen transaksi keuangan yang telah disepakati; dan/atau 2. **pengaduan yang berindikasi pelanggaran** adalah penyampaian ungkapan oleh konsumen dan/atau masyarakat atas indikasi pelanggaran ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di sektor jasa keuangan yang dilakukan oleh Lembaga Jasa Keuangan (“LJK”) yang diduga terjadi karena kesengajaan atau kelalaian LJK. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Dari dua jenis layanan pengaduan tersebut, aduan yang dapat dimohonkan untuk diselesaikan melalui LAPS SJK adalah aduan yang berindikasi sengketa.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Adapun, menurut **[POJK 61/2020](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020)** **kriteria sengketa yang dapat diajukan pengaduan ke LAPS SJK** adalah sebagai berikut.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. Pengaduan telah dilakukan upaya penyelesaian oleh PUJK namun ditolak oleh konsumen atau konsumen belum menerima tanggapan pengaduan sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan OJK mengenai layanan pengaduan konsumen di sektor jasa keuangan; 2. Sengketa yang diajukan bukan merupakan sengketa yang sedang dalam proses atau pernah diputus oleh lembaga peradilan, arbitrase, atau lembaga alternatif penyelesaian sengketa lainnya; dan 3. Sengketa bersifat keperdataan. Selain ketiga jenis sengketa di atas, LAPS SJK pada dasarnya dapat menangani sengketa lain yang mendapat persetujuan dari OJK.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Sengketa yang menjadi ruang lingkup LAPS SJK dapat diselesaikan melalui mediasi atau arbitrase. **Mediasi** adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa melalui pihak ketiga untuk membantu pihak yang bersengketa mencapai kesepakatan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Dalam konteks mediasi oleh LAPS SJK adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa melalui proses perundingan antara para pihak yang bersengketa dengan dibantu oleh mediator LAPS SJK guna mencari berbagai kemungkinan penyelesaian sengketa tanpa cara memutus atau memaksakan kehendak sehingga dapat tercapai kesepakatan perdamaian (_settlement agreement_) yang _win-win-solution_. Para pihak yang ingin menyelesaikan sengketanya melalui mediasi di LAPS SJK harus terlebih dahulu memiliki kesepakatan untuk bermediasi di LAPS SJK dengan suatu perjanjian mediasi. Penyelesaian sengketa kedua yaitu melalui **arbitrase** adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa perdata di luar peradilan yang didasarkan pada perjanjian arbitrase yang dibuat secara tertulis oleh pada pihak yang bersengketa.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Secara lebih spesifik, arbitrase LAPS SJK adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa perdata di luar peradilan umum yang didasarkan pada perjanjian arbitrase yang dibuat secara tertulis oleh para pihak yang bersengketa, melalui pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh arbiter tunggal atau majelis arbitrase untuk memberikan putusan arbitrase sesuai prosedur acara yang ditentukan oleh LAPS SJK. Perlu Anda ketahui bahwa penyelesaian sengketa melalui LAPS SJK dapat dilakukan melalui tatap muka langsung di hadapan mediator atau arbiter, melalui media elektronik, dan/atau pemeriksaan dokumen.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) ### **Alur Penyelesaian Sengketa di LAPS SJK** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa konsumen melalui LAPS SJK, berikut uraian penyelesaian sengketa melalui mediasi dan arbitrase di LAPS SJK. 1. **Mediasi** Jika sengketa yang Anda alami telah sesuai dengan kritera sengketa yang ditangani LAPS SJK sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, maka langkah yang dapat Anda tempuh adalah: 1. menyampaikan permohonan penyelesaian sengketa ke LAPS SJK melalui **[Aplikasi Portal Perlindungan Konsumen (APPK)](https://kontak157.ojk.go.id/appkpublicportal/)** yang disediakan oleh OJK, atau melalui non-APPK dengan cara langsung mengunjungi kantor LAPS SJK; 2. proses verifikasi dan klarifikasi terlebih dahulu dengan cara pihak LAPS SJK akan berkomunikasi dengan konsumen dan PUJK untuk memastikan apakah pengaduan dimaksud dapat dan layak diproses lebih lanjut ke tahap mediasi; 3. jika dinilai dapat dan layak, selanjutnya LAPS SJK akan mengajak para pihak untuk membuat kesepakatan untuk mediasi di LAPS SJK melalui perjanjian mediasi; 4. aduan yang telah melalui verifikasi dan sepakat untuk diselesaikan di LAPS SJK dibubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara; 5. tahap pembayaran biaya-biaya mediasi jika sengketa termasuk sengketa komersial; 6. penunjukan mediator; 7. pelaksanaan perundingan mediasi. Terkait dengan biaya LAPS SJK, untuk perkara yang termasuk _retail & small claim_ tidak dikenai biaya mediasi. Sementara, untuk sengketa komersial akan dikenai biaya. Untuk menentukan sengketa termasuk _retail & small claim_ akan dinilai berdasarkan nilai tuntutan konsumen ke PUJK yang akan diselesaikan di LAPS SJK, yaitu: 1. Rp200 juta untuk sengketa di bidang pergadaian, pembiayaan dan _fintech_, sengketa dengan nilai tuntutan Konsumen kepada PUJK; 2. Rp500 juta untuk sengketa di bidang perbankan, pasar modal, asuransi jiwa, dana pensiun, modal ventura, dan penjaminan; 3. Rp750 juta untuk sengketa di bidang asuransi umum. 2. **Arbitrase** Apabila Anda ingin menyelesaikan sengketa melalui arbitrase di LAPS SJK, Anda harus terlebih dahulu memiliki kesepakatan untuk berarbitrase di LAPS SJK melalui perjanjian arbitrase. Selanjutnya, Anda dapat mengajukan permohonan arbitrase sesuai dengan peraturan dan acara arbitrase LAPS SJK dengan mendaftarkan permohonan tersebut kepada sekretariat LAPS SJK u.p. Ketua LAPS SJK dan langsung membayar biaya pendaftaran permohonan arbitrase atau melalui permohonan arbitrase dalam bentuk pengaduan melalui **[APPK](https://kontak157.ojk.go.id/appkpublicportal/)**. Pengurus LAPS SJK akan melakukan verifikasi pendaftaran tersebut. Jika pendaftaran memenuhi syarat menurut peraturan dan acara arbitrase LAPS SJK, maka pengurus LAPS SJK akan menerima pendaftaran tersebut, membubuhkan nomor registrasi perkara. Selanjutnya, perkara akan diproses ke tahap berikutnya, yaitu: 1. pembayaran biaya administrasi dan honorarium arbiter; 2. penunjukan arbiter; 3. memasuki tahap persidangan arbitrase. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 31/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penyelenggaraan Layanan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5ec217f577d8e/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-31-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_31_2020) Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 /POJK.07/2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020) REFERENSI --------- [Aplikasi Portal Perlindugan Konsumen (APPK)](https://kontak157.ojk.go.id/appkpublicportal/) yang diakses pada Rabu, 1 Februari 2023 pukul 11.45 WIB. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 9 _jo_ Pasal 1 angka 6 dan 7 [Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 31/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penyelenggaraan Layanan Konsumen dan Masyarakat di Sektor Jasa Keuangan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5ec217f577d8e/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-31-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_medium=pusatdata?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=POJK_31_2020) (“POJK 31/2020”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 _jo_ Pasal 1 angka 6 [Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 61/POJK.07/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fe18d53c66d9/peraturan-otoritas-jasa-keuangan-nomor-61-pojk07-2020-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pojk_61_2020) (“POJK 61/2020”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 32 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 32 ayat (2) POJK 61/2020 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Penjelasan Pasal 8 ayat (3) huruf a angka 1 POJK 61/2020 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Penjelasan Pasal 8 ayat (3) huruf a angka 2 POJK 61/2020 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 33 ayat (1) POJK 61/2020 Tags ---- [alternatif penyelesaian sengketa](/tag/alternatif-penyelesaian-sengketa) [penyelesaian sengketa](/tag/penyelesaian-sengketa) [sengketa konsumen](/tag/sengketa-konsumen)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri, Ini Dasar Hukumnya which was written by Saufa Ata Taqiyya, S.H. and was published on Tuesday, 11 May 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.In order to answer your question, we refer to Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad (“Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015”) which regulates Indonesian Schools Abroad (Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri/ "SILN").SILN is an educational unit in the formal channel that is organized abroad,[1] which can be organized by the government or the Indonesians (Indonesian society).[2]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas SILN is organized at the primary and secondary education levels[3] and is implemented based on provisions of the national education system.[4]Although SILN students are prioritized for Indonesian Citizens who live abroad, it is possible for SILN to accept foreign students (foreign citizens) who meet the requirements.[5]Furthermore, the SILN academic calendar is determined by the Head of Diplomatic Representative and Consular Representative of the Republic of Indonesia ("Representative") by referring to the national education calendar and the provision on holidays that apply to the representative.[6]In terms of funding and assets, SILNs, which are organized by the government, shall be borne by the budgets of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as other non-binding sources of funding in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations.[7]Meanwhile, SILNs which are organized by Indonesians in the accreditation area of a representative are sourced from the founder of the organizer or education unit, community assistance, and other legitimate sources in accordance with the provisions of Indonesian laws and regulations, as well as the local state laws and regulations.[8]In order to answer your question, the existence of SILN is indeed legal and has a legal basis. In fact, the National Accreditation Board for Schools and Madrasah (Islamic School) accredits SILN.[9]Nowadays, SILNs have been established in some large cities abroad, such as the Indonesian School in Kuala Lumpur and the Indonesian School in Singapore.As additional information, besides formal school at the primary and secondary levels, representatives or the Indonesians may organize early childhood education and non-formal education abroad,[10] subject to obtaining a license from the Ministry of Education and Culture in accordance with a proposal from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[11]Early childhood education comprises Kindergarten, Playgroup and Day-care.[12] Meanwhile, non-formal education includes courses and training, education and equality, and/or literacy education.[13]These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad;Reference:Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, accessed on 10 May 2021, at 22.15 West Indonesia Time (zone);Sekolah Indonesia Singapura, accessed on 10 May 2021, at 22.30 West Indonesia Time (zone).[1] Article 1 Number 2 Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad (“Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015”).[2] Article 4 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[3] Article 4 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[4] Article 5 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[5] Article 7 Section (1) and (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[6] Article 25 Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[7] Article 27 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[8] Article 28 Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[9] Article 5 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[10] Article 31 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[11] Article 31 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[12] Article 31 Section (4) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.[13] Article 31 Section (6) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015.Tagsklinik english edition
In some cities abroad, there are schools named after Sekolah Indonesia or Indonesian Schools. Are these schools abroad legal?
Regarding schools abroad, the Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad has stipulated Indonesian Schools Abroad (Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri/ "SILN"). SILN is an educational unit in the formal channel organized abroad, which may be organized by the government or the Indonesians (Indonesian society). Thus, it can be briefly concluded that SILN is a legal school according to the law. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/indonesian-schools-abroad-here-are-the-legal-basis-lt63d90c156121c/
Indonesian Schools Abroad, Here Are the Legal Basis
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri, Ini Dasar Hukumnya_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/sekolah-indonesia-di-luar-negeri-ini-dasar-hukumnya-lt609a142db422b?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=sekolah_indonesia) which was written by [**Saufa Ata Taqiyya, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/saufa-ata-taqiyya--sh-lt5f33b4569d68e) and was published on Tuesday, 11 May 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). In order to answer your question, we refer to [**Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt57e8a8c8a9cd7/peraturan-bersama-menteri-luar-negeri-dan-menteri-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-nomor-7--1-tahun-2015/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peraturan_bersama_menteri_7_1_2015) **(“Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015”)** which regulates **Indonesian Schools Abroad (Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri/ "SILN")**. SILN is an educational unit in the formal channel that is organized **abroad**,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) which can be organized by the government or the Indonesians (Indonesian society).[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) SILN is organized at the primary and secondary education levels[\[3\]](#_ftn3) and is implemented based on provisions of the national education system.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Although SILN students are **prioritized for Indonesian Citizens who live abroad**, it is possible for SILN to accept foreign students (foreign citizens) who meet the requirements.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Furthermore, the SILN academic calendar is determined by the Head of Diplomatic Representative and Consular Representative of the Republic of Indonesia ("Representative") by referring to the national education calendar and the provision on holidays that apply to the representative.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) In terms of funding and assets, SILNs, which are organized by the government, shall be borne by the budgets of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as other non-binding sources of funding in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Meanwhile, SILNs which are organized by Indonesians in the accreditation area of a representative are sourced from the founder of the organizer or education unit, community assistance, and other legitimate sources in accordance with the provisions of Indonesian laws and regulations, as well as the local state laws and regulations.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) In order to answer your question, **the existence of SILN is indeed legal and has a legal basis.** In fact, the National Accreditation Board for Schools and Madrasah (Islamic School) accredits SILN.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Nowadays, SILNs have been established in some large cities abroad, such as the [**Indonesian School in Kuala Lumpur**](http://sekolahindonesia.edu.my/web2/profil/) and the [**Indonesian School in Singapore**](https://sekolahindonesia.sg/). As additional information, besides formal school at the primary and secondary levels, representatives or the Indonesians may organize early childhood education and non-formal education abroad,[\[10\]](#_ftn10) subject to obtaining a license from the Ministry of Education and Culture in accordance with a proposal from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Early childhood education comprises Kindergarten, Playgroup and Day-care.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) Meanwhile, non-formal education includes courses and training, education and equality, and/or literacy education.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt57e8a8c8a9cd7/peraturan-bersama-menteri-luar-negeri-dan-menteri-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-nomor-7--1-tahun-2015/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peraturan_bersama_menteri_7_1_2015); Reference: 1. [Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur](http://sekolahindonesia.edu.my/web2/profil/), accessed on 10 May 2021, at 22.15 West Indonesia Time (zone); 2. [Sekolah Indonesia Singapura](http://sekolahindonesia.sg/), accessed on 10 May 2021, at 22.30 West Indonesia Time (zone). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Number 2 [Joint Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education and Culture Number 7, 1 of 2015 on the Management and Organization of Indonesian Education Abroad](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt57e8a8c8a9cd7/peraturan-bersama-menteri-luar-negeri-dan-menteri-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-nomor-7--1-tahun-2015/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peraturan_bersama_menteri_7_1_2015) (“Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 4 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 4 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 5 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 7 Section (1) and (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 25 Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 27 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 28 Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 5 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 31 Section (1) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 31 Section (2) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 31 Section (4) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Article 31 Section (6) Joint Ministerial Regulation 7,1/2015. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Bisakah Perjanjian Kawin yang Dibuat di LN Diberlakukan di Indonesia? which was written by Edward Renaldo, S.H. and was published on Friday, 27 August 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Prenuptial AgreementPrior to answering your question, let us first explain that a prenuptial agreement is a written agreement between a husband and wife, which is made before or during a marriage, as regulated by Article 29 Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage ("Law 1/1974") namely:At the time of or before the marriage, both parties with mutual consent may enter into a written agreement validated by the marriage registrar, after which its content shall also apply to the third party as long as the third party is involved.The agreement cannot be legalized/ validated if it violates law, religion, and decency.The agreement comes into force from the moment the marriage takes place.As long as the marriage takes place, the agreement cannot be changed, unless there is an agreement from both parties to change it and the change is not detrimental to the third party.The Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015 affirms that prenuptial agreements can be made at the time of, before, or during the marriage, and the prenuptial agreements can be legalized by a notary. In this decision, the Constitutional Court stated the followings (pp. 156 -157):Article 29 Section (1) Law 1/1974 has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as "At the time, before the marriage took place, or during the marriage bond, both parties with mutual consent may submit a written agreement which is legalized by the marriage registrar or notary, after which its content shall also apply to the third party as long as the third party is involved”;Article 29 Section (3) Law 1/1974 has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as "The agreement comes into force from the moment the marriage takes place unless otherwise specified in the prenuptial agreement”;Article 29 Section (4) Law 1/1974 has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as "During the marriage, the prenuptial agreement may be regarding marriage assets or other agreements, it cannot be changed or revoked, unless there is an agreement from both parties to change or revoke it, and the amendment or revocation is not detrimental to the third party”.Prenuptial Agreements that are Made AbroadBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas In order to answer your question, we assume that the prenuptial agreement you are inquiring about is drawn up in Germany according to German law. Meanwhile, the prenuptial agreements according to Law 1/1974 must be made in accordance with Indonesian law and must be validated by marriage registrars or notaries in Indonesia. Therefore, that prenuptial agreements that are made according to German law cannot be directly enforced or applied.In this regard, Giovanna Calista Fortunella in her research entitled The Validity of Prenuptial Agreements Made Abroad in the Perspective of International Private Law in essence, states that prenuptial agreements which are made abroad are invalid if they are not registered in the civil registry office and that the civil registry office will only conduct the registration if there is a stipulation from the District Court.Therefore, basically, prenuptial agreements which are made in Germany need to first obtain a stipulation from the District Court and then be registered in the civil registry office. However, it should also be noted that any documents which are drawn up abroad, if they are going to be used in Indonesia, for example, such as being used/submitted to certain government agencies, first need to be legalized at the local Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition to the Embassy, the legalization is also conducted at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. You can read the full explanation of this legalization in the article entitled Are Foreign Documents Needed to be Legalized at the Indonesian Embassy?In addition to the above methods, in our opinion, you can also draw up a new prenuptial agreement according to Indonesian law. You can read about the procedure for the registration of prenuptial agreements in Indonesia in the article entitled Prenuptial Agreements Which Are Not Registered in the Court, Are They Valid?Indonesian Citizens’ Right to Ownership of LandBasically, assets/properties acquired during the marriage become joint assets. As set out under Article 119 Indonesian Civil Code:From the moment the marriage takes place, then according to the law there are joint assets between husband and wife, as long as there are no other provisions in the prenuptial agreement. The joint assets, as long as the marriage is still ongoing/taking place, may not be abolished or changed with an agreement between husband and wife.Meanwhile, only Indonesian Citizens may own the right to land ownership as stipulated under Article 21 Section (1) Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles (“Law 5/1960”).Quoting the article entitled Land Ownership Status for Foreigners Who Have Become Indonesian Citizens, if an Indonesian Citizen is married to a foreigner, then there will be a mixture of assets, and the partner who has the status of a foreign citizen will also become the owner of the assets of the party whose status is Indonesian Citizen. Therefore, Indonesian Citizens who are engaged in a mixed marriage are not allowed to have any right to ownership of land. However, Indonesian Citizens who are engaged in mixed marriages may have the right to ownership of land, if the persons concerned have prenuptial agreements that regulate the segregation of assets.This is based on the stipulation that the prenuptial agreement allows husband and wife to deviate from the regulation on joint assets as long as it does not conflict with the laws and regulations as regulated in Article 139 Indonesian Civil Code, namely:By prenuptial agreement, the prospective husband and wife may deviate from the laws and regulations on joint assets, as long as it does not conflict with morals or general rules and the following provisions are also heeded."Therefore, it is necessary to separate marital assets between Indonesian Citizens and foreigners that are listed in the prenuptial agreement as described above so that Indonesian Citizens can still have the right to ownership of land.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Civil Code;Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles;Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage.Court Decision:Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015.Reference:Giovanna Calista Fortunella, Keabsahan Perjanjian Perkawinan yang Dibuat di Luar Negeri Ditinjau dari Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia, Thesis, Faculty of Law Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 2017.Tagsklinik english edition
Can a prenuptial agreement that is drawn up in Germany be applicable in Indonesia, especially in relation to the right of Indonesian Citizens to remain in possession of property with the status of ownership? If applicable, what procedures should be followed? Does it have to be legalized at the Indonesian Embassy where the marriage took place and does it have to be reported to the Civil Registry Office in Indonesia? Thank you in advance for your explanation.  
A prenuptial agreement is a written agreement between husband and wife that is made before or during marriage and is based on the provisions in Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage and its amendment and Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015. With the prenuptial agreement, which regulates the segregation of the assets of an Indonesian Citizen (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") and a foreign citizen (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA"), then the said Indonesian Citizen will still have the right to ownership of land. Hence, what if the prenuptial agreement is made abroad? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/is-foreign-prenuptial-agreement-made-abroad-applicable-in-indonesia--lt63d9092555229/
Is Foreign Prenuptial Agreement (made abroad) Applicable in Indonesia?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Bisakah Perjanjian Kawin yang Dibuat di LN Diberlakukan di Indonesia?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-perjanjian-kawin-yang-dibuat-di-ln-diberlakukan-di-indonesia-lt6087cac9d0840?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perjanjian_kawin_LN) which was written by [**Edward Renaldo, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lembaga-bantuan-hukum-mawar-saron-lt4ddc7a184bdfe/edward-renaldo--sh-lt600960fb947d5) and was published on Friday, 27 August 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Prenuptial Agreement** Prior to answering your question, let us first explain that a prenuptial agreement is a written agreement between a husband and wife, which is made before or during a marriage, as regulated by **Article 29** [**Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) **("Law 1/1974")** namely: 1. _At the time of or before the marriage, both parties with mutual consent may enter into a written agreement validated by the marriage registrar, after which its content shall also apply to the third party as long as the third party is involved._ 2. _The agreement cannot be legalized/ validated if it violates law, religion, and decency._ 3. _The agreement comes into force from the moment the marriage takes place._ 4. _As long as the marriage takes place, the agreement cannot be changed, unless there is an agreement from both parties to change it and the change is not detrimental to the third party._ The [**Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5818598634393/node/534/putusan-mk-no-69_puu-xiii_2015-tahun-2015-pengujian-undang-undang-nomor-5-tahun-1960-tentang-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria-dan-undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-1974-tentang-perkawinan?PH) affirms that prenuptial agreements can be made at the time of, before, or during the marriage, and the prenuptial agreements can be legalized by a notary. In this decision, the Constitutional Court stated the followings (pp. 156 -157): 1. **Article 29 Section (1) Law 1/1974** has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as _"At the time, before the marriage took place, or **during the marriage bond**, both parties with mutual consent may submit a written agreement which is legalized by the marriage registrar or notary, after which its content shall also apply to the third party as long as the third party is involved”;_ 2. **Article 29 Section (3) Law 1/1974** has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as _"The agreement comes into force from the moment the marriage takes place unless_ _otherwise specified in the prenuptial agreement”;_ 3. **Article 29 Section (4) Law 1/1974** has no legally binding force as long as it is not interpreted as _"During the marriage, the prenuptial agreement may be regarding marriage assets or other agreements, it cannot be changed or revoked, unless there is an agreement from both parties to change or revoke it, and the amendment or revocation is not detrimental to the third party”._ ### **Prenuptial Agreements that are Made Abroad** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) In order to answer your question, we assume that the prenuptial agreement you are inquiring about is drawn up in Germany according to German law. Meanwhile, the prenuptial agreements according to Law 1/1974 must be made in accordance with Indonesian law and must be validated by marriage registrars or notaries in Indonesia. Therefore, that prenuptial agreements that are made according to German law **cannot be directly enforced or applied**. In this regard, **Giovanna Calista Fortunella** in her research entitled _The Validity of Prenuptial Agreements Made Abroad in the Perspective of International Private Law_ in essence, states that prenuptial agreements which are made abroad are invalid if they are not registered in the civil registry office and that the civil registry office will only conduct the registration if there is a stipulation from the District Court. Therefore, basically, prenuptial agreements which are made in Germany need to first obtain a stipulation from the District Court and then be registered in the civil registry office. However, it should also be noted that any documents which are drawn up abroad, if they are going to be used in Indonesia, for example, such as being used/submitted to certain government agencies, **first need to be legalized** at the local **Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia**. In addition to the Embassy, the legalization is also conducted at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. You can read the full explanation of this legalization in the article entitled [**Are Foreign Documents Needed to be Legalized at the Indonesian Embassy?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt60053590761ab/perlukah-dokumen-asing-dilegalisasi-di-kbri-/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dokumen_asing_legalisasi_KBRI) In addition to the above methods, in our opinion, you can also draw up a new prenuptial agreement according to Indonesian law. You can read about the procedure for the registration of prenuptial agreements in Indonesia in the article entitled [**Prenuptial Agreements Which Are Not Registered in the Court, Are They Valid?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/sahkah-perjanjian-kawin-yang-tak-didaftarkan-ke-pengadilan-lt525dffe353c5e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=sahkah_perjanjian_kawin_tidak_didaftarkan) ### **Indonesian Citizens’ Right to Ownership of Land** Basically, assets/properties acquired during the marriage become joint assets. As set out under **Article 119** [**Indonesian Civil Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata): _From the moment the marriage takes place, then according to the law there are joint assets between husband and wife, as long as there are no other provisions in the prenuptial agreement. The joint assets, as long as the marriage is still ongoing/taking place, may not be abolished or changed with an agreement between husband and wife._ Meanwhile, **only** Indonesian Citizens may own the right to land ownership as stipulated under **Article 21 Section (1)** [**Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960) **(“Law 5/1960”)**. Quoting the article entitled [**Land Ownership Status for Foreigners Who Have Become Indonesian Citizens**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/ulasan/lt4c357b4ca47a7/status-kepemilikan-tanah-untuk-orang-asing-yang-telah-menjadi-wni?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=status_kepemilikan_tanah_wna_wni), if an Indonesian Citizen is married to a foreigner, then there will be a mixture of assets, and the partner who has the status of a foreign citizen will also become the owner of the assets of the party whose status is Indonesian Citizen. Therefore, **Indonesian Citizens who are engaged in a mixed marriage are not allowed to have any right to ownership of land**. However, Indonesian Citizens who are engaged in mixed marriages **may have the right to ownership of land**, if the persons concerned have prenuptial agreements that regulate the segregation of assets. This is based on the stipulation that the prenuptial agreement allows husband and wife to deviate from the regulation on joint assets as long as it does not conflict with the laws and regulations as regulated in **Article 139 Indonesian Civil Code**, namely: _By prenuptial agreement__, the prospective husband and wife may deviate from the laws and regulations on joint assets, as long as it does not conflict with morals or general rules and the following provisions are also heeded."_ Therefore, it is necessary to separate marital assets between Indonesian Citizens and foreigners that are listed in the prenuptial agreement as described above so that Indonesian Citizens can still have the right to ownership of land. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Civil Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata); 2. [Law Number 5 of 1960 on Fundamental Provisions on Agrarian Principles](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/249/nprt/6/uu-no-5-tahun-1960-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria#dokumen?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_1960); 3. [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) as amended by [Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019). Court Decision: [Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5818598634393/node/534/putusan-mk-no-69_puu-xiii_2015-tahun-2015-pengujian-undang-undang-nomor-5-tahun-1960-tentang-peraturan-dasar-pokok-pokok-agraria-dan-undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-1974-tentang-perkawinan?PH). Reference: Giovanna Calista Fortunella, _Keabsahan Perjanjian Perkawinan yang Dibuat di Luar Negeri Ditinjau dari Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia_, Thesis, Faculty of Law Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 2017. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITBisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat?23 Des 2022Hak-hak Tersangka, Terdakwa, dan Terpidana15 Nov 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Terdakwa Sopan, Bisakah Jadi Alasan Peringan Pidana?16 Des 2021Apakah terdakwa berhak didampingi penasihat hukum? Pada dasarnya terdakwa memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan pendampingan dari penasihat hukum berdasarkan Pasal 54 KUHAP yang berbunyi guna kepentingan pembelaan, tersangka atau terdakwa berhak mendapat bantuan hukum dari seorang atau lebih penasihat hukum selama dalam waktu dan pada setiap tingkat pemeriksaan, menurut tata cara yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang ini.Sedangkan pada Pasal 55 KUHAP berbunyi untuk mendapatkan penasihat hukum tersebut, tersangka atau terdakwa berhak memilih sendiri penasihat hukumnya. Artinya terdakwa berhak memilih penasihat hukum yang akan digunakan.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sehingga dalam proses peradilan, seorang terdakwa memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan pendampingan dari penasihat hukum. Kemudian menjawab pertanyaan Anda, mengapa terdakwa membutuhkan penasihat hukum? Kami uraikan alasannya sebagai berikut.Terdakwa mungkin mengalami tekanan emosional yang parah yang dapat mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan dan strategi menjalani persidangan. Keberadaan penasihat hukum dapat membantu terdakwa untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat dan objektif.Proses peradilan pidana itu rumit dan membutuhkan pengetahuan hukum yang baik untuk menjalaninya. Terdakwa perlu mempersiapkan diri secara optimal, sehingga peran penasihat hukum akan sangat membantunya.Terdakwa berhak memilih untuk tidak didampingi penasihat hukum, tetapi umumnya terdakwa disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan kembali pilihan itu. Sebab penasihat hukum memiliki peran tersendiri dalam proses peradilan.Baca juga: Alasan Hukum Mengapa Advokat Masih Membela Orang yang SalahHal ini juga berlaku demikian apabila seorang terdakwa juga seorang penasihat hukum atau advokat, ia disarankan untuk tetap menggunakan jasa penasihat hukum, karena menimbang posisi objektivitas terdakwa menjadi yang paling rendah sebagaimana disampaikan pendapat ahli hukum Belanda bernama Trapman dalam buku Posisi Berdiri Hakim Bagian 1 yang ditulis oleh Shidarta.Terkait pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana jika terdakwa menolak dan memilih menjadi penasihat hukum untuk dirinya sendiri, Anda dapat membaca ulasannya dalam Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat? Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana. REFERENSIPosisi Berdiri Hakim Bagian 1, yang diakses pada 31 Januari 2023, pukul 15.00 WIB.Tagsadvokatketerangan terdakwapenasihat hukumterdakwa
Mengapa terdakwa butuh penasihat hukum? Bagaimana jika terdakwa menolaknya karena ia sendiri seorang advokat? Mohon penjelasannya.
Ada beberapa hal yang menjadi pertimbangan alasan mengapa terdakwa dalam menjalani proses peradilan membutuhkan penasihat hukum. Hal ini mengingat pula bunyi ketentuan KUHAP bahwa terdakwa berhak mendapat bantuan hukum dari seorang atau lebih penasihat hukum selama dalam waktu dan pada setiap tingkat pemeriksaan.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat?23 Des 2022Hak-hak Tersangka, Terdakwa, dan Terpidana15 Nov 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Terdakwa Sopan, Bisakah Jadi Alasan Peringan Pidana?16 Des 2021Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat?23 Des 2022Hak-hak Tersangka, Terdakwa, dan Terpidana15 Nov 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Terdakwa Sopan, Bisakah Jadi Alasan Peringan Pidana?16 Des 2021Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/alasan-mengapa-terdakwa-butuh-penasihat-hukum-lt63d8f9529d020/
Alasan Mengapa Terdakwa Butuh Penasihat Hukum
pages/172/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat? ](/klinik/a/bisakah-terdakwa-mewakili-dirinya-sendiri-sebagai-advokat-cl4905/) ![Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl4905/thumbnail_lt63aa7da800ac2.jpg) 23 Des 2022 [ #### Hak-hak Tersangka, Terdakwa, dan Terpidana ](/klinik/a/hak-hak-tersangka-terdakwa-dan-terpidana-cl4236/) ![Hak-hak Tersangka, Terdakwa, dan Terpidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl4236/thumbnail_lt637583fba30bf.jpg) 15 Nov 2022 [ #### Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](/klinik/a/hak-terdakwa-atas-pembelaan-pledoi-dalam-sidang-pidana-lt6216925c94ec2/) ![Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6216925c94ec2/thumbnail_lt625ff8b3bdd17.jpg) 20 Apr 2022 [ #### Terdakwa Sopan, Bisakah Jadi Alasan Peringan Pidana? ](/klinik/a/terdakwa-sopan-bisakah-jadi-alasan-peringan-pidana-lt61baf87211bd2/) ![Terdakwa Sopan, Bisakah Jadi Alasan Peringan Pidana?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt61baf87211bd2/thumbnail_lt61bafab73d30f.jpg) 16 Des 2021 [](#!) Apakah terdakwa berhak didampingi penasihat hukum? Pada dasarnya terdakwa memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan pendampingan dari penasihat hukum berdasarkan **Pasal 54 [KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)** yang berbunyi guna kepentingan pembelaan, tersangka atau **terdakwa berhak mendapat bantuan hukum dari seorang atau lebih penasihat hukum** selama dalam waktu dan pada setiap tingkat pemeriksaan, menurut tata cara yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang ini. Sedangkan pada **Pasal 55 KUHAP** berbunyi untuk mendapatkan penasihat hukum tersebut, **tersangka atau terdakwa berhak memilih sendiri penasihat hukumnya**_._ Artinya terdakwa berhak memilih penasihat hukum yang akan digunakan. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sehingga dalam proses peradilan, seorang terdakwa memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan pendampingan dari penasihat hukum. Kemudian menjawab pertanyaan Anda, mengapa terdakwa membutuhkan penasihat hukum? Kami uraikan alasannya sebagai berikut. 1. Terdakwa mungkin mengalami tekanan emosional yang parah yang dapat mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan dan strategi menjalani persidangan. Keberadaan penasihat hukum dapat membantu terdakwa untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat dan objektif. 2. Proses peradilan pidana itu rumit dan membutuhkan pengetahuan hukum yang baik untuk menjalaninya. Terdakwa perlu mempersiapkan diri secara optimal, sehingga peran penasihat hukum akan sangat membantunya. 3. Terdakwa berhak memilih untuk tidak didampingi penasihat hukum, tetapi umumnya terdakwa disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan kembali pilihan itu. Sebab penasihat hukum memiliki peran tersendiri dalam proses peradilan. Baca juga: **[Alasan Hukum Mengapa Advokat Masih Membela Orang yang Salah](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/alasan-hukum-mengapa-advokat-masih-membela-orang-yang-salah-lt5c91df32d9fd5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bela_salah)** Hal ini juga berlaku demikian apabila seorang terdakwa juga seorang penasihat hukum atau advokat, ia disarankan untuk tetap menggunakan jasa penasihat hukum, karena menimbang posisi objektivitas terdakwa menjadi yang paling rendah sebagaimana disampaikan pendapat ahli hukum Belanda bernama **Trapman** dalam buku [Posisi Berdiri Hakim Bagian 1](https://business-law.binus.ac.id/2014/06/01/posisi-berdiri-hakim-bagian-1/) yang ditulis oleh **Shidarta**. Terkait pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana jika terdakwa menolak dan memilih menjadi penasihat hukum untuk dirinya sendiri, Anda dapat membaca ulasannya dalam **[Bisakah Terdakwa Mewakili Dirinya Sendiri sebagai Advokat?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-terdakwa-mewakili-dirinya-sendiri-sebagai-advokat-cl4905?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=terdakwa_advokat)** Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP). REFERENSI --------- [Posisi Berdiri Hakim Bagian 1](https://business-law.binus.ac.id/2014/06/01/posisi-berdiri-hakim-bagian-1/), yang diakses pada 31 Januari 2023, pukul 15.00 WIB. Tags ---- [advokat](/tag/advokat) [keterangan terdakwa](/tag/keterangan-terdakwa) [penasihat hukum](/tag/penasihat-hukum) [terdakwa](/tag/terdakwa)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.KLINIK TERKAITMengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya26 Jan 2023Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP24 Jan 2023Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhirandari artikel dengan judul Perbedaan 'Turut Melakukan' dengan 'Membantu Melakukan' Tindak Pidana yang dibuat oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 28 Juni 2013.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Turut Serta Melakukan dan Membantu MelakukanMengenai penyertaan dan pembantuan dalam tindak pidana, kami berasumsi bahwa yang Anda maksud adalah penyertaan sebagai turut serta melakukan dan pembantuan sebagai membantu melakukan.Ketentuan mengenai turut melakukan dan membantu melakukan dapat Anda lihat dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 sebagai berikut.KUHPUU 1/2023Turut Serta MelakukanPasal 55Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana: mereka yang melakukan, yang menyuruh melakukan, dan yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan;mereka yang dengan memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, dengan menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, dengan kekerasan, ancaman atau penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan, sengaja menganjurkan orang lain supaya melakukan perbuatan.Terhadap penganjur, hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dianjurkan sajalah yang diperhitungkan, beserta akibat-akibatnya.  Pasal 20 Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika:melakukan sendiri tindak pidana;melakukan tindak pidana dengan perantaraan alat atau menyuruh orang lain yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan;turut serta melakukan tindak pidana; ataumenggerakkan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana dengan cara memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, melakukan kekerasan, menggunakan ancaman kekerasan, melakukan penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan.Penjelasan Pasal 20Yang dimaksud "dengan perantaraan alat", misalnya remote control yang digunakan secara tidak langsung untuk melakukan tindak pidana. Dalam hal menyuruh melakukan, orang yang disuruh untuk melakukan tindak pidana tidak dipidana karena tidak ada unsur kesalahan.Yang dimaksud dengan "turut serta melakukan tindak pidana" adalah mereka yang bekerja sama secara sadar dan bersama-sama secara fisik melakukan tindak pidana, tetapi tidak semua orang yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana harus memenuhi semua unsur tindak pidana walaupun semua diancam dengan pidana yang sama. Dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana, perbuatan masing-masing orang yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan.Yang dimaksud dengan “menggerakan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana”, termasuk membujuk, menganjurkan, memancing, atau memikat orang lain dengan cara tertentu.Membantu MelakukanPasal 56Dipidana sebagai pembantu kejahatan:mereka yang sengaja memberi bantuan pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan;mereka yang sengaja memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan.Pasal 57Dalam hal pembantuan, maksimum pidana pokok terhadap kejahatan, dikurangi sepertiga.Jika kejahatan diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, dijatuhkan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Pidana tambahan bagi pembantuan sama dengan kejahatannya sendiri.Dalam menentukan pidana bagi pembantu, yang diperhitungkan hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dipermudah atau diperlancar olehnya, beserta akibat-akibatnya.Pasal 211. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pembantu tindak pidana jika dengan sengaja:a. memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; atau b. memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan.Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak berlaku untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana yang hanya diancam dengan pidana denda paling banyak kategori II, yaitu Rp10 juta.[2]Pidana untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana paling banyak 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan.Pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, dipidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Pidana tambahan untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana sama dengan pidana tambahan untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan.Penjelasan Pasal 21Ayat (1) a. Dalam ketentuan ini, pembantuan dilakukan sebelum dan sejak pelaksanaan tindak pidana dengan memberikan kesempatan, sarana, maupun keterangan.b. Dalam ketentuan ini, memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan hampir terdapat kesamaan dengan turut serta melakukan tindak pidana. Dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana terdapat kerja sama yang erat antarmereka yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana, tetapi dalam pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana, kerja sama antara pelaku tindak pidana dan orang yang membantu tidak seerat kerja sama dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana.  Perbedaan Turut Serta dan PembantuanApa perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan? R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal menjelaskan mengenai apa yang dimaksud dengan “orang yang turut melakukan” (medepleger). “Turut melakukan” dalam arti kata “bersama-sama melakukan”. Sedikit-dikitnya harus ada dua orang, ialah orang yang melakukan (pleger) dan orang yang turut melakukan (medepleger) peristiwa pidana. Di sini diminta bahwa kedua orang itu semuanya melakukan perbuatan pelaksanaan, jadi melakukan anasir atau elemen dari peristiwa tindak pidana itu.Tidak boleh misalnya hanya melakukan perbuatan persiapan saja atau perbuatan yang sifatnya hanya menolong, sebab jika demikian, maka orang yang menolong itu tidak masuk “medepleger” akan tetapi dihukum sebagai “membantu melakukan” (medeplichtige).R. Soesilo kemudian menjelaskan bahwa orang “membantu melakukan” jika ia sengaja memberikan bantuan tersebut, pada waktu atau sebelum kejahatan itu dilakukan. Bila bantuan itu diberikan sesudah kejahatan itu dilakukan, maka orang tersebut melakukan perbuatan “sekongkol” atau “tadah” atau menyembunyikan orang yang melakukan kejahatan atau menghalang-halangi penyidikan.Dalam membantu melakukan dikatakan bahwa elemen “sengaja” harus ada, sehingga orang yang secara kebetulan dengan tidak mengetahui telah memberikan kesempatan, daya upaya, atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan itu tidak dihukum. “Niat” untuk melakukan kejahatan itu harus timbul dari orang yang diberi bantuan, kesempatan, daya upaya atau keterangan itu. Jika niatnya itu timbul dari orang yang memberi bantuan sendiri, maka orang itu bersalah berbuat “membujuk melakukan” (uitlokking).Wirjono Prodjodikoro, dalam bukunya yang berjudul Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia (hal. 123), mengutip pendapat Hazewinkel-Suringa, Hoge Raad Belanda yang mengemukakan dua syarat bagi adanya turut melakukan tindak pidana, yaitu kerja sama yang disadari antara para turut pelaku, yang merupakan suatu kehendak bersama di antara mereka serta mereka harus bersama-sama melaksanakan kehendak itu.Lebih lanjut, Wirjono (hal. 126-127) menjelaskan mengenai perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan atau membantu melakukan. Menurutnya, berdasarkan teori subjektivitas, ada 2 ukuran yang dipergunakan yaitu sebagai berikut.Wujud kesengajaan pelakuSoal kehendak si pelaku untuk benar-benar turut melakukan tindak pidana atau hanya untuk memberikan bantuan; atauSoal kehendak si pelaku untuk benar-benar mencapai akibat yang merupakan unsur dari tindak pidana atau hanya turut berbuat atau membantu apabila pelaku utama menghendakinya. Kepentingan dan tujuan pelakuApabila si pelaku ada kepentingan sendiri atau tujuan sendiri, atau hanya membantu untuk memenuhi kepentingan atau untuk mencapai tujuan dari pelaku utama.Jadi berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan. Dalam “turut serta melakukan” ada kerja sama yang disadari antara para pelaku dan mereka bersama-sama melaksanakan kehendak tersebut, para pelaku memiliki tujuan dalam melakukan tindak pidana tersebut. Sedangkan dalam “membantu melakukan” atau “pembantuan”, kehendak dari orang yang membantu melakukan hanyalah untuk membantu pelaku utama mencapai tujuannya, tanpa memiliki tujuan sendiri.Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan tindak pidana, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaREFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991;Wirjono Prodjodikoro. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, 2003.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023Tagskuhpkuhp baruturut serta
Apa perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan?
Ketentuan mengenai “turut serta melakukan” dan “pembantuan” atau “membantu melakukan” telah diatur dalam pasal tersendiri pada KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026. Apa perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya26 Jan 2023Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP24 Jan 2023Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Mengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya26 Jan 2023Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP24 Jan 2023Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbedaan-turut-serta-dan-pembantuan-tindak-pidana-lt519a34bca3574/
Perbedaan Turut Serta dan Pembantuan Tindak Pidana
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya ](/klinik/a/mengenal-unsur-tindak-pidana-dan-syarat-pemenuhannya-lt5236f79d8e4b4/) ![Mengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5236f79d8e4b4/thumbnail_lt63d210fa60343.jpg) 26 Jan 2023 [ #### Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP ](/klinik/a/jenis-jenis-hukuman-pidana-dalam-kuhp-cl194/) ![Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl194/thumbnail_lt63cfe231cbc23.jpg) 24 Jan 2023 [ #### Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup ](/klinik/a/pidana-penjara-seumur-hidup-lt4c16084b884be/) ![Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4c16084b884be/thumbnail_lt63ca632a61dad.jpg) 20 Jan 2023 [ #### Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana? ](/klinik/a/berapa-lama-masa-daluwarsa-penuntutan-dan-menjalankan-pidana-lt508bea49075e3/) ![Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt508bea49075e3/thumbnail_lt63c772793fca9.jpg) 18 Jan 2023 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran****dari artikel dengan judul** **_Perbedaan 'Turut Melakukan' dengan 'Membantu Melakukan' Tindak Pidana_** **yang dibuat oleh** [**Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan** **pada Jumat, 28 Juni 2013****.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** **Turut Serta Melakukan dan Membantu Melakukan** Mengenai penyertaan dan pembantuan dalam tindak pidana, kami berasumsi bahwa yang Anda maksud adalah penyertaan sebagai **turut serta melakukan** dan pembantuan sebagai **membantu melakukan**. Ketentuan mengenai turut melakukan dan membantu melakukan dapat Anda lihat dalam [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) **yang lama yang masih berlaku** pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 sebagai berikut. **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Turut Serta Melakukan** **Pasal 55** 1. Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana: 1. mereka yang melakukan, yang menyuruh melakukan, dan yang **turut serta** **melakukan perbuatan**; 2. mereka yang dengan memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, dengan menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, dengan kekerasan, ancaman atau penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan, sengaja menganjurkan orang lain supaya melakukan perbuatan. 2. Terhadap penganjur, hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dianjurkan sajalah yang diperhitungkan, beserta akibat-akibatnya. **Pasal 20** Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika: 1. melakukan sendiri tindak pidana; 2. melakukan tindak pidana dengan perantaraan alat atau menyuruh orang lain yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan; 3. **turut serta melakukan tindak pidana**; atau 4. menggerakkan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana dengan cara memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, melakukan kekerasan, menggunakan ancaman kekerasan, melakukan penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan. **Penjelasan Pasal 20** 2. Yang dimaksud "dengan perantaraan alat", misalnya _remote_ _co__ntrol_ yang digunakan secara tidak langsung untuk melakukan tindak pidana. Dalam hal menyuruh melakukan, orang yang disuruh untuk melakukan tindak pidana tidak dipidana karena tidak ada unsur kesalahan. 3. Yang dimaksud dengan "turut serta melakukan tindak pidana" adalah **mereka yang bekerja sama secara sadar dan bersama-sama secara fisik melakukan tindak pidana**, tetapi tidak semua orang yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana harus memenuhi semua unsur tindak pidana walaupun semua diancam dengan pidana yang sama. Dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana, perbuatan masing-masing orang yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan. 4. Yang dimaksud dengan “menggerakan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana”, termasuk membujuk, menganjurkan, memancing, atau memikat orang lain dengan cara tertentu. **Membantu Melakukan** **Pasal 56** Dipidana sebagai **pembantu kejahatan**: 1. mereka yang sengaja memberi bantuan pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan; 2. mereka yang sengaja memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan. **Pasal 57** 1. Dalam hal pembantuan, maksimum pidana pokok terhadap kejahatan, dikurangi sepertiga. 2. Jika kejahatan diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, dijatuhkan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. 3. Pidana tambahan bagi pembantuan sama dengan kejahatannya sendiri. 4. Dalam menentukan pidana bagi pembantu, yang diperhitungkan hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dipermudah atau diperlancar olehnya, beserta akibat-akibatnya. **Pasal 21** 1\. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai **pembantu tindak pidana** jika dengan sengaja: a. memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; atau  b. memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan. 2. Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak berlaku untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana yang hanya diancam dengan pidana denda paling banyak kategori II, yaitu Rp10 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 3. Pidana untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana paling banyak 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan. 4. Pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, dipidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. 5. Pidana tambahan untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana sama dengan pidana tambahan untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan. **Penjelasan Pasal 21** Ayat (1) a. Dalam ketentuan ini, pembantuan dilakukan sebelum dan sejak pelaksanaan tindak pidana dengan memberikan kesempatan, sarana, maupun keterangan. b. Dalam ketentuan ini, memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan hampir terdapat kesamaan dengan turut serta melakukan tindak pidana. Dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana terdapat kerja sama yang erat antarmereka yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana, tetapi dalam pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana, kerja sama antara pelaku tindak pidana dan orang yang membantu tidak seerat kerja sama dalam turut serta melakukan tindak pidana.   ### **Perbedaan Turut Serta dan Pembantuan** Apa perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan? **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ menjelaskan mengenai apa yang dimaksud dengan “**orang yang turut melakukan” (_medepleger_)**. “Turut melakukan” dalam arti kata “**bersama-sama melakukan**”. Sedikit-dikitnya **harus ada dua orang**, ialah orang yang melakukan (**_pleger_**) dan orang yang turut melakukan (**_medepleger_**) peristiwa pidana. Di sini diminta bahwa kedua orang itu semuanya melakukan perbuatan pelaksanaan, jadi melakukan anasir atau elemen dari peristiwa tindak pidana itu. Tidak boleh misalnya hanya melakukan perbuatan persiapan saja atau perbuatan yang sifatnya hanya menolong, sebab jika demikian, maka orang yang menolong itu tidak masuk “_medepleger_” akan tetapi dihukum sebagai “membantu melakukan” (_medeplichtige_). R. Soesilo kemudian menjelaskan bahwa orang “**membantu melakukan**” jika ia sengaja memberikan bantuan tersebut, **pada waktu atau sebelum** kejahatan itu dilakukan. Bila bantuan itu diberikan sesudah kejahatan itu dilakukan, maka orang tersebut melakukan perbuatan “sekongkol” atau “tadah” atau menyembunyikan orang yang melakukan kejahatan atau menghalang-halangi penyidikan. Dalam membantu melakukan dikatakan bahwa elemen “**sengaja**” harus ada, sehingga orang yang secara kebetulan dengan tidak mengetahui telah memberikan kesempatan, daya upaya, atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan itu tidak dihukum. “Niat” untuk melakukan kejahatan itu harus timbul dari orang yang diberi bantuan, kesempatan, daya upaya atau keterangan itu. Jika niatnya itu timbul dari orang yang memberi bantuan sendiri, maka orang itu bersalah berbuat “membujuk melakukan” (_uitlokking_). **Wirjono Prodjodikoro**, dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia_ (hal. 123), mengutip pendapat **Hazewinkel-Suringa**, _Hoge Raad_ Belanda yang mengemukakan dua syarat bagi adanya turut melakukan tindak pidana, yaitu kerja sama yang disadari antara para turut pelaku, yang merupakan suatu kehendak bersama di antara mereka serta mereka harus bersama-sama melaksanakan kehendak itu. Lebih lanjut, Wirjono (hal. 126-127) menjelaskan mengenai perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan atau membantu melakukan. Menurutnya, berdasarkan teori subjektivitas, ada 2 ukuran yang dipergunakan yaitu sebagai berikut. 1. **Wujud kesengajaan** **pelaku** 1. Soal kehendak si pelaku untuk benar-benar turut melakukan tindak pidana atau hanya untuk memberikan bantuan; atau 2. Soal kehendak si pelaku untuk benar-benar mencapai akibat yang merupakan unsur dari tindak pidana atau hanya turut berbuat atau membantu apabila pelaku utama menghendakinya. 2. **Kepentingan dan tujuan pelaku** Apabila si pelaku ada kepentingan sendiri atau tujuan sendiri, atau hanya membantu untuk memenuhi kepentingan atau untuk mencapai tujuan dari pelaku utama. Jadi berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan. Dalam “turut serta melakukan” ada kerja sama yang disadari antara para pelaku dan mereka bersama-sama melaksanakan kehendak tersebut, para pelaku memiliki tujuan dalam melakukan tindak pidana tersebut. Sedangkan dalam “membantu melakukan” atau “pembantuan”, kehendak dari orang yang membantu melakukan hanyalah untuk membantu pelaku utama mencapai tujuannya, tanpa memiliki tujuan sendiri. Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait perbedaan turut serta dan pembantuan tindak pidana, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- 1. R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991; 2. Wirjono Prodjodikoro. _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia_. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, 2003. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [turut serta](/tag/turut-serta)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Upah Minimum yang Berlaku bagi Pekerja Jarak JauhKLINIK TERKAITMau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 20233 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial20 Okt 2022Berkembangnya teknologi informasi dan pasca terjadinya pandemi COVID-19, banyak pekerjaan yang tidak hanya dilakukan di dalam kantor, tetapi juga work from home atau lebih sering disebut dengan kerja remote atau remote working. Apa yang dimaksud dengan remote working? Remote working adalah bekerja dengan kontrol kerja jarak jauh yang pelaksanaan kerjanya dapat dilakukan dimana saja.Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sepanjang penelusuran kami di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan terkait ketenagakerjaan, belum ada ketentuan secara tersurat dan terperinci mengenai upah minimum manakah yang berlaku bagi karyawan yang bekerja jarak jauh (remote working), apakah upah minimum tempat perusahaan berada atau tempat keberadaan pekerja.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, misalnya dalam PP Pengupahan, pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum.[1] Upah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yaitu upah tanpa tunjangan atau upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.[2] Selanjutnya, upah minimum terdiri atas Upah Minimum Provinsi (“UMP”) dan Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota (“UMK”) dengan syarat tertentu, yang ditetapkan berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan.[3]Baca juga: Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?Hal ini juga ditegaskan dalam Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88C ayat (4) dan (5) UU Ketenagakerjaan yang menyatakan bahwa upah minimum ditetapkan berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan berdasarkan data dari lembaga yang berwenang di bidang statistik.Akan tetapi, baik dalam Perppu Cipta Kerja maupun PP Pengupahan, tidak disebutkan secara tegas upah minimum manakah yang berlaku. Selain itu, juga tidak diatur secara tegas mengenai penentuan upah minimum berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan tersebut didasarkan pada lokasi perusahaan berada atau lokasi pekerja berada.Kami berpendapat, dalam menentukan aturan upah minimum mana yang berlaku bagi karyawan yang kerja jarak jauh ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pengusaha dengan pekerja yang dibuat ke dalam suatu perjanjian kerja.Namun demikian, perlu Anda ketahui bahwa upah minimum hanya berlaku bagi pekerja dengan masa kerja kurang dari 1 tahun. Sementara, bagi pekerja yang masa kerjanya 1 tahun atau lebih maka berpedoman pada struktur dan skala upah.[4] Maka, jika Anda sudah bekerja lebih dari 1 tahun, pemberian upah tidak lagi berdasarkan pada upah minimum, melainkan berdasarkan pada struktur dan skala upah yang ditetapkan oleh perusahaan tempat Anda bekerja.Baca juga: Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal IniLangkah yang Dapat DitempuhJika penentuan upah yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan dirasa merugikan, maka Anda selaku pekerja dapat melakukan upaya hukum.Perselisihan mengenai penentuan upah termasuk ke dalam perselisihan hubungan industrial, sebagaimana diatur di dalam UU PPHI. Anda dapat mengajukan gugatan perselisihan kepentingan, yang timbul dalam hubungan kerja karena tidak adanya kesesuaian pendapat mengenai pembuatan, dan atau perubahan syarat-syarat kerja yang ditetapkan dalam perjanjian kerja, atau peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama.[5]Namun sebelum mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial, Anda terlebih dahulu melakukan perundingan bipartit dan tripartit. Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam artikel 3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial.  Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanUndang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2004 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan IndustrialPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan[1] Pasal 23 ayat (3) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan (“PP Pengupahan”)[2] Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan[3] Pasal 25 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) PP Pengupahan[4] Pasal 24 PP Pengupahan[5] Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2004 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan IndustrialTagscipta kerjakarier hukumprofesi hukumupah minimumuu ketenagakerjaan
Saya bekerja di perusahaan yang lokasinya di Jakarta. Sifat pekerjaan saya remote working dan saya ditugaskan serta tinggal di Yogyakarta. Tidak ada kantor cabang di Jogja. Akan tetapi, gaji saya mengikuti UMP Jogja dan tidak ikut UMP Jakarta. Masalahnya UMP Jogja kecil dan saya merasa dirugikan. Bagaimana aturan gaji karyawan yang bekerja secara remote seperti saya? Apakah mengikuti UMP tempat perusahaan saya berada atau ikut UMP tempat saya tinggal dan bekerja?
Seiring berkembangnya teknologi dan pasca pandemi COVID-19, kerja jarak jauh atau remote working banyak diadopsi oleh perusahaan atau pengusaha. Pada model kerja konvensional dimana karyawan bekerja di kantor, sistem upah disesuaikan dengan upah minimum di lokasi perusahaan. Namun, dalam model kerja jarak jauh atau remote working upah minimum manakah yang berlaku? Apakah berdasarkan lokasi perusahaan atau lokasi pekerjanya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 20233 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial20 Okt 2022Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 20233 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial20 Okt 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bekerja-jarak-jauh-upah-minimum-mana-yang-berlaku-lt63d8d0be2a0f2/
Bekerja Jarak Jauh, Upah Minimum Mana yang Berlaku?
pages/172/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Upah Minimum yang Berlaku bagi Pekerja Jarak Jauh** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini ](/klinik/a/struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6087/) ![Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl6087/thumbnail_lt63d7786d2606f.jpg) 30 Jan 2023 [ #### Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78/) ![Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt505177cc6bf78/thumbnail_lt63d38b2f4f054.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### 4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya ](/klinik/a/4-komponen-upah-karyawan-dan-rumus-hitungnya-lt4d6724306ddc7/) ![4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4d6724306ddc7/thumbnail_lt63d21bddc4da2.jpg) 26 Jan 2023 [ #### 3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial ](/klinik/a/3-mekanisme-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial-lt4b82643d06be9/) ![3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4b82643d06be9/thumbnail_lt63511d82acd57.jpg) 20 Okt 2022 [](#!) Berkembangnya teknologi informasi dan pasca terjadinya pandemi COVID-19, banyak pekerjaan yang tidak hanya dilakukan di dalam kantor, tetapi juga _work from home_ atau lebih sering disebut dengan kerja _remote_ atau _remote working_. Apa yang dimaksud dengan _remote working_? _Remote working_ adalah bekerja dengan kontrol kerja jarak jauh yang pelaksanaan kerjanya dapat dilakukan dimana saja. Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sepanjang penelusuran kami di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan terkait ketenagakerjaan, belum ada ketentuan secara tersurat dan terperinci mengenai [upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) minimum manakah yang berlaku bagi karyawan yang bekerja jarak jauh (_remote working_), apakah upah minimum tempat perusahaan berada atau tempat keberadaan pekerja. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, misalnya dalam **[PP Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021)**, pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Upah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yaitu upah tanpa tunjangan atau upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Selanjutnya, upah minimum terdiri atas Upah Minimum Provinsi (“UMP”) dan Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota (“UMK”) dengan syarat tertentu, yang ditetapkan berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Baca juga: **[Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mana-yang-jadi-acuan-ump-atau-umk-lt51209025aacaf?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UMP_UMK)** Hal ini juga ditegaskan dalam **Pasal 81 angka 28 [Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** yang memuat baru **Pasal 88C ayat (4) dan (5) [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003)** yang menyatakan bahwa upah minimum ditetapkan berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan berdasarkan data dari lembaga yang berwenang di bidang statistik. Akan tetapi, baik dalam Perppu Cipta Kerja maupun PP Pengupahan, tidak disebutkan secara tegas upah minimum manakah yang berlaku. Selain itu, juga tidak diatur secara tegas mengenai penentuan upah minimum berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan tersebut didasarkan pada lokasi perusahaan berada atau lokasi pekerja berada. Kami berpendapat, dalam menentukan aturan upah minimum mana yang berlaku bagi karyawan yang kerja jarak jauh **ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pengusaha dengan pekerja yang dibuat ke dalam suatu [perjanjian kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama)**. Namun demikian, perlu Anda ketahui bahwa upah minimum hanya berlaku bagi pekerja dengan masa kerja kurang dari 1 tahun. Sementara, bagi pekerja yang masa kerjanya 1 tahun atau lebih maka berpedoman pada struktur dan skala upah.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Maka, jika Anda sudah bekerja lebih dari 1 tahun, pemberian upah tidak lagi berdasarkan pada upah minimum, melainkan berdasarkan pada struktur dan skala upah yang ditetapkan oleh perusahaan tempat Anda bekerja. Baca juga: **[Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6087?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=struktur_dan_skala_upah)** ### **Langkah yang Dapat Ditempuh** Jika penentuan upah yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan dirasa merugikan, maka Anda selaku pekerja dapat melakukan upaya hukum. Perselisihan mengenai penentuan upah termasuk ke dalam perselisihan hubungan industrial, sebagaimana diatur di dalam **[UU PPHI](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/node/166/uu-no-2-tahun-2004-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004)**. Anda dapat mengajukan gugatan **perselisihan kepentingan**, yang timbul dalam hubungan kerja karena tidak adanya kesesuaian pendapat mengenai pembuatan, dan atau perubahan syarat-syarat kerja yang ditetapkan dalam perjanjian kerja, atau peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Namun sebelum mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial, Anda terlebih dahulu melakukan perundingan bipartit dan tripartit. Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam artikel **[3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/3-mekanisme-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial-lt4b82643d06be9?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_mekanisme_penyelesaian)**.   Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2004 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/node/166/uu-no-2-tahun-2004-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 23 ayat (3) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan](Peraturan%20Pemerintah%20Nomor%2036%20Tahun%202021%20tentang%20Pengupahan%20\(“PP%20Pengupahan”\)) (“PP Pengupahan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 25 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) PP Pengupahan [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 24 PP Pengupahan [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 1 angka 3 [Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2004 tentang Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17858/node/166/uu-no-2-tahun-2004-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2004) Tags ---- [cipta kerja](/tag/cipta-kerja) [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [upah minimum](/tag/upah-minimum) [uu ketenagakerjaan](/tag/uu-ketenagakerjaan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITMau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Macam-macam Sistem Upah di IndonesiaBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa terdapat dua jenis sistem upah di Indonesia menurut Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88B ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan yaitu upah dapat ditetapkan berdasarkan satuan waktu dan/atau satuan hasil.Secara teknis, sistem upah tersebut diatur di dalam PP Pengupahan yang uraiannya sebagai berikut.Upah berdasarkan satuan waktu ditetapkan secara per jam, harian, atau bulanan.[1]Khusus untuk upah per jam, diperuntukkan bagi pekerja/buruh paruh waktu, yang dibayarkan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja dan pengusaha. Perlu dicatat bahwa kesepakatan upah per jam tersebut tidak boleh lebih rendah dari perhitungan formula upah per jam.[2] Upah berdasarkan satuan hasil ditetapkan sesuai dengan hasil pekerjaan yang telah disepakati.[3]Selanjutnya, upah tersebut dapat dibayarkan dengan cara harian, mingguan, atau bulanan sesuai dengan yang telah diperjanjikan oleh pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh.[4] Formula Perhitungan UpahUpah per Jam[5]Upah per jam = Angka penyebut dalam formula ini dapat dilakukan peninjauan apabila terjadi perubahan median jam pekerja/buruh paruh waktu secara signifikan, dengan mempertimbangkan hasil kajian dari dewan pengupahan nasional. Upah Harian[6]sistem waktu kerja 6 hari dalam seminggu:  sistem waktu kerja 5 hari dalam seminggu:  Upah BulananMengenai upah bulanan, dalam peraturan perundang-undangan diatur bahwa upah bulanan terendah ditetapkan berdasarkan upah minimum yaitu upah tanpa tunjangan atau upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.[7] Upah Berdasarkan Satuan HasilBerdasarkan hasil kesepakatan antara pekerja/buruh dengan pengusaha sesuai dengan hasil pekerjaan yang disepakati.[8] Untuk pemenuhan kewajiban pengusaha kepada pekerja/buruh seperti THR keagamaan, upah lembur, uang pesangon, uang penghargaan masa kerja, dan upah karena sakit, serta iuran dan manfaat jaminan sosial, maka penentuan upah sebulan berdasarkan satuan hasil, ditetapkan berdasarkan upah rata-rata 12 bulan terakhir yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh.[9] Hal-hal yang Perlu Diperhatikan dalam Memberikan UpahDalam hal membayarkan upah, baik secara harian, mingguan, ataupun bulanan harus memperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:[10]Setiap pekerja berhak dapat upah yang sama untuk pekerjaan yang sama nilainya.Upah wajib dibayarkan sesuai dengan kesepakatan.Upah yang ditetapkan sesuai kesepakatan tidak boleh lebih rendah dari ketentuan pengupahan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Jika lebih rendah, maka kesepakatan tersebut batal demi hukum dan upah dibayarkan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.Pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum.Upah tidak boleh terlambat dibayarkan.Baca juga: Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, pada dasarnya dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dibolehkan dan sah apabila pengusaha/pemberi kerja membayarkan dan mendasarkan perhitungan upah secara harian kepada pekerja/buruh. Sepanjang, pemberian upah tersebut sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, misalnya berdasarkan kesepakatan, formula perhitungan, dan tidak lebih rendah dari upah minimum. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan[1] Pasal 15 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan (“PP Pengupahan”)[2] Pasal 16 ayat (1), (2), dan (3) PP Pengupahan[3] Pasal 18 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan[4] Pasal 55 ayat (1) dan (3) PP Pengupahan[5] Pasal 16 ayat (4), (5), dan (6) PP Pengupahan[6] Pasal 17 PP Pengupahan[7] Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan[8] Pasal 18 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan[9] Pasal 19 PP Pengupahan dan penjelasannya[10] Pasal 81 angka 28 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88A ayat (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan dan Pasal 23 ayat (3) PP PengupahanTagshukum ketenagakerjaankaryawanpengupahanpp pengupahanstruktur dan skala upah
Saya bekerja di sebuah perusahaan, yang upahnya dihitung dan dibayarkan secara harian. Saya kira saya akan dibayar bulanan seperti orang-orang pada umumnya. Memangnya boleh/sah ya, diupah secara harian menurut hukum? Lantas bagaimana penghitungannya yang benar? Mohon pencerahannya.
Benar bahwa upah dapat diberikan berdasarkan perhitungan dan dibayarkan secara harian menurut peraturan perundang-undangan. Hal ini berdasarkan pada ketentuan penetapan upah berdasarkan satuan waktu dan/atau satuan hasil. Bagaimana penjelasannya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini30 Jan 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/2-macam-sistem-upah-lt63d8b7836dd91/
2 Macam Sistem Upah di Indonesia dan Formula Penghitungannya
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini ](/klinik/a/struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6087/) ![Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl6087/thumbnail_lt63d7786d2606f.jpg) 30 Jan 2023 [ #### Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78/) ![Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt505177cc6bf78/thumbnail_lt63d38b2f4f054.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### 4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya ](/klinik/a/4-komponen-upah-karyawan-dan-rumus-hitungnya-lt4d6724306ddc7/) ![4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4d6724306ddc7/thumbnail_lt63d21bddc4da2.jpg) 26 Jan 2023 [ #### Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya ](/klinik/a/bingung-hitung-upah-lembur-ini-rumusnya-lt4b7e3965556d3/) ![Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4b7e3965556d3/thumbnail_lt63d10d9db5168.jpg) 25 Jan 2023 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Macam-macam Sistem Upah di Indonesia** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa terdapat dua jenis sistem [upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) di Indonesia menurut **Pasal 81 angka 28** [**Perppu Cipta Kerja**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) **yang memuat baru** **Pasal 88B ayat (1)** [**UU Ketenagakerjaan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) yaitu upah dapat ditetapkan berdasarkan satuan waktu dan/atau satuan hasil. Secara teknis, sistem upah tersebut diatur di dalam [**PP Pengupahan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) yang uraiannya sebagai berikut. 1. **Upah berdasarkan satuan waktu** ditetapkan secara per jam, harian, atau bulanan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Khusus untuk **upah per jam**, diperuntukkan bagi pekerja/buruh **paruh waktu**, yang dibayarkan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja dan pengusaha. Perlu dicatat bahwa kesepakatan upah per jam tersebut tidak boleh lebih rendah dari perhitungan formula upah per jam.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 2. **Upah berdasarkan satuan hasil** ditetapkan sesuai dengan hasil pekerjaan yang telah disepakati.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Selanjutnya, upah tersebut dapat dibayarkan dengan cara harian, mingguan, atau bulanan sesuai dengan yang telah diperjanjikan oleh pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **Formula Perhitungan Upah** 1. **Upah per Jam**[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Upah per jam = ![](data:image/png;base64,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) Angka penyebut dalam formula ini dapat dilakukan peninjauan apabila terjadi perubahan median jam pekerja/buruh paruh waktu secara signifikan, dengan mempertimbangkan hasil kajian dari dewan pengupahan nasional. 2. **Upah Harian**[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. sistem waktu kerja 6 hari dalam seminggu: ![](data:image/png;base64,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)   2. sistem waktu kerja 5 hari dalam seminggu: ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 3. **Upah Bulanan** Mengenai upah bulanan, dalam peraturan perundang-undangan diatur bahwa upah bulanan terendah ditetapkan berdasarkan upah minimum yaitu upah tanpa tunjangan atau upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 4. **Upah Berdasarkan Satuan Hasil** Berdasarkan hasil kesepakatan antara pekerja/buruh dengan pengusaha sesuai dengan hasil pekerjaan yang disepakati.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Untuk pemenuhan kewajiban pengusaha kepada pekerja/buruh seperti THR keagamaan, upah lembur, uang pesangon, uang penghargaan masa kerja, dan upah karena sakit, serta iuran dan manfaat jaminan sosial, maka penentuan upah sebulan berdasarkan satuan hasil, ditetapkan berdasarkan upah rata-rata 12 bulan terakhir yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) ### **Hal-hal yang Perlu Diperhatikan dalam Memberikan Upah** Dalam hal membayarkan upah, baik secara harian, mingguan, ataupun bulanan harus memperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:[\[10\]](#_ftn10) 1. Setiap pekerja berhak dapat upah yang sama untuk pekerjaan yang sama nilainya. 2. Upah wajib dibayarkan sesuai dengan kesepakatan. 3. Upah yang ditetapkan sesuai kesepakatan tidak boleh lebih rendah dari ketentuan pengupahan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Jika lebih rendah, maka kesepakatan tersebut batal demi hukum dan upah dibayarkan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. 4. Pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum. 5. Upah tidak boleh terlambat dibayarkan. Baca juga: [**Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=upah_pokok_dibawah_UM) Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, pada dasarnya dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dibolehkan dan sah apabila pengusaha/pemberi kerja membayarkan dan mendasarkan perhitungan upah secara harian kepada pekerja/buruh. Sepanjang, pemberian upah tersebut sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, misalnya berdasarkan kesepakatan, formula perhitungan, dan tidak lebih rendah dari upah minimum. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 15 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) (“PP Pengupahan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 16 ayat (1), (2), dan (3) PP Pengupahan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 18 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 55 ayat (1) dan (3) PP Pengupahan [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 16 ayat (4), (5), dan (6) PP Pengupahan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 17 PP Pengupahan [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 18 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 19 PP Pengupahan dan penjelasannya [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 81 angka 28 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) yang memuat baru Pasal 88A ayat (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) dan Pasal 23 ayat (3) PP Pengupahan Tags ---- [hukum ketenagakerjaan](/tag/hukum-ketenagakerjaan) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [pengupahan](/tag/pengupahan) [pp pengupahan](/tag/pp-pengupahan) [struktur dan skala upah](/tag/struktur-dan-skala-upah)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Dapatkah Konsultan Hukum Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia? yang dibuat oleh Bimo Prasetio, S.H. & Pamela Permatasari, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 19 Agustus 2013 kemudian dimutakhirkan pada Rabu, 28 Oktober 2020 oleh Erizka Permatasari, S.H.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami akan menyesuaikan istilah yang digunakan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, yaitu antara lain dengan menyebut konsultan hukum sebagai advokat, dan law firm sebagai kantor advokat/kantor hukum.Ketentuan Advokat Asing di IndonesiaSebelum membahas mengenai advokat asing, perlu kami sampaikan terlebih dahulu mengenai ketentuan menjadi advokat di Indonesia. Berdasarkan bunyi Pasal 1 angka 1 UU Advokat, advokat adalah orang yang berprofesi memberi jasa hukum, baik di dalam maupun di luar pengadilan yang memenuhi persyaratan.Jasa hukum yang diberikan oleh advokat berupa konsultasi hukum, bantuan hukum, menjalankan kuasa, mewakili, mendampingi, membela dan melakukan tindakan hukum lain untuk kepentingan hukum klien.[1]Untuk dapat menjadi seorang advokat, seseorang harus memiliki gelar sarjana berlatar belakang pendidikan tinggi hukum dan telah mengikuti pendidikan khusus profesi advokat (“PKPA”) yang diselenggarakan oleh organisasi advokat bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi yang fakultas hukumnya minimal terakreditasi B atau sekolah tinggi hukum yang minimal terakreditasi B.[2]Sementara, advokat asing adalah advokat berkewarganegaraan asing yang menjalankan profesinya di wilayah negara Republik Indonesia berdasarkan persyaratan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[3]Pasal 23 ayat (2) UU Advokat dan Pasal 2 ayat (1) Permenkumham 26/2017 memperbolehkan advokat asing untuk bekerja sebagai karyawan atau tenaga ahli dalam bidang hukum asing pada kantor advokat Indonesia.Bidang hukum asing yang dimaksud yaitu hukum dari negara asalnya atau hukum internasional di bidang bisnis dan arbitrase serta penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan lainnya.[4]Untuk dapat mempekerjakan advokat asing, terdapat beberapa ketentuan yang harus diperhatikan, di antaranya yaitu:Kantor advokat yang bersangkutan harus mengajukan persetujuan untuk mempekerjakan advokat asing kepada Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (“Menkum HAM”);[5]Advokat asing wajib memperoleh izin kerja dari Menteri Ketenagakerjaan;[6]Jumlah advokat asing yang dapat dipekerjakan pada kantor advokat ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah keseluruhan advokat Indonesia yang bekerja pada kantor tersebut dengan perbandingan 4 orang advokat Indonesia berbanding 1 orang advokat asing, dengan ketentuan paling banyak 5 orang advokat asing untuk setiap kantor advokat. Namun, apabila hanya ada 3 advokat Indonesia di suatu kantor advokat, maka kantor tersebut dapat diberi kesempatan untuk mempekerjakan 1 orang advokat asing;[7]Advokat asing wajib memberikan jasa hukum cuma-cuma kepada dunia pendidikan dan penelitian hukum, atau bisa juga kepada instansi pemerintah;[8]Advokat asing dilarang beracara di sidang pengadilan, berpraktik dan/atau membuka kantor jasa hukum atau perwakilannya di Indonesia.[9]Namun, berkaitan dengan ketentuan nomor 1 di atas, perlu diperhatikan juga ketentuan Pasal 81 angka 4 Perppu Cipta Kerja  yang mengubah ketentuan Pasal 42 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan sehingga berbunyi:Setiap Pemberi Kerja yang mempekerjakan Tenaga Kerja Asing wajib memiliki rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing yang disahkan oleh Pemerintah Pusat.Dapatkah Advokat Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?Sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 23 ayat (1) UU Advokat dan Pasal 19 ayat (1) Permenkumham 26/2017, advokat asing dilarang beracara di sidang pengadilan, berpraktik, dan/atau membuka kantor jasa hukum atau perwakilannya di Indonesia.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, maka berdasarkan ketentuan di atas jelas bahwa advokat asing tidak dapat mendirikan kantor jasa hukum/kantor advokat di Indonesia.Oleh karena itu, pendirian kantor advokat dalam bentuk apapun tidak diizinkan di Indonesia apabila didirikan oleh advokat asing, begitu pula kantor perwakilannya.Lalu, berdasarkan informasi yang Anda sebutkan, diketahui bahwa salah satu advokat asing tersebut memiliki seorang pegawai berlisensi advokat Indonesia. Alternatif yang dapat ditempuh adalah advokat Indonesia tersebut mendirikan kantor advokat terlebih dahulu, kemudian advokat asing dapat bekerja pada kantor advokat Indonesia tersebut. Dengan demikian, para advokat asing dapat ikut bergabung dalam kantor advokat Indonesia, dengan tetap memperhatikan ketentuan yang telah kami jelaskan sebelumnya.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2003 tentang Advokat;Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan;Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja;Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 26 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Mempekerjakan Advokat Asing Serta Kewajiban Memberikan Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-Cuma Kepada Dunia Pendidikan dan Penelitian Hukum.Putusan:Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 95/PUU-XIV/2016.[1] Pasal 1 angka 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2003 tentang Advokat (“UU Advokat”)[2] Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU Advokat jo. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 95/PUU-XIV/2016 (hal. 43)[3] Pasal 1 angka 8 UU Advokat[4] Pasal 2 ayat (2) Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 26 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Mempekerjakan Advokat Asing serta Kewajiban Memberikan Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-Cuma kepada Dunia Pendidikan dan Penelitian Hukum (“Permenkumham 26/2017”)[5] Pasal 4 ayat (2) Permenkumham 26/2017[6] Pasal 4 ayat (1) Permenkumham 26/2017[7] Pasal 3 Permenkumham 26/2017[8] Pasal 17 ayat (1) dan (2) Permenkumham 26/2017[9] Pasal 23 ayat (1) UU AdvokatTagsadvokat asingjasa hukumlaw firmprofesi hukum
Saya ingin menanyakan tentang dasar hukum, dokumen yang dipersiapkan, dan alur perizinan yang dilalui jika seorang konsultan hukum asing (Jepang) yang memiliki kantor konsultan hukum yang berbadan hukum (PT) berlokasi di Jakarta berkeinginan untuk mendirikan law firm atas namanya atau rekannya sesama WNA, namun WNA tersebut memiliki pegawai yang berlisensi (izin beracara). Tolong beritahukan koridornya, apa yang dilarang dan diperbolehkan. Terima kasih.
Advokat asing dapat bekerja sebagai karyawan atau tenaga ahli di kantor advokat Indonesia, apabila memenuhi ketentuan yang diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Namun, dapatkah advokat asing mendirikan kantor hukum di Indonesia? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/dapatkah-advokat-asing-mendirikan-kantor-hukum-di-indonesia-lt51baca174a03a/
Dapatkah Advokat Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul _Dapatkah Konsultan Hukum Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?_ yang dibuat oleh [Bimo Prasetio, S.H. & Pamela Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt5135b4b87dbd4/mitra/lt5135aa700805e/bimo-prasetio--sh-pamela-permatasari--sh) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 19 Agustus 2013 kemudian dimutakhirkan pada Rabu, 28 Oktober 2020 oleh [Erizka Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72)** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami akan menyesuaikan istilah yang digunakan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, yaitu antara lain dengan menyebut konsultan hukum sebagai advokat, dan _law firm_ sebagai kantor advokat/kantor hukum. ### **Ketentuan Advokat Asing di Indonesia** Sebelum membahas mengenai [advokat asing](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/a/advokat-asing), perlu kami sampaikan terlebih dahulu mengenai ketentuan menjadi [advokat](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/a/advokat-asing) di Indonesia. Berdasarkan bunyi **Pasal 1 angka 1 [UU Advokat](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/node/303/uu-no-18-tahun-2003-advokat?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003)**, advokat adalah orang yang berprofesi memberi jasa hukum, baik di dalam maupun di luar pengadilan yang memenuhi persyaratan. Jasa hukum yang diberikan oleh advokat berupa konsultasi hukum, bantuan hukum, menjalankan kuasa, mewakili, mendampingi, membela dan melakukan tindakan hukum lain untuk kepentingan hukum klien.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Untuk dapat menjadi seorang advokat, seseorang harus memiliki gelar sarjana berlatar belakang pendidikan tinggi hukum dan telah mengikuti pendidikan khusus profesi advokat (“PKPA”) yang diselenggarakan oleh organisasi advokat bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi yang fakultas hukumnya minimal terakreditasi B atau sekolah tinggi hukum yang minimal terakreditasi B.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Sementara, advokat asing adalah advokat berkewarganegaraan asing yang menjalankan profesinya di wilayah negara Republik Indonesia berdasarkan persyaratan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Pasal 23 ayat (2) UU Advokat** dan **Pasal 2 ayat (1) [Permenkumham 26/2017](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_26_2017)** memperbolehkan advokat asing untuk bekerja sebagai karyawan atau tenaga ahli dalam bidang hukum asing pada kantor advokat Indonesia. Bidang hukum asing yang dimaksud yaitu hukum dari negara asalnya atau hukum internasional di bidang bisnis dan arbitrase serta penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan lainnya.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Untuk dapat mempekerjakan advokat asing, terdapat beberapa ketentuan yang harus diperhatikan, di antaranya yaitu: 1. Kantor advokat yang bersangkutan harus mengajukan persetujuan untuk mempekerjakan advokat asing kepada Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (“Menkum HAM”);[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 2. Advokat asing wajib memperoleh izin kerja dari Menteri Ketenagakerjaan;[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 3. Jumlah advokat asing yang dapat dipekerjakan pada kantor advokat ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah keseluruhan advokat Indonesia yang bekerja pada kantor tersebut dengan perbandingan 4 orang advokat Indonesia berbanding 1 orang advokat asing, dengan ketentuan paling banyak 5 orang advokat asing untuk setiap kantor advokat. Namun, apabila hanya ada 3 advokat Indonesia di suatu kantor advokat, maka kantor tersebut dapat diberi kesempatan untuk mempekerjakan 1 orang advokat asing;[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 4. Advokat asing wajib memberikan jasa hukum cuma-cuma kepada dunia pendidikan dan penelitian hukum, atau bisa juga kepada instansi pemerintah;[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 5. Advokat asing dilarang beracara di sidang pengadilan, berpraktik dan/atau **membuka kantor jasa hukum atau perwakilannya di Indonesia**.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Namun, berkaitan dengan ketentuan nomor 1 di atas, perlu diperhatikan juga ketentuan **Pasal 81 angka 4** **[Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)**  yang mengubah ketentuan **Pasal 42 ayat (1) [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003)** sehingga berbunyi: _Setiap Pemberi Kerja yang mempekerjakan Tenaga Kerja Asing **wajib memiliki rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing yang disahkan oleh Pemerintah Pusat**._ ### **Dapatkah Advokat Asing Mendirikan Kantor Hukum di Indonesia?** Sebagaimana yang diatur dalam **Pasal 23 ayat (1) UU Advokat** dan **Pasal 19 ayat (1) Permenkumham 26/2017,** advokat asing **dilarang** beracara di sidang pengadilan, berpraktik, dan/atau **membuka kantor jasa hukum atau perwakilannya di Indonesia.** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, maka berdasarkan ketentuan di atas jelas bahwa **advokat asing tidak dapat mendirikan kantor jasa hukum/kantor advokat di Indonesia**. Oleh karena itu, pendirian kantor advokat dalam bentuk apapun **tidak diizinkan** di Indonesia apabila didirikan oleh advokat asing, begitu pula kantor perwakilannya. Lalu, berdasarkan informasi yang Anda sebutkan, diketahui bahwa salah satu advokat asing tersebut memiliki seorang pegawai berlisensi advokat Indonesia. Alternatif yang dapat ditempuh adalah advokat Indonesia tersebut mendirikan kantor advokat terlebih dahulu, kemudian advokat asing dapat bekerja pada kantor advokat Indonesia tersebut. Dengan demikian, para advokat asing dapat ikut bergabung dalam kantor advokat Indonesia, dengan tetap memperhatikan ketentuan yang telah kami jelaskan sebelumnya. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2003 tentang Advokat](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/node/303/uu-no-18-tahun-2003-advokat?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003); 3. [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022); 4. [Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 26 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Mempekerjakan Advokat Asing Serta Kewajiban Memberikan Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-Cuma Kepada Dunia Pendidikan dan Penelitian Hukum](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_26_2017). Putusan: [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 95/PUU-XIV/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5c11d5e59d176?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_95_2016). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 2 [Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2003 tentang Advokat](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13147/node/303/uu-no-18-tahun-2003-advokat?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_18_2003) (“UU Advokat”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU Advokat _jo_. [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 95/PUU-XIV/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5c11d5e59d176?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_95_2016) (hal. 43) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 1 angka 8 UU Advokat [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 2 ayat (2) [Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 26 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Mempekerjakan Advokat Asing serta Kewajiban Memberikan Jasa Hukum Secara Cuma-Cuma kepada Dunia Pendidikan dan Penelitian Hukum](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a461c7b51d0e?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_26_2017) (“Permenkumham 26/2017”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 4 ayat (2) Permenkumham 26/2017 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 4 ayat (1) Permenkumham 26/2017 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 3 Permenkumham 26/2017 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 17 ayat (1) dan (2) Permenkumham 26/2017 [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 23 ayat (1) UU Advokat Tags ---- [advokat asing](/tag/advokat-asing) [jasa hukum](/tag/jasa-hukum) [law firm](/tag/law-firm) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITApa Itu KITAS/KITAP dan Cara Mengurusnya24 Okt 2023Pakai Visa Wisata untuk Bekerja, Termasuk Penyelundupan Manusia?17 Jul 2023Pas Lintas Batas untuk Penduduk di Perbatasan Negara10 Des 2021Perlukah Pemegang KITAP Mengantongi Izin Kerja Juga? 27 Nov 2020Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran ketiga dari artikel dengan judul Jenis-Jenis Visa dan Kegunaannya yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada 7 Desember 2017, kemudian pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 8 Oktober 2021, dan kedua kali dimutakhirkan pada Rabu, 16 Februari 2022 oleh Erizka Permatasari, S.H.  Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda kami asumsikan bahwa jenis visa yang Anda tanyakan adalah visa Republik Indonesia. Definisi VisaVisa Republik Indonesia (“visa”) adalah keterangan tertulis, baik secara manual maupun elektronik yang diberikan oleh pejabat yang berwenang untuk melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dan menjadi dasar untuk pemberian izin tinggal.[1]Setiap orang asing yang masuk Indonesia wajib memiliki visa yang sah dan masih berlaku, kecuali ditentukan lain berdasarkan UU Keimigrasian dan perjanjian internasional.[2] Jenis-Jenis VisaSecara umum, ada 4 jenis visa Indonesia yang diatur dalam perundang-undangan, yakni visa diplomatik, visa dinas, visa tinggal terbatas, dan visa kunjungan.[3] Pembahasan jenis visa dan kegunaannya dapat disimak dalam uraian berikut:Visa diplomatikVisa diplomatik adalah jenis visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing pemegang paspor diplomatik dan paspor lain, termasuk anggota keluarganya, untuk masuk wilayah Indonesia guna melaksanakan tugas yang bersifat diplomatik, berdasarkan perjanjian internasional, prinsip resiprositas, dan penghormatan (courtesy).[4] Visa DinasPengertian visa dinas adalah visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing pemegang paspor dinas dan paspor lain, termasuk anggota keluarganya, yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dalam rangka melaksanakan tugas resmi yang tidak bersifat diplomatik dari pemerintah asing yang bersangkutan atau organisasi internasional.[5]Penting untuk diketahui bahwa pemberian visa diplomatik dan visa dinas merupakan kewenangan Menteri Luar Negeri dan dalam pelaksanaannya dikeluarkan oleh pejabat dinas luar negeri di Perwakilan Republik Indonesia.[6] Visa tinggal terbatasAda dua kategori dalam pemberian jenis visa tinggal terbatas kepada orang asing:[7]sebagai rohaniwan, tenaga ahli, pekerja, peneliti, pelajar, investor, rumah kedua, dan keluarganya, serta orang asing yang kawin secara sah dengan warga negara Indonesia, yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia untuk bertempat tinggal dalam jangka waktu yang terbatas; ataudalam rangka bergabung untuk bekerja di atas kapal, alat apung, atau instalasi yang beroperasi di wilayah perairan nusantara, laut teritorial, landas kontinen, dan/atau Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia.Adapun yang dimaksud dengan visa tinggal terbatas “rumah kedua” adalah visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing beserta keluarganya untuk tinggal menetap di Indonesia selama 5 tahun atau 10 tahun setelah memenuhi persyaratan tertentu.[8]Visa tinggal terbatas diberikan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 5 tahun, 2 tahun, 1 tahun, 180 hari, atau 90 hari.[9] Visa kunjunganJenis visa kunjungan visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dalam rangka kunjungan tugas pemerintahan, pendidikan, sosial budaya, pariwisata, prainvestasi, bisnis, keluarga, jurnalistik, atau singgah untuk meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain.[10]Selain karena alasan yang sudah dijelaskan, visa kunjungan juga dapat diberikan kepada warga negara dari negara tertentu yang ditetapkan berdasarkan peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia pada saat kedatangan di tempat pemeriksaan imigrasi oleh pejabat imigrasi.[11]Visa kunjungan ini dibedakan menjadi 3 jenis, yakni visa kunjungan satu kali perjalanan, visa kunjungan beberapa kali perjalanan, dan visa kunjungan saat kedatangan, uraiannya sebagai berikut:[12]Visa kunjungan satu kali perjalananJenis visa 1 kali perjalanan ini diberikan kepada orang asing untuk tinggal di Indonesia maksimal 60 hari atau 180 hari,[13] dalam rangka wisata, keperluan keluarga, sosial, bisnis, prainvestasi, seni dan budaya, tugas pemerintahan, olahraga yang tidak bersifat komersial, studi banding atau kursus singkat dan pelatihan singkat, melakukan pekerjaan darurat dan mendesak, memberikan ceramah atau mengikuti seminar, meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain, bergabung dengan alat angkut yang berada di wilayah Indonesia, melakukan kunjungan jurnalistik, mengikuti pameran internasional, mengikuti rapat yang diadakan dengan kantor pusat atau perwakilan di Indonesia, melakukan pembelian barang, melakukan pembuatan film, memberikan bimbingan, penyuluhan, dan pelatihan dalam penerapan dan inovasi teknologi industri untuk meningkatkan mutu dan desain produk industri serta kerja sama pemasaran luar negeri bagi Indonesia, melakukan audit, kendali mutu produksi, atau inspeksi pada cabang perusahaan di Indonesia, dan calon tenaga kerja asing dalam uji coba kemampuan dalam bekerja.[14]Selain itu visa kunjungan 1 kali perjalanan juga dapat diberikan kepada orang asing tanpa kewarganegaraan dan/atau orang asing pemegang dokumen perjalanan bukan paspor kebangsaan untuk melakukan kegiatan wisata, keperluan keluarga, sosial, bisnis, prainvestasi, seni dan budaya, tugas pemerintahan, olahraga yang tidak bersifat komersial, studi banding, kursus singkat dan pelatihan singkat, melakukan pekerjaan darurat dan mendesak, memberikan ceramah atau mengikuti seminar, meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain dan bergabung dengan alat angkut yang berada di wilayah Indonesia.[15] Visa kunjungan beberapa kali perjalananVisa ini adalah jenis visa kunjungan yang diberikan kepada orang asing dengan masa berlaku visa selama 5 tahun untuk tinggal di Indonesia maksimal 60 hari atau 180 hari,[16] yang diberikan dalam rangka tugas pemerintahan, prainvestasi, bisnis dan keperluan keluarga.[17]  Visa kunjungan saat kedatangan (visa on arrival)Visa kunjungan saat kedatangan (visa on arrival) diberikan kepada orang asing warga negara dari negara, pemerintah wilayah administratif khusus suatu negara, dan entitas tertentu subjek visa kunjungan saat kedatangan untuk tinggal di wilayah Indonesia paling lama 30 hari.[18]  Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang KeimigrasianPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 29 Tahun 2021 tentang Visa dan Izin Tinggal[1] Pasal 106 angka 18 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu 2/2022”) yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 18 Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian (“UU Keimigrasian”)[2] Pasal 8 ayat (2) UU Keimigrasian[3] Pasal 34 UU Keimigrasian[4] Pasal 35 UU Keimigrasian dan penjelasannya[5] Pasal 36 UU Keimigrasian dan penjelasannya[6] Pasal 37 UU Keimigrasian[7] Pasal 106 angka 3 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah 39 ayat (1) UU Keimigrasian[8] Penjelasan Pasal 106 angka 3 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Penjelasan Pasal 39 ayat (1) huruf a UU Keimigrasian[9] Pasal 75 Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 29 Tahun 2021 tentang Visa dan Izin Tinggal (“Permenkumham 29/2021”)[10] Pasal 106 angka 2 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah yang mengubah Pasal 38 UU Keimigrasian[11] Pasal 41 UU Keimigrasian[12] Pasal 8 Permenkumham 29/2021[13] Pasal 12 Permenkumham 29/2021[14] Pasal 13 ayat (1) Permenkumham 29/2021[15] Pasal 14 Permenkumham 29/2021[16] Pasal 10 dan 11 Permenkumham 29/2021[17] Pasal 15 Permenkumham 29/2021[18] Pasal 16 Permenkumham 29/2021Tagsdiplomatdiplomatikimigrasikeimigrasianpasporvisavisa kunjunganwarga negarawarga negara asing
Saya bingung membedakan visa. Ada yang namanya visa on arrival, dan namanya visa kunjungan, ada lagi visa tinggal terbatas, kemudian visa sekali perjalanan, beberapa kali perjalanan. Mohon jelaskan kegunaan masing-masing visa yang saya sebutkan. Terima kasih.
Secara umum visa terdiri dari 4 jenis yaitu visa diplomatik, visa dinas, visa kunjungan, dan visa tinggal terbatas. Kemudian, visa kunjungan dibedakan lagi menjadi beberapa macam yaitu visa sekali perjalanan, visa beberapa kali perjalanan, dan visa kunjungan saat kedatangan (visa on arrival). Apa kegunaan masing-masing jenis visa tersebut dan kepada siapa dapat diberikan?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Apa Itu KITAS/KITAP dan Cara Mengurusnya24 Okt 2023Pakai Visa Wisata untuk Bekerja, Termasuk Penyelundupan Manusia?17 Jul 2023Pas Lintas Batas untuk Penduduk di Perbatasan Negara10 Des 2021Perlukah Pemegang KITAP Mengantongi Izin Kerja Juga? 27 Nov 2020Apa Itu KITAS/KITAP dan Cara Mengurusnya24 Okt 2023Pakai Visa Wisata untuk Bekerja, Termasuk Penyelundupan Manusia?17 Jul 2023Pas Lintas Batas untuk Penduduk di Perbatasan Negara10 Des 2021Perlukah Pemegang KITAP Mengantongi Izin Kerja Juga? 27 Nov 2020Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jenis-visa-lt5a289ad826c58/
Jenis Visa Republik Indonesia dan Kegunaannya
pages/172/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Apa Itu KITAS/KITAP dan Cara Mengurusnya ](/klinik/a/apa-itu-kitas-kitap-dan-cara-mengurusnya-lt4cca43416d462/) ![Apa Itu KITAS/KITAP dan Cara Mengurusnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4cca43416d462/thumbnail_lt648af3a0c045d.jpg) 24 Okt 2023 [ #### Pakai Visa Wisata untuk Bekerja, Termasuk Penyelundupan Manusia? ](/klinik/a/pakai-visa-wisata-untuk-bekerja--termasuk-penyelundupan-manusia-lt615a9f3397684/) ![Pakai Visa Wisata untuk Bekerja, Termasuk Penyelundupan Manusia?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt615a9f3397684/thumbnail_lt64b500b11c190.png) 17 Jul 2023 [ #### Pas Lintas Batas untuk Penduduk di Perbatasan Negara ](/klinik/a/pas-lintas-batas-untuk-penduduk-di-perbatasan-negara-lt58476fef478cd/) ![Pas Lintas Batas untuk Penduduk di Perbatasan Negara](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt58476fef478cd/thumbnail_lt61b30128ac038.jpg) 10 Des 2021 [ #### Perlukah Pemegang KITAP Mengantongi Izin Kerja Juga? ](/klinik/a/perlukah-pemegang-kitap-mengantongi-izin-kerja-juga-lt5fc0c359d9c28/) ![Perlukah Pemegang KITAP Mengantongi Izin Kerja Juga? ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5fc0c359d9c28/thumbnail_lt5fc0c450780d4.jpg) 27 Nov 2020 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran ketiga dari artikel dengan judul Jenis-_Jenis Visa dan Kegunaannya_ yang dibuat oleh [Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt57d2913a130b4/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh/) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada 7 Desember 2017, kemudian pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 8 Oktober 2021, dan kedua kali dimutakhirkan pada Rabu, 16 Februari 2022 oleh [Erizka Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72)** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda kami asumsikan bahwa jenis visa yang Anda tanyakan adalah visa Republik Indonesia. ### **Definisi Visa** Visa Republik Indonesia (“visa”) adalah keterangan tertulis, baik secara manual maupun elektronik yang diberikan oleh pejabat yang berwenang untuk melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dan menjadi dasar untuk pemberian izin tinggal.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Setiap orang asing yang masuk Indonesia wajib memiliki visa yang sah dan masih berlaku, kecuali ditentukan lain berdasarkan UU Keimigrasian dan perjanjian internasional.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) ### **Jenis-Jenis Visa** Secara umum, ada 4 jenis visa Indonesia yang diatur dalam perundang-undangan, yakni visa diplomatik, visa dinas, visa tinggal terbatas, dan visa kunjungan.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Pembahasan jenis visa dan kegunaannya dapat disimak dalam uraian berikut: 1. #### **Visa diplomatik** Visa diplomatik adalah jenis visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing pemegang paspor diplomatik dan paspor lain, termasuk anggota keluarganya, untuk masuk wilayah Indonesia guna melaksanakan tugas yang bersifat diplomatik, berdasarkan perjanjian internasional, prinsip resiprositas, dan penghormatan (_courtesy_).[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 2. #### **Visa Dinas** Pengertian visa dinas adalah visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing pemegang paspor dinas dan paspor lain, termasuk anggota keluarganya, yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dalam rangka melaksanakan tugas resmi yang tidak bersifat diplomatik dari pemerintah asing yang bersangkutan atau organisasi internasional.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Penting untuk diketahui bahwa pemberian visa diplomatik dan visa dinas merupakan kewenangan Menteri Luar Negeri dan dalam pelaksanaannya dikeluarkan oleh pejabat dinas luar negeri di Perwakilan Republik Indonesia.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 3. #### **Visa tinggal terbatas** Ada dua kategori dalam pemberian jenis visa tinggal terbatas kepada orang asing:[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 1. sebagai rohaniwan, tenaga ahli, pekerja, peneliti, pelajar, investor, rumah kedua, dan keluarganya, serta orang asing yang kawin secara sah dengan warga negara Indonesia, yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia untuk bertempat tinggal dalam jangka waktu yang terbatas; atau 2. dalam rangka bergabung untuk bekerja di atas kapal, alat apung, atau instalasi yang beroperasi di wilayah perairan nusantara, laut teritorial, landas kontinen, dan/atau Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan visa tinggal terbatas “rumah kedua” adalah visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing beserta keluarganya untuk tinggal menetap di Indonesia selama 5 tahun atau 10 tahun setelah memenuhi persyaratan tertentu.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Visa tinggal terbatas diberikan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 5 tahun, 2 tahun, 1 tahun, 180 hari, atau 90 hari.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 4. #### **Visa kunjungan** Jenis visa kunjungan visa yang diberikan kepada orang asing yang akan melakukan perjalanan ke wilayah Indonesia dalam rangka kunjungan tugas pemerintahan, pendidikan, sosial budaya, pariwisata, prainvestasi, bisnis, keluarga, jurnalistik, atau singgah untuk meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Selain karena alasan yang sudah dijelaskan, visa kunjungan juga dapat diberikan kepada warga negara dari negara tertentu yang ditetapkan berdasarkan peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia pada saat kedatangan di tempat pemeriksaan imigrasi oleh pejabat imigrasi.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Visa kunjungan ini dibedakan menjadi 3 jenis, yakni visa kunjungan satu kali perjalanan, visa kunjungan beberapa kali perjalanan, dan visa kunjungan saat kedatangan, uraiannya sebagai berikut:[\[12\]](#_ftn12) 1. ##### **Visa kunjungan satu kali perjalanan** Jenis visa 1 kali perjalanan ini diberikan kepada orang asing untuk tinggal di Indonesia maksimal 60 hari atau 180 hari,[\[13\]](#_ftn13) dalam rangka wisata, keperluan keluarga, sosial, bisnis, prainvestasi, seni dan budaya, tugas pemerintahan, olahraga yang tidak bersifat komersial, studi banding atau kursus singkat dan pelatihan singkat, melakukan pekerjaan darurat dan mendesak, memberikan ceramah atau mengikuti seminar, meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain, bergabung dengan alat angkut yang berada di wilayah Indonesia, melakukan kunjungan jurnalistik, mengikuti pameran internasional, mengikuti rapat yang diadakan dengan kantor pusat atau perwakilan di Indonesia, melakukan pembelian barang, melakukan pembuatan film, memberikan bimbingan, penyuluhan, dan pelatihan dalam penerapan dan inovasi teknologi industri untuk meningkatkan mutu dan desain produk industri serta kerja sama pemasaran luar negeri bagi Indonesia, melakukan audit, kendali mutu produksi, atau inspeksi pada cabang perusahaan di Indonesia, dan calon tenaga kerja asing dalam uji coba kemampuan dalam bekerja.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) Selain itu visa kunjungan 1 kali perjalanan juga dapat diberikan kepada orang asing tanpa kewarganegaraan dan/atau orang asing pemegang dokumen perjalanan bukan paspor kebangsaan untuk melakukan kegiatan wisata, keperluan keluarga, sosial, bisnis, prainvestasi, seni dan budaya, tugas pemerintahan, olahraga yang tidak bersifat komersial, studi banding, kursus singkat dan pelatihan singkat, melakukan pekerjaan darurat dan mendesak, memberikan ceramah atau mengikuti seminar, meneruskan perjalanan ke negara lain dan bergabung dengan alat angkut yang berada di wilayah Indonesia.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) 2. ##### **Visa kunjungan beberapa kali perjalanan** Visa ini adalah jenis visa kunjungan yang diberikan kepada orang asing dengan masa berlaku visa selama 5 tahun untuk tinggal di Indonesia maksimal 60 hari atau 180 hari,[\[16\]](#_ftn16) yang diberikan dalam rangka tugas pemerintahan, prainvestasi, bisnis dan keperluan keluarga.[\[17\]](#_ftn17) 3. #####  **Visa kunjungan saat kedatangan (_visa on arrival_)** Visa kunjungan saat kedatangan (_visa on arrival_) diberikan kepada orang asing warga negara dari negara, pemerintah wilayah administratif khusus suatu negara, dan entitas tertentu subjek visa kunjungan saat kedatangan untuk tinggal di wilayah Indonesia paling lama 30 hari.[\[18\]](#_ftn18) Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 29 Tahun 2021 tentang Visa dan Izin Tinggal [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt622f4923764d3/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-29-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenkumham_29_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 106 angka 18 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu 2/2022”) yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 18 [Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd0e447183ec/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-2011/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_2011) (“UU Keimigrasian”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 8 ayat (2) UU Keimigrasian [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 34 UU Keimigrasian [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 35 UU Keimigrasian dan penjelasannya [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 36 UU Keimigrasian dan penjelasannya [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 37 UU Keimigrasian [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 106 angka 3 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah 39 ayat (1) UU Keimigrasian [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Penjelasan Pasal 106 angka 3 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah Penjelasan Pasal 39 ayat (1) huruf a UU Keimigrasian [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 75 [Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 29 Tahun 2021 tentang Visa dan Izin Tinggal](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt622f4923764d3/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-29-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenkumham_29_2021) (“Permenkumham 29/2021”) [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 106 angka 2 Perppu 2/2022 yang mengubah yang mengubah Pasal 38 UU Keimigrasian [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 41 UU Keimigrasian [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 8 Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 12 Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 13 ayat (1) Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Pasal 14 Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Pasal 10 dan 11 Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) Pasal 15 Permenkumham 29/2021 [\[18\]](#_ftnref18) Pasal 16 Permenkumham 29/2021 Tags ---- [diplomat](/tag/diplomat) [diplomatik](/tag/diplomatik) [imigrasi](/tag/imigrasi) [keimigrasian](/tag/keimigrasian) [paspor](/tag/paspor) [visa](/tag/visa) [visa kunjungan](/tag/visa-kunjungan) [warga negara](/tag/warga-negara) [warga negara asing](/tag/warga-negara-asing)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITBolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Kerja di Hari Libur atas Keinginan Sendiri, Berhak Upah Lembur?14 Jul 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Struktur dan Skala Upah yang dibuat oleh Umar Kasim dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 23 Februari 2010, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kali oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., pada Kamis, 30 Maret 2017. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Apa itu Struktur dan Skala Upah?Struktur upah adalah susunan tingkat upah dari yang terendah sampai dengan yang tertinggi atau dari yang tertinggi sampai dengan yang terendah.[1] Sedangkan, skala upah adalah kisaran nilai nominal upah dari yang terkecil sampai dengan yang terbesar untuk setiap golongan jabatan.[2]Jadi, struktur dan skala upah adalah susunan tingkat upah dari yang terendah sampai dengan yang tertinggi atau dari yang tertinggi sampai dengan yang terendah yang memuat kisaran nilai nominal upah dari yang terkecil sampai dengan yang terbesar untuk setiap golongan jabatan.[3] Hal-hal yang Diperhatikan dalam Menyusun Struktur dan Skala UpahDalam Pasal 81 angka 33 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan disebutkan bahwa penyusunan struktur dan skala upah ini wajib dilakukan oleh pengusaha dengan memperhatikan kemampuan perusahaan dan produktivitas.[4]Struktur dan skala upah digunakan sebagai pedoman pengusaha dalam menetapkan upah bagi pekerja/buruh yang memiliki masa kerja 1 tahun atau lebih.[5] Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk kepastian upah tiap pekerja/buruh serta serta mengurangi kesenjangan antara upah terendah dan tertinggi di perusahaan yang bersangkutan.[6]Selain itu, struktur dan skala upah ini juga digunakan sebagai pedoman untuk menetapkan besaran upah berdasarkan satuan waktu. Jika komponen upah perusahaan menggunakan upah tanpa tunjangan, maka struktur dan skala upah menjadi pedoman dalam penetapan besaran upah. Sementara, jika komponen upah terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan, maka struktur dan skala upah menjadi pedoman untuk menentukan besaran upah pokok.[7]Adapun faktor yang digunakan/dipilih untuk menilai atau membobot jabatan yang dapat dikompensasikan dalam penyusunan struktur dan skala upah antara lain pendidikan, keterampilan, dan pengalaman yang dipersyaratkan oleh jabatan.[8]Hal ini juga ditegaskan dalam Permenaker 1/2017 bahwa struktur dan skala upah wajib disusun oleh pengusaha dengan memperhatikan:[9] Golongan yaitu banyaknya golongan jabatan.Jabatan yaitu sekelompok tugas dan pekerjaan dalam organisasi perusahaan.Masa kerja yaitu lamanya pengalaman melaksanakan pekerjaan tertentu yang dinyatakan dalam satuan tahun yang dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan.Pendidikan yaitu tingkat pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari jenjang pendidikan formal sesuai dengan sistem pendidikan nasional yang dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan.Kompetensi yaitu kemampuan kerja yang mencakup aspek pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap kerja sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan dan dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan.Struktur dan skala upah ditetapkan oleh pimpinan perusahaan dalam bentuk surat keputusan dengan memperhatikan unsur-unsur di atas.[10] Selain ditetapkan dalam bentuk surat keputusan, struktur dan skala upah ini wajib diberitahukan kepada seluruh pekerja/buruh oleh pengusaha secara perorangan.[11]Pengusaha yang tidak menyusun struktur dan skala upah serta tidak memberitahukan kepada seluruh pekerja/buruh dikenai sanksi administratif yang dilakukan secara bertahap berupa:[12]teguran tertulis;pembatasan kegiatan usaha;penghentian sementara sebagian atau seluruh alat produksi; danpembekuan kegiatan usaha.Penjelasan selengkapnya tentang cara membuat struktur dan skala upah struktur dan skala upah dapat Anda pelajari dalam Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017. Acuan Metode Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala UpahMenjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami kurang mendapatkan keterangan apa yang Anda maksud dengan “perusahaan belum mengacu sepenuhnya kepada ketentuan penyusunan struktur dan skala upah”, apakah metodenya yang tidak sesuai dengan Permenaker 1/2017, apakah kelima unsur (golongan, jabatan, masa kerja, pendidikan dan kompetensi) yang tidak diperhatikan, atau ada ketentuan-ketentuan lain yang disimpangi.Jika terkait dengan metode penyusunan struktur dan skala upah, Pasal 6 Permenaker 1/2017 mengatur:Dalam menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah, Pengusaha dapat menggunakan contoh penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah tercantum dalam Lampiran yang merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari Peraturan Menteri ini atau menggunakan metode lain.Kata “dapat” dalam pasal di atas bisa diartikan bahwa pengusaha diberikan pilihan oleh Permenaker 1/2017 untuk menentukan metode penyusunan struktur dan skala upah. Artinya, metode penyusunan yang terdapat dalam Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017 bukan bersifat wajib, melainkan pilihan.Dengan demikian, menurut hemat kami, berdasarkan asas kebebasan berkontrak (beginselen der contractsvrijheid) boleh saja pengusaha melakukan penyusunan struktur dan skala upah (dalam peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama) tanpa mengacu pada Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017 sepanjang pengusaha memperhatikan golongan, jabatan, masa kerja, pendidikan dan kompetensi buruh/pekerja.Tentunya, penyusunan struktur dan skala upah dalam peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama tersebut dilakukan sesuai dengan mekanisme pembuatannya, yakni adanya saran dan masukan dari pekerja (dalam peraturan perusahaan) atau disepakati di antara para pihak (dalam perjanjian kerja bersama) dan tetap mengindahkan syarat sahnya perjanjian, serta ketentuan-ketentuan lain dalam penyusunan struktur dan skala upah yang kami telah jelaskan di atas.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik di sini untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.  DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang PengupahanPeraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Struktur dan Skala Upah[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Struktur dan Skala Upah (“Permenaker 1/2017”)[2] Pasal 1 angka 2 Permenaker 1/2017[3] Pasal 1 angka 3 Permenaker 1/2017[4] Pasal 81 angka 33 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja ("Perppu Cipta Kerja") yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”)[5] Pasal 81 angka 33 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan[6] Penjelasan Pasal 81 angka 33 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan[7] Pasal 20 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan (“PP Pengupahan”)[8] Penjelasan Pasal 21 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan[9]  Pasal 2 Permenaker 1/2017[10] Pasal 5 Permenaker 1/2017[11] Pasal 8 ayat (1) dan (2) Permenaker 1/2017[12] Pasal 79 ayat (1) dan (2) PP PengupahanTagscipta kerjagajikaryawanketenagakerjaanskala upahstruktur upahupah
Pihak perusahaan telah membuat struktur dan skala upah, namun belum mengacu sepenuhnya kepada Permenaker 1/2017. Dapatkah pihak perusahaan membuat ini tanpa mengacu kepada peraturan yang ada? Mohon tanggapannya. Terima kasih.
Struktur dan skala upah adalah susunan tingkat upah dari yang terendah sampai dengan yang tertinggi atau dari yang tertinggi sampai dengan yang terendah yang memuat kisaran nilai nominal upah dari yang terkecil sampai dengan yang terbesar untuk setiap golongan jabatan. Struktur dan skala upah ini digunakan sebagai pedoman pengusaha dalam menetapkan upah serta untuk mengurangi kesenjangan antara upah di perusahaan yang bersangkutan. Lantas, apa saja hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan pengusaha dalam menyusun struktur dan skala upah? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca di bawah ini. Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Kerja di Hari Libur atas Keinginan Sendiri, Berhak Upah Lembur?14 Jul 2022Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Kerja di Hari Libur atas Keinginan Sendiri, Berhak Upah Lembur?14 Jul 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6087/
Mau Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah? Perhatikan 5 Hal Ini
pages/173/page-0.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78/) ![Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt505177cc6bf78/thumbnail_lt63d38b2f4f054.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### 4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya ](/klinik/a/4-komponen-upah-karyawan-dan-rumus-hitungnya-lt4d6724306ddc7/) ![4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4d6724306ddc7/thumbnail_lt63d21bddc4da2.jpg) 26 Jan 2023 [ #### Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya ](/klinik/a/bingung-hitung-upah-lembur-ini-rumusnya-lt4b7e3965556d3/) ![Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4b7e3965556d3/thumbnail_lt63d10d9db5168.jpg) 25 Jan 2023 [ #### Kerja di Hari Libur atas Keinginan Sendiri, Berhak Upah Lembur? ](/klinik/a/kerja-di-hari-libur-atas-keinginan-sendiri-lt62cfc636bb212/) ![Kerja di Hari Libur atas Keinginan Sendiri, Berhak Upah Lembur?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62cfc636bb212/thumbnail_lt62cfca717285e.jpg) 14 Jul 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Struktur dan Skala Upah yang dibuat oleh** [**Umar Kasim**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4b78d72b89322/mitra/lt4b79f9cad28fa/umar-kasim) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 23 Februari 2010, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kali oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), pada Kamis, 30 Maret 2017.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Apa itu Struktur dan Skala Upah?** **Struktur upah** adalah susunan tingkat [upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) dari yang terendah sampai dengan yang tertinggi atau dari yang tertinggi sampai dengan yang terendah.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Sedangkan, **skala upah** adalah kisaran nilai nominal upah dari yang terkecil sampai dengan yang terbesar untuk setiap golongan jabatan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Jadi, **struktur dan skala upah** adalah susunan tingkat upah dari yang terendah sampai dengan yang tertinggi atau dari yang tertinggi sampai dengan yang terendah yang memuat kisaran nilai nominal upah dari yang terkecil sampai dengan yang terbesar untuk setiap golongan jabatan.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) ### **Hal-hal yang Diperhatikan dalam Menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah** Dalam **Pasal 81 angka 33 [Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** yang mengubah **Pasal 92 ayat (1) [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003)** disebutkan bahwa penyusunan struktur dan skala upah ini wajib dilakukan oleh pengusaha dengan memperhatikan kemampuan perusahaan dan produktivitas.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Struktur dan skala upah **digunakan sebagai pedoman** pengusaha dalam menetapkan upah bagi pekerja/buruh yang memiliki masa kerja 1 tahun atau lebih.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Hal ini dimaksudkan **untuk** kepastian upah tiap pekerja/buruh serta serta mengurangi kesenjangan antara upah terendah dan tertinggi di perusahaan yang bersangkutan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Selain itu, struktur dan skala upah ini juga digunakan sebagai pedoman untuk menetapkan besaran upah berdasarkan satuan waktu. Jika komponen upah perusahaan menggunakan upah tanpa tunjangan, maka struktur dan skala upah menjadi pedoman dalam penetapan besaran upah. Sementara, jika komponen upah terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan, maka struktur dan skala upah menjadi pedoman untuk menentukan besaran upah pokok.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Adapun faktor yang digunakan/dipilih untuk menilai atau membobot jabatan yang dapat dikompensasikan dalam penyusunan struktur dan skala upah antara lain pendidikan, keterampilan, dan pengalaman yang dipersyaratkan oleh jabatan.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Hal ini juga ditegaskan dalam **[Permenaker 1/2017](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt58d39fb133eb8/node/534/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-1-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_1_2017)** bahwa struktur dan skala upah wajib disusun oleh pengusaha dengan memperhatikan:[\[9\]](#_ftn9)  1. **Golongan** yaitu banyaknya golongan jabatan. 2. **Jabatan** yaitu sekelompok tugas dan pekerjaan dalam organisasi perusahaan. 3. **Masa kerja** yaitu lamanya pengalaman melaksanakan pekerjaan tertentu yang dinyatakan dalam satuan tahun yang dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan. 4. **Pendidikan** yaitu tingkat pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari jenjang pendidikan formal sesuai dengan sistem pendidikan nasional yang dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan. 5. **Kompetensi** yaitu kemampuan kerja yang mencakup aspek pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap kerja sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan dan dipersyaratkan dalam suatu jabatan. Struktur dan skala upah ditetapkan oleh pimpinan perusahaan dalam bentuk **surat keputusan** dengan memperhatikan unsur-unsur di atas.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Selain ditetapkan dalam bentuk surat keputusan, struktur dan skala upah ini wajib diberitahukan kepada seluruh pekerja/buruh oleh pengusaha secara perorangan.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Pengusaha yang tidak menyusun struktur dan skala upah serta tidak memberitahukan kepada seluruh pekerja/buruh dikenai **sanksi administratif** yang dilakukan secara bertahap berupa:[\[12\]](#_ftn12) 1. teguran tertulis; 2. pembatasan kegiatan usaha; 3. penghentian sementara sebagian atau seluruh alat produksi; dan 4. pembekuan kegiatan usaha. Penjelasan selengkapnya tentang cara membuat struktur dan skala upah struktur dan skala upah dapat Anda pelajari dalam **Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017**. ### **Acuan Metode Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami kurang mendapatkan keterangan apa yang Anda maksud dengan “perusahaan belum mengacu sepenuhnya kepada ketentuan penyusunan struktur dan skala upah”, apakah metodenya yang tidak sesuai dengan Permenaker 1/2017, apakah kelima unsur (golongan, jabatan, masa kerja, pendidikan dan kompetensi) yang tidak diperhatikan, atau ada ketentuan-ketentuan lain yang disimpangi. Jika terkait dengan metode penyusunan struktur dan skala upah, **Pasal 6 Permenaker 1/2017** mengatur: _Dalam menyusun Struktur dan Skala Upah, Pengusaha **dapat** menggunakan contoh penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah tercantum **dalam Lampiran** yang merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari Peraturan Menteri ini **atau menggunakan metode lain**._ Kata “dapat” dalam pasal di atas bisa diartikan bahwa pengusaha diberikan pilihan oleh Permenaker 1/2017 untuk menentukan metode penyusunan struktur dan skala upah. Artinya, metode penyusunan yang terdapat dalam Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017 bukan bersifat wajib, melainkan pilihan. Dengan demikian, menurut hemat kami, berdasarkan asas kebebasan berkontrak (_beginselen der contractsvrijheid_) boleh saja pengusaha melakukan penyusunan struktur dan skala upah (dalam [peraturan perusahaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/peraturan-perusahaan) atau [perjanjian kerja bersama](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama)) tanpa mengacu pada Lampiran Permenaker 1/2017 sepanjang pengusaha memperhatikan golongan, jabatan, masa kerja, pendidikan dan kompetensi buruh/pekerja. Tentunya, penyusunan struktur dan skala upah dalam peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama tersebut dilakukan sesuai dengan mekanisme pembuatannya, yakni adanya saran dan masukan dari pekerja (dalam peraturan perusahaan) atau disepakati di antara para pihak (dalam perjanjian kerja bersama) dan tetap mengindahkan syarat sahnya perjanjian, serta ketentuan-ketentuan lain dalam penyusunan struktur dan skala upah yang kami telah jelaskan di atas. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis _Artificial Intelligence_, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik [**di sini**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.  DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Struktur dan Skala Upah [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt58d39fb133eb8/node/534/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-1-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_1_2017) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Struktur dan Skala Upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt58d39fb133eb8/node/534/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-1-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_1_2017) (“Permenaker 1/2017”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 1 angka 2 Permenaker 1/2017 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 1 angka 3 Permenaker 1/2017 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 81 angka 33 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) ("Perppu Cipta Kerja") yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2003) (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 81 angka 33 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Penjelasan Pasal 81 angka 33 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 92 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 20 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) (“PP Pengupahan”) [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Penjelasan Pasal 21 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan [\[9\]](#_ftnref9)  Pasal 2 Permenaker 1/2017 [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 5 Permenaker 1/2017 [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 8 ayat (1) dan (2) Permenaker 1/2017 [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 79 ayat (1) dan (2) PP Pengupahan Tags ---- [cipta kerja](/tag/cipta-kerja) [gaji](/tag/gaji) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [skala upah](/tag/skala-upah) [struktur upah](/tag/struktur-upah) [upah](/tag/upah)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menanggulangi Isu Perubahan Iklim which was written by Renata Christha Auli, S.H. and was published on Friday, 1 July 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Climate change has been a topic of conversation in the international community since 1979. Countries gathered at the World Climate Change Conference in Geneva to discuss efforts to mitigate global warming. The conference was followed by the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ("IPCC").[1]One of the environmental issues that has a significant impact on the lives of creatures on earth is the phenomenon of climate change.[2] Climate change is global and long-term. Climate change will have a major impact on the social, economic, and environmental systems, as well as on the security aspects of human life which include water, food, and health. From these impacts, it can be determined that the climate is a common property, global in nature, and affects human interests as a whole.[3]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas From this explanation, it can be concluded that climate change, which is an environmental problem, has a major influence on concepts in International Law.[4] The following is an explanation of the role of International Law in addressing climate change.Also read: Climate Change: This is the Role of Indonesian National LawUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”) has the purpose to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that do not harm the climate system.[5] This convention is a form of the seriousness of the international community in determining common goals and strategic plans for the mitigation of climate change. State parties agree to stabilize the concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases as the main source of climate change and to avoid disruption of the climate system by controlling the main causes of methane, nitric acid, and specifically carbon dioxide emissions.[6] You can read more about the commitment of the state parties of the convention, to reduce and avoid anthropogenic greenhouse gases under Article 4 UNFCCC.The UNFCCC has been legally binding since 21 March 1994. Based on the convention, countries that ratify the convention are divided into 2 (two) groups, namely:[7]Annex I countries;Non-Annex I countries.Annex I countries are countries that contribute large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, Non-Annex I countries are countries that are not included in Annex I or whose contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is much lower and whose economic growth is much lower. The Indonesian government has ratified the UNFCCC through Law 6/1994 and is part of a Non-Annex I country. Therefore, Indonesia is officially bound by the obligations set out in the UNFCCC in an effort to achieve the purpose of the convention.[8]In Indonesia, the greenhouse effect may be less common. Greenhouses are usually used in 4 (four) season countries that do not have sunlight throughout the year and do not have weather that is suitable for agriculture throughout the year. Thus, people in these countries build greenhouses to capture the sun's heat. The house then stores heat so that people can grow crops or farm in it. This heat capture effect is known as the greenhouse effect. The earth has several kinds of chemical elements such as CO2, methane, and others which function as a blanket for the earth. If there is no such gas, then the temperature of the earth will be very cold and uninhabitable for humans. These gases trap the sun's rays which fall to the earth or are often referred to as greenhouse gas. However, if there is an industrial revolution that massively produces greenhouse gas which continues to increase in the earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gas will become very large, and more heat will be trapped on earth.[9]In order to implement the purpose/objective of the convention, the UNFCCC establishes the Conference of the Parties ("COP") which is regulated in Article 7 UNFCCC. The functions of the COP are to review the implementation of the convention, to monitor the implementation of state parties' obligations in accordance with the convention's objectives, to promote and facilitate the exchange of information, to make recommendations to state parties, and to establish supporting agencies if deemed necessary.[10]Kyoto Protocol 1997Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997 (“Kyoto Protocol”) is an International Law that has a relation with the UNFCCC. This Protocol is the basis for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[11] In order to implement the objectives of the UNFCCC, the COP at a meeting in 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, resulted in a consensus in the form of a decision to adopt the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005. The first commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2008 and ended in 2012.[12] Meanwhile, the second commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2013 until 2020.[13]The Kyoto Protocol regulates several matters, such as the mechanism for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, implemented by developed countries, namely:[14]Joint Implementation;Emissions Trading;Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”).Indonesia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law 17/2004.Cancun AgreementThe COP conference which was held in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010 resulted in the Cancun Agreement which contains rules for mitigating climate change through international and domestic approaches. This agreement aims to assist developing countries in protecting themselves from the effects of climate change while simultaneously pursuing sustainable development.[15]The Cancun Agreement contains formal rules on the need for the protection of customary law communities, as stipulated in Article 72 Cancun Agreement, as follows:Also requests developing country Parties, when developing and implementing their national strategies or action plans, to address, inter alia, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the safeguards identified in paragraph 2 of annex I to this decision, ensuring the full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, inter alia, indigenous peoples and local communities;According to the article, there is an important reference in terms of the protection of customary law communities and local communities in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ("REDD+") program, i.e. when developing countries develop and implement national strategies or action plans to address the causes of deforestation and forest degradation, these countries must ensure the full and effective involvement of customary law communities and local communities.[16]Doha AmendmentIn 2012, after the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) ended, state parties met in Doha, Qatar to adopt the amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (“Doha Amendment”) resulted in new rules on reductions on emissions for the second commitment period for state parties. However, the Doha Amendment did not last long because in 2015 a "summit" or High-Level Conference on Sustainable Development was held in Paris. All of the UNFCCC state parties signed the Paris Climate Agreement, which in turn effectively replaced the Kyoto Protocol.[17]Paris AgreementThe Paris Agreement is a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol.[18] In 2015, state parties to the UNFCCC adopted the agreement as part of an internationally coordinated effort to address climate change. In contrast to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement does not set out any emissions reductions, but instead formulates overall climate change goals and sets out the freedom of state parties as to how and how much countries can contribute in order to achieve said goals. This is of course taking into account the different national circumstances of each country (principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances), which are regulated under Article 2.2 Paris Agreement.[19]On 22 April 2016, Indonesia signed the Paris Agreement in New York. As a ratifying country, Indonesia is committed to making efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to take active steps to prevent climate change. The Indonesian government subsequently issued Law 16/2016. The Government also has 9 (nine) priority actions for national development, as outlined in the Nawa Cita, which is a national commitment toward low-carbon and climate-resilient development. In the National Development Agenda, climate change adaptation and mitigation are priorities.[20] Up to this point, 193 countries and the European Union have become parties to the agreement.[21]In conclusion, climate change has become one of the main problems in International Law and has a huge impact felt by the whole world. Climate change has been the subject of global discussion since 1979. However, the international community did not only hold discussions, but also held conferences and succeeded in reaching decisions and agreements to cooperate internationally in order to deal with climate change.Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;Law Number 17 of 2004 on the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;Law Number 16 of 2016 on the Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol;Cancun Agreement;Paris Agreement;Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997;United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.References:Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016;Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016;Asian Development Bank, Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020;Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010;Charlotte Streck, The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016;Christoph Böhringer, The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003;Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011;Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021;Philip Aerni (et.al), Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011;Muazzin, Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+,  Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015;Yoomi Kim (et.al), Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol, PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020;DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone);DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone);United Nations, The Paris Agreement, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone).[1] DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone);[2] Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 285.[3] Philip Aerni (et.al), Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011, p. 140.[4] Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, p. 44.[5] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.[6] Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim,Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 287.[7] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.[8] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.[9] Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, pp. 6-7.[10] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.[11] Yoomi Kim (et.al), Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol, PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020, p. 2.[12] Christoph Böhringer, The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003, p. 451.[13] Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78.[14] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 11.[15] Asian Development Bank, Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020, p. 23.[16] Muazzin, Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+, Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015, p. 278.[17] Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021, p. 87.[18] Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78.[19] Charlotte Streck, The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016, pp. 4-5.[20] DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone).[21] United Nations, The Paris Agreement, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone). Tagsklinik english edition
Are there any regulations on climate change according to International Law?
Climate change is one of the main problems and has a huge impact on the world. Thus, how does International Law respond to this issue? Are there any provisions of International Law relating to the mitigation of climate change? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/the-role-of-international-law-in-addressing-climate-change-issues-lt63d763af8fb18/
The Role of International Law in Addressing Climate Change Issues
pages/173/page-1.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menanggulangi Isu Perubahan Iklim_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/peran-hukum-internasional-dalam-menanggulangi-isu-perubahan-iklim-lt62bed65504727?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peran_hi_climate_change) which was written by [**Renata Christha Auli, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/renata-christha-auli--sh-lt628dd61fce732) and was published on Friday, 1 July 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Climate change has been a topic of conversation in the international community since 1979. Countries gathered at the World Climate Change Conference in Geneva to discuss efforts to mitigate global warming. The conference was followed by the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ("IPCC").[\[1\]](#_ftn1) One of the environmental issues that has a significant impact on the lives of creatures on earth is the phenomenon of **climate change**.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Climate change is global and long-term. Climate change will have a major impact on the social, economic, and environmental systems, as well as on the security aspects of human life which include water, food, and health. From these impacts, it can be determined that the climate is a common property, global in nature, and affects human interests as a whole.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) From this explanation, it can be concluded that climate change, which is an environmental problem, has a major influence on concepts in International Law.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The following is an explanation of the role of International Law in addressing climate change. Also read: **[Climate Change: This is the Role of Indonesian National Law](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/iclimate-change-i--begini-peran-hukum-nasional-indonesia-lt62bd38c01d37f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peran_hukum_nasional_climate_change)** ### **United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change** [**United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change**](https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf) **(“UNFCCC”)** has the purpose to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that do not harm the climate system.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) This convention is a form of the seriousness of the international community in determining common goals and strategic plans for the mitigation of climate change. State parties agree to stabilize the concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases as the main source of climate change and to avoid disruption of the climate system by controlling the main causes of methane, nitric acid, and specifically carbon dioxide emissions.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) You can read more about the commitment of the state parties of the convention, to reduce and avoid anthropogenic greenhouse gases under **Article 4** [**UNFCCC**](https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf). The UNFCCC has been legally binding since 21 March 1994. Based on the convention, countries that ratify the convention are divided into 2 (two) groups, namely:[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 1. Annex I countries; 2. Non-Annex I countries. Annex I countries are countries that contribute large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, Non-Annex I countries are countries that are not included in Annex I or whose contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is much lower and whose economic growth is much lower. The Indonesian government has ratified the UNFCCC through [**Law 6/1994**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/373/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-1994?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_1994) and is part of a Non-Annex I country. Therefore, Indonesia is officially bound by the obligations set out in the UNFCCC in an effort to achieve the purpose of the convention.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) In Indonesia, the greenhouse effect may be less common. Greenhouses are usually used in 4 (four) season countries that do not have sunlight throughout the year and do not have weather that is suitable for agriculture throughout the year. Thus, people in these countries build greenhouses to capture the sun's heat. The house then stores heat so that people can grow crops or farm in it. This heat capture effect is known as the greenhouse effect. The earth has several kinds of chemical elements such as CO2, methane, and others which function as a blanket for the earth. If there is no such gas, then the temperature of the earth will be very cold and uninhabitable for humans. These gases trap the sun's rays which fall to the earth or are often referred to as greenhouse gas. However, if there is an industrial revolution that massively produces greenhouse gas which continues to increase in the earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gas will become very large, and more heat will be trapped on earth.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) In order to implement the purpose/objective of the convention, the UNFCCC establishes the Conference of the Parties ("COP") which is regulated in **Article 7 UNFCCC**. The functions of the COP are to review the implementation of the convention, to monitor the implementation of state parties' obligations in accordance with the convention's objectives, to promote and facilitate the exchange of information, to make recommendations to state parties, and to establish supporting agencies if deemed necessary.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) ### **Kyoto Protocol 1997** [**Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997**](https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf) **(“Kyoto Protocol”)** is an International Law that has a relation with the UNFCCC. This Protocol is the basis for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) In order to implement the objectives of the UNFCCC, the COP at a meeting in 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, resulted in a consensus in the form of a decision to adopt the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005. The first commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2008 and ended in 2012.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) Meanwhile, the second commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2013 until 2020.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) The Kyoto Protocol regulates several matters, such as the mechanism for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, implemented by developed countries, namely:[\[14\]](#_ftn14) 1. Joint Implementation; 2. Emissions Trading; 3. Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”). Indonesia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol through [**Law 17/2004**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20757/undangundang-nomor-17-tahun-2004/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_17_2004). ### **Cancun Agreement** The COP conference which was held in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010 resulted in the [**Cancun Agreement**](https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_16/application/pdf/cop16_lca.pdf) which contains rules for mitigating climate change through international and domestic approaches. This agreement aims to assist developing countries in protecting themselves from the effects of climate change while simultaneously pursuing sustainable development.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) The Cancun Agreement contains formal rules on the need for the protection of customary law communities, as stipulated in **Article 72 Cancun Agreement**, as follows: _Also requests developing country Parties, when developing and implementing their national strategies or action plans, to address, inter alia, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the safeguards identified in paragraph 2 of annex I to this decision, ensuring the full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, inter alia, **indigenous peoples and local communities**;_ According to the article, there is an important reference in terms of the protection of customary law communities and local communities in the implementation of _Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation_ ("REDD+") program, i.e. when developing countries develop and implement national strategies or action plans to address the causes of deforestation and forest degradation, these countries must ensure the full and effective involvement of customary law communities and local communities.[\[16\]](#_ftn16) ### **Doha Amendment** In 2012, after the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) ended, state parties met in Doha, Qatar to adopt the amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. The [**Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol**](https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf) **(“Doha Amendment”)** resulted in new rules on reductions on emissions for the second commitment period for state parties. However, the Doha Amendment did not last long because in 2015 a "summit" or High-Level Conference on Sustainable Development was held in Paris. All of the UNFCCC state parties signed the Paris Climate Agreement, which in turn effectively replaced the Kyoto Protocol.[\[17\]](#_ftn17) ### **Paris Agreement** The [**Paris Agreement**](https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf) is a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol.[\[18\]](#_ftn18) In 2015, state parties to the UNFCCC adopted the agreement as part of an internationally coordinated effort to address climate change. In contrast to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement does not set out any emissions reductions, but instead formulates overall climate change goals and sets out the freedom of state parties as to how and how much countries can contribute in order to achieve said goals. This is of course taking into account the different national circumstances of each country (principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances), which are regulated under **Article 2.2** [**Paris Agreement**](https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf).[\[19\]](#_ftn19) On 22 April 2016, Indonesia signed the Paris Agreement in New York. As a ratifying country, Indonesia is committed to making efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to take active steps to prevent climate change. The Indonesian government subsequently issued [**Law 16/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5821a73ed821b/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2016). The Government also has 9 (nine) priority actions for national development, as outlined in the _Nawa Cita_, which is a national commitment toward low-carbon and climate-resilient development. In the National Development Agenda, climate change adaptation and mitigation are priorities.[\[20\]](#_ftn20) Up to this point, 193 countries and the European Union have become parties to the agreement.[\[21\]](#_ftn21) In conclusion, climate change has become one of the main problems in International Law and has a huge impact felt by the whole world. Climate change has been the subject of global discussion since 1979. However, the international community did not only hold discussions, but also held conferences and succeeded in reaching decisions and agreements to cooperate internationally in order to deal with climate change. Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click [**here**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/373/undangundang-nomor-6-tahun-1994?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_6_1994); 2. [Law Number 17 of 2004 on the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20757/undangundang-nomor-17-tahun-2004/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_17_2004); 3. [Law Number 16 of 2016 on the Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5821a73ed821b/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2016); 4. [Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol](https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf); 5. [Cancun Agreement](https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_16/application/pdf/cop16_lca.pdf); 6. [Paris Agreement](https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf); 7. [Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997](https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf); 8. [United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change](https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf). References: 1. Andreas Pramudianto, _Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020,_ Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016; 2. Ardina Purbo (et.al), _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016; 3. Asian Development Bank, _Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You_, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020; 4. Bernadinus Steni (_et.al_), _Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD_, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010; 5. Charlotte Streck, _The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning,_ Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016; 6. Christoph Böhringer, _The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives,_ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003; 7. Deni Bram, _Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim,_ Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011; 8. Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, _Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim,_ Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021; 9. Philip Aerni _(et.al),_ _Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment,_ Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011; 10. Muazzin, _Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+,_  Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015; 11. Yoomi Kim _(et.al)_, _Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol,_ PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020; 12. [DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim](http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/aksi/mitigasi/implementasi/10-tentang/21-upaya-ditingkat-internasional), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone); 13. [DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim](http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/tentang/amanat-perubahan-iklim/komitmen-indonesia), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone); 14. [United Nations, The Paris Agreement](https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) [DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim](http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/aksi/mitigasi/implementasi/10-tentang/21-upaya-ditingkat-internasional), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone); [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Deni Bram, _Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim,_ Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 285. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Philip Aerni _(et.al),_ _Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment,_ Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011, p. 140. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Bernadinus Steni (_et.al_), _Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD_, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, p. 44. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Ardina Purbo (_et.al_), _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Deni Bram, _Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim,_Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 287. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Ardina Purbo _(et.al)_, _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Ardina Purbo _(et.al)_, _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Bernadinus Steni (et.al), _Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD_, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, pp. 6-7. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Ardina Purbo _(et.al)_, _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Yoomi Kim _(et.al)_, _Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol,_ PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020, p. 2. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Christoph Böhringer, _The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives,_ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003, p. 451. [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Andreas Pramudianto, _Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020,_ Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Ardina Purbo _(et.al)_, _Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution,_ Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 11. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Asian Development Bank, _Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You_, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020, p. 23. [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Muazzin, _Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+,_ Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015, p. 278. [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, _Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim,_ Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021, p. 87. [\[18\]](#_ftnref18) Andreas Pramudianto, _Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020,_ Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78. [\[19\]](#_ftnref19) Charlotte Streck, _The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning,_ Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016, pp. 4-5. [\[20\]](#_ftnref20) [DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim](http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/tentang/amanat-perubahan-iklim/komitmen-indonesia), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone). [\[21\]](#_ftnref21) [United Nations, The Paris Agreement](https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement), accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Hukumnya Jika Diam-Diam Memfoto Orang Lain which was written by Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H. and was published on Monday, 9 January 2023. This article below is a second update of the article entitled Secretly Photographing People, this is the Law (Hukumnya Jika Diam-Diam Memfoto Orang Lain) which was written by  Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti and was first published on Friday, 7 February 2014, and was first updated on Thursday, 16 July 2020.This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Photos of People According to Electronic Information and Transactions LawBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas A photo of your friend which is taken through a mobile phone camera can be considered as electronic information and/or electronic document if it is still in electronic form or in other words if it has not been printed.Article 1 Number 1 Law 19/2016 explains that electronic information is one or a set of electronic data, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex, telecopy or similar, letters, signs, numbers, Access Codes, symbols or processed perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them.Meanwhile, an electronic document, according to Article 1 Section (4) Law 19/2016, is any electronic information that is created, forwarded, sent, received, or stored in analog, digital, electromagnetic, optical, or similar, which may be viewed, displayed and/or heard through a computer or electronic system, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs or similar, letters, signs, numbers, access codes, symbols or perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them.Photos of People According to Copyright LawFurthermore, from the point of view of Law 28/2014, your friend's photo is categorized as a portrait, i.e. a photographic work with human objects.[1]The person who takes a picture of your friend while working may be referred to as the creator, i.e. a person or persons who individually or jointly produce unique and personal work.[2] As the creator, the photo taker has a copyright which grants a number of exclusive rights, among others, to carry out reproductions, and announcements including changes to their own images and prohibiting others from carrying out said actions without their permission.However, there are limitations to the use of copyrights for portraits. This means that the person taking the portrait must first obtain approval from the person being photographed because Article 12 Section (1) Law 28/2014 has regulated that any person is prohibited from carrying out commercial use, reproduction, announcements, distribution, and/or communication of the portraits they make for the purpose of advertisements or commercials without the written consent of the person being photographed or their heirs. If violated, the perpetrator may be charged with a maximum fine of IDR 500 million.[3]However, according to the chronology, we assume that the portraits are taken not for advertisement or commercial purposes, but to be reported to the superiors/boss "as if" they were sleeping during working hours so that it is not considered as the above actions.Photographs for Evidence PurposesIn criminal law, printed photographs are valid as evidence in order to enforce the law at the request of the police, prosecutors, and/or other law enforcement institutions, as regulated in Article 5 Section (1) and (2) Law 11/2008 jo. Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/PUU-XIV/2016.From this article, it can be concluded that for the purpose of evidence of crimes, photographs as electronic information and/or printed electronic documents are legal evidences that are acknowledged as valid.If the printed image/portrait of your friend is used for the purpose of evidence in criminal law, then the photo is legally acknowledged. Then what if the photo is not used for the purpose of evidence in criminal law?Crime of HumiliationAccording to your chronology, we assume that the purpose of using the printed photo of your friend as evidence, is to prove to the boss the attitude of employees who "seem" to be sleeping during working hours. This means that printed photo is not used for the purpose of evidence of crimes.Apart from criminal law purposes, this means that a photo of your friend can be used as evidence to state the truth that your friend "sleeps" in the office during working hours and show it to your boss. However, there is something that needs to be examined here, namely the truth about whether your friend sleeps during working hours.If it turns out that your friend is indeed working and is not sleeping, then the photo taker or the perpetrator who gives the printed photo to the boss may be subject to criminal sanctions under the previous Criminal Code, which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, Law 1/2023, which will entry into force in 2026.[4] The provisions are:Article 310 Criminal CodeArticle 433 Law 1/2023Any person who intentionally attacks someone's honor or reputation by accusing him of something, with clear intentions so that it becomes known by the public, is threatened with defamation by a maximum imprisonment of 9 months or a maximum fine of Rp. 4.5 million.[5] Any Person who verbally assaults someone’s honor or reputation by accusing something, with the intention that it is known to the public, shall be sentenced due to slander, with imprisonment for a maximum of 9 (nine) months or a maximum criminal fine of category II that is IDR 10 million.[6]If this is done with writings or pictures that are broadcasted, displayed, or attached in public places, then he will be threatened with libel with a maximum imprisonment of 1 year and 4 months or a maximum fine of Rp. 4.5 million.[7] If the act as referred to in paragraph (1) is carried out with writings or pictures that are broadcasted, displayed, or attached in public places, shall be sentenced due to libel, with imprisonment for a maximum of 1 (one) year and 6 (six) months or a maximum criminal fine of category III that is IDR 50 million.[8]It does not constitute defamation or libel if the act is clearly committed in the public interest or due to compulsion in self-defense. The acts as referred to in paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) shall not be sentenced if it is conducted in the public interest or out of the necessity of self-defense. Answering your question, if the act of giving a printed photo of your friend who is accused of sleeping while he is working, with the intention of being known by many people and the act is a shameful act, the perpetrator can be punished under Article 310 Section (2) Criminal Code or Article 433 Law 1/2023.Thus, this action cannot be subject to criminal penalties under Law 11/2008 because it was not carried out by distributing and/or transmitting and/or making accessible electronic information and/or electronic documents containing insults and/or defamation, as referred to in Article 27 Section (3) Law 11/2008. The printed photo is no longer in the form of electronic information and/or electronic documents.Also read: Actions that are Considered as DefamationEnrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Criminal Code;Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright;Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions;Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code;Regulation of Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2012 on the Adjustment to the Limitation of Minor Crimes (Tipiring) and Fine under the Criminal Code.Court Decision:Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/PUU-XIV/2016.[1] Article 1 Section (10) Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright (“Law 28/2014”).[2] Article 1 Section (2) Law 28/2014.[3] Article 115 Law 28/2014.[4] Article 624 Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (“Law 1/2023”).[5] Article 3 Regulation of Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2012 on the Adjustment to the Limitation of Minor Crimes (Tipiring) and Fine under the Criminal Code (“Regulation of Supreme Court 2/2012”).[6] Article 79 Section (1) letter b Law 1/2023.[7] Article 3 Regulation of Supreme Court 2/2012.[8] Article 79 Section (1) letter c Law 1/2023.Tagsklinik english edition
There was a friend of ours at work and without knowing it our friend was secretly photographed using a cell phone where the picture looked as if he was looking down like he was sleeping. Then the picture was printed and used as proof that our friend was sleeping. What I'm asking is how valid the evidence is and whether this is a violation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law.
The act of taking photos of other people secretly, but not for the purpose of advertisements and commercials, as well as not being distributed and/or transmitted electronically, basically does neither violate Law 28/2014 or Copyright Law nor Law 11/2008 or Electronic Information and Transactions Law. However, if the purpose of the secret photo-taking is to accuse your friend of sleeping while working, even though he/she is actually working instead of sleeping, then the perpetrator may be charged with a criminal offense. What are the provisions? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/secretly-taking-photographs-of-people-this-is-the-law-lt63d75fedc5530/
Secretly Taking Photographs of People, this is the Law
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Hukumnya Jika Diam-Diam Memfoto Orang Lain_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukumnya-jika-diam-diam-memfoto-orang-lain-lt52f26b7967c9f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=foto_orang_lain_diam_diam) which was written by [**Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dian-dwi-jayanti--sh-lt6374680d16d2f) and was published on Monday, 9 January 2023. This article below is a second update of the article entitled **Secretly Photographing People, this is the Law** **(Hukumnya Jika Diam-Diam Memfoto Orang Lain)** which was written by  [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt5165540a9b53c/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b) and was first published on Friday, 7 February 2014, and was first updated on Thursday, 16 July 2020. **This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.** All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Photos of People According to** **Electronic Information and Transactions Law** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) A photo of your friend which is taken through a mobile phone camera can be considered as electronic information and/or electronic document if it is still in electronic form or in other words if it has not been printed. **Article 1 Number 1** [**Law 19/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) explains that [electronic information](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/i/informasi-elektronik) is one or a set of electronic data, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex, telecopy or similar, letters, signs, numbers, Access Codes, symbols or processed perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them. Meanwhile, an [electronic document](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/d/dokumen-elektronik), according to **Article 1 Section (4) Law 19/2016**, is any electronic information that is created, forwarded, sent, received, or stored in analog, digital, electromagnetic, optical, or similar, which may be viewed, displayed and/or heard through a computer or electronic system, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs or similar, letters, signs, numbers, access codes, symbols or perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them. ### **Photos of People According to Copyright Law** Furthermore, from the point of view of [**Law 28/2014**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5460681737444/undang-undang-nomor-28-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2014), your friend's photo is categorized as a **portrait**, i.e. a photographic work with human objects.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) The person who takes a picture of your friend while working may be referred to as the creator, i.e. a person or persons who individually or jointly produce unique and personal work.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) As the creator, the photo taker has a copyright which grants a number of exclusive rights, among others, to carry out reproductions, and announcements including changes to their own images and prohibiting others from carrying out said actions without their permission. However, there are limitations to the use of copyrights for portraits. This means that the person taking the portrait must first obtain approval from the person being photographed because **Article 12 Section (1) Law 28/2014** has regulated that any person is prohibited from carrying out commercial use, reproduction, announcements, distribution, and/or communication of the portraits they make for the **purpose of advertisements** **or commercials** without the written consent of the person being photographed or their heirs. If violated, the perpetrator may be charged with a maximum fine of IDR 500 million.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) However, according to the chronology, we assume that the portraits are taken not for advertisement or commercial purposes, but to be reported to the superiors/boss "as if" they were sleeping during working hours so that it is not considered as the above actions. ### **Photographs for Evidence Purposes** In criminal law, printed photographs are valid as evidence in order to enforce the law at the request of the police, prosecutors, and/or other law enforcement institutions, as regulated in **Article 5 Section (1) and (2)** [**Law 11/2008**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) **_jo._** [**Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/PUU-XIV/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5bd6d20c5595a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_20_2016). From this article, it can be concluded that for the purpose of evidence of crimes, photographs as electronic information and/or printed electronic documents are legal evidences that are acknowledged as valid. If the printed image/portrait of your friend is used for the purpose of evidence in criminal law, then the photo is legally acknowledged. Then what if the photo is not used for the purpose of evidence in criminal law? ### **Crime of Humiliation** According to your chronology, we assume that the purpose of using the printed photo of your friend as evidence, is to prove to the boss the attitude of employees who "seem" to be sleeping during working hours. This means that printed photo is not used for the purpose of evidence of crimes. Apart from criminal law purposes, this means that a photo of your friend can be used as evidence to state the truth that your friend "sleeps" in the office during working hours and show it to your boss. However, there is something that needs to be examined here, namely the truth about whether your friend sleeps during working hours. If it turns out that your friend is indeed working and is not sleeping, then the photo taker or the perpetrator who gives the printed photo to the boss may be subject to criminal sanctions under the previous [**Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP), which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, [**Law 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru), which will entry into force in 2026.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The provisions are: **Article 310 Criminal Code** **Article 433 Law 1/2023** 1. Any person who intentionally attacks someone's honor or reputation by accusing him of something, with clear intentions so that it becomes known by the public, is threatened with **defamation** by a maximum imprisonment of 9 months or a maximum fine of Rp. 4.5 million.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. Any Person who verbally assaults someone’s honor or reputation by accusing something, with the intention that it is known to the public, shall be sentenced due to **slander**, with imprisonment for a maximum of 9 (nine) months or a maximum criminal fine of category II that is IDR 10 million.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 2. If this is done with writings or pictures that are broadcasted, displayed, or attached in public places, then he will be threatened with **libel** with a maximum imprisonment of 1 year and 4 months or a maximum fine of Rp. 4.5 million.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 2. If the act as referred to in paragraph (1) is carried out with writings or pictures that are broadcasted, displayed, or attached in public places, shall be sentenced due to **libel**, with imprisonment for a maximum of 1 (one) year and 6 (six) months or a maximum criminal fine of category III that is IDR 50 million.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 3. It does not constitute defamation or libel if the act is clearly committed in the public interest or due to compulsion in self-defense. 3. The acts as referred to in paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) shall not be sentenced if it is conducted in the public interest or out of the necessity of self-defense. Answering your question, if the act of giving a printed photo of your friend who is accused of sleeping while he is working, with the intention of being known by many people and the act is a shameful act, the perpetrator can be punished under Article 310 Section (2) Criminal Code or Article 433 Law 1/2023. Thus, this action cannot be subject to criminal penalties under Law 11/2008 because it was not carried out by distributing and/or transmitting and/or making accessible electronic information and/or electronic documents containing insults and/or defamation, as referred to in **Article 27 Section (3) Law 11/2008**. The printed photo is no longer in the form of electronic information and/or electronic documents. Also read: [**Actions that are Considered as Defamation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-yang-termasuk-dalam-pasal-pencemaran-nama-baik-lt517f3d9f2544a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pencemaran_nama_baik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perbuatan_termasuk_pencemaran_nama_baik) Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click [**here**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5460681737444/undang-undang-nomor-28-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2014); 3. [Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) as amended by [Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016); 4. [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru); 5. [Regulation of Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2012 on the Adjustment to the Limitation of Minor Crimes (Tipiring) and Fine under the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012). Court Decision: [Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/PUU-XIV/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5bd6d20c5595a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_20_2016). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (10) [Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5460681737444/undang-undang-nomor-28-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2014) (“Law 28/2014”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 1 Section (2) Law 28/2014. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 115 Law 28/2014. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 624 [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“Law 1/2023”). [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 3 [Regulation of Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2012 on the Adjustment to the Limitation of Minor Crimes (Tipiring) and Fine under the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) (“Regulation of Supreme Court 2/2012”). [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 79 Section (1) letter b Law 1/2023. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 3 Regulation of Supreme Court 2/2012. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 79 Section (1) letter c Law 1/2023. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Jerat Hukum Suami Memukul Istri karena Terpancing Emosi which was written by Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H. and was published on Thursday, 19 January 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled Husband Beats Wife due to Anger, this is the Criminal Penalty (Jerat Hukum Suami Memukul Istri karena Terpancing Emosi) which was written by Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. and was first published on Friday, 24 January 2014.This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Domestic violence has been regulated under the Law on Elimination of Domestic Violence or Law 23/2004. The beating of the husband against his wife or the act of the wife kicking her husband until he falls down is physical violence.As regulated in Article 5 and Article 6 Law 23/2004, any person is prohibited from committing domestic violence against persons within the scope of their household, by way of physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, or domestic neglect. Physical violence is an act that could cause pain, illness, or serious injury.For this physical violence, the perpetrator can be subject to criminal sanction as regulated in Article 44 Section (1) Law 23/2004, namely that anyone who commits an act of physical violence within the scope of the household is subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 5 years or a maximum fine of IDR 15 million.In the event that the act of physical violence resulted in:[1]Victims who become ill or are seriously injured, perpetrators will be sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 10 years or a maximum fine of IDR 30 million.Death of victims, the perpetrator is sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 15 years or a maximum fine of IDR 45 million.However, if the act is committed by the husband against the wife or vice versa that does not cause illness or obstacle to him/her to carry out work or livelihood or daily activities, the perpetrator will be sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 4 months or a maximum fine of IDR 5 million.[2]Regarding the act of the husband hitting his wife due to his emotional provocation and because the wife has kicked her husband first, this may at first glance appear to be self-defense from the husband. However, Law 23/2004 does not regulate whether the act of physical violence committed is a form of self-defense. This kind of self-defense could be found in the previous Criminal Code, which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, Law 1/2023, which will entry into force in 2026[3], namely:Article 49 Criminal CodeLaw 1/2023Not being convicted, any person who commits an act of forced defense for himself or for another person, the honor of decency or property of himself or for another person, because there is an attack or threat of attack which is very close at that time which is against the law.Article 34Any Person who is compelled to commit a prohibited act shall not be sentenced, if the said act is carried out due to defense against an attack or threat of immediate attack which is unlawful upon oneself or another person, honor in the sense of decency, or property of oneself or that of another person. An involuntary defense which exceeds the limit, which is directly caused by severe mental shock due to the attack or the threat of attack, shall not be convicted.Article 43Any Person who conducts an excessive forced defense that is directly caused by severe mental shock due toan attack or threat of immediate attack which is unlawful, shall not be sentenced.However, in order to be considered as a forced defense, certain conditions must be fulfilled. R. Soesilo in his book entitled The Book of Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/ “KUHP”) and its Commentaries Article by Article (pp. 64-66) explains that there are 3 requirements that must be fulfilled, namely:The act committed must be compelled to defend (defense). The defense must be absolutely necessary, one might say there is no other way.The defense must be carried out only against the interests referred to in the article, namely the body, honor, and property of himself or another person.There must be attacks that are against the right and threatening attacks at that time.According to the information you have provided, the husband may actually take other actions than hitting his wife. For example, the husband may say that he does not like to be treated like that by his wife. Because basically, in a marriage, everything should be discussed first between husband and wife in order to find the best solution. Therefore, seeing that there are other possibilities that can be carried out, the act of the husband hitting his wife cannot be said to be a form of defense or forced defense.In answer to your question, regarding the law of a husband beating his wife, basically, the husband can be punished according to Article 44 Law 23/2004. However, in fact, the actions of both husband and wife violate the provisions of Law 23/2004, therefore, whether the husband will be subject to criminal sanction by the judge for the violence he did, all depends on the judge's own assessment and evidence at the court.Case StudyAs an example of domestic violence case, we will summarize the District Court Decision of Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB. The defendant has been proven to have violated Article 44 Section (1) Law 23/2004 as alternative charges, and the elements of which are as follows: (pp. 7-8)WhoeverWhoever here refers to the person or subject of law who commits a criminal act, namely the defendant.Committing acts of physical violence within the scope of the householdAccording to the testimony of the witness, the instruction letter, and in association with the evidence at the court, which is the defendant is proven to have abused the witness because the witness first pulled the clothes worn by the defendant, then the defendant deflected the witness so that it hit the face of the witness and the defendant twisted the hand of the witness so that the hand of the witness was sprained.The judge declared that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the criminal act of physical violence within the scope of the household. The judge then sentenced the defendant to a term of 5 months in prison (p. 9).These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Criminal Code;Law Number 23 of 2004 on Elimination of Domestic Violence;Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code.Court Decision:District Court Decision of Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB.Reference:R. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Article 44 Section (2) and (3) Law Number 23 of 2004 on Elimination of Domestic Violence (“Law 23/2004”).[2] Article 44 Section (4) Law 23/2004.[3] Article 624 Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (“Law 1/2023”).Tagsklinik english edition
What are the laws and regulations if a husband beats his wife due to self-defense in which the husband is first provoked by his emotions and is kicked by his wife until he falls down?
Basically, the act of a husband hitting or beating his wife can be punished based on the provisions of Law 23/2004. However, in our opinion, according to the chronology you have described, the actions of both husband and wife violate the provisions of the Law on Elimination of Domestic Violence or Law 23/2004. Therefore, whether the husband will be subject to criminal sanction by the judge for the violence he did, all depends on the judge's own assessment and evidence at the court. What is the criminal penalty for domestic violence? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/husband-beats-wife-due-to-anger-this-is-the-criminal-penalty-lt63d75d0617e1a/
Husband Beats Wife due to Anger, this is the Criminal Penalty
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Jerat Hukum Suami Memukul Istri karena Terpancing Emosi_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-hukum-suami-memukul-istri-karena-terpancing-emosi-lt52e1d3929eb12?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=jerat_hukum_suami_pukul_istri) which was written by [**Dian Dwi Jayanti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dian-dwi-jayanti--sh-lt6374680d16d2f) and was published on Thursday, 19 January 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Husband Beats Wife due to Anger, this is the Criminal Penalty** **(Jerat Hukum Suami Memukul Istri karena Terpancing Emosi)** which was written by [**Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e) and was first published on Friday, 24 January 2014. **This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.** All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Domestic violence has been regulated under the **Law on Elimination of Domestic Violence** or [**Law 23/2004**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004). The beating of the husband against his wife or the act of the wife kicking her husband until he falls down is physical violence. As regulated in **Article 5** **and** **Article 6** **Law 23/2004**, any person is prohibited from committing domestic violence against persons within the scope of their household, by way of physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, or domestic neglect. Physical violence is an act that could cause pain, illness, or serious injury. For this physical violence, the perpetrator can be subject to criminal sanction as regulated in **Article 44 Section (1) Law 23/2004**, namely that anyone who commits an act of physical violence within the scope of the household is subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 5 years or a maximum fine of IDR 15 million. In the event that the act of physical violence resulted in:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. Victims who become ill or are seriously injured, perpetrators will be sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 10 years or a maximum fine of IDR 30 million. 2. Death of victims, the perpetrator is sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 15 years or a maximum fine of IDR 45 million. However, if the act is committed by the husband against the wife or vice versa that does not cause illness or obstacle to him/her to carry out work or livelihood or daily activities, the perpetrator will be sentenced to imprisonment for a maximum of 4 months or a maximum fine of IDR 5 million.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Regarding the act of the husband hitting his wife due to his emotional provocation and because the wife has kicked her husband first, this may at first glance appear to be self-defense from the husband. However, Law 23/2004 does not regulate whether the act of physical violence committed is a form of self-defense. This kind of self-defense could be found in the previous [**Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP), which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, [**Law 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru), which will entry into force in 2026[\[3\]](#_ftn3), namely: **Article 49 Criminal Code** **Law 1/2023** 1. Not being convicted, any person who commits an act of **forced defense** for himself or for another person, the honor of decency or property of himself or for another person, because there is an attack or threat of attack which is very close at that time which is against the law. **Article 34** Any Person who is compelled to commit a prohibited act shall not be sentenced, if the said act is carried out due to **defense** against an attack or threat of immediate attack which is unlawful upon oneself or another person, honor in the sense of decency, or property of oneself or that of another person. 2. **An involuntary defense which exceeds the limit**, which is directly caused by severe mental shock due to the attack or the threat of attack, shall not be convicted. **Article 43** Any Person who conducts an **excessive forced defense** that is directly caused by severe mental shock due to an attack or threat of immediate attack which is unlawful, shall not be sentenced. However, in order to be considered as a forced defense, certain conditions must be fulfilled. **R. Soesilo** in his book entitled _The Book of Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/ “KUHP”) and its Commentaries Article by Article_ (pp. 64-66) explains that there are 3 requirements that must be fulfilled, namely: 1. The act committed must be compelled to defend (defense). The defense must be absolutely necessary, one might say there is no other way. 2. The defense must be carried out only against the interests referred to in the article, namely the body, honor, and property of himself or another person. 3. There must be attacks that are against the right and threatening attacks at that time. According to the information you have provided, the husband may actually take other actions than hitting his wife. For example, the husband may say that he does not like to be treated like that by his wife. Because basically, in a marriage, everything should be discussed first between husband and wife in order to find the best solution. Therefore, seeing that there are other possibilities that can be carried out, the act of the husband hitting his wife cannot be said to be a form of defense or forced defense. In answer to your question, regarding the law of a husband beating his wife, basically, the husband can be punished according to **Article 44 Law 23/2004**. However, in fact, the actions of both husband and wife violate the provisions of Law 23/2004, therefore, whether the husband will be subject to criminal sanction by the judge for the violence he did, all depends on the judge's own assessment and evidence at the court. **Case Study** As an example of domestic violence case, we will summarize the [**District Court Decision of Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB**](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/4b5b13cac382d928dbd55ac45f28f90f.html). The defendant has been proven to have violated Article 44 Section (1) Law 23/2004 as alternative charges, and the elements of which are as follows: (pp. 7-8) 1. **Whoever** Whoever here refers to the person or subject of law who commits a criminal act, namely the defendant. 2. **Committing acts of physical violence within the scope of the household** According to the testimony of the witness, the instruction letter, and in association with the evidence at the court, which is the defendant is proven to have abused the witness because the witness first pulled the clothes worn by the defendant, then the defendant deflected the witness so that it hit the face of the witness and the defendant twisted the hand of the witness so that the hand of the witness was sprained. The judge declared that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the criminal act of physical violence within the scope of the household. The judge then sentenced the defendant to a term of 5 months in prison (p. 9). These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Law Number 23 of 2004 on Elimination of Domestic Violence](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004); 3. [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). Court Decision: [District Court Decision of Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/4b5b13cac382d928dbd55ac45f28f90f.html). Reference: R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 44 Section (2) and (3) [Law Number 23 of 2004 on Elimination of Domestic Violence](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004) (“Law 23/2004”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 44 Section (4) Law 23/2004. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 624 [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“Law 1/2023”). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup which was written by Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H. and was published on Friday, 20 January 2023. This article below is a second update of the article entitled Life Sentence (Pidana Seumur Hidup) which was written by Shanti Rachmadsyah, S.H. and was first published on Thursday, 24 June 2010, and was first updated on Monday, 24 January 2022.This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.The Definition of Life ImprisonmentBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas In order to answer your question about life imprisonment, we will refer to the previous Criminal Code, which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, Law 1/2023, which will entry into force in 2026.[1]Article 12 Criminal CodeArticle 68 Law 1/2023Imprisonment is for life or for a certain period.Imprisonment is imposed for life or for a certain period.Imprisonment for a certain period is a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 15 years in a row.2. Imprisonment for a certain period is imposed for a maximum of 15 consecutive years or for a minimum of 1 day, unless a specific minimum is determined.Imprisonment for a certain period may be imposed for 20 consecutive years in terms of crimes for which the judge may choose between the death penalty, life imprisonment, and imprisonment for a certain period, or between life imprisonment and imprisonment for a certain period.3. In the event that there is a choice between the capital punishment and life imprisonment or there is an aggravation for a crime sentenced with imprisonment for 15 years, imprisonment for a certain period may be imposed for a period of 20 (twenty) consecutive years.Imprisonment for a certain period may not exceed 20 years.4. Imprisonment for a certain period may not be imposed for more than 20 years.From the abovementioned provisions, it can be concluded that life imprisonment is imprisonment for as long as the convict is still alive until his/her death. This provision simultaneously rejects the opinion that life imprisonment is a term of imprisonment that is served during the age of the convict at the time the verdict is handed down.Misinterpretation of Life ImprisonmentLife imprisonment is often misinterpreted. The most common misinterpretation is to assume that life imprisonment means imprisonment in accordance with the age of the convict when the verdict is handed down.In order to make it easier to understand the definition of life imprisonment, as an example, if a person is sentenced to life imprisonment when he/she is 21 years old, and if it is based on the opinion that what is meant by 'lifetime' is equal to the sum of the ages of the convict. Then, when the verdict is handed down, the person concerned will serve a prison sentence of 21 years. This certainly violates the provisions of Article 12 Section (4) Criminal Code and Article 68 Section (4) Law 1/2023, where the length of the sentence served by the convict exceeds the maximum limit of 20 years.As another example, based on the same opinion, if a convict is sentenced to life imprisonment when he is 18 years old, it means that the convict is sentenced to imprisonment for 18 years. This of course will lead to confusion, namely, why didn’t the judge immediately sentence the convict to 18 years in prison, for it is still allowed under the Criminal Code?From the description above, it can be concluded that the legal basis, as well as the logic of thinking, is that the meaning of life imprisonment is imprisonment as long as the convict is still alive, and his/her sentence will only end when he/she passes away.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Criminal Code;Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code.[1] Article 624 Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (“Law 1/2023”). Tagsklinik english edition
I have a question about life imprisonment. What is life imprisonment? There are many versions regarding life imprisonment. The first version, life imprisonment is a sentence imposed by a judge in which the length of the sentence depends on the age of the convict. For example, if a person committed a crime and was sentenced to life imprisonment, and at the time of sentencing, the convict was 21 years old, so the life imprisonment sentence would be 21 years. The second version, life imprisonment is a sentence that is imposed and must be served as long as the person is alive, i.e. he/she continues to be in prison without any such period or you could say that until the person passes away, he/she continues to be in prison. Which one is correct? What are the legal basis and regulations regarding the explanation of the life sentence?
Life imprisonment is one of two variants of imprisonment in the Criminal Code. Life imprisonment does not mean that the convict is imprisoned for a period of time equal to his/her age at the time the verdict was handed down, but life imprisonment means imprisonment for as long as the convict is still alive until he/she passes away. What is the legal basis? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/the-definition-of-life-imprisonment-lt63d3caf4299e6/
The Definition of Life Imprisonment
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pidana-penjara-seumur-hidup-lt4c16084b884be/#_ftn1?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pidana_seumur_hidup) which was written by [**Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/bernadetha-aurelia-oktavira--sh-lt5d537b77ab8d5) and was published on Friday, 20 January 2023. This article below is a second update of the article entitled **Life Sentence (Pidana Seumur Hidup)** which was written by [**Shanti Rachmadsyah, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/shanti-rachmadsyah--sh-lt4b9a1eb24a495) and was first published on Thursday, 24 June 2010, and was first updated on Monday, 24 January 2022. **This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.** All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **The Definition of Life Imprisonment** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) In order to answer your question about life imprisonment, we will refer to the previous [**Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP), which is still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, [**Law 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru), which will entry into force in 2026.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) **Article 12 Criminal Code** **Article 68 Law 1/2023** 1. Imprisonment is for life or for a certain period. 1. Imprisonment is imposed for life or for a certain period. 2. Imprisonment for a certain period is a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 15 years in a row. 2\. Imprisonment for a certain period is imposed for a maximum of 15 consecutive years or for a minimum of 1 day, unless a specific minimum is determined. 3. Imprisonment for a certain period may be imposed for 20 consecutive years in terms of crimes for which the judge may choose between the death penalty, life imprisonment, and imprisonment for a certain period, or between life imprisonment and imprisonment for a certain period. 3\. In the event that there is a choice between the capital punishment and life imprisonment or there is an aggravation for a crime sentenced with imprisonment for 15 years, imprisonment for a certain period may be imposed for a period of 20 (twenty) consecutive years. 4. Imprisonment for a certain period may not exceed 20 years. 4\. Imprisonment for a certain period may not be imposed for more than 20 years. From the abovementioned provisions, it can be concluded that life imprisonment is imprisonment for as long as the convict is still alive until his/her death. This provision simultaneously rejects the opinion that life imprisonment is a term of imprisonment that is served during the age of the convict at the time the verdict is handed down. ### **Misinterpretation of Life Imprisonment** Life imprisonment is often misinterpreted. The most common misinterpretation is to assume that life imprisonment means imprisonment in accordance with the age of the convict when the verdict is handed down. In order to make it easier to understand the definition of life imprisonment, as an example, if a person is sentenced to life imprisonment when he/she is 21 years old, and if it is based on the opinion that what is meant by 'lifetime' is equal to the sum of the ages of the convict. Then, when the verdict is handed down, the person concerned will serve a prison sentence of 21 years. This certainly violates the provisions of Article 12 Section (4) Criminal Code and Article 68 Section (4) Law 1/2023, where the length of the sentence served by the convict exceeds the maximum limit of 20 years. As another example, based on the same opinion, if a convict is sentenced to life imprisonment when he is 18 years old, it means that the convict is sentenced to imprisonment for 18 years. This of course will lead to confusion, namely, why didn’t the judge immediately sentence the convict to 18 years in prison, for it is still allowed under the Criminal Code? From the description above, it can be concluded that the legal basis, as well as the logic of thinking, is that the meaning of life imprisonment is imprisonment as long as the convict is still alive, and his/her sentence will only end when he/she passes away. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 624 [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“Law 1/2023”). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Dapatkah Perantau di Luar Negeri Kehilangan Kewarganegaraan which was written by Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. and was published on Thursday, 9 June 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled Does Settling Abroad Deprive Citizenship? (Apakah Menetap di Luar Negeri Dapat Menghilangkan Kewarganegaraan?) which was first published on Thursday, 27 August 2015.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.From the information you have provided, we assume and conclude that both of your parents were Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") who became migrants in Australia and then changed the citizenships of their own accord/will. This is because the Citizenship Law or Law 12/2006 does not recognize dual citizenship for people who have obtained Indonesian Citizenship from the start.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Dual citizenship is only granted to children who are born to parents who are foreign citizens and Indonesian Citizens, or children who are born in Indonesia but whose nationalities are unclear.[1] Thus, when both of your parents are granted Australian citizenship, they will lose their Indonesian Citizenship.[2] Meanwhile, you are an Indonesian Citizen who was born in Indonesia and then moved with your parents to Australia. Your question is, do you still gain Indonesian Citizenship?Principles of CitizenshipPreviously, it is important to understand the following principles of citizenship, as embodied in Law 12/2006, namely:[3]ius sanguinis principle (law of the blood) is the principle that determines a person's citizenship based on descent, not based on the country of birth.ius soli principle (law of the soil) is the principle that determines a person's citizenship based on the country of birth, which is limited to children in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Citizenship Law.The principle of single citizenship is the principle that determines one citizenship for each person.The principle of limited dual citizenship is the principle that determines the dual citizenship of children in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Citizenship Law.Law 12/2006 basically does not recognize dual citizenship (bipatride) or statelessness (apatride). Dual citizenship granted to children under the Citizenship Law is an exception and it is limited in nature. If a child who has dual citizenship is 18 years old or married, then he/she must choose one of their nationalities.[4]Citizenship Status for MigrantsAnswering your question, if you move to Australia, this does not necessarily deprive your Indonesian Citizen status. It's another case if you also change your citizenship to become an Australian Citizen, then this will deprive your Indonesian Citizen status. Therefore, you are currently still an Indonesian Citizen.You, who were born from a legal marriage to a father and mother who were Indonesian Citizens (before your parents finally changed citizenship) are a child of Indonesian Citizenship as well.[5]Meanwhile, if migrants live abroad, they can lose their Indonesian Citizen status if:[6]acquire another nationality of their own accord/will;does not reject or renounce other nationalities, while the person concerned has the opportunity to do so;being declared to have lost their nationality by the President at his own request, the person concerned is 18 years old or married, lives abroad, and by being declared to have lost his/her Indonesian Citizenship does not make him/her stateless;enter into foreign army service without prior permission from the president;Voluntarily entering into foreign state services, whose positions in such services in Indonesia in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations may only be held by Indonesian Citizens;Voluntarily take an oath or pledge allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country;are not obligated but participate in some constitutional election, for a foreign country;have a passport or a letter in the nature of a passport from a foreign country or a letter that can be interpreted as a valid citizenship certificate from another country on his/her behalf; orhas resided outside of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 continuous years for non-state service purposes, for no valid reason, and for not expressing a desire to remain an Indonesian Citizen before the relevant 5-year period ends, and every subsequent 5 years the person concerned does not submit a statement wanting to remain an Indonesian Citizen to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose working area encompasses the place of residence even though the representative of the Republic of Indonesia has notified the person concerned in writing, as long as the person concerned is not stateless.How to File an Application to Become an Indonesian Citizen for a Child?As we explained earlier, you are born from a legal marriage of an Indonesian father and mother (before both your parents changed citizenship), therefore you are an Indonesian Citizen.Meanwhile, in response to your question on how to regain Indonesian Citizenship, then this matter is regulated under Government Regulation 21/2022.Regulation 21/2022 adds several new regulations relating to the re-acquisition of Indonesian Citizenship, specifically for children who wish to re-acquire Indonesian Citizenship.Previously, it should be noted that children who have not registered or who have registered but who have not yet chosen their citizenship may submit a Citizenship application to the President through the Minister.[7]An application shall be submitted in Indonesia, by the applicant in Bahasa Indonesia, in writing, on a stamped paper, and shall at least contain:[8]full name;place and date of birth;gender;marital status;residential address;profession and/or fixed income;nationality of origin;identity card number or single identity number.In addition, the abovementioned application must be enclosed with:[9]photocopy of an excerpt of a birth certificate or letter proving the birth of the applicant is legalized by the authorized official;photocopy of an excerpt of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of the applicant's wife/husband for those who are under 18 years old and are married which is legalized by the authorized official;photocopy of an excerpt of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of one of the applicant's parents which is legalized by the authorized official;Immigration certificate issued by the immigration office whose working area encompasses the applicant's residence stating that the applicant has been residing in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 consecutive years or for at least 10 non-consecutive years;certificate of physical and mental health from the hospital;affidavit of the applicant that he/she is able to speak Bahasa Indonesia;affidavit of the applicant that he/she acknowledges Pancasila as the Foundation of State, and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;police record certificate;affidavit from the representative of the applicant’s country that by obtaining the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia he/she does not become a dual citizen;affidavit from the sub-district head whose working area includes the applicant’s residence, which states that the applicant has a job and/or a fixed income;proof of payment of Citizenship as non-tax state revenue; and6 pieces of 4X6-centimeter recent photographs (colored) of the applicant.In the event that the child was born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia and does not have the requirement of an immigration certificate, the applicant must enclose a resident's biodata issued by the population and civil registration office.[10]The appendix to the application is then delivered to the official whose working area encompasses the applicant's place of residence.[11]Thus, to answer your question, you are still an Indonesian Citizen. This is because you were born in Indonesia to Indonesian parents when you were born. Although your parents have changed citizenship due to migration, your Indonesian Citizenship status is still attached to you. Meanwhile, if it turns out that you are already a foreign citizen, you may re-acquire Indonesian Citizenship status under several conditions, as regulated under Government Regulation 21/2022.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia;Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia as amended by Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia.[1] Article 6. Jo. Article 4 letter c, d, h, i, and Article 5 Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (“Law 12/2006”).[2] Article 23 Letter a Law 12/2006.[3] General Elucidation of Law 12/2006.[4] Article 6 Section (1) Law 12/2006.[5] Article 4 Letter b Law 12/2006.[6] Article 23 Law 12/2006.[7] Article 3A Section (1) Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (“Government Regulation 21/2022”).[8] Article 3A Section (2) Government Regulation 21/2022.[9] Article 3A Section (3) Government Regulation 21/2022.[10] Article 3A Section (4) Government Regulation 21/2022.[11] Article 3A Section (5) Government Regulation 21/2022.Tagsklinik english edition
I was born in Jakarta, but after I was born, my parents and I moved to Sydney. After we moved, my parents got Australian citizenship. I want to know whether I still gain my Indonesian Citizenship. If not, how do I gain it back? Thank you.
If a migrant was born in Indonesia to parents who are Indonesian Citizens and then his/her parents changed their nationality, then the person concerned is still an Indonesian Citizen. So, what are the factors that cause migrants to lose their citizenship? And how to get it back, especially for children? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/can-overseas-migrants-lose-their-citizenship--lt63d3c8150db16/
Can Overseas Migrants Lose their Citizenship?
pages/173/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Dapatkah Perantau di Luar Negeri Kehilangan Kewarganegaraan_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/dapatkah-perantau-di-luar-negeri-kehilangan-kewarganegaraan-lt55dc543beaa93#_ftn8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perantau_kehilangan_kewarganegaraan) which was written by [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) and was published on Thursday, 9 June 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Does Settling Abroad Deprive Citizenship? (Apakah Menetap di Luar Negeri Dapat Menghilangkan Kewarganegaraan?)** which was first published on Thursday, 27 August 2015. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). From the information you have provided, we assume and conclude that both of your parents were Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") who became migrants in Australia and then changed the citizenships of their own accord/will. This is because the Citizenship Law or [**Law 12/2006**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) does not recognize dual citizenship for people who have obtained Indonesian Citizenship from the start. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Dual citizenship is only granted to children who are born to parents who are foreign citizens and Indonesian Citizens, or children who are born in Indonesia but whose nationalities are unclear.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Thus, when both of your parents are granted Australian citizenship, they will lose their Indonesian Citizenship.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Meanwhile, you are an Indonesian Citizen who was born in Indonesia and then moved with your parents to Australia. Your question is, do you still gain Indonesian Citizenship? ### **Principles of Citizenship** Previously, it is important to understand the following principles of citizenship, as embodied in Law 12/2006, namely:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. _ius sanguinis_ principle (law of the blood) is the principle that determines a person's citizenship based on descent, not based on the country of birth. 2. _ius soli_ principle (law of the soil) is the principle that determines a person's citizenship based on the country of birth, which is limited to children in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Citizenship Law. 3. The principle of single citizenship is the principle that determines one citizenship for each person. 4. The principle of limited dual citizenship is the principle that determines the dual citizenship of children in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Citizenship Law. Law 12/2006 basically does not recognize dual citizenship (bipatride) or statelessness (apatride). Dual citizenship granted to children under the Citizenship Law is an exception and it is limited in nature. If a child who has dual citizenship is 18 years old or married, then he/she must choose one of their nationalities.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **Citizenship Status for Migrants** Answering your question, **if you move to Australia, this does not necessarily deprive your Indonesian Citizen status**. It's another case if you also change your citizenship to become an Australian Citizen, then this will deprive your Indonesian Citizen status. Therefore, you are currently still an Indonesian Citizen. You, who were born from a legal marriage to a father and mother who were Indonesian Citizens (before your parents finally changed citizenship) are a child of Indonesian Citizenship as well.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Meanwhile, if migrants live abroad, they can lose their Indonesian Citizen status if:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. acquire another nationality of their own accord/will; 2. does not reject or renounce other nationalities, while the person concerned has the opportunity to do so; 3. being declared to have lost their nationality by the President at his own request, the person concerned is 18 years old or married, lives abroad, and by being declared to have lost his/her Indonesian Citizenship does not make him/her stateless; 4. enter into foreign army service without prior permission from the president; 5. Voluntarily entering into foreign state services, whose positions in such services in Indonesia in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations may only be held by Indonesian Citizens; 6. Voluntarily take an oath or pledge allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country; 7. are not obligated but participate in some constitutional election, for a foreign country; 8. have a passport or a letter in the nature of a passport from a foreign country or a letter that can be interpreted as a valid citizenship certificate from another country on his/her behalf; or has resided outside of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 continuous years for non-state service purposes, for no valid reason, and for not expressing a desire to remain an Indonesian Citizen before the relevant 5-year period ends, and every subsequent 5 years the person concerned does not submit a statement wanting to remain an Indonesian Citizen to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose working area encompasses the place of residence even though the representative of the Republic of Indonesia has notified the person concerned in writing, as long as the person concerned is not stateless. ### **How to File an Application to Become an Indonesian Citizen for a Child?** As we explained earlier, you are born from a legal marriage of an Indonesian father and mother (before both your parents changed citizenship), therefore you are an Indonesian Citizen. Meanwhile, in response to your question on how to regain Indonesian Citizenship, then this matter is regulated under [**Government** **Regulation 21/2022**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt629d9a9b9eeb5/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-21-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_21_2022). Regulation 21/2022 adds several new regulations relating to the re-acquisition of Indonesian Citizenship, specifically for children who wish to re-acquire Indonesian Citizenship. Previously, it should be noted that children who have not registered or who have registered but who have not yet chosen their citizenship may submit a Citizenship application to the President through the Minister.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) An application shall be submitted in Indonesia, by the applicant in _Bahasa Indonesia_, in writing, on a stamped paper, and shall at least contain:[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 1. full name; 2. place and date of birth; 3. gender; 4. marital status; 5. residential address; 6. profession and/or fixed income; 7. nationality of origin; 8. identity card number or single identity number. In addition, the abovementioned application must be enclosed with:[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 1. photocopy of an excerpt of a birth certificate or letter proving the birth of the applicant is legalized by the authorized official; 2. photocopy of an excerpt of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of the applicant's wife/husband for those who are **under 18 years old** and are married which is legalized by the authorized official; 3. photocopy of an excerpt of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of one of the applicant's parents which is legalized by the authorized official; 4. **Immigration certificate** issued by the immigration office whose working area encompasses the applicant's residence stating that the applicant has been residing in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 consecutive years or for at least 10 non-consecutive years; 5. certificate of physical and mental health from the hospital; 6. affidavit of the applicant that he/she is able to speak _Bahasa Indonesia_; 7. affidavit of the applicant that he/she acknowledges Pancasila as the Foundation of State, and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; 8. police record certificate; 9. affidavit from the representative of the applicant’s country that by obtaining the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia he/she does not become a dual citizen; 10. affidavit from the sub-district head whose working area includes the applicant’s residence, which states that the applicant has a job and/or a fixed income; 11. proof of payment of Citizenship as non-tax state revenue; and 12. 6 pieces of 4X6-centimeter recent photographs (colored) of the applicant. In the event that the child was born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia and does not have the requirement of an immigration certificate, **the applicant must enclose a resident's biodata issued by the population and civil registration office**.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) The appendix to the application is then delivered to the official whose working area encompasses the applicant's place of residence.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Thus, to answer your question, you are still an Indonesian Citizen. This is because you were born in Indonesia to Indonesian parents when you were born. Although your parents have changed citizenship due to migration, your Indonesian Citizenship status is still attached to you. Meanwhile, if it turns out that you are already a foreign citizen, you may re-acquire Indonesian Citizenship status under several conditions, as regulated under Government Regulation 21/2022. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); 2. [Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26129/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-2-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_2_2007) as amended by [Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt629d9a9b9eeb5/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-21-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_21_2022). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 6. _Jo._ Article 4 letter c, d, h, i, and Article 5 [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) (“Law 12/2006”). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 23 Letter a Law 12/2006. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) General Elucidation of Law 12/2006. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 6 Section (1) Law 12/2006. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 4 Letter b Law 12/2006. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 23 Law 12/2006. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 3A Section (1) [Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt629d9a9b9eeb5/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-21-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_21_2022) (“Government Regulation 21/2022”). [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 3A Section (2) Government Regulation 21/2022. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 3A Section (3) Government Regulation 21/2022. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 3A Section (4) Government Regulation 21/2022. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 3A Section (5) Government Regulation 21/2022. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA which was written by David Christian, S.H. and was published on Wednesday, 14 September 2022. This article below is the second update of the article entitled Requirements and Procedures to Change Citizenship (Syarat dan Prosedur Pindah Kewarganegaraan) which was written by Sovia Hasanah, S.H.  and was published on Tuesday, 12 September 2017, and was first updated by Erizka Permatasari, S.H. on Wednesday, 24 November 2021.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Loss of Citizenship of the Republic of IndonesiaBefore discussing further how to change citizenship, legally, Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") automatically lose their citizenship due to:acquire another nationality of their own accord/will;does not reject or renounce other nationalities, while the person concerned has the opportunity to do so;being declared to have lost their nationality by the President at his own request, the person concerned is 18 years old or married, lives abroad, and by being declared to have lost his/her Indonesian Citizenship does not make him/her stateless;enter into foreign army service without prior permission from the president;Voluntarily entering into foreign state services, whose positions in such services in Indonesia in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations may only be held by Indonesian Citizens;Voluntarily take an oath or pledge allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country;are not obligated but participate in some constitutional election, for a foreign country;have a passport or a letter in the nature of a passport from a foreign country or a letter that can be interpreted as a valid citizenship certificate from another country on his/her behalf; orhas resided outside of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 continuous years for non-state service purposes, for no valid reason, and for not expressing a desire to remain an Indonesian Citizen before the relevant 5-year period ends, and every subsequent 5 years the person concerned does not submit a statement wanting to remain an Indonesian Citizen to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose working area encompasses the place of residence even though the representative of the Republic of Indonesia has notified the person concerned in writing, as long as the person concerned is not stateless.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas In addition, an Indonesian Citizen shall be declared to have lost his/her citizenship by the president at his/her own request if the relevant citizen is 18 years old or married, residing abroad, and by declaring that the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia has been lost, he/she does not become stateless.The application for the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia shall be subject to fees in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations in the field of non-tax state revenue applicable at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.So, in reference to the abovementioned provisions, you may be declared to have lost your Indonesian Citizenship by the president at your own request, provided that you are already 18 years old/married, residing abroad, and by being declared to have lost your Indonesian Citizenship you will not become stateless.Thus, prior to submitting an application for the loss of citizenship, you must first arrange for a citizenship application in the destinated country, in this case, Malaysia, so that the loss of Indonesian Citizenship does not make you stateless.So, what are the procedures for the application for the loss of citizenship? Here, we explain how to change citizenship from Indonesian Citizens to foreign citizens.How to File an Application for Loss of CitizenshipSubmission of Applications for the Loss of CitizenshipIndonesian Citizens who fulfill the provisions for losing citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia and residing outside the territory of the Republic of Indonesia report themselves to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia.Applicants shall submit an application for the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia in writing by the person concerned to the president through the Minister of Law and Human Rights (“ministers”).Applications should be made in Bahasa Indonesia and should at least contain the following:full name;identity card number or single identity number;place and date of birth;residential address;profession;gender;the marital status of the applicant;and reason for the application.The application must be enclosed with:photocopy of a birth certificate or letter proving the applicant's birth legalized by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia;photocopy of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of the applicant's wife/husband for those who are under 18 years old and are already married and legalized by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia;photocopy of Travel Documents of the Republic of Indonesia or an Identity Card that has been verified by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia;a statement from a foreign country official, that by losing the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia the applicant will become a foreign citizen;proof of payment for loss of citizenship as non-tax state revenue;6 copies of the applicant's most recent photograph (colored), size 4x6 cm.Applications and attachments are submitted electronically through information systems and directly to ministers through officials.Examination of the Completeness of Application RequirementsFurthermore, the Minister shall examine the completeness of the application requirements by no later than 5 days from the date the documents are directly received.Application ExaminationIn the event that the results of the examination of the completeness of the application requirements show incomplete required documents, the applicant will be notified electronically to complete the documents through the information system.The applicant must complete the incomplete required documents within a maximum period of 14 days from the date the notification is submitted.If within the specified period the applicant does not complete the required documents, the application is considered withdrawn. An application deemed withdrawn may be resubmitted according to the application.Then, in the event that the results of the examination of the completeness of the application requirements are complete, the minister forwards the application by letter to the president within a maximum period of 14 days from the date the application is declared complete.Determination of the Decision to Lose CitizenshipFurthermore, the president shall establish a decree on the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia.Excerpts of the said presidential decree shall be submitted to the representatives of the Republic of Indonesia for a maximum of 14 days from the date of the stipulation of the presidential decree, and a copy shall be submitted to the ministers and representatives of the Republic of Indonesia.Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia shall submit said decree to the applicant for a maximum of 7 days from the date of the presidential decree is received.Announcement of the Loss of CitizenshipThe Minister shall announce the name of the person who has lost the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia in the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.Registration of Changes in Citizenship Status Indonesian Citizens to Foreign CitizensFurthermore, you must register the change of citizenship status from WNI to WNA to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia, as regulated in Article 54 Section (1) Law 23/2006:Changes in citizenship status from Indonesian Citizens to foreign citizens outside the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, that have obtained approval from local countries must be reported by the Residents concerned to the Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia.The local Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia shall then issue a Certificate of Release of Indonesian Citizenship.The waiver of Indonesian Citizenship shall be notified by the local representative of the Republic of Indonesia to the authorized minister according to the provisions of the laws and regulations to be forwarded to the implementing agency which issued the relevant civil registration deed.According to the notification, the civil registration official shall make a marginal note on the register of the civil registration deed and excerpt/quotation of the civil registration deed.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 23 of 2006 on Population Administration as amended by Law Number 24 of 2013 on The Amendment of Law Number 23 of 2006 on Population Administration;Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia as amended by Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia.Tagsklinik english edition
I have a question regarding changing citizenship. My biological father is a citizen of Malaysia. If I am an Indonesian Citizen, then what are the requirements if I want to change my citizenship to Malaysian? How do I change my citizenship status?
If you wish to change your citizenship from an Indonesian Citizen (Warga Negara Indonesia/ “WNI”) to a Foreign Citizen (Warga Negara Asing/ “WNA”), then you should pay attention to the provisions for losing your citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia. There are several requirements that must be fulfilled in order to submit an application for the loss of citizenship. What are the procedures? What documents are required? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/how-to-change-your-citizenship-from-indonesian-to-foreign-citizen-lt63d3c548565d8/
How to Change Your Citizenship from Indonesian to Foreign Citizen
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/cara-pindah-kewarganegaraan-wni-menjadi-wna-lt59b2426ec0ed5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cara_pindah_kewarganegaraan_wni_wna) which was written by [**David Christian, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/david-christian--sh-lt627ca02b8b57d) and was published on Wednesday, 14 September 2022. This article below is the second update of the article entitled **Requirements and Procedures to Change Citizenship (Syarat dan Prosedur Pindah Kewarganegaraan)** which was written by [**Sovia Hasanah, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt57d2913a130b4/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh/)  and was published on Tuesday, 12 September 2017, and was first updated by [**Erizka Permatasari, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72) on Wednesday, 24 November 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Loss of Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia** Before discussing further how to change citizenship, legally, Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") automatically lose their citizenship due to: 1. **acquire another nationality of their own accord/will;** 2. does not reject or renounce other nationalities, while the person concerned has the opportunity to do so; 3. being declared to have lost their nationality by the President at his own request, the person concerned is 18 years old or married, lives abroad, and by being declared to have lost his/her Indonesian Citizenship does not make him/her stateless; 4. enter into foreign army service without prior permission from the president; 5. Voluntarily entering into foreign state services, whose positions in such services in Indonesia in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations may only be held by Indonesian Citizens; 6. Voluntarily take an oath or pledge allegiance to a foreign country or part of the said foreign country; 7. are not obligated but participate in some constitutional election, for a foreign country; 8. have a passport or a letter in the nature of a passport from a foreign country or a letter that can be interpreted as a valid citizenship certificate from another country on his/her behalf; or 9. has resided outside of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for 5 continuous years for non-state service purposes, for no valid reason, and for not expressing a desire to remain an Indonesian Citizen before the relevant 5-year period ends, and every subsequent 5 years the person concerned does not submit a statement wanting to remain an Indonesian Citizen to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose working area encompasses the place of residence even though the representative of the Republic of Indonesia has notified the person concerned in writing, as long as the person concerned is not stateless. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) In addition, an Indonesian Citizen shall be declared to have lost his/her citizenship by the president at his/her own request if the relevant citizen is 18 years old or married, residing abroad, and by declaring that the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia has been lost, he/she does not become stateless. The application for the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia shall be subject to fees in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations in the field of non-tax state revenue applicable at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. So, in reference to the abovementioned provisions, you may be declared to have lost your Indonesian Citizenship by the president at your own request, provided that you are already 18 years old/married, residing abroad, and by being declared to have lost your Indonesian Citizenship you will not become stateless. Thus, prior to submitting an application for the loss of citizenship, **you must first arrange for a citizenship application in the destinated country**, in this case, Malaysia, so that the loss of Indonesian Citizenship does not make you stateless. So, what are the procedures for the application for the loss of citizenship? Here, we explain how to change citizenship from Indonesian Citizens to foreign citizens. ### **How to File an Application for Loss of Citizenship** 1. **Submission of Applications for the Loss of Citizenship** Indonesian Citizens who fulfill the provisions for losing citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia and residing outside the territory of the Republic of Indonesia report themselves to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia. Applicants shall submit an application for the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia in writing by the person concerned to the president through the Minister of Law and Human Rights (“ministers”). Applications should be made in _Bahasa Indonesia_ and should at least contain the following: 1. full name; 2. identity card number or single identity number; 3. place and date of birth; 4. residential address; 5. profession; 6. gender; 7. the marital status of the applicant; 8. and reason for the application. The application must be enclosed with: 1. photocopy of a birth certificate or letter proving the applicant's birth legalized by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia; 2. photocopy of a marriage certificate/marriage book, an excerpt of a divorce certificate, or an excerpt of a death certificate of the applicant's wife/husband for those who are under 18 years old and are already married and legalized by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia; 3. photocopy of Travel Documents of the Republic of Indonesia or an Identity Card that has been verified by a representative of the Republic of Indonesia; 4. a statement from a foreign country official, that by losing the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia the applicant will become a foreign citizen; 5. proof of payment for loss of citizenship as non-tax state revenue; 6. 6 copies of the applicant's most recent photograph (colored), size 4x6 cm. Applications and attachments are submitted electronically through information systems and directly to ministers through officials. 2. **Examination of the Completeness of Application Requirements** Furthermore, the Minister shall examine the completeness of the application requirements by no later than 5 days from the date the documents are directly received. 3. **Application Examination** In the event that the results of the examination of the completeness of the application requirements show incomplete required documents, the applicant will be notified electronically to complete the documents through the information system. The applicant must complete the incomplete required documents within a maximum period of 14 days from the date the notification is submitted. If within the specified period the applicant does not complete the required documents, the application is considered withdrawn. An application deemed withdrawn may be resubmitted according to the application. Then, in the event that the results of the examination of the completeness of the application requirements are complete, the minister forwards the application by letter to the president within a maximum period of 14 days from the date the application is declared complete. 4. **Determination of the Decision to Lose Citizenship** Furthermore, the president shall establish a decree on the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia. Excerpts of the said presidential decree shall be submitted to the representatives of the Republic of Indonesia for a maximum of 14 days from the date of the stipulation of the presidential decree, and a copy shall be submitted to the ministers and representatives of the Republic of Indonesia. Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia shall submit said decree to the applicant for a maximum of 7 days from the date of the presidential decree is received. 5. **Announcement of the Loss of Citizenship** The Minister shall announce the name of the person who has lost the citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia in the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. ### **Registration of Changes in Citizenship Status Indonesian Citizens to Foreign Citizens** Furthermore, you must register the change of citizenship status from WNI to WNA to the representative of the Republic of Indonesia, as regulated in **Article 54 Section (1)** [**Law 23/2006**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26195/node/758/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2006?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2006): _Changes in citizenship status from Indonesian Citizens to foreign citizens outside the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, that have obtained approval from local countries **must be reported by the Residents concerned to the Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia**._ The local Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia shall then issue a **Certificate of Release of Indonesian Citizenship**. The waiver of Indonesian Citizenship shall be notified by the local representative of the Republic of Indonesia to the authorized minister according to the provisions of the laws and regulations to be forwarded to the implementing agency which issued the relevant civil registration deed. According to the notification, the civil registration official shall make a marginal note on the register of the civil registration deed and excerpt/quotation of the civil registration deed. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 23 of 2006 on Population Administration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26195/node/758/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2006?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2006) as amended by [Law Number 24 of 2013 on The Amendment of Law Number 23 of 2006 on Population Administration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e8dd4cb6d80/node/758/uu-no-24-tahun-2013-perubahan-atas-undang-undang-nomor-23-tahun-2006-tentang-administrasikependudukan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_24_2013); 2. [Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26129/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-2-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_2_2007) as amended by [Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 on The Amendment of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 on Procedure for Obtaining, Losing, Nullifying, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt629d9a9b9eeb5/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-21-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_21_2022). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITUpah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Jika Sudah Lama Bekerja Tapi Gaji Setara Karyawan Baru13 Jan 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran keenam dari artikel dengan judul Jika Upah Pokok di Bawah UMP yang dibuat oleh Heri Aryanto, S.H. dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Selasa, 02 Oktober 2012, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kalinya oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., pada Kamis, 11 Agustus 2016, kedua kalinya pada Rabu, 12 Desember 2018, ketiga kalinya pada Senin, 4 Januari 2021, keempat kalinya pada Selasa, 16 Maret 2021, dan kelima kalinya pada Selasa, 15 Maret 2022.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sebelum menjawab pokok pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana jika upah pokok di bawah upah minimum, ada baiknya kita pahami terlebih dahulu mengenai komponen upah. Komponen UpahUpah terdiri atas komponen:[1]upah tanpa tunjangan;upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap;upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap; atauupah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap.Adapun yang dimaksud upah tanpa tunjangan adalah upah tanpa tunjangan, yaitu sejumlah uang yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh secara tetap tanpa adanya tambahan tunjangan. Contohnya, A menerima upah Rp3 juta sebagai upah bersih (clean wages). Besaran upah tersebut utuh digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan hal-hal yang terkait dengan upah seperti tunjangan hari raya, upah lembur, pesangon, iuran jaminan sosial, dan lain-lain.[2]Sedangkan tunjangan tetap adalah pembayaran kepada pekerja/buruh yang dilakukan secara teratur dan tidak dikaitkan dengan kehadiran pekerja/buruh atau pencapaian prestasi kerja tertentu.[3]Sehingga merujuk pada penjelasan komponen upah di atas, uang kehadiran yang Anda sebutkan merupakan tunjangan tidak tetap karena didasarkan pada kehadiran Anda. Ini berarti komponen upah yang Anda terima setiap bulannya terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap. Komponen Upah MinimumUntuk mewujudkan hak pekerja/buruh atas penghidupan yang layak bagi kemanusiaan, pemerintah pusat menetapkan kebijakan pengupahan yang salah satunya berupa upah minimum.[4] Oleh karena itu, pada dasarnya pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum.[5]Untuk mengetahui apakah upah yang Anda terima melanggar aturan upah minimum atau tidak, yang perlu Anda ketahui adalah komponen upah mana yang dapat dijadikan komponen upah minimum?Baca juga: Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?Berdasarkan PP Pengupahan, pengertian upah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yang terdiri atas:[6]Upah tanpa tunjangan; atauUpah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?Jika komponen upah di perusahaan terdiri atas upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap, maka upah pokok paling sedikit sebesar upah minimum.[7]Sehingga, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, seharusnya upah pokok yang Anda dapatkan per bulan minimal sebesar upah minimum, karena Anda menerima tunjangan tidak tetap, bukan tunjangan tetap.Jadi, jika upah minimum daerah Anda Rp3.050.000,- sedangkan upah pokok Anda hanya Rp2.480.000,- tanpa adanya tunjangan tetap, maka pengusaha di tempat Anda bekerja telah melanggar ketentuan upah minimum. Uang kehadiran yang Anda terima tidak dapat dihitung karena merupakan tunjangan tidak tetap yang tidak termasuk komponen upah minimum.Pengusaha yang melanggar ketentuan upah minimum dikenai pidana penjara paling singkat 1 tahun dan paling lama 4 tahun dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp100 juta dan paling banyak Rp400 juta.[8]Akan tetapi, sebagai catatan, upah minimum tersebut berlaku bagi pekerja/buruh dengan masa kerja kurang dari satu tahun pada perusahaan yang bersangkutan.[9] Sementara, bagi pekerja/buruh dengan masa kerja satu tahun atau lebih berpedoman pada struktur dan skala upah.[10]Selain itu, ketentuan upah minimum tersebut dikecualikan bagi usaha mikro dan kecil. Sebagai gantinya, pada usaha mikro dan kecil, upah disepakati bersama antara pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh. Namun, kesepakatan ini minimal sebesar persentase tertentu dari rata-rata konsumsi masyarakat berdasarkan data yang bersumber dari lembaga yang berwenang di bidang statistik.[11]  Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan[1] Pasal 7 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan (“PP Pengupahan”)[2] Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf a PP Pengupahan[3] Penjelasan Pasal 94 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”)[4] Pasal 81 angka 27 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 88 ayat (2) dan (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan[5] Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88E ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan[6] Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan[7] Pasal 23 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan[8] Pasal 81 angka 66 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 185 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan[9] Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88E ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan[10] Pasal 24 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan[11] Pasal 81 angka 31 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 90B UU KetenagakerjaanTagsdisnakergajikarier hukumketenagakerjaanpengupahanprofesi hukumtunjanganupahupah minimumupah minimum provinsi
Di daerah saya, upah minimumnya Rp3.050.000. Saya mendapatkan gaji setiap bulan Rp3.100.000 jika saya bekerja full dalam sebulan (20 hari), yang terdiri dari gaji pokok Rp2.480.000 dan uang kehadiran Rp620.000. Kemarin saya tidak masuk 2 hari, sehingga upah yang saya terima hanya Rp3.038.000. Yang mana itu di bawah upah minimum daerah saya. Apakah benar hitungannya begitu?
Uang kehadiran yang Anda sebutkan merupakan tunjangan tidak tetap karena dihitung berdasarkan kehadiran Anda. Tunjangan tidak tetap tidak termasuk komponen upah minimum, sehingga hanya upah pokok Anda yang terhitung sebagai komponen upah minimum. Lantas, bolehkah besaran upah pokok di bawah upah minimum? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Jika Sudah Lama Bekerja Tapi Gaji Setara Karyawan Baru13 Jan 2022Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja28 Agt 20234 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya26 Jan 2023Jika Sudah Lama Bekerja Tapi Gaji Setara Karyawan Baru13 Jan 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78/
Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?
pages/173/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya ](/klinik/a/upah-di-bawah-standar-minimum--ini-langkah-hukumnya-lt4c85f88b626af/) ![Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4c85f88b626af/thumbnail_lt64f881d94bd3a.jpg) 06 Sep 2023 [ #### Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja ](/klinik/a/aturan-kenaikan-gaji-cl2752/) ![Aturan Kenaikan Gaji Karyawan Menurut UU Cipta Kerja](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl2752/thumbnail_lt64ec7c73ca31d.jpg) 28 Agt 2023 [ #### 4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya ](/klinik/a/4-komponen-upah-karyawan-dan-rumus-hitungnya-lt4d6724306ddc7/) ![4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4d6724306ddc7/thumbnail_lt63d21bddc4da2.jpg) 26 Jan 2023 [ #### Jika Sudah Lama Bekerja Tapi Gaji Setara Karyawan Baru ](/klinik/a/jika-sudah-lama-bekerja-tapi-gaji-setara-karyawan-baru-lt4fbe7c515ed4d/) ![Jika Sudah Lama Bekerja Tapi Gaji Setara Karyawan Baru](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4fbe7c515ed4d/thumbnail_lt61e0215785cb6.jpg) 13 Jan 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran keenam dari artikel dengan judul** _**Jika Upah Pokok di Bawah UMP**_ **yang dibuat oleh** [**Heri Aryanto, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4f82c1c43ef9e/mitra/lt4f82a0fb58603) **dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Selasa, 02 Oktober 2012, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kalinya oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), pada Kamis, 11 Agustus 2016, kedua kalinya pada Rabu, 12 Desember 2018, ketiga kalinya pada Senin, 4 Januari 2021, keempat kalinya pada Selasa, 16 Maret 2021, dan kelima kalinya pada Selasa, 15 Maret 2022.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sebelum menjawab pokok pertanyaan Anda mengenai bagaimana jika upah pokok di bawah upah minimum, ada baiknya kita pahami terlebih dahulu mengenai komponen upah. ### **Komponen Upah** [Upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) terdiri atas komponen:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. upah tanpa tunjangan; 2. upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap; 3. upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap; atau 4. upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap. Adapun yang dimaksud upah tanpa tunjangan adalah upah tanpa tunjangan, yaitu sejumlah uang yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh secara tetap tanpa adanya tambahan tunjangan. Contohnya, A menerima upah Rp3 juta sebagai upah bersih (_clean wages_). Besaran upah tersebut utuh digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan hal-hal yang terkait dengan upah seperti tunjangan hari raya, upah lembur, pesangon, iuran jaminan sosial, dan lain-lain.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Sedangkan tunjangan tetap adalah pembayaran kepada pekerja/buruh yang dilakukan secara teratur dan tidak dikaitkan dengan kehadiran pekerja/buruh atau pencapaian prestasi kerja tertentu.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Sehingga merujuk pada penjelasan komponen upah di atas, uang kehadiran yang Anda sebutkan merupakan tunjangan tidak tetap karena didasarkan pada kehadiran Anda. Ini berarti komponen upah yang Anda terima setiap bulannya terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap. ### **Komponen Upah Minimum** Untuk mewujudkan hak pekerja/buruh atas penghidupan yang layak bagi kemanusiaan, pemerintah pusat menetapkan kebijakan pengupahan yang salah satunya berupa upah minimum.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Oleh karena itu, pada dasarnya pengusaha dilarang membayar upah lebih rendah dari upah minimum.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Untuk mengetahui apakah upah yang Anda terima melanggar aturan upah minimum atau tidak, yang perlu Anda ketahui adalah komponen upah mana yang dapat dijadikan komponen upah minimum? Baca juga: **[Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mana-yang-jadi-acuan-ump-atau-umk-lt51209025aacaf?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UMP_UMK)** Berdasarkan **[PP Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021)**, pengertian upah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yang terdiri atas:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. Upah tanpa tunjangan; atau 2. Upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. ### **Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?** Jika komponen upah di perusahaan terdiri atas upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap, maka **upah pokok paling sedikit sebesar upah minimum**.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Sehingga, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, seharusnya upah pokok yang Anda dapatkan per bulan minimal sebesar upah minimum, karena Anda menerima tunjangan tidak tetap, bukan tunjangan tetap. Jadi, jika upah minimum daerah Anda Rp3.050.000,- sedangkan upah pokok Anda hanya Rp2.480.000,- tanpa adanya tunjangan tetap, maka **pengusaha di tempat Anda bekerja telah melanggar ketentuan upah minimum**. Uang kehadiran yang Anda terima tidak dapat dihitung karena merupakan tunjangan tidak tetap yang tidak termasuk komponen upah minimum. Pengusaha yang melanggar ketentuan upah minimum dikenai pidana penjara paling singkat 1 tahun dan paling lama 4 tahun dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp100 juta dan paling banyak Rp400 juta.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Akan tetapi, sebagai catatan, upah minimum tersebut berlaku bagi pekerja/buruh dengan masa kerja kurang dari satu tahun pada perusahaan yang bersangkutan.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Sementara, bagi pekerja/buruh dengan masa kerja satu tahun atau lebih berpedoman pada struktur dan skala upah.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Selain itu, **ketentuan upah minimum tersebut dikecualikan bagi usaha mikro dan kecil**. Sebagai gantinya, pada usaha mikro dan kecil, upah disepakati bersama antara pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh. Namun, kesepakatan ini minimal sebesar persentase tertentu dari rata-rata konsumsi masyarakat berdasarkan data yang bersumber dari lembaga yang berwenang di bidang statistik.[\[11\]](#_ftn11)  Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 7 ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) (“PP Pengupahan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf a PP Pengupahan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Penjelasan Pasal 94 [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 81 angka 27 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 88 ayat (2) dan (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88E ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 23 ayat (1) PP Pengupahan [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 23 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 81 angka 66 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 185 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 81 angka 28 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 88E ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 24 ayat (2) PP Pengupahan [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 81 angka 31 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang memuat baru Pasal 90B UU Ketenagakerjaan Tags ---- [disnaker](/tag/disnaker) [gaji](/tag/gaji) [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [pengupahan](/tag/pengupahan) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [tunjangan](/tag/tunjangan) [upah](/tag/upah) [upah minimum](/tag/upah-minimum) [upah minimum provinsi](/tag/upah-minimum-provinsi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Pasal untuk Menjerat Pelaku Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain yang dibuat Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 18 Oktober 2012, yang pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Selasa, 21 Juni 2022.KLINIK TERKAITPasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Pasal yang Menjerat Pelaku Kohabitasi04 Jan 2023Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik21 Des 2022Perbedaan Pasal Penganiayaan Ringan dan Penganiayaan Berat 16 Des 2022Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Jerat Hukum Pasal 406 KUHP atau Pasal 521 UU 1/2023Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, mari kita simak bunyi pasal tentang perusakan dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 sebagai berikut.Pasal 406 KUHPPasal 521 UU 1/2023Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum menghancurkan, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.[2]Dijatuhkan pidana yang sama terhadap orang yang dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum membunuh, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat digunakan atau menghilangkan hewan, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain. Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum merusak, menghancurkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai, atau menghilangkan barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV, yaitu Rp200 juta.[3]Jika tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) mengakibatkan kerugian yang nilainya tidak lebih dari Rp500 ribu, pelaku tindak pidana dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II, yaitu Rp10 juta.[4]Anda menyebutkan perusakan, adapun unsur-unsur dari Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP, yaitu:Barang siapa;Dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum;Melakukan perbuatan menghancurkan, merusakkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu; danBarang tersebut seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah milik orang lain.Apabila semua unsur dalam pasal perusakan KUHP tersebut terpenuhi, pelakunya dapat dihukum pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta, sebagaimana telah disesuaikan dengan Perma 2/2012. Menurut hemat kami, pemenuhan unsur di atas juga kurang lebih berlaku bagi Pasal 521 UU 1/2023 sebagaimana rumusan yang disebutkan.Adapun Penjelasan Pasal 521 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 menerangkan yang dimaksud dengan "merusak” adalah membuat tidak dapat dipakai untuk sementara waktu, artinya apabila barang itu diperbaiki maka dapat dipakai lagi. Sementara yang dimaksud dengan "menghancurkan" adalah membinasakan atau merusakkan sama sekali sehingga tidak dapat dipakai lagi.Pelaku Perusakan dan Orang yang MenyuruhMenyambung kronologi yang Anda sampaikan, orang yang menyuruh melakukan memang bukan pelaku yang secara langsung melakukan tindak pidana. Namun dalam hukum pidana, pihak yang dapat dipidana sebagai pelaku tidak terbatas hanya pada pelaku yang melakukan tindak pidana tersebut secara langsung.Patut Anda catat, bunyi ketentuan siapa yang bisa dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana adalah sebagai berikut.Pasal 55 KUHPPasal 20 UU 1/2023Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana:mereka yang melakukan, yang menyuruh melakukan, dan yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan;mereka yang dengan memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, dengan menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, dengan kekerasan, ancaman atau penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan, sengaja menganjurkan orang lain supaya melakukan perbuatan. Terhadap penganjur, hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dianjurkan sajalah yang diperhitungkan, beserta akibat-akibatnya.Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika:melakukan sendiri tindak pidana;melakukan tindak pidana dengan perantaraan alat atau menyuruh orang lain yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan;turut serta melakukan tindak pidana; ataumenggerakkan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana dengan cara memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, melakukan kekerasan, menggunakan ancaman kekerasan, melakukan penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan.Menurut Jan Remmelink dalam bukunya Hukum Pidana, yang digolongkan atau dianggap sebagai pelaku (dader) tindak pidana setidaknya ada 4 macam (hal. 306-328) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 55 KUHP, yaitu:mereka yang melakukan sendiri sesuatu perbuatan pidana (plegen);mereka yang menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu perbuatan pidana (doen plegen);mereka yang turut serta (bersama-sama) melakukan sesuatu perbuatan pidana (medeplegen); danmereka yang dengan sengaja menganjurkan (menggerakkan) orang lain untuk melakukan perbuatan pidana (uitloking).Lebih lanjut, Penjelasan Pasal 20 huruf b UU 1/2023 menyebutkan dalam hal menyuruh melakukan, orang yang disuruh untuk melakukan tindak pidana tidak dipidana karena tidak ada unsur kesalahan.Selain itu, dikenal pula pembantu suatu kejahatan (medeplighitige) yang diatur dalam pasal berikut ini.Pasal 56 KUHPPasal 21 ayat (1) UU 1/2023Dipidana sebagai pembantu kejahatan:mereka yang sengaja memberi bantuan pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan;mereka yang sengaja memberikan kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pembantu tindak pidana jika dengan sengaja:memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; ataumemberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan.Berdasarkan peristiwa yang Anda ceritakan, maka perbuatan menyuruh orang lain untuk merusak barang termasuk doen plegen, dan orang tersebut mendapatkan hukuman yang sama dengan pelaku perusakan itu sendiri.Sehingga, orang yang menyuruh orang lain untuk merusak dapat dijerat Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan seperti layaknya pelaku perusakan itu sendiri.Sedangkan, bagi pelaku perusakan Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP tersebut dapat timbul 2 konsekuensi sebagai berikut:Jika pelaku perusakan tidak tahu bahwa perintah tersebut bertujuan untuk merusak sesuatu. Misalnya, pelaku mengira bahwa ia memang harus menghancurkan suatu bangunan karena memang tidak terpakai lagi dan akan dibuat bangunan baru, maka tidak ada unsur kesengajaan untuk merusak sesuatu milik orang lain dengan cara yang melawan hukum.Jika pelaku perusakan tahu sedari awal bahwa perintah tersebut memang untuk merugikan orang lain dengan cara merusak barang, maka ada unsur kesengajaan yang mengakibatkan pelaku dapat dijerat Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHPREFERENSIJan Remmelink. Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP[3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023Tagshukum pidanakuhpkuhp barurusak
Apakah orang yang menyuruh orang lain dengan cara membayarnya untuk merusak barang orang lain bisa dikenakan Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan? Sanksi hukum apa yang bisa menjerat pelaku yang dibayar tersebut (orang yang disuruh atau dibayar)?
Benar. Orang yang menyuruh orang lain (pelaku) untuk merusak barang orang lain juga dapat dijerat Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan atau Pasal 521 UU 1/2023 tentang perusakan dan penghancuran barang, sebagaimana pelaku perusakan yang melakukannya. Sebab, hal ini berkaitan dengan penggolongan pelaku tindak pidana dalam hukum pidana. Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Pasal yang Menjerat Pelaku Kohabitasi04 Jan 2023Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik21 Des 2022Perbedaan Pasal Penganiayaan Ringan dan Penganiayaan Berat 16 Des 2022Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Pasal yang Menjerat Pelaku Kohabitasi04 Jan 2023Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik21 Des 2022Perbedaan Pasal Penganiayaan Ringan dan Penganiayaan Berat 16 Des 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-pasal-perusakan-barang-milik-orang-lain-dalam-kuhp-lt507c193a38a75/
Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul** _**Pasal untuk Menjerat Pelaku Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain**_ **yang dibuat** [**Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 18 Oktober 2012, yang pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Selasa, 21 Juni 2022.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana ](/klinik/a/pasal-menghasut-orang-lain-untuk-melakukan-tindak-pidana-lt55e5e09798cb8/) ![Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt55e5e09798cb8/thumbnail_lt63c54e6c68fba.jpg) 16 Jan 2023 [ #### Pasal yang Menjerat Pelaku Kohabitasi ](/klinik/a/pasal-yang-menjerat-pelaku-kohabitasi-lt52217ea9da3ff/) ![Pasal yang Menjerat Pelaku Kohabitasi](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52217ea9da3ff/thumbnail_lt63b5710022144.jpg) 04 Jan 2023 [ #### Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik ](/klinik/a/perbuatan-yang-termasuk-dalam-pasal-pencemaran-nama-baik-lt517f3d9f2544a/) ![Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt517f3d9f2544a/thumbnail_lt63a3df20a8357.jpg) 21 Des 2022 [ #### Perbedaan Pasal Penganiayaan Ringan dan Penganiayaan Berat ](/klinik/a/perbedaan-pasal-penganiayaan-ringan-dan-penganiayaan-berat-lt5428dd5e1e339/) ![Perbedaan Pasal Penganiayaan Ringan dan Penganiayaan Berat ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5428dd5e1e339/thumbnail_lt63a11a1ed5d09.jpg) 16 Des 2022 [](#!) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### ****Jerat Hukum Pasal 406 KUHP atau Pasal 521 UU 1/2023**** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, mari kita simak bunyi pasal tentang perusakan dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta **[UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 sebagai berikut. **Pasal 406 KUHP** **Pasal 521 UU 1/2023** 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum menghancurkan, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 2. Dijatuhkan pidana yang sama terhadap orang yang dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum membunuh, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat digunakan atau menghilangkan hewan, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain. 1. Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum merusak, menghancurkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai, atau menghilangkan barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV, yaitu Rp200 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 2. Jika tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) mengakibatkan kerugian yang nilainya tidak lebih dari Rp500 ribu, pelaku tindak pidana dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II, yaitu Rp10 juta.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Anda menyebutkan perusakan, adapun unsur-unsur dari **Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP**, yaitu: 1. Barang siapa; 2. Dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum; 3. Melakukan perbuatan menghancurkan, merusakkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu; dan 4. Barang tersebut seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah milik orang lain. Apabila semua unsur dalam pasal perusakan KUHP tersebut terpenuhi, pelakunya dapat dihukum pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta, sebagaimana telah disesuaikan dengan [**Perma 2/2012**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012). Menurut hemat kami, pemenuhan unsur di atas juga kurang lebih berlaku bagi **Pasal 521 UU 1/2023** sebagaimana rumusan yang disebutkan. Adapun **Penjelasan Pasal 521 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** menerangkan yang dimaksud dengan "merusak” adalah membuat tidak dapat dipakai untuk sementara waktu, artinya apabila barang itu diperbaiki maka dapat dipakai lagi. Sementara yang dimaksud dengan "menghancurkan" adalah membinasakan atau merusakkan sama sekali sehingga tidak dapat dipakai lagi. ### ****Pelaku Perusakan dan Orang yang Menyuruh**** Menyambung kronologi yang Anda sampaikan, orang yang menyuruh melakukan memang bukan pelaku yang secara langsung melakukan tindak pidana. Namun dalam hukum pidana, pihak yang dapat dipidana sebagai pelaku tidak terbatas hanya pada pelaku yang melakukan tindak pidana tersebut secara langsung. Patut Anda catat, bunyi ketentuan siapa yang bisa dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana adalah sebagai berikut. **Pasal 55 KUHP** **Pasal 20 UU 1/2023** 1. Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana: 1. mereka yang melakukan, **yang menyuruh melakukan**, dan yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan; 2. mereka yang dengan memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, dengan menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, dengan kekerasan, ancaman atau penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan, sengaja menganjurkan orang lain supaya melakukan perbuatan. 2. Terhadap penganjur, hanya perbuatan yang sengaja dianjurkan sajalah yang diperhitungkan, beserta akibat-akibatnya. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika: 1. 1. melakukan sendiri tindak pidana; 2. melakukan tindak pidana dengan perantaraan alat atau **menyuruh orang lain yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan**; 3. turut serta melakukan tindak pidana; atau 4. menggerakkan orang lain supaya melakukan tindak pidana dengan cara memberi atau menjanjikan sesuatu, menyalahgunakan kekuasaan atau martabat, melakukan kekerasan, menggunakan ancaman kekerasan, melakukan penyesatan, atau dengan memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan. Menurut **Jan Remmelink** dalam bukunya _Hukum Pidana_, yang digolongkan atau dianggap sebagai pelaku (_dader_) tindak pidana setidaknya ada 4 macam (hal. 306-328) sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 55 KUHP**, yaitu: 1. mereka yang melakukan sendiri sesuatu perbuatan pidana (_plegen_); 2. **mereka yang menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu perbuatan pidana (**_**doen plegen**_**)**; 3. mereka yang turut serta (bersama-sama) melakukan sesuatu perbuatan pidana (_medeplegen_); dan 4. mereka yang dengan sengaja menganjurkan (menggerakkan) orang lain untuk melakukan perbuatan pidana (_uitloking_). Lebih lanjut, **Penjelasan Pasal 20 huruf b UU 1/2023** menyebutkan dalam hal menyuruh melakukan, orang yang disuruh untuk melakukan tindak pidana tidak dipidana karena tidak ada unsur kesalahan. Selain itu, dikenal pula pembantu suatu kejahatan (_medeplighitige)_ yang diatur dalam pasal berikut ini. **Pasal 56 KUHP** **Pasal 21 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** Dipidana sebagai pembantu kejahatan: 1. mereka yang sengaja memberi bantuan pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan; 2. mereka yang sengaja memberikan kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pembantu tindak pidana jika dengan sengaja: 1. 1. memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; atau 2. memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan. Berdasarkan peristiwa yang Anda ceritakan, maka perbuatan menyuruh orang lain untuk merusak barang termasuk _doen plegen_, dan orang tersebut mendapatkan hukuman yang sama dengan pelaku perusakan itu sendiri. Sehingga, orang yang menyuruh orang lain untuk merusak dapat dijerat Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan seperti layaknya pelaku perusakan itu sendiri. Sedangkan, bagi pelaku perusakan Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP tersebut dapat timbul 2 konsekuensi sebagai berikut: 1. Jika pelaku perusakan **tidak tahu** bahwa perintah tersebut bertujuan untuk merusak sesuatu. Misalnya, pelaku mengira bahwa ia memang harus menghancurkan suatu bangunan karena memang tidak terpakai lagi dan akan dibuat bangunan baru, maka **tidak ada unsur kesengajaan** untuk merusak sesuatu milik orang lain dengan cara yang melawan hukum. 2. Jika pelaku perusakan **tahu sedari awal** bahwa perintah tersebut memang untuk merugikan orang lain dengan cara merusak barang, maka **ada unsur kesengajaan** yang mengakibatkan pelaku dapat dijerat Pasal 406 KUHP tentang perusakan. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) REFERENSI --------- Jan Remmelink. _Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [rusak](/tag/rusak)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Hukum Perceraian bagi Perkawinan Katolik which was written by Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H. and was published on Tuesday, 4 May 2021.This article below is an update of the article entitled Catholic Divorce (Perceraian Agama Katolik) which was first written by Dinna Sabriani and was first published on Monday, 4 January 2010. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.The Nature of MarriageMarriage in principle is an inner bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (home) according to Belief in the one and only God.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Furthermore, in order to realize the aim of marriage to form a happy and eternal family, husband and wife need to help and complement each other, so that each of them can develop their personality to help and achieve spiritual and material prosperity.[2]In addition, it should be understood that Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”) and its amendment adhere to the principle of making it difficult for divorce to occur, which is in order to carry out a divorce, there must be certain reasons and must be carried out through a court hearing.[3]Catholic MarriageAccording to the Hukum Gereja Mengenai Pernikahan Katolik (Law of the Church on Catholic Marriage) on the website of the Archdiocese of Jakarta, it is stated that the meaning of catholic marriage is an agreement (foedus) between a man and a woman to form a life together.Still, according to the same page, marriage has 3 objectives, namely the welfare of husband and wife, the birth of children, and the education of children. Catholic marriage is basically one forever and inseparable, monogamous, and indissolubile.Monogamy means one man and one woman, while indissolubile means that after the marriage takes place between legally baptized persons (ratum) and is consummated by intercourse, then the marriage becomes indissoluble, except by death.Furthermore, as cited from the Perkawinan Katolik Hakekat dan Tujuannya (Nature and Purpose of Catholic Marriage) by the Parish of Block B, St. John's Church, there are 5 principles related to the nature and purpose of marriage, namely:Marriage is a love agreement between husband and wife;Marriage is an agreement to share the same fate in all aspects of life;Marriage is aimed at the welfare of husband and wife;Marriage is aimed at the birth and education of children;Legal/valid marriage between two people who have been baptized is a sacrament.Catholic DivorceIn response to your question, as explained in the article entitled Indissoluble Catholic Marriage, Here is the Explanation, Father Giovanni Mahendra Christi, MSF affirmed that in the Code of Canon Law which is binding for Catholics, there is no such word as divorce. For, in the Gospel of Matthew 19:6 NLT it is affirmed:Since they are no longer two but one, let no one split apart what God has joined together.Furthermore, the Code of Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici) Official Indonesian Translation, as cited from the website of the Catholic Church Diocese of Surabaya, states:Can. 1055 - § 1. Agreement (foedus) of marriage, by which a man and a woman form between them, a communion (consortium) of a whole life, which by its natural characteristics is directed towards the welfare of the husband and wife (bonum coniugum) and the birth and education of children, between people who have been baptized, by Christ the Lord will be elevated to the dignity of the sacrament.Can. 1141 - Ratum and consummatum marriage cannot be terminated by any human power and for any reason, other than death.In line with the abovementioned explanation, Father Andrianus Sulistyono, MSF explained that if there is a dispute between husband and wife, it is best to be able to consult directly in this matter directed to, first, the priest/pastor who blesses the marriage. Secondly, the parish priest/pastor who is close to the area of ​​residence, or can also be directed to the priest/pastor who accompanies the family in each region.Father Andrianus added that from a theological point of view, Catholic marriage is a union or bond between a man and a woman, symbolizing the bond of the Lord Jesus with His people and church, in which He never ceases to love. Thus, it should be underlined, based on the Code of Canon Law, Catholic marriages do not recognize divorce, because what has been united by God, cannot be separated by humans.Divorce According to the Positive LawHowever, according to the positive laws in Indonesia, in Law 1/1974 and its amendment, one of the reasons marriage could be terminated is due to divorce, which can only be done through a court hearing after the court has tried and failed to reconcile the two parties.[4]As for the procedure, you can refer to the article entitled How to Get Divorce Without a Lawyer.Meanwhile regarding child custody, post-divorce, according to civil law, both the mother and the father are obliged to look after and educate their children solely for their benefit, and if there is a dispute over child control, the court will give the decision.[5]However, even if a divorce occurs under civil law, the marriage bond is still considered valid under the Canon Law of the Catholic Church.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage.Reference:Kitab Hukum Kanonik (Codex Iuris Canonici) Edisi Resmi Bahasa Indonesia, accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.00 West Indonesia Time (zone);Hukum Gereja Mengenai Pernikahan Katolik, accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.05 West Indonesia Time (zone);Perkawinan Katolik Hakekat dan Tujuannya, accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.11 West Indonesia Time (zone).NB:We have conducted an interview with Father Andrianus Sulistyono, MSF via phone call on Wednesday, 14 April 2021, at 15.45 West Indonesia Time (zone).[1] Article 1 Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”).[2] General Elucidation Law 1/1974.[3] General Elucidation Law 1/1974.[4] Article 38 and 39 Section (1) Law 1/1974.[5] Article 41 Letter a Law 1/1974.Tagsklinik english edition
I have been married for 12 years with one daughter through a Catholic marriage. My husband & I have been separated for more than 3 years, and my daughter lives with my husband. Can a divorce be carried out without the approval of the religion? How to get it? Can a divorce be filed by the wife? Should the husband be present? How about child custody?
Basically, Catholic marriage has the characteristic of being one forever and inseparable, monogamous and indissolubile, which means after a marriage between people who are legally baptized (ratum) and consummated by intercourse, the marriage becomes indissoluble, except by death. However, if referring to the positive law in Indonesia, according to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”) and its amendment, one of the reasons a marriage can end is because of divorce, which can only be carried out through a court hearing after the court has tried and failed to reconcile the two parties. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/divorce-law-in-catholic-marriage-lt63d2631573e2b/
Divorce Law in Catholic Marriage
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Hukum Perceraian bagi Perkawinan Katolik_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-perceraian-bagi-perkawinan-katolik-cl6036?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cerai_katolik) which was written by [**Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/bernadetha-aurelia-oktavira--sh-lt5d537b77ab8d5) and was published on Tuesday, 4 May 2021. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Catholic Divorce (Perceraian Agama Katolik)** which was first written by [**Dinna Sabriani**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4b458a94cb6b2/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dinna-sabriani) and was first published on Monday, 4 January 2010.  All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **The Nature of Marriage** Marriage in principle is an inner bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (home) according to Belief in the one and only God.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Furthermore, in order to realize the aim of marriage to form a **happy and eternal family**, husband and wife need to help and complement each other, so that each of them can develop their personality to help and achieve spiritual and material prosperity.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) In addition, it should be understood that [**Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) **(“Law 1/1974”)** and its amendment adhere to the principle of making it difficult for divorce to occur, which is in order to carry out a divorce, there must be certain reasons and must be carried out through a court hearing.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Catholic Marriage** --------------------- According to the [**_Hukum Gereja Mengenai Pernikahan Katolik_**](https://www.kaj.or.id/dokumen/kursus-persiapan-perkawinan-2/hukum-gereja-mengenai-pernikahan-katolik) (**Law of the Church on Catholic Marriage)** on the website of the **Archdiocese of Jakarta**, it is stated that the meaning of catholic marriage is an agreement (foedus) between a man and a woman to form a life together. Still, according to the same page, marriage has 3 objectives, namely the welfare of husband and wife, the birth of children, and the education of children. Catholic marriage is basically **one forever and inseparable**, monogamous, and _indissolubile_. Monogamy means one man and one woman, while _indissolubile_ means that after the marriage takes place between legally baptized persons (ratum) and is consummated by intercourse, then the marriage becomes **indissoluble, except by death**. Furthermore, as cited from the [**_Perkawinan Katolik Hakekat dan Tujuannya_**](https://paroki-blokb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54:hakekat-dan-tujuan-perkawinan-katolik&catid=27:perkawinan&Itemid=151) **(Nature and Purpose of Catholic Marriage)** by the **Parish of Block B, St. John's Church**, there are 5 principles related to the nature and purpose of marriage, namely: 1. Marriage is a love agreement between husband and wife; 2. Marriage is an agreement to share the same fate in all aspects of life; 3. Marriage is aimed at the welfare of husband and wife; 4. Marriage is aimed at the birth and education of children; 5. Legal/valid marriage between two people who have been baptized is a sacrament. ### **Catholic Divorce** In response to your question, as explained in the article entitled [**I****ndissoluble** **Catholic Marriage, Here is the Explanation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt4d662daca734d/perkawinan-katolik-tak-terceraikan--begini-penjelasannya/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perkawinan_katolik_tak_cerai), **Father Giovanni Mahendra Christi, MSF** affirmed that in the **Code of Canon Law which is binding for Catholics, there is no such word as divorce**. For, in the **Gospel of Matthew 19:6 NLT** it is affirmed: _Since they are no longer two but one, **let no one split apart what God has joined together**._ Furthermore, the [**Code of Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici) Official Indonesian Translation**](https://www.keuskupansurabaya.org/document/kitab-hukum-kanonik-1983/), as cited from the website of the **Catholic Church Diocese of Surabaya**, states: **Can. 1055 - § 1.** _Agreement (foedus) of marriage, by which a man and a woman form between them, a **communion (consortium) of a whole life**, which by its natural characteristics is directed towards the welfare of the husband and wife (bonum coniugum) and the birth and education of children, between people who have been baptized, by Christ the Lord will be elevated to the dignity of the sacrament._ **Can. 1141 _-_** _Ratum and consummatum marriage **cannot be terminated by any human power and for any reason, other than death**._ In line with the abovementioned explanation, **Father Andrianus Sulistyono, MSF** explained that if there is a dispute between husband and wife, it is best to be able to consult directly in this matter directed to, first, the priest/pastor who blesses the marriage. Secondly, the parish priest/pastor who is close to the area of ​​residence, or can also be directed to the priest/pastor who accompanies the family in each region. Father Andrianus added that from a theological point of view, Catholic marriage is a union or bond between a man and a woman, symbolizing the bond of the Lord Jesus with His people and church, in which He never ceases to love. Thus, it should be underlined, based on the Code of Canon Law, Catholic marriages do not recognize divorce, because what has been united by God, cannot be separated by humans. ### **Divorce According to the Positive Law** However, according to the positive laws in Indonesia, in Law 1/1974 and its amendment, one of the reasons marriage could be terminated is due to divorce, which can only be done through a court hearing after the court has tried and failed to reconcile the two parties.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) As for the procedure, you can refer to the article entitled [**How to Get Divorce Without a Lawyer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/cara-mengurus-perceraian-tanpa-advokat-cl5021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cara_cerai_tanpa_advokat). Meanwhile regarding child custody, post-divorce, according to civil law, both the mother and the father are obliged to look after and educate their children solely for their benefit, and if there is a dispute over child control, the court will give the decision.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) However, even if a divorce occurs under civil law, the marriage bond is still considered valid under the Canon Law of the Catholic Church. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) as amended by [Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019). Reference: 1. [Kitab Hukum Kanonik (_Codex Iuris Canonici_) Edisi Resmi Bahasa Indonesia](https://www.keuskupansurabaya.org/document/kitab-hukum-kanonik-1983/), accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.00 West Indonesia Time (zone); 2. [Hukum Gereja Mengenai Pernikahan Katolik](https://www.kaj.or.id/dokumen/kursus-persiapan-perkawinan-2/hukum-gereja-mengenai-pernikahan-katolik), accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.05 West Indonesia Time (zone); 3. [Perkawinan Katolik Hakekat dan Tujuannya](http://www.paroki-blokb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54:hakekat-dan-tujuan-perkawinan-katolik&catid=27:perkawinan&Itemid=151), accessed on 13 April 2021, at 19.11 West Indonesia Time (zone). NB: _We have conducted an interview with Father Andrianus Sulistyono, MSF via phone call on Wednesday, 14 April 2021, at 15.45 West Indonesia Time (zone)._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 [**Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) **(“Law 1/1974”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) General Elucidation Law 1/1974. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) General Elucidation Law 1/1974. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 38 and 39 Section (1) Law 1/1974. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 41 Letter a Law 1/1974. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Mau Menikah dengan WNA? Begini Prosedur dan Risiko Hukumnya which was written by Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H. and was published on Friday, 2 July 2021. This article below is an update of the article entitled Procedures for Transnational Marriage (Prosedur dalam Pernikahan Beda Negara) which was first written by Si Pokrol and was first published on Friday, 31 May 2002. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Mixed Marriage and its ProceduresMarriage between two different citizens, namely Indonesian Citizen (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") and Foreign Citizen (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA") or expatriate, is regulated under Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”) along with the amended law and the implementing law. This kind of marriage is known as a mixed marriage (transnational marriage).Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas According to Article 57 Law 1/1974, mixed marriage means:"Mixed" under this Law is a marriage between two persons who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, due to differences in nationality and one of the parties is an Indonesian citizen.It is important to understand that mixed marriages in Indonesia are conducted in accordance with Law 1/1974,[1] and cannot be conducted until it is proven that the marriage requirements which are determined by the law which apply to the respective parties have been fulfilled.[2]In order to prove that the abovementioned requirements have been fulfilled and therefore that there are no obstacles to conducting mixed marriages, then those who, according to the applicable laws to respective parties, are authorized to register the marriages, shall be issued with certificates/statement letters confirming that the requirements have been fulfilled.[3]Mixed marriages are registered by an authorized registrar, by first showing the certificates/statement letters as referred to above.[4] In relation to your status as a student, we assume that you are under the age of 21. Therefore, in order to conduct this marriage, you must obtain parental consent/permission.[5]If one of the parents has passed away, it is sufficient to obtain permission from the living parent. However, if both parents have passed away or have been unable to declare their will, then permission should be obtained from a guardian, a person who takes care of or a family member who is related by blood in a straight line (lineal descendant) as long as they are still alive and in a state of being able to declare their will.[6]However, in the event that there is a difference of opinion between the individuals in question, or one or more of them does not express an opinion, then the court may grant permission after first hearing the people in question.[7]Prior to the marriage, several procedures must be conducted, namely notifications, examinations, and announcements:NotificationsAny person who is going to conduct a marriage must notify his/her intention in writing or verbally to the local marriage registrar no later than 10 business days prior to the marriage taking place.[8] For those who conduct their marriages according to the Islamic religion, it is carried out at the Office of Religious Affairs (Kantor Urusan Agama/ “KUA”),[9] while for those who conduct their marriages according to religions and beliefs other than Islam, it is carried out at the Civil Registry Office.[10]ExaminationsThe marriage registrar, who receives the notification, examines whether the marriage requirements have been fulfilled and whether there are no obstacles to marriage according to the law.[11] If it turns out that from the results of the examination, there are obstacles to marriage and/or the requirements have not been fulfilled, this condition shall be immediately notified to the prospective bride and groom or to their parents or to their representatives.[12]AnnouncementsAfter the procedures and requirements for the notification have been fulfilled, and there are no obstacles to the marriage, then an announcement shall be made by the marriage registrar. This announcement is made by attaching the announcement letter according to the form stipulated at the Marriage Registry Office in a designated place and easy to read by the public.[13]The announcement is intended to provide an opportunity for the public to know and file objections to marriages that will take place if the marriages are contrary to the relevant religious laws or the applicable laws and regulations.[14]MarriageAfter the tenth day of the announcement, the marriage may be conducted.[15] The marriage is carried out according to the procedure determined by the religion and belief of the parties who conduct the marriage[16] and is held in the presence of a marriage registrar and 2 witnesses.[17]After the marriage is conducted, the bride and the groom sign the marriage certificate, as well as the marriage registrar, 2 witnesses who are present, and the marriage guardian or their representative. With this signing, the marriage has been officially registered.[18]Loss of CitizenshipAnother issue that you should pay attention to if you are going to conduct mixed marriage is the issue of citizenship. Article 26 Section (1) Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia ("Law 12/2006") states that:An Indonesian Woman (Indonesian Citizen) who marries an expatriate man will lose her Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, if, according to the law of her husband’s country of origin, the wife’s nationality follows her husband’s citizenship as a result of the marriage.However, if a person wishes to remain his/her Indonesian citizen, he or she may submit an affidavit regarding his/her wish to an official or representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose territory encompasses the residence of the woman or man, unless the submission results in dual citizenship.[19]These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage;Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia;Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage;Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs Number 20 of 2019 on Marriage Registration.[1] Article 59 Section (2) Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”).[2] Article 60 Section (1) Law 1/1974.[3] Article 60 Section (2) Law 1/1974.[4] Article 61 Section (1) and (2) Law 1/1974.[5] Article 6 Section (2) Law 1/1974.[6] Article 6 Section (3) and (4) Law 1/1974.[7] Article 6 Section (5) Law 1/1974.[8] Article 3 Section (1) and (2) and Article 4 Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Government Regulation 9/1975”).[9] Article 3 Section (1) Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs Number 20 of 2019 on Marriage Registration (“Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs 20/2019”).[10] Article 2 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975.[11] Article 6 Section (1) Government Regulation 9/1975.[12] Article 7 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975.[13] Article 8 Government Regulation 9/1975.[14] Elucidation of Article 8 Government Regulation 9/1975.[15] Article 10 Section (1) Government Regulation 9/1975.[16] Article 10 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975.[17] Article 10 Section (3) Government Regulation 9/1975.[18] Article 11 Government Regulation 9/1975.[19] Article 26 Section (3) Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (“Law 12/2006”).Tagsklinik english edition
I am a student at a private university in Jakarta. I would like to ask about the procedures, applicable laws, and regulations regarding marriages between people with different nationalities.
According to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 1/1974”) and its amendment, the kind of marriage you mentioned is known as Mixed Marriage. How is it regulated in Indonesia? Is it possible for a person to lose his/her citizenship by having a mixed marriage? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/do-you-want-to-marry-an-expatriate-check-out-the-legal-procedures-and-consequences--lt63d260c1a1491/
Do You Want to Marry an Expatriate? Check out the Legal Procedures and Consequences!
pages/174/page-1.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Mau Menikah dengan WNA? Begini Prosedur dan Risiko Hukumnya_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mau-menikah-dengan-wna-begini-prosedur-dan-risiko-hukumnya-cl54?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mau_menikah_wna_begini_prosedur) which was written by [**Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/bernadetha-aurelia-oktavira--sh-lt5d537b77ab8d5) and was published on Friday, 2 July 2021. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Procedures for Transnational Marriage (Prosedur dalam Pernikahan Beda Negara)** which was first written by [**Si Pokrol**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4a0aae6c03cb7/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/si-pokrol/) and was first published on Friday, 31 May 2002.  All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Mixed Marriage and its Procedures** Marriage between two different citizens, namely Indonesian Citizen (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI") and Foreign Citizen (Warga Negara Asing/ "WNA") or expatriate, is regulated under [**Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) **(“Law 1/1974”)** along with the amended law and the implementing law. This kind of marriage is known as a mixed marriage (transnational marriage). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) According to **Article 57** **Law 1/1974**, **mixed marriage** means: _"Mixed" under this Law is a marriage between two persons who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, due to **differences in nationality and one of the parties is an Indonesian citizen**._ It is important to understand that mixed marriages in Indonesia are conducted in accordance with Law 1/1974,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) and cannot be conducted until it is proven that the marriage requirements which are determined by the law which apply to the respective parties have been fulfilled.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) In order to prove that the abovementioned requirements have been fulfilled and therefore that there are no obstacles to conducting mixed marriages, then those who, according to the applicable laws to respective parties, are authorized to register the marriages, shall be issued with **certificates/statement letters confirming that the requirements have been fulfilled**.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Mixed marriages are registered by an authorized registrar, by **first showing the certificates/statement letters** as referred to above.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) In relation to your status as a student, we assume that you are under the age of 21. Therefore, in order to conduct this marriage, you must **obtain parental consent/permission**.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) If one of the parents has passed away, it is sufficient to obtain permission from the living parent. However, if both parents have passed away or have been unable to declare their will, then permission should be obtained from a guardian, a person who takes care of or a family member who is related by blood in a straight line (lineal descendant) as long as they are still alive and in a state of being able to declare their will.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) However, in the event that there is a difference of opinion between the individuals in question, or one or more of them does not express an opinion, then the court may grant permission after first hearing the people in question.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Prior to the marriage, several procedures must be conducted, namely notifications, examinations, and announcements: 1. **Notifications** Any person who is going to conduct a marriage must notify his/her intention in writing or verbally to the local marriage registrar no later than 10 business days prior to the marriage taking place.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) For those who conduct their marriages according to the Islamic religion, it is carried out at the Office of Religious Affairs (Kantor Urusan Agama/ “KUA”),[\[9\]](#_ftn9) while for those who conduct their marriages according to religions and beliefs other than Islam, it is carried out at the Civil Registry Office.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) 2. **Examinations** The marriage registrar, who receives the notification, examines whether the marriage requirements have been fulfilled and whether there are no obstacles to marriage according to the law.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) If it turns out that from the results of the examination, there are obstacles to marriage and/or the requirements have not been fulfilled, this condition shall be immediately notified to the prospective bride and groom or to their parents or to their representatives.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) 3. **Announcements** After the procedures and requirements for the notification have been fulfilled, and there are no obstacles to the marriage, then an announcement shall be made by the marriage registrar. This announcement is made by attaching the announcement letter according to the form stipulated at the Marriage Registry Office in a designated place and easy to read by the public.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) The announcement is intended to provide an opportunity for the public to know and file objections to marriages that will take place if the marriages are contrary to the relevant religious laws or the applicable laws and regulations.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) 4. **Marriage** After the tenth day of the announcement, the marriage may be conducted.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) The marriage is carried out according to the procedure determined by the religion and belief of the parties who conduct the marriage[\[16\]](#_ftn16) and is held in the presence of a marriage registrar and 2 witnesses.[\[17\]](#_ftn17) After the marriage is conducted, the bride and the groom sign the marriage certificate, as well as the marriage registrar, 2 witnesses who are present, and the marriage guardian or their representative. With this signing, the marriage has been officially registered.[\[18\]](#_ftn18) ### **Loss of Citizenship** Another issue that you should pay attention to if you are going to conduct mixed marriage is the issue of citizenship. **Article 26 Section (1)** [**Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) **("Law 12/2006")** states that: _An Indonesian Woman (Indonesian Citizen) who marries an expatriate man will **lose her Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, if, according to the law of her husband’s country of origin, the wife’s nationality follows her husband’s citizenship** as a result of the marriage._ However, if a person wishes to remain his/her Indonesian citizen, he or she may submit an affidavit regarding his/her wish to an official or representative of the Republic of Indonesia whose territory encompasses the residence of the woman or man, unless the submission results in dual citizenship.[\[19\]](#_ftn19) These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) as amended by [Law Number 16 of 2019 on the Amendment of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019); 2. [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); 3. [Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975); 4. [Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs Number 20 of 2019 on Marriage Registration](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dba860d110ba/peraturan-menteri-agama-nomor-20-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenag_20_2019). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 59 Section (2) [**Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) **(“Law 1/1974”).** [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 60 Section (1) Law 1/1974. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 60 Section (2) Law 1/1974. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 61 Section (1) and (2) Law 1/1974. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 6 Section (2) Law 1/1974. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 6 Section (3) and (4) Law 1/1974. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 6 Section (5) Law 1/1974. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 3 Section (1) and (2) and Article 4 [**Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975) **(“Government Regulation 9/1975”)**. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 3 Section (1) [**Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs Number 20 of 2019 on Marriage Registration**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dba860d110ba/peraturan-menteri-agama-nomor-20-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenag_20_2019) **(“Regulation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs 20/2019”)**. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 2 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 6 Section (1) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 7 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Article 8 Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Elucidation of Article 8 Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Article 10 Section (1) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Article 10 Section (2) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) Article 10 Section (3) Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[18\]](#_ftnref18) Article 11 Government Regulation 9/1975. [\[19\]](#_ftnref19) Article 26 Section (3) [**Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) **(“Law 12/2006”)**. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Frans Sopater Hutapea, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 22 Januari 2022.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Pengadilan HAM Ad HocPengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia ad hoc atau yang disingkat sebagai pengadilan HAM ad hoc adalah pengadilan di lingkungan peradilan umum yang dibentuk khusus untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang terjadi sebelum UU Pengadilan HAM diundangkan. Hal tersebut sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam Pasal 43 UU Pengadilan HAM, yang menerangkan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut.  Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM, diperiksa dan diputus oleh Pengadilan HAM ad hoc.Pengadilan HAM ad hoc dibentuk melalui usul Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (“DPR RI”) berdasarkan peristiwa tertentu dengan Keputusan Presiden. Pengadilan HAM ad hoc berada di lingkungan Peradilan Umum.Pembentukan Pengadilan HAM ad hoc oleh DPR RI berdasarkan pada telah terjadinya pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat yang dibatasi oleh locus dan tempus delicti tertentu yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM.[1]Adapun yang dimaksud dengan pelanggaran HAM yang berat meliputi kejahatan genosida dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.[2]Kejahatan genosida adalah setiap perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan maksud untuk menghancurkan atau memusnahkan seluruh atau sebagian kelompok bangsa, ras, kelompok etnis, kelompok agama, dengan cara:[3]membunuh anggota kelompok;mengakibatkan penderitaan fisik dan mental yang berat terhadap anggota-anggota kelompok;menciptakan kondisi kehidupan kelompok yang akan mengakibatkan kemusnahan secara fisik baik seluruh atau sebagiannya;memaksakan tindakan-tindakan yang bertujuan mencegah kelahiran di dalam kelompok; ataumemindahkan secara paksa anak-anak dari kelompok tertentu ke kelompok lain.Kemudian, yang dimaksud sebagai kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan adalah salah satu perbuatan yang dilakukan sebagai bagian dari serangan yang meluas atau sistematik yang diketahuinya bahwa serangan tersebut ditujukan secara langsung terhadap penduduk sipil, berupa:[4]pembunuhan;pemusnahan;perbudakan;pengusiran atau pemindahan penduduk secara paksa;perampasan kemerdekaan atau perampasan kebebasan fisik lain secara sewenang-wenang yang melanggar (asas-asas) ketentuan pokok hukum internasional;penyiksaan;perkosaan, perbudakan seksual, pelacuran secara paksa, pemaksaan kehamilan, pemandulan atau sterilisasi secara paksa atau bentuk-bentuk kekerasan seksual lain yang setara;penganiayaan terhadap suatu kelompok tertentu atau perkumpulan yang didasari persamaan paham politik, ras, kebangsaan, etnis, budaya, agama, jenis kelamin atau alasan lain yang telah diakui secara universal sebagai hal yang dilarang menurut hukum internasional;penghilangan orang secara paksa; ataukejahatan apartheid.Pengadilan HAMPengadilan HAM adalah pengadilan khusus terhadap pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat[5] dan berada di lingkungan pengadilan umum.[6] Tugas dan kewenangan dari pengadilan HAM adalah memeriksa dan memutuskan perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat.[7] Adapun yang dimaksud dengan "memeriksa dan memutus" termasuk juga menyelesaikan perkara yang menyangkut kompensasi, restitusi, dan rehabilitasi sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.[8]Sebagai catatan, pengadilan HAM berwenang juga memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang dilakukan di luar batas teritorial wilayah negara Republik Indonesia oleh warga negara Indonesia,[9] namun tidak berwenang memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang berumur di bawah 18 tahun pada saat kejahatan dilakukan.[10]Dari penjelasan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal utama yang membedakan antara pengadilan HAM dengan pengadilan HAM ad hoc adalah bahwa pengadilan HAM ad hoc dikhususkan untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAMHukum Acara Pengadilan HAM Ad HocMenjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai mekanisme peradilan dalam pengadilan HAM ad hoc, adalah benar sebagaimana yang Anda sampaikan bahwa mekanismenya sama dengan Pengadilan HAM. Adapun mekanisme peradilan, atau yang dikenal dengan hukum acara, di pengadilan HAM sendiri diatur khusus dalam UU Pengadilan HAM sebagai lex specialis (aturan khusus) dari aturan hukum acara pidana yang berlaku secara umum. Namun, untuk hal-hal yang tidak diatur dalam UU Pengadilan HAM, maka yang berlaku adalah hukum acara pidana pada umumnya.[11]Di antara ketentuan hukum acara khusus yang diatur dalam UU Pengadilan HAM adalah kewenangan penyelidikan yang diberikan kepada Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (“Komnas HAM”),[12] dan kewenangan penyidikan di tangan Jaksa Agung.[13] Adapun mengenai pengaduan yang Anda tanyakan, Komnas HAM sebagai penyelidiklah yang berhak menerima laporan atau pengaduan.[14]Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait pengadilan HAM ad hoc dan proses peradilannya, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia.Putusan:Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-V/2007[1] Penjelasan Pasal 43 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia (“UU Pengadilan HAM”) jo. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-V/2007, hal. 95[2] Pasal 7 UU Pengadilan HAM[3] Pasal 8 UU Pengadilan HAM[4] Pasal 9 UU Pengadilan HAM[5] Pasal 1 angka 3 UU Pengadilan HAM[6] Pasal 2 UU Pengadilan HAM[7] Pasal 4 UU Pengadilan HAM[8] Penjelasan Pasal 4 UU Pengadilan HAM[9] Pasal 5 UU Pengadilan HAM[10] Pasal 6 UU Pengadilan HAM[11] Pasal 10 UU Pengadilan HAM[12] Pasal 18 ayat (1) UU Pengadilan HAM[13] Pasal 21 ayat (1) UU Pengadilan HAM[14] Pasal 19 ayat (1) huruf b UU Pengadilan HAMTagshak asasi manusiahukum acara pidanahukum pidanajaksa agungkomnas hampelanggaran ham beratpengadilan hampengadilan ham ad hoc
Bagaimanakah mekanisme penyelesaian pengadilan HAM ad hoc secara terperinci? Baik mekanisme melalui pengaduan keluarga korban, terbentuknya pengadilan HAM ad hoc tersebut serta mekanisme sistem peradilannya. Apakah mekanisme penyelesaian pengadilan HAM dan pengadilan HAM ad hoc persidangannya sama sesuai dengan UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2000, atau mungkin saya keliru. Mohon pencerahannya. Terima kasih sebelumnya.
Pengadilan HAM ad hoc adalah pengadilan di lingkungan peradilan umum yang dibentuk khusus untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM. Sementara itu, pengadilan HAM adalah pengadilan khusus terhadap pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat, yang mana merupakan pengadilan khusus yang berada di lingkungan pengadilan umum. Tugas dan kewenangan dari pengadilan HAM adalah memeriksa dan memutuskan perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat. Lalu, bagaimana perbedaan antara pengadilan HAM ad hoc dan pengadilan HAM? Kemudian, bagaimana mekanisme peradilannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mengenal-pengadilan-ham-ad-hoc-lt600ad1938edfc/
Mengenal Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc
pages/174/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Frans Sopater Hutapea, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lembaga-bantuan-hukum-mawar-saron-lt4ddc7a184bdfe/frans-sopater-hutapea--sh-lt600ad0a0b27fb), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 22 Januari 2022.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** ### **Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc** Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia ad hoc atau yang disingkat sebagai pengadilan HAM ad hoc adalah pengadilan di lingkungan peradilan umum yang dibentuk khusus untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara [pelanggaran HAM yang berat](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/pelanggaran-hak-asasi-manusia-yang-berat) yang terjadi sebelum **[UU Pengadilan HAM](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17499/nprt/541/uu-no-26-tahun-2000-pengadilan-hak-asasi-manusia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_26_2000)** diundangkan. Hal tersebut sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam **Pasal 43 UU Pengadilan HAM**, yang menerangkan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut.  1. Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM, diperiksa dan diputus oleh Pengadilan HAM ad hoc. 2. Pengadilan HAM ad hoc dibentuk melalui usul Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (“DPR RI”) berdasarkan peristiwa tertentu dengan Keputusan Presiden. 3. Pengadilan HAM ad hoc berada di lingkungan Peradilan Umum. Pembentukan Pengadilan HAM ad hoc oleh DPR RI berdasarkan pada telah terjadinya pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat yang dibatasi oleh _locus dan tempus delicti_ tertentu yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Adapun yang dimaksud dengan pelanggaran HAM yang berat meliputi kejahatan genosida dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) **Kejahatan genosida** adalah setiap perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan maksud untuk menghancurkan atau memusnahkan seluruh atau sebagian kelompok bangsa, ras, kelompok etnis, kelompok agama, dengan cara:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. membunuh anggota kelompok; 2. mengakibatkan penderitaan fisik dan mental yang berat terhadap anggota-anggota kelompok; 3. menciptakan kondisi kehidupan kelompok yang akan mengakibatkan kemusnahan secara fisik baik seluruh atau sebagiannya; 4. memaksakan tindakan-tindakan yang bertujuan mencegah kelahiran di dalam kelompok; atau 5. memindahkan secara paksa anak-anak dari kelompok tertentu ke kelompok lain. Kemudian, yang dimaksud sebagai **kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan** adalah salah satu perbuatan yang dilakukan sebagai bagian dari serangan yang meluas atau sistematik yang diketahuinya bahwa serangan tersebut ditujukan secara langsung terhadap penduduk sipil, berupa:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. pembunuhan; 2. pemusnahan; 3. perbudakan; 4. pengusiran atau pemindahan penduduk secara paksa; 5. perampasan kemerdekaan atau perampasan kebebasan fisik lain secara sewenang-wenang yang melanggar (asas-asas) ketentuan pokok hukum internasional; 6. penyiksaan; 7. perkosaan, perbudakan seksual, pelacuran secara paksa, pemaksaan kehamilan, pemandulan atau sterilisasi secara paksa atau bentuk-bentuk kekerasan seksual lain yang setara; 8. penganiayaan terhadap suatu kelompok tertentu atau perkumpulan yang didasari persamaan paham politik, ras, kebangsaan, etnis, budaya, agama, jenis kelamin atau alasan lain yang telah diakui secara universal sebagai hal yang dilarang menurut hukum internasional; 9. penghilangan orang secara paksa; atau 10. kejahatan apartheid. ### **Pengadilan HAM** Pengadilan HAM adalah pengadilan khusus terhadap pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat[\[5\]](#_ftn5) dan berada di lingkungan pengadilan umum.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Tugas dan kewenangan dari pengadilan HAM adalah memeriksa dan memutuskan perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Adapun yang dimaksud dengan "memeriksa dan memutus" termasuk juga menyelesaikan perkara yang menyangkut kompensasi, restitusi, dan rehabilitasi sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Sebagai catatan, pengadilan HAM berwenang juga memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang dilakukan di luar batas teritorial wilayah negara Republik Indonesia oleh warga negara Indonesia,[\[9\]](#_ftn9) namun tidak berwenang memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang berumur di bawah 18 tahun pada saat kejahatan dilakukan.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Dari penjelasan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal utama yang membedakan antara pengadilan HAM dengan pengadilan HAM ad hoc adalah bahwa pengadilan HAM ad hoc dikhususkan untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran HAM yang berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya UU Pengadilan HAM ### **Hukum Acara Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai mekanisme peradilan dalam pengadilan HAM ad hoc, adalah benar sebagaimana yang Anda sampaikan bahwa mekanismenya sama dengan Pengadilan HAM. Adapun mekanisme peradilan, atau yang dikenal dengan hukum acara, di pengadilan HAM sendiri diatur khusus dalam UU Pengadilan HAM sebagai _lex specialis_ (aturan khusus) dari aturan hukum acara pidana yang berlaku secara umum. Namun, untuk hal-hal yang tidak diatur dalam UU Pengadilan HAM, maka yang berlaku adalah hukum acara pidana pada umumnya.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Di antara ketentuan hukum acara khusus yang diatur dalam UU Pengadilan HAM adalah kewenangan penyelidikan yang diberikan kepada [Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/k/komisi-nasional-hak-asasi-manusia-selanjutnya-disebut-komnas-ham) (“Komnas HAM”),[\[12\]](#_ftn12) dan kewenangan penyidikan di tangan Jaksa Agung.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) Adapun mengenai pengaduan yang Anda tanyakan, Komnas HAM sebagai penyelidiklah yang berhak menerima laporan atau pengaduan.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait pengadilan HAM ad hoc dan proses peradilannya, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: [Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17499/nprt/541/uu-no-26-tahun-2000-pengadilan-hak-asasi-manusia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_26_2000). Putusan: [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-V/2007](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27598/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-18puuv2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_18_2007) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Penjelasan Pasal 43 ayat (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17499/nprt/541/uu-no-26-tahun-2000-pengadilan-hak-asasi-manusia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_26_2000) (“UU Pengadilan HAM”) _jo._ [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-V/2007](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27598/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-18puuv2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_18_2007), hal. 95 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 7 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 8 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 9 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 1 angka 3 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 2 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 4 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Penjelasan Pasal 4 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 5 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 6 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 10 UU Pengadilan HAM [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 18 ayat (1) UU Pengadilan HAM [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 21 ayat (1) UU Pengadilan HAM [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 19 ayat (1) huruf b UU Pengadilan HAM Tags ---- [hak asasi manusia](/tag/hak-asasi-manusia) [hukum acara pidana](/tag/hukum-acara-pidana) [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [jaksa agung](/tag/jaksa-agung) [komnas ham](/tag/komnas-ham) [pelanggaran ham berat](/tag/pelanggaran-ham-berat) [pengadilan ham](/tag/pengadilan-ham) [pengadilan ham ad hoc](/tag/pengadilan-ham-ad-hoc)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITJika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Hal yang Harus Diperhatikan Saat Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah08 Des 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Persentase Minimal Upah Pokok yang dibuat oleh Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 12 April 2011, kemudian pertama kali dimutakhirkan oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., pada Kamis, 23 Juni 2016. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Komponen UpahSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu dipahami komponen upah terdiri dari apa saja. Komponen upah dapat terdiri atas:[1]upah tanpa tunjangan;upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap;upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap; atauupah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap.Dalam PP Pengupahan, penjelasan mengenai komponen upah di atas hanya disebutkan mengenai apa itu upah tanpa tunjangan, yaitu sejumlah uang yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh secara tetap tanpa adanya tambahan tunjangan. Contoh: A menerima upah Rp3 juta sebagai upah bersih (clean wages). Besaran upah tersebut utuh digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan hal-hal yang terkait dengan upah seperti tunjangan hari raya, upah lembur, pesangon, iuran jaminan sosial, dan lain-lain.[2]Sementara itu, dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan, dijelaskan tentang tunjangan tetap adalah pembayaran kepada pekerja/buruh yang dilakukan secara teratur dan tidak dikaitkan dengan kehadiran pekerja/buruh atau pencapaian prestasi tertentu.[3] Persentase Minimal Upah Pokok Selanjutnya, untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai persentase upah pokok, hal tersebut diatur di dalam Pasal 81 angka 35 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 94 UU Ketenagakerjaan yang berbunyi sebagai berikut.Dalam hal komponen Upah terdiri atas Upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap, besarnya Upah pokok paling sedikit 75% dari jumlah Upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.Lebih lanjut, dalam PP Pengupahan diatur mengenai persentase upah berdasarkan komponen upah sebagai berikut.[4]Upah pokok + tunjangan tetap, maka upah pokok minimal 75% dari jumlah upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.Upah pokok + tunjangan tetap + tunjangan tidak tetap, maka upah pokok minimal 75% dari jumlah upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap.Sementara persentase besaran upah pokok dalam komponen upah untuk jabatan tertentu dapat diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama.[5] Yang dimaksud dengan jabatan atau pekerjaan tertentu adalah jabatan yang memiliki tanggung jawab sebagai pemikir, perencana, dan pengendali jalannya perusahaan antara lain jabatan pada supervisor, manajer, dan ahli dengan besaran upah paling sedikit sebesar batas paling tinggi upah untuk dasar perhitungan iuran jaminan pensiun.[6]Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, apabila upah pekerja terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap atau upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap, maka rumus upah pokok dari komponen upah haruslah sebagai berikut.Upah yang diterima (100%) = upah pokok (minimal 75%) + tunjangan tetap (maksimal 25%)Jadi, besaran persentase upah pokok tidak boleh kurang dari 75% dari total jumlah upah yang diterima. ContohSebuah perusahaan X memberlakukan upah dengan komponen yang terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. A yang bekerja di perusahaan X memperoleh upah sebesar Rp5 juta/bulan dengan komponen:Upah pokok: Rp3.750.000Tunjangan tetap: Rp1.250.000Contoh perhitungan komponen upah di atas dibenarkan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan karena upah pokoknya adalah 75% dari upah yang seharusnya diterima oleh pekerja (upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap).Demikian jawaban dari kami tentang persentase minimal upah pokok, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan[1] Pasal 7 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan (“PP Pengupahan”)[2] Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf a PP Pengupahan[3] Penjelasan Pasal 81 angka 35 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Penjelasan Pasal 94 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan[4] Pasal 7 ayat (2) dan (3) PP Pengupahan[5] Pasal 7 ayat (5) PP Pengupahan[6] Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (5) PP PengupahanTagsgajikarier hukumkaryawanketenagakerjaanpp pengupahanprofesi hukumskala upahstruktur upahupah
Apa maksud dari ketentuan Pasal 94 UU 13/2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan yang bunyinya, upah pokok 75% dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap? Undang-undang mana saja yang terkait dengan pasal ini? Terima kasih.
Komponen upah yang diterima oleh pekerja dapat terdiri atas upah tanpa tunjangan, upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap, upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap, atau upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap. Lantas, berapakah minimal persentase upah pokok yang seharusnya diterima oleh pekerja? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Hal yang Harus Diperhatikan Saat Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah08 Des 2022Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?27 Jan 2023Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya25 Jan 2023Hal yang Harus Diperhatikan Saat Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah08 Des 2022Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/4-komponen-upah-karyawan-dan-rumus-hitungnya-lt4d6724306ddc7/
4 Komponen Upah Karyawan dan Rumus Hitungnya
pages/174/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur ](/klinik/a/uang-lembur-lt4f2fafec55edc/) ![Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f2fafec55edc/thumbnail_lt655dec7b44651.jpg) 22 Nov 2023 [ #### Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-upah-pokok-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt505177cc6bf78/) ![Bolehkah Upah Pokok di Bawah Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt505177cc6bf78/thumbnail_lt63d38b2f4f054.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya ](/klinik/a/bingung-hitung-upah-lembur-ini-rumusnya-lt4b7e3965556d3/) ![Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4b7e3965556d3/thumbnail_lt63d10d9db5168.jpg) 25 Jan 2023 [ #### Hal yang Harus Diperhatikan Saat Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah ](/klinik/a/hal-yang-harus-diperhatikan-saat-penyusunan-struktur-dan-skala-upah-cl6884/) ![Hal yang Harus Diperhatikan Saat Penyusunan Struktur dan Skala Upah](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl6884/thumbnail_lt6391cfef2d65b.jpg) 08 Des 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul _Persentase Minimal Upah Pokok_ yang dibuat oleh** [**Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4d37c414e08df/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 12 April 2011, kemudian pertama kali dimutakhirkan oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), pada Kamis, 23 Juni 2016.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Komponen Upah** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu dipahami komponen upah terdiri dari apa saja. Komponen upah dapat terdiri atas:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. upah tanpa tunjangan; 2. upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap; 3. upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap; atau 4. upah pokok dan tunjangan tidak tetap. Dalam **[PP Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021)**, penjelasan mengenai komponen upah di atas hanya disebutkan mengenai apa itu upah tanpa tunjangan, yaitu sejumlah uang yang diterima oleh pekerja/buruh secara tetap tanpa adanya tambahan tunjangan. Contoh: A menerima upah Rp3 juta sebagai upah bersih (_clean wages_). Besaran upah tersebut utuh digunakan sebagai dasar perhitungan hal-hal yang terkait dengan upah seperti tunjangan hari raya, upah lembur, pesangon, iuran jaminan sosial, dan lain-lain.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Sementara itu, dalam **[UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan)**, dijelaskan tentang tunjangan tetap adalah pembayaran kepada pekerja/buruh yang dilakukan secara teratur dan tidak dikaitkan dengan kehadiran pekerja/buruh atau pencapaian prestasi tertentu.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) ### **Persentase Minimal Upah Pokok** Selanjutnya, untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengenai persentase upah pokok, hal tersebut diatur di dalam **Pasal 81 angka 35 [Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** yang mengubah **Pasal 94 UU Ketenagakerjaan** yang berbunyi sebagai berikut. _Dalam hal komponen Upah terdiri atas Upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap, besarnya Upah pokok paling sedikit 75% dari jumlah Upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap._ Lebih lanjut, dalam PP Pengupahan diatur mengenai persentase upah berdasarkan komponen upah sebagai berikut.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. Upah pokok + tunjangan tetap, maka upah pokok minimal 75% dari jumlah upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. 2. Upah pokok + tunjangan tetap + tunjangan tidak tetap, maka upah pokok minimal 75% dari jumlah upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. Sementara persentase besaran upah pokok dalam komponen upah untuk jabatan tertentu dapat diatur dalam [perjanjian kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja), [peraturan perusahaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/peraturan-perusahaan), atau [perjanjian kerja bersama](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama).[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Yang dimaksud dengan jabatan atau pekerjaan tertentu adalah jabatan yang memiliki tanggung jawab sebagai pemikir, perencana, dan pengendali jalannya perusahaan antara lain jabatan pada supervisor, manajer, dan ahli dengan besaran upah paling sedikit sebesar batas paling tinggi upah untuk dasar perhitungan iuran jaminan pensiun.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, apabila upah pekerja terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap atau upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap, maka rumus upah pokok dari komponen upah haruslah sebagai berikut. **Upah yang diterima (100%) = upah pokok (minimal 75%) + tunjangan tetap (maksimal 25%)** Jadi, besaran persentase upah pokok tidak boleh kurang dari 75% dari total jumlah upah yang diterima. ### **Contoh** Sebuah perusahaan X memberlakukan upah dengan komponen yang terdiri dari upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap. A yang bekerja di perusahaan X memperoleh upah sebesar Rp5 juta/bulan dengan komponen: 1. Upah pokok: Rp3.750.000 2. Tunjangan tetap: Rp1.250.000 Contoh perhitungan komponen upah di atas dibenarkan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan karena upah pokoknya adalah 75% dari upah yang seharusnya diterima oleh pekerja (upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap). Demikian jawaban dari kami tentang persentase minimal upah pokok, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 7 ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322fc0d665f/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-36-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_36_2021) (“PP Pengupahan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf a PP Pengupahan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Penjelasan Pasal 81 angka 35 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) yang mengubah Penjelasan Pasal 94 [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 7 ayat (2) dan (3) PP Pengupahan [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 7 ayat (5) PP Pengupahan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (5) PP Pengupahan Tags ---- [gaji](/tag/gaji) [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [pp pengupahan](/tag/pp-pengupahan) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [skala upah](/tag/skala-upah) [struktur upah](/tag/struktur-upah) [upah](/tag/upah)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Arif Maulana, S.H., M.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 26 Agustus 2020.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Makna Tindak PidanaSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kiranya memahami apa yang disebut dengan tindak pidana.Istilah tindak pidana merupakan terjemahan dari istilah strafbaar feit dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Belanda yang saat ini diterapkan sebagai hukum nasional melalui asas konkordansi dengan adanya KUHP yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan. Namun dalam 3 tahun ke depan tepatnya 2026, KUHP sudah tidak lagi berlaku dan digantikan dengan UU 1/2023.Baik dalam KUHP maupun UU 1/2023, tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit mengenai apa sebenarnya yang dimaksud dengan strafbaar feit itu sendiri. Tindak pidana yang Anda tanyakan juga biasanya disamakan dengan delik, yang berasal dari Bahasa Latin, yakni dari kata delictum. Sebagaimana diterangkan S. R. Sianturi dalam buku Asas-asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan Penerapan, dalam peristilahan di Indonesia, delik atau het strafbare feit telah diterjemahkan oleh para sarjana dan juga telah digunakan dalam berbagai perumusan undang-undang dengan berbagai istilah bahasa Indonesia sebagai (hal 204 – 207):perbuatan yang dapat/boleh dihukum;peristiwa pidana;perbuatan pidana;tindak pidana.Dengan demikian, strafbaar feit, delik, dan delictum memiliki padanan istilah yang sama dengan perbuatan yang dapat/boleh dihukum, peristiwa pidana, perbuatan pidana, dan tindak pidana.Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, delik adalah perbuatan yang dapat dikenakan hukuman karena merupakan pelanggaran terhadap undang-undang atau merupakan tindak pidana.S. R. Sianturi dalam buku yang sama mengutip Moeljatno yang memilih menerjemahkan strafbaar feit sebagai perbuatan pidana, yaitu perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana bagi barang siapa melanggar larangan tersebut (hal. 208).Perbuatan tersebut harus betul-betul dirasakan oleh masyarakat sebagai perbuatan yang tak boleh atau menghambat akan tercapainya tatanan dalam pergaulan masyarakat yang dicita-citakan oleh masyarakat itu.Makna perbuatan pidana secara mutlak harus termaktub unsur formil, yaitu mencocoki rumusan undang-undang (tatbestandmaszigkeit) dan unsur materiel, yaitu sifat bertentangan dengan cita–cita mengenai pergaulan masyarakat atau sifat melawan hukum (rechtswirdigkeit).Sementara itu, S. R. Sianturi dalam buku yang sama juga mengutip Wirjono Prodjodikoro yang merumuskan tindak pidana sebagai suatu perbuatan yang pelakunya dapat dikenakan hukuman pidana dan pelaku itu dapat dikatakan merupakan subjek tindak pidana (hal. 208).Berdasarkan rumusan pengertian tindak pidana di atas, untuk menentukan suatu perbuatan sebagai tindak pidana, perbuatan tersebut haruslah perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana kepada subjek tindak pidana yang melakukannya atau dalam rumusan hukum pidana disebut dengan barang siapa yang melanggar larangan tersebut.Dengan kata lain, perbuatan yang tergolong tindak pidana adalah perbuatan yang dilarang dalam hukum yang dapat diancam dengan sanksi pidana.Baca juga: Pengertian Asas Konkordansi dan Sejarahnya di IndonesiaUnsur-unsur Tindak PidanaApa itu unsur pidana? Menurut S. R. Sianturi, secara ringkas unsur-unsur tindak pidana adalah (hal. 208):adanya subjek;adanya unsur kesalahan;perbuatan bersifat melawan hukum;suatu tindakan yang dilarang atau diharuskan oleh undang-undang/perundang-undangan dan terhadap yang melanggarnya diancam pidana;dalam suatu waktu, tempat, dan keadaan tertentu.Merujuk pada unsur-unsur tindak pidana di atas, S. R. Sianturi merumuskan pengertian dari tindak pidana sebagai suatu tindakan pada tempat, waktu, dan keadaan tertentu, yang dilarang (atau melanggar keharusan) dan diancam dengan pidana oleh undang-undang serta bersifat melawan hukum serta mengandung unsur kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang mampu bertanggung jawab (hal. 208).Dari lima unsur di atas, dapat disederhanakan menjadi unsur subjektif dan unsur objektif. Apa itu unsur objektif dan subjektif tindak pidana? Unsur subjektif meliputi subjek dan adanya unsur kesalahan. Sedangkan yang termasuk unsur objektif adalah perbuatannya bersifat melawan hukum, tindakan yang dilarang atau diharuskan oleh undang-undang/perundang-undangan dan terhadap pelanggarnya diancam pidana, serta dilakukan dalam waktu, tempat dan keadaan tertentu.P. A. F. Lamintang dalam buku Dasar-dasar Hukum Pidana Indonesia juga berpendapat bahwa setiap tindak pidana yang terdapat dalam KUHP pada umumnya dapat dijabarkan ke dalam unsur-unsur yang pada dasarnya dapat kita bagi menjadi dua macam unsur, yakni unsur-unsur subjektif dan unsur-unsur objektif (hal. 193).Yang dimaksud dengan unsur subjektif itu adalah unsur-unsur yang melekat pada diri si pelaku atau yang berhubungan dengan diri si pelaku dan termasuk ke dalamnya, yaitu segala sesuatu yang terkandung di dalam hatinya (hal. 193).Sedangkan yang dimaksud unsur objektif adalah unsur-unsur yang ada hubungannya dengan keadaan-keadaan, yaitu di dalam keadaan-keadaan mana tindakan-tindakan dari si pelaku itu harus dilakukan (hal. 193).Unsur subjektif dari suatu tindak pidana adalah (hal. 193 – 194):kesengajaan (dolus) atau ketidaksengajaan (culpa);maksud atau voornemen pada suatu percobaan atau poging seperti yang dimaksud di dalam Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHP atau Pasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023;macam-macam maksud atau oogmerk, seperti yang terdapat di dalam kejahatan-kejahatan pencurian, penipuan, pemerasan, pemalsuan, dan lain-lain;merencanakan terlebih dahulu atau voorbedachte raad, seperti yang terdapat di dalam kejahatan pembunuhan berencana dalam Pasal 340 KUHP atau Pasal 459 UU 1/2023;perasaan takut atau vrees, seperti terdapat di dalam rumusan tindak pidana menurut Pasal 308 KUHP atau Pasal 430 UU 1/2023.Unsur-unsur objektif dari suatu tindak pidana adalah (hal. 194):sifat melanggar hukum atau wederrechtelijkbeid;kualitas dari si pelaku, misalnya “keadaan sebagai seorang pegawai negeri” di dalam kejahatan jabatan atau “keadaan sebagai pengurus atau komisaris dari suatu perseroan terbatas” di dalam kejahatan menurut Pasal 398 KUHP atau Pasal 516 UU 1/2023;kausalitas, yakni hubungan antara suatu tindakan sebagai penyebab dengan sesuatu kenyataan sebagai akibat.Unsur wederrechttelijk atau sifat melanggar hukum selalu harus dianggap sebagai disyaratkan di dalam setiap rumusan delik, walaupun unsur tersebut oleh pembentuk undang-undang tidak dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai salah satu unsur dari delik yang bersangkutan (hal. 194).P. A. F. Lamintang kemudian menerangkan apabila unsur wederrecttelijk dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai unsur dari delik, maka tidak terbuktinya unsur tersebut di dalam peradilan akan menyebabkan hakim harus memutus sesuatu vrijkpraak atau pembebasan (hal. 195).Apabila unsur wederrecttelijk tidak dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai unsur dari delik, maka tidak terbuktinya unsur tersebut di dalam peradilan akan menyebabkan hakim harus memutuskan suatu ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging atau suatu “pembebasan dari segala tuntutan hukum” (hal. 195).Maka, untuk mengetahui apakah suatu perbuatan adalah tindak pidana atau bukan, perbuatan tersebut harus memenuhi unsur-unsur delik atau tindak pidana yang dimaksud itu.Penerapan Unsur-unsur Tindak Pidana Untuk mengetahui apakah perbuatan dalam sebuah peristiwa hukum adalah tindak pidana, dapat dilakukan analisis apakah perbuatan tersebut telah memenuhi unsur-unsur tindak pidana yang diatur dalam sebuah ketentuan pasal hukum pidana tertentu.Untuk itu, harus diadakan penyesuaian atau pencocokan (bagian-bagian/kejadian-kejadian) dari peristiwa tersebut kepada unsur-unsur dari delik yang didakwakan.Jika ternyata sudah cocok, maka dapat ditentukan bahwa peristiwa itu merupakan suatu tindak pidana yang telah terjadi yang (dapat) dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana kepada subjek pelakunya. Namun, jika salah satu unsur tersebut tidak ada atau tidak terbukti, maka harus disimpulkan bahwa tindak pidana belum atau tidak terjadi.Hal ini karena, mungkin tindakan sudah terjadi, tetapi bukan suatu tindakan yang dilarang oleh undang-undang yang diancamkan suatu tindak pidana.Mungkin pula suatu tindakan telah terjadi sesuai dengan perumusan tindakan dalam pasal yang bersangkutan, tetapi tidak terdapat kesalahan pada pelaku dan/atau tindakan itu tidak bersifat melawan hukum.P. A. F. Lamintang lebih jauh menjelaskan bahwa apabila hakim berpendapat bahwa tertuduh tidak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan tindakannya, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh dari segala tuntutan hukum atau dengan kata lain, hakim harus memutuskan suatu ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging, termasuk jika terdapat keragu-raguan mengenai salah sebuah elemen, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh dari segala tuntutan hukum (hal. 197).Unsur-unsur delik tercantum dalam rumusan delik yang oleh penuntut umum harus dicantumkan di dalam surat tuduhan (dakwaan) dan harus dibuktikan dalam peradilan (hal. 195 & 197).Bilamana satu atau lebih bagian ternyata tidak dapat dibuktikan, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh atau dengan perkataan lain harus memutuskan suatu vrijspraak.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.Referensi:P. A. F. Lamintang. Dasar-dasar Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti, 2013;S. R. Sianturi. Asas-asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan Penerapan, Cet. 3. Jakarta: Storia Grafika, 2002;Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, yang diakses pada 26 Januari 2023, pukul 08.00 WIB.Tagshukumonlinekuhpkuhp barupidana
Bagaimana cara melihat suatu perbuatan merupakan suatu tindak pidana? Apakah harus memenuhi unsur tindak pidana dalam suatu pasal? Apabila tidak memenuhi salah satu unsur, bagaimana?
Untuk menentukan suatu perbuatan sebagai tindak pidana, perbuatan tersebut haruslah perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana kepada subjek tindak pidana yang melakukannya atau dalam rumusan hukum pidana disebut dengan barang siapa yang melanggar larangan tersebut. Lalu, apakah harus memenuhi unsur dalam suatu pasal? Bagaimana jika tidak memenuhi salah satu unsurnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. 4 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mengenal-unsur-tindak-pidana-dan-syarat-pemenuhannya-lt5236f79d8e4b4/
Mengenal Unsur Tindak Pidana dan Syarat Pemenuhannya
pages/174/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **sama** **yang dibuat oleh** **[Arif Maulana, S.H., M.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lbh-jakarta-lt4a0a795dc67d9/arif-maulana--sh--mh-lt5e007d8ab8903)** **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan** **pada** **Rabu, 26 Agustus 2020****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** ### **Makna Tindak Pidana** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kiranya memahami apa yang disebut dengan tindak pidana. Istilah tindak pidana merupakan terjemahan dari istilah _**strafbaar feit**_ dalam **Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Belanda** yang saat ini diterapkan sebagai hukum nasional melalui **asas konkordansi** dengan adanya [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan. Namun dalam 3 tahun ke depan tepatnya 2026, KUHP sudah tidak lagi berlaku dan digantikan dengan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). Baik dalam KUHP maupun UU 1/2023, tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit mengenai apa sebenarnya yang dimaksud dengan _strafbaar feit_ itu sendiri. Tindak pidana yang Anda tanyakan juga biasanya disamakan dengan delik, yang berasal dari Bahasa Latin, yakni dari kata _delictum_.  Sebagaimana diterangkan **S. R. Sianturi** dalam buku _Asas-asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan Penerapan_, dalam peristilahan di Indonesia, delik atau _het strafbare feit_ telah diterjemahkan oleh para sarjana dan juga telah digunakan dalam berbagai perumusan undang-undang dengan berbagai istilah bahasa Indonesia sebagai (hal 204 – 207): 1. perbuatan yang dapat/boleh dihukum; 2. peristiwa pidana; 3. perbuatan pidana; 4. tindak pidana. Dengan demikian, _strafbaar feit_, delik, dan _delictum_ memiliki padanan istilah yang sama dengan perbuatan yang dapat/boleh dihukum, peristiwa pidana, perbuatan pidana, dan tindak pidana. Menurut **[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/delik)**, delik adalah perbuatan yang dapat dikenakan hukuman karena merupakan pelanggaran terhadap undang-undang atau merupakan tindak pidana. S. R. Sianturi dalam buku yang sama mengutip **Moeljatno** yang memilih menerjemahkan _strafbaar feit_ sebagai perbuatan pidana, yaitu perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana bagi barang siapa melanggar larangan tersebut (hal. 208). Perbuatan tersebut harus betul-betul dirasakan oleh masyarakat sebagai perbuatan yang tak boleh atau menghambat akan tercapainya tatanan dalam pergaulan masyarakat yang dicita-citakan oleh masyarakat itu. Makna perbuatan pidana secara mutlak harus termaktub **unsur formil**, yaitu mencocoki rumusan undang-undang (_tatbestandmaszigkeit_) dan **unsur materiel**, yaitu sifat bertentangan dengan cita–cita mengenai pergaulan masyarakat atau sifat melawan hukum (_rechtswirdigkeit_). Sementara itu, S. R. Sianturi dalam buku yang sama juga mengutip **Wirjono Prodjodikoro** yang merumuskan tindak pidana sebagai suatu perbuatan yang pelakunya dapat dikenakan hukuman pidana dan pelaku itu dapat dikatakan merupakan subjek tindak pidana (hal. 208). Berdasarkan rumusan pengertian tindak pidana di atas, untuk menentukan suatu perbuatan sebagai tindak pidana, perbuatan tersebut haruslah perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana kepada subjek tindak pidana yang melakukannya atau dalam rumusan hukum pidana disebut dengan barang siapa yang melanggar larangan tersebut. Dengan kata lain, perbuatan yang tergolong tindak pidana adalah perbuatan yang dilarang dalam hukum yang dapat diancam dengan sanksi pidana. Baca juga: **[Pengertian Asas Konkordansi dan Sejarahnya di Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/asas-konkordansi-lt5979a0202a993?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=asas_konkordansi)** ### **Unsur-unsur Tindak Pidana** Apa itu unsur pidana? Menurut S. R. Sianturi, secara ringkas **unsur-unsur tindak pidana** **a****dalah** (hal. 208): 1. adanya subjek; 2. adanya unsur kesalahan; 3. perbuatan bersifat melawan hukum; 4. suatu tindakan yang dilarang atau diharuskan oleh undang-undang/perundang-undangan dan terhadap yang melanggarnya diancam pidana; 5. dalam suatu waktu, tempat, dan keadaan tertentu. Merujuk pada unsur-unsur tindak pidana di atas, S. R. Sianturi merumuskan pengertian dari tindak pidana sebagai suatu tindakan pada tempat, waktu, dan keadaan tertentu, yang dilarang (atau melanggar keharusan) dan diancam dengan pidana oleh undang-undang serta bersifat melawan hukum serta mengandung unsur kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang mampu bertanggung jawab (hal. 208). Dari lima unsur di atas, dapat disederhanakan menjadi unsur subjektif dan unsur objektif. Apa itu unsur objektif dan subjektif tindak pidana? **Unsur subjektif** meliputi subjek dan adanya unsur kesalahan. Sedangkan yang termasuk **unsur objektif** adalah perbuatannya bersifat melawan hukum, tindakan yang dilarang atau diharuskan oleh undang-undang/perundang-undangan dan terhadap pelanggarnya diancam pidana, serta dilakukan dalam waktu, tempat dan keadaan tertentu. **P. A. F. Lamintang** dalam buku _Dasar-dasar Hukum Pidana Indonesia_ juga berpendapat bahwa setiap tindak pidana yang terdapat dalam KUHP pada umumnya dapat dijabarkan ke dalam unsur-unsur yang pada dasarnya dapat kita bagi menjadi dua macam unsur, yakni unsur-unsur subjektif dan unsur-unsur objektif (hal. 193). Yang dimaksud dengan unsur subjektif itu adalah unsur-unsur yang melekat pada diri si pelaku atau yang berhubungan dengan diri si pelaku dan termasuk ke dalamnya, yaitu segala sesuatu yang terkandung di dalam hatinya (hal. 193). Sedangkan yang dimaksud unsur objektif adalah unsur-unsur yang ada hubungannya dengan keadaan-keadaan, yaitu di dalam keadaan-keadaan mana tindakan-tindakan dari si pelaku itu harus dilakukan (hal. 193). Unsur subjektif dari suatu tindak pidana adalah (hal. 193 – 194): 1. kesengajaan (_dolus_) atau ketidaksengajaan (_culpa_); 2. maksud atau _voornemen_ pada suatu percobaan atau _poging_ seperti yang dimaksud di dalam **Pasal 53 ayat (1) KUHP** **atau** **Pasal 17 ayat (1) UU 1/2023**; 3. macam-macam maksud atau _oogmerk_, seperti yang terdapat di dalam kejahatan-kejahatan pencurian, penipuan, pemerasan, pemalsuan, dan lain-lain; 4. merencanakan terlebih dahulu atau _voorbedachte raad_, seperti yang terdapat di dalam kejahatan pembunuhan berencana dalam **Pasal 340 KUHP** **atau Pasal 459 UU 1/2023**; 5. perasaan takut atau _vrees_, seperti terdapat di dalam rumusan tindak pidana menurut **Pasal 308 KUHP** **atau** **Pasal 430 UU 1/2023**. Unsur-unsur objektif dari suatu tindak pidana adalah (hal. 194): 1. sifat melanggar hukum atau _wederrechtelijkbeid_; 2. kualitas dari si pelaku, misalnya “keadaan sebagai seorang pegawai negeri” di dalam kejahatan jabatan atau “keadaan sebagai pengurus atau komisaris dari suatu perseroan terbatas” di dalam kejahatan menurut **Pasal 398 KUHP** **atau** **Pasal 516 UU 1/2023**; 3. kausalitas, yakni hubungan antara suatu tindakan sebagai penyebab dengan sesuatu kenyataan sebagai akibat. Unsur _wederrechttelijk_ atau sifat melanggar hukum selalu harus dianggap sebagai disyaratkan di dalam setiap rumusan delik, walaupun unsur tersebut oleh pembentuk undang-undang tidak dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai salah satu unsur dari delik yang bersangkutan (hal. 194). P. A. F. Lamintang kemudian menerangkan apabila unsur _wederrecttelijk_ dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai unsur dari delik, maka tidak terbuktinya unsur tersebut di dalam peradilan akan menyebabkan hakim harus memutus sesuatu _vrijkpraak_ atau pembebasan (hal. 195). Apabila unsur _wederrecttelijk_ tidak dinyatakan secara tegas sebagai unsur dari delik, maka tidak terbuktinya unsur tersebut di dalam peradilan akan menyebabkan hakim harus memutuskan suatu _ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging_ atau suatu “pembebasan dari segala tuntutan hukum” (hal. 195). Maka, untuk mengetahui apakah suatu perbuatan adalah tindak pidana atau bukan, perbuatan tersebut harus memenuhi unsur-unsur delik atau tindak pidana yang dimaksud itu. ### **Penerapan Unsur-unsur Tindak Pidana** Untuk mengetahui apakah perbuatan dalam sebuah peristiwa hukum adalah tindak pidana, dapat dilakukan analisis apakah perbuatan tersebut telah memenuhi unsur-unsur tindak pidana yang diatur dalam sebuah ketentuan pasal hukum pidana tertentu. Untuk itu, harus diadakan penyesuaian atau pencocokan (bagian-bagian/kejadian-kejadian) dari peristiwa tersebut kepada unsur-unsur dari delik yang didakwakan. Jika ternyata sudah cocok, maka dapat ditentukan bahwa peristiwa itu merupakan suatu tindak pidana yang telah terjadi yang (dapat) dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana kepada subjek pelakunya. Namun, jika salah satu unsur tersebut tidak ada atau tidak terbukti, maka harus disimpulkan bahwa tindak pidana belum atau tidak terjadi. Hal ini karena, mungkin tindakan sudah terjadi, tetapi bukan suatu tindakan yang dilarang oleh undang-undang yang diancamkan suatu tindak pidana. Mungkin pula suatu tindakan telah terjadi sesuai dengan perumusan tindakan dalam pasal yang bersangkutan, tetapi tidak terdapat kesalahan pada pelaku dan/atau tindakan itu tidak bersifat melawan hukum. P. A. F. Lamintang lebih jauh menjelaskan bahwa apabila hakim berpendapat bahwa tertuduh tidak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan tindakannya, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh dari segala tuntutan hukum atau dengan kata lain, hakim harus memutuskan suatu _ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging_, termasuk jika terdapat keragu-raguan mengenai salah sebuah elemen, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh dari segala tuntutan hukum (hal. 197). Unsur-unsur delik tercantum dalam rumusan delik yang oleh penuntut umum harus dicantumkan di dalam surat tuduhan (dakwaan) dan harus dibuktikan dalam peradilan (hal. 195 & 197). Bilamana satu atau lebih bagian ternyata tidak dapat dibuktikan, maka hakim harus membebaskan tertuduh atau dengan perkataan lain harus memutuskan suatu _vrijspraak_. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). Referensi: 1. P. A. F. Lamintang. _Dasar-dasar Hukum Pidana Indonesia_. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti, 2013; 2. S. R. Sianturi. _Asas-asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia dan Penerapan_, Cet. 3. Jakarta: Storia Grafika, 2002; 3. [Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/delik), yang diakses pada 26 Januari 2023, pukul 08.00 WIB. Tags ---- [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pidana](/tag/pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITAdakah Aturan Lembur Khusus untuk Pekerja Perempuan?03 Mei 2024Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Ketentuan Jam Kerja dan Lembur Pekerja Sektor Pertambangan22 Jun 2020Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Upah Lembur yang dibuat oleh Umar Kasim dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 2 Maret 2010 dan dimutakhirkan pertama kali oleh Saufa Ata Taqiyya, S.H., pada Kamis, 28 Januari 2021.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata–mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas  Aturan Upah LemburSebelum membahas mengenai upah lembur, perlu Anda pahami terlebih dahulu bahwa setiap pengusaha wajib melaksanakan ketentuan waktu kerja, yaitu:[1]7 jam sehari dan 40 jam seminggu untuk 6 hari kerja dalam seminggu; atau8 jam sehari dan 40 jam seminggu untuk 5 hari kerja dalam seminggu.Patut dicatat, mempekerjakan lebih dari waktu kerja sebisa mungkin harus dihindarkan karena pekerja harus punya waktu yang cukup untuk istirahat dan memulihkan kebugarannya.Tapi, jika ada kebutuhan mendesak yang harus segera diselesaikan dan tidak dapat dihindari, maka pekerja dapat bekerja melebihi waktu kerja dengan harus memenuhi  syarat sebagai berikut.[2]ada perintah dari pengusaha;ada persetujuan dari pekerja yang bersangkutan dalam bentuk tertulis dan/atau melalui media digital;waktu kerja lembur hanya dapat dilakukan paling banyak 4 jam dalam sehari dan 18 jam dalam seminggu.Karena telah bekerja melebihi waktu kerja, pengusaha wajib membayar upah kerja lembur.[3] Selain membayar upah lembur, perusahaan yang mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh untuk lembur juga wajib memberikan kesempatan untuk istirahat secukupnya dan memberikan makanan dan minuman minimal 1.400 kilo kalori untuk kerja lembur selama 4 jam atau lebih.[4]Sebagai tambahan informasi, pekerja yang lembur juga berhak atas uang makan dan minum, jika pemberian makan dan minum pada waktu lembur diganti dengan uang.[5] Perhitungan Upah LemburMenyambung pertanyaan Anda mengenai perhitungan upah lembur dalam Pasal 8 Kepmenakertrans 102/2004, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa ketentuan tersebut telah dicabut sejak tanggal 2 Februari 2021 berdasarkan Permenaker 23/2021.[6] Saat ini, ketentuan mengenai upah lembur mengacu pada PP 35/2021 yaitu sebagai berikut.Pada dasarnya, upah lembur dihitung berdasarkan upah bulanan. Jika komponen upah terdiri atas upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap, maka upah lembur dihitung 100% dari upah. Sedangkan, jika komponen upah terdiri dari upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap, dan apabila upah pokok ditambah tunjangan tetap <75% dari total upah, maka upah lembur sama dengan 75% dari total upah.[7]Apabila upah sebulan lebih rendah dari upah minimum, maka yang digunakan sebagai acuan menghitung upah lembur adalah upah minimum yang berlaku di wilayah tempat pekerja bekerja.[8]Jika upah dibayar secara harian, maka hitungan besarnya upah sebulan adalah upah sehari dikali 25 untuk waktu kerja 6 hari kerja dan upah sehari dikali 21 untuk waktu kerja 5 hari.[9]Sementara, jika upah dibayarkan berdasarkan perhitungan satuan hasil, maka upah sebulan sama dengan penghasilan rata-rata dalam setahun atau 12 bulan terakhir.[10]Rumus perhitungan upah lembur:Upah Sejam[11] 1/173 x upah sebulan.Lembur di Hari Kerja[12]jam kerja lembur pertama: 1,5 x upah sejamsetiap jam kerja lembur berikutnya: 2 x upah sejam Lembur di Hari Istirahat Mingguan dan/atau Hari Libur Resmi untuk waktu kerja 6 hari kerja dan 40 jam seminggu:[13]jam pertama s.d. jam ketujuh: 2 x upah sejamjam kedelapan: 3 x upah sejamjam kesembilan s.d. jam kesebelas: 4 x upah sejamJika hari libur resmi jatuh pada hari kerja terpendek:[14]jam pertama s.d. jam kelima: 2 x upah sejamjam keenam: 3 x upah sejamjam ketujuh s.d. jam kesembilan: 4 x upah sejamuntuk waktu kerja 5 hari kerja dan 40 jam seminggu:[15]jam pertama s.d. jam kedelapan: 2 x upah sejamjam kesembilan: 3 x upah sejamjam kesepuluh s.d. jam kedua belas: 4 x upah sejamJadi, dasar untuk menghitung upah kerja lembur didasarkan pada upah bulanan dan bukan upah harian sebagaimana Anda tanyakan. Namun, jika hitungan upah kerja lembur dari perusahaan itu nilainya lebih baik, maka hitungan tersebut diperbolehkan dan tetap berlaku.[16]Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan KerjaPeraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Akibat Diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Beserta Peraturan Pelaksanaan[1] Pasal 81 angka 23 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 77 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”)[2] Pasal 81 angka 24 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 78 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan jo. Pasal 28 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (“PP 35/2021”)[3] Pasal 81 angka 24 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 78 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan[4] Pasal 29 ayat (1) PP 35/2021[5] Pasal 29 ayat (2) PP 35/2021[6] Pasal 1 huruf f dan Pasal 2 Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Akibat Diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Beserta Peraturan Pelaksanaan[7] Pasal 32 ayat (3) dan (4) PP 35/2021[8] Pasal 33 ayat (3) PP 35/2021[9] Pasal 33 ayat (1) PP 35/2021[10] Pasal 33 ayat (2) PP 35/2021[11] Pasal 32 ayat (2) dan (3) PP 35/2021[12] Pasal 31 ayat (1) PP 35/2021[13] Pasal 31 ayat (2) huruf a PP 35/2021[14] Pasal 31 ayat (2) huruf b PP 35/2021[15] Pasal 31 ayat (3) PP 35/2021[16] Pasal 34 ayat (1) PP 35/2021Tagscipta kerjakaryawanketenagakerjaanlemburpekerjawaktu kerja
Saya bagian SDM pada sebuah perusahaan swasta. Dalam Pasal 8 KEP 102/MEN/IV/2004 dinyatakan bahwa perhitungan upah lembur didasarkan pada upah bulanan dengan perhitungan upah 1/173 kali upah sebulan. Apabila perusahaan tersebut dalam menghitung upah lembur tidak sesuai dengan Pasal 8 KEP 102/MEN/IV/2004 tetapi menggunakan metode lain di mana upah yang dihitungkan adalah upah harian langsung dibagi 8 jam. Apakah metode ini layak digunakan? Mohon Penjelasannya.
Jika mempekerjakan melebihi waktu kerja, pengusaha wajib membayar upah kerja lembur. Adapun upah lembur pada dasarnya dihitung berdasarkan upah bulanan yang saat ini diatur di dalam PP 35/2021. Lantas bagaimana cara menghitung upah lembur pekerja? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Adakah Aturan Lembur Khusus untuk Pekerja Perempuan?03 Mei 2024Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Ketentuan Jam Kerja dan Lembur Pekerja Sektor Pertambangan22 Jun 2020Adakah Aturan Lembur Khusus untuk Pekerja Perempuan?03 Mei 2024Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur22 Nov 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Ketentuan Jam Kerja dan Lembur Pekerja Sektor Pertambangan22 Jun 2020Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bingung-hitung-upah-lembur-ini-rumusnya-lt4b7e3965556d3/
Bingung Hitung Upah Lembur? Ini Rumusnya
pages/174/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Adakah Aturan Lembur Khusus untuk Pekerja Perempuan? ](/klinik/a/aturan-lembur-untuk-pekerja-perempuan-lt50eb906629072/) ![Adakah Aturan Lembur Khusus untuk Pekerja Perempuan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50eb906629072/thumbnail_lt5ffece42db6d0.jpg) 03 Mei 2024 [ #### Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur ](/klinik/a/uang-lembur-lt4f2fafec55edc/) ![Jika Uang Lembur Tidak Sesuai Jam Kerja Lembur](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f2fafec55edc/thumbnail_lt655dec7b44651.jpg) 22 Nov 2023 [ #### Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan ](/klinik/a/begini-cara-hitung-upah-lembur-pada-hari-raya-keagamaan-lt56010043c9966/) ![Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt56010043c9966/thumbnail_lt6438c9a586ce4.jpg) 12 Apr 2023 [ #### Ketentuan Jam Kerja dan Lembur Pekerja Sektor Pertambangan ](/klinik/a/ketentuan-jam-kerja-dan-lembur-pekerja-sektor-pertambangan-lt5ef084f68970d/) ![Ketentuan Jam Kerja dan Lembur Pekerja Sektor Pertambangan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ef084f68970d/thumbnail_lt5ef085d393257.jpg) 22 Jun 2020 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul** _**Upah Lembur**_ **yang dibuat oleh** [**Umar Kasim**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4b78d72b89322/mitra/lt4b79f9cad28fa/umar-kasim) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 2 Maret 2010 dan dimutakhirkan pertama kali oleh [Saufa Ata Taqiyya, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/saufa-ata-taqiyya--sh-lt5f33b4569d68e), pada Kamis, 28 Januari 2021.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata–mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) ### **Aturan Upah Lembur** Sebelum membahas mengenai upah lembur, perlu Anda pahami terlebih dahulu bahwa setiap pengusaha **wajib** melaksanakan **ketentuan waktu kerja**, yaitu:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. 7 jam sehari dan 40 jam seminggu untuk 6 hari kerja dalam seminggu; atau 2. 8 jam sehari dan 40 jam seminggu untuk 5 hari kerja dalam seminggu. Patut dicatat, mempekerjakan lebih dari waktu kerja sebisa mungkin harus dihindarkan karena pekerja harus punya waktu yang cukup untuk istirahat dan memulihkan kebugarannya. Tapi, jika ada kebutuhan mendesak yang harus segera diselesaikan dan tidak dapat dihindari, maka pekerja dapat bekerja melebihi waktu kerja dengan **harus memenuhi  syarat** sebagai berikut.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. ada perintah dari pengusaha; 2. ada persetujuan dari pekerja yang bersangkutan dalam bentuk tertulis dan/atau melalui media digital; 3. waktu kerja lembur hanya dapat dilakukan paling banyak 4 jam dalam sehari dan 18 jam dalam seminggu. Karena telah bekerja melebihi waktu kerja, pengusaha **wajib membayar upah kerja lembur**.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Selain membayar upah lembur, perusahaan yang mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh untuk lembur juga wajib memberikan kesempatan untuk istirahat secukupnya dan memberikan makanan dan minuman minimal 1.400 kilo kalori untuk kerja lembur selama 4 jam atau lebih.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Sebagai tambahan informasi, pekerja yang lembur juga berhak atas uang makan dan minum, jika pemberian makan dan minum pada waktu lembur diganti dengan uang.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) ### **Perhitungan Upah Lembur** Menyambung pertanyaan Anda mengenai perhitungan upah lembur dalam **Pasal 8 **[Kepmenakertrans 102/2004](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/18668/keputusan-menteri-tenaga-kerja-dan-transmigrasi-nomor-kep102menvi2004-tahun-2004?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmenakertrans_102_2004)****, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa **ketentuan tersebut telah dicabut sejak tanggal 2 Februari 2021 berdasarkan [Permenaker 23/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt619f0ccaca5f9/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-23-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_23_2021).**[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Saat ini, ketentuan mengenai upah lembur mengacu pada **[PP 35/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021)** yaitu sebagai berikut. Pada dasarnya, **upah lembur dihitung berdasarkan upah bulanan**. Jika komponen [upah](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/u/upah) terdiri atas upah pokok dan tunjangan tetap, maka upah lembur dihitung 100% dari upah. Sedangkan, jika komponen upah terdiri dari upah pokok, tunjangan tetap, dan tunjangan tidak tetap, dan apabila upah pokok ditambah tunjangan tetap <75% dari total upah, maka upah lembur sama dengan 75% dari total upah.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Apabila upah sebulan lebih rendah dari upah minimum, maka yang digunakan sebagai acuan menghitung upah lembur adalah upah minimum yang berlaku di wilayah tempat pekerja bekerja.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Jika upah dibayar secara harian, maka hitungan besarnya upah sebulan adalah upah sehari dikali 25 untuk waktu kerja 6 hari kerja dan upah sehari dikali 21 untuk waktu kerja 5 hari.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Sementara, jika upah dibayarkan berdasarkan perhitungan satuan hasil, maka upah sebulan sama dengan penghasilan rata-rata dalam setahun atau 12 bulan terakhir.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Rumus perhitungan upah lembur: 1. **Upah Sejam**[\[11\]](#_ftn11) 1/173 x upah sebulan. 2. **Lembur di Hari Kerja**[\[12\]](#_ftn12) * jam kerja lembur pertama: 1,5 x upah sejam * setiap jam kerja lembur berikutnya: 2 x upah sejam 3. **Lembur di Hari Istirahat Mingguan dan/atau Hari Libur Resmi** 1. untuk waktu kerja 6 hari kerja dan 40 jam seminggu:[\[13\]](#_ftn13) * jam pertama s.d. jam ketujuh: 2 x upah sejam * jam kedelapan: 3 x upah sejam * jam kesembilan s.d. jam kesebelas: 4 x upah sejam Jika hari libur resmi jatuh pada hari kerja terpendek:[\[14\]](#_ftn14) * jam pertama s.d. jam kelima: 2 x upah sejam * jam keenam: 3 x upah sejam * jam ketujuh s.d. jam kesembilan: 4 x upah sejam 2. untuk waktu kerja 5 hari kerja dan 40 jam seminggu:[\[15\]](#_ftn15) * jam pertama s.d. jam kedelapan: 2 x upah sejam * jam kesembilan: 3 x upah sejam * jam kesepuluh s.d. jam kedua belas: 4 x upah sejam Jadi, dasar untuk menghitung **upah kerja lembur didasarkan pada upah bulanan** dan bukan upah harian sebagaimana Anda tanyakan. Namun, jika hitungan upah kerja lembur dari perusahaan itu nilainya lebih baik, maka hitungan tersebut diperbolehkan dan tetap berlaku.[\[16\]](#_ftn16) Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021) Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Akibat Diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Beserta Peraturan Pelaksanaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt619f0ccaca5f9/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-23-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_23_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 81 angka 23 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 77 [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 81 angka 24 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 78 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan _jo._ Pasal 28 ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021) (“PP 35/2021”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 81 angka 24 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 78 ayat (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 29 ayat (1) PP 35/2021 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 29 ayat (2) PP 35/2021 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 1 huruf f dan Pasal 2 [Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan sebagai Akibat Diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Beserta Peraturan Pelaksanaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt619f0ccaca5f9/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-23-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_23_2021) [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 32 ayat (3) dan (4) PP 35/2021 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 33 ayat (3) PP 35/2021 [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 33 ayat (1) PP 35/2021 [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 33 ayat (2) PP 35/2021 [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 32 ayat (2) dan (3) PP 35/2021 [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 31 ayat (1) PP 35/2021 [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 31 ayat (2) huruf a PP 35/2021 [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 31 ayat (2) huruf b PP 35/2021 [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Pasal 31 ayat (3) PP 35/2021 [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Pasal 34 ayat (1) PP 35/2021 Tags ---- [cipta kerja](/tag/cipta-kerja) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [lembur](/tag/lembur) [pekerja](/tag/pekerja) [waktu kerja](/tag/waktu-kerja)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.KLINIK TERKAITBentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Gadai Saham: Ketentuan, Syarat dan Hak Pemegang Saham 22 Sep 2022Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Definisi Saham dan Obligasi yang dibuat oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 18 Februari 2013.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Pengertian Saham dan ObligasiBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Saham merupakan salah satu surat berharga yang di dalamnya mencantumkan kata “saham” sebagai tanda bukti kepemilikan sebagian dari modal perseroan.Istilah saham dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dapat ditemui di Pasal 109 angka 1 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 1 UU PT dan Pasal 31 ayat (1) UU PT. Dalam ketentuan tersebut, meskipun tidak ada pengertian saham secara definitif, namun dapat diketahui bahwa saham adalah bagian dari modal perseroan.Dalam Pasal 109 angka 1 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 1 UU PT disebutkan bahwa perseroan terbatas adalah badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham, dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam UU PT dan peraturan pelaksanaannya. Sementara, Pasal 31 ayat (1) UU PT menjelaskan bahwa modal dasar perseroan terdiri atas seluruh nominal saham.Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, maka menurut UU PT saham dapat diartikan sebagai penyertaan modal dalam suatu perseroan terbatas.Seseorang atau badan usaha yang menyertakan modal dalam perseroan terbatas disebut dengan pemegang saham, yang memiliki hak sebagai berikut.[1]menghadiri dan mengeluarkan suara dalam rapat umum pemegang saham (“RUPS”);menerima pembayaran dividen dan sisa kekayaan hasil likuidasi;menjalankan hak lainnya berdasarkan UU PT.Selain hak tersebut di atas, pemegang saham juga berhak atas pembatasan tanggung jawab berupa tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi melebihi jumlah saham yang dimilikinya di dalam suatu perseroan perbatas.[2]Saham merupakan benda bergerak dan memberikan hak sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas, juga dapat diagunkan dengan gadai atau jaminan fidusia sepanjang tidak ditentukan lain dalam anggaran dasar.[3]Baca juga: Seputar Saham: Jenis, Aturan Kepemilikan, dan KeuntungannyaSementara, pengertian obligasi dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan adalah sebagai berikut.Pasal 1 angka 1 PP 4/1993 mendefinisikan obligasi adalah obligasi Perusahaan Umum (“Perum”) Pegadaian berupa surat pengakuan utang jangka panjang Perum Pegadaian atas pinjaman uang dari masyarakat dengan imbalan bunga tertentu dan pembayaran yang dilakukan secara berkala.Pasal 1 angka 1 PP 60/1992 mendefinisikan obligasi adalah obligasi Perusahaan Umum (“Perum”) Listrik Negara berupa surat pengakuan utang jangka panjang Perum Listrik Negara atas pinjaman uang dari masyarakat dengan imbalan bunga tertentu dan pembayaran yang dilakukan secara berkala.Pasal 1 angka 3 Permenkeu 27/2020 mendefinisikan obligasi negara adalah Surat Utang Negara (“SUN”) yang berjangka waktu lebih dari 12 bulan dengan kupon dan/atau dengan pembayaran bunga secara diskonto.Secara lebih sederhana, pengertian obligasi adalah surat bukti pengakuan utang, yang dapat dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah atau oleh perusahaan, dengan jangka waktu sekurang-kurangnya satu tahun.[4]Obligasi juga dapat diartikan sebagai surat utang yang diterbitkan oleh penerbit obligasi kepada pemegang obligasi, beserta perjanjian untuk membayar kembali pokok utang beserta kupon bunganya pada waktu yang ditentukan.[5]Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa obligasi adalah surat pengakuan utang sepihak. Dengan kata lain, obligasi berisi janji dari pihak yang menerbitkan obligasi untuk membayar imbalan berupa bunga pada periode tertentu dan melunasi pokok utang pada akhir waktu yang telah ditentukan, kepada pihak pembeli obligasi tersebut.Obligasi merupakan instrumen pilihan investor karena relatif aman dan stabil. Alasan dari penerbitan obligasi salah satunya adalah untuk mendapatkan dana segar dan biaya untuk mencetak obligasi lebih murah dibandingkan menerbitkan saham.Perbedaan Saham dan Obligasi SahamObligasiTanda bukti kepemilikan perusahaan.Merupakan bukti pengakuan utang.Jangka waktu tidak terbatas.Jangka waktu terbatas, hari jatuh tempo ditentukan.Pemegang saham memperoleh penghasilan disebut dividen dengan frekuensi tidak menentu. Dividen dibayar dari laba perusahaan. Potensi laba perusahaan sulit ditaksir sehingga penerimaan dividen tidak dapat dipastikan.Baik perusahaan untung maupun rugi, bunga dan pokok pinjaman wajib dibayar.  Dividen merupakan bagian laba perusahaan setelah dikenai pajak.Bunga obligasi terlebih dahulu dikeluarkan sebagai biaya sebelum pajak diperhitungkan.Harga saham sangat fluktuatif dan sangat sensitif terhadap kondisi makro dan mikro.Harga obligasi relatif stabil namun sensitif terhadap tingkat bunga dan inflasi.Pemegang saham memiliki hak suara pada perusahaan (“RUPS”).Pemegang obligasi tidak memiliki hak suara pada perusahaan.Jika terjadi likuidasi (pembubaran perusahaan) maka pemegang saham memiliki klaim yang inferior (mendapatkan bagian sisa-sisa hasil pembubaran).Jika terjadi likuidasi (pembubaran perusahaan) pemegang obligasi memiliki klaim terlebih dahulu terhadap aset perusahaan. Persamaan Saham dan Obligasiada klaim atas laba dan aktiva sebelumnya;selama saham/obligasi masih berlaku, pemegang saham/obligasi tetap mendapatkan dividen/bunga;memiliki hak tebus dan dapat ditukar dengan saham biasa.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan TerbatasPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 60 Tahun 1992 tentang Obligasi Perusahaan Umum (Perum) Listrik NegaraPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 1993 tentang Obligasi Perusahaan Umum (Perum) PegadaianPeraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 27/PMK.08/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penjualan Surat Utang Negaa Ritel di Pasar Perdana DomestikREFERENSIH.M.N Purwosutjipto. Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia: Hukum Surat Berharga. Jakarta Djambatan, 2002;Irham Fahmi. Rahasia Saham dan Obligasi: Strategi Meraih Keuntungan tak Terbatas dalam Bermain Saham dan Obligasi. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013.[1] Pasal 52 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (“UU PT”)[2] Pasal 3 ayat (1) UU PT[3] Pasal 60 ayat (1) dan (2) UU PT[4] H.M.N Purwosutjipto, Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia: Hukum Surat Berharga, Jakarta Djambatan, 2002, hal. 203.[5] Irham Fahmi, Rahasia Saham dan Obligasi: Strategi Meraih Keuntungan tak Terbatas dalam Bermain Saham dan Obligasi, Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013, hal. 180.Tagskarier hukumobligasiprofesi hukumsahamuu pt
Apa yang dimaksud dengan saham dan obligasi? Apa saja perbedaannya?
Saham adalah tanda penyertaan modal seseorang atau badan usaha pada suatu perusahaan atau perseroan terbatas. Sementara, obligasi adalah surat bukti pengakuan utang yang diterbitkan oleh penerbit obligasi dengan jangka waktu minimal satu tahun. Selain itu, apa saja perbedaan saham dan obligasi lainnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Gadai Saham: Ketentuan, Syarat dan Hak Pemegang Saham 22 Sep 2022Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT27 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Gadai Saham: Ketentuan, Syarat dan Hak Pemegang Saham 22 Sep 2022Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/saham-dan-obligasi--dari-pengertian-hingga-perbedaannya-lt5120047721962/
Saham dan Obligasi: Dari Pengertian Hingga Perbedaannya
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT ](/klinik/a/bentuk-perlindungan-hukum-terhadap-pemegang-saham-pt-cl1017/) ![Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham PT](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1017/thumbnail_lt635a66cced918.png) 27 Okt 2022 [ #### Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-prosedur-hibah-saham-cl479/) ![Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl479/thumbnail_lt635640db64410.jpg) 11 Okt 2022 [ #### Gadai Saham: Ketentuan, Syarat dan Hak Pemegang Saham ](/klinik/a/gadai-saham-cl3853/) ![Gadai Saham: Ketentuan, Syarat dan Hak Pemegang Saham ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl3853/thumbnail_lt632c263d370f1.jpg) 22 Sep 2022 [ #### Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya ](/klinik/a/konversi-utang-jadi-setoran-saham--ini-caranya-lt63202405e89d4/) ![Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt63202405e89d4/thumbnail_lt6321adcc9b2a9.jpg) 14 Sep 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Definisi Saham dan Obligasi_ yang dibuat oleh [Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 18 Februari 2013.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Pengertian Saham dan Obligasi** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) [Saham](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/s/saham) merupakan salah satu surat berharga yang di dalamnya mencantumkan kata “saham” sebagai tanda bukti kepemilikan sebagian dari modal perseroan. Istilah saham dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dapat ditemui di **Pasal 109 angka 1 [Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** yang mengubah **Pasal 1 angka 1 [UU PT](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt)** dan **Pasal 31 ayat (1) UU PT**. Dalam ketentuan tersebut, meskipun tidak ada pengertian saham secara definitif, namun dapat diketahui bahwa saham adalah bagian dari modal perseroan. Dalam Pasal 109 angka 1 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 1 UU PT disebutkan bahwa perseroan terbatas adalah badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham, dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam UU PT dan peraturan pelaksanaannya. Sementara, Pasal 31 ayat (1) UU PT menjelaskan bahwa modal dasar perseroan terdiri atas seluruh nominal saham. Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, maka menurut UU PT saham dapat diartikan sebagai **penyertaan modal dalam suatu perseroan terbatas.** Seseorang atau badan usaha yang menyertakan modal dalam perseroan terbatas disebut dengan pemegang saham, yang memiliki hak sebagai berikut.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. menghadiri dan mengeluarkan suara dalam [rapat umum pemegang saham](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/r/rapat-umum-pemegang-saham) (“RUPS”); 2. menerima pembayaran dividen dan sisa kekayaan hasil likuidasi; 3. menjalankan hak lainnya berdasarkan UU PT. Selain hak tersebut di atas, pemegang saham juga berhak atas pembatasan tanggung jawab berupa tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi melebihi jumlah saham yang dimilikinya di dalam suatu perseroan perbatas.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Saham merupakan **benda bergerak** dan memberikan hak sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas, juga dapat diagunkan dengan gadai atau jaminan fidusia sepanjang tidak ditentukan lain dalam anggaran dasar.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Baca juga: **[Seputar Saham: Jenis, Aturan Kepemilikan, dan Keuntungannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/saham-lt619361fc580ae?page=all?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=seputar_saham)** Sementara, pengertian obligasi dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan adalah sebagai berikut. 1. **Pasal 1 angka 1** **[PP 4/1993](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4cf8991f92495/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-4-tahun-1993?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_4_1993)** mendefinisikan obligasi adalah obligasi Perusahaan Umum (“Perum”) Pegadaian berupa surat pengakuan utang jangka panjang Perum Pegadaian atas pinjaman uang dari masyarakat dengan imbalan bunga tertentu dan pembayaran yang dilakukan secara berkala. 2. **Pasal 1 angka 1 [PP 60/1992](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ce21d9f8130b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-60-tahun-1992?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_60_1992)** mendefinisikan obligasi adalah obligasi Perusahaan Umum (“Perum”) Listrik Negara berupa surat pengakuan utang jangka panjang Perum Listrik Negara atas pinjaman uang dari masyarakat dengan imbalan bunga tertentu dan pembayaran yang dilakukan secara berkala. 3. **Pasal 1 angka 3 [Permenkeu 27/2020](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5e9405949ce13?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkeu_27_2020)** mendefinisikan obligasi negara adalah [Surat Utang Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/s/surat-utang-negara) (“SUN”) yang berjangka waktu lebih dari 12 bulan dengan kupon dan/atau dengan pembayaran bunga secara diskonto. Secara lebih sederhana, pengertian obligasi adalah surat bukti pengakuan utang, yang dapat dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah atau oleh perusahaan, dengan jangka waktu sekurang-kurangnya satu tahun.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Obligasi juga dapat diartikan sebagai surat utang yang diterbitkan oleh penerbit obligasi kepada pemegang obligasi, beserta perjanjian untuk membayar kembali pokok utang beserta kupon bunganya pada waktu yang ditentukan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa **obligasi adalah surat pengakuan utang sepihak**. Dengan kata lain, obligasi berisi janji dari pihak yang menerbitkan obligasi untuk membayar imbalan berupa bunga pada periode tertentu dan melunasi pokok utang pada akhir waktu yang telah ditentukan, kepada pihak pembeli obligasi tersebut. Obligasi merupakan instrumen pilihan investor karena relatif aman dan stabil. Alasan dari penerbitan obligasi salah satunya adalah untuk mendapatkan dana segar dan biaya untuk mencetak obligasi lebih murah dibandingkan menerbitkan saham. ### **Perbedaan Saham dan Obligasi** **Saham** **Obligasi** Tanda bukti kepemilikan perusahaan. Merupakan bukti pengakuan utang. Jangka waktu tidak terbatas. Jangka waktu terbatas, hari jatuh tempo ditentukan. Pemegang saham memperoleh penghasilan disebut dividen dengan frekuensi tidak menentu. Dividen dibayar dari laba perusahaan. Potensi laba perusahaan sulit ditaksir sehingga penerimaan dividen tidak dapat dipastikan. Baik perusahaan untung maupun rugi, bunga dan pokok pinjaman wajib dibayar. Dividen merupakan bagian laba perusahaan setelah dikenai pajak. Bunga obligasi terlebih dahulu dikeluarkan sebagai biaya sebelum pajak diperhitungkan. Harga saham sangat fluktuatif dan sangat sensitif terhadap kondisi makro dan mikro. Harga obligasi relatif stabil namun sensitif terhadap tingkat bunga dan inflasi. Pemegang saham memiliki hak suara pada perusahaan (“RUPS”). Pemegang obligasi tidak memiliki hak suara pada perusahaan. Jika terjadi likuidasi (pembubaran perusahaan) maka pemegang saham memiliki klaim yang inferior (mendapatkan bagian sisa-sisa hasil pembubaran). Jika terjadi likuidasi (pembubaran perusahaan) pemegang obligasi memiliki klaim terlebih dahulu terhadap aset perusahaan. ### **Persamaan Saham dan Obligasi** 1. ada klaim atas laba dan aktiva sebelumnya; 2. selama saham/obligasi masih berlaku, pemegang saham/obligasi tetap mendapatkan dividen/bunga; 3. memiliki hak tebus dan dapat ditukar dengan saham biasa. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 60 Tahun 1992 tentang Obligasi Perusahaan Umum (Perum) Listrik Negara [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ce21d9f8130b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-60-tahun-1992?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_60_1992) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 1993 tentang Obligasi Perusahaan Umum (Perum) Pegadaian [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4cf8991f92495/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-4-tahun-1993?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_4_1993) Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 27/PMK.08/2020 Tahun 2020 tentang Penjualan Surat Utang Negaa Ritel di Pasar Perdana Domestik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5e9405949ce13?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkeu_27_2020) REFERENSI --------- 1. H.M.N Purwosutjipto. _Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia: Hukum Surat Berharga_. Jakarta Djambatan, 2002; 2. Irham Fahmi. _Rahasia Saham dan Obligasi: Strategi Meraih Keuntungan tak Terbatas dalam Bermain Saham dan Obligasi._ Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 52 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt) (“UU PT”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 ayat (1) UU PT [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 60 ayat (1) dan (2) UU PT [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) H.M.N Purwosutjipto, _Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia: Hukum Surat Berharga_, Jakarta Djambatan, 2002, hal. 203. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Irham Fahmi, _Rahasia Saham dan Obligasi: Strategi Meraih Keuntungan tak Terbatas dalam Bermain Saham dan Obligasi,_ Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013, hal. 180. Tags ---- [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [obligasi](/tag/obligasi) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [saham](/tag/saham) [uu pt](/tag/uu-pt)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku Pelecehan di Media Sosial which was written by Nafiatul Munawaroh, S.H., M.H. and was published on Friday, 21 October 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled Criminal Penalty for Harassing Comments on Social Media (Jerat Pidana Jika Berkomentar Melecehkan di Media Sosial) which was first written by Sigar Aji Poerana, S.H. and was first published on Tuesday, 15 October 2019. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Sexual Harassment on Social MediaSexual harassment on social media is nothing new. The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”) explains that sexual harassment is one of fifteen forms of sexual violence.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Furthermore, Komnas Perempuan defines sexual harassment as any physical or non-physical sexual acts which target the sexual organs or sexuality of the victim. This includes whistling, flirting, sexually contained remarks/sayings, the displaying of pornographic materials and sexual desires, poking or touching of any part of the body, sexual movements or gestures that cause discomfort, irritability, humiliation, and possibly cause health and safety problems.[2]In an article entitled Social Media as a New Space for Sexual Harassment for Teens or Media Sosial sebagai Ruang Baru dalam Tindakan Pelecehan Seksual Remaja (p. 43), Rosyidah and Nurdin explain that social media has now become a platform for expressing sexual desires.Furthermore, Rosyidah and Nurdin explain that this harassment in social media is not much different from whistling, words, or touching in the real world. These forms of harassment may take the form of unpleasant seductions or temptations. The presentation could be carried out through chats, direct messages, and comments.Regarding the sexual harassment on social media that your partner experienced, we can inform you that any parties who make obscene comments on social media may be subject to criminal sanctions for sexual violence.Criminal Penalties for Sexual HarassmentThe act of commenting on other people's posts on social media that contain sexual harassment is categorized as sexual violence.[3] These acts can be criminalized under Article 5 Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act (“Law 12/2022”) on non-physical sexual harassment, namely:Any Person who performs non-physical sexual acts aimed at the body, sexual desire, and/or reproductive organs with the intention of degrading the dignity of a person based on their sexuality and/or decency, shall be convicted of non-physical sexual harassment, with a maximum imprisonment of 9 (nine) month and/or a maximum fine of IDR 10,000,000.00 (ten million rupiahs).In addition, non-physically sexual acts are statements, gestures, or activities which lead to sexuality that are intended to degrade or embarrass the victim.[4]Moreover, since the remarks/sayings were carried out through the internet, according to Law 12/2022,  this also includes electronic-based sexual violence. Any person who illegally transmits electronic information and/or electronic documents that contain sexual content against the will of the recipient, which is addressed to sexual desire will be subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 4 (four) years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 200 million.[5]Therefore, indecent comment on social media which address the intention to rape your partner is categorized as non-physical and electronic-based sexual violence.Regulation of Social Media Content In addition to the provisions of Law 12/2022, the comment you are referring to is also prohibited under  Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (“Law 11/2008”) and its amendments.Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008 jo. Article 1 Number 1 Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (“Law 19/2016”) stipulates that:Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008Any person who intentionally and illegally distributes and/or transmits and/or makes accessible Electronic Information and/or Electronic Document which has content that violates decency.Article 1 Number 1 Law 19/2016Electronic information is one or a set of electronic data, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex, telecopy or similar, letters, signs, numbers, Access Codes, symbols or processed perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them.The meaning of "makes/making accessible" are all actions other than distributing and transmitting through electronic systems which cause electronic information and/or electronic documents to be known to other parties or to the public.[6]Violation of Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008 shall be subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 6 years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 1 billion.[7]Based on these regulations, according to our opinion, harassment on social media which takes the form of indecent comments can be categorized as electronic information content which contains a violation of decency. Such harassment on social media also fulfills the element of being accessible to others, as it is listed in the comment section of social media.Therefore, harassing comments on social media may be criminally charged under Law 12/2022. Moreover, since the comment was carried out on social media, which is the domain of Law 11/2008, the perpetrator may also be charged under Law 11/2008.Also read: Sexual Harassment by Drivers, Are App Providers Responsible?These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions;Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act.Reference:Rosyidah, Feryna N. & Nurdin, M. F, Perilaku Menyimpang: Media Sosial sebagai Ruang Baru dalam Tindakan Pelecehan Seksual Remaja, SOSIOGLOBAL: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Sosiologi, Vol. 2 No. 2, June 2018;The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”), Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, 15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan, accesed on Friday, 21 October 2022, at 17.45 West Indonesia Time (zone).[1] The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”), Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, 15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan, p. 4.[2] Komnas Perempuan, Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, 15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan, p. 6.[3] Article 4 Section (1) Letter a Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act (“Law 12/2022”).[4] Article 5 Law 12/2022.[5] Article 14 Section (1) letter b Law 12/2022.[6] Elucidation of Article 27 Section (1) Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (“Law 19/2016”).[7] Article 45 Section (1) Law 19/2016.Tagsklinik english edition
My partner has been sexually harassed on social media. In the beginning, there was a Facebook status that included a photo of my social media profile which contained my partner and me. Then, there was one of the comments in the comment section of the post which basically said that this person wanted to rape my partner. What are the laws relating to harassment on social media?
Parties who make indecent comments on social media in the case you are referring to may be subject to criminal sanctions for sexual violence under Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act (“Law 12/2022”). Moreover, since sexual harassment was carried out through social media, it could also be charged under Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (“Law 11/2008”) and its amendments. So, what are the sanctions for non-physical sexual harassment perpetrators that are carried out on social media? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/criminal-penalty-for-perpetrator-of-harassment-on-social-media-lt63d0ee3bb1d74/
Criminal Penalty for Perpetrator of Harassment on Social Media
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku Pelecehan di Media Sosial_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pelecehan-di-media-sosial-lt5d9e4ce679588/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=jerat_hukum_pelaku_pelecehan_medsos) which was written by [**Nafiatul Munawaroh, S.H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/nafiatul-munawaroh--sh--mh-lt627b7907691c3) and was published on Friday, 21 October 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Criminal Penalty for Harassing Comments on Social Media (Jerat Pidana Jika Berkomentar Melecehkan di Media Sosial)** which was first written by [**Sigar Aji Poerana, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sigar-aji-poerana--sh-lt5d8093edb7dc1) and was first published on Tuesday, 15 October 2019.  All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Sexual Harassment on Social Media** Sexual harassment on social media is nothing new. **The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”)** explains that sexual harassment is one of fifteen forms of sexual violence.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Furthermore, Komnas Perempuan defines sexual harassment as any physical or non-physical sexual acts which target the sexual organs or sexuality of the victim. This includes whistling, flirting, sexually contained remarks/sayings, the displaying of pornographic materials and sexual desires, poking or touching of any part of the body, sexual movements or gestures that cause discomfort, irritability, humiliation, and possibly cause health and safety problems.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) In an article entitled Social Media as a New Space for Sexual Harassment for Teens or _Media Sosial sebagai Ruang Baru dalam Tindakan Pelecehan Seksual Remaja_ (p. 43), **Rosyidah and Nurdin** explain that social media has now become a platform for expressing sexual desires. Furthermore, Rosyidah and Nurdin explain that this harassment in social media is not much different from whistling, words, or touching in the real world. These forms of harassment may take the form of unpleasant seductions or temptations. The presentation could be carried out through chats, direct messages, and comments. Regarding the sexual harassment on social media that your partner experienced, we can inform you that any parties who make obscene comments on social media may be subject to criminal sanctions for sexual violence. ### **Criminal Penalties for Sexual Harassment** The act of commenting on other people's posts on social media that contain sexual harassment is categorized as sexual violence.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) These acts can be criminalized under **Article 5** [**Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt627b23aa80fff/undang-undang-nomor-12-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2022) **(“Law 12/2022”)** on non-physical sexual harassment, namely: _Any Person who performs **non-physical sexual acts** aimed at the body, sexual desire, and/or reproductive organs with the intention of degrading the dignity of a person based on their sexuality and/or decency, shall be convicted of non-physical sexual harassment, with a **maximum imprisonment of 9 (nine) month** and/or a **maximum fine of IDR 10,000,000.00 (ten million rupiahs)**._ In addition, non-physically sexual acts are **statements**, gestures, or activities which **lead to sexuality** that are **intended to degrade or embarrass** the victim.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Moreover, since the remarks/sayings were carried out through the internet, according to Law 12/2022,  this also includes **electronic-based sexual violence**. Any person who **illegally** **transmits electronic information** and/or electronic documents that **contain sexual content against the will of the recipient**, which is addressed to sexual desire will be subject to imprisonment for a maximum of **4 (four) years** and/or a maximum fine of **IDR 200 million**.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Therefore, indecent comment on social media which address the intention to rape your partner is categorized as non-physical and electronic-based sexual violence. ### **Regulation of Social Media Content** In addition to the provisions of Law 12/2022, the comment you are referring to is also prohibited under  [**Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) **(“Law 11/2008”)** and its amendments. **Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008** _jo._ **Article 1 Number 1** [**Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) **(“Law 19/2016”)** stipulates that: **Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008** _Any person who intentionally and illegally distributes and/or transmits and/or makes accessible Electronic Information and/or Electronic Document which has **content that violates decency**._ **Article 1 Number 1 Law 19/2016** _Electronic information is one or a set of electronic data, including but not limited to writings, sounds, pictures, maps, designs, photographs, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex, telecopy or similar, letters, signs, numbers, Access Codes, symbols or processed perforations that have meaning or can be understood by people who are able to understand them._ The meaning of "makes/making accessible" are all actions other than distributing and transmitting through [electronic systems](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/s/sistem-elektronik) which cause [electronic information](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/i/informasi-elektronik) and/or electronic documents **to be known to other parties or to the public**.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Violation of Article 27 Section (1) Law 11/2008 shall be subject to **imprisonment for a maximum of 6 years** and/or a **maximum fine of IDR 1 billion**.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Based on these regulations, according to our opinion, harassment on social media which takes the form of indecent comments can be categorized as electronic information content which contains a violation of decency. Such harassment on social media also fulfills the element of being accessible to others, as it is listed in the comment section of social media. Therefore, harassing comments on social media may be criminally charged under Law 12/2022. Moreover, since the comment was carried out on social media, which is the domain of Law 11/2008, the perpetrator may also be charged under Law 11/2008. Also read: [**Sexual Harassment by Drivers, Are App Providers Responsible?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pelecehan-seksual-oleh-driver-lt5bc0781d2fc95?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pelecehan_seksual_oleh_driver) These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) as amended by [Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016); 2. [Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt627b23aa80fff/undang-undang-nomor-12-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2022). Reference: 1. Rosyidah, Feryna N. & Nurdin, M. F, _Perilaku Menyimpang: Media Sosial sebagai Ruang Baru dalam Tindakan Pelecehan Seksual Remaja,_ SOSIOGLOBAL: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Sosiologi, Vol. 2 No. 2, June 2018; 2. The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”), Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, [15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jtyyAgVsjO0O7bRUqE00zWM_pzADMEs8/view), accesed on Friday, 21 October 2022, at 17.45 West Indonesia Time (zone). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan/ “Komnas Perempuan”), Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, [15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jtyyAgVsjO0O7bRUqE00zWM_pzADMEs8/view), p. 4. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Komnas Perempuan, Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan, [15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jtyyAgVsjO0O7bRUqE00zWM_pzADMEs8/view), p. 6. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 4 Section (1) Letter a [Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt627b23aa80fff/undang-undang-nomor-12-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2022) (“Law 12/2022”). [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 5 Law 12/2022. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 14 Section (1) letter b Law 12/2022. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Elucidation of Article 27 Section (1) [Law Number 19 of 2016 on The Amendment of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) (“Law 19/2016”). [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 45 Section (1) Law 19/2016. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Apakah Hak atas Privasi Termasuk HAM? which was written by Wicaksana Dramanda, S.H. and was published on Thursday, 22 May 2014. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.The right to privacy is not explicitly stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (“1945 Constitution”). However, the right to privacy is implicitly contained in Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution as follows:"Every person has the right to the protection of himself, his family, honor, dignity, and property under his control, as well as the right to a sense of security and protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing something which is a human right."Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas The formulation of Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution has the same meaning of protection as the formulation of Article 12 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) which was later adopted into Article 17 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) which explicitly guarantees the right to privacy.In the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 50/PUU-VI/2008 on the Case of Judicial Review of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, the Constitutional Court provides a translation of Article 12 UDHR and Article 17 ICCPR. In this translation, the word "privacy" is translated as "personal/personal matters" as stated in Article 28G 1945 Constitution which is:Article 12 UDHR:“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks”.Translation of the Constitutional Court Decision:"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy matter, family, household or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”Article 17 ICCPR :“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation”;“Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks”.Translation of the Constitutional Court Decision“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy matter, family, household or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation.""Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks."General Comment Human Rights Committee No. 16 on Article 17 ICCPR, which guarantees the right to privacy, does not specifically explain the exact meaning of privacy. Several legal experts have tried to provide a definition and meaning of the right to privacy.Russel Brown defines the right to privacy as a right that arises as a result of private property rights over certain resources (Russel Brown: 2006, p. 592). Meanwhile, Judge Cooly defines the right to privacy as the right to self-determination.This definition was later cited in the United States Supreme Court decision as “the right of bodily integrity”. Strictly speaking, the Supreme Court stated that the right to privacy is a fundamental individual right for every person to be free without any interference from the government in deciding what is best for themselves (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p6). The Supreme Court decision has even become the basis for the legalization of the practice of abortion in the United States through the case of Jane Roe v. Henry Wade in 1973 (Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 1973). Therefore, Judge Harlan stated that the right to privacy is a contemporary concept of the right to individual freedom (G. Negley: 1966, p. 319).Like the general character or nature of human rights which are indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent, the right to privacy is closely related to the right to freedom of speech. The right to privacy and the right to freedom of speech are mutually reinforcing. Providing protection for the right to privacy also means providing protection for the right to freedom of speech (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p. 25).For example, in a democratic society, it is important to maintain the privacy of communications between citizens/society, for there is a concern about monitoring of the society by irresponsible parties will result in a lack of freedom of speech. Such a situation may result in not being able to voice or speak up about constructive ideas in democratic life (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p. 27). The meaning is the right to privacy guarantees protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing something which is a human right.Besides the mutually reinforcing relationship, the presence of the right to privacy must also be interpreted as a balancing of the right to freedom of speech. The purpose of the balancing is that the right to reputation which is part of the right to privacy should be a limitation of the right to freedom of speech (Giri A.Taufik, Identifying The Traces of Particularity in Indonesia Freedom of Expression, 2011, p. 389). The concept of balancing is explicitly stated in Article 28J Section (1) 1945 Constitution which states that in exercising their human rights, a person's human rights will be limited by the rights of others. In terms of the right to freedom of speech, the right to the reputation of others becomes a limitation for every citizen in exercising their freedom of speech.According to the above description, although it does not explicitly state the right to privacy, the formulation of Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution already contains the values of the right to privacy which are guaranteed in Article 12 UDHR and Article 17 ICCPR. Therefore, Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution can be considered as the constitutional basis for the guarantee of the right to privacy.In the context of the indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent nature of human rights, Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution is closely related to Article 28E Section (2) and (3) 1945 Constitution which guarantees the right to self-determination and the right to freedom of speech or expressing thoughts and opinion. Both of these human rights guarantees, need to be understood and realized in a balanced manner.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;Universal Declaration of Human Rights;International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.Reference:Eoin Carolan, “The Concept of a Right to Privacy”, in Eoin Carolan, Hilary Delany, The Right to Privacy: A Doctrinal and Comparative Analysis, Thompson Round Hall, England, 2008;G. Negley, “Philosophical Views on the Value of Privacy” Law & Contemporary Problems Law Review Vol 31 No. 319, 1966;General Comment Human Rights Committee No. 16: Article 17 (The right to respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honor and reputation);Giri A.Taufik, Identifying The Traces of Particularity in Indonesia Freedom of Expression, 2011;Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973);Russel Brown, “Rethinking Privacy”, Alberta Law Review Vol. 43 No. 589, 2006.Tagsklinik english edition
In relation to the Q&A on the right to privacy as a derogable right, my fundamental question is whether privacy is a human right regulated in the Indonesian Constitution. What is the legal basis? Regards.
Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/is-the-right-to-privacy-a-human-right--lt63d0eaa88a7ae/
Is the Right to Privacy a Human Right?
pages/174/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Apakah Hak atas Privasi Termasuk HAM?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-hak-atas-privasi-termasuk-ham-lt4f5f850ec2388?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=hak_privasi_ham) which was written by [**Wicaksana Dramanda, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pusat-studi-kebijakan-negara-pskn-fh-unpad-lt52f23b748b170/wicaksana-dramanda--sh-lt5322a767e2d81) and was published on Thursday, 22 May 2014. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). The right to privacy is not explicitly stated in the [**1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945) **(“1945 Constitution”)**. However, the right to privacy is implicitly contained in **Article 28G Section (1)** [**1945 Constitution**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945) as follows: "Every person has the right to the protection of himself, his family, honor, dignity, and property under his control, as well as the right to a sense of security and protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing something which is a human right." Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) The formulation of Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution has the same meaning of protection as the formulation of **Article 12** [**Universal Declaration of Human Rights**](https://unric.org/pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/07/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Universal-dos-Direitos-Humanos.pdf) **(“UDHR”)** which was later adopted into **Article 17** [**International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights**](https://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20am/ch_iv_04.pdf) **(“ICCPR”)** which explicitly guarantees the right to privacy. In the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 50/PUU-VI/2008 on the Case of Judicial Review of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, the Constitutional Court provides a translation of Article 12 UDHR and Article 17 ICCPR. In this translation, the word "**privacy**" is translated as "**personal/personal matters**" as stated in Article 28G 1945 Constitution which is: _Article_ 12 UDHR: “_No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his **privacy**, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks_”. Translation of the Constitutional Court Decision: "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his **privacy matter**, family, household or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.” _Article_ 17 ICCPR : 1. _“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his **privacy**, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation”;_ 2. _“Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks”_. Translation of the Constitutional Court Decision 1. “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his **privacy matter**, family, household or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation." 2. "Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks." General Comment Human Rights Committee No. 16 on Article 17 ICCPR, which guarantees the right to privacy, does not specifically explain the exact meaning of privacy. Several legal experts have tried to provide a definition and meaning of the right to privacy. **Russel Brown** defines the right to privacy as a right that arises as a result of private property rights over certain resources (Russel Brown: 2006, p. 592). Meanwhile, **Judge Cooly** defines the right to privacy as the right to self-determination. This definition was later cited in the United States Supreme Court decision as “the right of bodily integrity”. Strictly speaking, the Supreme Court stated that the right to privacy is a fundamental individual right for every person to be free without any interference from the government in deciding what is best for themselves (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p6). The Supreme Court decision has even become the basis for the legalization of the practice of abortion in the United States through the case of Jane Roe v. Henry Wade in 1973 (Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 1973). Therefore, **Judge Harlan** stated that the right to privacy is a contemporary concept of the right to individual freedom (G. Negley: 1966, p. 319). Like the general character or nature of human rights which are indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent, the right to privacy is closely related to the right to freedom of speech. The right to privacy and the right to freedom of speech are mutually reinforcing. Providing protection for the right to privacy also means providing protection for the right to freedom of speech (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p. 25). For example, in a democratic society, it is important to maintain the privacy of communications between citizens/society, for there is a concern about monitoring of the society by irresponsible parties will result in a lack of freedom of speech. Such a situation may result in not being able to voice or speak up about constructive ideas in democratic life (Eoin Carolan: 2008, p. 27). The meaning is the right to privacy guarantees protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing something which is a human right. Besides the mutually reinforcing relationship, the presence of the right to privacy must also be interpreted as a balancing of the right to freedom of speech. The purpose of the balancing is that the right to reputation which is part of the right to privacy should be a limitation of the right to freedom of speech (Giri A.Taufik, Identifying The Traces of Particularity in Indonesia Freedom of Expression, 2011, p. 389). The concept of balancing is explicitly stated in **Article 28J Section (1) 1945 Constitution** which states that in exercising their human rights, a person's human rights will be limited by the rights of others. In terms of the right to freedom of speech, the right to the reputation of others becomes a limitation for every citizen in exercising their freedom of speech. According to the above description, although it does not explicitly state the right to privacy, the formulation of Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution already contains the values of the right to privacy which are guaranteed in Article 12 UDHR and Article 17 ICCPR. Therefore, Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution can be considered as the constitutional basis for the guarantee of the right to privacy. In the context of the indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent nature of human rights, Article 28G Section (1) 1945 Constitution is closely related to **Article 28E Section (2) and (3) 1945 Constitution** which guarantees the right to self-determination and the right to freedom of speech or expressing thoughts and opinion. Both of these human rights guarantees, need to be understood and realized in a balanced manner. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945); 2. [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](https://unric.org/pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/07/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Universal-dos-Direitos-Humanos.pdf); 3. [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](https://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20am/ch_iv_04.pdf). Reference: 1. Eoin Carolan, “The Concept of a Right to Privacy”, in Eoin Carolan, Hilary Delany, _The Right to Privacy: A Doctrinal and Comparative Analysis,_ Thompson Round Hall, England, 2008; 2. G. Negley, “Philosophical Views on the Value of Privacy” _Law & Contemporary Problems Law Review Vol 31 No. 319, 1966_; 3. General Comment Human Rights Committee No. 16: Article 17 (The right to respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honor and reputation); 4. Giri A.Taufik, _Identifying The Traces of Particularity in Indonesia Freedom of Expression,_ 2011; 5. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); 6. Russel Brown, “Rethinking Privacy”, _Alberta Law Review Vol. 43 No. 589, 2006_. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Asas-asas Kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004KLINIK TERKAITSyarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan04 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Pasal 1 angka 1 UU 37/2004 mendefinisikan kepailitan adalah sita umum atas semua kekayaan debitur pailit yang pengurusan dan pemberesannya dilakukan oleh kurator di bawah pengawasan hakim pengawas.Sementara itu, dalam bukunya berjudul Hukum Kepailitan: Prinsip, Norma, dan Praktik di Peradilan, M. Hadi Shubhan menerangkan kepailitan adalah suatu jalan keluar yang bersifat komersial untuk keluar dari persoalan utang piutang yang menghimpit seorang debitur, di mana debitur tersebut sudah tidak mempunyai kemampuan lagi untuk membayar utang-utang tersebut kepada para krediturnya (hal. 2).Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Adapun Penjelasan Umum UU 37/2004 menyebutkan 4 asas kepailitan yang mendasarinya antara lain:Asas Keseimbangan Ketentuan dalam UU 37/2004 telah mengatur perwujudan dari asas keseimbangan dalam kepailitan. Antara lain ketentuan yang dapat mencegah terjadinya penyalahgunaan pranata dan lembaga kepailitan oleh debitur yang tidak jujur maupun kreditur yang tidak beriktikad baik.Asas Kelangsungan UsahaKetentuan yang memungkinkan perusahaan debitur yang prospektif tetap dilangsungkan telah diatur dalam UU 37/2004.Asas KeadilanDalam kepailitan, asas keadilan mengandung pengertian bahwa ketentuan kepailitan dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan bagi para pihak yang berkepentingan. Asas keadilan ini untuk mencegah terjadinya kesewenang-wenangan pihak penagih yang mengusahakan pembayaran atas tagihan masing-masing terhadap debitur, dengan tidak mempedulikan kreditur lainnya.Asas IntegrasiAsas integrasi dalam kepailitan dalam artian sistem hukum formil dan hukum materielnya merupakan satu kesatuan yang utuh dari sistem hukum perdata dan hukum acara perdata nasional.Sutan Remy Sjahdeini dalam bukunya Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan menambahkan penyebutan secara eksplisit “antara lain” sebagaimana disebutkan di atas berarti asas-asas kepailitan tidak terbatas pada keempat asas tersebut saja (hal. 51).Asas-asas Kepailitan Pada UmumnyaLebih lanjut, Sutan Remy Sjahdeini menerangkan UU 37/2004 seyogianya memuat asas-asas berikut ini baik dinyatakan secara tegas maupun secara tersirat (hal. 32-50):Asas Mendorong Investasi dan BisnisUU 37/2004 harus dapat mendorong kegairahan investasi asing dan pasar modal, serta memudahkan perusahaan Indonesia memperoleh kredit luar negeri. Haruslah disadari bahwa pinjaman luar negeri masih diperlukan sebagai sumber dana untuk membiayai pembangunan nasional karena keterbatasan dana dalam negeri.Asas Memberikan Manfaat dan Perlindungan yang Seimbang Bagi Kreditur dan DebiturPerlindungan yang seimbang diberikan bagi kreditur dan debitur. Dengan UU 37/2004, para kreditur diharapkan dapat memperoleh akses terhadap harta kekayaan debitur pailit karena tidak lagi mampu membayar utang-utangnya. Namun, kepentingan kreditur tersebut tidak boleh sampai merugikan kepentingan debitur.Misalnya debitur pailit adalah perseroan, banyak pihak yang tergantung pada keberlangsungan perseroan tersebut antara lain karyawan, pemegang saham minoritas, dan perusahaan pemasok. Sehingga bisa dibilang banyak kepentingan yang terlibat.Asas Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Tidak Dapat Dijatuhkan terhadap Debitur yang Masih SolvenSyarat kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004 adalah debitur tidak membayar utang kepada satu kreditur asalkan ia mempunyai dua atau lebih kreditur. Tidak ada persyaratan yang mengharuskan keuangan debitur dalam keadaan berhenti membayar utang-utangnya atau dengan kata lain insolven. Maka, perusahaan yang masih solven dapat saja dipailitkan.Di sisi lain, syarat kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004 juga tidak mengatur jumlah minimum piutang dari kreditur yang dapat mengajukan permohonan pailit. Hal ini tentu bertentangan dengan asas kepailitan yang diterima secara global, sehingga UU 37/2004 tidak menganut asas ini.Asas Persetujuan Putusan Pailit Harus Disetujui oleh Para Kreditur MayoritasUU 37/2004 tidak menganut asas ini. Cukup dengan pembuktian sederhana dengan memenuhi syarat kepailitan, debitur dinyatakan pailit. Ketentuan ini dinilai akan sangat merugikan para kreditur karena permohonan pernyataan pailit dapat diajukan tanpa ada persetujuan para kreditur.Asas Keadaan DiamUmumnya keadaan diam berlaku secara otomatis (demi hukum) sejak permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan di pengadilan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk melindungi para kreditur dari upaya debitur menyembunyikan atau mengalihkan sebagian atau seluruh harta kekayaannya ke pihak lain dan merugikan kreditur.Namun sekalipun UU 37/2004 mengenal asas keadaan diam, berlakunya keadaan diam bukan sejak permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan melainkan sejak putusan pernyataan pailit dijatuhkan oleh Pengadilan Niaga.Asas Mengakui Hak Separatis Kreditur Pemegang Hak JaminanDalam hukum perdata, pemegang hak jaminan kebendaan mempunyai hak separatis yang tidak termasuk harta pailit. Sehingga kreditur separatis berhak melakukan eksekusi sendiri berdasarkan haknya yang diberikan undang-undang.Namun demikian, meskipun UU 37/2004 mengakui hak kreditur separatis, hak eksekusinya tetap ditangguhkan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 90 hari sejak tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan. Demikian yang diatur dalam Pasal 56 ayat (1) UU 37/2004.Asas Proses Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Tidak BerkepanjanganPutusan pengadilan atas permohonan pernyataan pailit harus diucapkan paling lambat 60 hari setelah tanggal permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 8 ayat (5) UU 37/2004.Meskipun terbilang cepat, jangka waktu ini tidak realistis. Waktu yang terlalu pendek hanya akan menghasilkan kualitas putusan yang kurang baik karena diputuskan secara terburu-buru. Bahkan, UU 37/2004 juga tidak mengatur sanksi seandainya putusan pailit itu ditetapkan dalam jangka waktu melebihi batas waktu yang ditetapkan.Padahal pada umumnya asas ini bertujuan agar proses kepailitan berjalan tidak berlarut-larut. Batas waktu ditentukan bagi pengadilan untuk memeriksa dan memutuskan permohonan pernyataan pailit. Batas waktu tidak boleh terlalu lama tetapi juga tidak boleh terlalu pendek karena hanya akan mengakibatkan putusan pengadilan yang mutunya mengecewakan.Asas Proses Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Terbuka untuk UmumUU 37/2004 telah menganut asas ini di mana putusan pernyataan pailit harus diketahui oleh masyarakat luas. Sebab debitur yang dinyatakan pailit tidak hanya berdampak pada para krediturnya saja, melainkan ada banyak kepentingan lain yang terlibat.Kami mencontohkan bunyi Pasal 15 ayat (4) UU 37/2004 bahwa dalam jangka waktu paling lambat 5 hari setelah tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diterima oleh kurator dan hakim pengawas, kurator mengumumkan dalam Berita Negara Republik Indonesia dan paling sedikit 2 surat kabar harian yang ditetapkan oleh Hakim Pengawas, mengenai ikhtisar putusan pernyataan pailit.Asas Pengurus Perusahaan Debitur yang Mengakibatkan Perusahaan Pailit Harus Bertanggung Jawab PribadiDalam praktiknya, kesulitan keuangan perusahaan bukan akibat keadaan bisnis yang tidak baik, tetapi karena para pengurusnya tidak mempunyai kemampuan profesional mengelola perusahaan atau melakukan tindakan terlarang.Asas ini memang tidak dikenal dalam UU 37/2004, namun ketentuan ini telah diatur tersendiri secara eksplisit dalam UU PT.Asas Memberikan Kesempatan Restrukturisasi Utang Sebelum Diambil Putusan Pernyataan Pailit kepada Debitur yang Masih Memiliki Usaha yang ProspektifKepailitan seyogianya merupakan ultimum remedium. Seharusnya terlebih dahulu diusahakan oleh para kreditur dan debitur untuk melakukan restrukturisasi utang dan perusahaan.Sayangnya, UU 37/2004 tidak berpendirian kepailitan merupakan jalan terakhir atau ultimum remedium. Meski mengenal Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (“PKPU”), tetapi tidak ada ketentuan PKPU harus ditempuh terlebih dahulu sebelum mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit.Baca juga: Waktu ‘Tepat’ Mengajukan Rencana Perdamaian dalam Kepailitan dan PKPUAsas Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Merugikan Harta Pailit adalah Tindak PidanaSuatu undang-undang kepailitan sebaiknya sekaligus memuat juga ketentuan sanksi pidana bagi debitur yang melakukan perbuatan merugikan kreditur, persengkongkolan dengan debitur untuk menguntungkan kreditur tertentu, dan tindakan lainnya.Sayangnya UU 37/2004 tidak memuat ketentuan pidana. Hal ini tidak berarti perbuatan itu tidak memiliki sanksi pidananya, bisa juga merujuk pada tindak pidana yang diatur dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang.REFERENSIM. Hadi Shubhan. Hukum Kepailitan: Prinsip, Norma, dan Praktik di Peradilan. Jakarta: Kencana, 2021;Sutan Remy Sjahdeini. Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan. Jakarta: Grafiti, 2010.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaTagsanak hukumbisnisfakultas hukumhukum bisniskampus hukumkepailitankuliah hukummaba hukummahasiswa hukumpkpu
Apa yang dimaksud dengan kepailitan dan apa saja asas kepailitan?
UU 37/2004 didasarkan pada antara lain 4 asas kepailitan. Namun pada umumnya undang-undang kepailitan menganut 11 asas kepailitan dari mulai asas mendorong investasi dan bisnis hingga asas perbuatan-perbuatan yang merugikan harta pailit adalah tindak pidana. Apa saja asas kepailitan yang dimaksud? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan04 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan04 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 20244 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 20244 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/catat-11-asas-kepailitan-yang-harus-kamu-tahu-lt63d0e51c80e96/
Catat! 11 Asas Kepailitan yang Harus Kamu Tahu
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Asas-asas Kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Syarat Pengajuan _Actio Pauliana_ oleh Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/syarat-pengajuan-actio-pauliana-oleh-kurator-kepailitan-cl1691/) ![Syarat Pengajuan <i>Actio Pauliana</i> oleh Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1691/thumbnail_lt6374c0208d615.jpg) 16 Nov 2022 [ #### Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/tugas-kurator-dan-hakim-pengawas-dalam-kepailitan-cl738/) ![Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl738/thumbnail_lt5bed25559ea1f.jpg) 04 Nov 2022 [ #### 2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya ](/klinik/a/syarat-kepailitan-cl1266/) ![2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1266/thumbnail_lt62ece6a30fd7b.jpg) 05 Agt 2022 [ #### Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/balai-harta-peninggalan-cl3329/) ![Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl3329/thumbnail_lt6231cc26d4715.jpg) 16 Mar 2022 [](#!) **Pasal 1 angka 1** [**UU 37/2004**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004) mendefinisikan kepailitan adalah sita umum atas semua kekayaan debitur pailit yang pengurusan dan pemberesannya dilakukan oleh kurator di bawah pengawasan hakim pengawas. Sementara itu, dalam bukunya berjudul _Hukum Kepailitan: Prinsip, Norma, dan Praktik di Peradilan_, **M. Hadi Shubhan** menerangkan kepailitan adalah suatu jalan keluar yang bersifat komersial untuk keluar dari persoalan utang piutang yang menghimpit seorang debitur, di mana debitur tersebut sudah tidak mempunyai kemampuan lagi untuk membayar utang-utang tersebut kepada para krediturnya (hal. 2). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Adapun **Penjelasan Umum UU 37/2004** menyebutkan 4 asas kepailitan yang mendasarinya antara lain: 1. **Asas Keseimbangan** Ketentuan dalam UU 37/2004 telah mengatur perwujudan dari asas keseimbangan dalam kepailitan. Antara lain ketentuan yang dapat mencegah terjadinya penyalahgunaan pranata dan lembaga kepailitan oleh debitur yang tidak jujur maupun kreditur yang tidak beriktikad baik. 2. **Asas Kelangsungan Usaha** Ketentuan yang memungkinkan perusahaan debitur yang prospektif tetap dilangsungkan telah diatur dalam UU 37/2004. 3. **Asas Keadilan** Dalam kepailitan, asas keadilan mengandung pengertian bahwa ketentuan kepailitan dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan bagi para pihak yang berkepentingan. Asas keadilan ini untuk mencegah terjadinya kesewenang-wenangan pihak penagih yang mengusahakan pembayaran atas tagihan masing-masing terhadap debitur, dengan tidak mempedulikan kreditur lainnya. 4. **Asas Integrasi** Asas integrasi dalam kepailitan dalam artian sistem hukum formil dan hukum materielnya merupakan satu kesatuan yang utuh dari sistem hukum perdata dan hukum acara perdata nasional. **Sutan Remy Sjahdeini** dalam bukunya _Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan_ menambahkan penyebutan secara eksplisit “antara lain” sebagaimana disebutkan di atas berarti asas-asas kepailitan tidak terbatas pada keempat asas tersebut saja (hal. 51). ### **Asas-asas Kepailitan Pada Umumnya** Lebih lanjut, Sutan Remy Sjahdeini menerangkan UU 37/2004 seyogianya memuat asas-asas berikut ini baik dinyatakan secara tegas maupun secara tersirat (hal. 32-50): 1. **Asas Mendorong Investasi dan Bisnis** UU 37/2004 harus dapat mendorong kegairahan investasi asing dan pasar modal, serta memudahkan perusahaan Indonesia memperoleh kredit luar negeri. Haruslah disadari bahwa pinjaman luar negeri masih diperlukan sebagai sumber dana untuk membiayai pembangunan nasional karena keterbatasan dana dalam negeri. 2. **Asas Memberikan Manfaat dan Perlindungan yang Seimbang Bagi Kreditur dan Debitur** Perlindungan yang seimbang diberikan bagi kreditur dan debitur. Dengan UU 37/2004, para kreditur diharapkan dapat memperoleh akses terhadap harta kekayaan debitur pailit karena tidak lagi mampu membayar utang-utangnya. Namun, kepentingan kreditur tersebut tidak boleh sampai merugikan kepentingan debitur. Misalnya debitur pailit adalah perseroan, banyak pihak yang tergantung pada keberlangsungan perseroan tersebut antara lain karyawan, pemegang saham minoritas, dan perusahaan pemasok. Sehingga bisa dibilang banyak kepentingan yang terlibat. 3. **Asas Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Tidak Dapat Dijatuhkan terhadap Debitur yang Masih Solven** Syarat kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004 adalah debitur tidak membayar utang kepada satu kreditur asalkan ia mempunyai dua atau lebih kreditur. Tidak ada persyaratan yang mengharuskan keuangan debitur dalam keadaan berhenti membayar utang-utangnya atau dengan kata lain insolven. Maka, perusahaan yang masih solven dapat saja dipailitkan. Di sisi lain, syarat kepailitan dalam UU 37/2004 juga tidak mengatur jumlah minimum piutang dari kreditur yang dapat mengajukan permohonan pailit. Hal ini tentu bertentangan dengan asas kepailitan yang diterima secara global, sehingga UU 37/2004 tidak menganut asas ini. 4. **Asas Persetujuan Putusan Pailit Harus Disetujui oleh Para Kreditur Mayoritas** UU 37/2004 tidak menganut asas ini. Cukup dengan pembuktian sederhana dengan memenuhi syarat kepailitan, debitur dinyatakan pailit. Ketentuan ini dinilai akan sangat merugikan para kreditur karena permohonan pernyataan pailit dapat diajukan tanpa ada persetujuan para kreditur. 5. **Asas Keadaan Diam** Umumnya keadaan diam berlaku secara otomatis (demi hukum) sejak permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan di pengadilan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk melindungi para kreditur dari upaya debitur menyembunyikan atau mengalihkan sebagian atau seluruh harta kekayaannya ke pihak lain dan merugikan kreditur. Namun sekalipun UU 37/2004 mengenal asas keadaan diam, berlakunya keadaan diam bukan sejak permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan melainkan sejak putusan pernyataan pailit dijatuhkan oleh Pengadilan Niaga. 6. **Asas Mengakui Hak Separatis Kreditur Pemegang Hak Jaminan** Dalam hukum perdata, pemegang hak jaminan kebendaan mempunyai hak separatis yang tidak termasuk harta pailit. Sehingga kreditur separatis berhak melakukan eksekusi sendiri berdasarkan haknya yang diberikan undang-undang. Namun demikian, meskipun UU 37/2004 mengakui hak kreditur separatis, hak eksekusinya tetap ditangguhkan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 90 hari sejak tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan. Demikian yang diatur dalam **Pasal 56 ayat (1) UU 37/2004**. 7. **Asas Proses Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Tidak Berkepanjangan** Putusan pengadilan atas permohonan pernyataan pailit harus diucapkan paling lambat 60 hari setelah tanggal permohonan pernyataan pailit didaftarkan sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 8 ayat (5) UU 37/2004**. Meskipun terbilang cepat, jangka waktu ini tidak realistis. Waktu yang terlalu pendek hanya akan menghasilkan kualitas putusan yang kurang baik karena diputuskan secara terburu-buru. Bahkan, UU 37/2004 juga tidak mengatur sanksi seandainya putusan pailit itu ditetapkan dalam jangka waktu melebihi batas waktu yang ditetapkan. Padahal pada umumnya asas ini bertujuan agar proses kepailitan berjalan tidak berlarut-larut. Batas waktu ditentukan bagi pengadilan untuk memeriksa dan memutuskan permohonan pernyataan pailit. Batas waktu tidak boleh terlalu lama tetapi juga tidak boleh terlalu pendek karena hanya akan mengakibatkan putusan pengadilan yang mutunya mengecewakan. 8. **Asas Proses Putusan Pernyataan Pailit Terbuka untuk Umum** UU 37/2004 telah menganut asas ini di mana putusan pernyataan pailit harus diketahui oleh masyarakat luas. Sebab debitur yang dinyatakan pailit tidak hanya berdampak pada para krediturnya saja, melainkan ada banyak kepentingan lain yang terlibat. Kami mencontohkan bunyi **Pasal 15 ayat (4) UU 37/2004** bahwa dalam jangka waktu paling lambat 5 hari setelah tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diterima oleh kurator dan hakim pengawas, kurator mengumumkan dalam Berita Negara Republik Indonesia dan paling sedikit 2 surat kabar harian yang ditetapkan oleh Hakim Pengawas, mengenai ikhtisar putusan pernyataan pailit. 9. **Asas Pengurus Perusahaan Debitur yang Mengakibatkan Perusahaan Pailit Harus Bertanggung Jawab Pribadi** Dalam praktiknya, kesulitan keuangan perusahaan bukan akibat keadaan bisnis yang tidak baik, tetapi karena para pengurusnya tidak mempunyai kemampuan profesional mengelola perusahaan atau melakukan tindakan terlarang. Asas ini memang tidak dikenal dalam UU 37/2004, namun ketentuan ini telah diatur tersendiri secara eksplisit dalam [**UU PT**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_pt). 10. **Asas Memberikan Kesempatan Restrukturisasi Utang Sebelum Diambil Putusan Pernyataan Pailit kepada Debitur yang Masih Memiliki Usaha yang Prospektif** Kepailitan seyogianya merupakan _ultimum remedium_. Seharusnya terlebih dahulu diusahakan oleh para kreditur dan debitur untuk melakukan restrukturisasi utang dan perusahaan. Sayangnya, UU 37/2004 tidak berpendirian kepailitan merupakan jalan terakhir atau _ultimum remedium_. Meski mengenal Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (“PKPU”), tetapi tidak ada ketentuan PKPU harus ditempuh terlebih dahulu sebelum mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit. Baca juga: [**Waktu ‘Tepat’ Mengajukan Rencana Perdamaian dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/waktu-tepat-mengajukan-rencana-perdamaian-dalam-kepailitan-dan-pkpu-lt5dcbca5b1defb?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=waktu_rencana_perdamaian) 11. **Asas Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Merugikan Harta Pailit adalah Tindak Pidana** Suatu undang-undang kepailitan sebaiknya sekaligus memuat juga ketentuan sanksi pidana bagi debitur yang melakukan perbuatan merugikan kreditur, persengkongkolan dengan debitur untuk menguntungkan kreditur tertentu, dan tindakan lainnya. Sayangnya UU 37/2004 tidak memuat ketentuan pidana. Hal ini tidak berarti perbuatan itu tidak memiliki sanksi pidananya, bisa juga merujuk pada tindak pidana yang diatur dalam [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) **yang lama yang masih berlaku** pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004). REFERENSI --------- 1. M. Hadi Shubhan. _Hukum Kepailitan: Prinsip, Norma, dan Praktik di Peradilan_. Jakarta: Kencana, 2021; 2. Sutan Remy Sjahdeini. _Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan_. Jakarta: Grafiti, 2010. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Tags ---- [anak hukum](/tag/anak-hukum) [bisnis](/tag/bisnis) [fakultas hukum](/tag/fakultas-hukum) [hukum bisnis](/tag/hukum-bisnis) [kampus hukum](/tag/kampus-hukum) [kepailitan](/tag/kepailitan) [kuliah hukum](/tag/kuliah-hukum) [maba hukum](/tag/maba-hukum) [mahasiswa hukum](/tag/mahasiswa-hukum) [pkpu](/tag/pkpu)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITSyarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Intip Besaran Imbalan Jasa Kurator di Aturan Ini29 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Arti Voluntary Petition yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 22 Januari 2018. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Voluntary PetitionVoluntary petition menurut Black’s Law Dictionary 9th Edition adalah:Voluntary petition is a petition filed with a bankruptcy court by a debtor seeking protection from creditors. – Also termed bankruptcy petition; debtor's petition. Petition is a formal written request presented to a court or other official body.M. Yahya Harahap dalam bukunya berjudul Perseroan Terbatas (hal. 410) mendefinisikan voluntary petition sebagai permohonan untuk mempailitkan diri sendiri secara sukarela. Debitur perorangan atau debitur badan hukum (perseroan) yang telah berada dalam keadaan insolven, dapat mengajukan permohonan pailit (faillessments request, petition bankruptcy or filing of bankruptcy petition) terhadap dirinya sendiri.Lebih lanjut dijelaskan bahwa debitur dengan kesadaran dan kehendak sendiri secara sukarela mengajukan permohonan pailit terhadap dirinya sendiri, agar dirinya dinyatakan pailit oleh pengadilan. Tujuannya, agar masalah kesulitan keuangan yang dihadapinya dapat segera diselesaikan oleh pengadilan melalui kurator kepada para kreditur. Dengan harapan, apabila semua utangnya telah dapat diselesaikan kepada para kreditur, debitur tersebut dapat memulai langkah mendirikan dan mengembangkan usaha baru (hal. 411).Jadi, voluntary petition itu adalah permohonan debitur perorangan atau debitur perseroan untuk mempailitkan diri sendiri secara sukarela. Dalam konteks pertanyaan Anda, kami asumsikan bahwa pemohon voluntary petition di sini adalah debitur badan hukum (perseroan). Sehingga untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut, kami mengacu pada UU PT.Baca juga: 2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya Kewenangan Direksi Mengajukan Voluntary PetitionPasal 104 ayat (1) UU PT memberi wewenang kepada direksi untuk mengajukan permohonan pailit terhadap diri perseroan sendiri dalam bentuk voluntary petition dengan terlebih dahulu memperoleh persetujuan Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (“RUPS”).Dalam hal kepailitan terjadi karena kesalahan atau kelalaian direksi dan harta pailit tidak cukup untuk membayar seluruh kewajiban perseroan dalam kepailitan tersebut, setiap anggota direksi secara tanggung renteng bertanggung jawab atas seluruh kewajiban yang tidak terlunasi dari harta pailit tersebut.[1]Tanggung jawab itu berlaku juga bagi anggota direksi yang salah atau lalai yang pernah menjabat sebagai anggota direksi dalam jangka waktu 5 tahun sebelum putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan.[2]Namun, anggota direksi tidak bertanggung jawab atas kepailitan perseroan apabila dapat membuktikan:[3] kepailitan tersebut bukan karena kesalahan atau kelalaiannya;telah melakukan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan penuh tanggung jawab untuk kepentingan perseroan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan perseroan;tidak mempunyai benturan kepentingan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan yang dilakukan; dantelah mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah terjadinya kepailitan.Akan tetapi, hak itu tidak secara inherent melekat pada diri direksi. Agar direksi mempunyai kewenangan mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan, maka:[4]Direksi wajib lebih dahulu memperoleh persetujuan (goedkeuring, approval) dari RUPS. Selama belum ada persetujuan RUPS, direksi tidak berwenang mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan yang bersangkutan;Dengan demikian, hak direksi untuk mempailitkan perseroan melalui voluntary petition, bukan kewenangan yang melekat secara inherent pada diri direksi;Akan tetapi, kewenangan itu baru ada pada diri direksi, tergantung pada syarat adanya persetujuan RUPS lebih dahulu.Baca juga: Tanggung Jawab Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris Jika Perusahaan PailitJadi, jika ditanya apakah direksi berwenang mengajukan permohonan pailit atas perseroan sendiri tanpa persetujuan RUPS? Jawabannya adalah tidak. Selama belum ada persetujuan dari RUPS, tertutup kewenangan direksi mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan.[5] Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan TerbatasPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja REFERENSIM. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Perseroan Terbatas. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016.[1] Pasal 104 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (“UU PT”)[2] Pasal 104 ayat (3) UU PT[3] Pasal 104 ayat (4) UU PT[4] M. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Perseroan Terbatas. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 413[5] M. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Perseroan Terbatas. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 413Tagsdebiturdireksikepailitankrediturkuratorpailitpengadilan niagapenundaan kewajiban pembayaran utangperseroanperseroan terbatasperusahaanpkpu
Apa itu yang dimaksud dengan voluntary petition? Lalu adakah kaitannya dengan pertanyaan apakah direksi berwenang mengajukan permohonan pailit atas perseroan sendiri tanpa persetujuan RUPS?
Voluntary petition adalah permohonan debitur perorangan atau debitur badan hukum (perseroan) untuk mempailitkan diri sendiri secara sukarela. Adapun mengenai ketentuan pemohon voluntary petition yang merupakan perseroan telah diatur dalam UU PT. Bagaimana bunyi ketentuannya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Intip Besaran Imbalan Jasa Kurator di Aturan Ini29 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 2022Intip Besaran Imbalan Jasa Kurator di Aturan Ini29 Agt 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang13 Nov 2019Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/voluntary-petition-kewenangan-direksi-ajukan-permohonan-pailit-pt-lt5a61560b51b3c/
Voluntary Petition: Kewenangan Direksi Ajukan Permohonan Pailit PT
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Syarat Pengajuan _Actio Pauliana_ oleh Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/syarat-pengajuan-actio-pauliana-oleh-kurator-kepailitan-cl1691/) ![Syarat Pengajuan <i>Actio Pauliana</i> oleh Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1691/thumbnail_lt6374c0208d615.jpg) 16 Nov 2022 [ #### Intip Besaran Imbalan Jasa Kurator di Aturan Ini ](/klinik/a/besaran-imbalan-jasa-kurator-lt5acc23da7732a/) ![Intip Besaran Imbalan Jasa Kurator di Aturan Ini](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5acc23da7732a/thumbnail_lt5ad08ab437c3d.jpg) 29 Agt 2022 [ #### Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/balai-harta-peninggalan-cl3329/) ![Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl3329/thumbnail_lt6231cc26d4715.jpg) 16 Mar 2022 [ #### Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang ](/klinik/a/sanksi-hukum-jika-kurator-berbuat-curang-lt5dcbeb3841df3/) ![Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5dcbeb3841df3/thumbnail_lt5dcbecc54df7b.jpg) 13 Nov 2019 [ #### Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang ](/klinik/a/sanksi-hukum-jika-kurator-berbuat-curang-lt5dcbeb3841df3/) ![Sanksi Hukum Jika Kurator Berbuat Curang](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5dcbeb3841df3/thumbnail_lt5dcbecc54df7b.jpg) 13 Nov 2019 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Arti_ _Voluntary Petition_** **yang dibuat oleh [Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 22 Januari 2018.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **_Voluntary Petition_** _Voluntary petition_ menurut **_Black’s Law Dictionary 9th Edition_** adalah: _Voluntary petition is a petition filed with a bankruptcy court by a debtor seeking protection from creditors. – Also termed bankruptcy petition; debtor's petition. Petition is a formal written request presented to a court or other official body._ **M. Yahya Harahap** dalam bukunya berjudul _Perseroan Terbatas_ (hal. 410) mendefinisikan _voluntary petition_ sebagai permohonan untuk mempailitkan diri sendiri secara sukarela. [Debitur](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/d/debitur) perorangan atau debitur badan hukum (perseroan) yang telah berada dalam keadaan insolven, dapat mengajukan permohonan pailit (_faillessments request, petition bankruptcy or filing of bankruptcy petition_) terhadap dirinya sendiri. Lebih lanjut dijelaskan bahwa debitur dengan kesadaran dan kehendak sendiri secara sukarela mengajukan permohonan [pailit](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/k/kepailitan) terhadap dirinya sendiri, agar dirinya dinyatakan pailit oleh pengadilan. Tujuannya, agar masalah kesulitan keuangan yang dihadapinya dapat segera diselesaikan oleh pengadilan melalui kurator kepada para kreditur. Dengan harapan, apabila semua utangnya telah dapat diselesaikan kepada para kreditur, debitur tersebut dapat memulai langkah mendirikan dan mengembangkan usaha baru (hal. 411). Jadi, _voluntary petition_ itu adalah permohonan debitur perorangan atau debitur perseroan untuk mempailitkan diri sendiri secara sukarela. Dalam konteks pertanyaan Anda, kami asumsikan bahwa pemohon _voluntary petition_ di sini adalah debitur badan hukum (perseroan). Sehingga untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut, kami mengacu pada **[UU PT](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007)**. Baca juga: **[2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/syarat-kepailitan-cl1266/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=syarat_pailit)** ### **Kewenangan Direksi Mengajukan _Voluntary Petition_** **Pasal 104 ayat (1) UU PT** memberi wewenang kepada direksi untuk mengajukan permohonan pailit terhadap diri perseroan sendiri dalam bentuk _voluntary petition_ dengan terlebih dahulu memperoleh persetujuan Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (“RUPS”). Dalam hal kepailitan terjadi karena kesalahan atau kelalaian direksi dan harta pailit tidak cukup untuk membayar seluruh kewajiban perseroan dalam kepailitan tersebut, setiap anggota direksi secara tanggung renteng bertanggung jawab atas seluruh kewajiban yang tidak terlunasi dari harta pailit tersebut.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Tanggung jawab itu berlaku juga bagi anggota direksi yang salah atau lalai yang pernah menjabat sebagai anggota direksi dalam jangka waktu 5 tahun sebelum putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Namun, anggota direksi tidak bertanggung jawab atas kepailitan perseroan apabila dapat membuktikan:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. kepailitan tersebut bukan karena kesalahan atau kelalaiannya; 2. telah melakukan pengurusan dengan iktikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan penuh tanggung jawab untuk kepentingan perseroan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan perseroan; 3. tidak mempunyai benturan kepentingan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung atas tindakan pengurusan yang dilakukan; dan 4. telah mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah terjadinya kepailitan. Akan tetapi, hak itu tidak secara _inherent_ melekat pada diri direksi. Agar direksi mempunyai kewenangan mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan, maka:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. Direksi wajib lebih dahulu memperoleh persetujuan (_goedkeuring, approval_) dari RUPS. Selama belum ada persetujuan RUPS, direksi tidak berwenang mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan yang bersangkutan; 2. Dengan demikian, hak direksi untuk mempailitkan perseroan melalui _voluntary petition_, bukan kewenangan yang melekat secara _inherent_ pada diri direksi; 3. Akan tetapi, kewenangan itu baru ada pada diri direksi, tergantung pada syarat adanya persetujuan RUPS lebih dahulu. Baca juga: **[Tanggung Jawab Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris Jika Perusahaan Pailit](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/tanggung-jawab-direksi-dan-dewan-komisaris-jika-perusahaan-pailit-cl4898?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=tanggung_jawab_direksi)** Jadi, jika ditanya apakah direksi berwenang mengajukan permohonan pailit atas perseroan sendiri tanpa persetujuan RUPS? Jawabannya adalah tidak. Selama belum ada persetujuan dari RUPS, tertutup kewenangan direksi mengajukan permohonan pailit untuk mempailitkan perseroan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) REFERENSI --------- M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Perseroan Terbatas_. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 104 ayat (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007) (“UU PT”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 104 ayat (3) UU PT [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 104 ayat (4) UU PT [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Perseroan Terbatas_. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 413 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Perseroan Terbatas_. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 413 Tags ---- [debitur](/tag/debitur) [direksi](/tag/direksi) [kepailitan](/tag/kepailitan) [kreditur](/tag/kreditur) [kurator](/tag/kurator) [pailit](/tag/pailit) [pengadilan niaga](/tag/pengadilan-niaga) [penundaan kewajiban pembayaran utang](/tag/penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang) [perseroan](/tag/perseroan) [perseroan terbatas](/tag/perseroan-terbatas) [perusahaan](/tag/perusahaan) [pkpu](/tag/pkpu)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Pidana Pokok dan Tambahan yang dibuat oleh Bung Pokrol dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 3 Februari 2005, dan pertama kali dimutakhirkan oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., pada Rabu, 6 Desember 2017.KLINIK TERKAITArti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Haruskah Ada Unsur Kerugian dalam Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dokumen?02 Jan 2023Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Jenis Hukuman PidanaBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 membedakan hukuman atau pidana menjadi sebagai berikut.KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 10Pidana terdiri atas:Pidana pokok; danPidana tambahan.Pasal 64Pidana terdiri atas:pidana pokok; pidana tambahan; dan pidana yang bersifat khusus untuk tindak pidana tertentu yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang.Pasal 10 huruf aa. pidana pokok yaitu:pidana mati,pidana penjara,pidana kurungan,pidana denda,pidana tutupan.  Pasal 65Pidana pokok sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf a terdiri atas:pidana penjara;pidana tutupan;pidana pengawasan;pidana denda; danpidana kerja sosial.Urutan pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) menentukan berat atau ringannya pidana.Pasal 10 huruf bb. pidana tambahan yaitu:pencabutan beberapa hak tertentu,perampasan barang yang tertentu,pengumuman putusan hakim. Pasal 66Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf b terdiri atas: pencabutan hak tertentu;perampasan barang tertentu dan/ atau tagihan;pengumuman putusan hakim;pembayaran ganti rugi;pencabutan izin tertentu; danpemenuhan kewajiban adat setempat.Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dikenakan dalam hal penjatuhan pidana pokok saja tidak cukup untuk mencapai tujuan pemidanaan.Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dijatuhkan 1 jenis atau lebih.Pidana tambahan untuk percobaan dan pembantuan sama dengan pidana tambahan untuk tindak pidananya.Pidana tambahan bagi anggota TNI yang melakukan tindak pidana dalam perkara koneksitas dikenakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan bagi TNI. Pasal 67 Pidana yang bersifat khusus sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf c merupakan pidana mati yang selalu diancamkan secara alternatif.Selain ketiga jenis pidana sebagaimana diatur UU 1/2023, juga dikenal tindakan yang dapat dikenakan bersama-sama dengan pidana pokok berupa konseling, rehabilitasi, pelatihan kerja, perawatan di lembaga, dan/ atau perbaikan akibat tindak pidana.[2]Pengenaan tindakan berupa rehabilitasi, penyerahan kepada seseorang, perawatan di lembaga, penyerahan kepada pemerintah dan/atau perawatan di rumah sakit jiwa[3] juga berlaku bagi:Setiap orang yang pada waktu melakukan tindak pidana menyandang disabilitas mental dan/atau disabilitas intelektual dapat dikurangi pidananya dan/atau dikenai tindakan. [4]Setiap orang yang pada waktu melakukan tindak pidana menyandang disabilitas mental yang dalam keadaan kekambuhan akut dan disertai gambaran psikotik dan/ atau disabilitas intelektual derajat sedang atau berat tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana, tetapi dapat dikenai tindakan.[5]Mengenai jenis, jangka waktu, tempat, dan/atau pelaksanaan tindakan lebih lanjut ditetapkan dalam putusan pengadilan.[6]Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 36) menjelaskan bahwa selain hukuman pokok, maka dalam beberapa hal yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang dijatuhkan pula (ditambah) dengan salah satu dari hukuman tambahan. Hukuman tambahan gunanya untuk menambah hukuman pokok, jadi tak mungkin dijatuhkan sendirian.Namun demikian, pengaturan mengenai pidana tambahan juga terdapat dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya. KUHP sendiri memang tidak membatasi bahwa pidana tambahan tersebut terbatas pada 3 bentuk di atas saja. Dalam Pasal 18 ayat (1)UU 31/1999 misalnya, diatur juga mengenai bentuk pidana tambahan lainnya dalam kasus tindak pidana korupsi, seperti:perampasan barang bergerak yang berwujud atau yang tidak berwujud atau barang tidak bergerak yang digunakan untuk atau yang diperoleh dari tindak pidana korupsi, termasuk perusahaan milik terpidana di mana tindak pidana korupsi dilakukan, begitu pula dari barang yang menggantikan barang-barang tersebut;pembayaran uang pengganti yang besarnya sama dengan harta benda yang dikorupsi;penutupan seluruh atau sebagian perusahaan untuk waktu paling lama 1 tahun;pencabutan seluruh atau sebagian hak-hak tertentu atau penghapusan seluruh atau sebagian keuntungan tertentu, yang telah atau dapat diberikan oleh pemerintah kepada terpidana.Selain itu UU 1/2023 juga mengatur secara tersendiri jenis hukuman pidana bagi anak (Pasal 112 s.d. Pasal 117UU 1/2023) dan jenis hukuman pidana bagi korporasi (Pasal 118 s.d. Pasal 124 UU 1/2023).Contoh KasusGuna mempermudah pemahaman Anda, berikut ini kami sarikan contoh Putusan PN Tanjungkarang Nomor 45/Pid./TPK/2013/PN.TK di mana hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 1 tahun dan 6 bulan dan denda sebesar Rp50 juta dengan ketentuan apabila tidak dibayar, maka diganti dengan pidana kurungan selama 2 bulan (hal. 103).Selain itu, hakim juga menjatuhkan pidana tambahan terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana tambahan untuk membayar uang pengganti sebesar Rp18.834.200, dengan ketentuan jika terdakwa tidak membayar uang pengganti paling lama dalam waktu 1 bulan sesudah putusan pengadilan memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap, maka harta bendanya dapat disita oleh jaksa dan dilelang untuk mencukupi uang pengganti tersebut. Dalam hal terdakwa tidak mempunyai harta benda yang mencukupi untuk membayar uang pengganti, maka diganti dengan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan (hal. 103).Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana KorporasiUndang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana KorupsiUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjungkarang Nomor 45/ Pid./TPK/2013/PN.TK.REFERENSISoesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 103 ayat (1) UU 1/2023[3] Pasal 103 ayat (2) UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 38 UU 1/2023[5] Pasal 39 UU 1/2023[6] Pasal 103 ayat (3) UU 1/2023Tagshukumhukumonlineklinikklinik hukumonlinekuhpkuhp barupidana dendapidana matipidana tambahan
Apa itu pidana pokok dan pidana tambahan? Mohon penjelasannya.
KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan mengatur 2 jenis hukuman pidana yaitu pidana pokok dan pidana tambahan. Sedangkan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 mengatur 3 jenis hukuman pidana. Apa saja? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Haruskah Ada Unsur Kerugian dalam Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dokumen?02 Jan 2023Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup20 Jan 2023Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?18 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Haruskah Ada Unsur Kerugian dalam Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dokumen?02 Jan 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jenis-jenis-hukuman-pidana-dalam-kuhp-cl194/
Jenis-jenis Hukuman Pidana dalam KUHP
pages/175/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran** **kedua** **dari artikel dengan judul** **_Pidana Pokok dan Tambahan_** **yang dibuat oleh** [**Bung Pokrol**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4a0aae6c03cb7/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/bung-pokrol) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan** **pada** **Kamis, 3** **F****ebruari 2005****,** **dan pertama kali dimutakhirkan oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), pada Rabu, 6 Desember 2017.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup ](/klinik/a/pidana-penjara-seumur-hidup-lt4c16084b884be/) ![Arti Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4c16084b884be/thumbnail_lt63ca632a61dad.jpg) 20 Jan 2023 [ #### Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana? ](/klinik/a/berapa-lama-masa-daluwarsa-penuntutan-dan-menjalankan-pidana-lt508bea49075e3/) ![Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt508bea49075e3/thumbnail_lt63c772793fca9.jpg) 18 Jan 2023 [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Haruskah Ada Unsur Kerugian dalam Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dokumen? ](/klinik/a/haruskah-ada-unsur-kerugian-dalam-tindak-pidana-pemalsuan-dokumen-lt561fd94ef1204/) ![Haruskah Ada Unsur Kerugian dalam Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Dokumen?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt561fd94ef1204/thumbnail_lt63b2bb881cc8e.jpg) 02 Jan 2023 [](#!) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Jenis Hukuman Pidana** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 membedakan hukuman atau pidana menjadi sebagai berikut. **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 10** Pidana terdiri atas: 1. Pidana pokok; dan 2. Pidana tambahan. **Pasal 64** Pidana terdiri atas: 1. pidana pokok; 2. pidana tambahan; dan 3. pidana yang bersifat khusus untuk tindak pidana tertentu yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang. **Pasal 10 huruf a** a. pidana pokok yaitu: 1. pidana mati, 2. pidana penjara, 3. pidana kurungan, 4. pidana denda, 5. pidana tutupan.  **Pasal 65** 1. 1. Pidana pokok sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf a terdiri atas: 1. 1. pidana penjara; 2. pidana tutupan; 3. pidana pengawasan; 4. pidana denda; dan 5. pidana kerja sosial. 2. 2. Urutan pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) menentukan berat atau ringannya pidana. **P****asal 10 huruf b** b. pidana tambahan yaitu: 1. pencabutan beberapa hak tertentu, 2. perampasan barang yang tertentu, 3. pengumuman putusan hakim. **Pasal 66** 1. Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf b terdiri atas: 1. pencabutan hak tertentu; 2. perampasan barang tertentu dan/ atau tagihan; 3. pengumuman putusan hakim; 4. pembayaran ganti rugi; 5. pencabutan izin tertentu; dan 6. pemenuhan kewajiban adat setempat. 2. Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) **dapat dikenakan dalam hal penjatuhan pidana pokok saja tidak cukup** untuk mencapai tujuan pemidanaan. 3. Pidana tambahan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dijatuhkan 1 jenis atau lebih. 4. Pidana tambahan untuk percobaan dan pembantuan sama dengan pidana tambahan untuk tindak pidananya. 5. Pidana tambahan bagi anggota TNI yang melakukan tindak pidana dalam perkara koneksitas dikenakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan bagi TNI. **Pasal 67** Pidana yang bersifat khusus sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 64 huruf c merupakan pidana mati yang selalu diancamkan secara alternatif. Selain ketiga jenis pidana sebagaimana diatur UU 1/2023, juga dikenal **t****indakan** yang dapat dikenakan bersama-sama dengan pidana pokok berupa konseling, rehabilitasi, pelatihan kerja, perawatan di lembaga, dan/ atau perbaikan akibat tindak pidana.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Pengenaan tindakan berupa rehabilitasi, penyerahan kepada seseorang, perawatan di lembaga, penyerahan kepada pemerintah dan/atau perawatan di rumah sakit jiwa[\[3\]](#_ftn3) juga berlaku bagi: 1. Setiap orang yang pada waktu melakukan tindak pidana menyandang disabilitas mental dan/atau disabilitas intelektual dapat dikurangi pidananya dan/atau dikenai tindakan. [\[4\]](#_ftn4) 2. Setiap orang yang pada waktu melakukan tindak pidana menyandang disabilitas mental yang dalam keadaan kekambuhan akut dan disertai gambaran psikotik dan/ atau disabilitas intelektual derajat sedang atau berat tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana, tetapi dapat dikenai tindakan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Mengenai jenis, jangka waktu, tempat, dan/atau pelaksanaan tindakan lebih lanjut ditetapkan dalam putusan pengadilan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) **Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal. 36) menjelaskan bahwa selain hukuman pokok, maka dalam beberapa hal yang ditentukan dalam undang-undang dijatuhkan pula (ditambah) dengan salah satu dari hukuman tambahan. Hukuman tambahan gunanya untuk menambah hukuman pokok, jadi tak mungkin dijatuhkan sendirian. Namun demikian, pengaturan mengenai pidana tambahan juga terdapat dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya. KUHP sendiri memang tidak membatasi bahwa pidana tambahan tersebut terbatas pada 3 bentuk di atas saja. Dalam **Pasal 18 ayat (1)****[UU 31/1999](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1371/node/29/uu-no-31-tahun-1999-pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_tipikor)** misalnya, diatur juga mengenai bentuk pidana tambahan lainnya dalam kasus tindak pidana korupsi, seperti: 1. perampasan barang bergerak yang berwujud atau yang tidak berwujud atau barang tidak bergerak yang digunakan untuk atau yang diperoleh dari tindak pidana korupsi, termasuk perusahaan milik terpidana di mana tindak pidana korupsi dilakukan, begitu pula dari barang yang menggantikan barang-barang tersebut; 2. pembayaran uang pengganti yang besarnya sama dengan harta benda yang dikorupsi; 3. penutupan seluruh atau sebagian perusahaan untuk waktu paling lama 1 tahun; 4. pencabutan seluruh atau sebagian hak-hak tertentu atau penghapusan seluruh atau sebagian keuntungan tertentu, yang telah atau dapat diberikan oleh pemerintah kepada terpidana. Selain itu UU 1/2023 juga mengatur secara tersendiri jenis hukuman pidana bagi anak (**Pasal 112 s.d. Pasal 117****UU 1/2023**) dan jenis hukuman pidana bagi korporasi (**Pasal 118 s.d. Pasal 124 UU 1/2023**). ### **Contoh Kasus** Guna mempermudah pemahaman Anda, berikut ini kami sarikan contoh **[Putusan PN Tanjungkarang Nomor 45/Pid./TPK/2013/PN.TK](https://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/4e3b510cf33ed250b792412f5b2bbc9c)** di mana hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan **pidana penjara selama 1 tahun dan 6 bulan dan denda sebesar** **Rp****50 juta** dengan ketentuan apabila tidak dibayar, maka diganti dengan pidana kurungan selama 2 bulan (hal. 103). Selain itu, hakim juga menjatuhkan pidana tambahan terhadap terdakwa dengan **pidana tambahan untuk membayar uang pengganti** sebesar Rp18.834.200, dengan ketentuan jika terdakwa tidak membayar uang pengganti paling lama dalam waktu 1 bulan sesudah putusan pengadilan memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap, maka harta bendanya dapat disita oleh jaksa dan dilelang untuk mencukupi uang pengganti tersebut. Dalam hal terdakwa tidak mempunyai harta benda yang mencukupi untuk membayar uang pengganti, maka diganti dengan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan (hal. 103). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korporasi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1371/node/29/uu-no-31-tahun-1999-pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_tipikor) Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/339?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_20_2001) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjungkarang Nomor 45/ Pid./TPK/2013/PN.TK](https://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/4e3b510cf33ed250b792412f5b2bbc9c). REFERENSI --------- Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 103 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 103 ayat (2) UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 38 UU 1/2023 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 39 UU 1/2023 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 103 ayat (3) UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pidana denda](/tag/pidana-denda) [pidana mati](/tag/pidana-mati) [pidana tambahan](/tag/pidana-tambahan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Batasan Umur Peminjam dalam Penandatanganan Kontrak Pinjaman yang dibuat oleh Si Pokrol, dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 20 Juni 2005.KLINIK TERKAITCara Menafsirkan Perjanjian Menurut KUH Perdata20 Des 2022Debitur Wanprestasi pada Kredit Tanpa Agunan, Ini Langkah Hukumnya07 Des 2022Dapatkah Kuitansi Berfungsi Sebagai Perjanjian?07 Sep 2022Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi11 Jul 2022Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Batas Usia Dewasa dalam Peraturan Perundang-UndanganBenar bahwa terdapat perbedaan batas usia dewasa atau dianggap cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Pasal 330 KUH Perdata menyebutkan, bahwa seseorang yang telah menginjak usia 21 tahun dan/atau telah menikah, walaupun belum mencapai usia tersebut sudah dianggap dewasa.Sementara dalam UU Perlindungan Anak serta perubahannya dan UU Ketenagakerjaan, yang dikategorikan sebagai anak adalah setiap orang yang berumur di bawah 18 tahun.[1] Pun demikian dengan Pasal 47 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan yang memberikan batasan usia anak adalah yang belum berusia 18 tahun.  Selain peraturan peraturan tersebut di atas, terdapat perbedaan penentuan usia dewasa dalam beberapa putusan pengadilan. Misalnya Putusan PN banyuwangi No. 73/PDT.G/1992/BWI tanggal 22/12/1992 berpegang pada Pasal 330 KUH Perdata yaitu umur 21 tahun. Sementara, Putusan PN Jakarta Timur No. 115/Pdt.P/2009/PN.Jaktim menggunakan pertimbangan batasan usia dewasa seseorang untuk cakap bertindak secara hukum adalah Pasal 47 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan yaitu 18 tahun.[2] Namun, berdasarkan Lampiran SEMA 4/2016 (hal. 3), penentuan mengenai batas usia dewasa seseorang dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum tidak dapat ditentukan pada usia yang sama, namun ditentukan berdasarkan undang-undang atau ketentuan hukum yang mengatur dalam konteks perkara yang bersangkutan (kasuistis). Kecakapan sebagai Syarat Sah Perjanjian KreditPinjaman atau kredit termasuk dalam kategori perjanjian. Menurut Subekti dalam buku Hukum Perjanjian, perjanjian adalah suatu peristiwa dimana seseorang berjanji kepada orang lain atau dimana dua orang itu saling berjanji untuk melaksanakan suatu hal. Dari peristiwa tersebut maka timbullah suatu hubungan antara dua orang tersebut yang dinamakan perikatan (hal. 1). Karena dalam pertanyaan Anda tidak menyebutkan secara spesifik perjanjian pinjam meminjam di mana, maka untuk menyederhanakan jawaban kami akan menguraikan mengenai perjanjian pinjam meminjam atau kredit di perbankan. Perjanjian pinjam meminjam menurut Pasal 1754 KUH Perdata adalah perjanjian dengan mana pihak yang satu memberikan kepada pihak yang lain suatu jumlah tertentu barang barang yang menghabis karena pemakaian, dengan syarat bahwa pihak yang belakangan ini akan mengembalikan sejumlah yang sama dari macam dan keadaan yang sama pula.Sedangkan sesuai dengan Pasal 1 angka 11 UU 10/1998 disebutkan bahwa kredit adalah penyediaan uang atau tagihan yang dapat dipersamakan dengan itu, berdasarkan persetujuan atau kesepakatan pinjam meminjam antara bank dengan pihak lain yang mewajibkan pihak peminjam untuk melunasi utangnya setelah jangka waktu tertentu dengan pemberian bunga. Perjanjian kredit menurut Rachmat Firdaus dan Maya Ariyanti dalam buku Manajemen Perkreditan Bank Umum: Teori, Masalah, Kebijakan dan Aplikasinya Lengkap Dengan Analisis Kredit, adalah suatu reputasi yang dimiliki oleh setiap orang yang memungkinkan dia untuk mendapatkan uang, barang, atau tenaga kerja dengan jalan menukarkannya dengan suatu perjanjian untuk membayarnya disuatu waktu yang akan datang (hal. 1).Secara garis besar, perjanjian kredit bisa diartikan sebagai perjanjian pinjam meminjam antara bank sebagai kreditur dengan nasabah sebagai debitur dalam batas waktu yang telah ditentukan dengan disertai bunga. Selain itu pula bisa juga dipersamakan dengan perjanjian utang piutang. Karena kredit termasuk perjanjian, maka untuk membuat suatu perjanjian juga harus berdasarkan Pasal 1329 KUH Perdata yang disebutkan bahwa setiap orang berwenang membuat perikatan, kecuali jika ia dinyatakan tidak cakap untuk hal itu. Adapun, yang dimaksud dengan “tidak cakap” dalam Pasal 1330 KUH Perdata adalah orang yang belum dewasa, di bawah pengampuan, dan perempuan yang telah menikah.[3]Mengapa batasan usia atau kecakapan seseorang untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum penting dalam suatu perjanjian? Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata menentukan syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian yang terdiri atas:Sepakat mereka yang mengikatkan diri;Cakap untuk membuat suatu perikatan;Mengenai hal sesuatu tertentu;Suatu sebab yang halal.Kecakapan para pihak merupakan syarat subjektif suatu perjanjian. Jika syarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi, maka perjanjian tersebut dapat dimintakan pembatalannya. Baca juga: Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak DipenuhiBatas Usia Minimal untuk Melakukan Perjanjian Kredit Terkait dengan kecakapan atau batas usia untuk melakukan pinjaman atau kredit di bank, pada dasarnya tidak ada aturan yang secara spesifik mengatur batas minimum usia peminjam untuk melakukan pinjaman/kredit. Hanya saja, kata “dewasa” yang dimaksud dalam Pasal 1330 KUH Perdata tersebut mengacu Pasal 330 KUH Perdata yaitu seseorang yang telah menginjak usia 21 tahun dan/atau telah menikah walaupun belum mencapai usia tersebut, sudah dianggap dewasa.Selain itu, merujuk Pasal 48 ayat (1) PADG 24/2022, dalam konteks penerbitan kartu kredit, bank atau penyedia jasa pembayaran (“PJP") harus menerapkan manajemen risiko kredit dengan memperhatikan minimal:batas minimum usia calon pengguna kartu kredit;batas minimum pendapatan calon pengguna kartu kredit;batas maksimum plafon kredit yang dapat diberikan kepada pengguna kartu kredit;batas maksimum jumlah PJP yang menyelenggarakan aktivitas penatausahaan sumber dana berupa penerbitan kartu kredit; danbatas minimum pembayaran oleh pengguna kartu kredit.Dalam PADG 24/2022 tidak menetapkan batas minimal usia calon pengguna kartu kredit secara eksplisit, karena manajemen risiko tersebut diserahkan kepada masing-masing bank atau PJP. Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda apakah umur 17 tahun bisa meminjam uang di bank? Dapat kami sampaikan bahwa batas usia atau kecakapan seorang peminjam dalam melakukan kontrak pinjaman atau kredit adalah 21 tahun. Di dalam Pasal 330 KUH Perdata terdapat anggapan bahwa usia 21 tahun tersebut dianggap sudah dewasa atau cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dan sudah dapat merumuskan kehendaknya dengan benar serta dapat menyadari akibat hukum dari perbuatannya tersebut. Hal ini juga mengacu pada SEMA 4/2016 yang disebutkan di atas, bahwa acuan penentuan batas usia dewasa seseorang didasarkan pada undang-undang atau ketentuan hukum yang mengatur dalam konteks perkara yang bersangkutan. Karena konteks dalam pertanyaan Anda mengenai kontrak/perjanjian, maka yang berlaku adalah ketentuan dalam KUH Perdata. Lantas, sahkah perjanjian kredit yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa yang berusia 17 dan 19 tahun? Jawabannya tidak. Sebab, kecakapan sebagai syarat subjektif suatu perjanjian tidak dapat terpenuhi.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang PerbankanUndang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang PerbankanUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanUndang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan AnakUndang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan AnakPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Anggota Dewan Gubernur Nomor 24/7/PADG/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pembayaran oleh Penyedia Jasa Pembayaran dan Penyelenggara Infrastruktur Sistem PembayaranSurat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor Tahun 2016 tentang Pemberlakuan Rumusan Hasil Rapat Pleno Kamar Mahkamah Agung Tahun 2016 sebagai Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tugas bagi PengadilanPUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri banyuwangi Nomor 73/PDT.G/1992/BWI;Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Timur Nomor 115/Pdt.P/2009/PN.Jaktim.REFERENSIAde Maman Suherman dan J. Satrio, Batasan Umur (Kecakapan dan Kewenangan Bertindak Berdasar Batasan Umur), Jakarta: Nasional Legal Reform Program, 2010;  Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian. Jakarta: PT Intermasa, 2005;Rachmat Firdaus dan Maya Ariyanti. Manajemen Perkreditan Bank Umum: Teori, Masalah, Kebijakan dan Aplikasinya Lengkap Dengan Analisis Kredit. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2009.[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Pasal 1 angka 26 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan[2] Ade Maman Suherman dan J. Satrio, Batasan Umur (Kecakapan dan Kewenangan Bertindak Berdasar Batasan Umur), Jakarta: Nasional Legal Reform Program, 2010, hal. 127 dan 134[3] Pasal 1330 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataTagshukum perjanjiankreditperjanjian
Ada dua mahasiswa berumur 17 dan 19 tahun akan mengadakan perjanjian pinjaman untuk memenuhi biaya kuliah. Saya ingin tahu, pada usia berapa seseorang dapat menandatangani kontrak pinjaman/kredit, tanpa persetujuan orang tua/wali? Saya baca di beberapa peraturan batas usia anak beda-beda. Lantas, sahkah perjanjian/kontrak jika mereka tetap menandatangani kontrak pinjaman tersebut? Mohon penjelasannya.
Terdapat berbagai ketentuan mengenai usia dewasa atau dianggap cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Dalam peraturan-peraturan tersebut ada yang mengatur tentang usia dewasa atau cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum di usia 18 tahun dan 21 tahun. Lantas pada usia berapakah seseorang dapat dianggap cakap dan secara sah melakukan penandatangan sebuah kontrak pinjaman/kredit? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Cara Menafsirkan Perjanjian Menurut KUH Perdata20 Des 2022Debitur Wanprestasi pada Kredit Tanpa Agunan, Ini Langkah Hukumnya07 Des 2022Dapatkah Kuitansi Berfungsi Sebagai Perjanjian?07 Sep 2022Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi11 Jul 2022Cara Menafsirkan Perjanjian Menurut KUH Perdata20 Des 2022Debitur Wanprestasi pada Kredit Tanpa Agunan, Ini Langkah Hukumnya07 Des 2022Dapatkah Kuitansi Berfungsi Sebagai Perjanjian?07 Sep 2022Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi11 Jul 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 20224 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/batas-usia-minimal-untuk-melakukan-perjanjian-kredit-cl4471/
Batas Usia Minimal untuk Melakukan Perjanjian Kredit
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **_Batasan Umur Peminjam dalam Penandatanganan Kontrak Pinjaman_** **yang dibuat oleh [Si Pokrol](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/si-pokrol-lt4a0aae6c03cb7), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Senin, 20 Juni 2005.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Cara Menafsirkan Perjanjian Menurut KUH Perdata ](/klinik/a/cara-menafsirkan-perjanjian-menurut-kuh-perdata-lt6168fe0631766/) ![Cara Menafsirkan Perjanjian Menurut KUH Perdata](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6168fe0631766/thumbnail_lt6168feeda34ef.jpg) 20 Des 2022 [ #### Debitur Wanprestasi pada Kredit Tanpa Agunan, Ini Langkah Hukumnya ](/klinik/a/debitur-wanprestasi-pada-kredit-tanpa-agunan--ini-langkah-hukumnya-cl2812/) ![Debitur Wanprestasi pada Kredit Tanpa Agunan, Ini Langkah Hukumnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl2812/thumbnail_lt63906f4cef637.jpg) 07 Des 2022 [ #### Dapatkah Kuitansi Berfungsi Sebagai Perjanjian? ](/klinik/a/kuitansi-sebagai-perjanjian-lt4df1d65a2f53c/) ![Dapatkah Kuitansi Berfungsi Sebagai Perjanjian?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4df1d65a2f53c/thumbnail_lt631863b3aeb88.jpg) 07 Sep 2022 [ #### Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi ](/klinik/a/4-syarat-sah-perjanjian-dan-akibatnya-jika-tak-dipenuhi-cl4141/) ![Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl4141/thumbnail_lt62cbb5de7d913.jpg) 11 Jul 2022 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Batas Usia Dewasa dala****m Peraturan Perundang-Undangan** Benar bahwa terdapat perbedaan batas usia dewasa atau dianggap cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Pasal 330 [KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)** menyebutkan, bahwa seseorang yang telah menginjak usia 21 tahun dan/atau telah menikah, walaupun belum mencapai usia tersebut sudah dianggap dewasa. Sementara dalam **[UU Perlindungan Anak](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17453/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2002?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_23_2002)** serta perubahannya dan **[UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan)**, yang dikategorikan sebagai anak adalah setiap orang yang berumur di bawah 18 tahun.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Pun demikian dengan **Pasal 47 ayat (1) [UU Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974)** yang memberikan batasan usia anak adalah yang belum berusia 18 tahun.   Selain peraturan peraturan tersebut di atas, terdapat perbedaan penentuan usia dewasa dalam beberapa putusan pengadilan. Misalnya **Putusan PN banyuwangi No. 73/PDT.G/1992/BWI tanggal 22/12/1992** berpegang pada Pasal 330 KUH Perdata yaitu umur 21 tahun. Sementara, **Putusan** **PN** **Jakarta Timur No****.** **115/Pdt.P/2009/PN.Jaktim** menggunakan pertimbangan batasan usia dewasa seseorang untuk cakap bertindak secara hukum adalah Pasal 47 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan yaitu 18 tahun.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Namun, berdasarkan **Lampiran** **[SEMA 4/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5858f3427a3ea/surat-edaran-mahkamah-agung-nomor-4-tahun-2016/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=SEMA_4_2016)** (hal. 3), penentuan mengenai batas usia dewasa seseorang dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum tidak dapat ditentukan pada usia yang sama, namun ditentukan berdasarkan undang-undang atau ketentuan hukum yang mengatur dalam konteks perkara yang bersangkutan (kasuistis). ### **Kecakapan sebagai Syarat Sah Perjanjian Kredit** Pinjaman atau kredit termasuk dalam kategori perjanjian. Menurut **Subekti** dalam buku _Hukum Perjanjian,_ perjanjian adalah suatu peristiwa dimana seseorang berjanji kepada orang lain atau dimana dua orang itu saling berjanji untuk melaksanakan suatu hal. Dari peristiwa tersebut maka timbullah suatu hubungan antara dua orang tersebut yang dinamakan perikatan (hal. 1). Karena dalam pertanyaan Anda tidak menyebutkan secara spesifik perjanjian pinjam meminjam di mana, maka untuk menyederhanakan jawaban kami akan menguraikan mengenai perjanjian pinjam meminjam atau kredit di perbankan. Perjanjian pinjam meminjam menurut **Pasal 1754 KUH** **Perdata** adalah perjanjian dengan mana pihak yang satu memberikan kepada pihak yang lain suatu jumlah tertentu barang barang yang menghabis karena pemakaian, dengan syarat bahwa pihak yang belakangan ini akan mengembalikan sejumlah yang sama dari macam dan keadaan yang sama pula. Sedangkan sesuai dengan **Pasal 1 angka 11** **[UU 10/1998](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/334?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_10_1998)** disebutkan bahwa **kredit** adalah penyediaan uang atau tagihan yang dapat dipersamakan dengan itu, berdasarkan persetujuan atau kesepakatan pinjam meminjam antara bank dengan pihak lain yang mewajibkan pihak peminjam untuk melunasi utangnya setelah jangka waktu tertentu dengan pemberian bunga. Perjanjian kredit menurut **Rachmat** **Firdaus dan Maya Ariyanti** dalam buku _Manajemen Perkreditan Bank Umum:_ _Teori, Masalah, Kebijakan dan Aplikasinya Lengkap Dengan Analisis Kredit_, adalah suatu reputasi yang dimiliki oleh setiap orang yang memungkinkan dia untuk mendapatkan uang, barang, atau tenaga kerja dengan jalan menukarkannya dengan suatu perjanjian untuk membayarnya disuatu waktu yang akan datang (hal. 1). Secara garis besar, perjanjian kredit bisa diartikan sebagai perjanjian pinjam meminjam antara bank sebagai kreditur dengan nasabah sebagai debitur dalam batas waktu yang telah ditentukan dengan disertai bunga. Selain itu pula bisa juga dipersamakan dengan perjanjian utang piutang. Karena kredit termasuk perjanjian, maka untuk membuat suatu perjanjian juga harus berdasarkan **Pasal 1329 KUH Perdata** yang disebutkan bahwa setiap orang berwenang membuat perikatan, kecuali jika ia dinyatakan tidak cakap untuk hal itu_._ Adapun, yang dimaksud dengan “tidak cakap” dalam **Pasal 1330 KUH Perdata** adalah orang yang belum dewasa, di bawah pengampuan, dan perempuan yang telah menikah.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Mengapa batasan usia atau kecakapan seseorang untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum penting dalam suatu perjanjian? **Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata** menentukan syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian yang terdiri atas: 1. Sepakat mereka yang mengikatkan diri; 2. Cakap untuk membuat suatu perikatan; 3. Mengenai hal sesuatu tertentu; 4. Suatu sebab yang halal. Kecakapan para pihak merupakan syarat subjektif suatu perjanjian. Jika syarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi, maka perjanjian tersebut dapat dimintakan pembatalannya. Baca juga: **[Ini 4 Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Akibatnya Jika Tak Dipenuhi](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/4-syarat-sah-perjanjian-dan-akibatnya-jika-tak-dipenuhi-cl4141?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=syarat_sah_perjanjian?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=4_syarat_sah_perjanjian)** ### **Batas Usia Minimal untuk Melakukan Perjanjian Kredit** Terkait dengan kecakapan atau batas usia untuk melakukan pinjaman atau kredit di bank, pada dasarnya tidak ada aturan yang secara spesifik mengatur batas minimum usia peminjam untuk melakukan pinjaman/kredit. Hanya saja, kata “dewasa” yang dimaksud dalam Pasal 1330 KUH Perdata tersebut mengacu Pasal 330 KUH Perdata yaitu seseorang yang telah menginjak usia 21 tahun dan/atau telah menikah walaupun belum mencapai usia tersebut, sudah dianggap dewasa. Selain itu, merujuk **Pasal 48 ayat (1) [PADG 24/2022](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62c3c30f270f8?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PADG_24_2022)**, dalam konteks penerbitan kartu kredit, bank atau penyedia jasa pembayaran (“PJP") harus menerapkan manajemen risiko kredit dengan memperhatikan minimal: 1. batas minimum usia calon pengguna kartu kredit; 2. batas minimum pendapatan calon pengguna kartu kredit; 3. batas maksimum plafon kredit yang dapat diberikan kepada pengguna kartu kredit; 4. batas maksimum jumlah PJP yang menyelenggarakan aktivitas penatausahaan sumber dana berupa penerbitan kartu kredit; dan 5. batas minimum pembayaran oleh pengguna kartu kredit. Dalam PADG 24/2022 tidak menetapkan batas minimal usia calon pengguna kartu kredit secara eksplisit, karena manajemen risiko tersebut diserahkan kepada masing-masing bank atau PJP. Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda apakah umur 17 tahun bisa meminjam uang di bank? Dapat kami sampaikan bahwa batas usia atau kecakapan seorang peminjam dalam melakukan kontrak pinjaman atau kredit adalah 21 tahun. Di dalam Pasal 330 KUH Perdata terdapat anggapan bahwa usia 21 tahun tersebut dianggap sudah dewasa atau cakap dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dan sudah dapat merumuskan kehendaknya dengan benar serta dapat menyadari akibat hukum dari perbuatannya tersebut. Hal ini juga mengacu pada SEMA 4/2016 yang disebutkan di atas, bahwa acuan penentuan batas usia dewasa seseorang didasarkan pada undang-undang atau ketentuan hukum yang mengatur dalam konteks perkara yang bersangkutan. Karena konteks dalam pertanyaan Anda mengenai kontrak/perjanjian, maka yang berlaku adalah ketentuan dalam KUH Perdata. Lantas, sahkah perjanjian kredit yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa yang berusia 17 dan 19 tahun? Jawabannya tidak. Sebab, kecakapan sebagai syarat subjektif suatu perjanjian tidak dapat terpenuhi. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/843/undangundang-nomor-7-tahun-1992/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_7_1992) Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/334?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_10_1998) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17453/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2002?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_23_2002) Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt548fdfd3a87d2/undang-undang-nomor-35-tahun-2014/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_35_2014) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Anggota Dewan Gubernur Nomor 24/7/PADG/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pembayaran oleh Penyedia Jasa Pembayaran dan Penyelenggara Infrastruktur Sistem Pembayaran [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62c3c30f270f8?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PADG_24_2022) Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor Tahun 2016 tentang Pemberlakuan Rumusan Hasil Rapat Pleno Kamar Mahkamah Agung Tahun 2016 sebagai Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tugas bagi Pengadilan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5858f3427a3ea/surat-edaran-mahkamah-agung-nomor-4-tahun-2016/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=SEMA_4_2016) PUTUSAN ------- 1. Putusan Pengadilan Negeri banyuwangi Nomor 73/PDT.G/1992/BWI; 2. Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Timur Nomor 115/Pdt.P/2009/PN.Jaktim. REFERENSI --------- 1. Ade Maman Suherman dan J. Satrio, _Batasan Umur (Kecakapan dan Kewenangan Bertindak Berdasar Batasan Umur),_ Jakarta: Nasional Legal Reform Program, 2010;   2. Subekti, _Hukum Perjanjian_. Jakarta: PT Intermasa, 2005; 3. Rachmat Firdaus dan Maya Ariyanti. _Manajemen Perkreditan Bank Umum: Teori, Masalah, Kebijakan dan Aplikasinya Lengkap Dengan Analisis Kredit_. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2009. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt548fdfd3a87d2/undang-undang-nomor-35-tahun-2014/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_35_2014) dan Pasal 1 angka 26 [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Ade Maman Suherman dan J. Satrio, _Batasan Umur (Kecakapan dan Kewenangan Bertindak Berdasar Batasan Umur),_ Jakarta: Nasional Legal Reform Program, 2010, hal. 127 dan 134 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 1330 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Tags ---- [hukum perjanjian](/tag/hukum-perjanjian) [kredit](/tag/kredit) [perjanjian](/tag/perjanjian)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITApa Itu SEMA dan Bagaimana Kedudukannya dalam Hukum?08 Feb 2024Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia 02 Mar 2023Kapan Suatu Undang-Undang Dinyatakan Berlaku? 27 Des 2022“Melawan” Revisi Undang-Undang dengan Pengujian Formal di MK 26 Sep 2019Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Seluk Beluk dan Proses Pencabutan Undang-Undang yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 7 Oktober 2014. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Tata Cara Pencabutan Undang-UndangSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa dalam UU 12/2011 dan perubahannya tidak mengenal istilah pembatalan undang-undang. Istilah “batal” dalam UU 12/2011 berkaitan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang dapat dibatalkan atau batal demi hukum apabila dibuat oleh lembaga negara atau pejabat yang tidak berwenang.[1]Pada dasarnya, suatu peraturan perundang-undangan hanya dapat dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku oleh peraturan perundang-undangan yang tingkatannya sama atau lebih tinggi.[2]Secara hierarki, undang-undang dapat dicabut oleh undang-undang atau dengan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang (“perppu”) yang kedudukannya setara. Sementara, hierarki yang lebih tinggi dari undang-undang adalah Tap MPR dan UUD 1945.[3] Akan tetapi, dalam hal mencabut suatu undang-undang tidak dimungkinkan untuk dilakukan oleh Tap MPR karena Tap MPR yang saat ini berlaku adalah Tap MPR sementara dan Tap MPR yang masih berlaku sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 dan Pasal 4 Tap MPR I/MPR/2003.[4]Baca juga: Kewenangan MPR Mengeluarkan Tap MPR Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945Selain itu, perlu diperhatikan pula bahwa pencabutan melalui peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi tingkatannya dilakukan jika peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi tersebut dimaksudkan untuk menampung kembali seluruh atau sebagian dari materi peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih rendah yang dicabut itu.[5]Maria Farida Indrati Soeprapto dalam bukunya Ilmu Perundang-Undangan Proses dan Teknik Pembentukannya (hal. 174) mengatakan bahwa pengertian pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan berbeda dengan pengertian perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan, sehingga pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan tidak merupakan bagian dari perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan.Demi kepastian hukum, pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan hendaknya tidak dirumuskan secara umum, tetapi menyebutkan dengan tegas peraturan perundang-undangan mana yang dicabut (hal. 133).Menurut Maria Farida, secara teori, pencabutan undang-undang dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu  (hal. 174-176):Pencabutan dengan PenggantianBagaimana proses pencabutan undang-undang dengan penggantian? Pencabutan dengan penggantian terjadi apabila suatu undang-undang yang ada digantikan dengan suatu undang-undang yang baru.Dalam pencabutan dengan penggantian ini, ketentuan pencabutan tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan (dalam pembukaan) ataupun diletakkan di belakang (dalam ketentuan penutup).Apabila ketentuan pencabutan tersebut diletakkan di depan (dalam pembukaan), maka ketentuan pencabutan ini berakibat bahwa undang-undang yang dinyatakan dicabut itu akan tercabut beserta akar-akarnya, dalam arti undang-undang tersebut tercabut beserta seluruh peraturan pelaksanaannya.Contoh perumusannya:MEMUTUSKAN:Dengan mencabut: UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR … TAHUN … TENTANG …Menetapkan         : UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG …Apabila ketentuan pencabutan tersebut diletakkan di belakang (dalam ketentuan penutup), undang-undang yang dicabut itu akan tercabut, tetapi tidak beserta akar-akarnya, dalam arti undang-undang tersebut tercabut namun peraturan pelaksanaannya masih dapat dinyatakan berlaku.Contoh perumusannya:KETENTUAN PENUTUP:Pasal …Dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang ini maka Undang-Undang Nomor .. Tahun … tentang … dinyatakan tidak berlaku (dicabut).Pencabutan tanpa PenggantianDalam pencabutan suatu undang-undang yang dilakukan tanpa penggantian, kerangka (kenvorm) dari undang-undang tersebut mempunyai kesamaan dengan perubahan undang-undang, yaitu dalam batang tubuhnya akan terdiri atas dua pasal yang berisi:Pasal 1: berisi tentang ketentuan pencabutan.Pasal 2: berisi tentang ketentuan mulai berlakunya undang-undang tersebut.Selanjutnya, pencabutan suatu undang-undang dengan undang-undang diajukan melaui rancangan undang-undang yang berasal dari DPR, Presiden, atau DPD. Namun, berbeda dengan pembentukan undang-undang pada umumnya, dalam rancangan undang-undangan pencabutan undang-undang tidak disertai naskah akademik.[6] Selengkapnya terkait dengan pembentukan undang-undang dapat Anda baca dalam Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia.Dalam mencabut suatu undang-undang karena undang-undang yang lama tidak diperlukan lagi dan diganti dengan yang baru, maka dalam undang-undang yang baru harus secara tegas mencabut undang-undang yang tidak diperlukan itu. Jika materi dalam undang-undang baru menyebabkan perlunya penggantian seluruh atau sebagian materi dalam undang-undang lama, di dalam undang-undang baru harus secara tegas diatur mengenai pencabutan seluruh atau pencabutan sebagian undang-undang.[7] Rumusan pencabutan undang-undang diawali dengan frasa “Pada saat undang-undang ini berlaku…” kecuali untuk pencabutan yang dilakukan dengan undang-undang pencabutan tersendiri.[8] Untuk mencabut undang-undang yang telah diundangkan dan telah mulai berlaku, maka menggunakan frasa “dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku.[9] Sedangkan untuk mencabut undang-undang yang telah diundangkan tetapi belum mulai berlaku, maka menggunakan frasa “ditarik kembali dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku.”[10]Jika undang-undang yang dicabut lebih dari satu, maka penulisan dilakukan dengan rincian dalam bentuk tabulasi.[11]Demi kepastian hukum, pencabutan undang-undang harus disebutkan dengan tegas undang-undang yang akan dicabut, dan tidak dirumuskan secara umum.[12]  Pencabutan undang-undang juga harus disertai dengan keterangan status hukum dari peraturan pelaksanaan atau keputusan yang telah dikeluarkan berdasarkan undang-undang yang dicabut tersebut.[13]Pencabutan undang-undang yang menggunakan metode omnibus hanya dapat diubah dan/atau dicabut dengan mengubah dan/atau mencabut undang-undang omnibus tersebut.[14] Misalnya Pasal 6 UU 26/2007 yang telah diubah dengan UU Cipta Kerja. Maka, untuk mengubah atau mencabut pasal tersebut hanya dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah dan/atau mencabut UU Cipta Kerja.[15]Sementara, undang-undang yang tidak diubah dengan metode omnibus, maka pencabutannya dilakukan melalui undang-undang yang sama. Misalnya Pasal 5 UU 26/2007 tidak diubah dalam UU Cipta Kerja. Maka, untuk mencabut atau mengubah pasal tersebut harus menggunakan undang-undang tentang penataan ruang.[16]Contoh pencabutan undang-undang adalah Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mencabut UU Cipta Kerja. Hal ini ditegaskan di dalam Ketentuan Penutup Pasal 185 Perppu Cipta Kerja bahwa dengan berlakunya Perppu Cipta Kerja ini, maka UU Cipta Kerja dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku.Perlu diketahui bahwa pencabutan suatu undang-undang melalui undang-undang yang baru dapat diketahui dalam ketentuan penutup undang-undang yang baru tersebut. ‘Pembatalan’ Undang-Undang Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Selain melalui pencabutan undang-undang dengan tata cara sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, suatu undang-undang dapat ‘dicabut’ atau ‘dibatalkan’ melalui putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (“MK”).Secara normatif, dalam UUD 1945 maupun dalam UU MK dan perubahannya, tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit kewenangan MK untuk mencabut ataupun membatalkan suatu undang-undang. Dalam Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD 1945 disebutkan bahwa MK berwenang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final untuk menguji undang-undang terhadap undang-undang dasar.Sementara, dalam UU 8/2011 ditegaskan bahwa dalam pengujian fomil, uraian permohonan berisi mengabulkan permohonan pemohon, menyatakan bahwa pembentukan undang-undang tidak memenuhi ketentuan pembentukan undang-undang berdasarkan UUD 1945, dan menyatakan undang-undang tersebut tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat.[17] Begitupula dalam pengujian materiil, permohonan berisi mengabulkan permohonan, menyatakan bahwa materi muatan ayat, pasal, dan/atau bagian dari undang-undang bertentangan dengan UUD 1945, dan menyatakan bahwa materi muatan, ayat, pasal, dan/atau bagian dari undang-undang yang dimaksud tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat.[18]Artinya, MK dalam memutus judicial review atau pengujian suatu undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945 dapat menyatakan bahwa suatu undang-undang tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat.Meskipun tidak dinyatakan secara eksplisit bahwa MK dapat ‘membatalkan’ suatu undang-undang, namun beberapa ahli, salah satunya Ni’matul Huda dalam buku Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (hal. 17) menyebutkan bahwa:Pada saat Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan membatalkan seluruh UU No. 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, dan membatalkan seluruh isi UU No. 27 Tahun 2004 tentang Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (UU KKR), banyak muncul tanggapan bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi telah melanggar prinsip larangan ultra petita. Contoh ‘pembatalan’ undang-undang oleh MK adalah Putusan MK No. 85/PUU-XI/2013 yang menyatakan bahwa UU 7/2004 tentang sumber daya air bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 dan tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum mengikat. Selain itu, dalam putusan tersebut juga dinyatakan untuk memberlakukan kembali UU 11/1974 tentang sumber daya air (hal. 146).Pasca putusan MK tersebut, dengan kata lain, undang-undang sumber daya air yang berlaku lagi adalah UU 11/1974, sedangkan UU 7/2004 dicabut atau dibatalkan.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Dasar Negara Repulik Indonesia Tahun 1945Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat I/MPR/2003 tentang Peninjauan Terhadap Materi dan Status Hukum Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara dan Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Tahun 1960 Sampai dengan Tahun 2002Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah KonstitusiUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah KonstitusiUndang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah KonstitusiUndang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah KonstitusiUndang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undanganUndang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undanganUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undanganPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPUTUSANPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013. REFERENSIMaria Farida Indrati Soeprapto. Ilmu Perundang-undangan Proses dan Teknik Pembentukannya. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007;Ni’matul Huda. Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2018.[1] Penjelasan Pasal 5 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan (“UU 12/2011”)[2] Lampiran II Nomor 158 UU 12/2011[3] Pasal 7 UU 12/2011[4] Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf b UU 12/2011[5] Lampiran II Nomor 224 UU 12/2011[6] Pasal 43 ayat (3) dan (4) huruf c UU 12/2011[7] Lampiran II Nomor 221 dan 222 UU 12/2011[8] Lampiran II Nomor 144 UU 12/2011[9] Lampiran II Nomor 146 UU 12/2011[10] Lampiran II Nomor 149 UU 12/2011[11] Lampiran II Nomor 147 UU 12/2011[12] Lampiran II Nomor 145 UU 12/2011[13] Lampiran II Nomor 148 UU 12/2011[14] Pasal 97A Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan (“UU 13/2022”)[15] Penjelasan Pasal 97A UU 13/2022[16] Penjelasan Pasal 97A UU 13/2022[17] Pasal 51 A ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi (“UU 8/2011”)[18] Pasal 51A ayat (5) UU 8/2011Tagsjudicial reviewmahkamah konstitusipencabutanpengujian undang-undangperaturan perundang-undanganundang-undang
Mohon penjelasan tentang dasar hukum pembatalan dan pencabutan undang-undang serta cara atau proses pencabutannya.
Suatu peraturan perundang-undangan pada dasarnya dapat dicabut dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang hierarkinya setara atau lebih tinggi. Dalam konteks undang-undang, suatu undang-undang dapat dicabut dengan undang-undang yang lain atau melalui peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang. Lantas, bagaimana tata cara pencabutan suatu undang-undang?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Apa Itu SEMA dan Bagaimana Kedudukannya dalam Hukum?08 Feb 2024Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia 02 Mar 2023Kapan Suatu Undang-Undang Dinyatakan Berlaku? 27 Des 2022“Melawan” Revisi Undang-Undang dengan Pengujian Formal di MK 26 Sep 2019Apa Itu SEMA dan Bagaimana Kedudukannya dalam Hukum?08 Feb 2024Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia 02 Mar 2023Kapan Suatu Undang-Undang Dinyatakan Berlaku? 27 Des 2022“Melawan” Revisi Undang-Undang dengan Pengujian Formal di MK 26 Sep 2019Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/tata-cara-pencabutan-undang-undang-lt542f9da05dba4/
Tata Cara Pencabutan Undang-Undang
pages/175/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Apa Itu SEMA dan Bagaimana Kedudukannya dalam Hukum? ](/klinik/a/apa-itu-sema-lt5da3d5db300a9/) ![Apa Itu SEMA dan Bagaimana Kedudukannya dalam Hukum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5da3d5db300a9/thumbnail_lt5dc5449e7c269.jpg) 08 Feb 2024 [ #### Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia ](/klinik/a/proses-pembentukan-undang-undang-di-indonesia-lt506c3ff06682e/) ![Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt506c3ff06682e/thumbnail_lt5e79d81d57f93.jpg) 02 Mar 2023 [ #### Kapan Suatu Undang-Undang Dinyatakan Berlaku? ](/klinik/a/kapan-suatu-undang-undang-dinyatakan-berlaku-lt541eaf939db4b/) ![Kapan Suatu Undang-Undang Dinyatakan Berlaku? ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt541eaf939db4b/thumbnail_lt63aa963659917.jpg) 27 Des 2022 [ #### “Melawan” Revisi Undang-Undang dengan Pengujian Formal di MK ](/klinik/a/melawan-revisi-undang-undang-dengan-pengujian-formal-di-mk-lt5d888e54d2c4a/) ![“Melawan” Revisi Undang-Undang dengan Pengujian Formal di MK ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d888e54d2c4a/thumbnail_lt5d8c88575fee9.jpg) 26 Sep 2019 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Seluk Beluk dan Proses Pencabutan Undang-Undang_ yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 7 Oktober 2014.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Tata Cara Pencabutan Undang-Undang** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa dalam **[UU 12/2011](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) **dan perubahannya**** tidak mengenal istilah pembatalan undang-undang. Istilah “batal” dalam UU 12/2011 berkaitan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang dapat dibatalkan atau batal demi hukum apabila dibuat oleh lembaga negara atau pejabat yang tidak berwenang.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Pada dasarnya, suatu peraturan perundang-undangan hanya dapat dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku oleh peraturan perundang-undangan yang tingkatannya sama atau lebih tinggi.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Secara hierarki, undang-undang dapat dicabut oleh undang-undang atau dengan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang (“perppu”) yang kedudukannya setara. Sementara, hierarki yang lebih tinggi dari undang-undang adalah Tap MPR dan UUD 1945.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Akan tetapi, dalam hal mencabut suatu undang-undang tidak dimungkinkan untuk dilakukan oleh Tap MPR karena Tap MPR yang saat ini berlaku adalah Tap MPR sementara dan Tap MPR yang masih berlaku sebagaimana dimaksud dalam **Pasal 2 dan Pasal 4 [Tap MPR I/MPR/2003](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Download/86368/ketetapan-mpr-ri-nomor-i-mpr-2003-1325650924.pdf)**.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Baca juga: **[Kewenangan MPR Mengeluarkan Tap MPR Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/kewenangan-mpr-mengeluarkan-tap-mpr-pasca-amendemen-uud-1945-lt6336c2d201947?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kewenangan_MPR_mengeluarkan)** Selain itu, perlu diperhatikan pula bahwa pencabutan melalui peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi tingkatannya dilakukan jika peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi tersebut dimaksudkan untuk menampung kembali seluruh atau sebagian dari materi peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih rendah yang dicabut itu.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) **Maria Farida Indrati Soeprapto** dalam bukunya _Ilmu Perundang-Undangan Proses dan Teknik Pembentukannya_ (hal. 174) mengatakan bahwa pengertian **pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan** berbeda dengan pengertian **perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan,** sehingga pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan tidak merupakan bagian dari perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan. Demi kepastian hukum, pencabutan peraturan perundang-undangan hendaknya tidak dirumuskan secara umum, tetapi menyebutkan dengan tegas peraturan perundang-undangan mana yang dicabut (hal. 133). Menurut Maria Farida, secara teori, pencabutan undang-undang dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu  (hal. 174-176): 1. **Pencabutan dengan Penggantian** Bagaimana proses pencabutan undang-undang dengan penggantian? Pencabutan dengan penggantian terjadi apabila suatu undang-undang yang ada digantikan dengan suatu undang-undang yang baru. Dalam pencabutan dengan penggantian ini, ketentuan pencabutan tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan (dalam pembukaan) ataupun diletakkan di belakang (dalam ketentuan penutup). Apabila ketentuan pencabutan tersebut diletakkan di depan (dalam pembukaan), maka ketentuan pencabutan ini berakibat bahwa undang-undang yang dinyatakan dicabut itu akan tercabut beserta akar-akarnya, dalam arti undang-undang tersebut tercabut beserta seluruh peraturan pelaksanaannya. Contoh perumusannya: MEMUTUSKAN: Dengan mencabut: UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR … TAHUN … TENTANG … Menetapkan         : UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG … Apabila ketentuan pencabutan tersebut diletakkan di belakang (dalam ketentuan penutup), undang-undang yang dicabut itu akan tercabut, tetapi tidak beserta akar-akarnya, dalam arti undang-undang tersebut tercabut namun peraturan pelaksanaannya masih dapat dinyatakan berlaku. Contoh perumusannya: KETENTUAN PENUTUP: Pasal … Dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang ini maka Undang-Undang Nomor .. Tahun … tentang … dinyatakan tidak berlaku (dicabut). 2. **Pencabutan tanpa Penggantian** Dalam pencabutan suatu undang-undang yang dilakukan tanpa penggantian, kerangka (_kenvorm_) dari undang-undang tersebut mempunyai kesamaan dengan perubahan undang-undang, yaitu dalam batang tubuhnya akan terdiri atas dua pasal yang berisi: 1. Pasal 1: berisi tentang ketentuan pencabutan. 2. Pasal 2: berisi tentang ketentuan mulai berlakunya undang-undang tersebut. Selanjutnya, pencabutan suatu undang-undang dengan undang-undang diajukan melaui rancangan undang-undang yang berasal dari DPR, Presiden, atau DPD. Namun, berbeda dengan pembentukan undang-undang pada umumnya, dalam rancangan undang-undangan pencabutan undang-undang tidak disertai naskah akademik.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Selengkapnya terkait dengan pembentukan undang-undang dapat Anda baca dalam **[Proses Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/proses-pembentukan-undang-undang-di-indonesia-lt506c3ff06682e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=proses_pembentukan_uu_di_indo)**. Dalam mencabut suatu undang-undang karena undang-undang yang lama tidak diperlukan lagi dan diganti dengan yang baru, maka dalam undang-undang yang baru **harus secara tegas mencabut undang-undang yang tidak diperlukan itu**. Jika materi dalam undang-undang baru menyebabkan perlunya penggantian seluruh atau sebagian materi dalam undang-undang lama, di dalam undang-undang baru harus secara tegas diatur mengenai pencabutan seluruh atau pencabutan sebagian undang-undang.[\[7\]](#_ftn7)  Rumusan pencabutan undang-undang diawali dengan frasa “Pada saat undang-undang ini berlaku…” kecuali untuk pencabutan yang dilakukan dengan undang-undang pencabutan tersendiri.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Untuk mencabut undang-undang yang telah diundangkan dan telah mulai berlaku, maka menggunakan frasa “dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Sedangkan untuk mencabut undang-undang yang telah diundangkan tetapi belum mulai berlaku, maka menggunakan frasa “ditarik kembali dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku.”[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Jika undang-undang yang dicabut lebih dari satu, maka penulisan dilakukan dengan rincian dalam bentuk tabulasi.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Demi kepastian hukum, pencabutan undang-undang harus disebutkan dengan tegas undang-undang yang akan dicabut, dan tidak dirumuskan secara umum.[\[12\]](#_ftn12)  Pencabutan undang-undang juga harus disertai dengan keterangan status hukum dari peraturan pelaksanaan atau keputusan yang telah dikeluarkan berdasarkan undang-undang yang dicabut tersebut.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) Pencabutan undang-undang yang menggunakan **metode omnibus** hanya dapat diubah dan/atau dicabut dengan mengubah dan/atau mencabut undang-undang omnibus tersebut.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) Misalnya **Pasal 6 [UU 26/2007](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26897/undangundang-nomor-26-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_26_2007)** yang telah diubah dengan **[UU Cipta Kerja.](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5fa0c347b9d4e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Cipta_Kerja)** Maka, untuk mengubah atau mencabut pasal tersebut hanya dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah dan/atau mencabut UU Cipta Kerja.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) Sementara, undang-undang yang tidak diubah dengan metode omnibus, maka pencabutannya dilakukan melalui undang-undang yang sama. Misalnya Pasal 5 UU 26/2007 tidak diubah dalam UU Cipta Kerja. Maka, untuk mencabut atau mengubah pasal tersebut harus menggunakan undang-undang tentang penataan ruang.[\[16\]](#_ftn16) Contoh pencabutan undang-undang adalah **[Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** yang mencabut UU Cipta Kerja. Hal ini ditegaskan di dalam Ketentuan Penutup **Pasal 185 Perppu Cipta** Kerja bahwa dengan berlakunya Perppu Cipta Kerja ini, maka UU Cipta Kerja dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku. Perlu diketahui bahwa pencabutan suatu undang-undang melalui undang-undang yang baru dapat diketahui dalam **ketentuan penutup** undang-undang yang baru tersebut. ### **‘Pembatalan’ Undang-Undang Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi** Selain melalui pencabutan undang-undang dengan tata cara sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, suatu undang-undang dapat ‘dicabut’ atau ‘dibatalkan’ melalui putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (“MK”). Secara normatif, dalam **[UUD 1945](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945)** maupun dalam **[UU MK](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13664/nprt/538/undangundang-nomor-24-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_24_2003)** dan perubahannya, tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit kewenangan MK untuk mencabut ataupun membatalkan suatu undang-undang. Dalam **Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD 1945** disebutkan bahwa MK berwenang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final untuk menguji undang-undang terhadap undang-undang dasar. Sementara, dalam **[UU 8/2011](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e3118f0c4f79/nprt/lt51ee17b11ad42/undangundang-nomor-8-tahun-2011?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_8_2011)** ditegaskan bahwa dalam pengujian fomil, uraian permohonan berisi mengabulkan permohonan pemohon, menyatakan bahwa pembentukan undang-undang tidak memenuhi ketentuan pembentukan undang-undang berdasarkan UUD 1945, dan menyatakan undang-undang tersebut tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat.[\[17\]](#_ftn17) Begitupula dalam pengujian materiil, permohonan berisi mengabulkan permohonan, menyatakan bahwa materi muatan ayat, pasal, dan/atau bagian dari undang-undang bertentangan dengan UUD 1945, dan menyatakan bahwa materi muatan, ayat, pasal, dan/atau bagian dari undang-undang yang dimaksud tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat.[\[18\]](#_ftn18) Artinya, MK dalam memutus _judicial review_ atau pengujian suatu undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945 dapat menyatakan bahwa suatu undang-undang tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat. Meskipun tidak dinyatakan secara eksplisit bahwa MK dapat ‘membatalkan’ suatu undang-undang, namun beberapa ahli, salah satunya **Ni’matul Huda** dalam buku _Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi_ (hal. 17) menyebutkan bahwa: _Pada saat Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan **membatalkan** seluruh UU No. 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, dan **membatalkan** seluruh isi UU No. 27 Tahun 2004 tentang Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (UU KKR), banyak muncul tanggapan bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi telah melanggar prinsip larangan ultra petita._ Contoh ‘pembatalan’ undang-undang oleh MK adalah **[Putusan MK No. 85/PUU-XI/2013](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt54ec57bbeb4ea/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-85-puu-xi-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_85_2013)** yang menyatakan bahwa UU 7/2004 tentang sumber daya air bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 dan tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum mengikat. Selain itu, dalam putusan tersebut juga dinyatakan untuk memberlakukan kembali UU 11/1974 tentang sumber daya air (hal. 146). Pasca putusan MK tersebut, dengan kata lain, undang-undang sumber daya air yang berlaku lagi adalah UU 11/1974, sedangkan UU 7/2004 dicabut atau dibatalkan. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Repulik Indonesia Tahun 1945 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945) Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat I/MPR/2003 tentang Peninjauan Terhadap Materi dan Status Hukum Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara dan Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Tahun 1960 Sampai dengan Tahun 2002 [](https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Download/86368/ketetapan-mpr-ri-nomor-i-mpr-2003-1325650924.pdf) Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13664/nprt/538/undangundang-nomor-24-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_24_2003) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e3118f0c4f79/nprt/lt51ee17b11ad42/undangundang-nomor-8-tahun-2011?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_8_2011) Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e63b5c46dc0/nprt/lt51ee17b11ad42/undang-undang-nomor-4-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_4_2014) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f76abc40155f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_7_2020) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5da039a94937f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_15_2019) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62b01b9e7e96e/undang-undang-nomor-13-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt54ec57bbeb4ea/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-85-puu-xi-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_85_2013). REFERENSI --------- 1. Maria Farida Indrati Soeprapto. _Ilmu Perundang-undangan Proses dan Teknik Pembentukannya._ Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007; 2. Ni’matul Huda. _Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi._ Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2018. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Penjelasan Pasal 5 [Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) (“UU 12/2011”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Lampiran II Nomor 158 UU 12/2011 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 7 UU 12/2011 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Penjelasan Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf b UU 12/2011 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Lampiran II Nomor 224 UU 12/2011 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 43 ayat (3) dan (4) huruf c UU 12/2011 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Lampiran II Nomor 221 dan 222 UU 12/2011 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Lampiran II Nomor 144 UU 12/2011 [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Lampiran II Nomor 146 UU 12/2011 [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Lampiran II Nomor 149 UU 12/2011 [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Lampiran II Nomor 147 UU 12/2011 [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Lampiran II Nomor 145 UU 12/2011 [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Lampiran II Nomor 148 UU 12/2011 [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 97A [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62b01b9e7e96e/undang-undang-nomor-13-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2022) (“UU 13/2022”) [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Penjelasan Pasal 97A UU 13/2022 [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Penjelasan Pasal 97A UU 13/2022 [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) Pasal 51 A ayat (4) [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e3118f0c4f79/nprt/lt51ee17b11ad42/undangundang-nomor-8-tahun-2011?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_8_2011) (“UU 8/2011”) [\[18\]](#_ftnref18) Pasal 51A ayat (5) UU 8/2011 Tags ---- [judicial review](/tag/judicial-review) [mahkamah konstitusi](/tag/mahkamah-konstitusi) [pencabutan](/tag/pencabutan) [pengujian undang-undang](/tag/pengujian-undang_undang) [peraturan perundang-undangan](/tag/peraturan-perundang_undangan) [undang-undang](/tag/undang_undang)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya which was written by Nafiatul Munawaroh and was published on Wednesday, 21 December 2022. This article below is the fourth update of the article entitled Procedure for Reporting Criminal Incidents to the Police Station (Prosedur Melaporkan Peristiwa Pidana ke Kantor Polisi) which was first written by Harry Kurniawan, S.H., and was first published on Wednesday, 17 October 2018, and was updated for the first time by Sovia Hasanah, S.H., on Wednesday, 26 September 2018, and was updated for the second time by Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., on Tuesday, 10 March 2020, and was updated for the third time on Friday, 11 December 2020.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Are you aware of a crime and wish to report it to the police? In the following, we have summarized the procedure for reporting criminal incidents to the police station. Read the article to the end!Police ReportBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Article 1 Number 24 Criminal Procedure Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana/ “KUHAP”) states that a report is a notification delivered by a person due to a right or obligation according to the law to an authorized official regarding the occurrence of a criminal event that happened, or happening at the moment, or might happen.From the explanation above, the reported event might not be necessarily a criminal act, so it is necessary to conduct an initial investigation by the authorized official first to determine whether the act is a criminal act or not. We as people who see a crime have an obligation to report said action.Therefore, who has the right to report crimes to the police? Any person who experiences, sees, witnesses, and/or becomes a victim of a criminal act has the right to submit a report or complaint to an initial investigator and/or investigator, either verbally or in writing.How to Report Crimes to the PoliceGo to the nearest police station from the location where the crime occurred. Previously, you should know the following jurisdictions and police administration areas:Police jurisdiction includes:Jurisdiction of Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Republik Indonesia/ “POLRI”) headquarters or as known as MABES POLRI for the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;Jurisdiction of Regional Police (Kepolisian Daerah/ “POLDA”) for provincial areas;Jurisdiction of Resort/Departmental Police (Polisi Resor/ “POLRES”) for regencies/cities;Jurisdiction of Sectoral Police (Kepolisian Sektor/ “POLSEK”) for sub-district. Police administration areas are divided into jurisdictions based on regional government and integrated criminal justice system.For example, if you witness a criminal act in a sub-district, then you can report it to the nearest POLSEK where the crime occurred. However, you may also report to the higher administrative areas, such as the POLRES, POLDA, or MABES POLRI.            Report either in writing, verbally, or by means of electronic media to the Integrated Police Service Center (Sentra Pelayanan Kepolisian Terpadu/ "SPKT"), which is the implementing element of the main duty which leads and controls the integrated police service to the public report and presents information relating to the duties of the police.Upon the report received by the SPKT (investigator/co-investigator), an initial review will be conducted in order to assess the feasibility of making a police report.The police report is then numbered as an Investigation Administration Registration, namely the recording of investigation process activities manually and/or through an investigation e-management application.After a police report has been drawn up, the investigator/co-investigator shall examine the complainant in the form of an official report on the interview of the reporting witness/ complainant.After that, based on the report and initial investigation warrant, an initial investigation process will be carried out.If the reported event constitutes a criminal act, then based on the police report and investigation warrant, an investigation process shall be conducted.Investigation ProcedureAccording to the Regulation of the Chief of Indonesian National Police 6/2019, the investigation mechanisms are carried out as follows:After an investigation order has been issued, a Notice of Commencement of Investigation (Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan/ “SPDP”) is drawn up;The SPDP shall be sent to the public prosecutor, the complainant/victim, and the reported party within a maximum of 7 days after the issuance of the investigation warrant;If a suspect is determined more than 7 days after the issuance of an investigation warrant, a notification of the determination of the suspect shall be sent along with the previous SPDP;If the investigator has not submitted the case file within 30 days to the public prosecutor, the investigator must notify the progress of the case by enclosing the SPDP;Prior to conducting an investigation, an investigator must draw up an investigation plan which is submitted to the investigator's supervisor.By reporting a crime to the police, we are helping to ease the task of the police in maintaining a safe environment. Therefore, the reporting of alleged crimes is free of charge.If any person demands payment, you may report that person to the Profession and Security Section (Seksi Profesi dan Pengamanan/ "Propam") of the Indonesian National Police.Police Call Center ServicesIs the call center service accessible for 24 hours? As far as we know, SPKT duty pickets receive reports 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.According to the information on the Call Center 110 website, citizens who make calls to the access number 110 will be directly connected to agents who will provide services in the form of information, reporting (accidents, disasters, riots, etc.), and complaints (insults, threats, acts of violence, etc.) free of charge.However, the Indonesian National Police still urges the 110 services not to be created as a joke, because if this happens, the Police will certainly track down people who make false reports.In the event that you have submitted a report but the police do not follow up on the report, please read the full explanation in the article entitled Procedures if the Police Do Not Follow Up Case Reports.Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 8 of 1981 on the Criminal Procedure Code;Government Regulation Number 23 of 2007 on Jurisdiction of the Indonesian National Police;Regulation of the Indonesian National Police Number 2 of 2021 on Organizational Structure and Work at the Level of Resort/Departmental Police and Sectoral Police;Regulation of the Chief of Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2019 on Criminal Investigation.Reference:Call Center 110, accessed on 20 December 2022, at 20.01 West Indonesia Time (zone);Sentra Pelayanan Kepolisian Terpadu, accessed on 20 December 2022 at 16.27 West Indonesia Time (zone). Tagsklinik english edition
What is the correct procedure for reporting crimes that we see to the Indonesian National Police? Is the complaint service at the police station in Indonesia available for 24 hours? Including the 110 service, is it the same as the 911 in America which is available for 24 hours? Then, when we report a crime, will we be charged, or is it free of charge? Thank you.
If you wish to report a criminal act or crime, you may directly come to the nearest police station of the location where the crime occurred. For example, if you observe a criminal act in a sub-district, then you may report it to the nearest Sectoral Police (Kepolisian Sektor/ “POLSEK”) in which the crime occurred. However, you may also report to other higher administrative areas, such as Resort/Departmental Police (Polisi Resor/ “POLRES”), Regional Police (Kepolisian Daerah/ “POLDA”), or the Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Republik Indonesia/ “POLRI”) headquarters. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/do-you-want-to-report-a-crime-to-the-police-these-are-the-procedures-lt63cfa789961b7/
Do You Want to Report a Crime to the Police? These are the Procedures
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mau-melaporkan-tindak-pidana-ke-polisi-begini-prosedurnya-lt504d52481c208/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mau_lapor_tindak_pidana_ke_polisi) which was written by [**Nafiatul Munawaroh**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/nafiatul-munawaroh--sh--mh-lt627b7907691c3) and was published on Wednesday, 21 December 2022. This article below is the fourth update of the article entitled **Procedure for Reporting Criminal Incidents to the Police Station (Prosedur Melaporkan Peristiwa Pidana ke Kantor Polisi)** which was first written by [**Harry Kurniawan, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt4fdf0761a5056/mitra/lt4f82a0fb58603/harry-kurniawan--sh), and was first published on Wednesday, 17 October 2018, and was updated for the first time by [**Sovia Hasanah, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt57d2913a130b4/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh), on Wednesday, 26 September 2018, and was updated for the second time by [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c), on Tuesday, 10 March 2020, and was updated for the third time on Friday, 11 December 2020. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Are you aware of a crime and wish to report it to the police? In the following, we have summarized the procedure for reporting criminal incidents to the police station. Read the article to the end! ### **Police Report** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Article 1 Number 24** [**Criminal Procedure Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) **(Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana/ “KUHAP”)** states that a **report** is a **notification delivered by a person** due to a right or obligation according to the law to an authorized official regarding the occurrence of a **criminal event that happened, or happening at the moment, or might happen**. From the explanation above, the reported event might not be necessarily a criminal act, so **it is necessary to conduct an initial investigation** by the authorized official first to determine whether the act is a criminal act or not. We as people who see a crime have an obligation to report said action. Therefore, who has the right to report crimes to the police? Any person who experiences, sees, witnesses, and/or becomes a victim of a criminal act has the right to submit a report or complaint to an initial investigator and/or investigator, either verbally or in writing. ### **How to Report Crimes to the Police** 1. Go to the nearest police station from the location where the crime occurred. Previously, you should know the following jurisdictions and police administration areas: 1. **Police jurisdiction** includes: 1. Jurisdiction of **Indonesian National Police** (Kepolisian Republik Indonesia/ “POLRI”) **headquarters** or as known as **MABES POLRI** for the territory of the **Republic of Indonesia**; 2. Jurisdiction of **Regional Police (Kepolisian Daerah/ “POLDA”)** for **provincial** areas; 3. Jurisdiction of **Resort/Departmental Police (Polisi Resor/ “POLRES”)** for **regencies/cities**; 4. Jurisdiction of **Sectoral Police (Kepolisian Sektor/ “POLSEK”)** for **sub-district**. 2. **Police administration areas** are divided into jurisdictions based on regional government and integrated criminal justice system. For example, if you witness a criminal act in a sub-district, then you can report it to the nearest POLSEK where the crime occurred. However, you may also report to the higher administrative areas, such as the POLRES, POLDA, or MABES POLRI.             2. Report either **in writing**, **verbally,** or by means of **electronic media** to the [**Integrated Police Service Center**](https://polri.go.id/spkt) **(Sentra Pelayanan Kepolisian Terpadu/ "SPKT")**, which is the implementing element of the main duty which leads and controls the integrated police service to the public report and presents information relating to the duties of the police. 3. Upon the report received by the SPKT (investigator/co-investigator), an initial review will be conducted in order to assess the feasibility of making a police report. 4. The police report is then numbered as an Investigation Administration Registration, namely the recording of investigation process activities manually and/or through an investigation e-management application. 5. After a police report has been drawn up, the investigator/co-investigator shall examine the complainant in the form of an official report on the interview of the reporting witness/ complainant. 6. After that, based on the report and initial investigation warrant, an initial investigation process will be carried out. 7. If the reported event constitutes a criminal act, then based on the police report and investigation warrant, an investigation process shall be conducted. ### **Investigation Procedure** According to the [**Regulation of the Chief of Indonesian National Police 6/2019**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5da0317cf00d7?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perkapolri_6_2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perkapolri_6_2019), the investigation mechanisms are carried out as follows: 1. After an investigation order has been issued, a Notice of Commencement of Investigation (Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan/ “SPDP”) is drawn up; 2. The SPDP shall be sent to the public prosecutor, the complainant/victim, and the reported party within a maximum of 7 days after the issuance of the investigation warrant; 3. If a suspect is determined more than 7 days after the issuance of an investigation warrant, a notification of the determination of the suspect shall be sent along with the previous SPDP; 4. If the investigator has not submitted the case file within 30 days to the public prosecutor, the investigator must notify the progress of the case by enclosing the SPDP; 5. Prior to conducting an investigation, an investigator must draw up an investigation plan which is submitted to the investigator's supervisor. By reporting a crime to the police, we are helping to ease the task of the police in maintaining a safe environment. Therefore, the reporting of alleged crimes is **free of charge**. If any **person demands payment**, you may report that person to the **Profession and Security Section (Seksi Profesi dan Pengamanan/ "Propam") of the Indonesian National Police**. ### **Police Call Center Services** Is the call center service accessible for 24 hours? As far as we know, SPKT duty pickets receive reports 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. According to the information on the [**Call Center 110**](https://polri.go.id/110) website, citizens who make calls to the access number 110 will be directly connected to agents who will provide services in the form of information, reporting (accidents, disasters, riots, etc.), and complaints (insults, threats, acts of violence, etc.) free of charge. However, the Indonesian National Police still urges the 110 services not to be created as a joke, because if this happens, the Police will certainly track down people who make false reports. In the event that you have submitted a report but the police do not follow up on the report, please read the full explanation in the article entitled [**Procedures if the Police Do Not Follow Up Case Reports**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/prosedur-bila-polisi-tidak-menindaklanjuti-laporan-perkara-lt52d18edc204a5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=prosedur_polisi_tidak_menindaklanjuti_laporan). Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click [**here**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 8 of 1981 on the Criminal Procedure Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP); 2. [Government Regulation Number 23 of 2007 on Jurisdiction of the Indonesian National Police](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27055/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-23-tahun-2007/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_23_2007); 3. [Regulation of the Indonesian National Police Number 2 of 2021 on Organizational Structure and Work at the Level of Resort/Departmental Police and Sectoral Police](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6255466d3a115?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpolri_2_2021); 4. [Regulation of the Chief of Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2019 on Criminal Investigation](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5da0317cf00d7?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perkapolri_6_2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perkapolri_6_2019). Reference: 1. [Call Center 110](https://polri.go.id/110), accessed on 20 December 2022, at 20.01 West Indonesia Time (zone); 2. [Sentra Pelayanan Kepolisian Terpadu](https://polri.go.id/spkt), accessed on 20 December 2022 at 16.27 West Indonesia Time (zone). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Surat Pernyataan Diketik atau Ditulis Tangan, Lebih Kuat Mana? which was written by Nafiatul Munawaroh and was published on Friday, 6 January 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled Handwritten and Typed Statement Letter, Which is Stronger? (Surat Pernyataan Bertuliskan Tangan dengan Diketik, Lebih Kuat Mana?) which was written by Dr. Flora Dianti, S,H., M.H., and was first published on Tuesday, 5 May 2020.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Statement letters or affidavits are often required in various aspects of life, namely in education, work, etc. In simple terms, an affidavit can be defined as a letter made to state one's ability.Affidavits in the Indonesian Civil CodeBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Affidavits can be said as unilateral engagements, which are subject to the provisions of Article 1313 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Article 1313 of the Indonesian Civil Code explains that an agreement is an act in which one or more persons bind themselves to one or more persons.Furthermore, an affidavit is said to be unilateral because only the party making the statement has the legal obligation to implement said statement. The other party has no obligation to implement any statement which is made.Handwritten and Typed AffidavitsBased on the types, affidavits can be classified into two, namely affidavits that are made by hand and affidavits which are made by way of typing.In relation to these two types of affidavits, it is important to note that both handwritten and typed affidavits can be used as valid/ legal evidence, including in privately made deeds.In the Indonesian Civil Code itself, there are two types of deeds, namely authentic deeds and private deeds. Authentic deeds are deeds drawn up in the form determined according to the law, by or before a public/general official who is authorized to do so at the place where the deed was made.[1]On the other hand, private deeds are privately signed deeds, letters, lists, household affairs letters, and other writings which are drawn up without the intermediary of a public/general official.[2]Also read: Authentic Deeds and Private DeedsStrength of Proof of AffidavitAs already mentioned, either handwritten or typed affidavits can be used as valid/legal evidence.Furthermore, a private deed (in this case a statement letter) has perfect proving power as well as an authentic deed if the validity of the letter is acknowledged by the person who is presented to it (the person who signed it).This is regulated in Article 1875 of the Indonesian Civil Code which explains that a handwritten letter that is acknowledged by the person who is brought before it or legally is deemed to have been justified by it, gives rise to complete evidence such as an authentic deed for the people who signed it, the heir as well as persons who derive their rights from them.In affirming the answer to your question, we would like to emphasize that there are no provisions that require affidavits to be handwritten or typed. Thus, between the two, neither is more legitimate or superior (stronger) or inferior (weak).These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Civil Code.[1] Article 1868 of the Indonesian Civil Code.[2] Article 1874 of the Indonesian Civil Code.Tagsklinik english edition
Between handwritten affidavits and a typed (formatted) letter, which one is stronger or more legitimate?
There are no provisions that require affidavits to be handwritten or typed. Thus, between the two, neither one is superior nor inferior. Therefore, can both be used as valid/legal evidence? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/typed-or-handwritten-affidavit-which-is-more-legitimate--lt63cfa5f7d5f99/
Typed or Handwritten Affidavit, Which is more Legitimate?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Surat Pernyataan Diketik atau Ditulis Tangan, Lebih Kuat Mana?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/surat-pernyataan-diketik-atau-ditulis-tangan-lebih-kuat-mana-lt5e6b0cb4396a8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=surat_tertulis_diketik_lebih_kuat_mana) which was written by [**Nafiatul Munawaroh**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/nafiatul-munawaroh--sh--mh-lt627b7907691c3) and was published on Friday, 6 January 2023. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Handwritten and Typed Statement Letter, Which is Stronger? (Surat Pernyataan Bertuliskan Tangan dengan Diketik, Lebih Kuat Mana?)** which was written by [**Dr. Flora Dianti, S,H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lkbh-pps-fh-ui-lt5dce1ec49cd4b/dr-flora-dianti--sh--mh-lt4dde4ecec2cf0)**,** and was first published on Tuesday, 5 May 2020. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Statement letters or affidavits are often required in various aspects of life, namely in education, work, etc. In simple terms, an affidavit can be defined as a letter made to state one's ability. ### **Affidavits in the Indonesian Civil Code** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Affidavits can be said as unilateral engagements, which are subject to the provisions of **Article 1313 of the** [**Indonesian Civil Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). Article 1313 of the Indonesian Civil Code explains that an agreement is an act in which one or more persons bind themselves to one or more persons. Furthermore, an affidavit is said to be unilateral because only the party making the statement has the legal obligation to implement said statement. The other party has no obligation to implement any statement which is made. ### **Handwritten and Typed Affidavits** Based on the types, affidavits can be classified into two, namely affidavits that are made by hand and affidavits which are made by way of typing. In relation to these two types of affidavits, it is important to note that both handwritten and typed affidavits can be used as valid/ legal evidence, including in privately made deeds. In the Indonesian Civil Code itself, there are two types of deeds, namely authentic deeds and private deeds. Authentic deeds are deeds drawn up in the form determined according to the law, by or before a public/general official who is authorized to do so at the place where the deed was made.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) On the other hand, private deeds are privately signed deeds, letters, lists, household affairs letters, and other writings which are drawn up without the intermediary of a public/general official.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Also read: [**Authentic Deeds and Private Deeds**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/akta-autentik-dan-akta-di-bawah-tangan-lt63a2eaabaf2db?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=akta_autentik_dan_di_bawah_tangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=akta_autentik_dan_bawah_tangan) ### **Strength of Proof of Affidavit** As already mentioned, either handwritten or typed affidavits can be used as valid/legal evidence. Furthermore, a private deed (in this case a statement letter) has perfect proving power as well as an authentic deed if the validity of the letter is acknowledged by the person who is presented to it (the person who signed it). This is regulated in **Article 1875 of the Indonesian Civil Code** which explains that a handwritten letter that is acknowledged by the person who is brought before it or legally is deemed to have been justified by it, gives rise to complete evidence such as an authentic deed for the people who signed it, the heir as well as persons who derive their rights from them. In affirming the answer to your question, we would like to emphasize that there are no provisions that require affidavits to be handwritten or typed. Thus, between the two, neither is more legitimate or superior (stronger) or inferior (weak). These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Civil Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1868 of the [Indonesian Civil Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 1874 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Status Kewarganegaraan WNI Keturunan Tionghoa yang Lahir di Indonesia which was written by Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H. and was published on Saturday, 23 June 2012. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.According to the book Menggugat SBKRI or Suing SKBRI which is published by Yayasan Pengkajian Hukum Indonesia (“YPHI”) (p. 39) it is explained that in international private law, there are two principles regarding nationality status, namely:The principle of heredity (Ius sanguinis);The principle of birth (Ius soli).The determination of nationality through heredity (ius sanguinis), is a child who was born to the father (or mother if there is no legal relationship with the father), then the nationality of the child is the nationality of the parents in question regardless of where the child was born. The determination of nationality through the person's place of birth (ius soli) is a person's nationality that is determined according to the region/country where he/she was born.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas From what you have described, both you and your parents were born in Indonesia. However, you still do not know clearly about your parents' citizenship or nationality status. If we refer to Article 4 letter i Law 12/2006, children born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, whose citizenship or nationality status of the father and mother is unclear at the time of birth, are considered as Indonesian citizens. Therefore, both you and your parents are Indonesian citizens.According to the same book, in the making of Law 12/2006, the pro-sanguine group actually won, but with moderation. Thus, a child who should follow the nationality of the parents while it is still unclear what the nationality of the parents is, the nationality of the child follows the place where he/she was born.So, you are an Indonesian citizen and there is no need to apply for proof of citizenship. And with your status as an Indonesian citizen, you have the same rights as any other Indonesian citizen, including obtaining an identity card (Kartu Tanda Penduduk/ “KTP”). The process and requirements for the issuance of KTP can be found on the website of the Department of Population and Civil Registration.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia;Tagsklinik english edition
I am a child of Chinese descent. I was born in Indonesia and am currently 24 years old (my mother and father were also born in Indonesia). The citizenship status of my father and mother is unclear, whether they are considered as Indonesian citizens or foreigners. According to my father, he applied to become an Indonesian citizen many years ago, but until now there has been no news of any result. With the existence of Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, I have read from the sections “i” and “k” that I am an Indonesian citizen. However, have I really become an Indonesian citizen, or do I still need to apply for my citizenship at the Population and Civil Registration Office, either in Jakarta or in my birthplace? If I am now an Indonesian citizen, can I make an ID card (which documents should I bring)? Thank you for your answer. Regards, Edoardo Kusuma.
Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/nationality-status-of-chinese-indonesian-born-in-indonesia-lt63cfa421375dd/
Nationality Status of Chinese Indonesian Born in Indonesia
pages/175/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Status Kewarganegaraan WNI Keturunan Tionghoa yang Lahir di Indonesia_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/cara-menjadi-wni-dari-tionghoa-keturunan-lt4fdcb4f7a44e0?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=status_warga_keturunan_tionghoa) which was written by [**Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/diana-kusumasari--sh--mh-lt4d37c414e08df) and was published on Saturday, 23 June 2012. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). According to the book **_Menggugat SBKRI_** or **Suing SKBRI** which is published by **_Yayasan Pengkajian Hukum Indonesia_ (“YPHI”)** (p. 39) it is explained that in international private law, there are two principles regarding nationality status, namely: 1. The principle of heredity (Ius sanguinis); 2. The principle of birth (Ius soli). The determination of nationality through heredity (ius sanguinis), is a child who was born to the father (or mother if there is no legal relationship with the father), then the nationality of the child is the nationality of the parents in question regardless of where the child was born. The determination of nationality through the person's place of birth (ius soli) is a person's nationality that is determined according to the region/country where he/she was born. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) From what you have described, both you and your parents were born in Indonesia. However, you still do not know clearly about your parents' citizenship or nationality status. If we refer to **Article 4 letter i** [**Law 12/2006**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006), children born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, whose citizenship or nationality status of the father and mother is unclear at the time of birth, are considered as Indonesian citizens. Therefore, both you and your parents are Indonesian citizens. According to the same book, in the making of Law 12/2006, the pro-sanguine group actually won, but with moderation. Thus, a child who should follow the nationality of the parents while it is still unclear what the nationality of the parents is, the nationality of the child follows the place where he/she was born. So, you are an Indonesian citizen and there is no need to apply for proof of citizenship. And with your status as an Indonesian citizen, you have the same rights as any other Indonesian citizen, including obtaining an identity card (Kartu Tanda Penduduk/ “KTP”). The process and requirements for the issuance of KTP can be found on the website of the [**Department of Population and Civil Registration**](https://kependudukancapil.jakarta.go.id/). These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITUpah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Karyawan Tetap Digaji Harian, Bolehkah?13 Okt 2021Apakah Besarnya Take Home Pay Setara Upah Minimum?15 Mar 2021Bolehkah Menyepakati Upah di Bawah Upah Minimum?02 Feb 2021Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran keempat dari artikel dengan judul sama yang ditulis oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 22 Februari 2013, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kali pada Senin, 17 April 2017, kedua kalinya pada 20 Desember 2018, dan ketiga kalinya pada Kamis, 18 November 2021 oleh Erizka Permatasari, S.H. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Kami asumsikan bahwa yang Anda maksud dengan UMP adalah Upah Minimum Provinsi dan UMK adalah Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota. Sebelumnya, kami akan menerangkan terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan UMP dan UMK. Upah MinimumUpah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yang ditetapkan oleh gubernur sebagai jaring pengaman. Upah minimum terdiri atas:[1]Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP)Merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di suatu provinsi yang penetapannya wajib ditetapkan oleh gubernur.[2]Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota (UMK)Merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di setiap kabupaten/kota yang pengajuannya dilakukan oleh bupati/walikota untuk ditetapkan oleh gubernur. Gubernur dapat menetapkan UMK dalam hal hasil penghitungan upah minimum kabupaten/kota lebih tinggi dari UMP.[3]Adapun penetapan upah minimum dilakukan bagi:[4] daerah yang telah memiliki upah minimum; kabupaten/kota yang belum memiliki upah minimum; dan daerah hasil pemekaran. Istilah UMR Tidak Lagi DigunakanLalu bagaimana dengan istilah UMR? Disarikan dari artikel Perbedaan UMR, UMP dan UMK dalam Dunia Kerja, UMR atau Upah Minimum Regional adalah upah minimum yang berlaku di tingkat provinsi termasuk kabupaten/kota di dalamnya. Namun sekaligus menjawab pertanyaan Anda, istilah UMR kini tidak lagi digunakan dan berganti istilah menjadi UMP untuk tingkat I (provinsi) dan UMK untuk tingkat II (kabupaten/kota) (hal. 1-2). Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika dalam suatu daerah telah diatur besar UMP dan UMK, maka manakah yang dijadikan acuan dalam penentuan besar upah karyawan di daerah tersebut? UMP atau UMK?Mengingat penetapan UMK hanya dilakukan apabila hasil perhitungan UMK lebih tinggi daripada UMP, berdasarkan Pasal 8 ayat (1) dan (2) Permenaker 18/2022 yang berbunyi:Penetapan upah minimum bagi kabupaten/kota yang belum memiliki upah minimum harus memenuhi syarat tertentu. Syarat tertentu pada ayat (1) yaitu: rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi kabupaten/kota yang bersangkutan selama 3 tahun terakhir dari data yang tersedia pada periode yang sama, lebih tinggi dibandingkan rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi provinsi; ataunilai pertumbuhan ekonomi dikurangi inflasi kabupaten/kota yang bersangkutan selama 3 tahun terakhir dari data yang tersedia pada periode yang sama, selalu positif, dan lebih tinggi dari nilai provinsi. Dengan demikian, lingkup keberlakuan ketentuan UMK lebih khusus dari UMP. Ini berarti, ketentuan mengenai UMP berlaku bagi seluruh kabupaten/kota di suatu provinsi apabila kabupaten-kabupaten/kota-kota di provinsi tersebut belum ada pengaturan mengenai UMK masing-masing kabupaten/kota. Sedangkan, jika dalam suatu kabupaten/kota sudah terdapat ketentuan mengenai UMK (yang jumlahnya harus lebih besar dari UMP), maka yang berlaku bagi perusahaan untuk memberikan upah bagi pegawainya adalah ketentuan UMK. Contoh Penerapan Antara UMP dan UMKSebagai contoh, kita dapat merujuk pada upah minimum pada 35 kabupaten/kota di provinsi Jawa Tengah tahun 2023 yang ditetapkan melalui Kepgub Jawa Tengah 561/54/2022. Pada Diktum Ketujuh disebutkan bagi perusahaan yang wilayah kerjanya meliputi beberapa kabupaten/kota dilarang membayar upah pekerjanya lebih rendah dari upah minimum yang berlaku di kabupaten/kota.Kami mencontohkan pada tahun 2023, kota Semarang ditetapkan UMK sebesar Rp3.060.348,78 yang mana lebih besar daripada UMP Jawa Tengah sebesar Rp1.958.169,69.[5]Baca juga:  Cek Daftar Lengkap UMP 2023 se-IndonesiaPerkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwi bahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 18 Tahun 2022 tentang Penetapan Upah Minimum Tahun 2023Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/50 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/54 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Pada 35 (Tiga Puluh Lima) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 jo. Pasal 5 ayat (1) Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 18 Tahun 2022 tentang Penetapan Upah Minimum Tahun 2023 (“Permenaker 18/2022”)[2] Pasal 88C ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu 2/2022”)[3] Pasal 88C ayat (2) dan (3) Perppu 2/2022[4] Pasal 5 ayat (3) Permenaker 18/2022[5] Lampiran Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/54 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Pada 35 (Tiga Puluh Lima) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023 dan Diktum Kesatu Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/50 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023Tagsgajikaryawanketenagakerjaanpegawaipekerjapengusahaperusahaanumkumpupahupah minimumupah minimum provinsi
Apa perbedaan UMP dan UMK? mana yang harus menjadi acuan perusahaan untuk memberikan upah bagi pegawainya? Sedangkan, antara UMP dan UMK, setahu saya besarannya berbeda. Lalu apakah sekarang istilah UMR sudah tidak dipakai?
Istilah UMR atau Upah Minimum Regional tidak lagi digunakan dan berganti istilah menjadi UMP (Upah Minimum Provinsi) untuk tingkat I (provinsi) dan UMK (Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota) untuk tingkat II (kabupaten/kota). UMP merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di suatu provinsi yang penetapannya wajib ditetapkan oleh gubernur. Sedangkan UMK merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di setiap kabupaten/kota yang pengajuannya dilakukan oleh bupati/walikota untuk ditetapkan oleh gubernur. Jika dalam suatu daerah telah diatur besar UMK, maka yang berlaku adalah UMK. Mengapa demikian?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Karyawan Tetap Digaji Harian, Bolehkah?13 Okt 2021Apakah Besarnya Take Home Pay Setara Upah Minimum?15 Mar 2021Bolehkah Menyepakati Upah di Bawah Upah Minimum?02 Feb 2021Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya06 Sep 2023Karyawan Tetap Digaji Harian, Bolehkah?13 Okt 2021Apakah Besarnya Take Home Pay Setara Upah Minimum?15 Mar 2021Bolehkah Menyepakati Upah di Bawah Upah Minimum?02 Feb 2021Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mana-yang-jadi-acuan-ump-atau-umk-lt51209025aacaf/
Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?
pages/175/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya ](/klinik/a/upah-di-bawah-standar-minimum--ini-langkah-hukumnya-lt4c85f88b626af/) ![Upah di Bawah Standar Minimum, Ini Langkah Hukumnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4c85f88b626af/thumbnail_lt64f881d94bd3a.jpg) 06 Sep 2023 [ #### Karyawan Tetap Digaji Harian, Bolehkah? ](/klinik/a/karyawan-tetap-digaji-harian--bolehkah-lt61010c031ede3/) ![Karyawan Tetap Digaji Harian, Bolehkah?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt61010c031ede3/thumbnail_lt6166b61bd7156.jpg) 13 Okt 2021 [ #### Apakah Besarnya _Take Home Pay_ Setara Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/apakah-besarnya-itake-home-pay-i-setara-upah-minimum-lt4f1fe901b8298/) ![Apakah Besarnya <i>Take Home Pay</i> Setara Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f1fe901b8298/thumbnail_lt604edeb0bba12.jpg) 15 Mar 2021 [ #### Bolehkah Menyepakati Upah di Bawah Upah Minimum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-menyepakati-upah-di-bawah-upah-minimum-lt5118a676ad68c/) ![Bolehkah Menyepakati Upah di Bawah Upah Minimum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5118a676ad68c/thumbnail_lt6018f35054c45.jpg) 02 Feb 2021 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran keempat dari artikel dengan judul sama yang ditulis oleh [Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt506aec66ed27e/mitra/lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 22 Februari 2013, kemudian dimutakhirkan pertama kali pada Senin, 17 April 2017, kedua kalinya pada 20 Desember 2018, dan ketiga kalinya pada Kamis, 18 November 2021 oleh [Erizka Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72)** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Kami asumsikan bahwa yang Anda maksud dengan UMP adalah Upah Minimum Provinsi dan UMK adalah Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota. Sebelumnya, kami akan menerangkan terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan UMP dan UMK. ### **Upah Minimum** Upah minimum adalah upah bulanan terendah yang ditetapkan oleh gubernur sebagai jaring pengaman. Upah minimum terdiri atas:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) Merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di suatu provinsi yang penetapannya wajib ditetapkan oleh gubernur.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 2. Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota (UMK) Merupakan standar minimum upah bagi pekerja yang berlaku di setiap kabupaten/kota yang pengajuannya dilakukan oleh bupati/walikota untuk ditetapkan oleh gubernur. Gubernur dapat menetapkan UMK dalam hal hasil penghitungan upah minimum kabupaten/kota lebih tinggi dari UMP.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Adapun penetapan upah minimum dilakukan bagi:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. daerah yang telah memiliki upah minimum; 2. kabupaten/kota yang belum memiliki upah minimum; dan 3. daerah hasil pemekaran. ### **Istilah UMR Tidak Lagi Digunakan** Lalu bagaimana dengan istilah UMR? Disarikan dari artikel **[Perbedaan UMR, UMP dan UMK dalam Dunia Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/perbedaan-umr--ump-dan-umk-dalam-dunia-kerja-lt638da802cbbf3/?page=1?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perbedaan_umr_ump_umk)**, UMR atau Upah Minimum Regional adalah upah minimum yang berlaku di tingkat provinsi termasuk kabupaten/kota di dalamnya. Namun sekaligus menjawab pertanyaan Anda, istilah UMR kini tidak lagi digunakan dan berganti istilah menjadi UMP untuk tingkat I (provinsi) dan UMK untuk tingkat II (kabupaten/kota) (hal. 1-2). ### **Mana yang Jadi Acuan, UMP atau UMK?** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, jika dalam suatu daerah telah diatur besar UMP dan UMK, maka manakah yang dijadikan acuan dalam penentuan besar upah karyawan di daerah tersebut? UMP atau UMK? Mengingat penetapan UMK hanya dilakukan apabila hasil perhitungan UMK lebih tinggi daripada UMP, berdasarkan **Pasal 8 ayat (1) dan (2)** [**Permenaker 18/2022**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt637aebebcf211/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-18-tahun-2022?r=0&p=1&q=Permenaker%20No.%2018%20Tahun%202022&rs=1847&re=2023?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_18_2022) yang berbunyi: 1. Penetapan upah minimum bagi kabupaten/kota yang belum memiliki upah minimum harus memenuhi syarat tertentu. 2. Syarat tertentu pada ayat (1) yaitu: 1. **rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi kabupaten/kota** yang bersangkutan **selama 3 tahun terakhir** dari data yang tersedia pada periode yang sama, **lebih tinggi dibandingkan rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi provinsi**; atau 2. **nilai pertumbuhan ekonomi dikurangi inflasi kabupaten/kota** yang bersangkutan **selama 3 tahun terakhir** dari data yang tersedia pada periode yang sama, **selalu positif, dan lebih tinggi dari nilai provinsi**. Dengan demikian, lingkup **keberlakuan** **ketentuan UMK lebih khusus dari UMP**. Ini berarti, ketentuan mengenai UMP berlaku bagi seluruh kabupaten/kota di suatu provinsi apabila kabupaten-kabupaten/kota-kota di provinsi tersebut belum ada pengaturan mengenai UMK masing-masing kabupaten/kota. Sedangkan, jika dalam suatu kabupaten/kota sudah terdapat ketentuan mengenai UMK (yang jumlahnya harus lebih besar dari UMP), maka yang berlaku bagi perusahaan untuk memberikan upah bagi pegawainya adalah ketentuan UMK. ### **Contoh Penerapan Antara UMP dan UMK** Sebagai contoh, kita dapat merujuk pada upah minimum pada 35 kabupaten/kota di provinsi Jawa Tengah tahun 2023 yang ditetapkan melalui [**Kepgub Jawa Tengah 561/54/2022**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63919a448c782/keputusan-gubernur-jawa-tengah-nomor-561-54-tahun-2022/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepgub_561_2022). Pada **Diktum Ketujuh** disebutkan bagi perusahaan yang wilayah kerjanya meliputi beberapa kabupaten/kota dilarang membayar upah pekerjanya lebih rendah dari upah minimum yang berlaku di kabupaten/kota. Kami mencontohkan pada tahun 2023, kota Semarang ditetapkan UMK sebesar Rp3.060.348,78 yang mana lebih besar daripada UMP Jawa Tengah sebesar Rp1.958.169,69.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Baca juga:  [**Cek Daftar Lengkap UMP 2023 se-Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/cek-daftar-lengkap-ump-2023-se-indonesia-lt638dac3bcacb9?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=ump_2023) Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwi bahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 18 Tahun 2022 tentang Penetapan Upah Minimum Tahun 2023 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt637aebebcf211/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-18-tahun-2022?r=0&p=1&q=Permenaker%20No.%2018%20Tahun%202022&rs=1847&re=2023?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_18_2022) Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/50 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638472a51ca38/keputusan-gubernur-jawa-tengah-nomor-561-50-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepgub_561_50_2022) Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/54 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Pada 35 (Tiga Puluh Lima) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63919a448c782/keputusan-gubernur-jawa-tengah-nomor-561-54-tahun-2022/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepgub_561_2022) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 _jo._ Pasal 5 ayat (1) [Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 18 Tahun 2022 tentang Penetapan Upah Minimum Tahun 2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt637aebebcf211/peraturan-menteri-ketenagakerjaan-nomor-18-tahun-2022?r=0&p=1&q=Permenaker%20No.%2018%20Tahun%202022&rs=1847&re=2023?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenaker_18_2022) (“Permenaker 18/2022”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 88C ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu 2/2022”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 88C ayat (2) dan (3) Perppu 2/2022 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 5 ayat (3) Permenaker 18/2022 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Lampiran [Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/54 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Pada 35 (Tiga Puluh Lima) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63919a448c782/keputusan-gubernur-jawa-tengah-nomor-561-54-tahun-2022/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepgub_561_2022) dan Diktum Kesatu [Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Tengah Nomor 561/50 Tahun 2022 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638472a51ca38/keputusan-gubernur-jawa-tengah-nomor-561-50-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepgub_561_50_2022) Tags ---- [gaji](/tag/gaji) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [ketenagakerjaan](/tag/ketenagakerjaan) [pegawai](/tag/pegawai) [pekerja](/tag/pekerja) [pengusaha](/tag/pengusaha) [perusahaan](/tag/perusahaan) [umk](/tag/umk) [ump](/tag/ump) [upah](/tag/upah) [upah minimum](/tag/upah-minimum) [upah minimum provinsi](/tag/upah-minimum-provinsi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Bisakah Dipidana Guru yang Mempertontonkan Video Kekerasan?KLINIK TERKAITPosting Video Orang Marah-marah, Bisa Kena UU ITE 2024?10 Jan 2024Sebar Video dan Gambar Pornografi ke Internet, Ini Sanksinya18 Des 2023Kriteria Video yang Dapat Dijadikan Alat Bukti dalam Terorisme23 Des 2019Dapatkah Pelaku Perdagangan Orang di Sosmed Dijerat UU ITE?02 Jan 2019Untuk memperjelas maksud ‘mempertontonkan’ video dalam pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan arti mempertontonkan dalam KBBI adalah mempertunjukkan sesuatu (sandiwara, film dan sebagainya) sebagai tontonan. Sehingga, dalam pembahasan ini akan fokus pada tindakan guru Anda yang mempertunjukkan video melalui proyektor dari laptopnya ketika jam pelajaran di kelas. Lantas, dapatkah guru yang mempertontonkan video yang bermuatan kekerasan fisik seperti perajaman tersebut dipidana?File video yang dipertontonkan melalui layar laptop tersebut pada dasarnya termasuk suatu dokumen elektronik yang berisi informasi elektronik. File video kekerasan adalah dokumen elektronik, sedangkan informasi elektronik berupa gambar dan suara yang bermuatan kekerasan.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Dalam UU ITE dan perubahannya, menyebarkan video kekerasan dapat dipidana berdasarkan Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE jo. Pasal 45 UU 19/2016. Setiap orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi elektronik dan/atau dokumen elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp1  miliar.Yang dimaksud dengan frasa “muatan melanggar kesusilaan” dalam arti luas dapat diartikan sebagai muatan (konten) yang berisi sesuatu hal yang oleh masyarakat dianggap melanggar aturan sosial yang disepakati dalam sebuah masyarakat dimana aturan tersebut dapat tertulis maupun tidak tertulis dan telah disepakati sejak lama.[1] Maka dari itu perbuatan mempertontonkan video kekerasan merupakan perbuatan yang melanggar norma dan dilarang oleh masyarakat.Namun demikian, perlu dipahami bahwa Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE tersebut ditujukan bagi pelaku yang menyebarkan informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik melalui sistem elektronik[2] seperti media sosial. Contohnya me-repost atau share video kekerasan di media sosial. Sementara, mempertontonkan video melalui laptop dan proyektor tidak termasuk dalam sistem elektronik, karena laptop bukanlah sistem elektronik, melainkan komputer. Sehingga, guru yang mempertontonkan video kekerasan dari laptop tersebut tidak dapat dipidana berdasarkan UU ITE dan perubahannya.Sanksi Bagi Guru yang Mempertontonkan Video KekerasanTerhadap guru yang mempertontonkan video kekerasan, tindakan tersebut pada dasarnya bertentangan dengan kewajiban guru. Dalam UU Sisdiknas, pendidik berkewajiban untuk menciptakan suasana pendidikan yang bermakna, menyenangkan, kreatif, dinamis, dan dialogis.[3] Selain itu, guru juga mempunyai kewajiban sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 20 huruf a dan d UU Guru dan Dosen yaitu guru wajib merencanakan pembelajaran, melaksanakan proses pembelajaran yang bermutu, serta menilai dan mengevaluasi hasil pembelajaran. Guru juga wajib menjunjung tinggi peraturan perundang-undangan, hukum, dan kode etik guru, serta nilai-nilai agama dan etika. Sehingga, mempertontonkan video kekerasan tidak sesuai dengan nilai-nilai agama dan etika ataupun proses pembelajaran yang bermutu, menyenangkan, kreatif, serta dialogis. Jika guru Anda adalah guru yang diangkat oleh pemerintah atau pemerintah daerah yang tidak menjalankan kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 20 UU Guru dan Dosen tersebut dapat dikenai sanksi berupa teguran, peringatan tertulis, penundaan pemberian hak guru, penurunan pangkat, pemberhentian dengan hormat atau pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat.[4]Adapun, guru yang diangkat oleh penyelenggara pendidikan atau satuan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat dan tidak menjalankan kewajiban sesuai Pasal 20 UU Guru dan Dosen dikenai sanksi sesuai dengan perjanjian kerja atau kesepakatan kerja bersama.[5] Selaku siswa, Anda dapat menyampaikan hal tersebut secara langsung kepada guru yang bersangkutan atau dapat menyampaikan keluhan Anda melalui orang tua Anda agar disampaikan kepada pihak sekolah. Selain itu, Anda juga dapat melaporkannya kepada kepala sekolah sebagai pihak yang berwenang, yayasan yang menaungi sekolah Anda (untuk sekolah swasta), dan/atau dinas pendidikan setempat, agar hal tersebut tidak terulang kembali.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan NasionalUndang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan DosenUndang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikUndang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikKeputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kapolri Nomor 229, 154, KB/2VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikREFERENSIKBBI, mempertontonkan yang diakses pada Jumat, 20 Januari 2023 pukul 11.01 WIB[1] Lampiran Keputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kapolri Nomor 229, 154, KB/2VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, hal. 6[2] Lihat Penjelasan Pasal 27 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik[3] Pasal 40 ayat (2) huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional[4] Pasal 77 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen (“UU Guru dan Dosen”)[5] Pasal 77 ayat (4) UU Guru dan DosenTagsguruuu ite
Guru saya ketika mengajar menampilkan layar laptopnya di papan proyektor, yang isinya video kekerasan berwujud perajaman dengan perawakan orang-orang yang kehilangan nyawanya dan berdarah-darah tanpa sensor dalam bahasa asing. Tak hanya itu, ia juga sambil bernarasi bahwa kekerasan seperti itu wajar dalam agama. Saya masih punya bukti videonya sampai dengan sekarang. Mohon bantuannya kak, agar ke depannya guru yang sama ini tidak menyebarkan hal yang menurut saya tidak pantas ini, apakah dalam hukum saya bisa melakukan sesuatu? Terima kasih.
Video yang bermuatan kekerasan merupakan dokumen elektronik yang memuat informasi elektronik berdasarkan UU ITE dan perubahannya. Akan tetapi, mempertontonkan video kekerasan melalui laptop dan proyektor di dalam kelas, dapatkah dipidana berdasarkan UU ITE dan perubahannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Posting Video Orang Marah-marah, Bisa Kena UU ITE 2024?10 Jan 2024Sebar Video dan Gambar Pornografi ke Internet, Ini Sanksinya18 Des 2023Kriteria Video yang Dapat Dijadikan Alat Bukti dalam Terorisme23 Des 2019Dapatkah Pelaku Perdagangan Orang di Sosmed Dijerat UU ITE?02 Jan 2019Posting Video Orang Marah-marah, Bisa Kena UU ITE 2024?10 Jan 2024Sebar Video dan Gambar Pornografi ke Internet, Ini Sanksinya18 Des 2023Kriteria Video yang Dapat Dijadikan Alat Bukti dalam Terorisme23 Des 2019Dapatkah Pelaku Perdagangan Orang di Sosmed Dijerat UU ITE?02 Jan 2019Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/guru-mempertontonkan-video-kekerasan-di-kelas--bisakah-dipidana-lt63554ba85a01d/
Guru Mempertontonkan Video Kekerasan di Kelas, Bisakah Dipidana?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Bisakah Dipidana Guru yang Mempertontonkan Video Kekerasan?** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### _Posting_ Video Orang Marah-marah, Bisa Kena UU ITE 2024? ](/klinik/a/iposting-i-video-orang-marah-marah--bisa-kena-uu-ite-2024-lt60a62bd9a9537/) ![<i>Posting</i> Video Orang Marah-marah, Bisa Kena UU ITE 2024?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60a62bd9a9537/thumbnail_lt659e835c87cb8.jpg) 10 Jan 2024 [ #### Sebar Video dan Gambar Pornografi ke Internet, Ini Sanksinya ](/klinik/a/sebar-video-dan-gambar-pornografi-ke-internet--ini-sanksinya-lt540b73ac32706/) ![Sebar Video dan Gambar Pornografi ke Internet, Ini Sanksinya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt540b73ac32706/thumbnail_lt65802d85b8c9e.png) 18 Des 2023 [ #### Kriteria Video yang Dapat Dijadikan Alat Bukti dalam Terorisme ](/klinik/a/kriteria-video-yang-dapat-dijadikan-alat-bukti-dalam-terorisme-lt5e00a2f244e84/) ![Kriteria Video yang Dapat Dijadikan Alat Bukti dalam Terorisme](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5e00a2f244e84/thumbnail_lt5e00a6e8220fa.jpg) 23 Des 2019 [ #### Dapatkah Pelaku Perdagangan Orang di Sosmed Dijerat UU ITE? ](/klinik/a/dapatkah-pelaku-perdagangan-orang-di-sosmed-dijerat-uu-ite-lt5c1752586c6b7/) ![Dapatkah Pelaku Perdagangan Orang di Sosmed Dijerat UU ITE?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5c1752586c6b7/thumbnail_lt5c2c569b97e2d.jpg) 02 Jan 2019 [](#!) Untuk memperjelas maksud ‘mempertontonkan’ video dalam pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan arti [mempertontonkan](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/mempertontonkan) dalam **KBBI** adalah mempertunjukkan sesuatu (sandiwara, film dan sebagainya) sebagai tontonan. Sehingga, dalam pembahasan ini akan fokus pada tindakan guru Anda yang mempertunjukkan video melalui proyektor dari laptopnya ketika jam pelajaran di kelas. Lantas, dapatkah guru yang mempertontonkan video yang bermuatan kekerasan fisik seperti perajaman tersebut dipidana? _File_ video yang dipertontonkan melalui layar laptop tersebut pada dasarnya termasuk suatu [dokumen elektronik](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/d/dokumen-elektronik) yang berisi [informasi elektronik](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/i/informasi-elektronik). _File_ video kekerasan adalah dokumen elektronik, sedangkan informasi elektronik berupa gambar dan suara yang bermuatan kekerasan. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Dalam UU ITE dan perubahannya, menyebarkan video kekerasan dapat dipidana berdasarkan **Pasal 27 ayat (1) [UU ITE](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) _jo_. Pasal 45 [UU 19/2016](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016)**. Setiap orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi elektronik dan/atau dokumen elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp1  miliar. Yang dimaksud dengan frasa “muatan melanggar kesusilaan” dalam arti luas dapat diartikan sebagai muatan (konten) yang berisi sesuatu hal yang oleh masyarakat dianggap melanggar aturan sosial yang disepakati dalam sebuah masyarakat dimana aturan tersebut dapat tertulis maupun tidak tertulis dan telah disepakati sejak lama.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Maka dari itu perbuatan mempertontonkan video kekerasan merupakan perbuatan yang melanggar norma dan dilarang oleh masyarakat. Namun demikian, perlu dipahami bahwa Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE tersebut ditujukan bagi pelaku yang menyebarkan informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik **melalui [sistem elektronik](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/s/sistem-elektronik)**[\[2\]](#_ftn2) seperti media sosial. Contohnya me-_repost_ atau _share_ video kekerasan di media sosial. Sementara, mempertontonkan video melalui laptop dan proyektor tidak termasuk dalam sistem elektronik, karena laptop bukanlah sistem elektronik, melainkan komputer. Sehingga, guru yang mempertontonkan video kekerasan dari laptop tersebut tidak dapat dipidana berdasarkan UU ITE dan perubahannya. ### **Sanksi Bagi Guru yang Mempertontonkan Video Kekerasan** Terhadap guru yang mempertontonkan video kekerasan, tindakan tersebut pada dasarnya bertentangan dengan kewajiban guru. Dalam **[UU Sisdiknas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5672586e72654?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_92_2015)**, pendidik berkewajiban untuk menciptakan suasana pendidikan yang bermakna, menyenangkan, kreatif, dinamis, dan dialogis.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Selain itu, guru juga mempunyai kewajiban sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 20 huruf a dan d [UU Guru dan Dosen](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25759/undangundang-nomor-14-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_14_2005)** yaitu guru wajib merencanakan pembelajaran, melaksanakan proses pembelajaran yang bermutu, serta menilai dan mengevaluasi hasil pembelajaran. Guru juga wajib menjunjung tinggi peraturan perundang-undangan, hukum, dan kode etik guru, serta nilai-nilai agama dan etika. Sehingga, mempertontonkan video kekerasan tidak sesuai dengan nilai-nilai agama dan etika ataupun proses pembelajaran yang bermutu, menyenangkan, kreatif, serta dialogis. Jika guru Anda adalah guru yang diangkat oleh pemerintah atau pemerintah daerah yang tidak menjalankan kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 20 UU Guru dan Dosen tersebut dapat dikenai sanksi berupa teguran, peringatan tertulis, penundaan pemberian hak guru, penurunan pangkat, pemberhentian dengan hormat atau pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat_._[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Adapun, guru yang diangkat oleh penyelenggara pendidikan atau satuan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat dan tidak menjalankan kewajiban sesuai Pasal 20 UU Guru dan Dosen dikenai sanksi sesuai dengan perjanjian kerja atau kesepakatan kerja bersama.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Selaku siswa, Anda dapat menyampaikan hal tersebut secara langsung kepada guru yang bersangkutan atau dapat menyampaikan keluhan Anda melalui orang tua Anda agar disampaikan kepada pihak sekolah. Selain itu, Anda juga dapat melaporkannya kepada kepala sekolah sebagai pihak yang berwenang, yayasan yang menaungi sekolah Anda (untuk sekolah swasta), dan/atau dinas pendidikan setempat, agar hal tersebut tidak terulang kembali. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional [](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13662/undangundang-nomor-20-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_20_2003) Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen [](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25759/undangundang-nomor-14-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_14_2005) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) Keputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kapolri Nomor 229, 154, KB/2VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=skb_uu_ite) REFERENSI --------- [KBBI, mempertontonkan](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/mempertontonkan) yang diakses pada Jumat, 20 Januari 2023 pukul 11.01 WIB * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Lampiran [Keputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kapolri Nomor 229, 154, KB/2VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=skb_uu_ite), hal. 6 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Lihat Penjelasan Pasal 27 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 40 ayat (2) huruf a [Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5672586e72654?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_92_2015) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 77 ayat (1) dan (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen](mailto:https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25759/undangundang-nomor-14-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_14_2005) (“UU Guru dan Dosen”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 77 ayat (4) UU Guru dan Dosen Tags ---- [guru](/tag/guru) [uu ite](/tag/uu-ite)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITSumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya10 Jan 2023Terduga Penipu Meninggal Dunia, Bisakah Uang Hasil Penipuan Kembali?07 Jan 2021Penyidik Mengarahkan Jawaban, Bisakah BAP Diulang?18 Des 2020Langkah Hukum Jika Membutuhkan Barang Bukti yang Disita Penyidik 07 Des 2020Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Mila Azizah, S.H., M.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 6 April 2021. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Keterangan Saksi Sebagai Alat Bukti yang SahGuna menyederhanakan jawaban, kami akan menjawab pertanyaan Anda dalam konteks peradilan pidana. Alat bukti yang sah dalam hukum acara pidana diatur dalam Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP, yaitu:keterangan saksi;keterangan ahli;surat;petunjuk;keterangan terdakwa.Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut, maka untuk mendukung dalil pembuktian diperlukan keterangan saksi sebagai salah satu alat bukti. Berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka 27 KUHAP, keterangan saksi adalah salah satu alat bukti dalam perkara pidana yang berupa keterangan dari saksi mengenai suatu peristiwa pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri, dan ia alami sendiri dengan menyebut alasan dari pengetahuannya itu.Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Putusan MK 65/2010 kemudian memberikan perluasan makna terhadap definisi saksi dalam KUHAP, sehingga yang dimaksud dengan saksi termasuk pula orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan dalam rangka penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan suatu tindak pidana yang tidak selalu ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri (hal. 92).Keterangan saksi merupakan alat bukti apabila keterangan tersebut diucapkan oleh saksi dalam sidang pengadilan.[1] Akan tetapi, perlu dicatat, Pasal 185 ayat (2) KUHAP menjelaskan lebih lanjut bahwa keterangan seorang saksi saja tidak cukup untuk membuktikan bahwa terdakwa bersalah terhadap perbuatan yang didakwakan kepadanya. Sehingga, diperlukan alat bukti yang sah lainnya.Selain itu, dalam menilai kebenaran keterangan saksi, hakim harus dengan sungguh-sungguh memperhatikan:[2]persesuaian antara keterangan saksi satu dengan yang lain;persesuaian antara keterangan saksi dengan alat bukti lain;alasan yang mungkin dipergunakan oleh saksi untuk memberikan keterangan yang tertentu;cara hidup dan kesusilaan saksi serta segala sesuatu yang pada umumnya dapat mempengaruhi dapat tidaknya keterangan itu dipercaya. Memberi Uang Kepada SaksiKemudian, perihal pertanyaan yang Anda ajukan soal memberikan uang kepada saksi agar ia mau bersaksi di pengadilan, hal ini perlu diperjelas lagi. Pertama, uang tersebut diberikan dalam rangka apa? Kedua, apakah ada pengaruhnya antara uang yang diberikan dengan materi kesaksian yang akan diberikan/diucapkan oleh saksi di pengadilan? Oleh karena itu, kami akan menjawab berdasarkan asumsi dari kedua pertanyaan tersebut.Perihal memberikan uang kepada saksiSaksi atau ahli yang telah hadir memenuhi panggilan dalam rangka memberikan keterangan di semua tingkat pemeriksaan, berhak mendapatkan penggantian biaya menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Demikian bunyi Pasal 229 ayat (1) KUHAP.Dalam praktik, biaya pemanggilan saksi atau penggantian biaya yang dimaksud dalam pasal di atas tergantung kepada siapa yang memanggil saksi tersebut. Pada umumnya biaya dibebankan kepada pihak yang berperkara. Tidak ada penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai biaya dimaksud maupun tolak ukur/parameter mengenai besaran penggantian biaya. Penggantian biaya tersebut dapat diasumsikan sebagai penggantian biaya transportasi saksi.Jadi, berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, memberikan uang kepada saksi dalam rangka penggantian biaya transportasi diperbolehkan menurut ketentuan undang-undang dan tidak menyalahi ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Memberikan uang kepada saksi untuk memalsukan kesaksian Apabila pemberian uang kepada saksi berdampak pada materi kesaksian yang akan diberikan, seperti memberikan keterangan palsu/bohong, maka hal ini merupakan pelanggaran hukum.Saksi yang bersangkutan dapat dijerat dengan pasal mengenai memberikan keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan yakni pada tahun 2026,[3] yaitu:KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 242 Barangsiapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan ataupun tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 tahun. Disamakan dengan sumpah adalah janji atau penguatan yang diharuskan menurut aturan-aturan umum atau yang menjadi pengganti sumpah.Pasal 291 Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara dalam proses peradilan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan, pidananya ditambah 1/3. Pasal 373Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Disamakan dengan sumpah sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah janji atau pernyataan yang menguatkan yang diharuskan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan atau yang menjadi pengganti sumpah. Baca juga: Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di PersidanganJadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian uang kepada saksi untuk hadir di persidangan tidak dilarang, namun apabila pemberian uang tersebut berdampak pada diberikannya keterangan palsu di atas sumpah di muka pengadilan, maka terhadap saksi tersebut dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana PUTUSANPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 65/PUU-VIII/2010.[1] Pasal 185 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”) [2] Pasal 185 ayat (6) KUHAP[3] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaTagsacara peradilanahlialat buktiketerangan palsukuhapkuhppidanasaksi
Bagaimana hukumnya memberikan uang kepada saksi agar ia mau bersaksi di sidang pengadilan? Apakah terdapat pengaturannya?
Pemberian uang kepada saksi untuk hadir di persidangan pada dasarnya tidak dilarang, namun apabila pemberian uang tersebut berdampak pada diberikannya keterangan palsu di atas sumpah di muka pengadilan, maka hal tersebut melanggar hukum. Bagaimana bunyi jerat hukumnya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya10 Jan 2023Terduga Penipu Meninggal Dunia, Bisakah Uang Hasil Penipuan Kembali?07 Jan 2021Penyidik Mengarahkan Jawaban, Bisakah BAP Diulang?18 Des 2020Langkah Hukum Jika Membutuhkan Barang Bukti yang Disita Penyidik 07 Des 2020Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya10 Jan 2023Terduga Penipu Meninggal Dunia, Bisakah Uang Hasil Penipuan Kembali?07 Jan 2021Penyidik Mengarahkan Jawaban, Bisakah BAP Diulang?18 Des 2020Langkah Hukum Jika Membutuhkan Barang Bukti yang Disita Penyidik 07 Des 2020Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukumnya-membayar-orang-untuk-bersaksi-di-pengadilan-lt606c2ba6a9668/
Hukumnya Membayar Orang untuk Bersaksi di Pengadilan
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya ](/klinik/a/sumpah-palsu-dan-pembuktiannya-lt51171a4fed786/) ![Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51171a4fed786/thumbnail_lt63bd38d3b4b4a.jpg) 10 Jan 2023 [ #### Terduga Penipu Meninggal Dunia, Bisakah Uang Hasil Penipuan Kembali? ](/klinik/a/terduga-penipu-meninggal-dunia-bisakah-uang-hasil-penipuan-kembali--lt5ff6ecc7d1800/) ![Terduga Penipu Meninggal Dunia, Bisakah Uang Hasil Penipuan Kembali?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ff6ecc7d1800/thumbnail_lt5ff6ee0e6fcd1.jpg) 07 Jan 2021 [ #### Penyidik Mengarahkan Jawaban, Bisakah BAP Diulang? ](/klinik/a/penyidik-mengarahkan-jawaban-bisakah-bap-diulang--lt5fdc9c4dde89e/) ![Penyidik Mengarahkan Jawaban, Bisakah BAP Diulang?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5fdc9c4dde89e/thumbnail_lt5fdc9f9c2eb7a.jpg) 18 Des 2020 [ #### Langkah Hukum Jika Membutuhkan Barang Bukti yang Disita Penyidik ](/klinik/a/langkah-hukum-jika-membutuhkan-barang-bukti-yang-disita-penyidik-lt5fcdf2288125d/) ![Langkah Hukum Jika Membutuhkan Barang Bukti yang Disita Penyidik ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5fcdf2288125d/thumbnail_lt5fcdf397911c8.jpg) 07 Des 2020 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Mila Azizah, S.H., M.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pbh-peradi-lt4c452c9c1a7d2/mila-azizah--sh--mh-lt606c2aff5f54c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 6 April 2021.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Keterangan Saksi Sebagai Alat Bukti yang Sah** Guna menyederhanakan jawaban, kami akan menjawab pertanyaan Anda dalam konteks peradilan pidana. Alat bukti yang sah dalam hukum acara pidana diatur dalam **Pasal 184 ayat (1) [KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)**, yaitu: 1. **keterangan saksi**; 2. keterangan ahli; 3. surat; 4. petunjuk; 5. keterangan terdakwa. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut, maka untuk mendukung dalil pembuktian diperlukan keterangan saksi sebagai salah satu alat bukti. Berdasarkan **Pasal 1 angka 27 KUHAP**, keterangan saksi adalah salah satu alat bukti dalam perkara pidana yang berupa keterangan dari saksi mengenai suatu peristiwa pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri, dan ia alami sendiri dengan menyebut alasan dari pengetahuannya itu. Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui **[Putusan MK 65/2010](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5003e3de56409/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-65-puu-viii-2010/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_65_2010)** kemudian memberikan perluasan makna terhadap definisi saksi dalam KUHAP, sehingga yang dimaksud dengan saksi termasuk pula orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan dalam rangka penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan suatu tindak pidana yang **tidak selalu** ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri (hal. 92). Keterangan saksi merupakan alat bukti apabila keterangan tersebut diucapkan oleh saksi dalam sidang pengadilan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Akan tetapi, perlu dicatat, **Pasal 185 ayat (2) KUHAP** menjelaskan lebih lanjut bahwa keterangan seorang saksi saja **tidak cukup** untuk membuktikan bahwa terdakwa bersalah terhadap perbuatan yang didakwakan kepadanya. Sehingga, diperlukan alat bukti yang sah lainnya. Selain itu, dalam menilai kebenaran keterangan saksi, hakim harus dengan sungguh-sungguh memperhatikan:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. persesuaian antara keterangan saksi satu dengan yang lain; 2. persesuaian antara keterangan saksi dengan alat bukti lain; 3. alasan yang mungkin dipergunakan oleh saksi untuk memberikan keterangan yang tertentu; 4. cara hidup dan kesusilaan saksi serta segala sesuatu yang pada umumnya dapat mempengaruhi dapat tidaknya keterangan itu dipercaya. ### **Memberi Uang Kepada Saksi** Kemudian, perihal pertanyaan yang Anda ajukan soal memberikan uang kepada saksi agar ia mau bersaksi di pengadilan, hal ini perlu diperjelas lagi. Pertama, uang tersebut diberikan dalam rangka apa? Kedua, apakah ada pengaruhnya antara uang yang diberikan dengan materi kesaksian yang akan diberikan/diucapkan oleh saksi di pengadilan? Oleh karena itu, kami akan menjawab berdasarkan asumsi dari kedua pertanyaan tersebut. 1. **Perihal memberikan uang kepada saksi** Saksi atau ahli yang telah hadir memenuhi panggilan dalam rangka memberikan keterangan di semua tingkat pemeriksaan, **berhak mendapatkan penggantian biaya** menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Demikian bunyi **Pasal 229 ayat (1) KUHAP**. Dalam praktik, biaya pemanggilan saksi atau penggantian biaya yang dimaksud dalam pasal di atas tergantung kepada siapa yang memanggil saksi tersebut. Pada umumnya biaya dibebankan kepada pihak yang berperkara. Tidak ada penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai biaya dimaksud maupun tolak ukur/parameter mengenai besaran penggantian biaya. Penggantian biaya tersebut dapat diasumsikan sebagai penggantian biaya transportasi saksi. Jadi, berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, memberikan uang kepada saksi dalam rangka penggantian biaya transportasi **diperbolehkan menurut ketentuan undang-undang** dan tidak menyalahi ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. 2. **Memberikan uang kepada saksi untuk memalsukan kesaksian** Apabila pemberian uang kepada saksi berdampak pada materi kesaksian yang akan diberikan, seperti memberikan keterangan palsu/bohong, maka hal ini merupakan pelanggaran hukum. Saksi yang bersangkutan dapat dijerat dengan pasal mengenai memberikan keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan yakni pada tahun 2026,[\[3\]](#_ftn3) yaitu: **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 242** 1. Barangsiapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan ataupun tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 tahun. 3. Disamakan dengan sumpah adalah janji atau penguatan yang diharuskan menurut aturan-aturan umum atau yang menjadi **pengganti sumpah**. **Pasal 291** 1. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara dalam proses peradilan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan, pidananya ditambah 1/3. **Pasal 373** 1. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan **keterangan palsu di atas sumpah**, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Disamakan dengan sumpah sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah janji atau pernyataan yang menguatkan yang diharuskan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan atau yang menjadi **pengganti sumpah**. Baca juga: **[Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-pidana-memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-persidangan-lt5614783452eb6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=keterangan_palsu_di_persidangan)** Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian uang kepada saksi untuk hadir di persidangan tidak dilarang, namun apabila pemberian uang tersebut berdampak pada diberikannya keterangan palsu di atas sumpah di muka pengadilan, maka terhadap saksi tersebut dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 65/PUU-VIII/2010](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5003e3de56409/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-nomor-65-puu-viii-2010/document?utm_medium=internal_link_klinik?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_65_2010). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 185 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”)  [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 185 ayat (6) KUHAP [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Tags ---- [acara peradilan](/tag/acara-peradilan) [ahli](/tag/ahli) [alat bukti](/tag/alat-bukti) [keterangan palsu](/tag/keterangan-palsu) [kuhap](/tag/kuhap) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [saksi](/tag/saksi)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Bolehkah Single Parent Mengadopsi Anak? which was written by Ricky Pratomo and was published on Tuesday, 18 December 2018. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Adoptive ParentsRegulations regarding child adoption can be found in Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption ("Government Regulation 54/2007"). Parents (prospective adoptive parents) who are going to adopt a child must fulfill the requirements that have been determined. Several provisions for prospective adoptive parents are as follows:[1]physically and mentally healthy;the minimum age is 30 years old and the maximum age is 55 years old;have the same religion as the adopted child;have good behavior and must have never been convicted of any crime;bound by marriage for a minimum of 5 years;not a same-sex couple;do not have or have not had children or have only one child;are economically and socially capable;obtain the child's consent and written permission from the child's parents or guardian;make a written statement that the adoption is in the best interests of the child, child welfare, and protection;have social reports from local social workers;have cared for a prospective adopted child for a minimum of 6 months, since the parenting permit was granted; anobtain a license from the Minister and/or head of the social agency.Thus, as stipulated in Article 13 letter e Government Regulation 54/2007, prospective adoptive parents must be bound by marriage for at least 5 years. However, there are exceptions to this provision, as regulated under Article 16 Government Regulation 54/2007 which allows single parents to adopt children with a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs. The permit may be delegated to the head of the social agency at the provincial level.[2]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas "Single parent" means a person who is not married or is a widow/widower.[3]Child adoption by a single parent is further regulated under Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements (“Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009”).Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009 also stipulates that in order to adopt a child, a single parent must obtain a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs, and said permit may be delegated to the head of the provincial social agency. The head of the provincial social agency has the authority to:[4]grant a permit to adopt children among Indonesian citizens to be further stipulated in court; andgive a recommendation for a Child Adoption permit that is granted by the Minister of Social Affairs.So, basically, single parents are not allowed to adopt children. However, this can only be done if the single parents have first secured a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs (delegated to the head of the provincial social agency) and must subsequently secure a stipulation from the court.In order to know the whole procedure and process of child adoption, you may refer to it further in the following article Adopted Children, Procedures and Their Inheritance Rights.Foster ParentsHowever, it is preferable for prospective adoptive parents who are single parents to become foster parents first, as regulated under Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare (“Government Regulation 44/2017”).Foster parents are husband and wife or single parents other than the family who receive the authority to undertake temporary childcare.[5]According to Government Regulation 44/2017, single parents may become foster parents, under the following conditions:[6]Indonesian citizens who are permanently domiciled in Indonesia;Must be at least 30 (thirty) years old and 55 (fifty-five) years old at the most;Physically and mentally healthy as evidenced by a health certificate issued by a government hospital, that is managed by the Central Government or Regional Governments;Police record certificate;Have the same religion as foster children;Have competence in nurturing children by passing the selection and verification for prospective foster parents;Willing to become a foster parent stated in a stamped affidavit; andMake a written statement that he/she has never been and will never commit violence, exploitation, neglect, and mistreatment of children, or the implementation of corporal punishment for any reason, including for the enforcement of discipline which is stated in stamped affidavits, acknowledged by the neighborhood and community association, or other names.Foster parents include:[7]husband and wife; orsingle parent, i.e. a person who is not married or is a widow/widower.[8]The purpose of becoming a foster parent is so that the position of the single parent becomes stronger in the eyes of the court. The reason is that the prospective adoptive parent has actually taken care of the child to be adopted.Case StudiesSome examples of cases regarding child adoption by single parents are as follows:Court Stipulation of the Takengon Court Number. 04/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Tkn, in which the applicant is a single parent who was married and worked as a Civil Servant and has been nurturing a prospective adopted child for approximately two years. The applicant has previously obtained a letter of recommendation from the Head of Social Service of Labor and Transmigration, Central Aceh District, so that applicant could be declared as a prospective foster parent. The judge granted the application for the child adoption with the consideration that the applicant is legitimate as a prospective foster parent and considers the adopted child as his own biological child.Court Stipulation of the Kandangan Court Number 1/Pdt.P/2010/PN.Kgn, the applicant is a single parent who was never married and has been raising an abandoned child because his biological mother has died, as well as his biological father has been willing to give his child. Previously, the applicant had obtained a written permit from the Office of Social Welfare and Disaster Mitigation of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, which received a delegation from the Social Service of South Kalimantan Province. The judge granted the application for the child’s adoption with the consideration of his better future.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption;Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare;Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements.Court Decision:Court Stipulation of the Takengon Court Number. 04/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Tkn;Court Stipulation of the Kandangan Court Number 1/Pdt.P/2010/PN.Kgn.[1] Article 13 Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption (“Government Regulation 54/2007”).[2] Article 16 Government Regulation 54/2007 jo. Article 13 Section (2) Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements (“Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009”).[3] Elucidation of Article 16 Section (1) Government Regulation 54/2007.[4] Article 14 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009.[5] Article 1 Section (8) Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare (“Government Regulation 44/2017”).[6] Article 19 Section (1) Government Regulation 44/2017.[7] Article 19 Section (2) Government Regulation 44/2017.[8] Article 19 Section (4) Government Regulation 44/2017.Tagsklinik english edition
Nowadays, there are a lot of single public figures who adopt children from orphanages. Can people who are not bound by marriage adopt a child? Aren't they supposed to be married, so that their adopted children have parents consisting of a mother and a father?
Formerly, single parents are not allowed to adopt children according to Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption. However, through a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs (delegation of the head of the social agency at the provincial level) and a court decision or stipulation, single parents are allowed to adopt children. Please read the review below for a further explanation and case studies. 4 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/can-single-parents-adopt-a-child--lt63c91ae238397/
Can Single Parents Adopt a Child?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Bolehkah Single Parent Mengadopsi Anak?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bolehkah-isingle-parent-i-mengadopsi-anak-lt58536910d0461?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bolehkah_single_parent_adopsi_anak) which was written by [**Ricky Pratomo**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/ricky-pratomo--sh-lt580f1f20c59df) and was published on Tuesday, 18 December 2018. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Adoptive Parents** Regulations regarding child adoption can be found in [**Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27072/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-54-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_54_2007) **("Government Regulation 54/2007")**. Parents (prospective adoptive parents) who are going to adopt a child must fulfill the requirements that have been determined. Several provisions for prospective adoptive parents are as follows:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. physically and mentally healthy; 2. the minimum age is 30 years old and the maximum age is 55 years old; 3. have the same religion as the adopted child; 4. have good behavior and must have never been convicted of any crime; 5. **bound by marriage for a minimum of 5 years;** 6. not a same-sex couple; 7. do not have or have not had children or have only one child; 8. are economically and socially capable; 9. obtain the child's consent and written permission from the child's parents or guardian; 10. make a written statement that the adoption is in the best interests of the child, child welfare, and protection; 11. have social reports from local social workers; 12. have cared for a prospective adopted child for a minimum of 6 months, since the parenting permit was granted; an 13. obtain a license from the Minister and/or head of the social agency. Thus, as stipulated in **Article 13 letter e Government Regulation 54/2007**, prospective adoptive parents must be bound by marriage for at least 5 years. However, there are exceptions to this provision, as regulated under **Article 16 Government Regulation 54/2007** which allows single parents to adopt children with a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs. The permit may be delegated to the head of the social agency at the provincial level.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) "Single parent" means a person who is not married or is a widow/widower.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Child adoption by a single parent is further regulated under [**Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e1d5804acf09/node/640/peraturan-menteri-sosial-no-110_huk_2009-tahun-2009-persyaratan-pengangkatan-anak?PHPSESSID=6rphg2sfmd3j2cphem7o5dmbq6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_110_2009) **(“Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009”).** **Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009** also stipulates that in order to adopt a child, a single parent must obtain a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs, and said permit may be delegated to the head of the provincial social agency. The head of the provincial social agency has the authority to:[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. grant a permit to adopt children among Indonesian citizens to be further stipulated in court; and 2. give a recommendation for a Child Adoption permit that is granted by the Minister of Social Affairs. So, basically, single parents are not allowed to adopt children. However, this can only be done if the single parents have first secured a permit from the Minister of Social Affairs (delegated to the head of the provincial social agency) and must subsequently secure a stipulation from the court. In order to know the whole procedure and process of child adoption, you may refer to it further in the following article [**Adopted Children, Procedures and Their Inheritance Rights**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/cl107/anak-angkat,-prosedur-dan-hak-warisnya?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=anak_angkat_prosedur_hak_waris). ### **Foster Parents** However, it is preferable for prospective adoptive parents who are single parents to become foster parents first, as regulated under [**Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a055645059ad/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-44-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_44_2017) **(“Government Regulation 44/2017”)**. Foster parents are husband and wife or single parents other than the family who receive the authority to undertake temporary childcare.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) According to **Government Regulation 44/2017**, single parents may become foster parents, under the following conditions:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. Indonesian citizens who are permanently domiciled in Indonesia; 2. Must be at least 30 (thirty) years old and 55 (fifty-five) years old at the most; 3. Physically and mentally healthy as evidenced by a health certificate issued by a government hospital, that is managed by the Central Government or Regional Governments; 4. Police record certificate; 5. Have the same religion as foster children; 6. Have competence in nurturing children by passing the selection and verification for prospective foster parents; 7. Willing to become a foster parent stated in a stamped affidavit; and 8. Make a written statement that he/she has never been and will never commit violence, exploitation, neglect, and mistreatment of children, or the implementation of corporal punishment for any reason, including for the enforcement of discipline which is stated in stamped affidavits, acknowledged by the neighborhood and community association, or other names. Foster parents include:[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 1. husband and wife; or 2. **single parent, i.e. a person who is not married or is a widow/widower**.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) The purpose of becoming a foster parent is so that the position of the single parent becomes stronger in the eyes of the court. The reason is that the prospective adoptive parent has actually taken care of the child to be adopted. ### **Case Studies** Some examples of cases regarding child adoption by single parents are as follows: 1. **Court Stipulation of the Takengon Court Number. 04/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Tkn**, in which the applicant is a single parent who was married and worked as a Civil Servant and has been nurturing a prospective adopted child for approximately two years. The applicant has previously obtained a letter of recommendation from the Head of Social Service of Labor and Transmigration, Central Aceh District, so that applicant could be declared as a prospective foster parent. The judge granted the application for the child adoption with the consideration that the applicant is legitimate as a prospective foster parent and considers the adopted child as his own biological child. 2. **Court Stipulation of the Kandangan Court Number 1/Pdt.P/2010/PN.Kgn**, the applicant is a single parent who was never married and has been raising an abandoned child because his biological mother has died, as well as his biological father has been willing to give his child. Previously, the applicant had obtained a written permit from the Office of Social Welfare and Disaster Mitigation of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, which received a delegation from the Social Service of South Kalimantan Province. The judge granted the application for the child’s adoption with the consideration of his better future. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27072/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-54-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_54_2007); 2. [Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a055645059ad/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-44-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_44_2017); 3. [Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e1d5804acf09/node/640/peraturan-menteri-sosial-no-110_huk_2009-tahun-2009-persyaratan-pengangkatan-anak?PHPSESSID=6rphg2sfmd3j2cphem7o5dmbq6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_110_2009). Court Decision: 1. Court Stipulation of the Takengon Court Number. 04/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Tkn; 2. Court Stipulation of the Kandangan Court Number 1/Pdt.P/2010/PN.Kgn. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 13 [**Government Regulation Number 54 of 2007 on the Implementation of Child Adoption**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27072/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-54-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_54_2007) **(“Government Regulation 54/2007”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 16 Government Regulation 54/2007 _jo._ Article 13 Section (2) [**Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs Number 110/HUK/2009 of 2009 on Child Adoption Requirements**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e1d5804acf09/node/640/peraturan-menteri-sosial-no-110_huk_2009-tahun-2009-persyaratan-pengangkatan-anak?PHPSESSID=6rphg2sfmd3j2cphem7o5dmbq6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_110_2009) **(“Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009”)**. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Elucidation of Article 16 Section (1) Government Regulation 54/2007. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 14 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs 110/2009. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 1 Section (8) [**Government Regulation Number 44 of 2017 on the Implementation of Childcare**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a055645059ad/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-44-tahun-2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_44_2017) **(“Government Regulation 44/2017”)**. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 19 Section (1) Government Regulation 44/2017. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 19 Section (2) Government Regulation 44/2017. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 19 Section (4) Government Regulation 44/2017. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Bisakah Dipenjara karena Berhubungan Seks dengan Pacar? which was written by Dian Dwi Jayanti and was published on Thursday, 5 January 2023. This article below is the third update which was written by Liza Elfitri and was first published on Tuesday, 2 July 2013. It was first updated on Thursday, 20 September 2018, and secondly updated on Thursday, 27 February 2020 by Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti.This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Sex between men and women is basically legal if it is carried out within the scope of marriage institutions. In addition, marriage is permitted for both men and women who have reached the age of 19 years.[1]Thus, premarital sex with a partner is of course contrary to the moral values that are held in society. Therefore, it should be avoided because it could cause inner peace issues, and health issues as well.In order to answer your question as to whether premarital sex is criminalized, we will explain the provisions of the previous Criminal Code, which are still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, Law 1/2023, which will entry into force 3 years after its promulgation.[2]However, first of all, since you did not mention the ages of you or your partner, we should note that having sexual intercourse with children who are under the age of 18 is prohibited. This is regulated under the Law on Child Protection and its amendment.Although sexual intercourse is conducted 'consensually', the provisions of the Law on Child Protection and its amendment prohibit any person who intentionally commits a ruse, lies, or induces a child to have sexual intercourse either with him or her or other people. These acts are subject to imprisonment for a minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 15 years and a maximum fine of IDR 5 billion.[3]Furthermore, if you and your partner are not categorized as children or are older than 18 years, under the previous Criminal Code, sexual intercourse that could be criminalized is the sexual intercourse which is conducted by persons, whom one of them is bound by marriage and which is carried out by coercion or rape.Since you have mentioned that the sexual intercourse is carried out consensually or based on mutual decisions, then we will explain about sexual intercourse between men and women, whom one of them or both are bound by marriage. This act is known as adultery. Perpetrators of adultery may be convicted according to Article 284 Criminal Code with a maximum imprisonment of 9 months. You can read more about the crime of adultery under the article entitled Risks of Being Mistress According to the Law.In contrast to Article 284 Criminal Code, which required the criminal act of adultery to be committed by married men and women,[4] the new Criminal Code allows unmarried men and women to be charged with adultery.According to Article 411 Law 1/2023, adultery or sexual intercourse which is committed by persons who are not their husbands or wives are liable to a maximum of 1 year in prison or a maximum of IDR 10 million in fines.[5]This is affirmed in the Elucidation of Article 411 Section (1) Law 1/2023 that “not their husband or wife” means:a man who is in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a woman who is not his wife;a woman who is in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a man who is not her husband;a man who is not in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a woman, even though it is known that the woman is in a marriage bond;a woman who is not in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a man, even though it is known that the man is in a marriage bond; ora man and a woman who are not bound by marriage have sexual intercourse.       However, it should be noted that both Law 1/2023 and the previous Criminal Code stipulate that the criminal act of adultery can only be prosecuted if a denunciation is made. Under the previous Criminal Code, denunciation is made by husband/wife[6] while under Law 1/2023, adultery could only be prosecuted if there is a denunciation from the husband/wife who is bound by marriage or parents/children for who are not bound by marriage.[7]These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Criminal Code;Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage;Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection as amended by Law Number 35 of 2014 on Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection as amended for the second time by Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection as determined as a law by Law Number 17 of 2016 on the Determination of Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on the Second Amendment of Law Number 23 on 2002 on Child Protection to Become a Law;Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code.Reference:Nisrina Irbah Sati. Ketetapan MPR dalam Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia, Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49 No. 4, 2019.[1] Article 7 Section (1) Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage (“Law 16/2019”).[2] Article 624 Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (“Law 1/2023”).[3] Article 81 Section (2) jo. Section (1) Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection (“Government Regulation in Lieu of Laws 1/2016”).[4] Article 284 Section (1) number 1 letter a and b Indonesian Criminal Code (“Criminal Code”).[5] Article 411 Section (1) jo. Article 79 Section (1) letter b Law 1/2023.[6] Article 284 Section (2) Criminal Code.[7] Article 411 Section (2) Law 1/2023.Tagsklinik english edition
Can someone be sentenced to jail for having sex with their boyfriend/girlfriend? Meanwhile, it is a mutual decision to have sex with.
Premarital sex may be subject to adultery and is regulated under the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and the new Criminal Code, namely Law 1/2023. However, the two provisions are regulated differently regarding the criminal act of adultery. So, what is the regulation on consensual sex with your partner? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/can-you-be-imprisoned-for-having-sexual-intercourse-with-your-boyfriend-girlfriend--lt63c90fce70fe8/
Can You Be Imprisoned for Having Sexual Intercourse with Your Boyfriend/Girlfriend?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Bisakah Dipenjara karena Berhubungan Seks dengan Pacar?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-dipenjara-karena-berhubungan-seks-dengan-pacar-lt5018012dba3d7?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dipenjara_seks_pacar) which was written by [**Dian Dwi Jayanti**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dian-dwi-jayanti--sh-lt6374680d16d2f/) and was published on Thursday, 5 January 2023. This article below is the third update which was written by [**Liza Elfitri**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/mitra-klinik-hukum-lt4f82a0fb58603/liza-elfitri--sh--mh-lt4fbf4d7fbf4ee) and was first published on Tuesday, 2 July 2013. It was first updated on Thursday, 20 September 2018, and secondly updated on Thursday, 27 February 2020 by [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c). **This article is written according to the previous Indonesian Criminal Code and Law 1/2023 on the Criminal Code, which was promulgated on 2 January 2023.** All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Sex between men and women is basically legal if it is carried out within the scope of marriage institutions. In addition, marriage is permitted for both men and women who have reached the age of 19 years.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Thus, premarital sex with a partner is of course contrary to the moral values that are held in society. Therefore, it should be avoided because it could cause inner peace issues, and health issues as well. In order to answer your question as to whether premarital sex is criminalized, we will explain the provisions of the previous [**Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP), which are still applicable at the time this article was published, as well as the new Criminal Code, [**Law 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru), which will entry into force 3 years after its promulgation.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) However, first of all, since you did not mention the ages of you or your partner, we should note that having sexual intercourse with children who are under the age of 18 is prohibited. This is regulated under the [**Law on Child Protection**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17453/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2002?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_23_2002) and its amendment. Although sexual intercourse is conducted 'consensually', the provisions of the Law on Child Protection and its amendment prohibit any person who intentionally commits a ruse, lies, or induces a child to have sexual intercourse either with him or her or other people. These acts are subject to imprisonment for a minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 15 years and a maximum fine of IDR 5 billion.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Furthermore, if you and your partner are not categorized as children or are older than 18 years, under the previous Criminal Code, sexual intercourse that could be criminalized is the sexual intercourse which is conducted by persons, whom one of them is bound by marriage and which is carried out by coercion or rape. Since you have mentioned that the sexual intercourse is carried out consensually or based on mutual decisions, then we will explain about sexual intercourse between men and women, whom one of them or both are bound by marriage. This act is known as adultery. Perpetrators of adultery may be convicted according to **Article 284 Criminal Code** with a maximum imprisonment of 9 months. You can read more about the crime of adultery under the article entitled **[Risks of Being Mistress According to the Law](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/risiko-hukum-menjadi-pelakor-lt5bffa6f7d2bb3/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pelakor?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=risiko_pelakor)**. In contrast to **Article 284** **Criminal Code**, which required the criminal act of adultery to be committed by married men and women,[\[4\]](#_ftn4) the new Criminal Code allows unmarried men and women to be charged with adultery. According to **Article 411** **Law 1/2023**, adultery or sexual intercourse which is committed by persons who are not their husbands or wives are liable to a maximum of 1 year in prison or a maximum of IDR 10 million in fines.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) This is affirmed in the **Elucidation of Article 411 Section (1) Law 1/2023** that “not their husband or wife” means: 1. a man who is in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a woman who is not his wife; 2. a woman who is in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a man who is not her husband; 3. a man who is not in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a woman, even though it is known that the woman is in a marriage bond; 4. a woman who is not in a marriage bond has sexual intercourse with a man, even though it is known that the man is in a marriage bond; or 5. a man and a woman who are **not bound by marriage have sexual intercourse.**        However, it should be noted that both Law 1/2023 and the previous Criminal Code stipulate that the criminal act of **adultery can only be prosecuted if a denunciation is made**. Under the previous Criminal Code, denunciation is made by husband/wife[\[6\]](#_ftn6) while under Law 1/2023, adultery could only be prosecuted if there is a denunciation from the husband/wife who is bound by marriage or parents/children for who are not bound by marriage.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) as amended by [Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019); 3. [Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17453/undangundang-nomor-23-tahun-2002?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_23_2002) **as amended by** [Law Number 35 of 2014 on Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt548fdfd3a87d2/undang-undang-nomor-35-tahun-2014/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_35_2014) **as amended for the second time by** [Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5746a3e8d6d80/nprt/lt51f1152a8fbb3/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_1_2016) **as determined as a law by** [Law Number 17 of 2016 on the Determination of Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on the Second Amendment of Law Number 23 on 2002 on Child Protection to Become a Law](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584786efd1075?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_17_2016); 4. [Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). Reference: 1. Nisrina Irbah Sati. _[Ketetapan MPR dalam Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia](http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/viewFile/2343/1560)_, Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49 No. 4, 2019. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 7 Section (1) [**Law 16 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019) **(“Law 16/2019”).** [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 624 [**Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) **(“Law 1/2023”).** [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 81 Section (2) _jo._ Section (1) [**Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws Number 1 of 2016 on Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5746a3e8d6d80/nprt/lt51f1152a8fbb3/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_1_2016) **(“Government Regulation in Lieu of Laws 1/2016”).** [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 284 Section (1) number 1 letter a and b [**Indonesian Criminal Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) **(“Criminal Code”).** [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 411 Section (1) _jo._ Article 79 Section (1) letter b Law 1/2023. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 284 Section (2) Criminal Code. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 411 Section (2) Law 1/2023. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITKDRT Hingga Meninggal, Penganiayaan atau Pembunuhan?01 Jul 2021Melakukan KDRT Demi Mencegah Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Dipidana?08 Okt 2020Penghentian Proses Hukum karena Korban Memaafkan Pelaku KDRT02 Agt 2019Apakah Termasuk KDRT Jika Istri Stres Akibat Ulah Suami?22 Jul 2019Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 24 Januari 2014. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Mengenai kekerasan yang terjadi dalam rumah tangga telah diatur dalam UU PKDRT. Pemukulan yang dilakukan suami kepada istrinya ataupun tindakan istri menendang suami sampai jatuh terlebih dahulu, merupakan kekerasan fisik.Sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 5 dan Pasal 6 UU PKDRT bahwa setiap orang dilarang melakukan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terhadap orang dalam lingkup rumah tangganya, dengan cara kekerasan fisik, kekerasan psikis, kekerasan seksual atau penelantaran rumah tangga. Kekerasan fisik adalah perbuatan yang mengakibatkan rasa sakit, jatuh sakit, atau luka berat.Atas kekerasan fisik tersebut, pelakunya dapat dikenai hukum pidana sebagaimana terdapat dalam Pasal 44 ayat (1) UU PKDRT yakni setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tangga dipidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp15 juta.Dalam hal perbuatan kekerasan fisik tersebut mengakibatkan: [1] Korban mendapat jatuh sakit atau luka berat, pelaku dipidana penjara paling lama 10 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp30 juta.Korban meninggal dunia, pelaku dipidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp45 juta.Namun jika  perbuatan itu dilakukan oleh suami terhadap istri atau sebaliknya yang tidak menimbulkan penyakit atau halangan untuk menjalankan pekerjaan jabatan atau mata pencaharian atau kegiatan sehari-hari, ia dipidana penjara paling lama 4 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp5 juta.[2]Mengenai perbuatan suami memukul istri dikarenakan terpancing emosi dan karena si istri telah menendang terlebih dahulu si suami, mungkin sekilas hal ini seperti pembelaan diri dari si suami. Namun dalam UU PKDRT sendiri tidak diatur mengenai jika perbuatan kekerasan fisik yang dilakukan adalah bentuk pembelaan diri. Pembelaan seperti ini dapat Anda temukan pengaturannya dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[3] yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 49 KUHPUU 1/2023Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum.  Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidanaPasal 34 Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain.  Pasal 43 Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Akan tetapi untuk dapat dikatakan sebagai pembelaan terpaksa, harus ada syarat-syarat yang dipenuhi. R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 64-66) menjelaskan ada 3 syarat yang harus dipenuhi, yaitu:Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan atau pembelaan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain.Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut dalam pasal itu, yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain.Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga.Kembali ke keterangan yang Anda berikan, suami sebenarnya bisa melakukan tindakan lain selain suami memukul istri. Seperti misalnya suami bisa berbicara bahwa ia tidak suka diperlakukan seperti itu oleh sang istri. Karena pada dasarnya, dalam suatu perkawinan, segala sesuatu sebaiknya dibicarakan terlebih dahulu antara pasangan suami istri untuk mencari jalan keluar terbaik. Oleh karena itu, melihat pada adanya kemungkinan lain yang dapat dilakukan, perbuatan suami memukul istri tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk pembelaan atau pembelaan terpaksa.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apa hukumnya bila suami memukul istri, pada dasarnya perbuatan si suami dapat dihukum berdasarkan Pasal 44 UU PKDRT. Namun, sebenarnya perbuatan suami maupun istrinya sama-sama melanggar ketentuan dalam UU PKDRT, maka dari itu apakah suami tersebut akan dikenai pidana oleh hakim atas tindakan pemukulan yang dilakukannya, semua bergantung pada penilaian hakim sendiri dan bukti-bukti pada persidangan nantinya. Contoh KasusSebagai contoh kasus KDRT, kami menyarikan isi Putusan PN Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB. Terdakwa telah terbukti melanggar Pasal 44 ayat (1) UU PKDRT sebagai dakwaan alternatif yang unsur-unsurnya adalah sebagai berikut: (hal. 7-8)Barang siapaBarang siapa di sini menunjukkan kepada orang atau subjek hukum yang melakukan tindak pidana, yakni terdakwa.Melakukan perbuatan kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tanggaBerdasarkan keterangan saksi, surat petunjuk dan dikaitkan dengan barang bukti di depan persidangan yaitu terdakwa terbukti melakuan penganiayaan terhadap saksi karena mula-mula saksi menarik baju yang dipakai terdakwa, lalu terdakwa menangkisnya sehingga mengenai wajah saksi dan terdakwa memutar tangan saksi sehingga tangan saksi tersebut terkilir.Hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tangga. Hakim kemudian menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 5 bulan (hal. 9). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah TanggaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana PUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Balai Asahan Nomor 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB. REFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Pasal 44 ayat (2) dan (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (“UU PKDRT”)[2] Pasal 44 ayat (4) UU PKDRT[3] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaTagshukum pidanaistrikdrtkuhppembelaan diripemukulansuami
Apa hukumnya bila suami memukul istri dikarenakan pembelaan dirinya yang mana sang suami dipancing emosinya dan ditendang sampai jatuh terlebih dahulu?
Pada dasarnya perbuatan suami memukul istri dapat dihukum berdasarkan ketentuan UU PKDRT. Namun, menurut hemat kami berdasarkan kronologis yang Anda ceritakan, perbuatan suami maupun istrinya sama-sama melanggar ketentuan dalam UU PKDRT. Maka dari itu apakah suami tersebut akan dikenai pidana oleh hakim atas tindakan pemukulan yang dilakukannya, semua bergantung pada penilaian hakim sendiri dan bukti-bukti pada persidangan nantinya. Apa jerat hukum kekerasan fisik dalam rumah tangga?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. KDRT Hingga Meninggal, Penganiayaan atau Pembunuhan?01 Jul 2021Melakukan KDRT Demi Mencegah Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Dipidana?08 Okt 2020Penghentian Proses Hukum karena Korban Memaafkan Pelaku KDRT02 Agt 2019Apakah Termasuk KDRT Jika Istri Stres Akibat Ulah Suami?22 Jul 2019KDRT Hingga Meninggal, Penganiayaan atau Pembunuhan?01 Jul 2021Melakukan KDRT Demi Mencegah Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Dipidana?08 Okt 2020Penghentian Proses Hukum karena Korban Memaafkan Pelaku KDRT02 Agt 2019Apakah Termasuk KDRT Jika Istri Stres Akibat Ulah Suami?22 Jul 2019Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-hukum-suami-memukul-istri-karena-terpancing-emosi-lt52e1d3929eb12/
Jerat Hukum Suami Memukul Istri karena Terpancing Emosi
pages/176/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### KDRT Hingga Meninggal, Penganiayaan atau Pembunuhan? ](/klinik/a/kdrt-hingga-meninggal--penganiayaan-atau-pembunuhan-lt602efcc14f6c0/) ![KDRT Hingga Meninggal, Penganiayaan atau Pembunuhan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt602efcc14f6c0/thumbnail_lt60dd7e3172164.jpg) 01 Jul 2021 [ #### Melakukan KDRT Demi Mencegah Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Dipidana? ](/klinik/a/melakukan-kdrt-demi-mencegah-bunuh-diri-bisakah-dipidana--lt5f7eeca40008e/) ![Melakukan KDRT Demi Mencegah Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Dipidana?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f7eeca40008e/thumbnail_lt5f7eef6a24add.jpg) 08 Okt 2020 [ #### Penghentian Proses Hukum karena Korban Memaafkan Pelaku KDRT ](/klinik/a/penghentian-proses-hukum-karena-korban-memaafkan-pelaku-kdrt-lt5d40fd05ed9e6/) ![Penghentian Proses Hukum karena Korban Memaafkan Pelaku KDRT](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d40fd05ed9e6/thumbnail_lt5d441eca80cfb.jpg) 02 Agt 2019 [ #### Apakah Termasuk KDRT Jika Istri Stres Akibat Ulah Suami? ](/klinik/a/apakah-termasuk-kdrt-jika-istri-stres-akibat-ulah-suami-lt5d3041e66cc5f/) ![Apakah Termasuk KDRT Jika Istri Stres Akibat Ulah Suami?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d3041e66cc5f/thumbnail_lt5d3581ed30e20.jpg) 22 Jul 2019 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh [Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 24 Januari 2014.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Mengenai kekerasan yang terjadi dalam rumah tangga telah diatur dalam **[UU PKDRT](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004)**. Pemukulan yang dilakukan suami kepada istrinya ataupun tindakan istri menendang suami sampai jatuh terlebih dahulu, merupakan kekerasan fisik. Sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 5 dan Pasal 6** **UU PKDRT** bahwa setiap orang dilarang melakukan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terhadap orang dalam lingkup rumah tangganya, dengan cara kekerasan fisik, kekerasan psikis, kekerasan seksual atau penelantaran rumah tangga. Kekerasan fisik adalah perbuatan yang mengakibatkan rasa sakit, jatuh sakit, atau luka berat. Atas kekerasan fisik tersebut, pelakunya dapat dikenai hukum pidana sebagaimana terdapat dalam **Pasal 44 ayat (1) UU PKDRT** yakni setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tangga dipidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp15 juta. Dalam hal perbuatan kekerasan fisik tersebut mengakibatkan: [\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. Korban mendapat jatuh sakit atau luka berat, pelaku dipidana penjara paling lama 10 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp30 juta. 2. Korban meninggal dunia, pelaku dipidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp45 juta. Namun jika  perbuatan itu dilakukan oleh suami terhadap istri atau sebaliknya yang tidak menimbulkan penyakit atau halangan untuk menjalankan pekerjaan jabatan atau mata pencaharian atau kegiatan sehari-hari, ia dipidana penjara paling lama 4 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp5 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Mengenai perbuatan suami memukul istri dikarenakan terpancing emosi dan karena si istri telah menendang terlebih dahulu si suami, mungkin sekilas hal ini seperti pembelaan diri dari si suami. Namun dalam UU PKDRT sendiri tidak diatur mengenai jika perbuatan kekerasan fisik yang dilakukan adalah bentuk pembelaan diri. Pembelaan seperti ini dapat Anda temukan pengaturannya dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[3\]](#_ftn3) yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 49** **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** 1. Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan **pembelaan terpaksa** untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. 2. **Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas**, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana **Pasal 34** Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena **pembelaan** terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. **Pasal 43** Setiap orang yang melakukan **pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas** yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Akan tetapi untuk dapat dikatakan sebagai pembelaan terpaksa, harus ada syarat-syarat yang dipenuhi. **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal. 64-66) menjelaskan ada 3 syarat yang harus dipenuhi, yaitu: 1. Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan atau pembelaan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain. 2. Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut dalam pasal itu, yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain. 3. Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga. Kembali ke keterangan yang Anda berikan, suami sebenarnya bisa melakukan tindakan lain selain suami memukul istri. Seperti misalnya suami bisa berbicara bahwa ia tidak suka diperlakukan seperti itu oleh sang istri. Karena pada dasarnya, dalam suatu perkawinan, segala sesuatu sebaiknya dibicarakan terlebih dahulu antara pasangan suami istri untuk mencari jalan keluar terbaik. Oleh karena itu, melihat pada adanya kemungkinan lain yang dapat dilakukan, perbuatan suami memukul istri tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk pembelaan atau pembelaan terpaksa. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apa hukumnya bila suami memukul istri, pada dasarnya perbuatan si suami dapat dihukum berdasarkan **Pasal 44 UU PKDRT**. Namun, sebenarnya perbuatan suami maupun istrinya sama-sama melanggar ketentuan dalam UU PKDRT, maka dari itu apakah suami tersebut akan dikenai pidana oleh hakim atas tindakan pemukulan yang dilakukannya, semua bergantung pada penilaian hakim sendiri dan bukti-bukti pada persidangan nantinya. ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai contoh kasus KDRT, kami menyarikan isi **[Putusan PN Tanjung Balai Asahan No. 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/4b5b13cac382d928dbd55ac45f28f90f.html)**. Terdakwa telah terbukti melanggar Pasal 44 ayat (1) UU PKDRT sebagai dakwaan alternatif yang unsur-unsurnya adalah sebagai berikut: (hal. 7-8) 1. **Barang siapa** Barang siapa di sini menunjukkan kepada orang atau subjek hukum yang melakukan tindak pidana, yakni terdakwa. 2. **Melakukan perbuatan kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tangga** Berdasarkan keterangan saksi, surat petunjuk dan dikaitkan dengan barang bukti di depan persidangan yaitu terdakwa terbukti melakuan penganiayaan terhadap saksi karena mula-mula saksi menarik baju yang dipakai terdakwa, lalu terdakwa menangkisnya sehingga mengenai wajah saksi dan terdakwa memutar tangan saksi sehingga tangan saksi tersebut terkilir. Hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana kekerasan fisik dalam lingkup rumah tangga. Hakim kemudian menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 5 bulan (hal. 9). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Balai Asahan Nomor 258/Pid/B/2013/PN-TB](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/4b5b13cac382d928dbd55ac45f28f90f.html). REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 44 ayat (2) dan (3) [Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19748/node/18/uu-no-23-tahun-2004-penghapusan-kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_23_2004) (“UU PKDRT”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 44 ayat (4) UU PKDRT [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Tags ---- [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [istri](/tag/istri) [kdrt](/tag/kdrt) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [pembelaan diri](/tag/pembelaan-diri) [pemukulan](/tag/pemukulan) [suami](/tag/suami)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Bisakah Melakukan Gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Tragedi Kanjuruhan?KLINIK TERKAITMengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)23 Des 2022Bentuk-bentuk Ganti Rugi dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum28 Sep 2022Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya09 Sep 2022Kami turut berduka cita atas tragedi Kanjuruhan yang terjadi pada 1 Oktober 2022 lalu hingga mengakibatkan ratusan korban berjatuhan. Kami berdoa semoga korban luka-luka dapat segera pulih dan bagi korban jiwa mendapat tempat terbaik di sisi Tuhan. Adapun bagi keluarga korban semoga diberi ketabahan dan kekuatan.Selanjutnya, kami informasikan bahwa berdasarkan berita yang dilansir dalam artikel Ini Kelalaian 6 Tersangka dalam Tragedi Stadion Kanjuruhan, polisi telah menetapkan 6 tersangka dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan yaitu Direktur Utama PT Liga Indonesia Baru, ketua pelaksana kegiatan, security office, Kabag Ops Polres Malang, Danki 3 Brimob Polda Jatim, dan Kasat Samapta Polres Malang. Para tersangka disangkakan pasal terkait dengan kelalaian yang mengakibatkan kematian.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan terdapat unsur kelalaian dari pihak penyelenggara pertandingan, pihak keamanan, dan pihak kepolisian yang menyebabkan adanya korban jiwa. Sehingga, dalam ranah hukum perdata, perbuatan tersebut termasuk dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang menyebabkan kerugian materiel maupun imateriel.Apa itu Perbuatan Melawan Hukum?Perbuatan melawan hukum atau biasa disebut dengan istilah onrechmatige daad diterjemahkan secara berbeda-beda oleh beberapa ahli hukum. Wirjono Prodjodikoro menggunakan istilah “perbuatan melanggar hukum”. Adapun M.A. Moegni Djojodirdjo yang lebih cenderung menggunakan istilah “perbuatan melawan hukum”.Menurut Wirjono Prodjodikoro, perbuatan melanggar hukum dapat diartikan positif dan negatif. Perbuatan yang bersifat positif adalah melakukan atau bertindak. Sedangkan dalam arti negatif, orang yang diam dapat juga dikatakan melanggar hukum karena menurut hukum orang tersebut seharusnya bertindak dan ia mengetahui bahwa dengan berdiam diri itu melanggar hukum.[1]Sedangkan menurut M.A Moegni Djojodirjo yang lebih memilih penggunaan istilah perbuatan melawan hukum karena lebih mendekati dengan terjemahan onrechmatige daad dan istilah tersebut melekat pada kedua sifat baik aktif maupun pasif. Sifat aktif adalah ketika seseorang dengan sengaja menimbulkan kerugian pada orang lain. Sebaliknya, jika seseorang dengan sengaja diam saja sedangkan ia mengetahui bahwa ia harus melakukan sesuatu untuk tidak meruikan orang lain.[2]Menurut Rosa Agustina dalam buku Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang dikutip artikel Perbedaan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Hukum Perdata dan Pidana terdapat 4 kriteria perbuatan melawan hukum, yaitu:Bertentangan dengan kewajiban hukum si pelaku;Bertentangan dengan hak subjektif orang lain;Bertentangan dengan kesusilaan;Bertentangan dengan kepatutan, ketelitian, dan kehati-hatian.Sementara, KUH Perdata tidak dijelaskan secara rinci apa yang dimaksud dengan perbuatan melawan hukum, hanya diatur syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk dapat menuntut ganti kerugian akibat perbuatan melawan hukum.Ketentuan mengenai perbuatan melawan hukum tersebut diatur dalam Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata yang selengkapnya berbunyi:Tiap-tiap perbuatan melanggar hukum, yang membawa kerugian kepada orang lain, mewajibkan orang yang karena salahnya menerbitkan kerugian itu, mengganti kerugian tersebut.Dalam artikel yang sama, disebutkan unsur-unsur perbuatan melawan hukum dalam rumusan pasal tersebut adalah:Harus ada perbuatan;Perbuatan tersebut bersifat melawan hukum;Ada kerugian;Ada hubungan kausal antara perbuatan dengan kerugian;Ada kesalahan.Baca juga: Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar GugatannyaGugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Untuk melakukan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan, Anda dapat menggunakan dasar hukum Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata dan Pasal 1366 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Setiap orang bertanggung jawab tidak hanya untuk kerugian yang disebabkan perbuatannya, tetapi juga untuk kerugian yang disebabkan kelalaian dan kekurang hati-hatiannya.Selain itu, dalam konteks tragedi Kanjuruhan yang menyebabkan korban jiwa dapat menggunakan dasar Pasal 1370 KUH Perdata yang berbunyi:Dalam hal pembunuhan dengan sengaja atau kematian seseorang karena kurang hati-hatinya orang lain, suami atau istri yang ditinggalkan, anak atau orangtua korban yang lazimnya mendapatkan nafkah dan pekerjaan korban, berhak menuntut ganti rugi yang harus dinilai menurut kedudukan dan kekayaan kedua belah pihak serta menurut keadaan.Melihat dari banyaknya jumlah korban baik korban meninggal maupun luka-luka, maka para orang tua ataupun sanak saudara dari korban tidak perlu menggugat secara sendiri-sendiri, melainkan dapat menggugat dengan cara memasukkan gugatan kelompok atau class action pada Pengadilan Negeri setempat (Pengadilan Negeri Kepanjen). Mengenai tata cara dan prosedur gugatan kelompok lebih lengkap dapat dibaca dalam artikel Gugatan Kelompok atau Class Action : Syarat dan Prosedurnya.Gugatan perwakilan kelompok atau class action tersebut ditujukan kepada penyelenggara pertandingan dan juga pihak keamanan yang lalai dalam melakukan prosedur keselamatan dan keamanan saat terjadi kerusuhan.Adapun, gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum kepada pihak kepolisian dapat diajukan ke Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (“PTUN”). Perlu kami sampaikan bahwa kepolisian termasuk salah satu fungsi pemerintahan negara dalam bidang pemeliharaan keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, penegakan hukum, perlindungan, pengayoman, dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat.[3] Sehingga, pejabat kepolisian dapat dikategorikan sebagai pejabat pemerintahan[4] yang bisa menjadi subjek dalam gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum oleh penguasa.Hal ini diatur di dalam Perma 2/2019 yang memberikan kewenangan mengadili perkara perbuatan melanggar hukum oleh badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan (onrechmatige overheidsdaad) kepada PTUN.[5] Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam artikel Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad).Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)REFERENSIMoegni Djojodirdjo. Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1982;Wirjono Prodjodikoro. Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Jakarta: Sumur Bandung, 1984.[1] Wirjono Prodjodikoro, Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, Jakarta: Sumur Bandung, 1984, hal. 8[2] Moegni Djojodirdjo, Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1982 hal. 13[3] Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia[4] Pasal 1 angka 2 dan 4 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad) (“Perma 2/2019”)[5] Pasal 2 ayat (1) Perma 2/2019Tagsclass actiongugatan perdataperbuatan melawan hukumpmhptun
Apakah insiden Kanjuruhan bisa digugat secara keperdataan?
Tragedi Kanjuruhan terjadi karena kelalaian beberapa pihak yang menyebabkan kematian dan luka-luka. Hal ini tentu merugikan korban/keluarga korban, baik secara materiel maupun imateriel. Sehingga, keluarga korban dapat mengajukan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum. Bagaimana mekanisme untuk mengajukan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)23 Des 2022Bentuk-bentuk Ganti Rugi dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum28 Sep 2022Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya09 Sep 2022Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)23 Des 2022Bentuk-bentuk Ganti Rugi dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum28 Sep 2022Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya09 Sep 2022Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Langkah Jika Jual Beli Tanah HGB yang Belum Balik Nama15 Mei 2024Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/gugatan-perbuatan-melawan-hukum-dalam-tragedi-kanjuruhan-lt635bbfe8c1035/
Gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Tragedi Kanjuruhan
pages/176/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Bisakah Melakukan Gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Tragedi Kanjuruhan?** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum ](/klinik/a/mengenal-frasa-demi-hukum-dan-batal-demi-hukum-lt4fff97aad74a5/) ![Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4fff97aad74a5/thumbnail_lt63b3ee4cb7231.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (_Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad_) ](/klinik/a/perbuatan-melawan-hukum-oleh-penguasa-ionrechtmatige-overheidsdaad-i-lt4d1cdbcfd06b6/) ![Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (<i>Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad</i>)](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4d1cdbcfd06b6/thumbnail_lt63a56856a5117.jpg) 23 Des 2022 [ #### Bentuk-bentuk Ganti Rugi dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum ](/klinik/a/bentuk-bentuk-ganti-rugi-dalam-perbuatan-melawan-hukum-lt630504012fe13/) ![Bentuk-bentuk Ganti Rugi dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt630504012fe13/thumbnail_lt63342b10452c0.jpg) 28 Sep 2022 [ #### Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya ](/klinik/a/contoh-perbuatan-melawan-hukum-lt631ae19d07879/) ![Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt631ae19d07879/thumbnail_lt631ae2e18dcfe.jpg) 09 Sep 2022 [](#!) Kami turut berduka cita atas tragedi Kanjuruhan yang terjadi pada 1 Oktober 2022 lalu hingga mengakibatkan ratusan korban berjatuhan. Kami berdoa semoga korban luka-luka dapat segera pulih dan bagi korban jiwa mendapat tempat terbaik di sisi Tuhan. Adapun bagi keluarga korban semoga diberi ketabahan dan kekuatan. Selanjutnya, kami informasikan bahwa berdasarkan berita yang dilansir dalam artikel **[Ini Kelalaian 6 Tersangka dalam Tragedi Stadion Kanjuruhan](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/ini-kelalaian-6-tersangka-dalam-tragedi-stadion-kanjuruhan-lt633f04cfca43d/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=tersangka_kanjuruhan)**, polisi telah menetapkan 6 tersangka dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan yaitu Direktur Utama PT Liga Indonesia Baru, ketua pelaksana kegiatan, _security office,_ Kabag Ops Polres Malang, Danki 3 Brimob Polda Jatim, dan Kasat Samapta Polres Malang. Para tersangka disangkakan pasal terkait dengan kelalaian yang mengakibatkan kematian. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan terdapat unsur kelalaian dari pihak penyelenggara pertandingan, pihak keamanan, dan pihak kepolisian yang menyebabkan adanya korban jiwa. Sehingga, dalam ranah hukum perdata, perbuatan tersebut termasuk dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang menyebabkan kerugian materiel maupun imateriel. ### **Apa itu Perbuatan Melawan Hukum?** Perbuatan melawan hukum atau biasa disebut dengan istilah _onrechmatige daad_ diterjemahkan secara berbeda-beda oleh beberapa ahli hukum. **Wirjono Prodjodikoro** menggunakan istilah “perbuatan melanggar hukum”. Adapun **M.A. Moegni Djojodirdjo** yang lebih cenderung menggunakan istilah “perbuatan melawan hukum”. Menurut Wirjono Prodjodikoro, perbuatan melanggar hukum dapat diartikan positif dan negatif. Perbuatan yang bersifat positif adalah melakukan atau bertindak. Sedangkan dalam arti negatif, orang yang diam dapat juga dikatakan melanggar hukum karena menurut hukum orang tersebut seharusnya bertindak dan ia mengetahui bahwa dengan berdiam diri itu melanggar hukum.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Sedangkan menurut M.A Moegni Djojodirjo yang lebih memilih penggunaan istilah perbuatan melawan hukum karena lebih mendekati dengan terjemahan _onrechmatige daad_ dan istilah tersebut melekat pada kedua sifat baik aktif maupun pasif. Sifat aktif adalah ketika seseorang dengan sengaja menimbulkan kerugian pada orang lain. Sebaliknya, jika seseorang dengan sengaja diam saja sedangkan ia mengetahui bahwa ia harus melakukan sesuatu untuk tidak meruikan orang lain.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Menurut **Rosa Agustina** dalam buku _Perbuatan Melawan Hukum_ yang dikutip artikel **[Perbedaan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Hukum Perdata dan Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbedaan-perbuatan-melawan-hukum-dalam-hukum-perdata-dan-pidana-lt5142a15699512?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pmh_pidana_perdata)** terdapat 4 kriteria perbuatan melawan hukum, yaitu: 1. Bertentangan dengan kewajiban hukum si pelaku; 2. Bertentangan dengan hak subjektif orang lain; 3. Bertentangan dengan kesusilaan; 4. Bertentangan dengan kepatutan, ketelitian, dan kehati-hatian. Sementara, [**KUH Perdata**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) tidak dijelaskan secara rinci apa yang dimaksud dengan perbuatan melawan hukum, hanya diatur syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk dapat menuntut ganti kerugian akibat perbuatan melawan hukum. Ketentuan mengenai perbuatan melawan hukum tersebut diatur dalam **Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata** yang selengkapnya berbunyi: _Tiap-tiap perbuatan melanggar hukum, yang membawa kerugian kepada orang lain, mewajibkan orang yang karena salahnya menerbitkan kerugian itu, mengganti kerugian tersebut._ Dalam artikel yang sama, disebutkan unsur-unsur perbuatan melawan hukum dalam rumusan pasal tersebut adalah: 1. Harus ada perbuatan; 2. Perbuatan tersebut bersifat melawan hukum; 3. Ada kerugian; 4. Ada hubungan kausal antara perbuatan dengan kerugian; 5. Ada kesalahan. Baca juga: **[Contoh Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Dasar Gugatannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/contoh-perbuatan-melawan-hukum-lt631ae19d07879?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=contoh_perbuatan_melawan_hukum)** ### **Gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum** Untuk melakukan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam tragedi Kanjuruhan, Anda dapat menggunakan dasar hukum Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata dan **Pasal 1366 KUH Perdata** yang berbunyi: _Setiap orang bertanggung jawab tidak hanya untuk kerugian yang disebabkan perbuatannya, tetapi juga untuk kerugian yang disebabkan kelalaian dan kekurang hati-hatiannya._ Selain itu, dalam konteks tragedi Kanjuruhan yang menyebabkan korban jiwa dapat menggunakan dasar **Pasal 1370 KUH Perdata** yang berbunyi: _Dalam hal pembunuhan dengan sengaja atau **kematian seseorang karena kurang hati-hatinya orang lain,** suami atau istri yang ditinggalkan, anak atau orangtua korban yang lazimnya mendapatkan nafkah dan pekerjaan korban, berhak menuntut ganti rugi yang harus dinilai menurut kedudukan dan kekayaan kedua belah pihak serta menurut keadaan._ Melihat dari banyaknya jumlah korban baik korban meninggal maupun luka-luka, maka para orang tua ataupun sanak saudara dari korban tidak perlu menggugat secara sendiri-sendiri, melainkan dapat menggugat dengan cara **memasukkan gugatan kelompok atau _class action_ pada Pengadilan Negeri** setempat (Pengadilan Negeri Kepanjen)_._ Mengenai tata cara dan prosedur gugatan kelompok lebih lengkap dapat dibaca dalam artikel **[Gugatan Kelompok atau _Class Action :_ Syarat dan Prosedurnya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/class-action-cl2436?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=class_action)**. Gugatan perwakilan kelompok atau _class action_ tersebut ditujukan kepada penyelenggara pertandingan dan juga pihak keamanan yang lalai dalam melakukan prosedur keselamatan dan keamanan saat terjadi kerusuhan. Adapun, gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum kepada pihak kepolisian dapat diajukan ke Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (“PTUN”). Perlu kami sampaikan bahwa kepolisian termasuk salah satu **fungsi pemerintahan negara** dalam bidang pemeliharaan keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, penegakan hukum, perlindungan, pengayoman, dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Sehingga, pejabat kepolisian dapat dikategorikan sebagai pejabat pemerintahan[\[4\]](#_ftn4) yang bisa menjadi subjek dalam gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum oleh penguasa. Hal ini diatur di dalam **[Perma 2/2019](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d634e1e7f970/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2019)** yang memberikan kewenangan mengadili perkara perbuatan melanggar hukum oleh badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan (_onrechmatige overheidsdaad_) kepada PTUN.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Selengkapnya dapat Anda baca dalam artikel **_[Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad)](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-melawan-hukum-oleh-penguasa-ionrechtmatige-overheidsdaad-i-lt4d1cdbcfd06b6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PMH_penguasa_OOD)_**_._ Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad) [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d634e1e7f970/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2019) REFERENSI --------- 1. Moegni Djojodirdjo. _Perbuatan Melawan Hukum_. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1982; 2. Wirjono Prodjodikoro. _Perbuatan Melawan Hukum_. Jakarta: Sumur Bandung, 1984. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Wirjono Prodjodikoro, _Perbuatan Melawan Hukum_, Jakarta: Sumur Bandung, 1984, hal. 8 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Moegni Djojodirdjo, _Perbuatan Melawan Hukum_, Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1982 hal. 13 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 1 angka 2 dan 4 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Tindakan Pemerintahan dan Kewenangan Mengadili Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Badan dan/atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (_Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad_)](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d634e1e7f970/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2019) (“Perma 2/2019”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 2 ayat (1) Perma 2/2019 Tags ---- [class action](/tag/class-action) [gugatan perdata](/tag/gugatan-perdata) [perbuatan melawan hukum](/tag/perbuatan-melawan-hukum) [pmh](/tag/pmh) [ptun](/tag/ptun)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITAturan Cuti Haid, Cuti Melahirkan, dan Cuti Keguguran11 Jul 2024Apakah Law Firm Tunduk pada Hukum Ketenagakerjaan?06 Mar 2024Adakah Aturan Pemberian Cuti Suami untuk Mengasuh Anak?25 Okt 2022Wajibkah Pengusaha Mendaftarkan Pekerjanya di BPJS Kesehatan dan Ketenagakerjaan?18 Jan 2019Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Bolehkah Mempekerjakan Orang Tanpa Libur? yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H., dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 18 September 2013. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Libur Mingguan dan Hari Libur ResmiHak untuk menikmati libur adalah hak setiap pekerja/buruh. Pasal 81 angka 23 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 77 UU Ketenagakerjaan menentukan bahwa setiap pengusaha wajib melaksanakan ketentuan waktu kerja yang meliputi:7  jam 1 hari dan 40 jam 1 minggu untuk 6 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu; atau8 jam 1 hari dan 40 jam 1 minggu untuk 5 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu.Selain itu, libur bekerja merupakan waktu istirahat yang wajib diberikan oleh pengusaha kepada pekerja/buruh. Libur mingguan atau istirahat mingguan paling sedikit 1 hari untuk 6 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu dan berhak mendapat upah penuh.[1]Dari ketentuan pasal di atas menunjukkan bahwa paling tidak di dalam satu minggu, pekerja/buruh dapat beristirahat dan menikmati hari libur sekurang-kurangnya satu hari. Hak ini juga merupakan bentuk perlindungan bagi pekerja/buruh dan untuk menjamin hak-hak dasar pekerja/buruh, termasuk hak untuk menikmati hari libur.Selanjutnya akan kami bahas tentang bolehkah pengusaha meminta karyawan bekerja di hari libur? Pada dasarnya, pekerja/buruh juga tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi, kecuali jenis dan sifat pekerjaan tersebut harus dilaksanakan atau dijalani secara terus menerus atau pada keadaan lain berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja dan pengusaha.[2]   Adapun yang dimaksud dengan pekerjaan yang dijalankan secara terus menerus adalah pekerjaan yang menurut jenis dan sifatnya harus dilaksanakan atau dijalankan secara terus menerus atau dalam keadaan lain berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja/buruh dan pengusaha.[3] Jenis-jenis pekerjaan tersebut yaitu: [4]pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan kesehatan;pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan jasa transportasi;pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan jasa perbaikan alat transportasi;pekerjaan di bidang usaha pariwisata;pekerjaan di bidang jasa pos dan telekomunikasi;pekerjaan di bidang penyediaan tenaga listrik, jaringan pelayanan air bersih (PAM), dan penyediaan bahan bakar minyak dan gas bumi;pekerjaan di bidang usaha swalayan, pusat perbelanjaan dan sejenisnya;pekerjaan di bidang media massa;pekerjaan di bidang pengamanan;pekerjaan di lembaga konservasi;pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang apabila dihentikan akan mengganggu proses produksi, merusak bahan dan termasuk pemeliharaan/perbaikan alat produksi.Perlu diperhatikan bahwa, pengusaha yang mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh pada hari libur resmi wajib membayar upah kerja lembur.[5]Mengacu pada pasal di atas dapat diketahui bahwa pekerja/buruh tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi. Adapun hari-hari yang ditetapkan sebagai hari libur resmi  pada saat ini dapat Anda simak dalam Keputusan Bersama 3 Menteri 2022 tentang Hari Libur dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2023.Akan tetapi, pengusaha bisa saja mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh pada hari libur resmi, dengan persetujuan dari pekerja/buruh yang bersangkutan dan pengusaha wajib memberikan upah kerja lembur. Cuti dan Istirahat PanjangSelain libur mingguan dan libur resmi, perlu kami sampaikan pula bahwa pekerja juga berhak atas cuti tahunan. Cuti tahunan wajib diberikan oleh pengusaha kepada pekerja yang telah bekerja selama satu tahun secara terus menerus. Adapun paling sedikit cuti tahunan diberikan sebanyak 12 hari kerja.[6]Selain cuti tahunan, aturan libur karyawan perempuan juga bisa mendapatkan cuti haid selama 2 hari, cuti melahirkan selama 3 bulan dan jika keguguran berhak mendapat cuti selama 1,5 bulan.[7]Pada perusahaan tertentu, dapat memberikan istirahat panjang kepada pekerjanya yang ketentuannya diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama.[8]Ketentuan mengenai istirahat panjang ini diatur di dalam PP 35/2021 namun tidak diatur secara rigid. Pasal 35 PP 35/2021 hanya menegaskan bahwa perusahaan tertentu dapat memberikan istirahat panjang. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan perusahaan tertentu adalah perusahaan yang dapat memberikan istirahat panjang dan pelaksanaannya diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama.Bagi pekerja yang mengambil cuti tahunan, cuti keguguran dan melahirkan, serta istirahat panjang tetap berhak mendapatkan upah penuh.[9] Sanksi Bagi Pengusaha yang Tidak Memberikan Hak Libur KaryawanPengusaha yang tidak memberikan waktu istirahat (baik harian maupun mingguan) dan cuti tahunan kepada karyawannya serta tidak memberikan upah lembur bagi karyawan yang bekerja pada hari libur resmi dikenakan sanksi pidana kurungan paling singkat 1 bulan dan paling lama 12 bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp10 juta dan paling banyak Rp100 juta.[10]Sanksi pidana penjara, kurungan, dan/atau denda tersebut tidak menghilangkan kewajiban pengusaha untuk membayar hak-hak dan/atau kerugian kepada tenaga kerja atau pekerja/buruh.[11]Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda tentang bolehkah pengusaha mempekerjakan orang tanpa hari libur, maka dapat kami sampaikan bahwa aturan libur karyawan telah diatur sedemikian rupa. Pengusaha pada dasarnya wajib memberikan istirahat mingguan dan cuti tahunan. Selain itu, pekerja atau karyawan tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi, kecuali bagi pekerja yang bekerja di bidang pekerjaan yang dijalankan terus menerus dengan persetujuannya, dengan syarat mendapatkan upah lembur.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini. Demikian jawaban dari kami tentang aturan libur karyawan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan KerjaKeputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Nomor Kep-233/MEN/2003 Tahun 2003 tentang Jenis dan Sifat Pekerjaan yang Dijalankan secara Terus MenerusKeputusan Bersama Menteri Agama, Menteri Ketenagakerjaan, dan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1066, 3, 3, Tahun 2022 tentang Hari Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2023[1] Pasal 81 angka 25 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (2) huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) dan Pasal 81 angka 26 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 84 UU Ketenagakerjaan[2] Pasal 85 ayat (1) dan (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan[3] Pasal 1 angka 1 Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Nomor Kep-233/MEN/2003 Tahun 2003 tentang Jenis dan Sifat Pekerjaan yang Dijalankan secara Terus Menerus (“Kepmenakertrans 233/2003”)[4] Pasal 3 ayat (1) Kepmenakertrans 233/2003[5] Pasal 85 ayat (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan[6] Pasal 81 angka 25 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan[7] Pasal 81 dan Pasal 82 UU Ketenagakerjaan[8] Pasal 81 angka 25 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (5) UU Ketenagakerjaan[9] Pasal 81 angka 26 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 84 UU Ketenagakerjaan[10] Pasal 81 angka 68 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 187 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan[11] Pasal 189 UU KetenagakerjaanTagscipta kerjacuticuti melahirkanjam kerjauu ketenagakerjaanwaktu kerja
Apakah boleh mempekerjakan orang tanpa hari libur?  
Karyawan atau pekerja/buruh mempunyai hak untuk tidak bekerja pada hari-hari tertentu, baik libur mingguan, hari libur resmi, cuti tahunan, maupun istirahat panjang. Masing-masing aturan libur karyawan atau pekerja/buruh tersebut mempunyai syarat yang berbeda berdasarkan ketentuan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Aturan Cuti Haid, Cuti Melahirkan, dan Cuti Keguguran11 Jul 2024Apakah Law Firm Tunduk pada Hukum Ketenagakerjaan?06 Mar 2024Adakah Aturan Pemberian Cuti Suami untuk Mengasuh Anak?25 Okt 2022Wajibkah Pengusaha Mendaftarkan Pekerjanya di BPJS Kesehatan dan Ketenagakerjaan?18 Jan 2019Aturan Cuti Haid, Cuti Melahirkan, dan Cuti Keguguran11 Jul 2024Apakah Law Firm Tunduk pada Hukum Ketenagakerjaan?06 Mar 2024Adakah Aturan Pemberian Cuti Suami untuk Mengasuh Anak?25 Okt 2022Wajibkah Pengusaha Mendaftarkan Pekerjanya di BPJS Kesehatan dan Ketenagakerjaan?18 Jan 20194 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/aturan-dan-jenis-hak-libur-bagi-karyawan-lt521559ec8949e/
Aturan dan Jenis Hak Libur bagi Karyawan
pages/176/page-6.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Aturan Cuti Haid, Cuti Melahirkan, dan Cuti Keguguran ](/klinik/a/aturan-cuti-haid-cuti-melahirkan-dan-cuti-keguguran-cl3890/) ![Aturan Cuti Haid, Cuti Melahirkan, dan Cuti Keguguran](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl3890/thumbnail_lt62f4a41295dae.jpg) 11 Jul 2024 [ #### Apakah _Law Firm_ Tunduk pada Hukum Ketenagakerjaan? ](/klinik/a/apakah-ilaw-firm-i-tunduk-pada-hukum-ketenagakerjaan-lt5ff2b5527a6cd/) ![Apakah <i>Law Firm</i> Tunduk pada Hukum Ketenagakerjaan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ff2b5527a6cd/thumbnail_lt5ff2b75ab28f2.jpg) 06 Mar 2024 [ #### Adakah Aturan Pemberian Cuti Suami untuk Mengasuh Anak? ](/klinik/a/cuti-suami-mengasuh-anak-lt4f9e4e622a9bd/) ![Adakah Aturan Pemberian Cuti Suami untuk Mengasuh Anak?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f9e4e622a9bd/thumbnail_lt61029c71dd5ab.jpg) 25 Okt 2022 [ #### Wajibkah Pengusaha Mendaftarkan Pekerjanya di BPJS Kesehatan dan Ketenagakerjaan? ](/klinik/a/wajibkah-pengusaha-mendaftarkan-pekerjanya-di-bpjs-kesehatan-dan-ketenagakerjaan-lt5bec1c6a0aba6/) ![Wajibkah Pengusaha Mendaftarkan Pekerjanya di BPJS Kesehatan dan Ketenagakerjaan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5bec1c6a0aba6/thumbnail_lt5c417f39d10fe.jpg) 18 Jan 2019 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Bolehkah Mempekerjakan Orang Tanpa Libur?_ yang dibuat oleh** [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c)**, dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 18 September 2013.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Libur Mingguan dan Hari Libur Resmi** Hak untuk menikmati libur adalah hak setiap pekerja/buruh. **Pasal 81 angka 23 [Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022)** **yang mengubah** **Pasal 77 [UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan)** menentukan bahwa setiap pengusaha wajib melaksanakan ketentuan waktu kerja yang meliputi: 1. 7  jam 1 hari dan 40 jam 1 minggu untuk 6 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu; atau 2. 8 jam 1 hari dan 40 jam 1 minggu untuk 5 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu. Selain itu, libur bekerja merupakan waktu istirahat yang wajib diberikan oleh pengusaha kepada pekerja/buruh. Libur mingguan atau istirahat mingguan paling sedikit 1 hari untuk 6 hari kerja dalam 1 minggu dan berhak mendapat upah penuh.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Dari ketentuan pasal di atas menunjukkan bahwa paling tidak di dalam satu minggu, pekerja/buruh dapat beristirahat dan menikmati hari libur sekurang-kurangnya satu hari. Hak ini juga merupakan bentuk perlindungan bagi pekerja/buruh dan untuk menjamin hak-hak dasar pekerja/buruh, termasuk hak untuk menikmati hari libur. Selanjutnya akan kami bahas tentang bolehkah pengusaha meminta karyawan bekerja di hari libur? Pada dasarnya, pekerja/buruh juga tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi, kecuali jenis dan sifat pekerjaan tersebut harus dilaksanakan atau dijalani secara terus menerus atau pada keadaan lain berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja dan pengusaha.[\[2\]](#_ftn2)    Adapun yang dimaksud dengan pekerjaan yang dijalankan secara terus menerus adalah pekerjaan yang menurut jenis dan sifatnya harus dilaksanakan atau dijalankan secara terus menerus atau dalam keadaan lain berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pekerja/buruh dan pengusaha.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Jenis-jenis pekerjaan tersebut yaitu: [\[4\]](#_ftn4) 1. pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan kesehatan; 2. pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan jasa transportasi; 3. pekerjaan di bidang pelayanan jasa perbaikan alat transportasi; 4. pekerjaan di bidang usaha pariwisata; 5. pekerjaan di bidang jasa pos dan telekomunikasi; 6. pekerjaan di bidang penyediaan tenaga listrik, jaringan pelayanan air bersih (PAM), dan penyediaan bahan bakar minyak dan gas bumi; 7. pekerjaan di bidang usaha swalayan, pusat perbelanjaan dan sejenisnya; 8. pekerjaan di bidang media massa; 9. pekerjaan di bidang pengamanan; 10. pekerjaan di lembaga konservasi; 11. pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang apabila dihentikan akan mengganggu proses produksi, merusak bahan dan termasuk pemeliharaan/perbaikan alat produksi. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa, pengusaha yang mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh pada hari libur resmi **wajib membayar upah kerja lembur**.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Mengacu pada pasal di atas dapat diketahui bahwa pekerja/buruh tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi. Adapun hari-hari yang ditetapkan sebagai hari libur resmi  pada saat ini dapat Anda simak dalam **[Keputusan Bersama 3 Menteri 2022 tentang Hari Libur dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63451cf3b123f/keputusan-bersama-menteri-agama--menteri-ketenagakerjaan--dan-menteri-pendayagunaan-aparatur-negara-dan-reformasi-birokrasi-nomor-1066--3--3-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=SKB_hari_libur_2023)**. Akan tetapi, pengusaha bisa saja mempekerjakan pekerja/buruh pada hari libur resmi, dengan persetujuan dari pekerja/buruh yang bersangkutan dan pengusaha wajib memberikan upah kerja lembur. ### **Cuti dan Istirahat Panjang** Selain libur mingguan dan libur resmi, perlu kami sampaikan pula bahwa pekerja juga berhak atas cuti tahunan. Cuti tahunan wajib diberikan oleh pengusaha kepada pekerja yang telah bekerja selama satu tahun secara terus menerus. Adapun paling sedikit cuti tahunan diberikan sebanyak 12 hari kerja.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Selain cuti tahunan, aturan libur karyawan perempuan juga bisa mendapatkan cuti haid selama 2 hari, cuti melahirkan selama 3 bulan dan jika keguguran berhak mendapat cuti selama 1,5 bulan.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Pada perusahaan tertentu, dapat memberikan istirahat panjang kepada pekerjanya yang ketentuannya diatur dalam [perjanjian kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja), [peraturan perusahaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/peraturan-perusahaan), atau [perjanjian kerja bersama](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama).[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Ketentuan mengenai istirahat panjang ini diatur di dalam **[PP 35/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021)** namun tidak diatur secara rigid. **Pasal 35 PP 35/2021** hanya menegaskan bahwa perusahaan tertentu dapat memberikan istirahat panjang. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan perusahaan tertentu adalah perusahaan yang dapat memberikan istirahat panjang dan pelaksanaannya diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan, atau perjanjian kerja bersama. Bagi pekerja yang mengambil cuti tahunan, cuti keguguran dan melahirkan, serta istirahat panjang tetap berhak mendapatkan upah penuh.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) ### **Sanksi Bagi Pengusaha yang Tidak Memberikan Hak Libur Karyawan** Pengusaha yang tidak memberikan waktu istirahat (baik harian maupun mingguan) dan cuti tahunan kepada karyawannya serta tidak memberikan upah lembur bagi karyawan yang bekerja pada hari libur resmi dikenakan sanksi pidana kurungan paling singkat 1 bulan dan paling lama 12 bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp10 juta dan paling banyak Rp100 juta.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Sanksi pidana penjara, kurungan, dan/atau denda tersebut tidak menghilangkan kewajiban pengusaha untuk membayar hak-hak dan/atau kerugian kepada tenaga kerja atau pekerja/buruh.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda tentang bolehkah pengusaha mempekerjakan orang tanpa hari libur, maka dapat kami sampaikan bahwa aturan libur karyawan telah diatur sedemikian rupa. Pengusaha pada dasarnya wajib memberikan istirahat mingguan dan cuti tahunan. Selain itu, pekerja atau karyawan tidak wajib bekerja pada hari-hari libur resmi, kecuali bagi pekerja yang bekerja di bidang pekerjaan yang dijalankan terus menerus dengan persetujuannya, dengan syarat mendapatkan upah lembur. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami tentang aturan libur karyawan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021) Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Nomor Kep-233/MEN/2003 Tahun 2003 tentang Jenis dan Sifat Pekerjaan yang Dijalankan secara Terus Menerus [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17828/keputusan-menteri-tenaga-kerja-dan-transmigrasi-nomor-kep233men2003-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmenaker_233_2003) Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama, Menteri Ketenagakerjaan, dan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1066, 3, 3, Tahun 2022 tentang Hari Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2023 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63451cf3b123f/keputusan-bersama-menteri-agama--menteri-ketenagakerjaan--dan-menteri-pendayagunaan-aparatur-negara-dan-reformasi-birokrasi-nomor-1066--3--3-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=SKB_hari_libur_2023) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 81 angka 25 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (2) huruf b [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) (“UU Ketenagakerjaan”) dan Pasal 81 angka 26 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 84 UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 85 ayat (1) dan (2) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Nomor Kep-233/MEN/2003 Tahun 2003 tentang Jenis dan Sifat Pekerjaan yang Dijalankan secara Terus Menerus](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17828/keputusan-menteri-tenaga-kerja-dan-transmigrasi-nomor-kep233men2003-tahun-2003?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kepmenaker_233_2003) (“Kepmenakertrans 233/2003”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 3 ayat (1) Kepmenakertrans 233/2003 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 85 ayat (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 81 angka 25 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (3) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 81 dan Pasal 82 UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 81 angka 25 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 79 ayat (5) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 81 angka 26 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 84 UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 81 angka 68 Perppu Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 187 ayat (1) UU Ketenagakerjaan [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 189 UU Ketenagakerjaan Tags ---- [cipta kerja](/tag/cipta-kerja) [cuti](/tag/cuti) [cuti melahirkan](/tag/cuti-melahirkan) [jam kerja](/tag/jam-kerja) [uu ketenagakerjaan](/tag/uu-ketenagakerjaan) [waktu kerja](/tag/waktu-kerja)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITFungsi, Isi Materi, dan Bentuk-Bentuk Perjanjian Kawin05 Jul 2024Yang Berhak Jadi Ahli Waris Jika Sekeluarga Telah Meninggal02 Nov 2021Ortu Bagikan Harta ke Anaknya Sebelum Meninggal, Bagaimana Hukumnya?01 Okt 2021Aturan Ahli Waris karena Penggantian Tempat08 Agt 2019Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Hak Waris Istri Jika Suami Meninggal yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 8 Desember 2021. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Dalam pertanyaan, Anda menerangkan bahwa ayah dan ibu tiri Anda menikah di kantor catatan sipil. Oleh karena itu, dalam menjawab hak waris istri kedua, kami akan merujuk pada ketentuan dalam KUH Perdata dan UU Perkawinan serta perubahannya. Harta Bawaan dan Harta Bersama dalam PerkawinanSebelum membahas hak waris istri, penting untuk diketahui bahwa terdapat 2 jenis harta dalam perkawinan, yaitu:[1]Harta bawaan: yakni harta bawaan dari masing-masing suami dan istri dan harta benda yang diperoleh masing-masing sebagai hadiah atau warisan. Harta bawaan ini berada di bawah penguasaan masing-masing, dalam arti merupakan milik pribadi masing-masing suami-istri, sepanjang para pihak tidak menentukan lain.Harta bersama: yakni harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan. Terhadap harta bersama, suami atau istri dapat bertindak atas persetujuan kedua belah pihak.Pada prinsipnya, bila perkawinan putus karena perceraian, maka harta bersama diatur menurut hukumnya masing-masing, dalam hal ini yaitu hukum agama, hukum adat, dan hukum-hukum lainnya.[2]Merujuk pada ketentuan tersebut, berarti bagi yang beragama Islam berlaku ketentuan pembagian harta bersama menurut KHI. Sedangkan bagi yang beragama selain Islam, dapat tunduk pada ketentuan dalam Pasal 128 KUH Perdata yang menerangkan:Setelah bubarnya harta bersama, kekayaan bersama mereka dibagi dua antara suami dan istri, atau antara para ahli waris mereka, tanpa mempersoalkan dan pihak mana asal barang-barang itu. Harta Bersama Dianggap Bubar karena KematianLalu, dalam kondisi apa harta bersama dianggap bubar? Menurut Pasal 126 KUH Perdata, harta bersama bubar demi hukum salah satunya karena kematian.Dari ketentuan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam hal istri meninggal, maka suami berhak atas separuh harta bersama sebagai bagian miliknya, sedangkan sisanya menjadi harta yang diwariskan kepada ahli waris istri.Dengan kata lain, dalam hal istri pewaris meninggalkan anak, maka suami tidak dibenarkan menguasai 100% harta yang ditinggalkan. Sebab, harta tersebut harus dibagikan kepada seluruh ahli waris yang berhak sesuai dengan bagiannya.Namun demikian, patut diperhatikan bahwa ketentuan di atas tidak berlaku jika kedua belah pihak semasa hidupnya pernah memperjanjikan pisah harta bersama atau menggabungkan harta bawaan di dalam suatu perjanjian perkawinan. Ahli Waris dan Besaran Warisan Menurut KUH PerdataPada dasarnya, pihak-pihak yang berhak menjadi ahli waris menurut Pasal 832 KUH Perdata adalah:keluarga sedarah, baik yang sah menurut undang-undang maupun yang di luar perkawinan; dansuami atau istri yang hidup terlama.Bila keluarga sedarah dan suami atau istri yang hidup terlama tidak ada, maka semua harta peninggalan menjadi milik negara, yang wajib melunasi utang-utang orang yang meninggal tersebut, sejauh harga harta peninggalan mencukupi untuk itu.[3]Hal ini menunjukkan, prinsip dari pewarisan menurut KUH Perdata adalah adanya hubungan darah di antara pewaris dan ahli waris, kecuali untuk suami atau istri dari pewaris. Kemudian, terkait bagian waris anak atau keturunannya, Pasal 852 KUH Perdata mengatur ketentuan sebagai berikut.Anak-anak atau keturunan-keturunan, sekalipun dilahirkan dan berbagai perkawinan, mewarisi harta peninggalan para orang tua mereka, kakek dan nenek mereka, atau keluarga-keluarga sedarah mereka selanjutnya dalam garis lurus ke atas, tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin atau kelahiran yang lebih dulu. Mereka mewarisi bagian-bagian yang sama besarnya kepala demi kepala, bila dengan yang meninggal mereka semua bertalian keluarga dalam derajat pertama dan masing-masing berhak karena dirinya sendiri; mereka mewarisi pancang demi pancang, bila mereka semua atas sebagian mewarisi sebagai pengganti.Suami/istri yang hidup terlama dan anak/keturunannya merupakan ahli waris golongan I. Kemudian, jika suami meninggal tanpa meninggalkan wasiat, maka harta yang ia miliki akan dibagikan kepada ahli waris sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam KUH Perdata. Hak Waris Istri Jika Suami MeninggalSebagaimana telah diuraikan sebelumnya, dalam hal suami meninggal dunia dan tidak ada perjanjian pisah harta, maka istri berhak atas separuh harta bersama sebagai bagian miliknya, sedangkan sisanya menjadi harta yang diwariskan kepada ahli waris suami. Dalam hal ini, bagian istri yang ditinggal mati disamakan dengan seorang anak sah.[4] Hak Waris Istri Kedua Menurut KUH Perdata Lantas, bagaimana hak istri kedua terhadap harta suami? Apakah istri kedua berhak menikmati harta warisan yang ditinggalkan istri pertama untuk suaminya?Sebelumnya, telah diterangkan bahwa harta benda yang diperoleh masing-masing sebagai warisan merupakan harta bawaan, sehingga harta tersebut merupakan milik masing-masing. Namun, ketentuan tersebut tidak berlaku jika suami-istri mengatur penggabungan harta bawaan dalam perjanjian perkawinan.Sehingga, jika suami dan istri kedua tidak mengatur penggabungan harta bawaan, maka harta warisan dari istri pertama yang diperoleh suami menjadi harta bawaan suami, dan bukan merupakan harta bersama.Meski demikian, jika di kemudian hari suami meninggal terlebih dahulu daripada istri kedua, maka harta yang sebelumnya telah diwariskan kepada suami atas kematian istri pertama akan dibagikan kepada para ahli waris sebagai harta warisan dari suami, termasuk kepada istri kedua. Besar Bagian Hak Waris Istri Kedua Menurut KUH Perdata Pada prinsipnya, bagian istri yang ditinggal mati disamakan dengan seorang anak sah. Namun, dalam hal perkawinan tersebut merupakan perkawinan kedua atau selanjutnya dan dari perkawinan sebelumnya ada anak atau keturunan dari anak tersebut, maka:[5]istri kedua tidak boleh mewarisi lebih dari bagian terkecil yang diterima salah seorang dari anak-anak itu atau keturunan penggantinya; danbagian warisan istri kedua tidak boleh lebih dari 1/4 harta peninggalan pewaris.Selain itu, dalam hal pewaris meninggalkan wasiat bagi istri kedua, maka jumlah yang diberikan tersebut tidak boleh melebihi bagian waris terbesar yang boleh diterima istri.Perlu diperhatikan, selain harta, utang juga dapat menjadi tanggung jawab bersama. Apabila tidak ada perjanjian perkawinan untuk pemisahan harta, maka ketentuan mengenai harta bersama antara suami dan istri tetap mengacu pada UU Perkawinan dan utang bawaan masing-masing adalah tanggung jawab yang berutang.Namun demikian, jika ada perjanjian perkawinan dan menyepakati bahwa utang bawaan menjadi tanggungan bersama, maka utang akan menjadi tanggung jawab bersama.Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami sampaikan terkait hak waris istri kedua sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanInstruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam[1] Pasal 35 dan 36 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (“UU Perkawinan”)[2] Pasal 37 UU Perkawinan beserta penjelasannya[3] Pasal 832 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (“KUH Perdata”)[4] Pasal 852a KUH Perdata[5] Pasal 852a KUH PerdataTagshak wariskeluarga dan perkawinankhikuhperdatawariswarisan
Saya mau tanya soal hak waris istri kedua jika suaminya meninggal. Kondisinya, ayah saya akan menikah lagi setelah istri pertamanya (ibu saya) meninggal dan mendapatkan warisan harta. Dikarenakan ibu saya meninggal tanpa membuat surat warisan, maka warisan itu 100% jatuh ke tangan ayah saya. Bulan ini beliau menikah lagi dengan wanita teman sekolahnya yang sudah dikenal sejak lama. Jika suatu hari ayah meninggal, apakah warisan yang sudah dipindahtangankan semua kepada ayah saya, juga akan menjadi milik istri keduanya? Jika istri kedua ayah saya memiliki utang sebelum menikah dengan ayah saya, apakah ayah saya juga mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk menanggung utang bersama jika istri kedua tidak mampu membayar? Pernikahan ayah dan istri kedua akan dilakukan di catatan sipil.
Jika istri meninggal, maka suami berhak atas separuh harta bersama sebagai bagian miliknya, sedangkan sisanya menjadi harta yang diwariskan kepada ahli waris istri. Sehingga, dalam hal istri sebagai pewaris meninggalkan anak, maka suami tidak dibenarkan menguasai 100% harta yang ditinggalkan oleh istrinya. Menjawab hak waris istri kedua, jika di kemudian hari suami meninggal terlebih dahulu daripada istri kedua, maka harta yang sebelumnya telah diwariskan kepada suami atas kematian istri pertama akan dibagikan kepada para ahli waris sebagai harta warisan dari suami, termasuk kepada istri kedua. Namun, terdapat batasan jumlah warisan yang bisa didapatkan oleh istri kedua jika suaminya meninggalkan anak. Lalu, bagaimana dengan tanggung jawab suami terhadap utang istri kedua?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Fungsi, Isi Materi, dan Bentuk-Bentuk Perjanjian Kawin05 Jul 2024Yang Berhak Jadi Ahli Waris Jika Sekeluarga Telah Meninggal02 Nov 2021Ortu Bagikan Harta ke Anaknya Sebelum Meninggal, Bagaimana Hukumnya?01 Okt 2021Aturan Ahli Waris karena Penggantian Tempat08 Agt 2019Fungsi, Isi Materi, dan Bentuk-Bentuk Perjanjian Kawin05 Jul 2024Yang Berhak Jadi Ahli Waris Jika Sekeluarga Telah Meninggal02 Nov 2021Ortu Bagikan Harta ke Anaknya Sebelum Meninggal, Bagaimana Hukumnya?01 Okt 2021Aturan Ahli Waris karena Penggantian Tempat08 Agt 2019Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hak-waris-istri-kedua-jika-suaminya-meninggal-lt5d7533260f69e/
Hak Waris Istri Kedua Jika Suaminya Meninggal
pages/176/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Fungsi, Isi Materi, dan Bentuk-Bentuk Perjanjian Kawin ](/klinik/a/bentuk-bentuk-perjanjian-kawin-lt5d10395b1ff28/) ![Fungsi, Isi Materi, dan Bentuk-Bentuk Perjanjian Kawin](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d10395b1ff28/thumbnail_lt5d109cb85e4a7.jpg) 05 Jul 2024 [ #### Yang Berhak Jadi Ahli Waris Jika Sekeluarga Telah Meninggal ](/klinik/a/yang-berhak-jadi-ahli-waris-jika-sekeluarga-telah-meninggal-lt616cbad8975a1/) ![Yang Berhak Jadi Ahli Waris Jika Sekeluarga Telah Meninggal](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt616cbad8975a1/thumbnail_lt6180decda1fdf.jpg) 02 Nov 2021 [ #### Ortu Bagikan Harta ke Anaknya Sebelum Meninggal, Bagaimana Hukumnya? ](/klinik/a/ortu-bagikan-harta-ke-anaknya-sebelum-meninggal-bagaimana-hukumnya-lt615705683b942/) ![Ortu Bagikan Harta ke Anaknya Sebelum Meninggal, Bagaimana Hukumnya?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt615705683b942/thumbnail_lt61570ddbdaa79.jpg) 01 Okt 2021 [ #### Aturan Ahli Waris karena Penggantian Tempat ](/klinik/a/aturan-ahli-waris-karena-penggantian-tempat-lt5d2c2bb4865c3/) ![Aturan Ahli Waris karena Penggantian Tempat](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d2c2bb4865c3/thumbnail_lt5d4ba1a1ccd3d.jpg) 08 Agt 2019 [](#!) **Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Hak Waris Istri Jika Suami Meninggal_ yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 8 Desember 2021.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Dalam pertanyaan, Anda menerangkan bahwa ayah dan ibu tiri Anda menikah di kantor catatan sipil. Oleh karena itu, dalam menjawab hak waris istri kedua, kami akan merujuk pada ketentuan dalam **[KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)** dan **[UU Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan)** serta perubahannya. ### **Harta Bawaan dan Harta Bersama dalam Perkawinan** Sebelum membahas hak waris istri, penting untuk diketahui bahwa terdapat 2 jenis harta dalam perkawinan, yaitu:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. **Harta bawaan**: yakni harta bawaan dari masing-masing suami dan istri dan harta benda yang diperoleh masing-masing sebagai hadiah atau warisan. Harta bawaan ini berada di bawah penguasaan masing-masing, dalam arti merupakan milik pribadi masing-masing suami-istri, sepanjang para pihak tidak menentukan lain. 2. **Harta bersama**: yakni harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan. Terhadap harta bersama, suami atau istri dapat bertindak atas persetujuan kedua belah pihak. Pada prinsipnya, bila perkawinan putus karena perceraian, maka harta bersama diatur menurut hukumnya masing-masing, dalam hal ini yaitu hukum agama, hukum adat, dan hukum-hukum lainnya.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Merujuk pada ketentuan tersebut, berarti bagi yang beragama Islam berlaku ketentuan pembagian harta bersama menurut **[KHI](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI)**. Sedangkan bagi yang beragama selain Islam, dapat tunduk pada ketentuan dalam **Pasal 128 KUH Perdata** yang menerangkan: **_Setelah bubarnya harta bersama, kekayaan bersama mereka dibagi dua antara suami dan istri_**_, atau antara para ahli waris mereka, tanpa mempersoalkan dan pihak mana asal barang-barang itu._ ### **Harta Bersama Dianggap Bubar karena Kematian** Lalu, dalam kondisi apa harta bersama dianggap bubar? Menurut **Pasal 126 KUH Perdata**, harta bersama bubar demi hukum salah satunya karena kematian. Dari ketentuan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam hal istri meninggal, maka suami berhak atas separuh harta bersama sebagai bagian miliknya, sedangkan sisanya menjadi harta yang diwariskan kepada ahli waris istri. Dengan kata lain, dalam hal istri pewaris meninggalkan anak, maka suami tidak dibenarkan menguasai 100% harta yang ditinggalkan. Sebab, harta tersebut harus dibagikan kepada seluruh ahli waris yang berhak sesuai dengan bagiannya. Namun demikian, patut diperhatikan bahwa ketentuan di atas tidak berlaku jika kedua belah pihak semasa hidupnya pernah memperjanjikan pisah harta bersama atau menggabungkan harta bawaan di dalam suatu perjanjian perkawinan. ### **Ahli Waris dan Besaran Warisan Menurut KUH Perdata** Pada dasarnya, pihak-pihak yang berhak menjadi ahli waris **menurut Pasal 832 KUH Perdata** adalah: 1. keluarga sedarah, baik yang sah menurut undang-undang maupun yang di luar perkawinan; dan 2. suami atau istri yang hidup terlama. Bila keluarga sedarah dan suami atau istri yang hidup terlama tidak ada, maka semua harta peninggalan menjadi milik negara, yang wajib melunasi utang-utang orang yang meninggal tersebut, sejauh harga harta peninggalan mencukupi untuk itu.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Hal ini menunjukkan, prinsip dari pewarisan menurut KUH Perdata adalah adanya hubungan darah di antara pewaris dan ahli waris, kecuali untuk suami atau istri dari pewaris. Kemudian, terkait bagian waris anak atau keturunannya, **Pasal 852 KUH Perdata** mengatur ketentuan sebagai berikut. _Anak-anak atau keturunan-keturunan, sekalipun dilahirkan dan berbagai perkawinan, mewarisi harta peninggalan para orang tua mereka, kakek dan nenek mereka, atau keluarga-keluarga sedarah mereka selanjutnya dalam garis lurus ke atas, tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin atau kelahiran yang lebih dulu._ _Mereka mewarisi bagian-bagian yang sama besarnya kepala demi kepala, bila dengan yang meninggal mereka semua bertalian keluarga dalam derajat pertama dan masing-masing berhak karena dirinya sendiri; mereka mewarisi pancang demi pancang, bila mereka semua atas sebagian mewarisi sebagai pengganti._ Suami/istri yang hidup terlama dan anak/keturunannya merupakan ahli waris golongan I. Kemudian, jika suami meninggal tanpa meninggalkan wasiat, maka harta yang ia miliki akan dibagikan kepada ahli waris sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam KUH Perdata. ### **Hak Waris Istri Jika Suami Meninggal** Sebagaimana telah diuraikan sebelumnya, dalam hal suami meninggal dunia dan tidak ada perjanjian pisah harta, maka istri berhak atas separuh harta bersama sebagai bagian miliknya, sedangkan sisanya menjadi harta yang diwariskan kepada ahli waris suami. Dalam hal ini, bagian istri yang ditinggal mati disamakan dengan seorang anak sah.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **Hak Waris Istri Kedua Menurut KUH Perdata** Lantas, bagaimana hak istri kedua terhadap harta suami? Apakah istri kedua berhak menikmati harta warisan yang ditinggalkan istri pertama untuk suaminya? Sebelumnya, telah diterangkan bahwa harta benda yang diperoleh masing-masing sebagai warisan merupakan harta bawaan, sehingga harta tersebut merupakan milik masing-masing. Namun, ketentuan tersebut tidak berlaku jika suami-istri mengatur penggabungan harta bawaan dalam perjanjian perkawinan. Sehingga, jika suami dan istri kedua tidak mengatur penggabungan harta bawaan, maka harta warisan dari istri pertama yang diperoleh suami menjadi harta bawaan suami, dan bukan merupakan harta bersama. Meski demikian, jika di kemudian hari suami meninggal terlebih dahulu daripada istri kedua, maka harta yang sebelumnya telah diwariskan kepada suami atas kematian istri pertama akan dibagikan kepada para ahli waris sebagai harta warisan dari suami, termasuk kepada istri kedua. ### **Besar Bagian Hak Waris Istri Kedua Menurut KUH Perdata** Pada prinsipnya, bagian istri yang ditinggal mati disamakan dengan seorang anak sah. Namun, dalam hal perkawinan tersebut merupakan perkawinan kedua atau selanjutnya dan dari perkawinan sebelumnya ada anak atau keturunan dari anak tersebut, maka:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. istri kedua tidak boleh mewarisi lebih dari bagian terkecil yang diterima salah seorang dari anak-anak itu atau keturunan penggantinya; dan 2. bagian warisan istri kedua tidak boleh lebih dari 1/4 harta peninggalan pewaris. Selain itu, dalam hal pewaris meninggalkan wasiat bagi istri kedua, maka jumlah yang diberikan tersebut tidak boleh melebihi bagian waris terbesar yang boleh diterima istri. Perlu diperhatikan, selain harta, utang juga dapat menjadi tanggung jawab bersama. Apabila tidak ada perjanjian perkawinan untuk pemisahan harta, maka ketentuan mengenai harta bersama antara suami dan istri tetap mengacu pada UU Perkawinan dan utang bawaan masing-masing adalah tanggung jawab yang berutang. Namun demikian, jika ada perjanjian perkawinan dan menyepakati bahwa utang bawaan menjadi tanggungan bersama, maka utang akan menjadi tanggung jawab bersama. Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami sampaikan terkait hak waris istri kedua sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019) Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 35 dan 36 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) (“UU Perkawinan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 37 UU Perkawinan beserta penjelasannya [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 832 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) (“KUH Perdata”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 852a KUH Perdata [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 852a KUH Perdata Tags ---- [hak waris](/tag/hak-waris) [keluarga dan perkawinan](/tag/keluarga-dan-perkawinan) [khi](/tag/khi) [kuhperdata](/tag/kuhperdata) [waris](/tag/waris) [warisan](/tag/warisan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul Cara Rujuk Jika Suami Menjatuhkan Talak Baik Shugra (Talak Kecil) yang dipublikasikan pertama kali pada 2 Agustus 2016, dan dimutakhirkan pertama kali pada Jumat, 4 Desember 2020.KLINIK TERKAITSyarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Istri Meninggalkan Suami, Apakah Jatuh Talak?10 Mar 2023Jatuh Talak Suami, Ini Hak-hak Istri dan Anak10 Agt 2022Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga30 Nov 2021Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Sayuti Thalib dalam Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia (hal. 104) menerangkan bahwa talak ba’in sughra adalah talak yang tidak boleh dirujuk lagi, namun keduanya (pasangannya) dapat kawin kembali.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Lebih lanjut, Sayuti menerangkan bahwa talak ba’in sughra ini terdiri dari:Talak satu atau talak dua pakai iwadh (sejumlah uang pengganti yang merupakan syarat jatuhnya talak) atau disebut juga dengan talak dengan penggantian harta (khulu’).Talak satu atau talak dua tanpa iwadh, tetapi talaknya sebelum bersetubuh atau disebut juga dengan talak qabla dukhul.Adapun berdasarkan KHI, yang termasuk talak ba’in sughra, antara lain:[1]talak yang terjadi qabla al dukhul (sebelum bersetubuh);talak dengan tebusan atau khuluk;talak yang dijatuhkan oleh Pengadilan Agama.Baca juga: Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan TigaRujuk dan Kawin Kembali Menjawab pertanyaan akan syarat rujuk setelah jatuh talak ba’in sughra, terlebih dulu kami ingatkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara rujuk dan kawin kembali. Adapun yang dibutuhkan untuk dapat bersama setelah talak ba’in sughra dijatuhkan adalah kawin kembali.Rujuk berarti suami (yang telah menjatuhkan talak) kembali menjalin hubungan sebagai suami-istri dengan istri (yang dijatuhi talak) dengan cara yang sederhana, yakni dengan suami mengucapkan “saya kembali kepadamu” kepada istri yang ditalak di hadapan dua orang saksi laki-laki yang adil.[2]Sementara itu, kawin kembali berarti suami istri yang telah bercerai memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan perkawinan seperti biasa, yaitu adanya akad nikah, saksi, dan lain-lainnya untuk menjadikan mereka suami istri kembali.[3]Cara Kawin Kembali setelah Talak Ba’in Sughra DijatuhkanKHI telah menegaskan bahwa talak ba’in sughra adalah talak yang tidak boleh dirujuk, tetapi mantan istri boleh akad nikah baru dengan mantan suaminya meskipun dalam idah.[4] Dengan demikian, dalam talak ba’in sughra, mantan suami yang hendak menikahi kembali mantan istinya tidak perlu untuk menunggu habisnya waktu tunggu/idah.Bekas suami-istri yang ingin kawin kembali dapat melangsungkan akad nikah baru dengan memenuhi syarat perkawinan yaitu adanya calon suami, calon istri, ijab kabul, dua orang saksi, dan wali.Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami sampaikan terkait cara rujuk setelah talak ba’in sughra, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMInstruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum IslamREFERENSISayuti Thalib. Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia. Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986.[1] Pasal 119 angka 2 Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam (“KHI”)[2] Sayuti Thalib, Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986, hal. 101[3] Sayuti Thalib, Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986, hal. 101[4] Pasal 119 angka 1 KHITagscerai talakhukumhukumonlinekeluarga dan perkawinanklinikklinik hukumonline
Teman saya ingin rujuk setelah jatuh talak bain sughra. Pertanyaan saya, bagaimana cara rujuk talak bain sughra menurut hukum yang berlaku? Mohon infonya, terima kasih.
Talak ba’in sughra adalah talak yang tidak boleh dirujuk, tetapi keduanya dapat kawin kembali. Lantas, bagaimana cara untuk kawin kembali setelah talak ba’in sughra? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Istri Meninggalkan Suami, Apakah Jatuh Talak?10 Mar 2023Jatuh Talak Suami, Ini Hak-hak Istri dan Anak10 Agt 2022Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga30 Nov 2021Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Istri Meninggalkan Suami, Apakah Jatuh Talak?10 Mar 2023Jatuh Talak Suami, Ini Hak-hak Istri dan Anak10 Agt 2022Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga30 Nov 2021Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/cara-untuk-rujuk-setelah-ditalak-ibain-sughra-i-lt571066539b567/
Cara untuk Rujuk Setelah Ditalak Bain Sughra
pages/176/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul _Cara Rujuk Jika Suami Menjatuhkan Talak Baik Shugra (Talak Kecil)_ yang dipublikasikan pertama kali pada 2 Agustus 2016, dan dimutakhirkan pertama kali pada Jumat, 4 Desember 2020.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-cara-rujuk-talak-1-tanpa-menikah-lagi-lt51e7958f74bdf/) ![Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51e7958f74bdf/thumbnail_lt62399882bef5d.jpg) 21 Jul 2023 [ #### Istri Meninggalkan Suami, Apakah Jatuh Talak? ](/klinik/a/istri-meninggalkan-suami-apakah-jatuh-talak-lt4f1e598a3a77d/) ![Istri Meninggalkan Suami, Apakah Jatuh Talak?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f1e598a3a77d/thumbnail_lt6221874a72f14.jpg) 10 Mar 2023 [ #### Jatuh Talak Suami, Ini Hak-hak Istri dan Anak ](/klinik/a/jatuh-talak-suami--ini-hak-hak-istri-dan-anak-lt62b092db9f72c/) ![Jatuh Talak Suami, Ini Hak-hak Istri dan Anak](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62b092db9f72c/thumbnail_lt62f38a70dd17b.jpg) 10 Agt 2022 [ #### Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga ](/klinik/a/perbedaan-talak-satu--dua--dan-tiga-lt55d543b865916/) ![Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt55d543b865916/thumbnail_lt5eeccde7d7673.jpg) 30 Nov 2021 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** **Sayuti Thalib** dalam _Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia_ (hal. 104) menerangkan bahwa talak _ba’in sughra_ adalah talak yang tidak boleh dirujuk lagi, namun keduanya (pasangannya) dapat kawin kembali. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Lebih lanjut, Sayuti menerangkan bahwa talak _ba’in sughra_ ini terdiri dari: 1. Talak satu atau talak dua pakai _iwadh_ (sejumlah uang pengganti yang merupakan syarat jatuhnya talak) atau disebut juga dengan talak dengan penggantian harta (_khulu’_). 2. Talak satu atau talak dua tanpa _iwadh_, tetapi talaknya sebelum bersetubuh atau disebut juga dengan talak _qabla dukhul._ Adapun berdasarkan **[KHI](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI)**, yang termasuk talak _ba’in sughra_, antara lain:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. talak yang terjadi _qabla al dukhul_ (sebelum bersetubuh); 2. talak dengan tebusan atau khuluk; 3. talak yang dijatuhkan oleh Pengadilan Agama. Baca juga: **[Perbedaan Talak Satu, Dua, dan Tiga](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbedaan-talak-satu--dua--dan-tiga-lt55d543b865916?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=talak_satu_dua_tiga)** ### **Rujuk dan Kawin Kembali** Menjawab pertanyaan akan syarat rujuk setelah jatuh talak _ba’in sughra_, terlebih dulu kami ingatkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara rujuk dan kawin kembali. Adapun yang dibutuhkan untuk dapat bersama setelah talak _ba’in sughra_ dijatuhkan adalah kawin kembali. Rujuk berarti suami (yang telah menjatuhkan talak) kembali menjalin hubungan sebagai suami-istri dengan istri (yang dijatuhi talak) dengan cara yang sederhana, yakni dengan suami mengucapkan “saya kembali kepadamu” kepada istri yang ditalak di hadapan dua orang saksi laki-laki yang adil.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Sementara itu, kawin kembali berarti suami istri yang telah bercerai memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan perkawinan seperti biasa, yaitu adanya akad nikah, saksi, dan lain-lainnya untuk menjadikan mereka suami istri kembali.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) ### **Cara Kawin Kembali setelah Talak _Ba’in Sughra_ Dijatuhkan** KHI telah menegaskan bahwa talak _ba’in sughra_ adalah talak yang tidak boleh dirujuk, tetapi mantan istri boleh akad nikah baru dengan mantan suaminya meskipun dalam idah.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Dengan demikian, dalam talak _ba’in sughra_, mantan suami yang hendak menikahi kembali mantan istinya tidak perlu untuk menunggu habisnya waktu tunggu/idah. Bekas suami-istri yang ingin kawin kembali dapat melangsungkan akad nikah baru dengan memenuhi syarat perkawinan yaitu adanya calon suami, calon istri, ijab kabul, dua orang saksi, dan wali. Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami sampaikan terkait cara rujuk setelah talak _ba’in sughra_, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI) REFERENSI --------- Sayuti Thalib. _Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia_. Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 119 angka 2 [Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI) (“KHI”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Sayuti Thalib, _Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia_, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986, hal. 101 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Sayuti Thalib, _Hukum Kekeluargaan Indonesia_, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986, hal. 101 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 119 angka 1 KHI Tags ---- [cerai talak](/tag/cerai-talak) [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [keluarga dan perkawinan](/tag/keluarga-dan-perkawinan) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Prosedur Pendirian Yayasan di Indonesia which was written by Eryanto Nugroho and was published on Thursday, 21 February 2019. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Prior to the enactment of Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations (“Law 16/2001”), in Indonesia, there were no laws and regulations which specifically addressed foundations. The word foundation is indeed found in several articles of the Indonesian Civil Code (Article 365, 899, 900, 1680) and Reglement op de Rechtsvordering or Rv (Article 6 Section 3, and Article 236), however, in said articles it is not contained a clear definition or "rules of the game" on foundations.The Netherlands has had a Wet Op Stichtingen since 1956, hence, foundations in Indonesia so far only refer to the Jurisprudence Decision of the Hoogerechtshof of 1884 and the Supreme Court Decision June 27, 1973 Number 124/Sip/1973.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas However, since Law 16/2001 has now come into force, we have chosen to answer this question in accordance with this regulation. In its development, Law 16/2001 has been amended by Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations ("Law 28/2004").Foundation is a legal entity consisting of separated assets and is intended to achieve certain goals in the social, religious, and humanitarian sectors, which has no members.[1]Foundations have organs consisting of advisors, administrators, and supervisors.[2]There are basically 3 stages in the process of establishing a foundation, namely:EstablishmentFoundations may be established by one or more persons ("person" may refer to either an individual or a legal entity), by separating a portion of the founder's assets as initial assets.[3]The basis for the establishment of this foundation may be in the form of an agreement between the founders of the foundation to carry out social, religious, and humanitarian activities or it can also be based on a will/testament.[4]The establishment process itself is carried out with a notarial deed and drawn up in Bahasa Indonesia,[5] except for the establishment of foundations by foreigners or in cooperation with foreigners which will be further regulated under Government Regulation.[6] In this regard, it has been regulated in Chapter V of Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations (“Government Regulation 63/2008”) as amended by Government Regulation Number 2 of 2013 on the Amendment to Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations (“Government Regulation 2/2013”).However, since you did not specify mention, whether the foundation you are referring to was established by an Indonesian citizen or by a foreigner, we will only discuss it as if it was established by an Indonesian citizen.It should be noted that the initial assets of foundations established by Indonesian citizens, which are from the segregation of the founder's personal assets, in equivalent terms amount to a minimum of IDR 10 million.[7] "In equivalent terms" means that if the separated assets are not in the form of rupiah currency, then the value of said assets is equal to IDR 10 million.[8]If the establishment of a foundation is based on a will, then it should be conducted through an open will[9] and implemented as described in the following Article 9 Law 16/2001:the establishment of the foundation shall be directly contained in the relevant will, by including the provisions of the articles of the foundation that soon will be established; orthe establishment of a foundation shall be implemented by the executor of the will, as ordered in the will, by the testator in accordance with the provisions of this Law and Government Regulation. Legalization/ValidationLegal entity status for a new foundation arises after the deed of establishment of the foundation has been validated by the Minister of Law and Human Rights.[10]In order to obtain validation, the founders or proxies shall submit an application for validation to the Minister of Law and Human Rights through the notary who draws up the deed of establishment of the foundation. The Notary is obliged to submit the application for validation to the Minister of Law and Human Rights within a period of no later than 10 (ten) days from the date the deed of establishment of the foundation is signed.[11]The validation of said application shall be granted or rejected within a period of no later than 30 (thirty) days from the date the application is submitted.[12]If it is rejected, then the refusal of validation by the Minister of Law and Human Rights must be notified in writing along with the reasons to the applicant. The reason for the refusal is that the application submitted is not in accordance with the provisions of the law and/or its implementing regulations.[13]It should be noted that legal actions which are undertaken by the administrator on behalf of the foundation before the foundation obtains the status of a legal entity become the administrators’ joint and several liabilities.[14]AnnouncementThe deed of establishment of a foundation that has been validated as a legal entity must be announced in the Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. Such announcement shall be made by the Minister of Law and Human Rights within a period of no later than 14 (fourteen) days from the date of the deed of establishment of the Foundation is validated. Announcements are subject to a fee, as stipulated in a Government Regulation.[15]After the three stages are implemented (establishment, validation, and announcement), then the foundation has been legally established as a legal entity.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations as amended by Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations;Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations as amended by Government Regulation Number 2 of 2013 on the Amendment to Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations.[1] Article 1 Section (1) Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations (“Law 16/2001”).[2] Article 2 Law 16/2001.[3] Article 9 Section (1) and Explanation to Article 9 Section (1) Law 16/2001.[4] Article 9 Section (1) jo. Article 9 Section (3) and Article 1 Section (1) Law 16/2001.[5] Article 9 Section (2) Law 16/2001.[6] Article 9 Section (5) Law 16/2001.[7] Article 6 Section (1) Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations (“Government Regulation 63/2008”).[8] Explanation to Article 6 Section (1) Government Regulation 63/2008.[9] Article 8 Government Regulation 63/2008.[10] Article 11 Section (1) Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations ("Law 28/2004").[11] Article 11 Section (2) and (3) Law 28/2004.[12] Article 12 Section (2) Law 28/2004.[13] Article 13 Law 16/2001.[14] Article 13A Law 28/2004.[15] Article 24 Section (1), (2), and (4) Law 28/2004.Tagsklinik english edition
What licenses do we need in order to establish a foundation? What are the laws and regulations?
There are basically 3 stages to establishing a foundation according to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations and its amendments. These stages are the establishment, legalization/validation, and announcement. The process of the establishment itself is conducted through a notarial deed and drawn up in Bahasa Indonesia or the Indonesian language, except for the establishment of a foundation by foreigners or in cooperation with foreigners which is further regulated under Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations and its amendments. Legal entity status for a new foundation arises after the deed of foundation establishment has been validated by the Minister of Law and Human Rights. The deed of foundation establishment which has been validated as a legal entity must be announced in the Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/procedures-to-establish-a-foundation-in-indonesia-lt63c7bf694c348/
Procedures to Establish a Foundation in Indonesia
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Prosedur Pendirian Yayasan di Indonesia_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/prosedur-pendirian-yayasan-di-indonesia-cl587?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=prosedur_pendirian_yayasan) which was written by [**Eryanto Nugroho**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pshk-lt4a0a78d8e8d19/eryanto-nugroho-lt4dd09bfeedc2f/) and was published on Thursday, 21 February 2019. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Prior to the enactment of [**Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/55/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2001) **(“Law 16/2001”)**, in Indonesia, there were no laws and regulations which specifically addressed foundations. The word foundation is indeed found in several articles of the [**Indonesian Civil Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) (Article 365, 899, 900, 1680) and _Reglement op de Rechtsvordering_ or Rv (Article 6 Section 3, and Article 236), however, in said articles it is not contained a clear definition or "rules of the game" on foundations. The Netherlands has had a _Wet Op Stichtingen_ since 1956, hence, foundations in Indonesia so far only refer to the Jurisprudence Decision of the _Hoogerechtshof_ of 1884 and the Supreme Court Decision June 27, 1973 Number 124/Sip/1973. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) However, since **Law 16/2001** has now come into force, we have chosen to answer this question in accordance with this regulation. In its development, **Law 16/2001** has been amended by [**Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19785/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2004) **("Law 28/2004")**. Foundation is a legal entity consisting of separated assets and is intended to achieve certain goals in the social, religious, and humanitarian sectors, which has no members.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Foundations have organs consisting of advisors, administrators, and supervisors.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) There are basically 3 stages in the process of establishing a foundation, namely: 1. **Establishment** Foundations may be established by one or more persons ("person" may refer to either an individual or a legal entity), by separating a portion of the founder's assets as initial assets.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) The basis for the establishment of this foundation may be in the form of an agreement between the founders of the foundation to carry out social, religious, and humanitarian activities or it can also be based on a will/testament.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The establishment process itself is carried out with a notarial deed and drawn up in _Bahasa Indonesia_,[\[5\]](#_ftn5) except for the establishment of foundations by foreigners or in cooperation with foreigners which will be further regulated under Government Regulation.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) In this regard, it has been regulated in **Chapter V** of [**Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28370/nprt/1019/pp-no-63-tahun-2008-pelaksanaan-undang-undang-tentang-yayasan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_63_2008) **(“Government Regulation 63/2008”)** as amended by [**Government Regulation Number 2 of 2013 on the Amendment to Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50efca421e67d/node/98/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-2-tahun-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_2_2013) **(“Government Regulation 2/2013”)**. However, since you did not specify mention, whether the foundation you are referring to was established by an Indonesian citizen or by a foreigner, we will only discuss it as if it was established by an Indonesian citizen. It should be noted that the initial assets of foundations established by Indonesian citizens, which are from the segregation of the founder's personal assets, in equivalent terms amount to a minimum of IDR 10 million.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) "In equivalent terms" means that if the separated assets are not in the form of _rupiah_ currency, then the value of said assets is equal to IDR 10 million.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) If the establishment of a foundation is based on a will, then it should be conducted through an open will[\[9\]](#_ftn9) and implemented as described in the following **Article 9** **Law 16/2001**: 1. _the establishment of the foundation shall be directly contained in the relevant will, by including the provisions of the articles of the foundation that soon will be established; or_ 2. _the establishment of a foundation shall be implemented by the executor of the will, as ordered in the will, by the testator in accordance with the provisions of this Law and Government Regulation._ 2. **Legalization/Validation** Legal entity status for a new foundation arises after the **deed of establishment of the foundation has been validated** by the Minister of Law and Human Rights.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) In order to obtain validation, the founders or proxies shall submit an application for validation to the Minister of Law and Human Rights through the notary who draws up the deed of establishment of the foundation. The Notary is obliged to submit the application for validation to the Minister of Law and Human Rights within a period of no later than 10 (ten) days from the date the deed of establishment of the foundation is signed.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) The validation of said application shall be granted or rejected within a period of no later than 30 (thirty) days from the date the application is submitted.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) If it is rejected, then the refusal of validation by the Minister of Law and Human Rights must be notified in writing along with the reasons to the applicant. The reason for the refusal is that the application submitted is not in accordance with the provisions of the law and/or its implementing regulations.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) It should be noted that legal actions which are undertaken by the administrator on behalf of the foundation before the foundation obtains the status of a legal entity **become the administrators’ joint and several liabilities**.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) 3. **Announcement** The deed of establishment of a foundation that has been validated as a legal entity must be announced in the Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. Such announcement shall be made by the Minister of Law and Human Rights within a period of no later than 14 (fourteen) days from the date of the deed of establishment of the Foundation is validated. Announcements are subject to a fee, as stipulated in a Government Regulation.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) After the three stages are implemented (establishment, validation, and announcement), then the foundation has been legally established as a legal entity. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/55/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2001) as amended by [Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19785/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2004); 2. [Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28370/nprt/1019/pp-no-63-tahun-2008-pelaksanaan-undang-undang-tentang-yayasan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_63_2008) as amended by [Government Regulation Number 2 of 2013 on the Amendment to Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50efca421e67d/node/98/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-2-tahun-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_2_2013). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (1) [**Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/55/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2001) **(“Law 16/2001”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 2 Law 16/2001. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 9 Section (1) and Explanation to Article 9 Section (1) Law 16/2001. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 9 Section (1) _jo._ Article 9 Section (3) and Article 1 Section (1) Law 16/2001. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 9 Section (2) Law 16/2001. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 9 Section (5) Law 16/2001. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 6 Section (1) [**Government Regulation Number 63 of 2008 on the Implementation of the Law on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28370/nprt/1019/pp-no-63-tahun-2008-pelaksanaan-undang-undang-tentang-yayasan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_63_2008) **(“Government Regulation 63/2008”).** [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Explanation to Article 6 Section (1) Government Regulation 63/2008. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 8 Government Regulation 63/2008. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 11 Section (1) [**Law Number 28 of 2004 on the Amendment to Law Number 16 of 2001 on Foundations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19785/node/540?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_28_2004) **("Law 28/2004")**. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 11 Section (2) and (3) Law 28/2004. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 12 Section (2) Law 28/2004. [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Article 13 Law 16/2001. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Article 13A Law 28/2004. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Article 24 Section (1), (2), and (4) Law 28/2004. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Hirarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia which was written by Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti and was published on Friday, 20 May 2022. This article below is the fourth update of the article entitled Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations (Hirarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan) which was written by Ali Salmande and was first published on Tuesday, 22 March 2011. It was first updated on Friday, 4 May 2018, secondly updated on Wednesday, 18 March 2020, and thirdly updated on Wednesday, 15 April 2020.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Concept of Hierarchy of Laws and RegulationsThe concept of the hierarchy of laws and regulations cannot be separated from the theory of Hans Kelsen and Hans Nawiasku. We will elaborate on both theories, as quoted by Nisrina Irbah Sati in the Decree of People's Consultative Assembly on the Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations in Indonesia (pp. 837–838).Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas According to Hans Kelsen, there are basically two categories of norms in law, namely the inferior norms and the superior norms. In relation to these two norms, the validity of the lower norms can be legally tested against the norms which are hierarchically located above them.Departing from the abovementioned Hans Kelsen theory, Hans Nawiasky then elaborated that the legal norms were arranged in the form of a stupa (stufenformig) which consisted of certain parts (zwischenstufe). The hierarchies are staatsfundamentalnorm (basic norms), staatsgrundgesetz (basic and broad norms, might be stated in several regulations), formellgesetz (concrete and detailed in nature), verordnungsatzung (implementing regulations), and autonome satzung (autonomous regulations).Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations in IndonesiaThere is a hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia. Article 7 Section (1) Law 12/2011 stipulates that the types and hierarchies of laws and regulations in Indonesia consist of:1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly;Laws/Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws;Government Regulations;Regulation of the President;Provincial Regulations; andRegency/City Regulation.According to these regulations, it can be seen that the highest hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia is the 1945 Constitution. Furthermore, it is important to note that the legal force of the laws and regulations applies in accordance with their hierarchies. In addition, lower laws and regulations must not be contradictory to the higher laws and regulations.[1]Types and hierarchies of laws and regulations other than those referred to include regulations stipulated by:[2]People's Consultative Assembly;House of Representatives;Regional Representative Council;Supreme Court;Constitutional Court;The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia;Judicial Commission;Bank Indonesia;Minister;Agencies, institutions, or commissions, that are established by Law or by the government according to orders from the Law;Provincial Legislative Council (Province and regency/city level)Governor, regent/mayor, chief of the village, or equivalent.The abovementioned laws and regulations are acknowledged and have the binding force of law as long as they are regulated by higher laws and regulations or established according to authority.[3]It should also be noted that from the above hierarchies and types of laws and regulations, the material and content of criminal laws can only be contained in Laws, Provincial Regulations, or Regency/City Regulations.[4]In addition, each statutory regulation has a Considering Section and an Observing Section, each of which has its own content. What are the contents? You can find the answer in The Meaning of 'Considering' and ‘Observing’ under the Laws and Regulations.Principles of the Hierarchy of Laws and RegulationsFurthermore, to answer your question, there are four principles within the hierarchy of laws and regulations, as follows:Lex superiori derogat legi inferiori: lower regulations must not conflict with higher regulations. This principle applies to two regulations whose hierarchies are unequal and contradictory.Lex specialis derogat legi generali: more specific regulations override more general regulations. This principle applies to two regulations that are equal in the hierarchy with the same material.Lex posteriori derogat legi priori: the new regulation overrides the old one. This principle applies when there are two equal hierarchies of regulations in order to prevent legal uncertainty.Regulations can only be abolished by regulations of equal or higher standing.Also read: 3 Principles of Law: Lex Superior, Lex Specialis, and Lex Posterior and their ExamplesBesides the hierarchy of laws and regulations, there are other topics for discussion that relate to regulations. Several interesting discussions can be found in the following articles:Are the Contents of the Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws the Same as the Law? – Government regulations in lieu of laws are regulations that are established by the President in the event of compelling crises. However, is the content of the government regulations in lieu of laws the same as the Law?Can the Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly be equated with the 1945 Constitution or the Law? - The position of the Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly which is now regulated under Law 12/2011 does not mean that the position of the decree can be equated with the 1945 Constitution or the Law.Regulation of the Minister and Regulation of the Governor, Which One is Higher? – Regulation of the Minister and Regulation of the Governor are indeed types of laws and regulations. However, between the two of them, which one is higher?What Are Government Regulations and Can They Be Applicable If Implementing Regulations Are Not Yet Regulated? - Government Regulation is established by the President to implement the Law. Thus, the content of Government Regulation is made to implement the Law. However, what would happen if there are no implementing regulations for the Government Regulation?Inclusion of Legal Basis in the Drafting of Village Regulations - Village Regulations as regulations established by the head of the village are types of laws and regulations that are acknowledged and have the binding force of law. Should there be a legal basis for the establishment of a Village Regulation?These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations as amended by Law Number 15 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 on Establishments of Laws and Regulations.Reference:Nisrina Irbah Sati. Ketetapan MPR dalam Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia, Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49 No. 4, 2019.[1] Article 7 Section (2) Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations (“Law 12/2011”) and the elucidations.[2] Article 8 Section (1) Law 12/2011.[3] Article 8 Section (2) Law 12/2011.[4] Article 15 Section (1) Law 12/2011.Tagsklinik english edition
What is the hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia? What are the principles of the hierarchy?
The hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia refers to Article 7 Section (1) Law 12/2011 and its amendment which consists of: a. 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; b. Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly; c. Laws/Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws; d. Government Regulations; e. Regulation of the President; f. Provincial Regulations; and g. Regency/City Regulation.   Please read the review below for a further explanation. Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hierarchy-of-laws-and-regulations-in-indonesia-lt63c7bc2fb5bcd/
Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations in Indonesia
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Hirarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hierarki-peraturan-perundang-undangan-di-indonesia-cl4012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=hirarki_peruuan_indonesia) which was written by [**Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c/) and was published on Friday, 20 May 2022. This article below is the fourth update of the article entitled **Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations (Hirarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan)** which was written by [**Ali Salmande**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/ali-salmande--sh-lt4b710bde88c68) and was first published on Tuesday, 22 March 2011. It was first updated on Friday, 4 May 2018, secondly updated on Wednesday, 18 March 2020, and thirdly updated on Wednesday, 15 April 2020. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Concept of Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations** The concept of the hierarchy of laws and regulations cannot be separated from the theory of **Hans Kelsen** and **Hans Nawiasku**. We will elaborate on both theories, as quoted by **Nisrina Irbah Sati** in the [**Decree of People's Consultative Assembly on the Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations in Indonesia**](http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/viewFile/2343/1560) (pp. 837–838). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) According to **Hans Kelsen**, there are basically two categories of norms in law, namely the inferior norms and the superior norms. In relation to these two norms, the validity of the lower norms can be legally tested against the norms which are hierarchically located above them. Departing from the abovementioned Hans Kelsen theory, **Hans Nawiasky** then elaborated that the legal norms were arranged in the form of a stupa (stufenformig) which consisted of certain parts (zwischenstufe). The hierarchies are _staatsfundamentalnorm_ (basic norms), _staatsgrundgesetz_ (basic and broad norms, might be stated in several regulations), _formellgesetz_ (concrete and detailed in nature), _verordnungsatzung_ (implementing regulations), and _autonome satzung_ (autonomous regulations). ### **Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations in Indonesia** There is a hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia. **Article 7 Section (1)** [**Law 12/2011**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) stipulates that the types and hierarchies of laws and regulations in Indonesia consist of: 1. 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; 2. Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly; 3. Laws/Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws; 4. Government Regulations; 5. Regulation of the President; 6. Provincial Regulations; and 7. Regency/City Regulation. According to these regulations, it can be seen that the highest hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia is the [**1945 Constitution**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945). Furthermore, it is important to note that the legal force of the laws and regulations applies in accordance with their hierarchies. In addition, lower laws and regulations must not be contradictory to the higher laws and regulations.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Types and hierarchies of laws and regulations other than those referred to include regulations stipulated by:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. People's Consultative Assembly; 2. House of Representatives; 3. Regional Representative Council; 4. Supreme Court; 5. Constitutional Court; 6. The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia; 7. Judicial Commission; 8. Bank Indonesia; 9. Minister; 10. Agencies, institutions, or commissions, that are established by Law or by the government according to orders from the Law; 11. Provincial Legislative Council (Province and regency/city level) 12. Governor, regent/mayor, chief of the village, or equivalent. The abovementioned laws and regulations are **acknowledged** and have **the binding force of law** as long as they are regulated by higher laws and regulations or established according to authority.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) It should also be noted that from the above hierarchies and types of laws and regulations, the material and content of criminal laws can only be contained in Laws, Provincial Regulations, or Regency/City Regulations.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) In addition, each statutory regulation has a Considering Section and an Observing Section, each of which has its own content. What are the contents? You can find the answer in [**The Meaning of 'Considering' and ‘Observing’ under the Laws and Regulations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/arti-menimbang-dan-mengingat-dalam-peraturan-perundang-undangan-lt571458c928b51?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=arti_menimbang_mengingat?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=arti_menimbang_mengingat). ### **Principles of the Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations** Furthermore, to answer your question, there are four principles within the hierarchy of laws and regulations, as follows: 1. _Lex superiori derogat legi inferiori_: lower regulations must not conflict with higher regulations. This principle applies to two regulations whose hierarchies are unequal and contradictory. 2. _Lex specialis derogat legi generali_: more specific regulations override more general regulations. This principle applies to two regulations that are equal in the hierarchy with the same material. 3. _Lex posteriori derogat legi priori_: the new regulation overrides the old one. This principle applies when there are two equal hierarchies of regulations in order to prevent legal uncertainty. 4. Regulations can only be abolished by regulations of equal or higher standing. Also read: [**3 Principles of Law: _Lex Superior_, _Lex Specialis_, and _Lex Posterior and their Examples_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/3-asas-hukum--ilex-superior-i--ilex-specialis-i--dan-ilex-posterior-i-beserta-contohnya-cl6806?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_asas_hukum_lex) Besides the hierarchy of laws and regulations, there are other topics for discussion that relate to regulations. Several interesting discussions can be found in the following articles: 1. [**Are the Contents of the Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws the Same as the Law?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-materi-muatan-perppu-sama-dengan-undang-undang-lt5cad588c33712?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=materi_perppu?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apakah_materi_perppu_sama_uu) – Government regulations in lieu of laws are regulations that are established by the President in the event of compelling crises. However, is the content of the government regulations in lieu of laws the same as the Law? 2. [**Can the Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly be equated with the 1945 Constitution or the Law?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-tap-mpr-dapat-dipersamakan-dengan-uud-1945-atau-uu-lt56668c1d168a3?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=tap_mpr_uu?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apakah_tap_mpr_sama_uud) - The position of the Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly which is now regulated under Law 12/2011 does not mean that the position of the decree can be equated with the 1945 Constitution or the Law. 3. [**Regulation of the Minister and Regulation of the Governor, Which One is Higher?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/peraturan-menteri-dan-peraturan-gubernur--mana-yang-lebih-tinggi-lt5f8a7b2632b1e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_pergub?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peraturan_menteri_gubernur_mana_lebih_tinggi) – Regulation of the Minister and Regulation of the Governor are indeed types of laws and regulations. However, between the two of them, which one is higher? 4. [**What Are Government Regulations and Can They Be Applicable If Implementing Regulations Are Not Yet Regulated?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apa-itu-peraturan-pemerintah-dan-bisakah-berlaku-jika-belum-ada-peraturan-pelaksananya-lt5943825cc413c?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apa_pp?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apakah_pp_bisa_berlaku_belum_ada_peraturan_pelaksana) - Government Regulation is established by the President to implement the Law. Thus, the content of Government Regulation is made to implement the Law. However, what would happen if there are no implementing regulations for the Government Regulation? 5. [**Inclusion of Legal Basis in the Drafting of Village Regulations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pencantuman-dasar-hukum-dalam-perancangan-peraturan-desa-lt59bb4ee1c26fe?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dasar_perdes?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pencantuman_dasar_hukum_peraturan_desa) - Village Regulations as regulations established by the head of the village are types of laws and regulations that are acknowledged and have the binding force of law. Should there be a legal basis for the establishment of a Village Regulation? These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945); 2. [Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) as amended by [Law Number 15 of 2019 on Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 on Establishments of Laws and Regulations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5da039a94937f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_15_2019). Reference: 1. Nisrina Irbah Sati. _[Ketetapan MPR dalam Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia](http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/viewFile/2343/1560)_, Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49 No. 4, 2019. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 7 Section (2) [**Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) **(“Law 12/2011”)** and the elucidations. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 8 Section (1) Law 12/2011. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 8 Section (2) Law 12/2011. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 15 Section (1) Law 12/2011. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITDaya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Syarat-syarat Pembelaan Diri yang Dibenarkan Hukum20 Sep 2012Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Menembak Pencuri Malah Jadi Tersangka yang dibuat oleh Budi Dharma Hutauruk, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 9 Juli 2013. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Tindak Pidana Pencurian di Malam HariSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu diketahui bahwa jerat hukum pencurian dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan yakni pada tahun 2026,[1] yaitu: KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 362  Barang siapa mengambil barang sesuatu, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, diancam karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[2]Pasal 476  Setiap orang yang mengambil suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, dipidana karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[3]  Pasal 363 ayat (1) angka 3 Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun: 3. pencurian di waktu malam dalam sebuah rumah atau pekarangan tertutup yang ada rumahnya, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang ada di situ tidak diketahui atau tidak dikehendaki oleh yang berhak; Pasal 477 ayat (1) huruf e Dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta,[4] setiap orang yang melakukan: e. pencurian pada malam dalam suatu rumah atau dalam pekarangan tertutup yang ada rumahnya, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang adanya di situ tidak diketahui atau tidak dikehendaki oleh yang berhak;  Pembelaan Terpaksa Tidak DipidanaTerkait pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) sebenarnya telah diatur dalam KUHP dan UU 1/2023 dengan bunyi ketentuan berikut ini.Pasal 49 KUHPUU 1/2023(1) Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta Benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum.  (2) Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana.Pasal 34 Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain.  Pasal 43 Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Namun, menurut R. Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Serta Komentar-komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal perlu diperhatikan seseorang dapat dikatakan bahwa dirinya dalam pembelaan diri dan tidak dapat dihukum itu harus dapat dipenuhi 3 macam syarat yaitu:Perbuatan atau dilakukan itu harus terpaksa untuk mempertahankan (membela), pertahanan atau pembelaan atau pembelaan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain.Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut pada Pasal 49 ayat (1) tersebut, ialah badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain.Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga. Melawan hak artinya penyerang melakukan serangan itu melawan hak orang lain atau tidak mempunyai hak untuk itu.Sedangkan dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023.Syarat pembelaan terpaksa dalam Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 menjelaskan:harus ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika;pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan;pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dankeseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas).Lalu pada penjelasan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023 disebutkan bahwa yang dikatakan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, dengan syarat:pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; danyang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika.Baca juga: Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus PidanaApabila dikaitkan dengan permasalahan yang menimpa Anda, menurut kami Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP maupun Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 tersebut tidak dapat diterapkan. Karena pencuri tersebut tidak dalam keadaan yang menyerang dan membahayakan jiwa Anda atau harta benda, sehingga unsur dari pasal tersebut tidak terpenuhi.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda yaitu adakah hukum yang meringankan Anda, Anda dapat melaporkan balik si pencuri tersebut ke polisi dan Anda bisa menyampaikan sebenarnya Anda tidak memiliki niat untuk melukai orang tersebut, namun hanya ingin menakut-nakuti pencuri yang sudah beberapa kali melakukan pencurian di rumah Anda. Alasan yang dapat meringankan Anda ialah bahwa Anda menembak karena orang tersebut mencoba untuk mencuri barang milik Anda. Hal-hal inilah yang nantinya dapat Anda pertimbangkan sebagai bahan pembelaan kepada hakim. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP REFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023Tagshukum pidanakuhppembelaan diripencurian
Saya menembak pencuri yang sudah 5 kali melakukan pencurian di rumah. Saya kehilangan 2 buah HP, 2 buah helm, 1 mesin. Namun pada malam ia mencuri kali kelima, ia ketahuan. Pencuri itu melarikan diri lewat belakang rumah. Karena kesal, saya melepaskan tembakan peluru asal-asalan dalam gelap malam. Esok harinya, saya baru tahu ternyata pencuri itu adalah tetangga saya. Dengan ditengahi tetua desa, kasus pencurian berakhir damai dan saya membiayai pengobatan pencuri itu. Sayangnya, keluarga pencuri tak terima karena ternyata peluru yang mengenai pelaku bisa menyebabkan kelumpuhan dan saya diminta bertanggung jawab. Saya lalu dilaporkan ke polisi karena menembak pencuri. Adakah hukum yang meringankan saya? Terima kasih.
Dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan yakni pada tahun 2026 mengenal adanya pembelaan terpaksa yang mana orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana. Namun unsur-unsur mengenai pembelaan terpaksa harus dapat dipenuhi agar pelaku dapat terlepas dari hukuman pidana. Apa saja unsur tersebut?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Syarat-syarat Pembelaan Diri yang Dibenarkan Hukum20 Sep 2012Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Syarat-syarat Pembelaan Diri yang Dibenarkan Hukum20 Sep 2012Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-korban-pencurian-dituntut-karena-menembak-pencuri-lt4fe58274135bf/
Bisakah Korban Pencurian Dituntut karena Menembak Pencuri?
pages/177/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti ](/klinik/a/hukumnya-menuduh-orang-melakukan-tindak-pidana-tanpa-bukti-lt5c580a5ca3ae3/) ![Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5c580a5ca3ae3/thumbnail_lt63bbe7d2da09d.jpg) 09 Jan 2023 [ #### Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](/klinik/a/hak-terdakwa-atas-pembelaan-pledoi-dalam-sidang-pidana-lt6216925c94ec2/) ![Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6216925c94ec2/thumbnail_lt625ff8b3bdd17.jpg) 20 Apr 2022 [ #### Syarat-syarat Pembelaan Diri yang Dibenarkan Hukum ](/klinik/a/hukum-acara-pidana-lt5057343d8ada9/) ![Syarat-syarat Pembelaan Diri yang Dibenarkan Hukum](https://static.hukumonline.com/frontend/default/images/kaze/thumbnail_default.jpg) 20 Sep 2012 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **_Menembak Pencuri Malah Jadi Tersangka_** **yang dibuat oleh [Budi Dharma Hutauruk, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lembaga-bantuan-hukum-mawar-saron-lt4ddc7a184bdfe/budi-dharma-hutauruk--sh-lt5017c67e31909) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 9 Juli 2013.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Tindak Pidana Pencurian di Malam Hari** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu diketahui bahwa jerat hukum pencurian dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan yakni pada tahun 2026,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yaitu: **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 362** Barang siapa mengambil barang sesuatu, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, diancam karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) **Pasal 476** Setiap orang yang mengambil suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, dipidana karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Pasal 363 ayat (1) angka 3** 1. Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun: 3\. **pencurian di waktu malam dalam sebuah rumah atau pekarangan tertutup yang ada rumahnya, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang ada di situ tidak diketahui atau tidak dikehendaki oleh yang berhak**; **Pasal 477 ayat (1) huruf e** 1. Dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta,[\[4\]](#_ftn4) setiap orang yang melakukan: e. **pencurian pada malam dalam suatu rumah atau dalam pekarangan tertutup yang ada rumahnya, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang adanya di situ tidak diketahui atau tidak dikehendaki oleh yang berhak**; ### **Pembelaan Terpaksa Tidak Dipidana** Terkait pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_) sebenarnya telah diatur dalam KUHP dan UU 1/2023 dengan bunyi ketentuan berikut ini. **Pasal 49 KUHP** **UU 1/2023** (1) Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta Benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. (2) Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana. **Pasal 34** Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. **Pasal 43** Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Namun, menurut **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Serta Komentar-komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ perlu diperhatikan seseorang dapat dikatakan bahwa dirinya dalam pembelaan diri dan tidak dapat dihukum itu harus dapat dipenuhi 3 macam syarat yaitu: 1. Perbuatan atau dilakukan itu harus terpaksa untuk mempertahankan (membela), pertahanan atau pembelaan atau pembelaan itu **harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain**. 2. Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut pada Pasal 49 ayat (1) tersebut, ialah badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain. 3. **Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga**. Melawan hak artinya penyerang melakukan serangan itu melawan hak orang lain atau tidak mempunyai hak untuk itu. Sedangkan dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023. Syarat pembelaan terpaksa dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023** menjelaskan: 1. **harus ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika**; 2. pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan; 3. pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dan 4. keseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas). Lalu pada penjelasan **Pasal 43 UU 1/2023** disebutkan bahwa yang dikatakan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, dengan syarat: 1. pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; dan 2. yang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika. Baca juga: **[Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=daya_paksa)** Apabila dikaitkan dengan permasalahan yang menimpa Anda, menurut kami Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP maupun Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 tersebut tidak dapat diterapkan. Karena pencuri tersebut tidak dalam keadaan yang menyerang dan membahayakan jiwa Anda atau harta benda, sehingga unsur dari pasal tersebut tidak terpenuhi. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda yaitu adakah hukum yang meringankan Anda, Anda dapat melaporkan balik si pencuri tersebut ke polisi dan Anda bisa menyampaikan sebenarnya Anda tidak memiliki niat untuk melukai orang tersebut, namun hanya ingin menakut-nakuti pencuri yang sudah beberapa kali melakukan pencurian di rumah Anda. Alasan yang dapat meringankan Anda ialah bahwa Anda menembak karena orang tersebut mencoba untuk mencuri barang milik Anda. Hal-hal inilah yang nantinya dapat Anda pertimbangkan sebagai bahan pembelaan kepada hakim. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [**di sini**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012)  [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [pembelaan diri](/tag/pembelaan-diri) [pencurian](/tag/pencurian)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.KLINIK TERKAITPasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Sanksi Jika Membantu Menghilangkan Jejak Pelaku Tindak Pidana30 Des 2022Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Daluarsa Penuntutan Pidana dan Menjalani Hukuman yang dibuat oleh Ilman Hadi, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 29 November 2012.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Daluwarsa Menjalankan PidanaDi dalam ketentuan KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026, daluwarsa merupakan salah satu alasan hapusnya kewenangan menuntut dan menjalankan hukuman.KUHP maupun UU 1/2023 mengenal adanya 2 macam daluwarsa pidana adalah daluwarsa untuk menuntut dan daluwarsa untuk menjalankan hukuman pidana. Pasal 1 angka 7 KUHAP mendefinisikan penuntutan adalah tindakan penuntut umum untuk melimpahkan perkara pidana ke pengadilan negeri yang berwenang dalam hal dan menurut cara yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini dengan permintaan supaya diperiksa dan diputus oleh hakim di sidang pengadilan.Selain berwenang melakukan penuntutan sebagai penuntut umum, jaksa juga berwenang melaksanakan putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap. Demikian yang diatur dalam Pasal 1 angka 6 huruf a KUHAP.Bagaimana bunyi ketentuan daluwarsa penuntutan?KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 78Kewenangan menuntut pidana hapus karena daluwarsa:terhadap semua pelanggaran dan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan percetakan, sesudah 1 tahun;terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana denda, pidana kurungan, atau pidana penjara paling lama 3 tahun, sesudah 6 tahun;terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana penjara lebih dari 3 tahun, sesudah 12 tahun;terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, sesudah 18 tahun.Bagi orang yang pada saat melakukan perbuatan umurnya belum 18 tahun, masing-masing tenggang daluwarsa di atas dikurangi menjadi 1/3. Pasal 136Kewenangan penuntutan dinyatakan gugur karena kedaluwarsa apabila: setelah melampaui waktu 3 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun dan/atau hanya denda paling banyak kategori III;setelah melampaui waktu 6 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 1 tahun dan paling lama 3 tahun;setelah melampaui waktu 12 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 3 tahun dan paling lama 7 tahun;setelah melampaui waktu 18 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 7 tahun dan paling lama 15 tahun; dansetelah melampaui waktu 20 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 20 tahun, pidana penjara seumur hidup, atau pidana mati.Dalam hal tindak pidana dilakukan oleh anak, tenggang waktu gugurnya kewenangan untuk menuntut karena kedaluwarsa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dikurangi menjadi 1/3.Pasal 79Tenggang daluwarsa mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan, kecuali dalam hal-hal berikut:terhadap pemalsuan atau perusakan mata uang, tenggang daluwarsa itu mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah barang yang dipalsukan atau mata uang yang dirusak digunakan;terhadap kejahatan dalam pasal 328, 329, 330, dan 333, tenggang daluwarsa itu dimulai pada hari sesudah orang yang langsung terkena oleh kejahatan dibebaskan atau meninggal dunia;terhadap pelanggaran dalam pasal 556 sampai dengaii pasal 558a, tenggang daluwarsa itu dimulai pada hari sesudah daftar-daftar yang memuat pelanggaran-pelanggaran itu dipindah ke kantor panitera suatu pengadilan, menurut aturan-aturan umum yang menentukan bahwa register-register catatan sipil harus dipindah ke kantor tersebut.Pasal 137Jangka waltu kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan hari setelah perbuatan dilalukan, kecuali bagi:Tindak pidana pemalsuan dan tindak pidana perusakan mata uang, kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan harinya setelah barang yang dipalsukan atau mata uang yang dirusak digunakan; atauTindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 450, Pasal 451, dan Pasal 452 kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan harinya setelah korban tindak pidana dilepaskan atau mati sebagai akibat langsung dari tindak pidana tersebut.Pasal 80Setiap tindakan penuntutan menghentikan daluwarsa, asal tindakan itu diketahui oleh orang yang dituntut, atau telah diberitahukan kepadanya menurut cara yang ditentukan dalam aturan-aturan umum.Sesudah dihentikan, dimulai lagi tenggang daluwarsa yang baru.Pasal 138Tindakan penuntutan tindak pidana menghentikan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa.Penghentian tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dihitung keesokan hari setelah tersangka atau terdakwa mengetahui atau diberitahukan mengenai penuntutan terhadap dirinya yang dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.Setelah kedaluwarsa dihentikan karena tindakan penuntutan, mulai diberlakukan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa baru.Pasal 81Penundaan penuntutan pidana berhubung dengan adanya perselisihan pra-yudisial, menunda daluwarsa.Pasal 139Apabila penuntutan dihentikan untuk sementara waktu karena ada sengketa hukum yang harus diputuskan lebih dahulu, tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa penuntutan menjadi tertunda sampai sengketa tersebut mendapatkan putusan.Sedangkan daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana diatur di pasal berikut ini.KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 84Kewenangan menjalankan pidana hapus karena daluwarsa.Tenggang daluwarsa mengenai semua pelanggaran lamanya 2 tahun, mengenai kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan sarana percetakan lamanya 5 tahun, dan mengenai kejahatan-kejahatan lainnya lamanya sama dengan tenggang daluwarsa bagi penuntutan pidana, ditambah 1/3.Bagaimanapun juga, tenggang daluwarsa tidak boleh kurang dari lamanya pidana yang dijatuhkan.Wewenang menjalankan pidana mati tidak daluwarsa.Pasal 142Kewenangan pelaksanaan pidana gugur karena kedaluwarsa setelah berlaku tenggang waktu yang sama dengan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa kewenangan menuntut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 136 ditambah 1/3.Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana harus melebihi lama pidana yang dijatuhkan kecuali untuk pidana penjara seumur hidup.Pelaksanaan pidana mati tidak mempunyai tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa.Jika pidana mati diubah menjadi pidana penjara seumur hidup sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 101, kewenangan pelaksanaan pidana gugur karena kedaluwarsa setelah lewat waktu yang sama dengan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa kewenangan menuntut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 136 ayat (1) huruf e ditambah 1/3 dari tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa tersebut.Pasal 85Tenggang daluwarsa mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan.Jika seorang terpidana melarikan diri selama menjalani pidana, maka pada esok harinya setelah melarikan diri itu mulai berlaku tenggang daluwarsa baru. Jika suatu pelepasan bersyarat dicabut, maka pada esok harinya setelah pencabutan, mulai berlaku tenggang daluwarsa baru.Tenggang daluwarsa tertuduh selama penjalanan pidana ditunda menurut perintah dalam suatu peraturan umum, dan juga selama terpidana dirampas kemerdekaannya, meskipun perampasan kemerdekaan itu berhubung dengan pemidanaan lainPasal 143Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana dihitung keesokan harinya sejak putusan pengadilan dapat dilaksanakan.Apabila terpidana melarikan diri sewaktu menjalani pidana maka tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa dihitung keesokan harinya sejak tanggal terpidana tersebut melarikan diri.Apabila pembebasan bersyarat terhadap narapidana dicabut, tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa dihitung keesokan harinya sejak tanggal pencabutan.Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana ditunda selama:pelaksanaan pidana tersebut ditunda berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan; atauterpidana dirampas kemerdekaannya meskipun perampasan kemerdekaan tersebut berkaitan dengan putusan pengadilan untuk tindak pidana lain.Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana PenggelapanSementara itu, Anda menyebutkan secara spesifik tindak pidana penggelapan dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan. Bagaimana bunyi jerat hukum keduanya?KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 372Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum memiliki barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah kepunyaan orang lain, tetapi yang ada dalam kekuasaannya bukan karena kejahatan diancam karena penggelapan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[2]Pasal 486Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum memiliki suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, yang ada dalam kekuasaannya bukan karena tindak pidana, dipidana karena penggelapan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV, yaitu Rp200 juta.[3]Penggelapan dengan PemberatanPasal 374 Penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang penguasaannya terhadap barang disebabkan karena ada hubungan kerja atau karena pencarian atau karena mendapat upah untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun.Pasal 488Dalam hal perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 486 dilakukan oleh orang yang penguasaannya terhadap barang tersebut karena ada hubungan kerja, karena profesinya, atau karena mendapat upah untuk penguasaan barang tersebut, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V, yaitu Rp500 juta.[4]Pasal 375 Penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang karena terpaksa diberi barang untuk disimpan, atau yang dilakukan oleh wali pengampu, pengurus atau pelaksana surat wasiat, pengurus lembaga sosial atau yayasan, terhadap barang sesuatu yang dikuasainya selaku demikian, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 tahun.Pasal 489Dalam hal perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 486 dilakukan oleh orang yang menerima barang dari orang lain yang karena terpaksa menyerahkan barang padanya untuk disimpan atau oleh wali, pengampu, pengurus atau pelaksana surat wasiat, pengurus lembaga sosial atau yayasan terhadap barang yang dikuasainya, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V, yaitu Rp500 juta.[5]Sehingga apabila pelaku tindak pidana masih hidup, daluwarsa pidana untuk melakukan penuntutan tindak pidana penggelapan maupun penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 12 tahun.[6] Perhitungan daluwarsa penuntutan tersebut mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan.[7] Jadi, apabila dalam kurun waktu yang telah disebutkan setelah dilakukan tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan, penuntut umum tidak melakukan penuntutan, maka hapuslah kewenangan untuk menuntut si pelaku (strafsactie).Untuk mempermudah pemahaman Anda, kami memberikan contoh, A berusia 21 tahun melakukan penggelapan uang kantor pada 1 Januari 2023, maka jika sampai sesudah 12 tahun kemudian yakni hingga 1 Januari 2035 tidak dilakukan penuntutan, maka kewenangan penuntut umum untuk menuntut A menjadi hapus.Selain daluwarsa penuntutan, diatur pula mengenai daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana. Untuk tindak pidana penggelapan, maka daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana adalah sesudah 16 tahun dan mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan.[8]Guna menjelaskan hal ini, kami mencontohkan A yang telah dituntut penggelapan di pengadilan kemudian diputus hakim dengan hukuman penjara selama 4 tahun pada 10 Agustus 2021 dan putusan sudah dapat dijalankan pada 18 Agustus 2021, maka mulai 19 Agustus 2021 sampai dengan 19 Agustus 2037 berlakulah tenggang daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana dan dalam hal ini penuntut umum sebagai eksekutor putusan hakim harus memasukkan A ke penjara.Jadi, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, masa daluwarsa menuntut tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 12 tahun mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan atau hari sesudah pelaku melakukan tindak pidana. Sedangkan, masa daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana untuk tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 16 tahun dan mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait daluwarsa pidana penggelapan dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP[3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023[5] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023[6] Pasal 78 ayat (1) angka 3 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“KUHP”)[7] Pasal 79 KUHP[8] Pasal 84 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 85 ayat (1) KUHPTagsdaluwarsakuhpkuhp barupenggelapantindak pidana
Berapa lama daluwarsa pidana penggelapan biasa dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan? Terima kasih.
Berdasarkan KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan (yakni pada 2026), daluwarsa merupakan salah satu alasan hapusnya kewenangan menuntut dan menjalankan hukuman. Ada 2 macam daluwarsa pidana adalah daluwarsa untuk menuntut dan daluwarsa untuk menjalankan hukuman pidana. Apa bedanya? Bagaimana daluwarsa tindak pidana penggelapan biasa dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Sanksi Jika Membantu Menghilangkan Jejak Pelaku Tindak Pidana30 Des 2022Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana16 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Sanksi Jika Membantu Menghilangkan Jejak Pelaku Tindak Pidana30 Des 2022Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/berapa-lama-masa-daluwarsa-penuntutan-dan-menjalankan-pidana-lt508bea49075e3/
Berapa Lama Masa Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Menjalankan Pidana?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana ](/klinik/a/pasal-menghasut-orang-lain-untuk-melakukan-tindak-pidana-lt55e5e09798cb8/) ![Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt55e5e09798cb8/thumbnail_lt63c54e6c68fba.jpg) 16 Jan 2023 [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Sanksi Jika Membantu Menghilangkan Jejak Pelaku Tindak Pidana ](/klinik/a/sanksi-jika-membantu-menghilangkan-jejak-pelaku-tindak-pidana-lt54e72a65ae43d/) ![Sanksi Jika Membantu Menghilangkan Jejak Pelaku Tindak Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt54e72a65ae43d/thumbnail_lt63ae3fc68f12d.jpg) 30 Des 2022 [ #### Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-dasar-hukum-keterangan-ahli-dalam-perkara-pidana-lt52770db2b956d/) ![Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52770db2b956d/thumbnail_lt63abe16f276f8.jpg) 28 Des 2022 [](#!) **Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Daluarsa Penuntutan Pidana dan Menjalani Hukuman_** **yang dibuat oleh** [**Ilman Hadi, S.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/ilman-hadi--sh-lt4fbded50bf741) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 29 November 2012.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Daluwarsa Penuntutan dan Daluwarsa Menjalankan Pidana** Di dalam ketentuan [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026, daluwarsa merupakan salah satu alasan hapusnya kewenangan menuntut dan menjalankan hukuman. KUHP maupun UU 1/2023 mengenal adanya 2 macam daluwarsa pidana adalah daluwarsa untuk menuntut dan daluwarsa untuk menjalankan hukuman pidana. **Pasal 1 angka 7** **[KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)** mendefinisikan penuntutan adalah tindakan penuntut umum untuk melimpahkan perkara pidana ke pengadilan negeri yang berwenang dalam hal dan menurut cara yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini dengan permintaan supaya diperiksa dan diputus oleh hakim di sidang pengadilan. Selain berwenang melakukan penuntutan sebagai penuntut umum, jaksa juga berwenang melaksanakan putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap. Demikian yang diatur dalam **Pasal 1 angka 6 huruf a KUHAP**. Bagaimana bunyi ketentuan daluwarsa penuntutan? KUHP UU 1/2023 Pasal 78 1. Kewenangan menuntut pidana hapus karena daluwarsa: 1. terhadap semua pelanggaran dan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan percetakan, sesudah 1 tahun; 2. terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana denda, pidana kurungan, atau pidana penjara paling lama 3 tahun, sesudah 6 tahun; 3. terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana penjara lebih dari 3 tahun, sesudah 12 tahun; 4. terhadap kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, sesudah 18 tahun. 2. Bagi orang yang pada saat melakukan perbuatan umurnya belum 18 tahun, masing-masing tenggang daluwarsa di atas dikurangi menjadi 1/3. Pasal 136 1. Kewenangan penuntutan dinyatakan gugur karena kedaluwarsa apabila: 1. setelah melampaui waktu 3 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun dan/atau hanya denda paling banyak kategori III; 2. setelah melampaui waktu 6 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 1 tahun dan paling lama 3 tahun; 3. setelah melampaui waktu 12 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 3 tahun dan paling lama 7 tahun; 4. setelah melampaui waktu 18 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara di atas 7 tahun dan paling lama 15 tahun; dan 5. setelah melampaui waktu 20 tahun untuk tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 20 tahun, pidana penjara seumur hidup, atau pidana mati. 2. Dalam hal tindak pidana dilakukan oleh anak, tenggang waktu gugurnya kewenangan untuk menuntut karena kedaluwarsa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dikurangi menjadi 1/3. Pasal 79 Tenggang daluwarsa mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan, kecuali dalam hal-hal berikut: 1. terhadap pemalsuan atau perusakan mata uang, tenggang daluwarsa itu mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah barang yang dipalsukan atau mata uang yang dirusak digunakan; 2. terhadap kejahatan dalam pasal 328, 329, 330, dan 333, tenggang daluwarsa itu dimulai pada hari sesudah orang yang langsung terkena oleh kejahatan dibebaskan atau meninggal dunia; 3. terhadap pelanggaran dalam pasal 556 sampai dengaii pasal 558a, tenggang daluwarsa itu dimulai pada hari sesudah daftar-daftar yang memuat pelanggaran-pelanggaran itu dipindah ke kantor panitera suatu pengadilan, menurut aturan-aturan umum yang menentukan bahwa register-register catatan sipil harus dipindah ke kantor tersebut. Pasal 137 Jangka waltu kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan hari setelah perbuatan dilalukan, kecuali bagi: 1. 1. Tindak pidana pemalsuan dan tindak pidana perusakan mata uang, kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan harinya setelah barang yang dipalsukan atau mata uang yang dirusak digunakan; atau 2. Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 450, Pasal 451, dan Pasal 452 kedaluwarsa dihitung mulai keesokan harinya setelah korban tindak pidana dilepaskan atau mati sebagai akibat langsung dari tindak pidana tersebut. Pasal 80 1. Setiap tindakan penuntutan menghentikan daluwarsa, asal tindakan itu diketahui oleh orang yang dituntut, atau telah diberitahukan kepadanya menurut cara yang ditentukan dalam aturan-aturan umum. 2. Sesudah dihentikan, dimulai lagi tenggang daluwarsa yang baru. Pasal 138 1. Tindakan penuntutan tindak pidana menghentikan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa. 2. Penghentian tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dihitung keesokan hari setelah tersangka atau terdakwa mengetahui atau diberitahukan mengenai penuntutan terhadap dirinya yang dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. 3. Setelah kedaluwarsa dihentikan karena tindakan penuntutan, mulai diberlakukan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa baru. Pasal 81 Penundaan penuntutan pidana berhubung dengan adanya perselisihan pra-yudisial, menunda daluwarsa. **Pasal 139** Apabila penuntutan dihentikan untuk sementara waktu karena ada sengketa hukum yang harus diputuskan lebih dahulu, tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa penuntutan menjadi tertunda sampai sengketa tersebut mendapatkan putusan. Sedangkan daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana diatur di pasal berikut ini. **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 84** 1. Kewenangan menjalankan pidana hapus karena daluwarsa. 2. Tenggang daluwarsa mengenai semua pelanggaran lamanya 2 tahun, mengenai kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan sarana percetakan lamanya 5 tahun, dan mengenai kejahatan-kejahatan lainnya lamanya sama dengan tenggang daluwarsa bagi penuntutan pidana, ditambah 1/3. 3. Bagaimanapun juga, tenggang daluwarsa tidak boleh kurang dari lamanya pidana yang dijatuhkan. 4. Wewenang menjalankan pidana mati tidak daluwarsa. **Pasal 142** 1. Kewenangan pelaksanaan pidana gugur karena kedaluwarsa setelah berlaku tenggang waktu yang sama dengan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa kewenangan menuntut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 136 ditambah 1/3. 2. Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana harus melebihi lama pidana yang dijatuhkan kecuali untuk pidana penjara seumur hidup. 3. Pelaksanaan pidana mati tidak mempunyai tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa. 4. Jika pidana mati diubah menjadi pidana penjara seumur hidup sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 101, kewenangan pelaksanaan pidana gugur karena kedaluwarsa setelah lewat waktu yang sama dengan tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa kewenangan menuntut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 136 ayat (1) huruf e ditambah 1/3 dari tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa tersebut. **Pasal 85** 1. Tenggang daluwarsa mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan. 2. Jika seorang terpidana melarikan diri selama menjalani pidana, maka pada esok harinya setelah melarikan diri itu mulai berlaku tenggang daluwarsa baru. Jika suatu pelepasan bersyarat dicabut, maka pada esok harinya setelah pencabutan, mulai berlaku tenggang daluwarsa baru. 3. Tenggang daluwarsa tertuduh selama penjalanan pidana ditunda menurut perintah dalam suatu peraturan umum, dan juga selama terpidana dirampas kemerdekaannya, meskipun perampasan kemerdekaan itu berhubung dengan pemidanaan lain **Pasal 143** 1. Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana dihitung keesokan harinya sejak putusan pengadilan dapat dilaksanakan. 2. Apabila terpidana melarikan diri sewaktu menjalani pidana maka tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa dihitung keesokan harinya sejak tanggal terpidana tersebut melarikan diri. 3. Apabila pembebasan bersyarat terhadap narapidana dicabut, tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa dihitung keesokan harinya sejak tanggal pencabutan. 4. Tenggang waktu kedaluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana ditunda selama: 1. pelaksanaan pidana tersebut ditunda berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan; atau 2. terpidana dirampas kemerdekaannya meskipun perampasan kemerdekaan tersebut berkaitan dengan putusan pengadilan untuk tindak pidana lain. ### **Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana Penggelapan** Sementara itu, Anda menyebutkan secara spesifik tindak pidana penggelapan dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan. Bagaimana bunyi jerat hukum keduanya? **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 372** Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum memiliki barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah kepunyaan orang lain, tetapi yang ada dalam kekuasaannya bukan karena kejahatan diancam karena penggelapan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) **Pasal 486** Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum memiliki suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, yang ada dalam kekuasaannya bukan karena tindak pidana, dipidana karena penggelapan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV, yaitu Rp200 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Penggelapan dengan Pemberatan** **Pasal 374** Penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang penguasaannya terhadap barang disebabkan karena ada hubungan kerja atau karena pencarian atau karena mendapat upah untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun. **Pasal 488** Dalam hal perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 486 dilakukan oleh orang yang penguasaannya terhadap barang tersebut karena ada hubungan kerja, karena profesinya, atau karena mendapat upah untuk penguasaan barang tersebut, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V, yaitu Rp500 juta.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) **Pasal 375** Penggelapan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang karena terpaksa diberi barang untuk disimpan, atau yang dilakukan oleh wali pengampu, pengurus atau pelaksana surat wasiat, pengurus lembaga sosial atau yayasan, terhadap barang sesuatu yang dikuasainya selaku demikian, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 6 tahun. **Pasal 489** Dalam hal perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 486 dilakukan oleh orang yang menerima barang dari orang lain yang karena terpaksa menyerahkan barang padanya untuk disimpan atau oleh wali, pengampu, pengurus atau pelaksana surat wasiat, pengurus lembaga sosial atau yayasan terhadap barang yang dikuasainya, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V, yaitu Rp500 juta.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Sehingga apabila pelaku tindak pidana masih hidup, daluwarsa pidana untuk melakukan penuntutan tindak pidana penggelapan maupun penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 12 tahun.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Perhitungan daluwarsa penuntutan tersebut mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Jadi, apabila dalam kurun waktu yang telah disebutkan setelah dilakukan tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan, penuntut umum tidak melakukan penuntutan, maka hapuslah kewenangan untuk menuntut si pelaku (_strafsactie_). Untuk mempermudah pemahaman Anda, kami memberikan contoh, A berusia 21 tahun melakukan penggelapan uang kantor pada 1 Januari 2023, maka jika sampai sesudah 12 tahun kemudian yakni hingga 1 Januari 2035 tidak dilakukan penuntutan, maka kewenangan penuntut umum untuk menuntut A menjadi hapus. Selain daluwarsa penuntutan, diatur pula mengenai daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana. Untuk tindak pidana penggelapan, maka daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana adalah sesudah 16 tahun dan mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Guna menjelaskan hal ini, kami mencontohkan A yang telah dituntut penggelapan di pengadilan kemudian diputus hakim dengan hukuman penjara selama 4 tahun pada 10 Agustus 2021 dan putusan sudah dapat dijalankan pada 18 Agustus 2021, maka mulai 19 Agustus 2021 sampai dengan 19 Agustus 2037 berlakulah tenggang daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana dan dalam hal ini penuntut umum sebagai eksekutor putusan hakim harus memasukkan A ke penjara. Jadi, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, masa daluwarsa menuntut tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 12 tahun mulai berlaku pada hari sesudah perbuatan dilakukan atau hari sesudah pelaku melakukan tindak pidana. Sedangkan, masa daluwarsa menjalankan hukuman pidana untuk tindak pidana penggelapan/penggelapan dengan pemberatan adalah sesudah 16 tahun dan mulai berlaku pada esok harinya setelah putusan hakim dapat dijalankan. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [**di sini**](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait daluwarsa pidana penggelapan dan penggelapan dengan pemberatan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 78 ayat (1) angka 3 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) (“KUHP”) [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 79 KUHP [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 84 ayat (2) _jo._ Pasal 85 ayat (1) KUHP Tags ---- [daluwarsa](/tag/daluwarsa) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [penggelapan](/tag/penggelapan) [tindak pidana](/tag/tindak-pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.KLINIK TERKAITJika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Bisakah Kuasa Mencabut Laporan di Polisi Tanpa Izin Korban?06 Jul 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Prosedur Bila Polisi Tidak Menindaklanjuti Laporan Perkara09 Mar 2020Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Pencabutan Laporan Berdasarkan Jenis DelikSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan bahwa pada dasarnya pemrosesan tindak pidana tergantung pada jenis deliknya. Terdapat 2 jenis delik yang berhubungan dengan pemrosesan perkara pidana yaitu delik biasa dan delik aduan.Delik BiasaBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Delik biasa (gewone delic) adalah delik yang dapat dituntut atau diproses tanpa dibutuhkan adanya pengaduan.[1] Pada delik biasa, pelaksanaannya tidak digantungkan pada persetujuan atau pengaduan dari pihak yang dirugikan, melainkan diserahkan kepada aparat penegak hukum untuk menentukan apakah dan sampai di manakah hukum pidana akan dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan kepentingan publik sebagai ukuran.[2] Perkara yang termasuk dalam kategori delik biasa tidak dapat dihentikan meskipun para pihak telah memutuskan untuk berdamai.[3]Untuk dapat dilakukan penghentian proses pemeriksaan delik biasa, merujuk pada alasan-alasan yang diatur Pasal 109 ayat (2) KUHAP yaitu:tidak terdapat cukup bukti;peristiwa tersebut ternyata bukan merupakan tindak pidana; ataupenyidikan dihentikan demi hukum.Delik AduanDelik aduan (klackt delic) adalah delik yang hanya dapat diproses apabila aduan dari pihak yang dirugikan.[4] Menurut E. Utrecht dalam buku Hukum Pidana II sebagaimana dikutip dalam artikel Perbedaan Delik Biasa dan Delik Aduan Beserta Contohnya, dalam delik aduan, penuntutan terhadap delik tersebut digantungkan pada persetujuan dari yang dirugikan atau korban.Berbeda dengan delik biasa dimana korban atau pihak yang dirugikan tidak dapat menarik kembali laporannya, dalam delik aduan korban atau pihak yang dirugikan dapat menarik kembali aduannya. Lantas, kapan delik aduan bisa dicabut? Hal ini diatur di dalam Pasal 75 KUHP yang saat artikel ini terbit masih berlaku dan Pasal 30 UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP baru yang berlaku 3 tahun setelah diundangkan,[5] sebagai berikut.Pasal 75 KUHPPasal 30 UU 1/2023Orang yang mengajukan pengaduan, berhak menarik kembali dalam waktu tiga bulan setelah pengaduan diajukan.Pengaduan dapat ditarik kembali oleh pengadu dalam waktu 3 bulan terhitung sejak pengaduan diajukan.Pengaduan yang ditarik kembali tidak dapat diajukan lagi.Pencabutan Laporan Penganiayaan di PersidanganBerdasarkan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, tindak pidana yang dimaksud adalah penganiayaan. Penganiayaan termasuk delik biasa sebagaimana disampaikan dalam artikel  Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?Lantas, apakah laporan bisa dicabut? Dalam artikel tersebut dijelaskan bahwa tindak pidana penganiayaan merupakan jenis delik yang penuntutannya karena jabatan dan penindaknya adalah petugas kepolisian, karena dalam ketentuan Bab XX KUHP tentang Penganiayaan tidak terdapat ketentuan yang mensyaratkan harus ada aduan dari korban terlebih dahulu agar perkaranya dapat diperiksa secara hukum. Sehingga, dalam kasus penganiayaan jika korban menarik laporannya bukan menjadi alasan hukum untuk menghentikan proses pemeriksaan perkara.Baca juga: Aturan Hukum Bila Ingin Mencabut LaporanDengan demikian, dalam delik biasa jika terjadi perdamaian antara pelapor dan terlapor sebelum tahap persidangan, penegak hukum tetap bisa meneruskan pemeriksaan hingga persidangan.Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah kita bisa mencabut laporan kasus penganiayaan ketika sudah sampai persidangan di pengadilan, menurut hemat kami karena sangkaan tindak pidana penganiayaan adalah delik biasa, maka sejatinya laporan tersebut tidak dapat dicabut.Hal ini ditegaskan oleh Achmad Iyud Nugraha, Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Gunung Sugih, bahwa terhadap perkara yang sudah dilimpahkan dan diperiksa di pengadilan tidak bisa dicabut, tetap harus ada produk hukum yang keluar. Apabila ada perdamaian, hal tersebut hanya bisa meringankan hukuman terdakwa. Lebih lanjut, hak untuk menghentikan perkara hanya ada pada delik aduan. Sehingga, terhadap delik biasa jika perkara sudah disidangkan tidak bisa dicabut laporannya. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaREFERENSIHanafi Amrani. Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018).Catatan:Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Achmad Iyud Nugraha, S.H., M.H. Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Gunung Sugih via Whatsapp pada Jumat, 2 Desember 2022 pukul 12.19 WIB.[1] Hanafi Amrani, Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354[2] Hanafi Amrani, Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 349-350[3] Hanafi Amrani, Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354[4] Hanafi Amrani, Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354[5] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaTagsdelikdelik aduankuhapkuhplaporan
Apakah kita bisa mencabut laporan kasus penganiayaan ketika sudah sampai persidangan di pengadilan?
Pada suatu perkara pidana, pemrosesan perkara digantungkan pada jenis deliknya, terdapat 2 jenis delik yang berhubungan dengan pemrosesan perkara pidana yaitu delik biasa dan delik aduan, keduanya memiliki peraturan berbeda mengenai ketentuan dalam mencabut suatu laporan/aduan. Bagaimana perbedaannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Bisakah Kuasa Mencabut Laporan di Polisi Tanpa Izin Korban?06 Jul 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Prosedur Bila Polisi Tidak Menindaklanjuti Laporan Perkara09 Mar 2020Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Bisakah Kuasa Mencabut Laporan di Polisi Tanpa Izin Korban?06 Jul 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Prosedur Bila Polisi Tidak Menindaklanjuti Laporan Perkara09 Mar 2020Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-mencabut-laporan-jika-perkara-sudah-disidangkan-lt62b288121fb0a/
Bisakah Mencabut Laporan Jika Perkara Sudah Disidangkan?
pages/177/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini ](/klinik/a/polisi-menolak-laporan-lt616d1299c0246/) ![Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt616d1299c0246/thumbnail_lt65a513a5dd33f.jpg) 15 Jan 2024 [ #### Bisakah Kuasa Mencabut Laporan di Polisi Tanpa Izin Korban? ](/klinik/a/bisakah-kuasa-mencabut-laporan-di-polisi-tanpa-izin-korban-lt62c4eb55b1430/) ![Bisakah Kuasa Mencabut Laporan di Polisi Tanpa Izin Korban?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62c4eb55b1430/thumbnail_lt62c51eecc67bd.jpg) 06 Jul 2022 [ #### Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan? ](/klinik/a/laporan-penganiayaan-dicabut-bolehkah-polisi-menghentikan-pemeriksaan-lt6139e53612e4f/) ![Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6139e53612e4f/thumbnail_lt6139e80a1c062.jpg) 09 Sep 2021 [ #### Prosedur Bila Polisi Tidak Menindaklanjuti Laporan Perkara ](/klinik/a/prosedur-bila-polisi-tidak-menindaklanjuti-laporan-perkara-lt52d18edc204a5/) ![Prosedur Bila Polisi Tidak Menindaklanjuti Laporan Perkara](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52d18edc204a5/thumbnail_lt5b7f9ea434ad8.jpg) 09 Mar 2020 [](#!) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** ### **Pencabutan Laporan Berdasarkan Jenis Delik** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan bahwa pada dasarnya pemrosesan tindak pidana tergantung pada jenis deliknya. Terdapat 2 jenis delik yang berhubungan dengan pemrosesan perkara pidana yaitu delik biasa dan delik aduan. #### **Delik Biasa** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Delik biasa (_gewone delic_) adalah delik yang dapat dituntut atau diproses tanpa dibutuhkan adanya pengaduan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Pada delik biasa, pelaksanaannya tidak digantungkan pada persetujuan atau pengaduan dari pihak yang dirugikan, melainkan diserahkan kepada aparat penegak hukum untuk menentukan apakah dan sampai di manakah hukum pidana akan dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan kepentingan publik sebagai ukuran.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Perkara yang termasuk dalam kategori delik biasa tidak dapat dihentikan meskipun para pihak telah memutuskan untuk berdamai.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Untuk dapat dilakukan penghentian proses pemeriksaan delik biasa, merujuk pada alasan-alasan yang diatur **Pasal 109 ayat (2) [KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)** yaitu: 1. tidak terdapat cukup bukti; 2. peristiwa tersebut ternyata bukan merupakan tindak pidana; atau 3. penyidikan dihentikan demi hukum. #### **Delik Aduan** Delik aduan (_klackt delic_) adalah delik yang hanya dapat diproses apabila aduan dari pihak yang dirugikan.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Menurut **E. Utrecht** dalam buku _Hukum Pidana II_ sebagaimana dikutip dalam artikel **[Perbedaan Delik Biasa dan Delik Aduan Beserta Contohnya](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/delik-aduan-lt61b44d64b2813/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=delik_biasa_delik_aduan)**, dalam delik aduan, penuntutan terhadap delik tersebut digantungkan pada persetujuan dari yang dirugikan atau korban. Berbeda dengan delik biasa dimana korban atau pihak yang dirugikan tidak dapat menarik kembali laporannya, dalam delik aduan korban atau pihak yang dirugikan dapat menarik kembali aduannya. Lantas, kapan delik aduan bisa dicabut? Hal ini diatur di dalam **Pasal 75 [KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** yang saat artikel ini terbit masih berlaku dan **Pasal 30 [UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** tentang KUHP baru yang berlaku 3 tahun setelah diundangkan,[\[5\]](#_ftn5) sebagai berikut. **Pasal 75 KUHP** **Pasal 30 UU 1/2023** Orang yang mengajukan pengaduan, berhak menarik kembali dalam waktu tiga bulan setelah pengaduan diajukan. 1. Pengaduan dapat ditarik kembali oleh pengadu dalam waktu 3 bulan terhitung sejak pengaduan diajukan. 2. Pengaduan yang ditarik kembali tidak dapat diajukan lagi. ### **Pencabutan Laporan Penganiayaan di Persidangan** Berdasarkan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, tindak pidana yang dimaksud adalah penganiayaan. Penganiayaan termasuk delik biasa sebagaimana disampaikan dalam artikel  **[Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/laporan-penganiayaan-dicabut-bolehkah-polisi-menghentikan-pemeriksaan-lt6139e53612e4f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=laporan_penganiayaan_dicabut)** Lantas, apakah laporan bisa dicabut? Dalam artikel tersebut dijelaskan bahwa tindak pidana penganiayaan merupakan jenis delik yang penuntutannya karena jabatan dan penindaknya adalah petugas kepolisian, karena dalam ketentuan Bab XX KUHP tentang Penganiayaan tidak terdapat ketentuan yang mensyaratkan harus ada aduan dari korban terlebih dahulu agar perkaranya dapat diperiksa secara hukum. Sehingga, dalam kasus penganiayaan jika korban menarik laporannya bukan menjadi alasan hukum untuk menghentikan proses pemeriksaan perkara. Baca juga: [**Aturan Hukum Bila Ingin Mencabut Laporan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/aturan-hukum-bila-ingin-mencabut-laporan-lt634fafe5c42f3?page=all?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cabut_laporan) Dengan demikian, dalam delik biasa jika terjadi perdamaian antara pelapor dan terlapor sebelum tahap persidangan, penegak hukum tetap bisa meneruskan pemeriksaan hingga persidangan. Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah kita bisa mencabut laporan kasus penganiayaan ketika sudah sampai persidangan di pengadilan, menurut hemat kami karena sangkaan tindak pidana penganiayaan adalah delik biasa, maka sejatinya **laporan tersebut tidak dapat dicabut**. Hal ini ditegaskan oleh **Achmad Iyud Nugraha**, Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Gunung Sugih, bahwa terhadap perkara yang sudah dilimpahkan dan diperiksa di pengadilan tidak bisa dicabut, tetap harus ada produk hukum yang keluar. Apabila ada perdamaian, hal tersebut hanya bisa meringankan hukuman terdakwa. Lebih lanjut, hak untuk menghentikan perkara hanya ada pada delik aduan. Sehingga, terhadap delik biasa jika perkara sudah disidangkan tidak bisa dicabut laporannya. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- Hanafi Amrani. _Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta._ Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018). Catatan: _Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Achmad Iyud Nugraha, S.H., M.H. Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Gunung Sugih via Whatsapp pada Jumat, 2 Desember 2022 pukul 12.19 WIB._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Hanafi Amrani, _Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta,_ Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Hanafi Amrani, _Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta,_ Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 349-350 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Hanafi Amrani, _Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta,_ Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Hanafi Amrani, _Urgensi Perubahan Delik Biasa Menjadi Delik Aduan dan Relevansinya terhadap Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Cipta,_ Undang: Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), hal. 354 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Tags ---- [delik](/tag/delik) [delik aduan](/tag/delik-aduan) [kuhap](/tag/kuhap) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [laporan](/tag/laporan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITHukumnya Membantu Orang Lain Bunuh Diri15 Mar 2024Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Korban Bullying Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Pelakunya Dipidana?27 Okt 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Kenapa Orang yang Membunuh Karena Membela Diri Tetap Ditahan Polisi? yang dibuat oleh Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 27 Oktober 2011. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Tindak Pidana PembunuhanPada dasarnya, sesuai dengan asas legalitas, setiap perbuatan tidak dapat dipidana kecuali ada peraturan perundang-undangan yang telah mengaturnya terlebih dahulu.[1] Secara a contrario dapat diartikan bahwa setiap perbuatan yang telah ditentukan merupakan perbuatan pidana dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dapat dipidana.Terkait dengan tindak pidana pembunuhan, telah diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut.Pasal 338 KUHPPasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023Barang siapa dengan sengaja merampas nyawa orang lain, diancam karena pembunuhan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Setiap orang yang merampas nyawa orang lain, dipidana karena pembunuhan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Pembunuhan selalu diartikan bahwa korban harus mati dan kematian ini dikehendaki oleh pelaku. Sehingga pengertian pembunuhan secara implisit mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Jika tidak ada unsur kesengajaan atau tidak ada niat atau maksud untuk mematikan orang, tetapi kemudian ternyata orang tersebut mati, perbuatan tersebut tidak dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai tindak pidana pembunuhan.[2]Dalam ketentuan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 ini memang tidak dicantumkan unsur "dengan sengaja", karena hal tersebut sudah diatur dalam Pasal 36 dan Pasal 54 huruf j UU 1/2023. Dengan demikian hakim akan lebih mengutamakan untuk mempertimbangkan motif, cara, sarana, atau upaya membunuh, serta akibat dan dampaknya suatu pembunuhan bagi masyarakat.[3] Membunuh karena Membela DiriDari cerita Anda kita ketahui bahwa petugas hansip (satuan pertahanan sipil) tersebut membunuh karena membela diri, sehingga membunuh bukan dengan sengaja. Dalam ilmu hukum pidana dikenal alasan penghapus pidana yaitu alasan pembenar dan alasan pemaaf:Alasan pembenar berarti alasan yang menghapus sifat melawan hukum suatu tindak pidana. Jadi, dalam alasan pembenar dilihat dari sisi perbuatannya (objektif). Misalnya, tindakan 'pencabutan nyawa' yang dilakukan eksekutor penembak mati terhadap terpidana mati (Pasal 50 KUHP dan Pasal 31 UU 1/2023);Alasan pemaaf adalah alasan yang menghapus kesalahan dari si pelaku suatu tindak pidana, sedangkan perbuatannya tetap melawan hukum. Jadi, dalam alasan pemaaf dilihat dari sisi orang/pelakunya (subjektif). Misalnya, lantaran pelakunya tak waras atau gila sehingga tak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya itu atau mengalami keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum (Pasal 44 KUHP dan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023).Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kenapa hansip itu yang ditahan padahal ia membela diri? Petugas hansip itu belum dapat dikatakan bersalah telah membunuh sebelum ada putusan pengadilan yang menyatakan ia bersalah melakukan tindak pidana, melainkan ia baru dijadikan tersangka yaitu seorang yang karena perbuatannya atau keadaannya, berdasarkan bukti permulaan patut diduga sebagai pelaku tindak pidana.[4] Pada akhirnya mekanisme pembuktian di pengadilan yang akan membuktikan apakah petugas hansip tersebut bersalah atau tidak.Baca juga: Arti “Bukti Permulaan yang Cukup” dalam Hukum Acara PidanaPada prinsipnya, hukum pidana adalah untuk mencari kebenaran materiil yaitu kebenaran yang sesungguhnya mengenai siapa pelaku tindak pidana yang sesungguhnya yang seharusnya dituntut dan didakwa. Untuk tujuan itulah pihak kepolisian harus melakukan penyelidikan dan penyidikan. Jadi, sangat dimungkinkan seorang tersangka kemudian ditahan untuk kepentingan penyidikan.[5] Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP dan Pasal 34 jo. Pasal 43 UU 1/2023 pun mengatur lebih lanjut rumusan mengenai perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) sebagai berikut.Pasal 49 KUHPUU 1/2023Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana.Pasal 34 Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. Pasal 43 Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Baca juga: Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus PidanaTentang Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP, R. Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Serta Komentar-komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal berkomentar antara lain bahwa supaya orang dapat mengatakan dirinya dalam “pembelaaan terpaksa” dan tidak dapat dihukum harus dipenuhi tiga syarat (hal. 64-66): Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa dilakukan untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain. Di sini harus ada keseimbangan yang tertentu antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dengan serangannya. Untuk membela kepentingan yang tidak berarti misalnya, orang tidak boleh membunuh atau melukai orang lain.Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut pada Pasal 49 ayat (1) tersebut, yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain.Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga. Melawan hak artinya penyerang melakukan serangan itu melawan hak orang lain atau tidak mempunyai hak untuk itu.Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023. Adapun Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 menentukan syarat pembelaan terpaksa adalah:harus ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika;pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan;pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dankeseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas).Sedangkan syarat pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas dalam Penjelasan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023 adalah:pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; danyang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika.Jika alasan penghapus pidana ini kemudian terbukti, maka hakim akan mengeluarkan putusan yang melepaskan terdakwa dari segala tuntutan hukum (ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging). Bukan putusan bebas alias vrijspraak.Jadi, sebagaimana diterangkan oleh R. Soesilo, hakimlah yang harus menguji dan memutuskan hal ini, sedangkan polisi hanya mengumpulkan bahan-bahannya untuk diajukan kepada hakim di persidangan (hal. 63).Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana REFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Pasal 1 ayat (1) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dan Pasal 1 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Penjelasan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023[3] Penjelasan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 1 angka 14 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”)[5] Pasal 20 KUHAPTagshakimkuhppembelaan diripembuktianpembunuhanpenyelidikanpenyidikanpolisi
Ada seorang hansip yang menegur sekelompok pemuda yang bermain gitar pada malam hari yang mengganggu orang lain. Tetapi teguran hansip itu malah berlanjut ke perkelahian. Salah satu pemuda itu melawan dengan menggunakan celurit. Hansip itu kemudian membela diri dan akhirnya si pemuda tewas karena terkena celuritnya sendiri. Dengan kata lain, hansip itu berhasil membalikkan senjata celurit yang ditodongkan kepadanya. Menurut hansip, ia dalam keadaan terpaksa melakukannya karena jika tidak membela diri, dirinya pasti hansip itu akan mati. Hansip itu sekarang ditahan oleh polisi. Pertanyaan: Kenapa hansip itu yang ditahan padahal ia membela diri? Apa pengertian pembelaan diri menurut hukum kita?
Seseorang dijadikan sebagai tersangka karena berdasarkan perbuatannya atau keadaannya tersebut termasuk pada bukti permulaan sehingga patut diduga sebagai pelaku tindak pidana. Sehingga, pihak kepolisian harus melakukan penyelidikan dan penyidikan, jadi sangat dimungkinkan seorang tersangka kemudian ditahan untuk kepentingan penyidikan. Sedangkan mengenai perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026. Bagaimana bunyinya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Hukumnya Membantu Orang Lain Bunuh Diri15 Mar 2024Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Korban Bullying Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Pelakunya Dipidana?27 Okt 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Hukumnya Membantu Orang Lain Bunuh Diri15 Mar 2024Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Korban Bullying Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Pelakunya Dipidana?27 Okt 2022Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana 20 Apr 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara dan Biaya Mengurus Perceraian Tanpa Pengacara25 Apr 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/membunuh-karena-membela-diri-tetap-ditahan-polisi-cl1578/
Membunuh karena Membela Diri, Tetap Ditahan Polisi?
pages/177/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Hukumnya Membantu Orang Lain Bunuh Diri ](/klinik/a/hukumnya-membantu-orang-lain-bunuh-diri-lt510c723a4adab/) ![Hukumnya Membantu Orang Lain Bunuh Diri](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt510c723a4adab/thumbnail_lt63b2620c7f920.jpg) 15 Mar 2024 [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Korban _Bullying_ Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Pelakunya Dipidana? ](/klinik/a/korban-bullying-bunuh-diri-bisakah-pelakunya-dipidana-lt60fd73e366cb3/) ![Korban <i>Bullying</i> Bunuh Diri, Bisakah Pelakunya Dipidana?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60fd73e366cb3/thumbnail_lt61711f8816d5d.jpg) 27 Okt 2022 [ #### Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](/klinik/a/hak-terdakwa-atas-pembelaan-pledoi-dalam-sidang-pidana-lt6216925c94ec2/) ![Hak Terdakwa atas Pembelaan (Pledoi) dalam Sidang Pidana ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6216925c94ec2/thumbnail_lt625ff8b3bdd17.jpg) 20 Apr 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **_Kenapa Orang yang Membunuh Karena Membela Diri Tetap Ditahan Polisi?_** **yang dibuat oleh [Diana Kusumasari, S.H., M.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/diana-kusumasari--sh--mh-lt4d37c414e08df) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 27 Oktober 2011.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan** Pada dasarnya, sesuai dengan asas legalitas, setiap perbuatan tidak dapat dipidana kecuali ada peraturan perundang-undangan yang telah mengaturnya terlebih dahulu.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Secara _a contrario_ dapat diartikan bahwa setiap perbuatan yang telah ditentukan merupakan perbuatan pidana dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dapat dipidana. Terkait dengan tindak pidana pembunuhan, telah diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut. **Pasal 338 KUHP** **Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** Barang siapa dengan sengaja merampas nyawa orang lain, diancam karena **pembunuhan** dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. Setiap orang yang merampas nyawa orang lain, dipidana karena **pembunuhan**, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. Pembunuhan selalu diartikan bahwa korban harus mati dan kematian ini dikehendaki oleh pelaku. Sehingga pengertian pembunuhan secara implisit mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Jika tidak ada unsur kesengajaan atau tidak ada niat atau maksud untuk mematikan orang, tetapi kemudian ternyata orang tersebut mati, perbuatan tersebut tidak dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai tindak pidana pembunuhan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Dalam ketentuan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 ini memang tidak dicantumkan unsur "dengan sengaja", karena hal tersebut sudah diatur dalam **Pasal 36 dan Pasal 54 huruf j** **UU 1/2023**. Dengan demikian hakim akan lebih mengutamakan untuk mempertimbangkan motif, cara, sarana, atau upaya membunuh, serta akibat dan dampaknya suatu pembunuhan bagi masyarakat.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) ### **Membunuh karena Membela Diri** Dari cerita Anda kita ketahui bahwa petugas hansip (satuan pertahanan sipil) tersebut membunuh karena membela diri, sehingga membunuh bukan dengan sengaja. Dalam ilmu hukum pidana dikenal alasan penghapus pidana yaitu alasan pembenar dan alasan pemaaf: 1. **Alasan pembenar** berarti alasan yang menghapus sifat melawan hukum suatu tindak pidana. Jadi, dalam alasan pembenar dilihat dari sisi perbuatannya (objektif). Misalnya, tindakan 'pencabutan nyawa' yang dilakukan eksekutor penembak mati terhadap terpidana mati (**Pasal 50 KUHP** dan **Pasal 31 UU 1/2023**); 2. **Alasan pemaaf** adalah alasan yang menghapus kesalahan dari si pelaku suatu tindak pidana, sedangkan perbuatannya tetap melawan hukum. Jadi, dalam alasan pemaaf dilihat dari sisi orang/pelakunya (subjektif). Misalnya, lantaran pelakunya tak waras atau gila sehingga tak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya itu atau mengalami keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum (**Pasal 44 KUHP** dan **Pasal 43 UU 1/2023**). Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kenapa hansip itu yang ditahan padahal ia membela diri? Petugas hansip itu belum dapat dikatakan bersalah telah membunuh sebelum ada putusan pengadilan yang menyatakan ia bersalah melakukan tindak pidana, melainkan ia baru dijadikan tersangka yaitu seorang yang karena perbuatannya atau keadaannya, berdasarkan bukti permulaan patut diduga sebagai pelaku tindak pidana.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Pada akhirnya mekanisme pembuktian di pengadilan yang akan membuktikan apakah petugas hansip tersebut bersalah atau tidak. Baca juga: **[Arti “Bukti Permulaan yang Cukup” dalam Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/arti-bukti-permulaan-yang-cukup-dalam-hukum-acara-pidana-lt5940eb061eb61?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bukti_permulaan)** Pada prinsipnya, hukum pidana adalah untuk mencari kebenaran materiil yaitu kebenaran yang sesungguhnya mengenai siapa pelaku tindak pidana yang sesungguhnya yang seharusnya dituntut dan didakwa. Untuk tujuan itulah pihak kepolisian harus melakukan penyelidikan dan penyidikan. Jadi, sangat dimungkinkan seorang tersangka kemudian ditahan untuk kepentingan penyidikan.[\[5\]](#_ftn5)  **Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP** dan **Pasal 34 _jo._ Pasal 43 UU 1/2023** pun mengatur lebih lanjut rumusan mengenai perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_) sebagai berikut. **Pasal 49** **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** 1. Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. 2. Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana. **Pasal 34** Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. **Pasal 43** Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Baca juga: **[Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=daya_paksa)** Tentang Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP, **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Serta Komentar-komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ berkomentar antara lain bahwa supaya orang dapat mengatakan dirinya dalam “pembelaaan terpaksa” dan tidak dapat dihukum harus dipenuhi tiga syarat (hal. 64-66): 1. Perbuatan yang dilakukan itu harus terpaksa dilakukan untuk mempertahankan (membela). Pertahanan itu harus amat perlu, boleh dikatakan tidak ada jalan lain. Di sini harus ada keseimbangan yang tertentu antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dengan serangannya. Untuk membela kepentingan yang tidak berarti misalnya, orang tidak boleh membunuh atau melukai orang lain. 2. Pembelaan atau pertahanan itu harus dilakukan hanya terhadap kepentingan-kepentingan yang disebut pada Pasal 49 ayat (1) tersebut, yaitu badan, kehormatan dan barang diri sendiri atau orang lain. 3. Harus ada serangan yang melawan hak dan mengancam pada ketika itu juga. Melawan hak artinya penyerang melakukan serangan itu melawan hak orang lain atau tidak mempunyai hak untuk itu. Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023. Adapun **Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023** menentukan syarat pembelaan terpaksa adalah: 1. harus ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika; 2. pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan; 3. pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dan 4. keseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas). Sedangkan syarat pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023** adalah: 1. pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; dan 2. yang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika. Jika alasan penghapus pidana ini kemudian terbukti, maka hakim akan mengeluarkan putusan yang melepaskan terdakwa dari segala tuntutan hukum (_ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging_). Bukan putusan bebas alias _vrijspraak._ Jadi, sebagaimana diterangkan oleh R. Soesilo, hakimlah yang harus menguji dan memutuskan hal ini, sedangkan polisi hanya mengumpulkan bahan-bahannya untuk diajukan kepada hakim di persidangan (hal. 63). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 ayat (1) [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) dan Pasal 1 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Penjelasan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Penjelasan Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 1 angka 14 [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”) [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 20 KUHAP Tags ---- [hakim](/tag/hakim) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [pembelaan diri](/tag/pembelaan-diri) [pembuktian](/tag/pembuktian) [pembunuhan](/tag/pembunuhan) [penyelidikan](/tag/penyelidikan) [penyidikan](/tag/penyidikan) [polisi](/tag/polisi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Kedudukan Peraturan MenteriKLINIK TERKAITHierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia11 Apr 2024Perbedaan Peraturan dan Keputusan06 Jan 2023Arti Meaningful Participation dalam Penyusunan Peraturan13 Jul 2022Memaknai Harmonisasi Peraturan di Indonesia06 Jun 2022Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan terlebih dahulu mengenai hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, yaitu terdiri atas:[1]Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat;Undang-Undang/Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang;Peraturan Pemerintah;Peraturan Presiden;Peraturan Daerah Provinsi; danPeraturan Daerah Kabupaten/Kota.Lalu dimana kedudukan peraturan menteri? mengenai peraturan menteri keberadaannya diatur dalam Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011, yaitu:Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Jenis Peraturan Perundang-undangan selain sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 7 ayat (1) mencakup peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, Mahkamah Agung, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, Komisi Yudisial, Bank Indonesia, Menteri, badan, lembaga, atau komisi yang setingkat yang dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang atau Pemerintah atas perintah Undang-Undang, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi, Gubernur, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota, Bupati/Walikota, Kepala Desa atau yang setingkat.Baca juga: Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di IndonesiaPeraturan-peraturan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011 di atas diakui keberadaannya dan mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat jika:[2]diperintahkan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi; ataudibentuk berdasarkan kewenangan. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘berdasarkan kewenangan’ adalah penyelenggaraan urusan tertentu pemerintahan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.Lantas, apa itu peraturan menteri? Menurut Penjelasan Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011 peraturan menteri adalah peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh menteri berdasarkan materi muatan dalam rangka penyelenggaraan urusan tertentu dalam pemerintahan.Baca juga: Kedudukan Peraturan Menteri dalam Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undanganBagaimana Jika Dua Peraturan Menteri Saling Bertentangan?Lalu bagaimana jika ada dua peraturan menteri yang normanya saling bertentangan satu sama lain? Mengingat bahwa hierarkinya sederajat, peraturan menteri yang manakah yang berlaku?Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda, terdapat tiga asas hukum yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan pertentangan antar peraturan perundang-undangan. Disarikan dari artikel 3 Asas Hukum: Lex Superior, Lex Specialis, dan Lex Posterior Beserta Contohnya berikut penjelasannya.Lex superiori derogat legi inferiori yaitu peraturan yang lebih tinggi mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih rendah. Asas ini berlaku pada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya tidak sederajat dan saling bertentangan.Lex specialis derogat legi generali yaitu peraturan yang lebih khusus mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih umum. Asas ini berlaku pada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya sederajat dengan materi yang sama.Lex posteriori derogat legi priori yaitu peraturan yang baru mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih lama. Asas ini berlaku saat ada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya sederajat dengan tujuan mencegah ketidakpastian hukum.Dalam konteks dua peraturan menteri yang normanya saling bertentangan satu sama lain, karena hierarkinya sederajat dengan materi yang sama, maka berlaku asas lex specialis derogat legi generali atau lex posteriori derogat legi priori tergantung pada permasalahan yang terjadi. Untuk menerapkan asas lex specialis derogat legi generali, menurut Bagir Manan dalam buku Hukum Positif Indonesia, terdapat beberapa prinsip yang harus diperhatikan yaitu (hal. 58):Ketentuan-ketentuan yang didapati dalam aturan hukum umum tetap berlaku, kecuali yang diatur khusus dalam aturan hukum khusus tersebut.Ketentuan-ketentuan lex specialis harus sederajat dengan ketentuan-ketentuan lex generalis.Ketentuan-ketentuan lex specialis harus ada dalam lingkungan hukum (regim) yang sama dengan lex generalis.Sementara, prinsip-prinsip yang harus diperhatikan dalam asas lex posteriori derogat legi priori adalah (hal. 59):Aturan hukum harus sederajat atau lebih tinggi dari aturan hukum lama.Aturan hukum baru dan lama, mengatur objek yang sama.Dalam hal peraturan baru, biasanya terdapat ketentuan yang mencabut atau mengubah peraturan yang lama. Namun demikian, menurut Bagir Manan, dengan adanya asas lex posteriori derogat legi priori, ketentuan yang mencabut suatu peraturan perundang-undangan tidak begitu penting, Secara hukum, ketentuan lama yang serupa tidak akan berlaku lagi pada saat aturan hukum baru mulai berlaku. Adanya ketentuan soal pencabutan tersebut merupakan suatu kelaziman teknik perundang-undangan sebagai suatu bentuk pencegahan kerancuan dan demi kepastian hukum (hal. 59).Hal ini juga dipertegas oleh Lailani Sungkar, Dosen Ilmu Perundang-undangan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran, bahwa apabila terjadi pertentangan antara peraturan menteri yang satu dengan yang lainnya, maka perlu kembali lagi berpedoman pada kedua asas tersebut.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan sebagaimana diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan dan diubah kedua kalinya dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan.REFERENSIBagir Manan. Hukum Positif Indonesia (Satu Kajian Teoritik). Cetakan Pertama. Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2004.Catatan:Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Dosen Ilmu Perundang-undangan dari Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran, Lailani Sungkar, S.H., M.H. via WhatsApp pada 9 Januari 2023, pukul 15.40 WIB.[1] Pasal 7 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan (“UU 12/2011”)[2] Pasal 8 ayat (2) UU 12/2011 dan penjelasannyaTagshierarki peraturanperaturan menteriperaturan perundang-undangan
Bagaimana jika ada 2 peraturan menteri yang normanya saling bertentangan satu sama lain, manakah yang berlaku?
Pada dasarnya, terdapat tiga asas hukum yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan pertentangan atau konflik antar peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu asas lex superiori derogat legi inferiori, lex specialis derogat legi generali, lex posteriori derogat legi priori. Lalu asas mana yang digunakan apabila terjadi pertentangan antara peraturan menteri yang satu dengan yang lainnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia11 Apr 2024Perbedaan Peraturan dan Keputusan06 Jan 2023Arti Meaningful Participation dalam Penyusunan Peraturan13 Jul 2022Memaknai Harmonisasi Peraturan di Indonesia06 Jun 2022Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia11 Apr 2024Perbedaan Peraturan dan Keputusan06 Jan 2023Arti Meaningful Participation dalam Penyusunan Peraturan13 Jul 2022Memaknai Harmonisasi Peraturan di Indonesia06 Jun 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/dua-peraturan-menteri-bertentangan-mana-yang-berlaku-lt63c662d55357b/
Dua Peraturan Menteri Bertentangan, Mana yang Berlaku?
pages/177/page-6.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Kedudukan Peraturan Menteri** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia ](/klinik/a/hierarki-peraturan-perundang-undangan-di-indonesia-cl4012/) ![Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl4012/thumbnail_lt65291b83b8988.jpg) 11 Apr 2024 [ #### Perbedaan Peraturan dan Keputusan ](/klinik/a/perbedaan-peraturan-dan-keputusan-lt4f0281130c750/) ![Perbedaan Peraturan dan Keputusan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f0281130c750/thumbnail_lt63b805687f226.jpg) 06 Jan 2023 [ #### Arti _Meaningful Participation_ dalam Penyusunan Peraturan ](/klinik/a/arti-imeaningful-participation-i-dalam-penyusunan-peraturan-lt62ceb46fa62c0/) ![Arti <i>Meaningful Participation</i> dalam Penyusunan Peraturan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62ceb46fa62c0/thumbnail_lt62ceb59a4fbdd.jpg) 13 Jul 2022 [ #### Memaknai Harmonisasi Peraturan di Indonesia ](/klinik/a/memaknai-harmonisasi-peraturan-di-indonesia-lt629d92ccd8920/) ![Memaknai Harmonisasi Peraturan di Indonesia](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt629d92ccd8920/thumbnail_lt629d93ff3a857.jpg) 06 Jun 2022 [](#!) Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan terlebih dahulu mengenai hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, yaitu terdiri atas:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945; 2. Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat; 3. Undang-Undang/Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang; 4. Peraturan Pemerintah; 5. Peraturan Presiden; 6. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi; dan 7. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten/Kota. Lalu dimana kedudukan peraturan menteri? mengenai peraturan menteri keberadaannya diatur dalam **Pasal 8 ayat (1)** [**UU 12/2011**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011), yaitu: Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) _Jenis Peraturan Perundang-undangan selain sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 7 ayat (1) mencakup **peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh** Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, Mahkamah Agung, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, Komisi Yudisial, Bank Indonesia, **Menteri**, badan, lembaga, atau komisi yang setingkat yang dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang atau Pemerintah atas perintah Undang-Undang, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi, Gubernur, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota, Bupati/Walikota, Kepala Desa atau yang setingkat._ Baca juga: **[Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hierarki-peraturan-perundang-undangan-di-indonesia-cl4012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Hierarki)** Peraturan-peraturan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011 di atas diakui keberadaannya dan mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat jika:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. diperintahkan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi; atau 2. dibentuk berdasarkan kewenangan. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘berdasarkan kewenangan’ adalah penyelenggaraan urusan tertentu pemerintahan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Lantas, apa itu peraturan menteri? Menurut **Penjelasan** **Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011** peraturan menteri adalah peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh menteri berdasarkan materi muatan dalam rangka penyelenggaraan urusan tertentu dalam pemerintahan. Baca juga: [**Kedudukan Peraturan Menteri dalam Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/kedudukan-peraturan-menteri-dalam-hierarki-peraturan-perundang-undangan-lt5264d6b08c174?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kedudukan_peraturan_menteri_dalam_hierarki) ### **Bagaimana Jika Dua Peraturan Menteri Saling Bertentangan?** Lalu bagaimana jika ada dua peraturan menteri yang normanya saling bertentangan satu sama lain? Mengingat bahwa hierarkinya sederajat, peraturan menteri yang manakah yang berlaku? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda, terdapat tiga asas hukum yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan pertentangan antar peraturan perundang-undangan. Disarikan dari artikel [**3 Asas Hukum: _Lex Superior_, _Lex Specialis_, dan _Lex Posterior_ Beserta Contohnya**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/3-asas-hukum--ilex-superior-i--ilex-specialis-i--dan-ilex-posterior-i-beserta-contohnya-cl6806?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_asas_hukum_lex) berikut penjelasannya. 1. **_Lex superiori derogat legi inferiori_** yaitu peraturan yang lebih tinggi mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih rendah. Asas ini berlaku pada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya tidak sederajat dan saling bertentangan. 2. **_Lex specialis derogat legi generali_** yaitu peraturan yang lebih khusus mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih umum. Asas ini berlaku pada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya sederajat dengan materi yang sama. 3. **_Lex posteriori derogat legi priori_** yaitu peraturan yang baru mengesampingkan peraturan yang lebih lama. Asas ini berlaku saat ada dua peraturan yang hierarkinya sederajat dengan tujuan mencegah ketidakpastian hukum. Dalam konteks dua peraturan menteri yang normanya saling bertentangan satu sama lain, karena hierarkinya sederajat dengan materi yang sama, maka berlaku asas _lex specialis derogat legi generali_ atau _lex posteriori derogat legi priori_ tergantung pada permasalahan yang terjadi. Untuk menerapkan asas _lex specialis derogat legi generali_, menurut **Bagir Manan** dalam buku _Hukum Positif Indonesia,_ terdapat beberapa prinsip yang harus diperhatikan yaitu (hal. 58): 1. Ketentuan-ketentuan yang didapati dalam aturan hukum umum tetap berlaku, kecuali yang diatur khusus dalam aturan hukum khusus tersebut. 2. Ketentuan-ketentuan _lex specialis_ harus sederajat dengan ketentuan-ketentuan _lex generalis_. 3. Ketentuan-ketentuan _lex specialis_ harus ada dalam lingkungan hukum (_regim_) yang sama dengan _lex generalis_. Sementara, prinsip-prinsip yang harus diperhatikan dalam asas _lex posteriori derogat legi priori_ adalah (hal. 59): 1. Aturan hukum harus sederajat atau lebih tinggi dari aturan hukum lama. 2. Aturan hukum baru dan lama, mengatur objek yang sama. Dalam hal peraturan baru, biasanya terdapat ketentuan yang mencabut atau mengubah peraturan yang lama. Namun demikian, menurut Bagir Manan, dengan adanya asas _lex posteriori derogat legi priori,_ ketentuan yang mencabut suatu peraturan perundang-undangan tidak begitu penting, Secara hukum, ketentuan lama yang serupa tidak akan berlaku lagi pada saat aturan hukum baru mulai berlaku. Adanya ketentuan soal pencabutan tersebut merupakan suatu kelaziman teknik perundang-undangan sebagai suatu bentuk pencegahan kerancuan dan demi kepastian hukum (hal. 59). Hal ini juga dipertegas oleh **Lailani Sungkar**, Dosen Ilmu Perundang-undangan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran, bahwa apabila terjadi pertentangan antara peraturan menteri yang satu dengan yang lainnya, maka perlu kembali lagi berpedoman pada kedua asas tersebut. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) sebagaimana diubah dengan [Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5da039a94937f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_15_2019) dan diubah kedua kalinya dengan [Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt62b01b9e7e96e/undang-undang-nomor-13-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_13_2022). REFERENSI --------- Bagir Manan. _Hukum Positif Indonesia (Satu Kajian Teoritik)._ Cetakan Pertama. Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2004. Catatan: _Kami telah melakukan wawancara dengan Dosen Ilmu Perundang-undangan dari Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran, Lailani Sungkar, S.H., M.H. via WhatsApp pada 9 Januari 2023, pukul 15.40 WIB._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 7 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4e573e59d0487/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-12-tahun-2011-pembentukan-peraturan-perundang-undangan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_12_2011) (“UU 12/2011”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 8 ayat (2) UU 12/2011 dan penjelasannya Tags ---- [hierarki peraturan](/tag/hierarki-peraturan) [peraturan menteri](/tag/peraturan-menteri) [peraturan perundang-undangan](/tag/peraturan-perundang_undangan)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Benarkah Tanah yang Terlantar Jadi Milik Negara? which was written by Saufa Ata Taqiyya and was published on Friday, 19 March 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.The control of abandoned zones and lands has actually been regulated under Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands ("Government Regulation 20/2021").Abandoned zones are non-forest zones that have not yet been attached to the right to a land that already has licenses/concessions/business licenses, which are intentionally uncultivated, unused, and/or unutilized.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Meanwhile, abandoned lands are lands under rights, right-of-management lands, and lands acquired based on land tenure, which are intentionally left uncultivated, unused, unutilized, and/or unpreserved.[2]Every holder of licenses/concessions/business licenses must operate, use, and/or utilize licenses/concessions/business licenses and/or controlled zones.[3] Similar obligations also apply to rightsholders, holders of management rights, and land tenure holders.[4]The Object of Control of Abandoned Lands and ZonesIf non-forest zones which have not yet been attached to the right to a land that already has licenses/concessions/business licenses are intentionally left uncultivated, unused, and/or unutilized, then the said zones shall become the object of control of abandoned zones.[5]The objects of control of abandoned zones are:[6]mining zone;plantation zone;industrial zone;tourism zone;large-scale/integrated housing/settlement zone; orother zones in which the exploitation and/or utilization are based on licenses/concessions/business licenses relating to the utilization of land and space.As for lands that have been registered or not registered which are intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved, then they become the objects of control of abandoned land.[7]The objects of control of the abandoned lands include the following lands with the rights to:[8]property right, if it is intentionally not used, not utilized, and/or not maintained so that:[9]controlled by the community as well as becoming a village area;is continuously controlled by other parties for 20 years without any legal relationship with the rightsholder; orthe social function of the right of the land is not fulfilled, either the rightsholder still exists or he no longer exists;right to build, right to use, and right to manage, if these are intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the right;[10]right to cultivate, if it is intentionally not cultivated, not used, and/or not utilized, commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the right;[11] andland acquired based on land tenure, if it is intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the basis of control over the land.[12]However, there are exceptions to the controls of abandoned land over land with management rights which include the land of customary law community (indigenous people) and land bank assets.[13]Process of Determination Abandoned Zones and LandsPrior to determining the 'abandoned' status, an inventory of the zone and land which are indicated as abandoned must first be undertaken.Inventories of indicated abandoned zones shall be carried out by the Head of the Agency, namely the head of a state institution, ministry, non-ministerial government agency, provincial government, or regency/city government that issued the license/concession/business licenses in accordance with their authority,[14] from the report or information of the holder of licenses/concessions/business licenses, the agency itself, and/or the community.[15]Meanwhile, inventories of abandoned lands shall be carried out by the Land Office, according to reports or information of:[16]holder of the rights, management rights, or the basis of land tenure;the results of monitoring and evaluation of land rights and the basis of land tenure conducted by the Land Office, Regional Office, and the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of National Land Agencyministries/agencies;regional government; and/orcommunity.Furthermore, the control of abandoned zones and lands is carried out in the following stages:[17]evaluation of abandoned zones and lands;warnings of abandoned zones and lands; anddetermination of abandoned zones and lands.In the event that the evaluation results are found to be intentionally not cultivating, not using, and/or not utilizing any licenses/concessions/business licenses and/or their zones, the head of the agency shall deliver a notification to the relevant holder within a maximum period of 180 days from the date of issuance of the notification.[18]If the notification is still not attempted by the end of the abovementioned period, the person concerned will be given a written reprimand/warning up to 3 times.[19] If the third written warning is also not implemented, then the head of the agency will designate it as an abandoned zone.[20]Formerly, the process of notification and granting of written warnings up to 3 times also applies to land which is indicated as abandoned, if from the evaluation results it is known that the holders of the rights, management rights, or basis of land tenure intentionally do not cultivate, do not use, do not utilize and/or do not preserve the land.[21]Holders of rights, management rights, or basis of the land tenure who do not carry out the third written warning, then the head of the Regional Office within a maximum period of 30 working days proposes a designation of abandoned land to the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of National Land Agency.[22]Legal Consequences of Abandoned Zones and LandsAs for after being determined as an abandoned zone, the stipulation also contains:[23]revocation of licenses/concessions/business licenses; and/oraffirmation as a zone that is directly controlled by the state.Meanwhile, for abandoned lands, the stipulation also contains:[24]if the abandoned land is in the form of private land or right of management land and constitutes the entire expanse:abolition of rights of the land or management rights;termination of legal relations; andaffirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state. if the abandoned land is in the form of private land or right of management land and constitutes some part of the expanse:abolition of rights of the land, or management rights in abandoned parts;severance of the legal relationship between the holder of the rights or management rights with the abandoned land;affirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state of the abandoned land; andan order to revise rights of the land or management rights. if the abandoned land is land with the basis of land tenure:termination of legal relationship with the holder of the basic of land tenure; andaffirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state.In conclusion, it is correct that if you have rights or business licenses over lands/zones but they are not being used/cultivated/utilized/preserved properly, then said lands/zones may be designated as abandoned lands/zones which will be directly controlled by the state. In addition, your business license will be revoked and the legal relationship between the lands/zone and you will be terminated.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands.[1] Article 1 Section (1) Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands ("Government Regulation 20/2021").[2] Article 1 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021.[3] Article 2 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[4] Article 4 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[5] Article 3 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[6] Article 6 Government Regulation 20/2021.[7] Article 5 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[8] Article 7 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[9] Article 7 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021.[10] Article 7 Section (3) Government Regulation 20/2021.[11] Article 7 Section (4) Government Regulation 20/2021.[12] Article 7 Section (5) Government Regulation 20/2021.[13] Article 8 Government Regulation 20/2021.[14] Article 1 Section (14) jo. Article 9 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[15] Article 9 Section (3) Government Regulation 20/2021.[16] Article 11 Section (1) and (3) Government Regulation 20/2021.[17] Article 14 and Article 22 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021.[18] Article 15 Section (5) Government Regulation 20/2021.[19] Article 15 Section (6) and Article 17 Government Regulation 20/2021.[20] Article 20 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021.[21] Article 23 Section (3) and (5) and Article 25 Government Regulation 20/2021.[22] Article 27 jo. Article 29 Government Regulation 20/2021.[23] Article 20 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021.[24] Article 30 Section (1), (2), and (3) Government Regulation 20/2021.Tagsklinik english edition
If I have a right/title to own land, or a business license to use the land, but the land is not utilized, is it true that the land will be taken by the state?
Correct. If you have rights or business licenses for lands/zones but they are not being used/cultivated/utilized/preserved properly, then the lands/zones may be designated as abandoned lands/zones which will then be directly controlled by the state. Meanwhile, your business license will be revoked and the legal relationship between the lands/zones and you will be terminated in accordance with Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Syarat dan Biaya Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah karena Jual Beli25 Jun 2024Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/does-abandoned-land-belong-to-the-state--lt63c637db0f08e/
Does Abandoned Land Belong to the State?
pages/177/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Benarkah Tanah yang Terlantar Jadi Milik Negara?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/benarkah-tanah-yang-terlantar-jadi-milik-negara--lt60543ed4e6b17?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=benarkah_tanah_terlantar_milik_negara) which was written by [**Saufa Ata Taqiyya**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/saufa-ata-taqiyya--sh-lt5f33b4569d68e/) and was published on Friday, 19 March 2021. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). The control of abandoned zones and lands has actually been regulated under [**Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt603231861269d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_20_2021) **("Government Regulation 20/2021")**. **Abandoned zones** are non-forest zones that have not yet been attached to the right to a land that already has licenses/concessions/business licenses, which are intentionally uncultivated, unused, and/or unutilized.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Meanwhile, **abandoned lands** are lands under rights, right-of-management lands, and lands acquired based on land tenure, which are intentionally left uncultivated, unused, unutilized, and/or unpreserved.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Every holder of licenses/concessions/business licenses must operate, use, and/or utilize licenses/concessions/business licenses and/or controlled zones.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Similar obligations also apply to rightsholders, holders of management rights, and land tenure holders.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **The Object of Control of Abandoned Lands and Zones** If non-forest zones which have not yet been attached to the right to a land that already has licenses/concessions/business licenses are **intentionally left uncultivated, unused, and/or unutilized**, then the said zones shall become the object of control of abandoned zones.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) The objects of control of **abandoned zones** are:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. mining zone; 2. plantation zone; 3. industrial zone; 4. tourism zone; 5. large-scale/integrated housing/settlement zone; or 6. other zones in which the exploitation and/or utilization are based on licenses/concessions/business licenses relating to the utilization of land and space. As for lands that have been registered or not registered which are **intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved**, then they become the objects of control of abandoned land.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) The objects of control of the **abandoned lands** include the following lands with the rights to:[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 1. **property right**, if it is intentionally not used, not utilized, and/or not maintained so that:[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 1. controlled by the community as well as becoming a village area; 2. is continuously controlled by other parties for 20 years without any legal relationship with the rightsholder; or 3. the social function of the right of the land is not fulfilled, either the rightsholder still exists or he no longer exists; 2. **right to build, right to use, and right to manage**, if these are intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the right;[\[10\]](#_ftn10) 3. **right to cultivate**, if it is intentionally not cultivated, not used, and/or not utilized, commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the right;[\[11\]](#_ftn11) and 4. **land acquired based on land tenure**, if it is intentionally not cultivated, not used, not utilized, and/or not preserved commencing from 2 years since the issuance of the basis of control over the land.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) However, there are **exceptions** to the controls of abandoned land over land with management rights which include the land of customary law community (indigenous people) and land bank assets.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) ### **Process of Determination Abandoned Zones and Lands** Prior to determining the 'abandoned' status, an **inventory of the zone and land which are indicated as abandoned** must first be undertaken. **Inventories of indicated abandoned zones** shall be carried out by the Head of the Agency, namely the head of a state institution, ministry, non-ministerial government agency, provincial government, or regency/city government that issued the license/concession/business licenses in accordance with their authority,[\[14\]](#_ftn14) from the report or information of the holder of licenses/concessions/business licenses, the agency itself, and/or the community.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) Meanwhile, **inventories of abandoned lands** shall be carried out by the Land Office, according to reports or information of:[\[16\]](#_ftn16) 1. holder of the rights, management rights, or the basis of land tenure; 2. the results of monitoring and evaluation of land rights and the basis of land tenure conducted by the Land Office, Regional Office, and the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of National Land Agency 3. ministries/agencies; 4. regional government; and/or 5. community. Furthermore, the **control of abandoned zones and lands** is carried out in the following stages:[\[17\]](#_ftn17) 1. **evaluation** of abandoned zones and lands; 2. **warnings** of abandoned zones and lands; and 3. **determination** of abandoned zones and lands. In the event that the evaluation results are found to be intentionally not cultivating, not using, and/or not utilizing any licenses/concessions/business licenses and/or their zones, the head of the agency shall deliver a notification to the relevant holder within a maximum period of 180 days from the date of issuance of the notification.[\[18\]](#_ftn18) If the notification is still not attempted by the end of the abovementioned period, the person concerned will be given a written reprimand/warning up to 3 times.[\[19\]](#_ftn19) If the third written warning is also not implemented, then the head of the agency will designate it as an abandoned zone.[\[20\]](#_ftn20) Formerly, the process of notification and granting of written warnings up to 3 times also applies to land which is indicated as abandoned, if from the evaluation results it is known that the holders of the rights, management rights, or basis of land tenure intentionally do not cultivate, do not use, do not utilize and/or do not preserve the land.[\[21\]](#_ftn21) Holders of rights, management rights, or basis of the land tenure who do not carry out the third written warning, then the head of the Regional Office within a maximum period of 30 working days proposes a designation of abandoned land to the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of National Land Agency.[\[22\]](#_ftn22) ### **Legal Consequences of Abandoned Zones and Lands** As for after being determined as an **abandoned zone**, the stipulation also contains:[\[23\]](#_ftn23) 1. revocation of licenses/concessions/business licenses; and/or 2. **affirmation as a zone that is directly controlled by the state**. Meanwhile, for **abandoned lands**, the stipulation also contains:[\[24\]](#_ftn24) 1. if the abandoned land is in the form of private land or right of management land and constitutes the entire expanse: 1. abolition of rights of the land or management rights; 2. termination of legal relations; and 3. **affirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state**. 2. if the abandoned land is in the form of private land or right of management land and constitutes some part of the expanse: 1. abolition of rights of the land, or management rights in abandoned parts; 2. severance of the legal relationship between the holder of the rights or management rights with the abandoned land; 3. **affirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state of the abandoned land**; and 4. an order to revise rights of the land or management rights. 3. if the abandoned land is land with the basis of land tenure: 1. termination of legal relationship with the holder of the basic of land tenure; and 2. **affirmation as formerly abandoned state land that is directly controlled by the state**. In conclusion, it is correct that if you have rights or business licenses over lands/zones but they are not being used/cultivated/utilized/preserved properly, then said lands/zones may be designated as abandoned lands/zones which will be directly controlled by the state. In addition, your business license will be revoked and the legal relationship between the lands/zone and you will be terminated. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt603231861269d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_20_2021). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (1) [**Government Regulation Number 20 of 2021 on the Control of Abandoned Zones and Lands**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt603231861269d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_20_2021) **("Government Regulation 20/2021")**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 1 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 2 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 4 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 3 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 6 Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 5 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 7 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 7 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 7 Section (3) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 7 Section (4) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 7 Section (5) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Article 8 Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Article 1 Section (14) _jo._ Article 9 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Article 9 Section (3) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Article 11 Section (1) and (3) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) Article 14 and Article 22 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[18\]](#_ftnref18) Article 15 Section (5) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[19\]](#_ftnref19) Article 15 Section (6) and Article 17 Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[20\]](#_ftnref20) Article 20 Section (1) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[21\]](#_ftnref21) Article 23 Section (3) and (5) and Article 25 Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[22\]](#_ftnref22) Article 27 _jo._ Article 29 Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[23\]](#_ftnref23) Article 20 Section (2) Government Regulation 20/2021. [\[24\]](#_ftnref24) Article 30 Section (1), (2), and (3) Government Regulation 20/2021. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Izin Usaha dan Kode KBLI Perdagangan Batu Kapur which was written by Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira and was published on Monday, 15 August 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Limestone Trading Code according to KBLIFormerly, it is important to note that according to our research, the limestone in question is also referred to as batu gamping or also known as chemical sedimentary rock, as it is referred to in the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (“KBBI”) or Indonesian official dictionary.Based on the Appendix to Statistics Indonesia Regulation 2/2020, the limestone trade is registered with the code 46641 according to Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification (Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia/ “KBLI”), which is a wholesale trade business sector, thus it cannot be carried out simultaneously with the retail trade business sector.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Currently, Indonesia has implemented risk-based business licensing, which is classified into low, medium-low, medium-high, and high-risk levels. For more details, you can read the explanation in Risk-Based Licensing, Here is the Explanation.Furthermore, Appendix II – Energy and Mineral Resources Sector to Government Regulation 5/2021 stipulates that the KBLI code 46641 is categorized as high-risk business and medium-low environmental risk.Limestone Trading Business LicenseWhat licenses are required? Business licensing for this business activity is in the form of a Business Identification Number (Nomor Induk Usaha/ "NIB") and license, namely the approval of the central government or regional government for the implementation of business activities which must be fulfilled by business actors prior to carrying out their business activities.[1]Prior to obtaining a license, business actors may use their NIB for the preparation of business activities. However, NIB and licenses are business permits for business actors to conduct operational and/or commercial activities.[2]Therefore, before engaging in any sale and purchase of limestone or chemical sedimentary rock with A Ltd., the company needs to ensure that A Ltd. has fulfilled the high-risk business licensing under KBLI code 46641, namely in possession of an NIB and a license.The dynamic development of regulations is a challenge for you in fulfilling the company's legal obligations. Keep up to date with the latest legal obligations, with the legal compliance monitoring platform from Hukumonline which is based on Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing;Statistics Indonesia Regulation Number 2 of 2020 on Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification.Reference:Gamping, accessed on 12 August 2022, at 21.00 Central Indonesia Time (zone);KBLI 46641, accessed on 12 August 2022, at 21.30 Central Indonesia Time (zone).[1] Article 15 Section (1) jo. Article 16 Section (2)  Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing (“Government Regulation 5/2021”).[2] Article 15 Section (4) Government Regulation 5/2021.Tagsklinik english edition
My company (metallic mineral mining) intends to buy limestone from a limited company (for example A. Ltd). What are the requirements for the limited company in order to sell/supply limestone to our company?
In order to find out what business requirements are mandatory for Limited Company A (“A Ltd.”) in order to be able to carry out its business activities, namely limestone trading, you first need to know the level of business risk. In Indonesia, risk-based business licensing is currently applicable. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/limestone-trading-business-license-and-its-kbli-code-lt63c63449324c5/
Limestone Trading Business License and its KBLI Code
pages/177/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Izin Usaha dan Kode KBLI Perdagangan Batu Kapur_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/izin-usaha-dan-kode-kbli-perdagangan-batu-kapur-lt62f9c50147e4f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=izin_usaha_kbli_batu_kapur) which was written by [**Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/bernadetha-aurelia-oktavira--sh-lt5d537b77ab8d5/) and was published on Monday, 15 August 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Limestone Trading Code according to KBLI** Formerly, it is important to note that according to our research, the limestone in question is also referred to as _batu_ [**_gamping_**](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/gamping) or also known as chemical sedimentary rock, as it is referred to in the **_Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia_ (“KBBI”)** or Indonesian official dictionary. Based on the **Appendix** to [**Statistics Indonesia Regulation 2/2020**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f7aa1e49c8ba/peraturan-badan-pusat-statistik-nomor-2-tahun-2020/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bps_2_2020?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=peraturan_bps_2_2020), the limestone trade is registered with the code [**46641**](https://oss.go.id/informasi/kbli-kode?kode=G&kbli=46641) according to **Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification (Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia/ “KBLI”)**, which is a wholesale trade business sector, thus it cannot be carried out simultaneously with the retail trade business sector. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Currently, Indonesia has implemented risk-based business licensing, which is classified into low, medium-low, medium-high, and high-risk levels. For more details, you can read the explanation in [**Risk-Based Licensing, Here is the Explanation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perizinan-berusaha-berbasis-risiko-begini-penjelasannya-lt60741b4e30518?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perizinan_berusaha_berbasis_risiko?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perizinan_usaha_berbasis_resiko). Furthermore, **Appendix II – Energy and Mineral Resources Sector to** [**Government Regulation 5/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) stipulates that the KBLI code 46641 is categorized as **high-risk business and medium-low environmental risk**. ### **Limestone Trading Business License** What licenses are required? [Business licensing](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perizinan-berusaha) for this business activity is in the form of a **Business Identification Number (Nomor Induk Usaha/ "NIB")** and license, namely the approval of the central government or regional government for the implementation of business activities which must be fulfilled by business actors prior to carrying out their business activities.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Prior to obtaining a license, business actors may use their NIB for the preparation of business activities. However, NIB and licenses are business permits for business actors to conduct operational and/or commercial activities.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Therefore, before engaging in any sale and purchase of limestone or chemical sedimentary rock with A Ltd., the company needs to ensure that A Ltd. has fulfilled the high-risk business licensing under KBLI code 46641, namely in possession of an NIB and a license. The dynamic development of regulations is a challenge for you in fulfilling the company's legal obligations. Keep up to date with the latest legal obligations, with the legal compliance monitoring platform from Hukumonline which is based on Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021); 2. [Statistics Indonesia Regulation Number 2 of 2020 on Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification](Indonesian%20Standard%20Industrial%20Classification). Reference: 1. [_Gamping_](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/gamping), accessed on 12 August 2022, at 21.00 Central Indonesia Time (zone); 2. [KBLI 46641](https://oss.go.id/informasi/kbli-kode?kode=G&kbli=46641), accessed on 12 August 2022, at 21.30 Central Indonesia Time (zone). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 15 Section (1) _jo._ Article 16 Section (2)  [**Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) **(“Government Regulation 5/2021”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 15 Section (4) Government Regulation 5/2021. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Sengaja Menghasut Orang Lain Agar Bertengkar, Bisakah Dipidana? yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 7 September 2015.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Ketentuan mengenai pasal menghasut orang lain diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 160 KUHPPasal 246 UU 1/2023Barang siapa di muka umum dengan lisan atau tulisan menghasut supaya melakukan perbuatan pidana, melakukan kekerasan terhadap penguasa umum atau tidak menuruti baik ketentuan undang-undang maupun perintah jabatan yang diberikan berdasar ketentuan undang-undang, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama enam tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4.5 juta.[2]Dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta,[3] setiap orang yang di muka umum dengan lisan atau tulisan:a. menghasut orang untuk melakukan tindak pidana; ataub. menghasut orang untuk melawan penguasa umum dengan kekerasan. R Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal 136-137) menerangkan bahwa:“Menghasut” artinya mendorong, mengajak, membangkitkan atau membakar semangat orang supaya berbuat sesuatu. Dalam kata “menghasut” tersimpul sifat “dengan sengaja”. Menghasut itu lebih keras daripada “memikat” atau “membujuk”, akan tetapi bukan “memaksa”.Orang memaksa orang lain untuk berbuat sesuatu, menurut Soesilo, bukan berarti menghasut. Cara menghasut orang itu misalnya secara langsung: “Seranglah polisi yang tidak adil itu, bunuhlah, dan ambillah senjatanya!” ditujukan terhadap seorang polisi yang sedang menjalankan pekerjaannya yang sah. Sedangkan cara menghasut orang secara tidak langsung, seperti dalam bentuk pertanyaan: “Saudara-saudara, apakah polisi yang tidak adil itu kamu biarkan saja, apakah tidak kamu serang, bunuh, dan ambil senjatanya?”Menghasut itu dapat dilakukan baik dengan lisan, maupun dengan tulisan. Apabila dilakukan dengan lisan, maka kejahatan itu menjadi selesai jika kata-kata yang bersifat menghasut itu telah diucapkan. Jika menghasut dengan tulisan, hasutan itu harus ditulis dahulu, kemudian disiarkan atau dipertontonkan pada publik. Orang hanya dapat dihukum apabila hasutan itu dilakukan di tempat umum, tempat yang didatangi publik atau dimana publik dapat mendengar. Tidak perlu penghasut itu berdiri di tepi jalan raya misalnya, akan tetapi yang disyaratkan ialah di tempat itu ada orang banyak. Tidak mengurangkan syarat bahwa hasutan harus di tempat umum dan ada orang banyak, hasutan itu bisa terjadi meskipun hanya ditujukan pada satu orang. Orang yang menghasut dalam rapat umum dapat dihukum demikian pula di gedung bioskop, meskipun masuknya degan karcis, karena itu adalah tempat umum, sebaliknya menghasut dalam pembicaraan yang bersifat “kita sama kita” (onder onsjes, vertrouwelijk) itu tidak dapat dihukum. Maksud hasutan itu harus ditujukan supaya:dilakukan suatu peristiwa pidana (pelanggaran atau kejahatan) = semua perbuatan yang diancam dengan hukumanmelawan pada kekuasaan umum dengan kekerasanjangan mau menurut pada peraturan perundang-undanganjangan mau menurut perintah yang sah yang diberikan menurut undang-undangSenada dengan pendapat R. Soesilo di atas, dalam Penjelasan Pasal 246 UU 1/2023 juga dijelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan mengasut adala mendorong, mengajak, membangkitkan, atau membakar semangat orang supaya berbuat sesuatu. Menghasut dapat dilakukan dengan lisan atau tulisam, dan harus dilakukan di muka umum, artinya di tempat yang didatangi publik atau di tempat yang khalayak ramai dapat mengetahui.Sebagai tambahan informasi, dalam Putusan MK No. 7/PUU-VII/2009 Mahkamah Konstitusi mengubah rumusan delik penghasutan dalam Pasal 160 KUHP dari delik formil menjadi delik materiel (hal. 73). Dalam artikel Pasal Penghasutan Berubah Menjadi Delik Materil dijelaskan bahwa sebelumnya, KUHP menyebut Pasal 160 yang mengatur penghasutan sebagai delik formil. Artinya, perbuatan penghasutan itu bisa langsung dipidana tanpa melihat ada tidaknya dampak dari penghasutan tersebut. Dengan diubahnya penghasutan menjadi delik materil, tentu memiliki dampak yang berbeda. Rumusan delik materil adalah seseorang yang melakukan penghasutan baru bisa dipidana bila berdampak pada tindak pidana lain, seperti kerusuhan atau suatu perbuatan anarki.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apa hukumnya menghasut orang lain? Dapat kami sampaikan apa yang dilakukan oleh A yakni pengungkapan kata-kata oleh A berupa “betikaman sajalah, daripada ribut-ribut'' yang hanya diucapkan kepada satu orang, bukan di tempat umum dan tidak ada banyak orang, tidak dapat ditafsirkan sebagai perbuatan menghasut atau yang dalam istilah Anda “mengompori”. Contoh Kasus Penerapan Pasal 160 KUHPSebagai contoh dapat kita temukan dalam Putusan MA No. 426 K/Pid/2011. Terdakwa menghasut masyarakat untuk menghakimi korban dengan cara-cara sadis. Terdakwa memprovokasi warga (di depan umum) di desanya untuk melakukan perbuatan yang melanggar hukum yaitu menganiaya korban (hal. 3).Hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana menghasut. Hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa oleh karena itu dengan pidana penjara selama 4 tahun (hal. 31).Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP.Putusan:Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 7/PUU-VII/2009;Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 426 K/Pid/2011.Referensi:R. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP (“Perma 2/2012”)[3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023Tagshukumhukumonlineklinikklinik hukumonlinekuhpkuhp barupidanatindak pidana
D dipukuli oleh T. Karena merasa tidak senang, keesokan harinya D mencari keberadaan T. Ketika sampai di depan rumah pria bernama A, D kemudian bertanya dimana keberadaan T. A keluar dari rumahnya dan mengatakan “betikaman sajalah, daripada ribut-ribut''. Lalu, A mempertemukan D dan T di lapangan badminton. Di tempat tersebut T langsung mencabut sebuah badik yang dibawanya, seraya menyerang D. Karena mengelak, badik tersebut hanya melukai tangan D. Tapi, karena merasa terancam, saat itu juga D ikut mencabut badik yang dibawanya dan langsung menyerang T. Serangan cepat dari D tidak dapat dihindari oleh T, sehingga badik tersebut mengenai bagian tubuhnya. Apakah orang yang berinisial A bisa terkena tindak pidana penghasutan sesuai dengan Pasal 160 KUHP karena mengompori dan membiarkan terjadinya suatu tindakan pidana?
Menghasut orang untuk melakukan tindak pidana tentu merupakan sebuah perbuatan tindak pidana, sebagaimana diatur pada Pasal 160 KUHP dan Pasal 246 UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP baru. Namun perbuatan tersebut harus memenuhi unsur agar dapat dikatakan “menghasut” sesuai dengan ketentuan di atas, bagaimana cara “menghasut” yang dapat dikenakan pidana dalam ketentuan tersebut? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pasal-menghasut-orang-lain-untuk-melakukan-tindak-pidana-lt55e5e09798cb8/
Pasal Menghasut Orang Lain untuk Melakukan Tindak Pidana
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Sengaja Menghasut Orang Lain Agar Bertengkar, Bisakah Dipidana?_ yang dibuat oleh** **[Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c)** **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 7 September 2015.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Ketentuan mengenai pasal menghasut orang lain diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 160 KUHP** **Pasal 246 UU 1/2023** Barang siapa di muka umum dengan lisan atau tulisan menghasut supaya melakukan perbuatan pidana, melakukan kekerasan terhadap penguasa umum atau tidak menuruti baik ketentuan undang-undang maupun perintah jabatan yang diberikan berdasar ketentuan undang-undang, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama enam tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4.5 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta,[\[3\]](#_ftn3) setiap orang yang di muka umum dengan lisan atau tulisan: a. menghasut orang untuk melakukan tindak pidana; atau b. menghasut orang untuk melawan penguasa umum dengan kekerasan. **R Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal 136-137) menerangkan bahwa: 1. “Menghasut” artinya mendorong, mengajak, membangkitkan atau membakar semangat orang supaya berbuat sesuatu. Dalam kata “menghasut” tersimpul sifat “dengan sengaja”. Menghasut itu lebih keras daripada “memikat” atau “membujuk”, akan tetapi bukan “memaksa”. Orang memaksa orang lain untuk berbuat sesuatu, menurut Soesilo, bukan berarti menghasut. Cara menghasut orang itu misalnya secara langsung: “Seranglah polisi yang tidak adil itu, bunuhlah, dan ambillah senjatanya!” ditujukan terhadap seorang polisi yang sedang menjalankan pekerjaannya yang sah. Sedangkan cara menghasut orang secara tidak langsung, seperti dalam bentuk pertanyaan: “Saudara-saudara, apakah polisi yang tidak adil itu kamu biarkan saja, apakah tidak kamu serang, bunuh, dan ambil senjatanya?” 2. Menghasut itu dapat dilakukan baik dengan lisan, maupun dengan tulisan. Apabila dilakukan dengan lisan, maka kejahatan itu menjadi selesai jika kata-kata yang bersifat menghasut itu telah diucapkan. Jika menghasut dengan tulisan, hasutan itu harus ditulis dahulu, kemudian disiarkan atau dipertontonkan pada publik. 3. Orang hanya dapat dihukum apabila hasutan itu dilakukan di tempat umum, tempat yang didatangi publik atau dimana publik dapat mendengar. Tidak perlu penghasut itu berdiri di tepi jalan raya misalnya, akan tetapi yang disyaratkan ialah di tempat itu ada orang banyak. Tidak mengurangkan syarat bahwa hasutan harus di tempat umum dan ada orang banyak, hasutan itu bisa terjadi meskipun hanya ditujukan pada satu orang. Orang yang menghasut dalam rapat umum dapat dihukum demikian pula di gedung bioskop, meskipun masuknya degan karcis, karena itu adalah tempat umum, sebaliknya menghasut dalam pembicaraan yang bersifat “kita sama kita” (_onder onsjes, vertrouwelijk_) itu tidak dapat dihukum. 4. Maksud hasutan itu harus ditujukan supaya: 1. dilakukan suatu peristiwa pidana (pelanggaran atau kejahatan) = semua perbuatan yang diancam dengan hukuman 2. melawan pada kekuasaan umum dengan kekerasan 3. jangan mau menurut pada peraturan perundang-undangan 4. jangan mau menurut perintah yang sah yang diberikan menurut undang-undang Senada dengan pendapat R. Soesilo di atas, dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 246 UU 1/2023** juga dijelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan mengasut adala mendorong, mengajak, membangkitkan, atau membakar semangat orang supaya berbuat sesuatu. Menghasut dapat dilakukan dengan lisan atau tulisam, dan harus dilakukan di muka umum, artinya di tempat yang didatangi publik atau di tempat yang khalayak ramai dapat mengetahui. Sebagai tambahan informasi, dalam **[Putusan MK No. 7/PUU-VII/2009](https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_sidang_PUTUSAN%207-KUHP-2009.pdf)** Mahkamah Konstitusi mengubah rumusan delik penghasutan dalam Pasal 160 KUHP dari delik formil menjadi delik materiel (hal. 73). Dalam artikel **[Pasal Penghasutan Berubah Menjadi Delik Materil](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/pasal-penghasutan-berubah-menjadi-delik-materil-hol22651?utm_source=&utm_medium=&utm_campaign=pasal_penghasutan_menjadi_delik_materil)** dijelaskan bahwa sebelumnya, KUHP menyebut Pasal 160 yang mengatur penghasutan sebagai delik formil. Artinya, perbuatan penghasutan itu bisa langsung dipidana tanpa melihat ada tidaknya dampak dari penghasutan tersebut. Dengan diubahnya penghasutan menjadi delik materil, tentu memiliki dampak yang berbeda. Rumusan delik materil adalah seseorang yang melakukan penghasutan baru bisa dipidana bila berdampak pada tindak pidana lain, seperti kerusuhan atau suatu perbuatan anarki. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apa hukumnya menghasut orang lain? Dapat kami sampaikan apa yang dilakukan oleh A yakni pengungkapan kata-kata oleh A berupa “betikaman sajalah, daripada ribut-ribut'' **yang hanya diucapkan kepada satu orang**, **bukan di tempat umum** dan tidak ada banyak orang, **tidak dapat** ditafsirkan sebagai perbuatan menghasut atau yang dalam istilah Anda “mengompori”. ### **Contoh Kasus Penerapan Pasal 160 KUHP** Sebagai contoh dapat kita temukan dalam [**Putusan MA No. 426 K/Pid/2011**](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/f0537b84b57953adb77b4f214a06e0d1). Terdakwa menghasut masyarakat untuk menghakimi korban dengan cara-cara sadis. Terdakwa memprovokasi warga (di depan umum) di desanya untuk melakukan perbuatan yang melanggar hukum yaitu menganiaya korban (hal. 3). Hakim menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana menghasut. Hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa oleh karena itu dengan pidana penjara selama 4 tahun (hal. 31). Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru); 3. [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012). Putusan: 1. [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 7/PUU-VII/2009](https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_sidang_PUTUSAN%207-KUHP-2009.pdf); 2. [Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 426 K/Pid/2011](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/f0537b84b57953adb77b4f214a06e0d1). Referensi: R. Soesilo_. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) (“Perma 2/2012”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [tindak pidana](/tag/tindak-pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Siapa Saja yang Wajib Melakukan CSR/TJSL?KLINIK TERKAITApa itu CSR dan Fungsinya26 Jul 2023Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan?02 Nov 2020Dapatkah Dana CSR Digunakan Sebelum Dicatat dalam Kas Daerah?09 Okt 2019Kewajiban Perusahaan Tambang Melaksanakan CSR 23 Jan 2019Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) juga dikenal dengan istilah Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (“TJSL”).Ketentuan mengenai TJSL dapat ditemukan dalam UU PT. TJSL adalah komitmen perseroan untuk berperan serta dalam pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan guna meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan dan lingkungan yang bermanfaat, baik bagi perseroan sendiri, komunitas setempat, maupun masyarakat pada umumnya.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Lantas, perusahaan seperti apakah yang wajib melakukan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan? Dalam Pasal 74 UU PT dinyatakan sebagai berikut.Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan TJSL.TJSL merupakan kewajiban perseroan yang dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan sebagai biaya perseroan yang pelaksanaannya dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran. Lebih lanjut, dalam Penjelasan Pasal 74 UU PT dijelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan “perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang sumber daya alam” adalah perseroan yang kegiatan usahanya mengelola dan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam. Sementara, yang dimaksud dengan “perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya yang berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam” adalah perseroan yang tidak mengelola dan tidak memanfaatkan sumber daya alam, tetapi kegiatan usahanya berdampak pada fungsi kemampuan sumber daya alam.Dalam PP TJSL dinyatakan setiap perseroan selaku subjek hukum mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Dalam ketentuan ini ditegaskan bahwa pada dasarnya setiap perseroan secara moral mempunyai komitmen untuk bertanggung jawab atas tetap terciptanya hubungan perseroan yang serasi dan seimbang dengan lingkungan dan masyarakat setempat, sesuai dengan nilai, norma, dan budaya masyarakat tersebut.[2] Namun, senada dengan UU PT, dalam PP TJSL kewajiban atas TJSL dikenakan terhadap perseroan yang menjalankan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam.[3]Selain perseroan terbatas, dalam hal tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, perusahaan penanaman modal juga berkewajiban melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan yaitu tanggung jawab yang melekat pada setiap perusahaan penanaman modal untuk tetap menciptakan hubungan yang serasi, seimbang, dan sesuai dengan lingkungan, nilai, norma, dan budaya masyarakat setempat.[4] Artinya, badan usaha seperti koperasi, CV, firma, dan usaha dagang juga punya kewajiban melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 15 UU Penanaman Modal.[5]Hal tersebut kemudian diatur lebih lanjut dalam Permensos 9/2020 mengenai TJSL badan usaha yang dimaksudkan sebagai bentuk peran serta badan usaha dalam pembangunan sosial secara berkelanjutan.[6] Adapun yang dimaksud dengan badan usaha adalah suatu kesatuan organisasi yang bertujuan memperoleh keuntungan dan memberikan layanan kepada masyarakat.[7]Baca juga: Apa itu CSR dan FungsinyaTJSL bagi Koperasi dan PerbankanLantas, apakah koperasi dan perbankan wajib menjalankan TJSL? Kewajiban TJSL bagi koperasi dan perbankan secara prinsip dapat kita lihat berdasarkan jenis entitasnya.Koperasi merupakan jenis usaha sebagai entitas yang berdiri sendiri dengan bentuk koperasi. Badan usaha koperasi tunduk kembali pada UU 25/1992 pasca Putusan MK No. 28/PUU-XI/2013 yang menyatakan UU 17/2012 inkonstitusional. Koperasi didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang perseorangan atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.[8]Jika mengacu pada UU PT, koperasi bukanlah termasuk perseroan yang wajib melakukan TJSL. Jika koperasi melakukan kegiatan penanaman modal, maka koperasi tersebut wajib melakukan TJSL sebagaimana diatur di dalam UU Penanaman Modal.Adapun, bank umum dapat berbentuk perseroan terbatas, koperasi, atau perusahaan daerah.[9] Sementara, Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (“BPR”) terdiri atas perusahaan daerah, koperasi, perseroan terbatas, atau bentuk lain yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan pemerintah.[10]BPR dan bank umum yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas tunduk pada rezim UU PT. Berdasarkan PP TJSL, perbankan yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas wajib ikut serta dalam upaya TJSL. Namun demikian, sejalan dengan UU PT, maka perseroan yang diwajibkan melakukan TJSL adalah perusahaan yang beroperasi di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam. Terhadap perbankan yang melakukan penanaman modal, berdasarkan UU Penanaman Modal maka harus melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial. Sedangkan perbankan yang berbentuk Badan Usaha Milik Negara (“BUMN”) wajib melaksanakan program TJSL BUMN berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Permen BUMN 05/2021.[11] Mekanisme Pelaksanaan TJSLMenjawab pertanyaan Anda selanjutnya terkait dengan perhitungan TJSL, dapat kami sampaikan bahwa acuan perhitungan program TJSL diatur dalam Pasal 4 PP TJSL yang pada intinya mengatur bahwa pelaksanaan TJSL dilakukan oleh Direksi berdasarkan rencana kerja tahunan perseroan. Salah satu materi dimuat dalam rencana kerja tahunan tersebut adalah rencana kegiatan dan anggaran pelaksanaan TJSL.Terkait dengan acuan perhitungan program TJSL, dapat Anda baca selengkapnya dalam artikel Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan? Selanjutnya, penyaluran TJSL dilakukan di dalam maupun di luar lingkungan perseroan.[12] Adapun sasaran TJSL diperuntukkan bagi seseorang, kelompok, atau masyarakat yang memiliki kehidupan yang tidak layak secara kemanusiaan dengan kriteria kemiskinan, ketelantaran, disabilitas, keterpencilan, tuna sosial dan penyimpangan perilaku, korban bencana, dan/atau korban tindak kekerasan, ekploitasi serta diskriminasi.[13]TJSL di dalam badan usaha berkaitan dengan komitmen dan upaya badan usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan karyawan dan keluarga yang memenuhi kriteria. Adapun, TJSL di luar badan usaha berkaitan dengan komitmen untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat di lingkungan area sekitar badan usaha dan secara nasional.[14]Prinsip penyaluran TJSL yaitu:[15]Dilaksanakan secara langsung oleh badan usaha;Melalui pihak ketiga;Bermitra dengan masyarakat; dan/atau Berkolaborasi dengan badan usaha lainnya dalam bentuk konsorsiumTerkait dengan kewajiban publikasi TJSL yang dilakukan oleh badan usaha, secara tekstual tidak diatur secara limititatif dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Dalam peraturan perundang-undangan hanya diatur terkait dengan laporan TJSL. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 6 PP TJSL mengatur pelaksanaan program TJSL dimuat dalam laporan tahunan perseroan dan dipertanggungjawabkan kepada RUPS. Adapun dalam Pasal 25 Permensos 9/2020 diatur bahwa laporan TJSL disampaikan badan usaha dalam bentuk laporan tertulis kepada Menteri melalui Direktur Jenderal Pemberdayaan Sosial paling sedikit 1 kali dalam 1 tahun.Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik di sini untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang PerbankanUndang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang PerbankanUndang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang PerkoperasianUndang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman ModalUndang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan TerbatasPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan TerbatasPeraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 9 Tahun 2020 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan UsahaPeraturan Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Nomor PER-05/MBU/04/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik NegaraPUTUSANPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-VI/2008;Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 28/PUU-XI/2013.[1] Pasal 109 angka 1 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (“UU PT”)[2] Pasal 2 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas (“PP TJSL”) dan penjelasannya[3] Pasal 3 ayat (1) PP TJSL[4] Pasal 15 huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal dan Penjelasannya[5] Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-VI/2008, hal. 96[6] Pasal 2 ayat (1) Peraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 9 Tahun 2020 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha (“Permensos 9/2020”)[7] Pasal 1 angka 2 Permensos 9/2020[8] Pasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian[9] Pasal 21 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan[10] Pasal 21 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan[11] Pasal 2 Peraturan Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Nomor PER-05/MBU/04/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara[12] Pasal 3 ayat (2) PP TJSL[13] Pasal 4 Permensos 9/2020[14] Pasal 5 ayat (2) dan (3) Permensos 9/2020[15] Pasal 9 Permensos 9/2020Tagscsrhukum perusahaanperseroan terbatasuu perseroan terbatas
Setiap badan usaha wajib mengeluarkan CSR/TJSL. Lantas, apakah koperasi, BPR dan perbankan juga wajib mengeluarkan CSR/TJSL? 1. Bagaimana acuan perhitungan CSR/TJSL bagi badan usaha yang akan disalurkan? 2. Kemana saja CSR/TJSL itu disalurkan dan atas prinsip seperti apa? 3. Apakah penyaluran CSR/TJSL itu wajib dipublikasikan?
Tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan (“TJSL”) adalah komitmen perseroan/badan usaha untuk berperan serta dalam pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan guna meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan dan lingkungan yang bermanfaat, baik bagi perseroan sendiri, komunitas setempat, maupun masyarakat pada umumnya. Lantas, apakah koperasi dan perbankan wajib melaksanakan TJSL? Apa saja hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan TJSL? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Apa itu CSR dan Fungsinya26 Jul 2023Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan?02 Nov 2020Dapatkah Dana CSR Digunakan Sebelum Dicatat dalam Kas Daerah?09 Okt 2019Kewajiban Perusahaan Tambang Melaksanakan CSR 23 Jan 2019Apa itu CSR dan Fungsinya26 Jul 2023Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan?02 Nov 2020Dapatkah Dana CSR Digunakan Sebelum Dicatat dalam Kas Daerah?09 Okt 2019Kewajiban Perusahaan Tambang Melaksanakan CSR 23 Jan 2019Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-koperasi-dan-perbankan-wajib-melaksanakan-csr-tjsl-lt63a1fb15cdb7a/
Apakah Koperasi dan Perbankan Wajib Melaksanakan CSR/TJSL?
pages/178/page-1.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** ### **Siapa Saja yang Wajib Melakukan CSR/TJSL?** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Apa itu CSR dan Fungsinya ](/klinik/a/apa-itu-csr-dan-fungsinya-lt6172b14dd8327/) ![Apa itu CSR dan Fungsinya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6172b14dd8327/thumbnail_lt6172b5c337e57.jpg) 26 Jul 2023 [ #### Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan? ](/klinik/a/berapa-anggaran-csr-yang-wajib-dikeluarkan-perusahaan-lt5f979e0658d4a/) ![Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f979e0658d4a/thumbnail_lt5f9fb406cee79.jpg) 02 Nov 2020 [ #### Dapatkah Dana CSR Digunakan Sebelum Dicatat dalam Kas Daerah? ](/klinik/a/dapatkah-dana-csr-digunakan-sebelum-dicatat-dalam-kas-daerah-lt5d99bb4daeecb/) ![Dapatkah Dana CSR Digunakan Sebelum Dicatat dalam Kas Daerah?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5d99bb4daeecb/thumbnail_lt5d9d7872717f6.jpg) 09 Okt 2019 [ #### Kewajiban Perusahaan Tambang Melaksanakan CSR ](/klinik/a/kewajiban-perusahaan-tambang-melaksanakan-csr-lt5c468d7988077/) ![Kewajiban Perusahaan Tambang Melaksanakan CSR ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5c468d7988077/thumbnail_lt5c484120c46f1.jpg) 23 Jan 2019 [](#!) _Corporate Social Responsibility_ (“CSR”) juga dikenal dengan istilah Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (“TJSL”). Ketentuan mengenai TJSL dapat ditemukan dalam **[UU PT](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007)**. TJSL adalah komitmen perseroan untuk berperan serta dalam pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan guna meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan dan lingkungan yang bermanfaat, baik bagi perseroan sendiri, komunitas setempat, maupun masyarakat pada umumnya.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Lantas, perusahaan seperti apakah yang wajib melakukan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan? Dalam **Pasal 74 UU PT** dinyatakan sebagai berikut. 1. Perseroan yang **menjalankan kegiatan usahanya** **di bidang dan/atau berkaitan** **dengan** **sumber daya alam** wajib melaksanakan TJSL. 2. TJSL merupakan kewajiban perseroan yang dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan sebagai biaya perseroan yang pelaksanaannya dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran. Lebih lanjut, dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 74 UU PT** dijelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan _“_perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang sumber daya alam” adalah perseroan yang kegiatan usahanya **mengelola dan memanfaatkan** sumber daya alam. Sementara, yang dimaksud dengan “perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya **yang berkaitan** dengan sumber daya alam” adalah perseroan yang **tidak mengelola dan tidak memanfaatkan** sumber daya alam, tetapi kegiatan usahanya **berdampak** pada fungsi kemampuan sumber daya alam. Dalam **[PP TJSL](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f98d3a83cfd2/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-47-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_47_2012)** dinyatakan **setiap perseroan** selaku subjek hukum mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Dalam ketentuan ini ditegaskan bahwa pada dasarnya setiap perseroan secara moral mempunyai komitmen untuk bertanggung jawab atas tetap terciptanya hubungan perseroan yang serasi dan seimbang dengan lingkungan dan masyarakat setempat, sesuai dengan nilai, norma, dan budaya masyarakat tersebut.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Namun, senada dengan UU PT, dalam PP TJSL kewajiban atas TJSL dikenakan terhadap perseroan yang menjalankan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Selain perseroan terbatas, dalam hal tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, perusahaan penanaman modal juga berkewajiban melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan yaitu tanggung jawab yang melekat pada setiap perusahaan penanaman modal untuk tetap menciptakan hubungan yang serasi, seimbang, dan sesuai dengan lingkungan, nilai, norma, dan budaya masyarakat setempat.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Artinya, badan usaha seperti koperasi, CV, firma, dan usaha dagang juga punya kewajiban melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan berdasarkan ketentuan **Pasal 15 [UU Penanaman Modal](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26608/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_25_2007)**.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Hal tersebut kemudian diatur lebih lanjut dalam **[Permensos 9/2020](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f92489e8ae1d/nprt/25/peraturan-menteri-sosial-nomor-9-tahun-2020?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_9_2020)** mengenai TJSL badan usaha yang dimaksudkan sebagai bentuk peran serta **badan usaha** dalam pembangunan sosial secara berkelanjutan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Adapun yang dimaksud dengan badan usaha adalah suatu kesatuan organisasi yang bertujuan memperoleh keuntungan dan memberikan layanan kepada masyarakat.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Baca juga: **[Apa itu CSR dan Fungsinya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apa-itu-csr-dan-fungsinya-lt6172b14dd8327?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apa_itu_csr)** ### **TJSL bagi Koperasi dan Perbankan** Lantas, apakah koperasi dan perbankan wajib menjalankan TJSL? Kewajiban TJSL bagi koperasi dan perbankan secara prinsip dapat kita lihat berdasarkan jenis entitasnya. Koperasi merupakan jenis usaha sebagai entitas yang berdiri sendiri dengan bentuk koperasi. Badan usaha koperasi tunduk kembali pada **[UU 25/1992](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/38/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-1992/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_25_1992)** pasca **[Putusan MK No. 28/PUU-XI/2013](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt538d4f260c0fb?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_28_2013)** yang menyatakan **[UU 17/2012](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt50a0cd070d19e/undang-undang-nomor-17-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_17_2012)** inkonstitusional. Koperasi didefinisikan sebagai **badan usaha** yang beranggotakan orang perseorangan atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Jika mengacu pada UU PT, koperasi bukanlah termasuk perseroan yang wajib melakukan TJSL. Jika koperasi melakukan kegiatan penanaman modal, maka koperasi tersebut wajib melakukan TJSL sebagaimana diatur di dalam UU Penanaman Modal. Adapun, [bank umum](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/b/bank-umum) dapat berbentuk perseroan terbatas, koperasi, atau perusahaan daerah.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Sementara, [Bank Perkreditan Rakyat](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/b/bank-perkreditan-rakyat) (“BPR”) terdiri atas perusahaan daerah, koperasi, perseroan terbatas, atau bentuk lain yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan pemerintah.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) BPR dan bank umum yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas tunduk pada rezim UU PT. Berdasarkan PP TJSL, perbankan yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas wajib ikut serta dalam upaya TJSL. Namun demikian, sejalan dengan UU PT, maka perseroan yang diwajibkan melakukan TJSL adalah perusahaan yang beroperasi di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam. Terhadap perbankan yang melakukan penanaman modal, berdasarkan UU Penanaman Modal maka harus melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial. Sedangkan perbankan yang berbentuk Badan Usaha Milik Negara (“BUMN”) wajib melaksanakan program TJSL BUMN berdasarkan ketentuan dalam **[Permen BUMN 05/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt608b7e4de4c40/peraturan-menteri-badan-usaha-milik-negara-nomor-per-05-mbu-04-2021-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_BUMN_05_2021)**.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) ### **Mekanisme Pelaksanaan TJSL** Menjawab pertanyaan Anda selanjutnya terkait dengan perhitungan TJSL, dapat kami sampaikan bahwa acuan perhitungan program TJSL diatur dalam **Pasal 4 PP TJSL** yang pada intinya mengatur bahwa pelaksanaan TJSL dilakukan oleh Direksi berdasarkan rencana kerja tahunan perseroan. Salah satu materi dimuat dalam rencana kerja tahunan tersebut adalah rencana kegiatan dan anggaran pelaksanaan TJSL. Terkait dengan acuan perhitungan program TJSL, dapat Anda baca selengkapnya dalam artikel **[Berapa Anggaran CSR yang Wajib Dikeluarkan Perusahaan?](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/berapa-anggaran-csr-yang-wajib-dikeluarkan-perusahaan-lt5f979e0658d4a/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=anggaran_CSR)** Selanjutnya, penyaluran TJSL dilakukan di dalam maupun di luar lingkungan perseroan.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) Adapun sasaran TJSL diperuntukkan bagi seseorang, kelompok, atau masyarakat yang memiliki kehidupan yang tidak layak secara kemanusiaan dengan kriteria kemiskinan, ketelantaran, disabilitas, keterpencilan, tuna sosial dan penyimpangan perilaku, korban bencana, dan/atau korban tindak kekerasan, ekploitasi serta diskriminasi.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) TJSL di dalam badan usaha berkaitan dengan komitmen dan upaya badan usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan karyawan dan keluarga yang memenuhi kriteria. Adapun, TJSL di luar badan usaha berkaitan dengan komitmen untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat di lingkungan area sekitar badan usaha dan secara nasional.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) Prinsip penyaluran TJSL yaitu:[\[15\]](#_ftn15) 1. Dilaksanakan secara langsung oleh badan usaha; 2. Melalui pihak ketiga; 3. Bermitra dengan masyarakat; dan/atau 4. Berkolaborasi dengan badan usaha lainnya dalam bentuk konsorsium Terkait dengan kewajiban publikasi TJSL yang dilakukan oleh badan usaha, secara tekstual tidak diatur secara limititatif dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Dalam peraturan perundang-undangan hanya diatur terkait dengan laporan TJSL. Hal ini diatur dalam **Pasal 6 PP TJSL** mengatur pelaksanaan program TJSL dimuat dalam laporan tahunan perseroan dan dipertanggungjawabkan kepada RUPS. Adapun dalam **Pasal 25 Permensos 9/2020** diatur bahwa laporan TJSL disampaikan badan usaha dalam bentuk laporan tertulis kepada Menteri melalui Direktur Jenderal Pemberdayaan Sosial paling sedikit 1 kali dalam 1 tahun. Dinamisnya perkembangan regulasi seringkali menjadi tantangan Anda dalam memenuhi kewajiban hukum perusahaan. Selalu perbarui kewajiban hukum terkini dengan platform pemantauan kepatuhan hukum dari Hukumonline yang berbasis _Artificial Intelligence_, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Klik [**di sini**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/843/undangundang-nomor-7-tahun-1992/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_7_1992) Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/334?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_10_1998) Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/38/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-1992/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_25_1992) Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27362?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_25_2007) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f98d3a83cfd2/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-47-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_47_2012) Peraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 9 Tahun 2020 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f92489e8ae1d/nprt/25/peraturan-menteri-sosial-nomor-9-tahun-2020?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_9_2020) Peraturan Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Nomor PER-05/MBU/04/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt608b7e4de4c40/peraturan-menteri-badan-usaha-milik-negara-nomor-per-05-mbu-04-2021-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_BUMN_05_2021) PUTUSAN ------- 1. [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-VI/2008](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4a92419446ece?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_53_2008); 2. [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 28/PUU-XI/2013](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt538d4f260c0fb?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_28_2013)**.** * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 109 angka 1 [Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) (“Perppu Cipta Kerja”) [yang mengubah Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26940/undangundang-nomor-40-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_40_2007) (“UU PT”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 2 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f98d3a83cfd2/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-47-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_47_2012) (“PP TJSL”) dan penjelasannya [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 3 ayat (1) PP TJSL [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 15 huruf b [Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26608/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-2007?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_25_2007) dan Penjelasannya [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-VI/2008](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4a92419446ece?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_53_2008), hal. 96 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 2 ayat (1[) Peraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 9 Tahun 2020 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f92489e8ae1d/nprt/25/peraturan-menteri-sosial-nomor-9-tahun-2020?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permensos_9_2020) (“Permensos 9/2020”) [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 1 angka 2 Permensos 9/2020 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/38/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-1992/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_25_1992) [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Pasal 21 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/334?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_10_1998) [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Pasal 21 ayat (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27362?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_25_2007) [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Pasal 2 [Peraturan Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Nomor PER-05/MBU/04/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt608b7e4de4c40/peraturan-menteri-badan-usaha-milik-negara-nomor-per-05-mbu-04-2021-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permen_BUMN_05_2021) [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Pasal 3 ayat (2) PP TJSL [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 4 Permensos 9/2020 [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 5 ayat (2) dan (3) Permensos 9/2020 [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Pasal 9 Permensos 9/2020 Tags ---- [csr](/tag/csr) [hukum perusahaan](/tag/hukum-perusahaan) [perseroan terbatas](/tag/perseroan-terbatas) [uu perseroan terbatas](/tag/uu-perseroan-terbatas)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITPasal Kelalaian yang Mengakibatkan Kematian dalam KUHP dan UU 1/202309 Jul 2024Pasal Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Dihapus, Ini Dasarnya19 Jun 2023Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Jerat Hukum Pemalsuan Identitas Menurut KUHP dan UU PDP27 Okt 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Larangan Membuat Kegaduhan di Malam Hari yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 25 Juni 2013. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Kebebasan Berserikat dan Berkumpul Pada prisipnya, setiap orang berhak atas kebebasan berserikat, berkumpul, dan mengeluarkan pendapat sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam Pasal 28 dan Pasal 28E ayat (3) UUD 1945, yang selengkapnya berbunyi sebagai berikut.Pasal 28 UUD 1945Kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul, mengeluarkan pikiran dengan lisan dan tulisan dan sebagainya ditetapkan dengan undang-undang. Pasal 28E ayat (3) UUD 1945Setiap orang berhak atas kebebasan berserikat, berkumpul, dan mengeluarkan pendapat. Selain UUD 1945, hal ini juga diatur dalam Pasal 24 ayat (1) UU HAM yang berbunyi setiap orang berhak untuk berkumpul, berapat, dan berserikat untuk maksud-maksud damai.Jadi, pada dasarnya berkumpul dan mengeluarkan pendapat merupakan hak setiap orang yang dilindungi oleh UUD 1945 dan UU HAM. Namun, perlu diketahui, seseorang dalam menjalankan haknya tidak boleh melanggar hak orang lain. Contohnya, hak orang lain untuk mendapatkan ketenangan. Hal ini perlu diperhatikan, karena pada saat hak seseorang melanggar hak orang lain, orang yang haknya dilanggar dapat melakukan tuntutan atau gugatan. Larangan Mengganggu Ketenteraman Lingkungan Jika kegiatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari atau dini hari tersebut menimbulkan kegaduhan, maka dapat dijerat pidana berdasarkan ketentuan dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 503 KUHPPasal 265 UU 1/2023Diancam dengan pidana kurungan paling lama tiga hari atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp225 ribu:[1] barang siapa membikin ingar atau riuh, sehingga ketenteraman malam hari dapat terganggu; barang siapa membikin gaduh di dekat bangunan untuk menjalankan ibadat yang dibolehkan atau untuk sidang pengadilan, di waktu ada ibadat atau sidang.Dipidana dengan pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta[2], setiap orang yang mengganggu ketenteraman lingkungan dengan:  membuat hingar-bingar atau berisik tetangga pada malam; atau membuat seruan atau tanda-tanda bahaya palsu.Terkait pasal ini, R. Soesilo dalam bukunya yang berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal, menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum menurut pasal ini, maka perbuatan harus dilakukan pada malam hari – waktunya orang tidur (jam berapa, tergantung pada kebiasaan di tempat itu, pada umumnya sesudah jam 11 malam). Contoh Peraturan DaerahMengenai ada tidaknya peraturan daerah (“perda”) yang mengatur hal tersebut, kami akan mencontohkan Perda Bandung 3/2005, karena Anda menyebutkan lokasi berada di kota Bandung.Perbuatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari merupakan suatu perbuatan yang mengganggu ketenteraman dan ketertiban. Berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka 12 Perda Bandung 3/2005, ketenteraman adalah suatu tatanan yang sesuai dengan kaidah hukum, norma agama, norma sosial dan peraturan perundang-undangan sehingga terselenggara sendi-sendi kehidupan yang menjamin rasa aman dan tenang di daerah (kota Bandung).Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan ketertiban adalah suatu keadaan kehidupan yang serba teratur dan tertata dengan baik sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku guna mewujudkan kehidupan masyarakat yang dinamis, aman, tenteram lahir dan batin. Demikian bunyi dalam Pasal 1 angka 13 Perda Bandung 3/2005.Jika kegiatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari atau dini hari tersebut menimbulkan suara yang cukup keras dan gaduh, maka dapat dijerat dengan Pasal 36 hurud d Perda Bandung 3/2005 jo. Pasal 48 Perda Bandung 11/2005 yaitu membuat gaduh sekitar tempat tinggal atau membuat sesuatu yang dapat mengganggu ketenteraman orang lain seperti suara binatang, suara musik, suara kendaraan dan lain-lain dikenakan pembebanan biaya paksaan penegakan hukum sebesar Rp250 ribu.[3]Selain itu, berdasarkan Pasal 49c ayat (2) Perda Bandung 11/2005 pelaku juga dapat diancam dengan pidana kurungan paling lama 3 bulan dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp50 juta.Namun Perda Bandung 3/2005 tidak mengatur mengenai waktu perbuatan mengganggu ketenteraman itu seperti yang diatur dalam KUHP. Selain itu, perlu Anda ketahui bahwa yang berwenang untuk melakukan penegakan perda, penyelenggaraan ketertiban umum dan ketenteraman serta menyelenggarakan pelindungan masyarakat adalah Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja (Satpol PP) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 PP 16/2018.Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kegiatan berkumpul pada malam hari atau dini hari dapat dijerat pidana jika kegiatan tersebut menimbulkan kegaduhan atau mengganggu orang lain. Menyambung kronologis yang Anda ceritakan, bisa jadi teguran yang disampaikan polisi tersebut karena Anda dan teman-teman telah menimbulkan kegaduhan yang dapat mengganggu ketenteraman dan ketertiban. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi ManusiaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 tentang Satuan Polisi Pamong PrajaPeraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 3 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan, dan KeindahanPeraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 03 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan dan KeindahanPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP REFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.[1] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [2] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana[3] Pasal 49 ayat (1) huruf s Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 03 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan dan KeindahanTagsketertibankuhpperaturan daerahsanksi administrasiuu hamuud 1945
Adakah aturan umum atau perda yang melarang orang untuk berkumpul, bergerombol di suatu tempat pada malam hari atau dini hari? Pengalaman saya dan 9 teman sedang ngobrol di warung kopi pinggir jalan di daerah kota Bandung pukul 01.30, lalu ada polisi yang sedang patroli dan kami dinyatakan melanggar peraturan. Kami bingung peraturan mana yang kami langar? Terima kasih.
Kegiatan berkumpul pada malam hari atau dini hari dapat dijerat dengan hukuman jika kegiatan tersebut menimbulkan kegaduhan atau mengganggu orang lain sebagaimana diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026. Bagaimana bunyi jerat hukumnya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Pasal Kelalaian yang Mengakibatkan Kematian dalam KUHP dan UU 1/202309 Jul 2024Pasal Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Dihapus, Ini Dasarnya19 Jun 2023Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Jerat Hukum Pemalsuan Identitas Menurut KUHP dan UU PDP27 Okt 2022Pasal Kelalaian yang Mengakibatkan Kematian dalam KUHP dan UU 1/202309 Jul 2024Pasal Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Dihapus, Ini Dasarnya19 Jun 2023Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Jerat Hukum Pemalsuan Identitas Menurut KUHP dan UU PDP27 Okt 2022Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/buat-gaduh-di-malam-hari-ini-jerat-hukumnya-lt51c527686fe4b/
Buat Gaduh di Malam Hari, Ini Jerat Hukumnya
pages/178/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Pasal Kelalaian yang Mengakibatkan Kematian dalam KUHP dan UU 1/2023 ](/klinik/a/pasal-kelalaian-yang-mengakibatkan-kematian-dalam-kuhp-dan-uu-1-2023-lt517da4b063376/) ![Pasal Kelalaian yang Mengakibatkan Kematian dalam KUHP dan UU 1/2023](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt517da4b063376/thumbnail_lt62ba83d2c4571.jpg) 09 Jul 2024 [ #### Pasal Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Dihapus, Ini Dasarnya ](/klinik/a/pasal-perbuatan-tidak-menyenangkan-cl7081/) ![Pasal Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan Dihapus, Ini Dasarnya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl7081/thumbnail_lt648ffca1da0bc.jpg) 19 Jun 2023 [ #### Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP ](/klinik/a/jerat-pasal-perusakan-barang-milik-orang-lain-dalam-kuhp-lt507c193a38a75/) ![Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt507c193a38a75/thumbnail_lt63d387f8cb048.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### Jerat Hukum Pemalsuan Identitas Menurut KUHP dan UU PDP ](/klinik/a/jerat-hukum-pemalsuan-identitas-menurut-kuhp-dan-uu-pdp-lt52f514cb0b506/) ![Jerat Hukum Pemalsuan Identitas Menurut KUHP dan UU PDP](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52f514cb0b506/thumbnail_lt635a78469b0f7.jpg) 27 Okt 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran** **dari artikel dengan judul** **_Larangan Membuat Kegaduhan di Malam Hari_** **yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 25 Juni 2013.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Kebebasan Berserikat dan Berkumpul** Pada prisipnya, setiap orang berhak atas kebebasan berserikat, berkumpul, dan mengeluarkan pendapat sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam **Pasal 28** **dan Pasal 28E ayat (3) [UUD 1945](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945)**, yang selengkapnya berbunyi sebagai berikut. **Pasal 28 UUD 1945** _Kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul, mengeluarkan pikiran dengan lisan dan tulisan dan sebagainya ditetapkan dengan undang-undang._ **Pasal 28E ayat (3) UUD 1945** _Setiap orang berhak atas kebebasan berserikat, berkumpul, dan mengeluarkan pendapat._ Selain UUD 1945, hal ini juga diatur dalam **Pasal 24 ayat (1) [UU HAM](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4d5b5fc6abcb2/undangundang-nomor-39-tahun-1999/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ham)** yang berbunyi setiap orang berhak untuk berkumpul, berapat, dan berserikat untuk maksud-maksud damai. Jadi, pada dasarnya berkumpul dan mengeluarkan pendapat merupakan hak setiap orang yang dilindungi oleh UUD 1945 dan UU HAM. Namun, perlu diketahui, seseorang dalam menjalankan haknya tidak boleh melanggar hak orang lain. Contohnya, hak orang lain untuk mendapatkan ketenangan. Hal ini perlu diperhatikan, karena pada saat hak seseorang melanggar hak orang lain, orang yang haknya dilanggar dapat melakukan tuntutan atau gugatan. ### **Larangan Mengganggu Ketenteraman Lingkungan** Jika kegiatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari atau dini hari tersebut menimbulkan kegaduhan, maka dapat dijerat pidana berdasarkan ketentuan dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 503** **KUHP** **Pasal 265 UU 1/2023** Diancam dengan pidana kurungan paling lama tiga hari atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp225 ribu:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. barang siapa membikin ingar atau riuh, sehingga ketenteraman malam hari dapat terganggu; 2. barang siapa membikin gaduh di dekat bangunan untuk menjalankan ibadat yang dibolehkan atau untuk sidang pengadilan, di waktu ada ibadat atau sidang. Dipidana dengan pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta[\[2\]](#_ftn2), setiap orang yang mengganggu ketenteraman lingkungan dengan: 1. membuat hingar-bingar atau berisik tetangga pada malam; atau 2. membuat seruan atau tanda-tanda bahaya palsu. Terkait pasal ini, **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal,_ menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum menurut pasal ini, maka perbuatan harus dilakukan pada malam hari – waktunya orang tidur (jam berapa, tergantung pada kebiasaan di tempat itu, pada umumnya sesudah jam 11 malam). ### **Contoh Peraturan Daerah** Mengenai ada tidaknya peraturan daerah (“perda”) yang mengatur hal tersebut, kami akan mencontohkan **[Perda Bandung 3/2005](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/pd32733200501/peraturan-daerah-kota-bandung-nomor-3-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perda_bandung_3_2005)**, karena Anda menyebutkan lokasi berada di kota Bandung. Perbuatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari merupakan suatu perbuatan yang mengganggu ketenteraman dan ketertiban. Berdasarkan **Pasal 1 angka 12 Perda Bandung 3/2005,** ketenteraman adalah suatu tatanan yang sesuai dengan kaidah hukum, norma agama, norma sosial dan peraturan perundang-undangan sehingga terselenggara sendi-sendi kehidupan yang menjamin rasa aman dan tenang di daerah (kota Bandung). Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan ketertiban adalah suatu keadaan kehidupan yang serba teratur dan tertata dengan baik sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku guna mewujudkan kehidupan masyarakat yang dinamis, aman, tenteram lahir dan batin. Demikian bunyi dalam **Pasal 1 angka 13 Perda Bandung 3/2005**. Jika kegiatan berkumpul di suatu tempat pada malam hari atau dini hari tersebut menimbulkan suara yang cukup keras dan gaduh, maka dapat dijerat dengan **Pasal 36 hurud d Perda Bandung 3/2005 _jo._ Pasal 48 [Perda Bandung 11/2005](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/pd327311200501/peraturan-daerah-kota-bandung-nomor-11-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perda_bandung_11_2005)** yaitu membuat gaduh sekitar tempat tinggal atau membuat sesuatu yang dapat mengganggu ketenteraman orang lain seperti suara binatang, suara musik, suara kendaraan dan lain-lain dikenakan pembebanan biaya paksaan penegakan hukum sebesar Rp250 ribu.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Selain itu, berdasarkan **Pasal 49c ayat (2) Perda Bandung 11/2005** pelaku juga dapat diancam dengan pidana kurungan paling lama 3 bulan dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp50 juta. Namun Perda Bandung 3/2005 tidak mengatur mengenai waktu perbuatan mengganggu ketenteraman itu seperti yang diatur dalam KUHP. Selain itu, perlu Anda ketahui bahwa yang berwenang untuk melakukan penegakan perda, penyelenggaraan ketertiban umum dan ketenteraman serta menyelenggarakan pelindungan masyarakat adalah Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja (Satpol PP) sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 1 angka 1** **[PP 16/2018](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5afe8603b3c60?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_16_2018)**. Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kegiatan berkumpul pada malam hari atau dini hari dapat dijerat pidana jika kegiatan tersebut menimbulkan kegaduhan atau mengganggu orang lain. Menyambung kronologis yang Anda ceritakan, bisa jadi teguran yang disampaikan polisi tersebut karena Anda dan teman-teman telah menimbulkan kegaduhan yang dapat mengganggu ketenteraman dan ketertiban. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4d5b5fc6abcb2/undangundang-nomor-39-tahun-1999/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ham) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 tentang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5afe8603b3c60?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_16_2018) Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 3 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan, dan Keindahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/pd32733200501/peraturan-daerah-kota-bandung-nomor-3-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perda_bandung_3_2005) Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 03 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan dan Keindahan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/pd327311200501/peraturan-daerah-kota-bandung-nomor-11-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perda_bandung_11_2005) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012)  [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 49 ayat (1) huruf s [Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 03 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ketertiban, Kebersihan dan Keindahan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/pd327311200501/peraturan-daerah-kota-bandung-nomor-11-tahun-2005?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perda_bandung_11_2005) Tags ---- [ketertiban](/tag/ketertiban) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [peraturan daerah](/tag/peraturan-daerah) [sanksi administrasi](/tag/sanksi-administrasi) [uu ham](/tag/uu-ham) [uud 1945](/tag/uud-1945)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITApakah Chat Tinder Bisa Jadi Bukti Perselingkuhan?29 Apr 2024Bisakah PNS Dipecat karena Selingkuh?13 Mar 2024Sesama Rekan Kerja Kepergok Selingkuh, Bolehkah Dipecat?04 Jan 2024Suami Dalam Dilema Karena Istri Selingkuh11 Nov 2011Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Langkah Menghadapi Tuntutan dari Selingkuhan Suami yang dibuat oleh Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 3 Juli 2014. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Tindak Pidana PenipuanBerdasarkan informasi yang Anda sampaikan, suami Anda berbohong kepada wanita selingkuhannya, yang mana kebohongan tersebut pada akhirnya juga bertujuan untuk meminta uang pada wanita selingkuhannya.Secara hukum, perbuatan suami Anda dapat dipidana atas dasar tindak pidana penipuan sebagaimana diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 378 KUHPPasal 492 UU 1/2023Barang siapa dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum, dengan memakai nama palsu atau martabat palsu, dengan tipu muslihat, ataupun rangkaian kebohongan, menggerakkan orang lain untuk menyerahkan barang sesuatu kepadanya, atau supaya memberi hutang maupun menghapuskan piutang, diancam karena penipuan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun.Setiap orang yang dengan maksud menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum dengan memakai nama palsu atau kedudukan palsu, menggunakan tipu muslihat atau rangkaian kata bohong, menggerakkan orang supaya menyerahkan suatu barang, memberi utang, membuat pengakuan utang, atau menghapus piutang, dipidana karena penipuan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[1]Menurut R. Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal, kejahatan ini dinamakan “penipuan”. Penipu itu pekerjaannya (hal. 261):membujuk orang supaya memberikan barang, membuat utang atau menghapuskan piutang;maksud pembujukan itu ialah: hendak menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain dengan melawan hak;membujuknya itu dengan memakai:nama palsu atau keadaan palsu; akal cerdik (tipu muslihat); ataukarangan perkataan bohong.Lebih lanjut, R. Soesilo menjelaskan bahwa mengenai “karangan perkataan bohong”, satu kata bohong tidak cukup, di sini harus dipakai banyak kata-kata bohong yang tersusun sedemikian rupa, sehingga kebohongan yang satu dapat ditutup dengan kebohongan yang lain, sehingga keseluruhannya merupakan cerita sesuatu yang seakan-akan benar.Perbuatan suami Anda dapat dipidana jika memenuhi unsur-unsur di atas. Dalam hal ini yang dilakukan suami Anda adalah membujuk wanita tersebut untuk memberikan uang (barang), dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan dirinya sendiri atau orang lain. Yang mana pembujukan ini dilakukan dengan karangan perkataan bohong. Tindak Pidana PerzinaanSedangkan mengenai tuntutan balik Anda kepada si wanita, Anda dapat saja menuntut atas dasar perbuatan zina sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal berikut ini.Pasal 284 KUHPPasal 411 UU 1/2023 Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan: a. seorang pria yang telah kawin yang melakukan gendak (overspel), padahal diketahui bahwa pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya;b. seorang wanita yang telah kawin yang melakukan gendak, padahal diketahui bahwa pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya,  a. seorang pria yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu, padahal diketahuinya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawin; b. seorang wanita yang telah kawin yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu, padahal diketahui olehnya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawin dan pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya.   Tidak dilakukan penuntutan melainkan atas pengaduan suami/istri yang tercemar, dan bilamana bagi mereka berlaku pasal 27 BW, dalam tenggang waktu tiga bulan diikuti dengan permintaan bercerai atau pisah-meja dan ranjang karena alasan itu juga.  Setiap orang yang melakukan persetubuhan dengan orang yang bukan suami atau istrinya, dipidana karena perzinaan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[2]  Terhadap tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak dilakukan penuntutan kecuali atas pengaduan: suami atau istri bagi orang yang terikat perkawinan. orang tua atau anaknya bagi orang yang tidak terikat perkawinan.  Bahwa yang dimaksud dengan zina itu adalah persetubuhan yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki atau perempuan yang telah kawin dengan perempuan atau laki-laki yang bukan istri atau suaminya.Mengenai pasal ini, R. Soesilo mengatakan bahwa pasal ini adalah suatu delik aduan yang absolut, artinya tidak dapat dituntut apabila tidak ada pengaduan dari pihak suami atau istri yang dirugikan (yang dipermalukan). Pengaduan ini tidak boleh dibelah, maksudnya apabila laki-laki (A) mengadukan bahwa istrinya (B) telah berzina dengan laki-laki lain (C), maka B (sebagai yang melakukan perzinahan) dan C (sebagai turut melakukan perzinahan), kedua-duanya harus dituntut. Tidak mungkin misalnya A minta supaya yang dituntut itu hanya si C saja, sedangkan B (karena ia masih cinta) tidak dituntut.Ini berarti jika Anda ingin menuntut si wanita atas dasar perzinahan, Anda harus menuntut suami Anda juga. Contoh KasusSebagai gambaran mengenai tindak pidana turut serta melakukan perzinaan dapat dilihat pada contoh kasus dalam Putusan PN Kupang No. 107/Pid.B/2019/PN Kpg, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini, terdakwa telah memenuhi unsur dari Pasal 284 ayat (1) ke-2 huruf a KUHP, yaitu: (hal. 11-13)Seorang priaSeseorang pria atau laki-laki yang dimaksud adalah yang didakwa melakukan sesuatu tindak pidana yaitu terdakwa. Turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu (mukah/overspel), padahal diketahuinya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawinSaksi yang masih terikat dalam perkawinan yang sah melakukan persetubuhan dengan terdakwa yang tidak terikat perkawinan, maka terdakwa dikualifikasikan sebagai turut serta mukah/overspel sebagaimana dimaksud dalam unsur ini dan perbuatan itu dilakukan dengan kesadaran bahwa saksi masih terikat perkawinan dengan orang lain dan belum bercerai secara sah.Majelis Hakim dalam amar putusannya kemudian menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana turut serta melakukan perzinahan dan menjatuhkan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan dengan menetapkan pidana tersebut tidak usah dijalani, kecuali apabila di kemudian hari ada putusan hakim yang menyatakan terpidana terbukti bersalah melakukan tindak pidana sebelum masa percobaan habis selama 6 bulan (hal. 16). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana PUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri Kupang Nomor 107/Pid.B/2019/PN Kpg.[1] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023Tagskuhppenipuanperzinaanselingkuhzina
Suami saya telah berselingkuh dengan seorang wanita yang juga telah bersuami. Suami mengaku duda beranak dua. Pada suatu hari, wanita itu mendatangi suami saya dan mereka berzina. Wanita itu juga memberikan uang karena suami saya meminta dengan alasan kekurangan biaya untuk anak. Suatu waktu, wanita itu akhirnya tahu bahwa suami saya berbohong kalau ia duda, lalu wanita itu memberitahukan semuanya ke saya (istri) dengan maksud meminta pertanggungjawaban dan meminta uangnya dikembalikan karena merasa telah tertipu. Pertanyaan saya: Apakah si wanita bisa menuntut perbuatan suami saya? Apakah saya bisa menuntut balik? Karena saya juga korban dan saya masih berstatus istri yang sah.
Perbuatan suami Anda dapat dipidana atas dasar tindak pidana penipuan karena telah membujuk wanita tersebut untuk memberikan uang (barang), dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan dirinya sendiri atau orang lain. Yang mana pembujukan ini dilakukan dengan karangan perkataan bohong. Sedangkan mengenai tuntutan balik Anda kepada si wanita, Anda dapat saja menuntut atas dasar perbuatan zina. Bagaimana ketentuannya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Apakah Chat Tinder Bisa Jadi Bukti Perselingkuhan?29 Apr 2024Bisakah PNS Dipecat karena Selingkuh?13 Mar 2024Sesama Rekan Kerja Kepergok Selingkuh, Bolehkah Dipecat?04 Jan 2024Suami Dalam Dilema Karena Istri Selingkuh11 Nov 2011Apakah Chat Tinder Bisa Jadi Bukti Perselingkuhan?29 Apr 2024Bisakah PNS Dipecat karena Selingkuh?13 Mar 2024Sesama Rekan Kerja Kepergok Selingkuh, Bolehkah Dipecat?04 Jan 2024Suami Dalam Dilema Karena Istri Selingkuh11 Nov 2011Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-pasal-untuk-menuntut-balik-selingkuhan-suami-lt53b0d960ea747/
Jerat Pasal untuk Menuntut Balik Selingkuhan Suami
pages/178/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Apakah _Chat Tinder_ Bisa Jadi Bukti Perselingkuhan? ](/klinik/a/apakah-ichat-tinder-i-bisa-jadi-bukti-perselingkuhan-lt4f222a6407a2a/) ![Apakah <i>Chat Tinder</i> Bisa Jadi Bukti Perselingkuhan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4f222a6407a2a/thumbnail_lt662f9803a1d50.jpg) 29 Apr 2024 [ #### Bisakah PNS Dipecat karena Selingkuh? ](/klinik/a/bisakah-pns-dipecat-karena-selingkuh--lt5f6c38fd99d65/) ![Bisakah PNS Dipecat karena Selingkuh?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f6c38fd99d65/thumbnail_lt5f6c3b541a27a.jpg) 13 Mar 2024 [ #### Sesama Rekan Kerja Kepergok Selingkuh, Bolehkah Dipecat? ](/klinik/a/sesama-rekan-kerja-kepergok-selingkuh--bolehkah-dipecat-lt60fe63b9aea16/) ![Sesama Rekan Kerja Kepergok Selingkuh, Bolehkah Dipecat?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60fe63b9aea16/thumbnail_lt6596945c2f082.png) 04 Jan 2024 [ #### Suami Dalam Dilema Karena Istri Selingkuh ](/klinik/a/suami-dalam-dilema-karena-istri-selingkuh-lt4eb8f52db88a6/) ![Suami Dalam Dilema Karena Istri Selingkuh](https://static.hukumonline.com/frontend/default/images/kaze/thumbnail_default.jpg) 11 Nov 2011 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **_Langkah Menghadapi Tuntutan dari Selingkuhan Suami_** **yang dibuat oleh [Letezia Tobing, S.H., M.Kn.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/letezia-tobing--sh--mkn-lt506aec66ed27e) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 3 Juli 2014.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Tindak Pidana Penipuan** Berdasarkan informasi yang Anda sampaikan, suami Anda berbohong kepada wanita selingkuhannya, yang mana kebohongan tersebut pada akhirnya juga bertujuan untuk meminta uang pada wanita selingkuhannya. Secara hukum, perbuatan suami Anda dapat dipidana atas dasar tindak pidana penipuan sebagaimana diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 378** **KUHP** **Pasal 492 UU 1/2023** Barang siapa dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum, dengan memakai nama palsu atau martabat palsu, dengan tipu muslihat, ataupun rangkaian kebohongan, menggerakkan orang lain untuk menyerahkan barang sesuatu kepadanya, atau supaya memberi hutang maupun menghapuskan piutang, diancam karena penipuan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun. Setiap orang yang dengan maksud menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum dengan memakai nama palsu atau kedudukan palsu, menggunakan tipu muslihat atau rangkaian kata bohong, menggerakkan orang supaya menyerahkan suatu barang, memberi utang, membuat pengakuan utang, atau menghapus piutang, dipidana karena penipuan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Menurut **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal,_ kejahatan ini dinamakan “penipuan”. Penipu itu pekerjaannya (hal. 261): 1. membujuk orang supaya **memberikan barang**, membuat utang atau menghapuskan piutang; 2. maksud pembujukan itu ialah: **hendak menguntungkan diri sendiri** atau orang lain dengan melawan hak; 3. membujuknya itu dengan memakai: 1. nama palsu atau keadaan palsu; 2. akal cerdik (tipu muslihat); atau 3. **karangan perkataan bohong**. Lebih lanjut, R. Soesilo menjelaskan bahwa mengenai “karangan perkataan bohong”, satu kata bohong tidak cukup, di sini harus dipakai banyak kata-kata bohong yang tersusun sedemikian rupa, sehingga kebohongan yang satu dapat ditutup dengan kebohongan yang lain, sehingga keseluruhannya merupakan cerita sesuatu yang seakan-akan benar. Perbuatan suami Anda dapat dipidana jika memenuhi unsur-unsur di atas. Dalam hal ini yang dilakukan suami Anda adalah membujuk wanita tersebut untuk memberikan uang (barang), dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan dirinya sendiri atau orang lain. Yang mana pembujukan ini dilakukan dengan karangan perkataan bohong. ### **Tindak Pidana Perzinaan** Sedangkan mengenai tuntutan balik Anda kepada si wanita, Anda dapat saja menuntut atas dasar perbuatan zina sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal berikut ini. **Pasal 284** **KUHP** **Pasal 411 UU 1/2023** 1. Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan: 2. a. seorang pria yang telah kawin yang melakukan gendak (_overspel_), padahal diketahui bahwa pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya; b. seorang wanita yang telah kawin yang melakukan gendak, padahal diketahui bahwa pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya, 2. a. seorang pria yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu, padahal diketahuinya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawin; b. seorang wanita yang telah kawin yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu, padahal diketahui olehnya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawin dan pasal 27 BW berlaku baginya. 2. Tidak dilakukan penuntutan melainkan atas pengaduan suami/istri yang tercemar, dan bilamana bagi mereka berlaku pasal 27 BW, dalam tenggang waktu tiga bulan diikuti dengan permintaan bercerai atau pisah-meja dan ranjang karena alasan itu juga. 1. Setiap orang yang melakukan persetubuhan dengan orang yang bukan suami atau istrinya, dipidana karena perzinaan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 2. Terhadap tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak dilakukan penuntutan kecuali atas pengaduan: 1. 1. suami atau istri bagi orang yang terikat perkawinan. 2. orang tua atau anaknya bagi orang yang tidak terikat perkawinan. Bahwa yang dimaksud dengan zina itu adalah persetubuhan yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki atau perempuan yang telah kawin dengan perempuan atau laki-laki yang bukan istri atau suaminya. Mengenai pasal ini, R. Soesilo mengatakan bahwa pasal ini adalah suatu delik aduan yang absolut, artinya tidak dapat dituntut apabila tidak ada pengaduan dari pihak suami atau istri yang dirugikan (yang dipermalukan). Pengaduan ini tidak boleh dibelah, maksudnya apabila laki-laki (A) mengadukan bahwa istrinya (B) telah berzina dengan laki-laki lain (C), maka B (sebagai yang melakukan perzinahan) dan C (sebagai turut melakukan perzinahan), kedua-duanya harus dituntut. Tidak mungkin misalnya A minta supaya yang dituntut itu hanya si C saja, sedangkan B (karena ia masih cinta) tidak dituntut. Ini berarti jika Anda ingin menuntut si wanita atas dasar perzinahan, Anda harus menuntut suami Anda juga. ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai gambaran mengenai tindak pidana turut serta melakukan perzinaan dapat dilihat pada contoh kasus dalam **[Putusan PN Kupang No. 107/Pid.B/2019/PN Kpg](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/ec2cc85aafd0f35b7afbb2db71bc0198.html)**, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini, terdakwa telah memenuhi unsur dari **Pasal 284 ayat (1) ke-2 huruf a KUHP**, yaitu: (hal. 11-13) 1. **Seorang pria** Seseorang pria atau laki-laki yang dimaksud adalah yang didakwa melakukan sesuatu tindak pidana yaitu terdakwa. 2. **Turut serta melakukan perbuatan itu (mukah_/overspel_), padahal diketahuinya bahwa yang turut bersalah telah kawin** Saksi yang masih terikat dalam perkawinan yang sah melakukan persetubuhan dengan terdakwa yang tidak terikat perkawinan, maka terdakwa dikualifikasikan sebagai turut serta mukah/_overspel_ sebagaimana dimaksud dalam unsur ini dan perbuatan itu dilakukan dengan kesadaran bahwa saksi masih terikat perkawinan dengan orang lain dan belum bercerai secara sah. Majelis Hakim dalam amar putusannya kemudian menyatakan terdakwa terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana turut serta melakukan perzinahan dan menjatuhkan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan dengan menetapkan pidana tersebut tidak usah dijalani, kecuali apabila di kemudian hari ada putusan hakim yang menyatakan terpidana terbukti bersalah melakukan tindak pidana sebelum masa percobaan habis selama 6 bulan (hal. 16). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kupang Nomor 107/Pid.B/2019/PN Kpg](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/ec2cc85aafd0f35b7afbb2db71bc0198.html). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [penipuan](/tag/penipuan) [perzinaan](/tag/perzinaan) [selingkuh](/tag/selingkuh) [zina](/tag/zina)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Persamaan Asosiasi dengan Perkumpulan dan Prosedur Pendiriannya which was written by David Christian and was published on Tuesday, 6 September 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Incorporated Association According to Article 1 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016, a company/society is a legal entity that is a collection of persons established to realize the commonalities of certain aims and objectives in the social, religious, and humanitarian fields and does not distribute profits to its members.Association, based on the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (“KBBI”) or also known as the Indonesian official dictionary, is an association of persons with similar interests.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Paramita Prananingtyas in her journal entitled Association of Businesses in Reviewing Indonesian Competition Law explains that an association or assemblage is a society that is usually established by professionals and entrepreneurs based on similarities, namely the similarity in the production of goods and services, as well as similarities in the marketing sector (p. 607).Based on the explanations, from our point of view, an incorporated association is the same as an incorporated society.Also read: Are Associations the Same as Societies?Are Societies Subject to the Law of Community Organizations?In order to answer your question as to whether associations are subject to Law 17/2013, we first need to explain to you what a community organization is.Community organizations are organizations that are established and formed by the community voluntarily based on common aspirations, wills, needs, interests, activities, and objectives to participate in development in order to achieve the purpose of the Republic of Indonesia according to Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.[1]Community organizations may be incorporated or unincorporated.[2] Incorporated community organizations may take the form of societies or foundations.[3] Community organizations that are incorporated as societies are established on a membership basis, while community organizations that are incorporated as foundations are not established on a membership basis.[4]Therefore, are associations also subject to Law 17/2013? Law 17/2013 does not explicitly mention associations. However, as we mentioned earlier, the definition of association is the same as company/society.The association in question is an incorporated community organization, which is established on a membership basis. In addition, the approval or legalization of the incorporated society is also carried out by the Minister of Law and Human Rights.Moreover, according to Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha, a notary and land deed official in Yogyakarta, practically, the deed of establishment of an incorporated association requires verification from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Why is verification necessary? This is because the contents of the deed of association must not conflict with Law 17/2013, and the purpose of the association establishment must be in accordance with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The aims and objectives of the association establishment are also determined only in 3 (three) sectors, namely social, humanitarian, and religious which in each derivative may not be commercial in nature. In terms of the association structure, it is also necessary to refer to Law 17/2013 and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016.Thus, in order to answer your question, to establish an association you will also need to pay attention to the provisions of Law 17/2013.Establishment of Incorporated AssociationsIt is important to note that in order to establish an incorporated association, the following requirements must be fulfilled:[5]deed of establishment issued by a notary containing a Memorandum of Association/ Articles of Association;work program;sources of funding;certificate of domicile;taxpayer identification number on behalf of the association; andAn affidavit that states that they are not currently in a management dispute or in a court case.How many people are the founders of the association? Article 9 of Law 17/2013 stipulates that community organizations shall be established by 3 (three) or more Indonesian citizens, with the exception of community organizations that are incorporated as foundations.After the requirements for the establishment of associations have been fulfilled, then any newly established associations shall be legalized by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.In order to submit an application for the legalization of an incorporated association, it shall be preceded by the submission of the name of the association.[6] The applicant shall submit an application for the use of the association's name to the minister through the Legal Entity Administration System (Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum/ "SABH").[7]The applicant in question is a notary who is authorized to submit an application for the legalization of an incorporated association through SABH.[8]After obtaining the approval for the name of the association, the applicant must submit an application for the legalization of the legal entity to the minister through the SABH.[9] Applicants are required to pay an application fee for the legalization of an association prior to filling out the establishment form.[10]Furthermore, to fill out the form of association establishment shall also be completed with supporting documents which are submitted electronically.[11] Documents for the association establishment are deposited by a notary, which are:[12]a copy of the deed of association establishment or a copy of the deed of change of association establishment which is known by the notary in accordance with the original;Affidavit of domicile along with the complete address of the association signed by the association's members and acknowledged by the sub-district/village head or by any other name;sources of funding for the association;association work program;an affidavit that states that they are not currently in a management dispute or in a court caseminutes of association establishment meeting; andan affidavit of ability from the founder to obtain a taxpayer identification number card.According to Andrey an Easybiz consultant, there are no regulations that limit individuals or legal entities to establish associations. However, based on his experience in practice, he has never encountered the establishment of associations conducted by legal entities.In addition, according to Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha, in principle, the establishment of associations refers to the subject of law, i.e. can be established by individuals or legal entities.However, based on the definition of association in Article 1 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016, it is stipulated that an association is a group of people. Technically, the establishment of incorporated associations can only be done by individuals (persoon) because according to this regulation, the legalization of incorporated associations is embodied in the online registration system, namely SABH which does not contain an option for association founders from legal entities.Also Read: Procedures for the Legalization of Incorporated AssociationsThe dynamic development of regulations is a challenge for you in fulfilling the company's legal obligations. Keep up to date with the latest legal obligations, with the legal compliance monitoring platform from Hukumonline which is based on Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations as amended by Law Number 16 of 2017 on Determination of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations to become an Act;Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations;Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum of Association as amended by Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 10 of 2019 on Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum of Association.Reference:Paramita Prananingtyas, Asosiasi Usaha Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Persaingan Indonesia. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 43 No. 4, 2014;KBBI, accessed on 2 September 2022, at 14.05 Central Indonesia Time (zone).NB:We have conducted an interview with the Easybiz Consultant, Andrey, via WhatsApp on 6 September 2022, at 16.12 Central Indonesian Time (zone);We have conducted an interview with the Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha, S.H., M.Kn, notary and land deed official in Yogyakarta, via WhatsApp on 6 September 2022, at 14.52 Central Indonesian Time (zone).  [1] Article 1 Section (1) Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations (“Government Regulation in Lieu of Law 2/2017”) as legalized by Law Number 16 of 2017 on Determination of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations to become an Act (Law 2/2017”).[2] Article 9 Section (1) Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations (“Law 17/2013”).[3] Article 11 Section (1) Law 17/2013.[4] Article 11 Section (2) and (3) Law 17/2013.[5] Article 12 Section (1) Law 17/2013.[6] Article 2 Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum of Association (“Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016”).[7] Article 3 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.[8] Article 1 Section (3) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.[9] Article 9 Section (1) and (2) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.[10] Article 11 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.[11] Article 12 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.[12] Article 12 Section (4) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016.Tagsklinik english edition
At this time, our company and several other companies are looking to establish associations, which we would like to inquire as follows: Are incorporated associations the same as companies/societies? Do the founders of associations have to be individuals or can they be legal entities? Are associations also subject to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations?
According to the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016, a company/society is a legal entity in the form of a group of people to realize certain common aims and objectives in the social, religious, and humanitarian fields and does not distribute profits to its members." Then what about associations, are associations the same as societies? And what is the procedure for the establishment? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/similarities-between-association-and-company-society-and-their-establishment-procedures--lt63c4eebad712e/
Similarities between Association and Company/Society and Their Establishment Procedures
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Persamaan Asosiasi dengan Perkumpulan dan Prosedur Pendiriannya_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/persamaan-asosiasi-dengan-perkumpulan-dan-prosedur-pendiriannya-lt63171c5ba68bc?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=persamaan_asosiasi_perkumpulan) which was written by [**David Christian**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/david-christian--sh-lt627ca02b8b57d/) and was published on Tuesday, 6 September 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Incorporated Association** According to **Article 1 Section (1)** [**Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt56b07fc540cc7/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-3-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_3_2016), a **company/society** is a legal entity that is a collection of persons established to realize the commonalities of certain aims and objectives in the social, religious, and humanitarian fields and does not distribute profits to its members. Association, based on the [**Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia**](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/asosiasi) **(“KBBI”)** or also known as the Indonesian official dictionary, is an **association of persons** with **similar interests**. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Paramita Prananingtyas** in her journal entitled _Association of Businesses in Reviewing Indonesian Competition Law_ explains that an association or assemblage is a **society** that is usually established by professionals and entrepreneurs **based on** **similarities**, namely the similarity in the production of goods and services, as well as similarities in the marketing sector (p. 607). Based on the explanations, from our point of view, an incorporated association is the same as an incorporated society. Also read: [**Are Associations the Same as Societies?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-asosiasi-sama-dengan-perkumpulan-lt55bc369230ac0?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apakah_asosiasi_sama_dengan_perkumpulan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=apakah_asosiasi_sama_dengan_perkumpulan) ### **Are Societies Subject to the Law of Community Organizations?** In order to answer your question as to whether associations are subject to [**Law 17/2013**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt520ca07b67d02/undang-undang-nomor-17-tahun-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_17_2013), we first need to explain to you what a community organization is. Community organizations are organizations that are established and formed by the community voluntarily based on common aspirations, wills, needs, interests, activities, and objectives to participate in development in order to achieve the purpose of the Republic of Indonesia according to _Pancasila_ and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Community organizations may be incorporated or unincorporated.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Incorporated community organizations may take the form of **societies** or foundations.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Community organizations that are incorporated as societies are **established on a membership basis**, while community organizations that are incorporated as foundations are not established on a membership basis.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Therefore, are associations also subject to **Law 17/2013**? **Law 17/2013** does not explicitly mention associations. However, as we mentioned earlier, the definition of association is the same as company/society. The association in question is an incorporated community organization, which is established on a membership basis. In addition, the approval or legalization of the incorporated society is also carried out by the Minister of Law and Human Rights. Moreover, according to **Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha**, a notary and land deed official in Yogyakarta, practically, the deed of establishment of an incorporated association requires verification from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Why is verification necessary? This is because the contents of the deed of association must not conflict with **Law 17/2013**, and the purpose of the association establishment must be in accordance with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The aims and objectives of the association establishment are also determined only in 3 (three) sectors, namely social, humanitarian, and religious which in each derivative may not be commercial in nature. In terms of the association structure, it is also necessary to refer to **Law 17/2013** and **Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016**. Thus, in order to answer your question, to establish an association you will also need to pay attention to the provisions of **Law 17/2013**. ### **Establishment of Incorporated Associations** It is important to note that in order to **establish an incorporated association**, the following requirements must be fulfilled:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. deed of establishment issued by a notary containing a Memorandum of Association/ Articles of Association; 2. work program; 3. sources of funding; 4. certificate of domicile; 5. taxpayer identification number on behalf of the association; and 6. An affidavit that states that they are not currently in a management dispute or in a court case. How many people are the founders of the association? **Article 9 of Law 17/2013** stipulates that **community organizations shall be established by 3 (three) or more Indonesian citizens,** with the exception of community organizations that are incorporated as foundations. After the requirements for the establishment of associations have been fulfilled, then any newly established associations shall be legalized by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. In order to submit an application for the legalization of an incorporated association, it shall be preceded by the submission of the name of the association.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) The applicant shall submit an application for the use of the association's name to the minister through the Legal Entity Administration System (Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum/ "SABH").[\[7\]](#_ftn7) The applicant in question is a **notary** who is authorized to submit an application for the legalization of an incorporated association through SABH.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) After obtaining the approval for the name of the association, the applicant must submit an application for the legalization of the legal entity to the minister through the SABH.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Applicants are required to pay an application fee for the legalization of an association prior to filling out the establishment form.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) Furthermore, to fill out the form of association establishment shall also be completed with supporting documents which are submitted electronically.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) **Documents for the association establishment** are deposited by a notary, which are:[\[12\]](#_ftn12) 1. a copy of the deed of association establishment or a copy of the deed of change of association establishment which is known by the notary in accordance with the original; 2. Affidavit of domicile along with the complete address of the association signed by the association's members and acknowledged by the sub-district/village head or by any other name; 3. sources of funding for the association; 4. association work program; 5. an affidavit that states that they are not currently in a management dispute or in a court case 6. minutes of association establishment meeting; and 7. an affidavit of ability from the founder to obtain a taxpayer identification number card. According to **Andrey** an Easybiz consultant, there are no regulations that limit individuals or legal entities to establish associations. However, based on his experience in practice, he has never encountered the establishment of associations conducted by legal entities. In addition, according to **Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha**, in principle, the establishment of associations refers to the subject of law, i.e. can be established by individuals or legal entities. However, based on the definition of association in **Article 1 Section (1)** **Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/2016**, it is stipulated that an association is a **group of people**. Technically, the establishment of incorporated associations can only be done by individuals (persoon) because according to this regulation, the legalization of incorporated associations is embodied in the online registration system, namely SABH which **does not contain an option for association founders from legal entities**. Also Read: [**Procedures for the Legalization of Incorporated Associations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/prosedur-pengesahan-badan-hukum-perkumpulan-cl6163?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pengesahan_perkumpulan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=prosedur_pengesahan_badan_hukum_perkumpulan) The dynamic development of regulations is a challenge for you in fulfilling the company's legal obligations. Keep up to date with the latest legal obligations, with the legal compliance monitoring platform from Hukumonline which is based on Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory Compliance System (RCS). Click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt520ca07b67d02/undang-undang-nomor-17-tahun-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_17_2013) as amended by [Law Number 16 of 2017 on Determination of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations to become an Act](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a17c237594aa?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2017); 2. [Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5965f437dec93#!?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpu_2_2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2017); 3. [Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum of Association](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt56b07fc540cc7/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-3-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_3_2016) as amended by [Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 10 of 2019 on Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d3178ded08ad?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_10_2019) of Association. Reference: 1. Paramita Prananingtyas, _Asosiasi Usaha Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Persaingan Indonesia._ Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 43 No. 4, 2014; 2. [KBBI](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/asosiasi), accessed on 2 September 2022, at 14.05 Central Indonesia Time (zone). NB: 1. _We have conducted an interview with the Easybiz Consultant, Andrey, via WhatsApp on 6 September 2022, at 16.12 Central Indonesian Time (zone);_ 2. _We have conducted an interview with the Ikhwan Sapta Nugraha, S.H., M.Kn, notary and_ _land deed official in Yogyakarta__, via WhatsApp on 6 September 2022, at 14.52 Central Indonesian Time (zone)._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (1) [**Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5965f437dec93#!?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpu_2_2017?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2017) **(“Government Regulation in Lieu of Law 2/2017”)** as legalized by [**Law Number 16 of 2017 on Determination of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2017 on Amendment to Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations to become an Act**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5a17c237594aa?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2017) **(Law 2/2017”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 9 Section (1) [**Law Number 17 of 2013 on Community Organizations**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt520ca07b67d02/undang-undang-nomor-17-tahun-2013?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_17_2013) **(“Law 17/2013”).** [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 11 Section (1) Law 17/2013. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 11 Section (2) and (3) Law 17/2013. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 12 Section (1) Law 17/2013. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 2 [**Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2016 on Procedures for Submission of Legalization for Legal Entity and Approval of Amendment on Memorandum of Association**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt56b07fc540cc7/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-3-tahun-2016?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_3_2016) **(“Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016”)**. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 3 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 1 Section (3) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 9 Section (1) and (2) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 11 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 12 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 12 Section (4) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 3/ 2016. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Syarat Menjadi Warga Negara Indonesia karena Perkawinan which was written by Nafiatul Munawaroh and was published on Friday, 20 May 2022.This article below is an update of the article entitled Requirements and Procedures to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship (Syarat dan Tata Cara Memperoleh Kewarganegaraan Indonesia) which was first written by NAYARA Advocacy and was first published on 26 Oct 2017. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Prior to discussing the requirements to become Indonesian citizens, it is important to note that Indonesian citizenship is obtained through citizenship which is undertaken by submitting an application ("Application for Citizenship") to the Minister of Law and Human Rights through the Directorate-General of General Law Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ "Ditjen AHU").Indonesian Citizenship ApplicantsBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Besides having to fulfill the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens, there are a number of criteria that must be met by applicants. In relation to this matter, in general, Law 12/2006 stipulates that applications for Indonesian Citizenship may be submitted by applicants with the following criteria:Foreigners who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI");[1]Foreigners who have served the Republic of Indonesia;[2]Children who have dual citizenship;[3]Citizens who have lost their Indonesian citizenship and wish to regain their Indonesian citizenship.[4]The submission of citizenship applications for each applicant criteria has different procedures and stages. In relation to your question above, in this case, your husband's application for citizenship falls into the category of application for the citizenship of foreigners who are married to Indonesians.The requirements for becoming an Indonesian Citizen, the procedure for obtaining Indonesian citizenship through marriage, and the procedure for granting it will be explained below.Requirements to Become an Indonesian CitizenAccording to Article 9 of Law 12/2006, the requirements for foreigners to become Indonesian citizens are namely:must be at least 18 (eighteen) years old or married;must have resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or for at least 10 non-consecutive years;physically and mentally healthy;must be able to speak Bahasa Indonesia as well as acknowledge Pancasila as the Foundation of State and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;have never been sentenced to a criminal offense which is subject to imprisonment for 1 (one) year or longer;if by obtaining the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, he does not become a dual citizen;have a job and/or have a fixed income; andpay citizenship fees to the State Treasury.Procedures to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship through MarriageGuidelines on the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens due to marriage are regulated under Regulation 36/2016, which contains a legal framework and guidelines for foreign citizens who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens and who wish to obtain Indonesian citizenship.According to Regulation 36/2016, foreign citizens who wish to become Indonesian Citizens must submit their applications to the minister electronically through the official website of the Ditjen AHU.[5]In relation to the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens, at the time of submitting an application, the Applicant shall upload the following documents:[6]Applicant's personal data that have been legalized by authorized officials from their countries of origin, which consist of:A copy of a birth certificate that has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia by an official sworn translator and has been legalized by an authorized official;A copy of the Identity Card (Kartu Tanda Penduduk/ "KTP") or a certificate of domicile for the applicant that has been legalized by the authorized official. Personal data of the applicant's spouse which includes:A copy of the birth certificate which has been legalized by the Department of Population and Civil Registration;A copy of an ID card that has been legalized by the Official of the Regency/City-level Population and Civil Registration Office; Copy of the applicant's marriage certificate/marriage book (for Muslims) which has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia by an official sworn translator and legalized by the authorized official at the place of the marriage. Original letter of certifications from the following institutions:immigration office in the domicile of the applicant which explains that the applicant has resided in Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or for 10 (ten) non-consecutive years;Police record of the applicant issued by the National Police Headquarters of the Republic of Indonesia (Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia/ “Mabes Polri”);a diplomatic representative of the applicant's country of origin who clarifies that if the applicant acquires Indonesian citizenship then the relevant person will lose the citizenship of his or her country of origin; anda government hospital that explains the applicant's physical and mental health. Six recent passport-sized photographs of the applicant (4x6 cm in size with a red background, and must be neatly and politely dressed).Original proof of payment for an application of a statement to become an Indonesian Citizen (the application fee is set at IDR 2.5 million per application). After submitting the application electronically, the Applicant must submit the above documents physically to the minister through the Ditjen AHU along with a statement letter stating the validity of the physical document content, which is submitted within a maximum period of 5 (five) days from the date the application is received electronically.[7]Procedure for Granting Citizenship through MarriageUpon receipt of the physical documents relating to the abovementioned requirements for Indonesian citizenship, the minister will have 10 (ten) business days to check the completeness and correctness of the submitted documents, starting from the time the physical documents are received.[8]In the event that there is a lack of completeness of physical documents, the minister shall notify and request the applicant to complete the deficiency within a period of no later than 14 (fourteen) business days from the date of notification. Otherwise, the application will be rejected and a notice of rejection shall be sent to the applicant electronically. However, applicants may re-submit new applications at a later time.[9]If after the examination, the citizenship application is declared complete, then the minister shall establish a decree on the obtaining of Indonesian citizenship and submit it electronically to the applicant and the representative of the applicant's country of origin.[10] In addition, the minister will announce the name of the applicant who has obtained Indonesian citizenship in the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.[11]Last, applicants are required to return documents relating to their status as foreign citizens to the relevant authorities within 14 (fourteen) days of the issuance of the relevant ministerial decree.[12]After obtaining the status of an Indonesian Citizen, the next step is the making of KTP for Indonesian Citizens whose requirements and procedures are determined by the Department of Population and Civil Registration in which the applicant is domiciled.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia;Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 36 of 2016 on Procedures to Make a Declaration to Become an Indonesian Citizen.  [1] Article 1 Section (1) Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 36 of 2016 on Procedures to Make a Declaration to Become an Indonesian Citizen (“Regulation 36/2016”).[2] Article 20 Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (“Law 12/2006”).[3] Article 21 Section (3) Law 12/2006.[4] Article 31 Law 12/2006.[5] Article 2 and 4 Regulation 36/2016.[6] Article 5 Regulation 36/2016.[7] Article 5 Section (2) and (3) Regulation 36/2016.[8] Article 6 Regulation 36/2016.[9] Article 7 and 8 Regulation 36/2016.[10] Article 9 Regulation 36/2016.[11] Article 11 Regulation 36/2016.[12] Article 12 Regulation 36/2016.Tagsklinik english edition
I am married to an American husband. Our marriage took place in 2008 in Indonesia. I still retain my Indonesian citizenship. Recently, my husband has stated his intention to become an Indonesian citizen several times. Therefore, I intend to inquire about the requirements and methods that my husband could take to become an Indonesian citizen. Thank you.
Guidelines on the requirements to become Indonesian citizens due to marriage are regulated under Regulation 36/2016, which contains a legal framework and guidelines for foreign citizens who are legally married to Indonesian citizens and who wish to obtain Indonesian citizenship. Based on Regulation 36/2016, foreign citizens who wish to become Indonesian citizens submit applications to the minister electronically through the official website of the Ditjen AHU. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Mempekerjakan TKA untuk Sementara21 Mar 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/requirements-to-become-indonesian-citizens-through-marriage-lt63c4e8b315967/
Requirements to Become Indonesian Citizens through Marriage
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Syarat Menjadi Warga Negara Indonesia karena Perkawinan_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/syarat-menjadi-warga-negara-Indonesia-lt52690eee8c74f?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=) which was written by [**Nafiatul Munawaroh**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/nafiatul-munawaroh--sh--mh-lt627b7907691c3/) and was published on Friday, 20 May 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Requirements and Procedures to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship (Syarat dan Tata Cara Memperoleh Kewarganegaraan Indonesia)** which was first written by [**NAYARA Advocacy**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/nayara-advocacy-lt56c5b67a5ea0f/nayara-advocacy-lt56c5b70e83dad/) and was first published on 26 Oct 2017. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Prior to discussing the requirements to become Indonesian citizens, it is important to note that Indonesian citizenship is obtained through citizenship which is undertaken by submitting an application ("Application for Citizenship") to the Minister of Law and Human Rights through the Directorate-General of General Law Administration (Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum/ "Ditjen AHU"). ### **Indonesian Citizenship Applicants** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Besides having to fulfill the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens, there are a number of criteria that must be met by applicants. In relation to this matter, in general, [**Law 12/2006**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) stipulates that applications for Indonesian Citizenship may be submitted by applicants with the following criteria: 1. Foreigners who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens (Warga Negara Indonesia/ "WNI");[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 2. Foreigners who have served the Republic of Indonesia;[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 3. Children who have dual citizenship;[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 4. Citizens who have lost their Indonesian citizenship and wish to regain their Indonesian citizenship.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The submission of citizenship applications for each applicant criteria has different procedures and stages. In relation to your question above, in this case, your husband's application for citizenship falls into the category of application for the citizenship of foreigners who are married to Indonesians. The requirements for becoming an Indonesian Citizen, the procedure for obtaining Indonesian citizenship through marriage, and the procedure for granting it will be explained below. ### **Requirements to Become an Indonesian Citizen** According to **Article 9 of Law 12/2006**, the requirements for foreigners to become Indonesian citizens are namely: 1. must be at least 18 (eighteen) years old or married; 2. must have resided in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or for at least 10 non-consecutive years; 3. physically and mentally healthy; 4. must be able to speak _Bahasa Indonesia_ as well as acknowledge _Pancasila_ as the Foundation of State and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; 5. have never been sentenced to a criminal offense which is subject to imprisonment for 1 (one) year or longer; 6. if by obtaining the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, he does not become a dual citizen; 7. have a job and/or have a fixed income; and 8. pay citizenship fees to the State Treasury. **Procedures to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship through Marriage** Guidelines on the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens due to marriage are regulated under [**Regulation 36/2016**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a68154bec7/node/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-no-36-tahun-2016-tata-cara-menyampaikan-pernyataan-untuk-menjadi-warga-negara-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_36_2016), which contains a legal framework and guidelines for foreign citizens who are legally married to Indonesian Citizens and who wish to obtain Indonesian citizenship. According to **Regulation 36/2016**, foreign citizens who wish to become Indonesian Citizens must submit their applications to the minister electronically through the official website of the [**Ditjen AHU**](https://ahu.go.id/).[\[5\]](#_ftn5) In relation to the requirements to become Indonesian Citizens, at the time of submitting an application, the Applicant shall upload the following documents:[\[6\]](#_ftn6) 1. Applicant's personal data that have been legalized by authorized officials from their countries of origin, which consist of: 1. A copy of a birth certificate that has been translated into _Bahasa Indonesia_ by an official sworn translator and has been legalized by an authorized official; 2. A copy of the Identity Card (Kartu Tanda Penduduk/ "KTP") or a certificate of domicile for the applicant that has been legalized by the authorized official. 2. Personal data of the applicant's spouse which includes: 1. A copy of the birth certificate which has been legalized by the Department of Population and Civil Registration; 2. A copy of an ID card that has been legalized by the Official of the Regency/City-level Population and Civil Registration Office; 3. Copy of the applicant's marriage certificate/marriage book (for Muslims) which has been translated into _Bahasa Indonesia_ by an official sworn translator and legalized by the authorized official at the place of the marriage. 4. Original letter of certifications from the following institutions: 1. immigration office in the domicile of the applicant which explains that the applicant has resided in Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years or for 10 (ten) non-consecutive years; 2. Police record of the applicant issued by the National Police Headquarters of the Republic of Indonesia (Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia/ “Mabes Polri”); 3. a diplomatic representative of the applicant's country of origin who clarifies that if the applicant acquires Indonesian citizenship then the relevant person will lose the citizenship of his or her country of origin; and 4. a government hospital that explains the applicant's physical and mental health. 5. Six recent passport-sized photographs of the applicant (4x6 cm in size with a red background, and must be neatly and politely dressed). 6. Original proof of payment for an application of a statement to become an Indonesian Citizen (the application fee is set at IDR 2.5 million per application). After submitting the application electronically, the Applicant must submit the above documents physically to the minister through the Ditjen AHU along with a statement letter stating the validity of the physical document content, which is submitted within a maximum period of 5 (five) days from the date the application is received electronically.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) ### **Procedure for Granting Citizenship through Marriage** Upon receipt of the physical documents relating to the abovementioned requirements for Indonesian citizenship, the minister will have 10 (ten) business days to check the completeness and correctness of the submitted documents, starting from the time the physical documents are received.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) In the event that there is a lack of completeness of physical documents, the minister shall notify and request the applicant to complete the deficiency within a period of no later than 14 (fourteen) business days from the date of notification. Otherwise, the application will be rejected and a notice of rejection shall be sent to the applicant electronically. However, applicants may re-submit new applications at a later time.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) If after the examination, the citizenship application is declared complete, then the minister shall establish a decree on the obtaining of Indonesian citizenship and submit it electronically to the applicant and the representative of the applicant's country of origin.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) In addition, the minister will announce the name of the applicant who has obtained Indonesian citizenship in the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Last, applicants are required to return documents relating to their status as foreign citizens to the relevant authorities within 14 (fourteen) days of the issuance of the relevant ministerial decree.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) After obtaining the status of an Indonesian Citizen, the next step is the making of KTP for Indonesian Citizens whose requirements and procedures are determined by the Department of Population and Civil Registration in which the applicant is domiciled. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006); 2. [Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 36 of 2016 on Procedures to Make a Declaration to Become an Indonesian Citizen](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a68154bec7/node/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-no-36-tahun-2016-tata-cara-menyampaikan-pernyataan-untuk-menjadi-warga-negara-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_36_2016). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (1) [**Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 36 of 2016 on Procedures to Make a Declaration to Become an Indonesian Citizen**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a68154bec7/node/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-no-36-tahun-2016-tata-cara-menyampaikan-pernyataan-untuk-menjadi-warga-negara-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_36_2016) **(“Regulation 36/2016”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 20 [**Law Number 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25702/node/5/uu-no-12-tahun-2006-kewarganegaraan-republik-indonesia?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_12_2006) **(“Law 12/2006”)**. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 21 Section (3) Law 12/2006. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 31 Law 12/2006. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 2 and 4 Regulation 36/2016. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 5 Regulation 36/2016. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 5 Section (2) and (3) Regulation 36/2016. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 6 Regulation 36/2016. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 7 and 8 Regulation 36/2016. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 9 Regulation 36/2016. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 11 Regulation 36/2016. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Article 12 Regulation 36/2016. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Usaha Konstruksi untuk Pertambangan, Ini Nomor KBLI-nya which was written by Nafiatul Munawaroh and was published on Thursday, 19 May 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Risk-Based Business LicensingIt is important to note that the current guidelines for business licensing in Indonesia are stipulated under Government Regulation 5/2021, which is referred to as risk-based business licensing.According to Article 1 Section (3) of Government Regulation 5/2021, risk-based business licensing is a business licensing based on the level of risk of business activities. Risk levels for business activities under Government Regulation 5/2021 are divided into:[1]low-risk business activities;medium-risk business activities, which are divided into:low-medium risk level; andmedium-high risk level;Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas  high-risk business activities.More details on this risk-based business licensing can be found in the article Risk-Based Licensing, Here is the Explanation.KBLI for Civil Mining Building Construction BusinessFurthermore, since you have mentioned that a contractor company will carry out the construction work, according to our research on the construction sector there is a provision of Article 80 Section (1) of Government Regulation 5/2021 which regulates:Business Licensing within the public works and public housing sectors comprises the following subsectors:construction services;water resources; andhighway construction and maintenance. These construction services include construction consultation services, construction works, or integrated construction works.[2]Furthermore, in relation to your question regarding the Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification/ KBLI for the construction business which is listed under Appendix II of Government Regulation 5/2021, Legal Analyst & Content Easybiz, Syarief Toha explained that this business is a type of civil mining building construction with code 42916 according to KBLI. This business group encompasses the development, maintenance, and/or redevelopment of mining production operations and exploration facilities, including the control of environmental impacts.According to KBLI code 42916, civil mining building construction is a medium to high-risk business that requires business licenses in the form of Business Identification Numbers (Nomor Induk Berusaha/ "NIB") and standard certificates.[3]Summarized from Appendix III of Government Regulation 5/2021, there are several important aspects that should be considered by a medium-high-risk business, namely:NIB and standard certificates as business licenses shall be used for the legality of the implementation of preparations to start a business;Standard certificates are issued by the OSS system after business actors have made an independent statement in the OSS system.The central government or regional governments will then verify the fulfillment of business activity standards prior to the company engaging in any commercial or operational activities. For certain activities, verification may be conducted in conjunction with the operational implementation of business activities.Standards for the implementation of business activities must be fulfilled by business actors during the course of carrying out business activities. In addition, supervision will be carried out as well.Therefore, in order to obtain a business license for the type of civil mining building construction business, that is classified as medium-high risk, instead of the Construction Service Business License or Mining Services Business License, an NIB and a standard certificate are required.Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing.Reference:KBLI 42916, accessed on 19 May 2022, at 13.00 Central Indonesia Time (zone).NB:We have conducted an interview with the Legal Analyst & Content Easybiz, Syarief Toha, via WhatsApp on 18 May 2022, at 14.39 Central Indonesian Time (zone).   [1] Article 10  Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing (“Government Regulation 5/2021”).[2] Article 80 Section (2) Government Regulation 5/2021.[3] Article 14 Section (1) Government Regulation 5/2021.Tagsklinik english edition
Our company, which is a mineral mining company, intends to cooperate with contractors who will undertake the work of designing, supplying, and then carrying out construction work including stabilizing the location, land, and building foundations in order to build factory infrastructure at the mine site. Contractors will provide construction equipment (cranes, etc.) and manpower for construction works, particularly those which will involve the preparation of materials, removals, installations of concrete, and other related works. The work is estimated to take around 3-4 months. In relation to this matter, do contractors require special licenses (Construction Service Business License/ Mining Services Business License) in order to provide services to our company? Which type of business license is it according to the number in KBLI? What are the relevant regulations (after the enforcement of the Omnibus Law)?
Currently, provisions on business licensing are stipulated under Government Regulation 5/2021 which is referred to as risk-based business licensing. In relation to your question, it is mentioned that contractors will be carrying out the construction work, therefore, according to our research, this is a civil mining building construction business type, with the code 42916 according to Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification (Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia/ “KBLI”). What are the required business licenses? Please read the review below for a further explanation.   Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mining-construction-business-and-the-number-according-to-kbli--lt63c4eb8d2f9ec/
Mining Construction Business and the Number according to KBLI
pages/178/page-6.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Usaha Konstruksi untuk Pertambangan, Ini Nomor KBLI-nya_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/usaha-konstruksi-untuk-pertambangan-ini-nomor-kbli-nya-lt6285faead2e47?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=usaha_konstruksi_pertambangan_kbli) which was written by [**Nafiatul Munawaroh**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/nafiatul-munawaroh--sh--mh-lt627b7907691c3/) and was published on Thursday, 19 May 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Risk-Based Business Licensing** It is important to note that the current guidelines for business licensing in Indonesia are stipulated under [**Government Regulation 5/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021), which is referred to as risk-based business licensing. According to **Article 1 Section (3)** of **Government Regulation 5/2021**, risk-based business licensing is a business licensing based on the level of risk of business activities. Risk levels for business activities under **Government Regulation 5/2021** are divided into:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. low-risk business activities; 2. medium-risk business activities, which are divided into: 1. low-medium risk level; and 2. medium-high risk level; Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) 3. high-risk business activities. More details on this risk-based business licensing can be found in the article [**Risk-Based Licensing, Here is the Explanation**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perizinan-berusaha-berbasis-risiko-begini-penjelasannya-lt60741b4e30518?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perizinan_berusaha_berbasis_risiko?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perizinan_usaha_berbasis_resiko). ### **KBLI for Civil Mining Building Construction Business** Furthermore, since you have mentioned that a contractor company will carry out the construction work, according to our research on the construction sector there is a provision of **Article 80 Section (1)** of **Government Regulation 5/2021** which regulates: 1. _Business Licensing within the public works and public housing sectors comprises the following subsectors:_ 1. **_construction services_**_;_ 2. _water resources; and_ 3. _highway construction and maintenance._ These construction services include construction consultation services, construction works, or integrated construction works.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Furthermore, in relation to your question regarding the Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification/ KBLI for the construction business which is listed under **Appendix II** of **Government Regulation 5/2021**, Legal Analyst & Content Easybiz, **Syarief Toha** explained that this business is a type of civil mining building construction with **code** [**42916**](https://oss.go.id/informasi/kbli-kode?kode=F&kbli=42916) according to KBLI. This business group encompasses the **development**, **maintenance**, **and/or redevelopment of mining production operations and exploration facilities**, including the **control of environmental impacts**. According to KBLI code 42916, civil mining building construction is a **medium to high-risk** business that requires business licenses in the form of **Business Identification Numbers (Nomor Induk Berusaha/ "NIB")** and **standard certificates**.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Summarized from **Appendix III** of **Government Regulation 5/2021**, there are several important aspects that should be considered by a medium-high-risk business, namely: 1. NIB and standard certificates as business licenses shall be used for the legality of the implementation of preparations to start a business; 2. Standard certificates are issued by the OSS system after business actors have made an independent statement in the OSS system. 3. The central government or regional governments will then verify the fulfillment of business activity standards prior to the company engaging in any commercial or operational activities. For certain activities, verification may be conducted in conjunction with the operational implementation of business activities. 4. Standards for the implementation of business activities must be fulfilled by business actors during the course of carrying out business activities. In addition, supervision will be carried out as well. Therefore, in order to obtain a business license for the type of civil mining building construction business, that is classified as medium-high risk, instead of the Construction Service Business License or Mining Services Business License, an NIB and a standard certificate are required. Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021). Reference: 1. [KBLI 42916](https://oss.go.id/informasi/kbli-kode?kode=F&kbli=42916), accessed on 19 May 2022, at 13.00 Central Indonesia Time (zone). NB: _We have conducted an interview with the Legal Analyst & Content Easybiz, Syarief Toha, via WhatsApp on 18 May 2022, at 14.39 Central Indonesian Time (zone)._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 10  [**Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) **(“Government Regulation 5/2021”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 80 Section (2) Government Regulation 5/2021. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Article 14 Section (1) Government Regulation 5/2021. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Unsur-Unsur dan Tahapan Pembentukan Kontrak which was written by Rizky Amalia and was published on Thursday, 22 December 2022.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Stage of Contract EstablishmentA contract is an exchange of obligations that places the contractors bound to each other in order to comply with and implement the obligations which have been mutually agreed upon.Article 1313 of the Indonesian Civil Code defines an agreement as an act whereby one or more persons bind themselves to one or more persons. In line with this definition, according to Subekti, an agreement is an event in which one person makes a promise to another person or in which two people promise each other to implement something.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas The common law system provides the following definitions of contracts/agreements:[2]A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy or the performance of which the law is someway recognized as a duty.The objective of the parties to set out the obligations embodied in the contract clauses are to provide legal protection and legal certainty in order to achieve a common purpose.Also read: These are the 4 Conditions of a Valid Agreement and the Consequences if They are not FulfilledHence, what are the stages of a contract?Pre-contractThis stage is carried out by the parties before the contract is formed. The parties negotiate their interests in order to exchange their rights and obligations in a contractual relationship.Establishment of a contractAt this stage, a contractual relationship emerges between the parties.Implementation of a contractThis stage is the implementation (performance) of the exchange of rights and obligations based on the agreement of the parties. This stage is also known as the post-contractual phase.These three stages must be based on the principles of contract law. A rule or norm essentially has a philosophical basis as well as a basic foundation or principle as its spirit.[3]Several important aspects of the contracting process stage are as follows:understanding of the legal basis of a drafted contract;good command of the legal language;the ability to negotiate to determine the rights and obligations which will later be set forth in the contract.Meanwhile, the contract drafting process consists of several stages, namely research, drafting of contract frameworks (outlining), and wording. By conducting research, the contract drafter will have a sufficient understanding of the formulated contract.Furthermore, regarding the drafting of the contract framework, these are the guidelines that should be used:Systematic, complete, and clearWith a systematic, complete and clear framework, it will be easier for the parties to understand the rights and obligations of each as outlined in the contract.One clause one conceptEach clause in the contract has one concept. By implementing this principle, the contract will be well understood by the parties as well as third parties such as judges.Headings/title for each clauseGranting titles to each clause will facilitate the tracing of the contract in question.3P principle (predict, provide, protect)By predicting the possibilities which might occur in the implementation of contracts, it will be easier to anticipate by providing clauses that regulate if such possibilities occur. The abovementioned clauses are also intended to protect the interests of the parties.Supporting clause at the endThe placement of supporting clauses after the main clause indicates that the preparation of the contract is carried out systematically.Elements of Contract The anatomy of the contract consists of the opening, comparison, recital/premises/considerations, the content of the contract, and the closing.[4]Answering your question regarding the elements of the contract, namely essentialia, naturalia, and accidental elements. These elements constitute the scope of the elaboration of the content.Meanwhile, the elaboration of the elements of the contract are namely:[5]EssentialiaThis element is the main thing that must be present in a contract. The existence of this main clause determines the existence of the relevant contract.For example, in a sales contract, the form of the essential element is the existence of goods and prices. Without these two elements, the sale and purchase contract does not exist.NaturaliaThe clauses contained in this element of naturalia are classified as supporting clauses. This element has been regulated in laws and regulations. If the parties do not agree on other matters than what is regulated by the laws and regulations, then the parties are deemed to have complied with the existing rules.For example, the clause on tax. If the parties do not stipulate otherwise on the mechanisms and rules regarding the parties who are obliged to pay taxes, then the parties are interpreted as being subject to the existing tax regulations.AccidentaliaThis element will bind the parties if agreed. For example, prohibition, default, compensation, fine, interest, termination of the contract, force majeure, insurance, and dispute settlement.For example: in a contract, the parties agree that the settlement of contract disputes will be settled through arbitration. Consequently, the parties are unable to propose settlements of said cases outside of what has been agreed.These three elements are set out in a contract based on needs so that the common purpose and goals of the parties can be properly accommodated.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Indonesian Civil Code.References:Agus Yudha Hernoko, Hukum Perjanjian: Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial, Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia, 2014;P.S. Atiyah, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996;R. Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian, Jakarta: Intermasa, 1987;Ridwan Khairandy, Hukum Kontrak Indonesia dalam Perspektif Perbandingan, Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2013;Y. Sogar Simamora, Buku Ajar: Teknik Perancangan Kontrak, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, 2006. [1] R. Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian, Jakarta: Intermasa, 1987, p. 1.[2] P.S. Atiyah, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 2.[3] Agus Yudha Hernoko, Hukum Perjanjian: Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial, Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia, 2014, p. 21.[4] Y. Sogar Simamora, Buku Ajar: Teknik Perancangan Kontrak, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, 2006, p. 51.[5] Ridwan Khairandy, Hukum Kontrak Indonesia dalam Perspektif Perbandingan, Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2013, p. 48.Tagsklinik english edition
There are 3 elements in a contract, namely the essentialia element, the naturalia element, and the accidental element. Please elaborate on these three elements. In addition, what are the stages in order to form/establish a contract? Thank you.
The stages of forming a contract consist of pre-contract, contract formation, and contract execution. In the process of pre-contract and establishment of a contract, there is a process of planning, designing, drafting the framework, and elaborating the contents of the contract. Meanwhile, there are three elements of a contract, namely essentialia, naturalia, and accidental elements. What are the explanations? Please read the review below for further explanation. Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/elements-and-stages-of-contract-establishment-lt63c235ce35260/
Elements and Stages of Contract Establishment
pages/178/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Unsur-Unsur dan Tahapan Pembentukan Kontrak_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/unsur-unsur-dan-tahapan-pembentukan-kontrak-lt63483171197e9/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=unsur_tahap_pembentukan_kontrak) which was written by [**Rizky Amalia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pusat-kajian-hukum-bisnis-fh-unair-lt6178f3ae67a71/rizky-amalia--sh--mh-lt625405bcb1e1a/) and was published on Thursday, 22 December 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Stage of Contract Establishment** A contract is an exchange of obligations that places the contractors bound to each other in order to comply with and implement the obligations which have been mutually agreed upon. **Article 1313** of the [**Indonesian Civil Code**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) defines an agreement as an act whereby one or more persons bind themselves to one or more persons. In line with this definition, according to **Subekti**, an agreement is an event in which one person makes a promise to another person or in which two people promise each other to implement something.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) The common law system provides the following definitions of contracts/agreements:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) _A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy or the performance of which the law is someway recognized as a duty_. The objective of the parties to set out the obligations embodied in the contract clauses are to provide legal protection and legal certainty in order to achieve a common purpose. Also read: [**These are the 4 Conditions of a Valid Agreement and the Consequences if They are not Fulfilled**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/4-syarat-sah-perjanjian-dan-akibatnya-jika-tak-dipenuhi-cl4141?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=syarat_sah_perjanjian?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=4_syarat_sah_perjanjian) Hence, what are the stages of a contract? 1. **Pre-contract** This stage is carried out by the parties before the contract is formed. The parties negotiate their interests in order to exchange their rights and obligations in a contractual relationship. 2. **Establishment** **of a contract** At this stage, a contractual relationship emerges between the parties. 3. **Implementation of a contract** This stage is the implementation (performance) of the exchange of rights and obligations based on the agreement of the parties. This stage is also known as the post-contractual phase. These three stages must be based on the principles of contract law. A rule or norm essentially has a philosophical basis as well as a basic foundation or principle as its spirit.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Several important aspects of the **contracting process** **stage** are as follows: 1. understanding of the legal basis of a drafted contract; 2. good command of the legal language; 3. the ability to negotiate to determine the rights and obligations which will later be set forth in the contract. Meanwhile, the **contract drafting process** consists of several stages, namely research, drafting of contract frameworks (outlining), and wording. By conducting research, the contract drafter will have a sufficient understanding of the formulated contract. Furthermore, regarding the **drafting of the contract framework**, these are the guidelines that should be used: 1. **Systematic, complete, and clear** With a systematic, complete and clear framework, it will be easier for the parties to understand the rights and obligations of each as outlined in the contract. 2. **One clause one concept** Each clause in the contract has one concept. By implementing this principle, the contract will be well understood by the parties as well as third parties such as judges. 3. **Headings/title for each clause** Granting titles to each clause will facilitate the tracing of the contract in question. 4. **3P principle (predict, provide, protect)** By predicting the possibilities which might occur in the implementation of contracts, it will be easier to anticipate by providing clauses that regulate if such possibilities occur. The abovementioned clauses are also intended to protect the interests of the parties. 5. **Supporting clause at the end** The placement of supporting clauses after the main clause indicates that the preparation of the contract is carried out systematically. ### **Elements of Contract** The anatomy of the contract consists of the opening, comparison, recital/premises/considerations, the content of the contract, and the closing.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Answering your question regarding the elements of the contract, namely essentialia, naturalia, and accidental elements. These elements constitute the scope of the elaboration of the content. Meanwhile, the elaboration of the elements of the contract are namely:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. _Essentialia_ This element is the main thing that must be present in a contract. The existence of this main clause determines the existence of the relevant contract. For example, in a sales contract, the form of the essential element is the existence of goods and prices. Without these two elements, the sale and purchase contract does not exist. 2. _Naturalia_ The clauses contained in this element of _naturalia_ are classified as supporting clauses. This element has been regulated in laws and regulations. If the parties do not agree on other matters than what is regulated by the laws and regulations, then the parties are deemed to have complied with the existing rules. For example, the clause on tax. If the parties do not stipulate otherwise on the mechanisms and rules regarding the parties who are obliged to pay taxes, then the parties are interpreted as being subject to the existing tax regulations. 3. Accidentalia This element will bind the parties if agreed. For example, prohibition, default, compensation, fine, interest, termination of the contract, _force majeure_, insurance, and dispute settlement. For example: in a contract, the parties agree that the settlement of contract disputes will be settled through arbitration. Consequently, the parties are unable to propose settlements of said cases outside of what has been agreed. These three elements are set out in a contract based on needs so that the common purpose and goals of the parties can be properly accommodated. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Indonesian Civil Code](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata). References: 1. Agus Yudha Hernoko, _Hukum Perjanjian: Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial_, Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia, 2014; 2. P.S. Atiyah, _An Introduction to the Law of Contract_, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996; 3. R. Subekti, _Hukum Perjanjian_, Jakarta: Intermasa, 1987; 4. Ridwan Khairandy, _Hukum Kontrak Indonesia dalam Perspektif Perbandingan,_ Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2013; 5. Y. Sogar Simamora, _Buku Ajar: Teknik Perancangan Kontrak_, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, 2006. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) R. Subekti, _Hukum Perjanjian_, Jakarta: Intermasa, 1987, p. 1. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) P.S. Atiyah, _An Introduction to the Law of Contract_, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 2. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Agus Yudha Hernoko, _Hukum Perjanjian: Asas Proporsionalitas dalam Kontrak Komersial_, Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia, 2014, p. 21. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Y. Sogar Simamora, _Buku Ajar: Teknik Perancangan Kontrak_, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Airlangga, 2006, p. 51. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Ridwan Khairandy, _Hukum Kontrak Indonesia dalam Perspektif Perbandingan,_ Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2013, p. 48. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Apakah Binomo Legal di Indonesia? which was written by Erizka Permatasari and was published on Thursday, 17 February 2022.This article below is an update of the article entitled Legality of Binomo in Indonesia (Legalitas Binomo di Indonesia) which was first written by Ricky Pratomo and was first published on Wednesday, 28 November 2018. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.Before addressing whether Binomo is legal, we will first explain what online trading brokers are in the form of Binomo and Forex.What is Binomo?Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas According to our research, Binomo is a trading platform that can generate money through the increase or decrease of foreign exchange (forex) rates, stock prices, cryptocurrencies, and commodities.In a brief summary, Binomo is a platform for binary option trading. An option is a way to participate in the trading of financial services without the possession of actual portfolio assets (derivative transactions), i.e. by guessing changes in the price of a portfolio asset.[1]Meanwhile, binary option trading is an option trading by guessing only 2 (two) available possibilities, namely the possibility of portfolio assets that might increase or decrease (yes or no proposition).[2] For example, currently per USD 1 is equivalent to IDR 14,500. What about the price prediction for tomorrow? We are presented with the choice of whether tomorrow the value of USD 1 will be higher or lower than IDR 14,500. If our option prediction is correct, then we will get a number of advantages.What is Forex?Forex is an acronym for foreign exchange.[3] In general, forex trading is the exchange of foreign exchange which is carried out in a foreign exchange market with the aim of making a profit from the difference between buying and selling.[4]Forex trading is different from binary options. In forex trading, price movements in the forex market are influenced by many factors which include conditions around the world. Therefore, price movements and forex market conditions can be predicted using technical analysis and fundamental analysis.However, if a forex transaction is undertaken by guessing whether the foreign exchange rate will increase (strengthen) or decrease (weaker), then the transaction can be categorized as option trading.Legal Basis for Futures Option TradingPrior to going into the discussion of whether Binomo is legal in Indonesia, according to out research, trading in binary options and foreign exchange falls into the category of options for futures contracts.A futures contract is a form of standard contract for the purchase or sale of commodities with a later-settlement as stipulated in a futures exchange-traded contract.[5]Futures exchanges are business entities that organize and provide systems and/or facilities for the sale and purchase of commodities based on futures contracts, sharia derivative contracts, and/or other derivative contracts.[6]The legal basis for futures contract options can be found under:Law 32/1997 as amended by Law 10/2011;Government Regulation 49/2014;CoFTRA Regulation 3/2018.Citizens that conduct option transactions for futures contracts through trading brokers that meet the requirements are:those who are Limited Liability Companies;[7]those who are members of the futures exchange;[8]those who own a futures brokerage license from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (“CoFTRA”).[9] Business licenses shall only be granted to futures exchange members who possess financial integrity, good business reputations, and professional skills.[10]If the company does not have a futures brokerage license from CoFTRA, then the brokerage company is threatened with imprisonment for a minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 10 years and a minimum fine of IDR 10 billion, and a maximum of IDR 20 billion.[11]Then, what about investors who invest through brokers who have not got CoFTRA futures brokerage? Are there legal consequences?Throughout our research, there are no legal consequences for persons who invest through unlicensed brokers. However, it should be understood that the invested money is not guaranteed by the Indonesian government. Should there be any fraud occurs, it becomes the legal responsibility of the investor.Is Binomo Legal in Indonesia?There are several aspects that can be considered whether Binomo has legitimacy in Indonesia or not, one of which is securing a broker business license from CoFTRA.Referring to the Futures Brokers page, Binomo is not registered in the futures broker list that has secured license numbers from CoFTRA.If a broker or futures trading broker does not have a business license, then it is said to be illegal according to the provisions of the laws and regulations. Therefore, in order to answer your question as to whether Binomo is legal, Binomo is illegal in Indonesia. CoFTRA also affirmed that Binomo is illegal in Indonesia.As a preventive measure, we recommend that you conduct transactions through brokers who have obtained brokerage business licenses from CoFTRA.Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 32 of 1997 on Commodity Futures Trading as amended by Law Number 10 of 2011 on Amendment to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading;Government Regulation Number 49 of 2014 on Implementation of Commodity Futures Trading;Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency Number 3 of 2018 on Futures Brokerage License and Approval for Opening of Futures Broken Branch Office.References:A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S., Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone);Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide, Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone);Futures Broker, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 12.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). [1] A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S., Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone).[2] A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S., Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone).[3] Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide, Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone).[4] Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide, Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone).[5] Article 1 Section (5) Law Number 10 of 2011 on Amendment to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading (“Law 10/2011”).[6] Article 1 Section (6) Law 10/2011.[7] Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011.[8] Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011.[9] Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011.[10] Article 31 Section (2) Law 10/2011.[11] Article 70 Section (1) Law 10/2011.Tagsklinik english edition
What is the legality of online trading brokers that are often endorsed or promoted by Youtubers such as Binomo or Forex? Is it legal in Indonesia? Are there any laws and regulations for this? Can people be punished if it is illegal?
There are several aspects that can be considered to determine whether Binomo is legal in Indonesia or not, one of which is whether there is a brokerage license from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (“CoFTRA”). Referring to the Futures Brokers page, Binomo is not registered as a list of futures brokers who have obtained license numbers from CoFTRA. If a broker or futures broker does not have a business license, then the broker or futures broker is not legal according to the law. Please read the review below for a further explanation.   Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/is-binomo-legal-in-indonesia--lt63c23305d65c4/
Is Binomo legal in Indonesia?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Apakah Binomo Legal di Indonesia?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-binomo-legal-di-indonesia-lt5bee760dea39e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=binomo_legal) which was written by [**Erizka Permatasari**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5f8445b8eca72/) and was published on Thursday, 17 February 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled **Legality of Binomo in Indonesia (Legalitas Binomo di Indonesia)** which was first written by [**Ricky Pratomo**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/ricky-pratomo--sh-lt580f1f20c59df) and was first published on Wednesday, 28 November 2018. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Before addressing whether Binomo is legal, we will first explain what online trading brokers are in the form of Binomo and Forex. ### **What is Binomo?** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) According to our research, Binomo is a trading platform that can generate money through the increase or decrease of foreign exchange (forex) rates, stock prices, cryptocurrencies, and commodities. In a brief summary, Binomo is a platform for binary option trading. An option is a way to participate in the trading of financial services without the possession of actual portfolio assets (derivative transactions), i.e. **by guessing changes in the price of a portfolio asset**.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Meanwhile, binary option trading is an option trading by guessing only 2 (two) available possibilities, namely the possibility of portfolio assets that might increase or decrease (yes or no proposition).[\[2\]](#_ftn2) For example, currently per USD 1 is equivalent to IDR 14,500. What about the price prediction for tomorrow? We are presented with the choice of whether tomorrow the value of USD 1 will be higher or lower than IDR 14,500. If our option prediction is correct, then we will get a number of advantages. ### **What is Forex?** Forex is an acronym for foreign exchange.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) In general, forex trading is the exchange of foreign exchange which is carried out in a foreign exchange market with the aim of making a profit from the difference between buying and selling.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Forex trading is different from binary options. In forex trading, price movements in the forex market are influenced by many factors which include conditions around the world. Therefore, price movements and forex market conditions can be predicted using technical analysis and fundamental analysis. However, if a forex transaction is undertaken by guessing whether the foreign exchange rate will increase (strengthen) or decrease (weaker), then the transaction can be categorized as option trading. ### **Legal Basis for Futures Option Trading** Prior to going into the discussion of whether Binomo is legal in Indonesia, according to out research, trading in binary options and foreign exchange falls into the category of options for futures contracts. A futures contract is a form of standard contract for the purchase or sale of commodities with a later-settlement as stipulated in a futures exchange-traded contract.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Futures exchanges are business entities that organize and provide systems and/or facilities for the sale and purchase of commodities based on futures contracts, sharia derivative contracts, and/or other derivative contracts.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) The legal basis for futures contract options can be found under: 1. [**Law 32/1997**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/493/undangundang-nomor-32-tahun-1997/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_32_1997) as amended by [**Law 10/2011**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ed70ca19332d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_10_2011); 2. [**Government Regulation 49/2014**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt53e1f4f900bce/node/58/pp-no-49-tahun-2014-penyelenggaraan-perdagangan-berjangka-komoditi?PHPSESSID=6rphg2sfmd3j2cphem7o5dmbq6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_49_2014); 3. [**CoFTRA Regulation 3/2018**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5b8f5f08cf44e/node/peraturan-badan-pengawas-perdagangan-berjangka-komoditi-no-3-tahun-2018-izin-usaha-pialang-berjangka-dan-persetujuan-pembukaan-kantor-cabang-pialang-berjangka?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bappebti_3_2018). Citizens that conduct option transactions for futures contracts through trading brokers that meet the requirements are: 1. those who are Limited Liability Companies;[\[7\]](#_ftn7) 2. those who are members of the futures exchange;[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 3. those who own a **futures brokerage license from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (“CoFTRA”)**.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Business licenses shall only be granted to futures exchange members who possess financial integrity, good business reputations, and professional skills.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) If the company does not have a futures brokerage license from CoFTRA, then the brokerage company is threatened with imprisonment for a minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 10 years and a minimum fine of IDR 10 billion, and a maximum of IDR 20 billion.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Then, what about investors who invest through brokers who have not got CoFTRA futures brokerage? Are there legal consequences? Throughout our research, there are no legal consequences for persons who invest through unlicensed brokers. However, it should be understood that the invested money is not guaranteed by the Indonesian government. Should there be any fraud occurs, it becomes the legal responsibility of the investor. ### **Is Binomo Legal in Indonesia?** There are several aspects that can be considered whether Binomo has legitimacy in Indonesia or not, one of which is securing a broker business license from CoFTRA. Referring to the [**Futures Brokers**](https://bappebti.go.id/pialang_berjangka) page, Binomo is not registered in the futures broker list that has secured license numbers from CoFTRA. If a broker or futures trading broker does not have a business license, then it is said to be illegal according to the provisions of the laws and regulations. Therefore, in order to answer your question as to whether Binomo is legal, Binomo is illegal in Indonesia. CoFTRA also affirmed that Binomo is illegal in Indonesia. As a preventive measure, we recommend that you conduct transactions through brokers who have obtained brokerage business licenses from CoFTRA. Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 32 of 1997 on Commodity Futures Trading](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/493/undangundang-nomor-32-tahun-1997/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_32_1997) as amended by [Law Number 10 of 2011 on Amendment to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ed70ca19332d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_10_2011); 2. [Government Regulation Number 49 of 2014 on Implementation of Commodity Futures Trading](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt53e1f4f900bce/node/58/pp-no-49-tahun-2014-penyelenggaraan-perdagangan-berjangka-komoditi?PHPSESSID=6rphg2sfmd3j2cphem7o5dmbq6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_49_2014); 3. [Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency Number 3 of 2018 on Futures Brokerage License and Approval for Opening of Futures Broken Branch Office](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5b8f5f08cf44e/node/peraturan-badan-pengawas-perdagangan-berjangka-komoditi-no-3-tahun-2018-izin-usaha-pialang-berjangka-dan-persetujuan-pembukaan-kantor-cabang-pialang-berjangka?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bappebti_3_2018). References: 1. _[A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S.](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/061114/guide-trading-binary-options-us.asp),_ Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone); 2. [_Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide_](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/11/why-trade-forex.asp)_,_ Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone); 3. [_Futures Broker_](https://bappebti.go.id/pialang_berjangka)_,_ accessed on 15 February 2022, at 12.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) [_A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S._](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/061114/guide-trading-binary-options-us.asp), Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) _A Guide to Trading Binary Options in the U.S._, Investopedia, accessed on15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) [_Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide_](https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/11/why-trade-forex.asp), Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) _Forex Trading: A Beginner’s Guide_, Investopedia, accessed on 15 February 2022, at 10.00 West Indonesia Time (zone). [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Article 1 Section (5) [**Law Number 10 of 2011** **on Amendment to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ed70ca19332d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_10_2011) **(“Law 10/2011”)**. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Article 1 Section (6) Law 10/2011. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Article 31 Section (1) Law 10/2011. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Article 31 Section (2) Law 10/2011. [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Article 70 Section (1) Law 10/2011. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPKLINIK TERKAITJerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Pencurian Cagar Budaya23 Mei 2019Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 10 Oktober 2016Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Perbuatan Merusak BarangKetentuan mengenai tindak pidana perusakan dan penghancuran barang diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan[1] yakni pada tahun 2026, yaitu:Pasal 406 KUHPPasal 521 UU 1/2023Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum menghancurkan, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun delapan bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta. [2]Dijatuhkan pidana yang sama terhadap orang yang dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum membunuh, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat digunakan atau menghilangkan hewan, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain.Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum merusak, menghancurkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai, atau menghilangkan barang yang gedung atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV yaitu Rp200 juta.[3]Jika tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) mengakibatkan kerugian yang nilainya tidak lebih dari Rp 500 ribu pelaku tindak pidana dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[4Unsur-unsur dari Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP, yaitu:Barang siapa;Dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum;Melakukan perbuatan menghancurkan, merusakkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu;Barang tersebut seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah milik orang lain.R. Soesilo dalam buku Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 279) terkait Pasal 406 KUHP menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum harus dibuktikan:Bahwa terdakwa telah membinasakan, merusakkan, membuat sehingga tidak dapat dipakai lagi atau menghilangkan sesuatu barang;Bahwa pembinasaan dan sebagainya itu harus dilakukan dengan sengaja dan dengan melawan hak;Bahwa barang itu harus sama sekali atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain.Kemudian dijelaskan juga lebih lanjut, yang dimaksud dengan:Membinasakan adalah menghancurkan atau merusak, misalnya membanting gelas, cangkir, tempat bunga, sehingga hancur.Merusakkan adalah kurang dari membinasakan, misalnya memukul gelas, piring, cangkir dan sebagainya, tidak sampai hancur, akan tetapi hanya pecah sedikit dan retak atau hanya putus pegangannya.Membuat sehingga tidak bisa dipakai lagi adalah tindakan itu harus sedemikian rupa, sehingga barang itu tidak dapat diperbaiki lagi. Melepaskan roda kendaraan dengan mengulir sekrupnya, belum berarti tidak bisa dipakai lagi, karena dengan cara memasang kembali roda itu masih bisa di pakai.Menghilangkan yaitu membuat sehingga barang itu tidak ada lagi, misalnya dibakar sampai habis, dibuang di laut sehingga hilang.Barang adalah barang terangkat, maupun barang yang tidak terangkat; binatang tidak termasuk di sini, karena diatur tersendiri pada ayat 2.Untuk dapat dipidana dengan Pasal 406 KUHP di atas, maka harus dipenuhi semua unsur-unsur pasal tersebut.Baca juga: Pasal 406 KUHP, Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku PerusakanPerbuatan Merusak Barang dalam Lingkup KeluargaR. Soesilo dalam buku tersebut mengatakan bahwa merusak dalam lingkup keluarga tunduk pada Pasal 367 jo. 411 KUHP yang merupakan delik aduan, yaitu:Pasal 411 KUHP:Ketentuan Pasal 367 diterapkan bagi kejahatan yang dirumuskan dalam bab ini.Pasal 367 KUHP:Jika pembuat atau pembantu dari salah satu kejahatan dalam bab ini adalah suami/istri dan orang yang terkena kejahatan dan tidak terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, maka terhadap pembuat atau pembantu itu tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana. Jika dia adalah suami/istri yang terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau jika dia adalah keluarga sedarah atau semenda, baik dalam garis lurus maupun garis menyimpang derajat kedua, maka terhadap orang itu hanya mungkin diadakan penuntutan jika ada pengaduan yang terkena kejahatan. Jika menurut lembaga matriarkal, kekuasaan bapak dilakukan oleh orang lain daripada bapak kandung (sendiri), maka ketentuan ayat di atas berlaku juga bagi orang itu.R. Soesilo, dalam menjelaskan Pasal 367 KUHP (hal. 255), mengatakan bahwa perbuatan kejahatan yang dilakukan terhadap suami atau istri tidak dihukum, karena kedua orang itu sama-sama memiliki harta benda suami-istri. Hal ini didasarkan pula atas alasan tata susila. Tidak pantas apabila dua orang yang telah terikat dalam suatu hubungan suami istri, dalam suatu pertalian perkawinan diadu oleh penuntut umum satu sama lainnya di muka sidang pengadilan. Baik mereka yang tunduk pada KUH Perdata maupun yang tunduk pada hukum adat, dan hukum Islam selama tali perkawinan itu belum putus maka pencurian (dalam hal ini pengrusakan) antara suami istri tidak dituntut.Ketentuan tersebut juga diatur dalam Pasal 481 jo. 526 UU 1/2023, yaitu:Pasal 526 UU 1/2023Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 481 berlaku juga bagi tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 521 sampai dengan Pasal 525.Pasal 481 UU 1/2023Penuntutan pidana tidak dilakukan jika yang melakukan salah satu tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 476 sampai dengan Pasal 479 merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau tidak terpisah harta kekayaan. Penuntutan pidana hanya dapat dilakukan atas pengaduan korban jika pelaku sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau merupakan keluarga sedarah atau semenda baik dalam garis lurus maupun dalam garis menyamping sampai derajat kedua. Dalam masyarakat yang menggunakan sistem matriarkat, pengaduan dapat juga dilakukan oleh orang lain yang menjalankan kekuasaan ayah.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasakan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, sebagai istri yang dengan sengaja merusak mobil suami tidak dapat dipidana selama perkawinan Anda tidak putus meskipun perbuatan tersebut dilakukan dengan sengaja.Contoh KasusSebagai contoh kasus pengrusakan barang milik suami atau istri terdapat pada Putusan PN Bangko No. 54/Pid.B/2013/PN.BK. Terdakwa telah melakukan perbuatan pencurian tabung gas LPG 12 kg, merusak gelas, piring milik mertuanya dan membakar baju-baju milik istrinya (hal. 3). Mengenai perbuatan terdakwa yang membakar baju milik istrinya menurut majelis hakim tidak dapat dipidana karena mereka masih terikat perkawinan. Hakim menyatakan perbuatan tersebut bukan merupakan tidak pidana (hal. 19). Tetapi, terdakwa dipidana karena terbuti bersalah telah melakukan pencurian tabung gas LPG 12 kg serta membanting gelas dan piring milik mertuanya. Karena perbuatannya tersebut, terdakwa dijatuhi pidana penjara selama 1 tahun (hal. 21).Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaatDASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHPPUTUSANPutusan Pengadilan Negeri Bangko Nomor 54/Pid.B/2013/PN.BKREFERENSIR.Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Politeia: Bogor, 1996.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023Tagshukumhukumonlinekeluarga dan perkawinanklinikklinik hukumonlinekuhpkuhp baruperkawinanpidana
Suami tidak pernah mengizinkan istri untuk memakai mobil yang dibeli ketika mereka sudah berumah tangga. Lalu si istri dengan sengaja merusak mobil tersebut, kemudian suami melaporkan hal pengrusakan tersebut ke polisi, apakah si istri bisa dipidanakan?
Dalam ketentuan KUHP lama dan KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, perusakan yang dilakukan oleh suami atau istri yang terikat hubungan perkawinan tidak dapat dipidana. Dipidana apabila hubungan perkawinan tersebut sudah putus atau bercerai. Bagaimana bunyi pasalnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Pencurian Cagar Budaya23 Mei 2019Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP27 Jan 2023Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti 09 Jan 2023Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Pencurian Cagar Budaya23 Mei 2019Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Pindah Kewarganegaraan WNI Menjadi WNA25 Mar 2024Baca Tips Ini Sebelum Menggunakan Karya Cipta Milik Umum28 Feb 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bisakah-dipidana-apabila-sengaja-merusak-mobil-suami-lt57f26af199a32/
Bisakah Dipidana Apabila Sengaja Merusak Mobil Suami?
pages/179/page-0.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP ](/klinik/a/jerat-pasal-perusakan-barang-milik-orang-lain-dalam-kuhp-lt507c193a38a75/) ![Jerat Pasal Perusakan Barang Milik Orang Lain dalam KUHP](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt507c193a38a75/thumbnail_lt63d387f8cb048.jpg) 27 Jan 2023 [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti ](/klinik/a/hukumnya-menuduh-orang-melakukan-tindak-pidana-tanpa-bukti-lt5c580a5ca3ae3/) ![Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5c580a5ca3ae3/thumbnail_lt63bbe7d2da09d.jpg) 09 Jan 2023 [ #### Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Pencurian Cagar Budaya ](/klinik/a/tindak-pidana-perusakan-dan-pencurian-cagar-budaya-lt5ce61fb3a3ea2/) ![Tindak Pidana Perusakan dan Pencurian Cagar Budaya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ce61fb3a3ea2/thumbnail_lt5ce621274f502.jpg) 23 Mei 2019 [](#!) Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 10 Oktober 2016** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Perbuatan Merusak Barang** Ketentuan mengenai tindak pidana perusakan dan penghancuran barang diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026, yaitu: **Pasal 406 KUHP** **Pasal 521 UU 1/2023** 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum menghancurkan, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun delapan bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta. [\[2\]](#_ftn2) 2. Dijatuhkan pidana yang sama terhadap orang yang dengan sengaja dan melawan hukum membunuh, merusakkan, membikin tak dapat digunakan atau menghilangkan hewan, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian milik orang lain. 1. Setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum merusak, menghancurkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai, atau menghilangkan barang yang gedung atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV yaitu Rp200 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 2. Jika tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) mengakibatkan kerugian yang nilainya tidak lebih dari Rp 500 ribu pelaku tindak pidana dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[\[4](#_ftn4) Unsur-unsur dari **Pasal 406 ayat (1) KUHP**, yaitu: 1. Barang siapa; 2. **Dengan sengaja** dan melawan hukum; 3. Melakukan perbuatan menghancurkan, merusakkan, membuat tidak dapat dipakai atau menghilangkan barang sesuatu; 4. Barang tersebut seluruhnya atau sebagian adalah milik orang lain. **R. Soesilo** dalam buku _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal. 279) terkait Pasal 406 KUHP menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum harus dibuktikan: 1. Bahwa terdakwa telah membinasakan, merusakkan, membuat sehingga tidak dapat dipakai lagi atau menghilangkan sesuatu barang; 2. Bahwa pembinasaan dan sebagainya itu harus dilakukan dengan sengaja dan dengan melawan hak; 3. Bahwa barang itu harus sama sekali atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain. Kemudian dijelaskan juga lebih lanjut, yang dimaksud dengan: 1. **Membinasakan** adalah menghancurkan atau merusak, misalnya membanting gelas, cangkir, tempat bunga, sehingga hancur. 2. **Merusakkan** adalah kurang dari membinasakan, misalnya memukul gelas, piring, cangkir dan sebagainya, tidak sampai hancur, akan tetapi hanya pecah sedikit dan retak atau hanya putus pegangannya. 3. **Membuat sehingga tidak bisa dipakai lagi** adalah tindakan itu harus sedemikian rupa, sehingga barang itu tidak dapat diperbaiki lagi. Melepaskan roda kendaraan dengan mengulir sekrupnya, belum berarti tidak bisa dipakai lagi, karena dengan cara memasang kembali roda itu masih bisa di pakai. 4. **Menghilangkan** yaitu membuat sehingga barang itu tidak ada lagi, misalnya dibakar sampai habis, dibuang di laut sehingga hilang. 5. **Barang** adalah barang terangkat, maupun barang yang tidak terangkat; binatang tidak termasuk di sini, karena diatur tersendiri pada ayat 2. Untuk dapat dipidana dengan Pasal 406 KUHP di atas, maka harus dipenuhi semua unsur-unsur pasal tersebut. **Baca juga:** **[Pasal 406 KUHP, Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku Perusakan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pasal-406-kuhp-jerat-hukum-bagi-pelaku-perusakan-lt507c193a38a75?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pasal_406_kuhp)** ### **Perbuatan Merusak Barang dalam Lingkup Keluarga** R. Soesilo dalam buku tersebut mengatakan bahwa merusak dalam lingkup keluarga tunduk pada **Pasal 367 _jo_. 411 KUHP** yang merupakan delik aduan, yaitu: **Pasal 411 KUHP:** Ketentuan Pasal 367 diterapkan bagi kejahatan yang dirumuskan dalam bab ini. **Pasal 367 KUHP:** 1. Jika pembuat atau pembantu dari salah satu kejahatan dalam bab ini adalah suami/istri dan orang yang terkena kejahatan dan tidak terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, maka terhadap pembuat atau pembantu itu tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana. 2. Jika dia adalah suami/istri yang terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau jika dia adalah keluarga sedarah atau semenda, baik dalam garis lurus maupun garis menyimpang derajat kedua, maka terhadap orang itu hanya mungkin diadakan penuntutan jika ada pengaduan yang terkena kejahatan. 3. Jika menurut lembaga matriarkal, kekuasaan bapak dilakukan oleh orang lain daripada bapak kandung (sendiri), maka ketentuan ayat di atas berlaku juga bagi orang itu. R. Soesilo, dalam menjelaskan Pasal 367 KUHP (hal. 255), mengatakan bahwa perbuatan kejahatan yang dilakukan terhadap suami atau istri **tidak dihukum**, karena kedua orang itu sama-sama memiliki harta benda suami-istri. Hal ini didasarkan pula atas alasan tata susila. Tidak pantas apabila dua orang yang telah terikat dalam suatu hubungan suami istri, dalam suatu pertalian perkawinan diadu oleh penuntut umum satu sama lainnya di muka sidang pengadilan. Baik mereka yang tunduk pada KUH Perdata maupun yang tunduk pada hukum adat, dan hukum Islam **selama tali perkawinan itu belum putus** maka pencurian (dalam hal ini pengrusakan) antara suami istri **tidak dituntut**. Ketentuan tersebut juga diatur dalam Pasal **481 _jo._ 526 UU 1/2023**, yaitu: **Pasal 526** **UU 1/2023** Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 481 berlaku juga bagi tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 521 sampai dengan Pasal 525. **Pasal 481 UU 1/2023** 1. Penuntutan pidana tidak dilakukan jika yang melakukan salah satu tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 476 sampai dengan Pasal 479 merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau tidak terpisah harta kekayaan. 2. Penuntutan pidana hanya dapat dilakukan atas pengaduan korban jika pelaku sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau merupakan keluarga sedarah atau semenda baik dalam garis lurus maupun dalam garis menyamping sampai derajat kedua. 3. Dalam masyarakat yang menggunakan sistem matriarkat, pengaduan dapat juga dilakukan oleh orang lain yang menjalankan kekuasaan ayah. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasakan keterangan yang Anda sampaikan, sebagai istri yang dengan sengaja merusak mobil suami tidak dapat dipidana selama perkawinan Anda tidak putus meskipun perbuatan tersebut dilakukan dengan sengaja. ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai contoh kasus pengrusakan barang milik suami atau istri terdapat pada **[Putusan PN Bangko No. 54/Pid.B/2013/PN.BK](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/e5b215498bec4cd57c5436e2010ff302)**. Terdakwa telah melakukan perbuatan pencurian tabung gas LPG 12 kg, merusak gelas, piring milik mertuanya dan membakar baju-baju milik istrinya (hal. 3). Mengenai perbuatan terdakwa yang membakar baju milik istrinya menurut majelis hakim tidak dapat dipidana karena mereka masih terikat perkawinan. Hakim menyatakan perbuatan tersebut bukan merupakan tidak pidana (hal. 19). Tetapi, terdakwa dipidana karena terbuti bersalah telah melakukan pencurian tabung gas LPG 12 kg serta membanting gelas dan piring milik mertuanya. Karena perbuatannya tersebut, terdakwa dijatuhi pidana penjara selama 1 tahun (hal. 21). Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bangko Nomor 54/Pid.B/2013/PN.BK](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/e5b215498bec4cd57c5436e2010ff302) REFERENSI --------- R.Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal._ Politeia: Bogor, 1996. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012)  [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [keluarga dan perkawinan](/tag/keluarga-dan-perkawinan) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [perkawinan](/tag/perkawinan) [pidana](/tag/pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Definisi Uang PisahPengertian uang pisah memang tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan maupun seluruh peraturan turunannya. Namun secara implisit, dapat kami simpulkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan uang pisah adalah pembayaran uang dari pengusaha kepada karyawan sebagai akibat adanya Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (“PHK”) yang disebabkan karena alasan-alasan tertentu yang besarannya diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama.KLINIK TERKAITAturan PHK karena Sakit Tanpa Surat Dokter17 Mei 2024Bolehkah PHK Karyawan Cuti Melahirkan karena Efisiensi?11 Agt 2023Tata Cara PHK dan Penyelesaian Perselisihannya07 Nov 2022Bolehkah Mem-PHK Pekerja yang Menolak Dimutasi?09 Feb 2022Baca juga: Poin Penting yang Menjadi Sorotan dalam Perppu Cipta Kerja Kewajiban Perusahaan Membayar Uang Pisah Penyebab perusahaan harus membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya adalah sebagai berikut.[1]adanya putusan dari lembaga penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial yang permohonan perkaranya diajukan oleh pekerja yang menyatakan bahwa pengusaha tidak melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 36 huruf g PP 35/2021;pekerja mengundurkan diri atas kemauan sendiri dan memenuhi syarat pengunduran diri sebagaimana diatur Pasal 36 huruf i PP 35/2021;pekerja mangkir selama 5 hari kerja atau lebih berturut-turut tanpa keterangan secara tertulis yang dilengkapi dengan bukti yang sah dan telah dipanggil oleh pengusaha 2 kali secara patut dan tertulis;pekerja melakukan pelanggaran bersifat mendesak yang diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama; ataupekerja tidak dapat melakukan pekerjaan selama 6 bulan akibat ditahan pihak yang berwajib karena diduga melakukan tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 36 huruf l PP 35/2021 yang menyebabkan kerugian perusahaan.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas  Uang Pisah untuk Karyawan ResignMasuk kepada inti pertanyaan, apabila perusahaan tiba-tiba memutuskan untuk menghilangkan uang pisah dan tidak mau memberikan memo tertulis terkait hal tersebut kepada karyawannya, tindakan tersebut tidak serta merta menggugurkan kewajiban perusahaan untuk membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya yang resign. Hal tersebut dikarenakan, berdasarkan PP 35/2021 uang pisah adalah hak dari karyawan yang harus dibayarkan oleh perusahaan.Oleh karenanya, ada atau tidaknya aturan tentang pemberian uang pisah dalam perjanjian kerja, perjanjian kerja bersama atau peraturan perusahaan, tetap mewajibkan perusahaan membayar uang pisah kepada karyawan yang resign dari perusahaan. Perusahaan tidak bisa mengabaikan pemberian uang pisah tersebut meskipun telah menghilangkannya dari peraturan yang sudah ada sebelumnya.Hanya saja untuk memperoleh uang pisah, karyawan yang akan resign harus memperhatikan syarat-syarat pengunduran diri sebagai berikut.[2]mengajukan permohonan pengunduran diri secara tertulis selambat-lambatnya 30 hari sebelum tanggal mulai pengunduran diri;tidak terikat dalam ikatan dinas; dantetap melaksanakan kewajibannya sampai tanggal mulai pengunduran diri.Apabila syarat-syarat pengunduran diri tersebut di atas tidak terpenuhi, kami berpendapat perusahaan tidak wajib untuk membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya.Baca juga: 3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan IndustrialOleh karenanya karyawan yang resign dari perusahaan, berhak atas uang pisah. Apabila perusahaan bersikeras tidak memberikan uang pisah, karyawan dapat menuntut haknya kepada perusahaan sesuai mekanisme penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial. Dengan demikian, Anda tidak perlu khawatir apabila perusahaan tiba-tiba memutuskan bahwa uang pisah dihilangkan. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang KetenagakerjaanPeraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta KerjaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja[1] Pasal 49, Pasal 50, Pasal 51, Pasal 52 ayat (2), dan Pasal 54 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (“PP 35/2021”)[2] Pasal 36 huruf i PP 35/2021Tagshukum ketenagakerjaankaryawankaryawan resignperselisihan hubungan industrialphk
Jika perusahaan tiba-tiba memutuskan bahwa uang pisah dihilangkan, tapi tidak mau memberikan memo tertulis tentang itu, bisakah karyawan menuntut uang pisah tersebut saat resign? Terima kasih.
Perusahaan diwajibkan untuk memberikan uang pisah kepada karyawan yang resign. Hal ini telah dijamin dan dilindungi oleh undang-undang yakni diatur pada PP 35/2021. Sehingga apabila perusahaan melanggarnya, karyawan dapat menuntut haknya kepada perusahaan sesuai mekanisme penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Aturan PHK karena Sakit Tanpa Surat Dokter17 Mei 2024Bolehkah PHK Karyawan Cuti Melahirkan karena Efisiensi?11 Agt 2023Tata Cara PHK dan Penyelesaian Perselisihannya07 Nov 2022Bolehkah Mem-PHK Pekerja yang Menolak Dimutasi?09 Feb 2022Aturan PHK karena Sakit Tanpa Surat Dokter17 Mei 2024Bolehkah PHK Karyawan Cuti Melahirkan karena Efisiensi?11 Agt 2023Tata Cara PHK dan Penyelesaian Perselisihannya07 Nov 2022Bolehkah Mem-PHK Pekerja yang Menolak Dimutasi?09 Feb 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/dasar-kewajiban-perusahaan-bayar-uang-pisah-ke-karyawan-lt62dfaa0241eb2/
Dasar Kewajiban Perusahaan Bayar Uang Pisah ke Karyawan
pages/179/page-1.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### **Definisi Uang Pisah** Pengertian uang pisah memang tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit dalam **[UU Ketenagakerjaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan)** maupun seluruh peraturan turunannya. Namun secara implisit, dapat kami simpulkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan uang pisah adalah pembayaran uang dari pengusaha kepada karyawan sebagai akibat adanya [Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/pemutusan-hubungan-kerja) (“PHK”) yang disebabkan karena alasan-alasan tertentu yang besarannya diatur dalam perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan atau perjanjian kerja bersama. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Aturan PHK karena Sakit Tanpa Surat Dokter ](/klinik/a/phk-karena-sakit-lt51aebde18c8d0/) ![Aturan PHK karena Sakit Tanpa Surat Dokter](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51aebde18c8d0/thumbnail_lt66471f923ab5c.jpg) 17 Mei 2024 [ #### Bolehkah PHK Karyawan Cuti Melahirkan karena Efisiensi? ](/klinik/a/phk-karyawan-cuti-melahirkan-lt5ef474cfad50f/) ![Bolehkah PHK Karyawan Cuti Melahirkan karena Efisiensi?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ef474cfad50f/thumbnail_lt64d611c4d9d84.jpg) 11 Agt 2023 [ #### Tata Cara PHK dan Penyelesaian Perselisihannya ](/klinik/a/tata-cara-phk-dan-penyelesaian-perselisihannya-lt544598a017569/) ![Tata Cara PHK dan Penyelesaian Perselisihannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt544598a017569/thumbnail_lt6368d528f220d.jpg) 07 Nov 2022 [ #### Bolehkah Mem-PHK Pekerja yang Menolak Dimutasi? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-mem-phk-pekerja-yang-menolak-dimutasi-lt62037c6a914ce/) ![Bolehkah Mem-PHK Pekerja yang Menolak Dimutasi?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62037c6a914ce/thumbnail_lt62037e362475a.jpg) 09 Feb 2022 [](#!) Baca juga: **[Poin Penting yang Menjadi Sorotan dalam Perppu Cipta Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/poin-penting-yang-menjadi-sorotan-dalam-perppu-cipta-kerja-lt63b3ed8b108bd?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=poin_ciptaker)** ### **Kewajiban** **Perusahaan Membayar** **U****ang Pisah** Penyebab perusahaan harus membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya adalah sebagai berikut.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. adanya putusan dari lembaga penyelesaian [perselisihan hubungan industrial](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perselisihan-hubungan-industrial) yang permohonan perkaranya diajukan oleh pekerja yang menyatakan bahwa pengusaha tidak melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam **Pasal 36 huruf g** [**PP 35/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021); 2. pekerja mengundurkan diri atas kemauan sendiri dan memenuhi syarat pengunduran diri sebagaimana diatur **Pasal 36 huruf i PP 35/2021**; 3. pekerja mangkir selama 5 hari kerja atau lebih berturut-turut tanpa keterangan secara tertulis yang dilengkapi dengan bukti yang sah dan telah dipanggil oleh pengusaha 2 kali secara patut dan tertulis; 4. pekerja melakukan pelanggaran bersifat mendesak yang diatur dalam [perjanjian kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja), [peraturan perusahaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/peraturan-perusahaan) atau [perjanjian kerja bersama](https://www.hukumonline.com/kamus/p/perjanjian-kerja-bersama); atau 5. pekerja tidak dapat melakukan pekerjaan selama 6 bulan akibat ditahan pihak yang berwajib karena diduga melakukan tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud **Pasal 36 huruf l** **PP 35/2021** yang menyebabkan kerugian perusahaan. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) ### **Uang Pisah untuk Karyawan _Resign_** Masuk kepada inti pertanyaan, apabila perusahaan tiba-tiba memutuskan untuk menghilangkan uang pisah dan tidak mau memberikan memo tertulis terkait hal tersebut kepada karyawannya, tindakan tersebut tidak serta merta menggugurkan kewajiban perusahaan untuk membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya yang _resign_. Hal tersebut dikarenakan, berdasarkan PP 35/2021 uang pisah adalah hak dari karyawan yang harus dibayarkan oleh perusahaan. Oleh karenanya, ada atau tidaknya aturan tentang pemberian uang pisah dalam perjanjian kerja, perjanjian kerja bersama atau peraturan perusahaan, tetap mewajibkan perusahaan membayar uang pisah kepada karyawan yang _resign_ dari perusahaan. Perusahaan tidak bisa mengabaikan pemberian uang pisah tersebut meskipun telah menghilangkannya dari peraturan yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Hanya saja untuk memperoleh uang pisah, karyawan yang akan _resign_ harus memperhatikan syarat-syarat pengunduran diri sebagai berikut.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. mengajukan permohonan pengunduran diri secara tertulis selambat-lambatnya 30 hari sebelum tanggal mulai pengunduran diri; 2. tidak terikat dalam ikatan dinas; dan 3. tetap melaksanakan kewajibannya sampai tanggal mulai pengunduran diri. Apabila syarat-syarat pengunduran diri tersebut di atas tidak terpenuhi, kami berpendapat perusahaan tidak wajib untuk membayar uang pisah kepada karyawannya. Baca juga: **[3 Mekanisme Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/3-mekanisme-penyelesaian-perselisihan-hubungan-industrial-lt4b82643d06be9?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=3_mekanisme_penyelesaian)** Oleh karenanya karyawan yang _resign_ dari perusahaan, berhak atas uang pisah. Apabila perusahaan bersikeras tidak memberikan uang pisah, karyawan dapat menuntut haknya kepada perusahaan sesuai mekanisme penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial. Dengan demikian, Anda tidak perlu khawatir apabila perusahaan tiba-tiba memutuskan bahwa uang pisah dihilangkan. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13146/undangundang-nomor-13-tahun-2003/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Ketenagakerjaan) Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b23fc23cfe4/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perppu_2_2022) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 49, Pasal 50, Pasal 51, Pasal 52 ayat (2), dan Pasal 54 ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60322c341518b/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-35-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_35_2021) (“PP 35/2021”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 36 huruf i PP 35/2021 Tags ---- [hukum ketenagakerjaan](/tag/hukum-ketenagakerjaan) [karyawan](/tag/karyawan) [karyawan resign](/tag/karyawan-resign) [perselisihan hubungan industrial](/tag/perselisihan-hubungan-industrial) [phk](/tag/phk)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITApakah Nikah Siri Bisa Digugat Cerai?22 Sep 2023Aturan dan Bentuk Perjanjian Perkawinan dalam Islam28 Jun 2023Bolehkah Memasukkan Klausul Kompensasi dalam Perjanjian Perkawinan? 20 Mei 2022Pencurian di Cottage, Termasuk Pencurian di ‘Rumah’?07 Agt 2020Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Erizka Permatasari, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 4 Agustus 2021.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Mengunggah Konten Pencemaran Nama Baik ke InternetPada dasarnya, mendistribusikan/mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik bermuatan penghinaan dan/atau pencemaran nama baik adalah perbuatan yang dilarang menurut Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE. Untuk menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan termasuk ke dalam perbuatan yang melanggar pasal tersebut, terdapat pedoman implementasi yang harus diperhatikan oleh aparat penegak hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam Lampiran SKB UU ITE (hal. 9-14), yang mengatur di antaranya:Pengertian muatan penghinaan dan/atau pencemaran nama baik merujuk dan tidak bisa dilepaskan dari ketentuan Pasal 310 dan Pasal 311 KUHP. Pasal 310 KUHP merupakan delik menyerang kehormatan seseorang dengan menuduhkan sesuatu agar diketahui umum. Sedangkan Pasal 311 KUHP berkaitan dengan perbuatan menuduh seseorang yang tuduhannya diketahui tidak benar oleh pelaku.Jika muatan yang ditransmisikan, didistribusikan, dan/atau dibuat dapat diakses tersebut berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi, atau sebuah kenyataan, maka hal tersebut bukan merupakan delik yang berkaitan dengan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE.Korban sebagai pelapor harus orang perseorangan dengan identitas spesifik, dan bukan institusi, korporasi, profesi, atau jabatan.Fokus pemidanaan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE bukan dititikberatkan pada perasaan korban, melainkan pada perbuatan pelaku yang dilakukan secara sengaja (dolus) dengan maksud mendistribusikan/mentransmisikan/membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi yang muatannya menyerang kehormatan seseorang dengan menuduhkan sesuatu hal supaya diketahui umum (Pasal 310 KUHP).Unsur “supaya diketahui umum” (dalam konteks transmisi, distribusi, dan/atau membuat dapat diakses) dalam unsur pokok (klacht delict) Pasal 310 dan Pasal 311 KUHP yang menjadi rujukan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE harus terpenuhi.Kriteria “supaya diketahui umum” dapat dipersamakan dengan “agar diketahui publik”. Umum atau publik sendiri dimaknai sebagai kumpulan orang banyak yang sebagian besar tidak saling mengenal.Kriteria “diketahui umum” bisa berupa unggahan pada akun sosial media dengan pengaturan bisa diakses publik, unggahan konten, atau mensyiarkan sesuatu pada aplikasi grup percakapan dengan sifat grup terbuka di mana siapapun bisa bergabung dalam grup percakapan, serta lalu lintas isi atau informasi tidak ada yang mengendalikan, siapapun bisa upload dan berbagi (share) ke luar, atau dengan kata lain tanpa adanya moderasi tertentu (open group).Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, meskipun konten tersebut diunggah pada akun sosial media dengan pengaturan bisa diakses publik, sehingga dapat diketahui umum, serta muatan yang disampaikan bukan berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi, atau sebuah kenyataan, tapi si pengunggah tidak bisa dijerat Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE mengingat pihak yang dicemarkan nama baiknya adalah bank yang merupakan korporasi, bukan perseorangan. Hal ini sesuai dengan bunyi Pasal 310 KUHP jo. Pasal 3 Perma 2/2012 yang menjadi dasar dari Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE, yaitu:Barang siapa sengaja menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik seseorang dengan menuduhkan sesuatu hal, yang maksudnya terang supaya hal itu diketahui umum, diancam karena pencemaran dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.Ketentuan serupa juga kembali ditegaskan dalam Penjelasan Pasal 433 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 bahwa objek tindak pidana pencemaran adalah orang perseorangan. Penistaan terhadap lembaga pemerintah atau sekelompok orang tidak termasuk ketentuan pasal ini.Baca juga: Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik Jika Suami Mengambil Saldo Rekening Istri Tanpa IzinPada dasarnya, Pasal 35 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan menegaskan bahwa harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan menjadi harta bersama. Namun, harta bawaan masing-masing dan harta benda yang diperoleh sebagai hadiah atau warisan berada di bawah penguasaan masing-masing sepanjang para pihak tidak menentukan lain.[2]Meski demikian, antara suami dan istri dimungkinkan terjadi pemisahan harta, sehingga harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan tidak menjadi harta bersama suami istri, sepanjang hal tersebut diatur dalam suatu perjanjian perkawinan.Baca juga: Harta Bersama Menurut Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif IndonesiaMenyambung pertanyaan Anda, dalam hal suami-istri terikat suatu perjanjian kawin yang mengakibatkan adanya pemisahan harta kekayaan di antara keduanya atau terpisah meja dan tempat tidur, suami atas aduan istri dapat dijerat atas tindak pidana pencurian yang diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 362Barang siapa mengambil barang sesuatu, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, diancam karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[3]  Pasal 476Setiap orang yang mengambil suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, dipidana karena pencurian, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[4]Pasal 367Jika pembuat atau pembantu dari salah satu kejahatan dalam bab ini adalah suami (istri) dan orang yang terkena kejahatan dan tidak terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, maka terhadap pembuat atau pembantu itu tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana.  Jika dia adalah suami (istri) yang terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau jika dia adalah keluarga sedarah atau semenda, baik dalam garis lurus maupun garis menyimpang derajat kedua, maka terhadap orang itu hanya mungkin diadakan penuntutan jika ada pengaduan yang terkena kejahatan.  Jika menurut lembaga matriarkal, kekuasaan bapak dilakukan oleh orang lain daripada bapak kandung (sendiri), maka ketentuan ayat di atas berlaku juga bagi orang itu. Pasal 481 Penuntutan pidana tidak dilakukan jika yang melakukan salah satu tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 476 sampai dengan Pasal 479 merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau tidak terpisah harta kekayaan.  Penuntutan pidana hanya dapat dilakukan atas pengaduan korban jika pelaku sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau merupakan keluarga sedarah atau semenda baik dalam garis lurus maupun dalam garis menyamping sampai derajat kedua.  Dalam masyarakat yang menggunakan sistem matriarkat, pengaduan dapat juga dilakukan oleh orang lain yang menjalankan kekuasaan ayah. Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, maka agar pihak suami dapat dituntut, antara suami-istri tersebut harus terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau pisah harta kekayaan, dan harus ada pengaduan dari istrinya selaku pihak yang terkena kejahatan. Jika tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau harta kekayaan, dan/atau tidak ada pengaduan, maka terhadap si suami sebagai pelaku tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikUndang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi ElektronikUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaKeputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 229, 154, KB/2/VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi atas Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 35 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [3] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023Tagsbankkeluarga dan perkawinankuhpnasabahperjanjian perkawinanpidanateknologiuu ite
Baru-baru ini, seseorang mem-posting tuduhan bahwa pihak bank tanpa persetujuan telah mengurangi saldo miliknya selaku nasabah di media sosialnya hingga viral. Tetapi, ternyata saldo tersebut bukan diambil oleh bank, melainkan diambil oleh suaminya sendiri. Bagaimana pandangan hukum mengenai peristiwa ini? Bisakah si pengunggah dijerat UU ITE? Lalu, apakah suaminya yang mengambil saldo si pengunggah bisa dipidana?
Agar pelaku pencemaran nama baik di internet dapat dijerat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE, korban haruslah merupakan orang perseorangan dengan identitas spesifik dan bukan institusi, korporasi, profesi, atau jabatan. Sementara, perbuatan suami yang mengambil saldo uang dalam rekening istri secara diam-diam dapat dijerat pidana atas pengaduan dari sang istri, dengan syarat antara suami-istri tersebut terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau pisah harta kekayaan. Bagaimana bunyi ketentuannya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Apakah Nikah Siri Bisa Digugat Cerai?22 Sep 2023Aturan dan Bentuk Perjanjian Perkawinan dalam Islam28 Jun 2023Bolehkah Memasukkan Klausul Kompensasi dalam Perjanjian Perkawinan? 20 Mei 2022Pencurian di Cottage, Termasuk Pencurian di ‘Rumah’?07 Agt 2020Apakah Nikah Siri Bisa Digugat Cerai?22 Sep 2023Aturan dan Bentuk Perjanjian Perkawinan dalam Islam28 Jun 2023Bolehkah Memasukkan Klausul Kompensasi dalam Perjanjian Perkawinan? 20 Mei 2022Pencurian di Cottage, Termasuk Pencurian di ‘Rumah’?07 Agt 2020Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/suami-diam-diam-tarik-saldo-rekening-istri-begini-hukumnya-lt610a849924e03/
Suami Diam-diam Tarik Saldo Rekening Istri, Begini Hukumnya
pages/179/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Apakah Nikah Siri Bisa Digugat Cerai? ](/klinik/a/apakah-nikah-siri-bisa-digugat-cerai-cl6534/) ![Apakah Nikah Siri Bisa Digugat Cerai?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl6534/thumbnail_lt63931b53b1f43.jpg) 22 Sep 2023 [ #### Aturan dan Bentuk Perjanjian Perkawinan dalam Islam ](/klinik/a/perjanjian-perkawinan-dalam-Islam-lt5ef9b31bddfd7/) ![Aturan dan Bentuk Perjanjian Perkawinan dalam Islam](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5ef9b31bddfd7/thumbnail_lt5ef9b57be6a99.jpg) 28 Jun 2023 [ #### Bolehkah Memasukkan Klausul Kompensasi dalam Perjanjian Perkawinan? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-memasukkan-klausul-kompensasi-dalam-perjanjian-perkawinan-lt62862fbae859f/) ![Bolehkah Memasukkan Klausul Kompensasi dalam Perjanjian Perkawinan? ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62862fbae859f/thumbnail_lt6286e833f362d.jpg) 20 Mei 2022 [ #### Pencurian di _Cottage_, Termasuk Pencurian di ‘Rumah’? ](/klinik/a/pencurian-di-icottage-i--termasuk-pencurian-di-rumah-lt5130b7a872390/) ![Pencurian di <i>Cottage</i>, Termasuk Pencurian di ‘Rumah’?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5130b7a872390/thumbnail_lt5f2d3a9410d71.jpg) 07 Agt 2020 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Erizka Permatasari, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/erizka-permatasari--sh-lt5ef9b440b2fc3) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 4 Agustus 2021.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Mengunggah Konten Pencemaran Nama Baik ke Internet** Pada dasarnya, mendistribusikan/mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik bermuatan **penghinaan dan/atau pencemaran nama baik** adalah perbuatan yang dilarang menurut **Pasal 27 ayat (3)** **[UU ITE](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite)**. Untuk menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan termasuk ke dalam perbuatan yang melanggar pasal tersebut, terdapat pedoman implementasi yang harus diperhatikan oleh aparat penegak hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam **Lampiran [SKB UU ITE](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=skb_uu_ite)** (hal. 9-14), yang mengatur di antaranya: 1. Pengertian muatan penghinaan dan/atau pencemaran nama baik **merujuk dan tidak bisa dilepaskan dari ketentuan Pasal 310 dan Pasal 311 [KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)**. Pasal 310 KUHP merupakan delik menyerang kehormatan seseorang dengan menuduhkan sesuatu agar diketahui umum. Sedangkan Pasal 311 KUHP berkaitan dengan perbuatan menuduh seseorang yang tuduhannya diketahui tidak benar oleh pelaku. 2. Jika muatan yang ditransmisikan, didistribusikan, dan/atau dibuat dapat diakses tersebut berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi, atau sebuah kenyataan, maka hal tersebut **bukan merupakan** delik yang berkaitan dengan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE. 3. **Korban sebagai pelapor harus orang perseorangan** dengan identitas spesifik, dan **bukan institusi, korporasi**, profesi, atau jabatan. 4. Fokus pemidanaan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE bukan dititikberatkan pada perasaan korban, melainkan pada perbuatan pelaku yang dilakukan secara sengaja (_dolus_) dengan maksud mendistribusikan/mentransmisikan/membuat dapat diaksesnya informasi yang muatannya menyerang kehormatan seseorang dengan **menuduhkan sesuatu hal supaya diketahui umum** (Pasal 310 KUHP). 5. Unsur “supaya diketahui umum” (dalam konteks transmisi, distribusi, dan/atau membuat dapat diakses) dalam unsur pokok (_klacht delict_) Pasal 310 dan Pasal 311 KUHP yang menjadi rujukan Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE **harus terpenuhi**. 6. Kriteria “supaya diketahui umum” dapat dipersamakan dengan “agar diketahui publik”. Umum atau publik sendiri dimaknai sebagai **kumpulan orang banyak yang sebagian besar tidak saling mengenal**. 7. Kriteria “diketahui umum” **bisa berupa unggahan pada akun sosial media dengan pengaturan bisa diakses publik**, unggahan konten, atau mensyiarkan sesuatu pada aplikasi grup percakapan dengan sifat grup terbuka di mana siapapun bisa bergabung dalam grup percakapan, serta lalu lintas isi atau informasi tidak ada yang mengendalikan, siapapun bisa _upload_ dan berbagi (_share_) ke luar, atau dengan kata lain tanpa adanya moderasi tertentu (_open group_). Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, meskipun konten tersebut diunggah pada akun sosial media dengan pengaturan bisa diakses publik, sehingga dapat diketahui umum, serta muatan yang disampaikan bukan berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi, atau sebuah kenyataan, tapi **si pengunggah tidak bisa dijerat Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE mengingat pihak yang dicemarkan nama baiknya adalah bank yang merupakan korporasi, bukan perseorangan**. Hal ini sesuai dengan bunyi Pasal 310 KUHP _jo._ Pasal 3 Perma 2/2012 yang menjadi dasar dari **Pasal 27 ayat (3) UU ITE**, yaitu: _Barang siapa sengaja menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik **seseorang** dengan menuduhkan sesuatu hal, yang maksudnya terang supaya hal itu diketahui umum, diancam karena pencemaran dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta._ Ketentuan serupa juga kembali ditegaskan dalam **Penjelasan** **Pasal 433 ayat (1)** [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 bahwa objek tindak pidana pencemaran adalah orang perseorangan. Penistaan terhadap lembaga pemerintah atau sekelompok orang tidak termasuk ketentuan pasal ini. Baca juga: **[Perbuatan yang Termasuk dalam Pasal Pencemaran Nama Baik](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-yang-termasuk-dalam-pasal-pencemaran-nama-baik-lt517f3d9f2544a?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pencemaran_nama_baik)** ### **Jika Suami Mengambil Saldo Rekening Istri Tanpa Izin** Pada dasarnya, **Pasal 35 ayat (1) [UU Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan)** menegaskan bahwa harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan menjadi **harta bersama**. Namun, harta bawaan masing-masing dan harta benda yang diperoleh sebagai hadiah atau warisan berada di bawah penguasaan masing-masing sepanjang para pihak tidak menentukan lain.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Meski demikian, antara suami dan istri dimungkinkan terjadi pemisahan harta, sehingga harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan tidak menjadi harta bersama suami istri, sepanjang hal tersebut diatur dalam suatu perjanjian perkawinan. Baca juga: **[Harta Bersama Menurut Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/harta-bersama-menurut-hukum-islam-dan-hukum-positif-indonesia-lt5f02d1a9e525c?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=harta_bersama)** Menyambung pertanyaan Anda, dalam hal suami-istri terikat suatu perjanjian kawin yang mengakibatkan adanya pemisahan harta kekayaan di antara keduanya atau terpisah meja dan tempat tidur, suami **atas aduan istri** dapat dijerat atas tindak pidana pencurian yang diatur dalam **KUHP** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan, yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 362** Barang siapa mengambil barang sesuatu, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian kepunyaan orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, diancam karena **pencurian**, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp900 ribu.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) **Pasal 476** Setiap orang yang mengambil suatu barang yang sebagian atau seluruhnya milik orang lain, dengan maksud untuk dimiliki secara melawan hukum, dipidana karena **pencurian**, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori V yaitu Rp500 juta.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) **Pasal 367** 1. Jika pembuat atau pembantu dari salah satu kejahatan dalam bab ini adalah suami (istri) dan orang yang terkena kejahatan dan tidak terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, maka terhadap pembuat atau pembantu itu tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana. 2. Jika dia adalah suami (istri) yang terpisah meja dan ranjang atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau jika dia adalah keluarga sedarah atau semenda, baik dalam garis lurus maupun garis menyimpang derajat kedua, maka terhadap orang itu hanya mungkin diadakan penuntutan jika ada pengaduan yang terkena kejahatan. 3. Jika menurut lembaga matriarkal, kekuasaan bapak dilakukan oleh orang lain daripada bapak kandung (sendiri), maka ketentuan ayat di atas berlaku juga bagi orang itu. **Pasal 481** 1. Penuntutan pidana tidak dilakukan jika yang melakukan salah satu tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 476 sampai dengan Pasal 479 merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau tidak terpisah harta kekayaan. 2. Penuntutan pidana hanya dapat dilakukan atas pengaduan korban jika pelaku sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merupakan suami atau istri korban tindak pidana yang terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau terpisah harta kekayaan, atau merupakan keluarga sedarah atau semenda baik dalam garis lurus maupun dalam garis menyamping sampai derajat kedua. 3. Dalam masyarakat yang menggunakan sistem matriarkat, pengaduan dapat juga dilakukan oleh orang lain yang menjalankan kekuasaan ayah. Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas, maka agar pihak suami dapat dituntut, antara suami-istri tersebut **harus terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau pisah harta kekayaan**, dan harus ada pengaduan dari istrinya selaku pihak yang terkena kejahatan. Jika tidak terpisah meja dan tempat tidur atau harta kekayaan, dan/atau tidak ada pengaduan, maka terhadap si suami sebagai pelaku tidak mungkin diadakan tuntutan pidana. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014/undang-undang-nomor-16-tahun-2019?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27912/nprt/1011/uu-no-11-tahun-2008-informasi-dan-transaksi-elektronik?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_ite) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt584a7363785c8?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_19_2016) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Keputusan Bersama Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika, Jaksa Agung, dan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 229, 154, KB/2/VI/2021 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Implementasi atas Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Sebagaimana Telah Diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt60d3fe3554116/keputusan-bersama-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika--jaksa-agung--dan-kapolri-nomor-229--154--kb-2-vi-2021-tahun-2021/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=skb_uu_ite) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 35 ayat (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan)  [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012)  [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf e UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [bank](/tag/bank) [keluarga dan perkawinan](/tag/keluarga-dan-perkawinan) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [nasabah](/tag/nasabah) [perjanjian perkawinan](/tag/perjanjian-perkawinan) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [teknologi](/tag/teknologi) [uu ite](/tag/uu-ite)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Bukti yang Harus Dimiliki PNS atas Penghasilan Sampingan yang dibuat oleh Try Indiadi, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Selasa, 1 Mei 2012.KLINIK TERKAITPembagian Gaji setelah Perceraian PNS10 Feb 2023Aturan Usia Pensiun Pekerja dan PNS Serta Manfaat yang Diterima12 Sep 2022Cara Klaim Dana Pensiun PNS yang Meninggal Dunia28 Jun 2021PNS Direkrut Jadi Tenaga Ahli, Bisakah?08 Feb 2021Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Siapa Saja yang Termasuk PNS?Aparatur Sipil Negara (“ASN”) adalah profesi bagi pegawai negeri sipil dan pegawai pemerintah dengan perjanjian kerja yang bekerja pada instansi pemerintah.[1] Adapun, yang dimaksud dengan Pegawai Negeri Sipil (“PNS”) adalah warga negara Indonesia yang memenuhi syarat tertentu, diangkat sebagai pegawai ASN secara tetap oleh pejabat pembina kepegawaian untuk menduduki jabatan pemerintahan.[2]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Dengan demikian, yang termasuk sebagai ASN terdiri dari PNS dan Pegawai Pemerintah dengan perjanjian kerja (“PPPK”).[3] PNS merupakan pegawai ASN yang diangkat sebagai pegawai tetap oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian dan memiliki nomor induk pegawai secara nasional. Adapun, pegawai ASN berkedudukan sebagai unsur aparatur negara.[4]Bolehkah PNS Punya Usaha Sampingan?Pada dasarnya, tidak ada ketentuan yang melarang dengan tegas PNS untuk mempunyai usaha sampingan, baik dalam UU ASN ataupun PP 94/2021. Dahulu, PNS sempat dilarang mempunyai kegiatan wirausaha seperti dagang, menjadi direksi atau komisaris berdasarkan Pasal 3 PP 30/1980. Namun kemudian peraturan tersebut tidak berlaku lagi pasca berlakunya PP 94/2021.Namun demikian, sebagai aparatur negara, ketika PNS yang mempunyai usaha sampingan tetap harus menjalankan kewajiban sebagaimana diatur di dalam Pasal 23 UU ASN dan Pasal 4 PP 94/2021. Selain itu, juga perlu memperhatikan Kode Etik PNS yang diatur di dalam PP 42/2004.Perlu diperhatikan juga bahwa PNS dilarang:[5]menyalahgunakan wewenang;menjadi perantara untuk mendapatkan keuntungan pribadi dan/atau orang lain dengan menggunakan kewenangan orang lain yang diduga terjadi konflik kepentingan dengan jabatan;menjadi pegawai atau bekerja untuk negara lain;bekerja pada lembaga atau organisasi internasional tanpa izin atau tanpa ditugaskan oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian;bekerja pada perusahaan asing, konsultan asing, atau lembaga swadaya masyarakat asing kecuali ditugaskan oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian;memiliki, menjual, membeli, menggadaikan, menyewakan, atau meminjamkan barang baik bergerak atau tidak bergerak, dokumen, atau surat berharga milik negara secara tidak sah;melakukan pungutan di luar ketentuan;melakukan kegiatan yang merugikan negara;bertindak sewenang-wenang terhadap bawahan;menghalangi berjalannya tugas kedinasan;menerima hadiah yang berhubungan dengan jabatan dan/atau pekerjaan;meminta sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan jabatan;melakukan tindakan atau tidak melakukan tindakan yang dapat mengakibatkan kerugian bagi yang dilayani; danmemberikan dukungan kepada calon Presiden/Wakil Presiden, calon Kepala Daerah/Wakil Kepala Daerah, calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Ralryat, calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, atau calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Ralryat Daerah dengan cara: ikut kampanye;menjadi peserta kampanye dengan menggunakan atribut partai atau atribut PNS;sebagai peserta kampanye dengan mengerahkan PNS lain;sebagai peserta kampanye dengan menggunakan fasilitas negara;membuat keputusan dan/atau tindakan yang menguntungkan atau merugikan salah satu pasangan calon sebelum, selama, dan sesudah masa kampanye;mengadakan kegiatan yang mengarah kepada keberpihakan terhadap pasangan calon yang menjadi peserta pemilu sebelum, selama, dan sesudah masa kampanye meliputi pertemuan, ajakan, himbauan, seruan, atau pemberian barang kepada PNS dalam lingkungan unit kerjanya, anggota keluarga, dan masyarakat; dan/ataumemberikan surat dukungan disertai fotokopi KTP atau Surat Keterangan Tanda Penduduk.Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka PNS ketika menjalankan usaha sampingannya tersebut tidak boleh melupakan kewajibannya sebagai PNS atau melanggar larangan bagi PNS. Misalnya dalam menjalankan usahanya, terjadi konflik kepentingan dengan jabatan atau melakukan kegiatan yang merugikan negara.Selain terikat oleh kaidah norma sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, PNS juga terikat oleh asas-asas umum pemerintahan yang baik (“AAUPB”). Sebagai contoh, PNS harus memastikan untuk memilih bidang usaha yang tidak berhubungan dengan pekerjaannya di instansi pemerintahan tempatnya bekerja sesuai dengan hakikat dari asas kepatutan.Baca juga: 17 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan PenjelasannyaLegalitas Perolehan Harta PNS dari Usaha Sampingan Apabila PNS tersebut memiliki usaha sampingan sesuai dengan kaidah norma dan etika yang berlaku dan usahanya legal, lantas, prosedur apa yang harus dipenuhi oleh PNS terkait dengan harta tersebut?Dalam PP 94/2021, dijelaskan bahwa PNS wajib melaporkan harta kekayaan kepada pejabat yang berwenang sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[6]Laporan harta kekayaan tersebut terdiri dari Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara (“LHKPN”) dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara (“LHKASN”).LHKASN adalah daftar seluruh harta kekayaan ASN beserta pasangan dan anak yang masih menjadi tanggungan.[7] Sementara, LHKPN adalah laporan dalam bentuk dokumen, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada dokumen elektronik tentang uraian dan rincian informasi mengenai harta kekayaan, data pribadi, penerimaan, pengeluaran, dan data lainnya atas harta kekayaan penyelenggara negara.[8]Adapun, perbedaan antara LKHPN dan LKHASN adalah sebagai berikut.FAKTORLHKPNLHKASNSUBYEK PELAPORDiwajibkan untuk pejabat negara yang memangku jabawan strategis dan rawan KKN.[9] Misalnya menteri, pejabat eselon I dan eselon II.Diwajibkan bagi seluruh ASN selain yang berkewajiban melaporkan LHKPN dan dimulai dari pejabat eselon III, IV serta V.[10]TUJUAN PENYAMPAIANDisampaikan kepada Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (“KPK”) melalui laman E-LHKPN KPK [11]Disampaikan kepada pimpinan instansi pemerintah masing-masing.[12]LHKASN dapat diinput dan dikirim kepada Inspektorat Jenderal secara elektronik melalui laman Si Harka.[13]LAMPIRAN BUKTIa. nama,b. jabatan,c. instansi,d. tempat tanggal lahir, alamat,e. identitas istri/suami, anak baik yang menjadi tanggungan maupun yang bukan,f. jenis, nilai, asal-usul dan tahun perolehan serta pemanfaatan harta kekayaan,g. besaran penerimaan dan pengeluaran,h. surat kuasa mendapatkan data keuangan dengan tanda tangan sesuai dengan KTP, dani. surat pernyataan dari penyelenggara negara.[14]a. harta kekayaan yang dimiliki saat pelaporan,b. penghasilan yang diperoleh, profesi/keahlian, hibah, dan penghasilan dari istri/suami selama 1 tahun; danc. pengeluaran rutin dan pengeluaran lainnya selama 1 tahun.[15]WAKTU PENYAMPAIANMaksimal 3 bulan sejak pengangkatan pertama/ berakhirnya jabatan/ pensiun/ pengangkatan kembali setelah berakhirnya jabatan atau pensiun sebagai penyelenggara negara. Sedangkan untuk penyelenggara negara yang masih menjabat wajib disampaikan setiap 1 tahun sekali.[16]Disampaikan dalam kurun waktu satu bulan setelah menjabat atau berhenti dari jabatan.[17]Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, apabila seorang PNS memiliki usaha yang bersifat legal maka harta yang diperoleh dari usaha tersebut wajib disampaikan melalui LHKPN atau LHKASN sesuai dengan jabatan yang disandangnya.Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil NegaraPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2004 tentang Pembinaan Jiwa Korps dan Kode Etik Pegawai Negeri SipilPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2021 tentang Disiplin Pegawai Negeri SipilPeraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 57 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyampaian Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan TeknologiPeraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara NegaraPeraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara NegaraSurat Edaran Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1 Tahun 2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyampaian Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara( LHKASN) di Lingkungan Instansi PemerintahREFERENSIE-LHKPN KPK yang diakses pada Kamis, 12 Januari 2023, pukul 13.01;Si Harka yang diakses pada Kamis, 12 Januari 2023, pukul 13.29.[1] Pasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara (“UU ASN”)[2] Pasal 1 angka 3 UU ASN[3] Pasal 6 UU ASN[4] Pasal 7 ayat (1) dan Pasal 8 UU ASN[5] Pasal 5 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2021 tentang Disiplin Pegawai Negeri (“PP 94/2021”)[6] Pasal 4 huruf e PP 94/2021[7] Pasal 1 angka 4 Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 57 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyampaian Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi (“Permendikbudristek 57/2022”)[8] Pasal 1 angka 3 Permendikbudristek 57/2022[9]Surat Edaran Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1 Tahun 2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyampaian Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara( LHKASN) di Lingkungan Instansi Pemerintah (“SE Menpanrb 1/2015”)[10] SE Menpanrb 1/2015[11] SE Menpanrb 1/2015 dan Pasal 5 ayat (5) Permendikbudristek 57/2022[12] SE Menpanrb 1/2015[13] Pasal 11 ayat (2) Permendikbudristek 57/2022[14] Pasal 6 ayat (2) Peraturan KPK 2/2020[15] Pasal 9 ayat (2) Permendikbudristek 57/2022[16] Pasal 4 ayat (1), (2), dan (3) Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara (“Peraturan KPK 2/2020”)[17] SE Menpanrb 1/2015Tagsdisiplin pnspns
Karena marak kecurigaan terhadap rekening gendut, bagaimana sebaiknya seorang PNS yang mempunyai usaha sampingan, bukti-bukti apa yang perlu ada sehingga dapat membuktikan bahwa harta tersebut legal dan bukan dari hasil tindak pidana korupsi? Terima kasih.  
Saat ini, secara hukum tidak ada lagi larangan yang tegas bagi PNS untuk berwirausaha atau memiliki usaha sampingan. Namun, dalam menjalankan usaha sampingan tersebut tidak boleh bertentangan dengan kewajiban, kode etik, maupun melanggar larangan bagi PNS. Lantas, bagaimana langkah yang harus ditempuh PNS agar tidak dicurigai melakukan korupsi karena rekening gendut? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Pembagian Gaji setelah Perceraian PNS10 Feb 2023Aturan Usia Pensiun Pekerja dan PNS Serta Manfaat yang Diterima12 Sep 2022Cara Klaim Dana Pensiun PNS yang Meninggal Dunia28 Jun 2021PNS Direkrut Jadi Tenaga Ahli, Bisakah?08 Feb 2021Pembagian Gaji setelah Perceraian PNS10 Feb 2023Aturan Usia Pensiun Pekerja dan PNS Serta Manfaat yang Diterima12 Sep 2022Cara Klaim Dana Pensiun PNS yang Meninggal Dunia28 Jun 2021PNS Direkrut Jadi Tenaga Ahli, Bisakah?08 Feb 2021Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bolehkah-pns-punya-usaha-sampingan-lt4f59ecd4a53fb/
Bolehkah PNS Punya Usaha Sampingan?
pages/179/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Bukti yang Harus Dimiliki PNS atas Penghasilan Sampingan_ yang dibuat oleh [Try Indiadi, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/try-indriadi--sh-lt4f7aa4193d20a), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Selasa, 1 Mei 2012.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Pembagian Gaji setelah Perceraian PNS ](/klinik/a/perceraian-pns-lt565bb4b997550/) ![Pembagian Gaji setelah Perceraian PNS](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt565bb4b997550/thumbnail_lt5661cef69b986.jpg) 10 Feb 2023 [ #### Aturan Usia Pensiun Pekerja dan PNS Serta Manfaat yang Diterima ](/klinik/a/aturan-usia-pensiun-pekerja-dan-pns-serta-manfaat-yang-diterima-lt576b5bea8bb19/) ![Aturan Usia Pensiun Pekerja dan PNS Serta Manfaat yang Diterima](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt576b5bea8bb19/thumbnail_lt576d052d0a09e.jpg) 12 Sep 2022 [ #### Cara Klaim Dana Pensiun PNS yang Meninggal Dunia ](/klinik/a/cara-klaim-dana-pensiun-pns-yang-meninggal-dunia-lt60656ee1385bd/) ![Cara Klaim Dana Pensiun PNS yang Meninggal Dunia](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60656ee1385bd/thumbnail_lt60dbe9280a1f8.jpg) 28 Jun 2021 [ #### PNS Direkrut Jadi Tenaga Ahli, Bisakah? ](/klinik/a/pns-direkrut-jadi-tenaga-ahli-bisakah--lt60210f4904678/) ![PNS Direkrut Jadi Tenaga Ahli, Bisakah?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt60210f4904678/thumbnail_lt60211235bdeb6.jpg) 08 Feb 2021 [](#!) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** ### **Siapa Saja yang Termasuk** **PNS?** Aparatur Sipil Negara (“ASN”) adalah profesi bagi pegawai negeri sipil dan pegawai pemerintah dengan perjanjian kerja yang bekerja pada instansi pemerintah.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Adapun, yang dimaksud dengan **Pegawai Negeri Sipil (“PNS”)** adalah warga negara Indonesia yang memenuhi syarat tertentu, diangkat sebagai pegawai ASN secara tetap oleh pejabat pembina kepegawaian untuk menduduki jabatan pemerintahan.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Dengan demikian, yang termasuk sebagai ASN terdiri dari PNS dan Pegawai Pemerintah dengan perjanjian kerja (“PPPK”).[\[3\]](#_ftn3) PNS merupakan pegawai ASN yang diangkat sebagai pegawai tetap oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian dan memiliki nomor induk pegawai secara nasional. Adapun, pegawai ASN berkedudukan sebagai unsur aparatur negara.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) ### **Bolehkah PNS Punya Usaha Sampingan?** Pada dasarnya, tidak ada ketentuan yang melarang dengan tegas PNS untuk mempunyai usaha sampingan, baik dalam **[UU ASN](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61de937430/undang-undang-nomor-5-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_2014)** ataupun **[PP 94/2021](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt614026bbc3945/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-94-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_94_2021)**. Dahulu, PNS sempat dilarang mempunyai kegiatan wirausaha seperti dagang, menjadi direksi atau komisaris berdasarkan **Pasal 3 [PP 30/1980](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/3106/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-30-tahun-1980?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_30_1980)**. Namun kemudian peraturan tersebut tidak berlaku lagi pasca berlakunya PP 94/2021. Namun demikian, sebagai aparatur negara, ketika PNS yang mempunyai usaha sampingan tetap harus menjalankan kewajiban sebagaimana diatur di dalam **Pasal 23 UU ASN** dan **Pasal 4 PP 94/2021**. Selain itu, juga perlu memperhatikan Kode Etik PNS yang diatur di dalam **[PP 42/2004](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/21563/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-42-tahun-2004?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_42_2004).** Perlu diperhatikan juga bahwa PNS dilarang:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. menyalahgunakan wewenang; 2. menjadi perantara untuk mendapatkan keuntungan pribadi dan/atau orang lain dengan menggunakan kewenangan orang lain yang diduga terjadi konflik kepentingan dengan jabatan; 3. menjadi pegawai atau bekerja untuk negara lain; 4. bekerja pada lembaga atau organisasi internasional tanpa izin atau tanpa ditugaskan oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian; 5. bekerja pada perusahaan asing, konsultan asing, atau lembaga swadaya masyarakat asing kecuali ditugaskan oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian; 6. memiliki, menjual, membeli, menggadaikan, menyewakan, atau meminjamkan barang baik bergerak atau tidak bergerak, dokumen, atau surat berharga milik negara secara tidak sah; 7. melakukan pungutan di luar ketentuan; 8. melakukan kegiatan yang merugikan negara; 9. bertindak sewenang-wenang terhadap bawahan; 10. menghalangi berjalannya tugas kedinasan; 11. menerima hadiah yang berhubungan dengan jabatan dan/atau pekerjaan; 12. meminta sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan jabatan; 13. melakukan tindakan atau tidak melakukan tindakan yang dapat mengakibatkan kerugian bagi yang dilayani; dan 14. memberikan dukungan kepada calon Presiden/Wakil Presiden, calon Kepala Daerah/Wakil Kepala Daerah, calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Ralryat, calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, atau calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Ralryat Daerah dengan cara: * ikut kampanye; * menjadi peserta kampanye dengan menggunakan atribut partai atau atribut PNS; * sebagai peserta kampanye dengan mengerahkan PNS lain; * sebagai peserta kampanye dengan menggunakan fasilitas negara; * membuat keputusan dan/atau tindakan yang menguntungkan atau merugikan salah satu pasangan calon sebelum, selama, dan sesudah masa kampanye; * mengadakan kegiatan yang mengarah kepada keberpihakan terhadap pasangan calon yang menjadi peserta pemilu sebelum, selama, dan sesudah masa kampanye meliputi pertemuan, ajakan, himbauan, seruan, atau pemberian barang kepada PNS dalam lingkungan unit kerjanya, anggota keluarga, dan masyarakat; dan/atau * memberikan surat dukungan disertai fotokopi KTP atau Surat Keterangan Tanda Penduduk. Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka PNS ketika menjalankan usaha sampingannya tersebut tidak boleh melupakan kewajibannya sebagai PNS atau melanggar larangan bagi PNS. Misalnya dalam menjalankan usahanya, terjadi konflik kepentingan dengan jabatan atau melakukan kegiatan yang merugikan negara. Selain terikat oleh kaidah norma sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, PNS juga terikat oleh asas-asas umum pemerintahan yang baik (“AAUPB”). Sebagai contoh, PNS harus memastikan untuk memilih bidang usaha yang tidak berhubungan dengan pekerjaannya di instansi pemerintahan tempatnya bekerja sesuai dengan hakikat dari asas kepatutan. Baca juga: **[17 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/17-asas-asas-umum-pemerintahan-yang-baik-dan-penjelasannya-lt62d8f9bedcda1?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=AAUPB)** ### **Legalitas Perolehan Harta** **PNS dari Usaha Sampingan** Apabila PNS tersebut memiliki usaha sampingan sesuai dengan kaidah norma dan etika yang berlaku dan usahanya legal, lantas, prosedur apa yang harus dipenuhi oleh PNS terkait dengan harta tersebut? Dalam PP 94/2021, dijelaskan bahwa PNS wajib melaporkan harta kekayaan kepada pejabat yang berwenang sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Laporan harta kekayaan tersebut terdiri dari Laporan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara (“LHKPN”) dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara (“LHKASN”). **LHKASN** adalah daftar seluruh harta kekayaan ASN beserta pasangan dan anak yang masih menjadi tanggungan.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Sementara, **LHKPN** adalah laporan dalam bentuk dokumen, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada dokumen elektronik tentang uraian dan rincian informasi mengenai harta kekayaan, data pribadi, penerimaan, pengeluaran, dan data lainnya atas harta kekayaan penyelenggara negara.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Adapun, perbedaan antara LKHPN dan LKHASN adalah sebagai berikut. **FAKTOR** **LHKPN** **LHKASN** **SUBYEK** **PELAPOR** Diwajibkan untuk pejabat negara yang memangku jabawan strategis dan rawan KKN.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Misalnya menteri, pejabat eselon I dan eselon II. Diwajibkan bagi seluruh ASN selain yang berkewajiban melaporkan LHKPN dan dimulai dari pejabat eselon III, IV serta V.[\[10\]](#_ftn10) **TUJUAN PENYAMPAIAN** Disampaikan kepada Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (“KPK”) melalui laman **[E-LHKPN KPK](https://elhkpn.kpk.go.id/portal/user/login)** [**\[11\]**](#_ftn11) Disampaikan kepada pimpinan instansi pemerintah masing-masing.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) LHKASN dapat diinput dan dikirim kepada Inspektorat Jenderal secara elektronik melalui laman **[Si Harka](https://siharka.menpan.go.id/)**.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) **LAMPIRAN BUKTI** a. nama, b. jabatan, c. instansi, d. tempat tanggal lahir, alamat, e. identitas istri/suami, anak baik yang menjadi tanggungan maupun yang bukan, f. jenis, nilai, asal-usul dan tahun perolehan serta pemanfaatan harta kekayaan, g. besaran penerimaan dan pengeluaran, h. surat kuasa mendapatkan data keuangan dengan tanda tangan sesuai dengan KTP, dan i. surat pernyataan dari penyelenggara negara.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) a. harta kekayaan yang dimiliki saat pelaporan, b. penghasilan yang diperoleh, profesi/keahlian, hibah, dan penghasilan dari istri/suami selama 1 tahun; dan c. pengeluaran rutin dan pengeluaran lainnya selama 1 tahun.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) **WAKTU PENYAMPAIAN** Maksimal 3 bulan sejak pengangkatan pertama/ berakhirnya jabatan/ pensiun/ pengangkatan kembali setelah berakhirnya jabatan atau pensiun sebagai penyelenggara negara. Sedangkan untuk penyelenggara negara yang masih menjabat wajib disampaikan setiap 1 tahun sekali.[\[16\]](#_ftn16) Disampaikan dalam kurun waktu satu bulan setelah menjabat atau berhenti dari jabatan.[\[17\]](#_ftn17) Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, apabila seorang PNS memiliki usaha yang bersifat legal maka harta yang diperoleh dari usaha tersebut wajib disampaikan melalui LHKPN atau LHKASN sesuai dengan jabatan yang disandangnya. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61de937430/undang-undang-nomor-5-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_2014) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2004 tentang Pembinaan Jiwa Korps dan Kode Etik Pegawai Negeri Sipil [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/21563/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-42-tahun-2004?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_42_2004) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2021 tentang Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt614026bbc3945/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-94-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_94_2021) Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 57 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyampaian Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638d6038f08e8/peraturan-menteri-pendidikan--kebudayaan--riset--dan-teknologi-nomor-57-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permendikbud_57_2022) Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5bed3a35ca4d3?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PKPK_7_2016) Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f17c9e735d8f#?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PKPK_2_2020) Surat Edaran Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1 Tahun 2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyampaian Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara( LHKASN) di Lingkungan Instansi Pemerintah [](https://siharka.menpan.go.id/dokumen/SE_MENPAN_NO_1_TAHUN_2015.pdf) REFERENSI --------- 1. [E-LHKPN KPK](https://elhkpn.kpk.go.id/portal/user/login) yang diakses pada Kamis, 12 Januari 2023, pukul 13.01; 2. [Si Harka](https://siharka.menpan.go.id/) yang diakses pada Kamis, 12 Januari 2023, pukul 13.29. [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 1 [Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61de937430/undang-undang-nomor-5-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_5_2014) (“UU ASN”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 1 angka 3 UU ASN [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 6 UU ASN [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 7 ayat (1) dan Pasal 8 UU ASN [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 5 [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2021 tentang Disiplin Pegawai Negeri](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt614026bbc3945/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-94-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_94_2021) (“PP 94/2021”) [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 4 huruf e PP 94/2021 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 1 angka 4 [Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 57 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyampaian Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara dan Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara di Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638d6038f08e8/peraturan-menteri-pendidikan--kebudayaan--riset--dan-teknologi-nomor-57-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permendikbud_57_2022) (“Permendikbudristek 57/2022”) [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 1 angka 3 Permendikbudristek 57/2022 [\[9\]](#_ftnref9)[Surat Edaran Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Nomor 1 Tahun 2015 tentang Kewajiban Penyampaian Laporan Harta Kekayaan Aparatur Sipil Negara( LHKASN) di Lingkungan Instansi Pemerintah](https://siharka.menpan.go.id/dokumen/SE_MENPAN_NO_1_TAHUN_2015.pdf) (“SE Menpanrb 1/2015”) [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) SE Menpanrb 1/2015 [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) SE Menpanrb 1/2015 dan Pasal 5 ayat (5) Permendikbudristek 57/2022 [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) SE Menpanrb 1/2015 [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Pasal 11 ayat (2) Permendikbudristek 57/2022 [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Pasal 6 ayat (2) Peraturan KPK 2/2020 [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Pasal 9 ayat (2) Permendikbudristek 57/2022 [\[16\]](#_ftnref16) Pasal 4 ayat (1), (2), dan (3) [Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Nomor 7 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pendaftaran, Pengumuman, dan Pemeriksaan Harta Kekayaan Penyelenggara Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f17c9e735d8f#?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PKPK_2_2020) (“Peraturan KPK 2/2020”) [\[17\]](#_ftnref17) SE Menpanrb 1/2015 Tags ---- [disiplin pns](/tag/disiplin-pns) [pns](/tag/pns)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Seputar Visum: Syarat, Prosedur, dan Biayanya yang dibuat oleh Agustin L. Hutabarat, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 26 November 2021.KLINIK TERKAITDaya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Pengakuan Pelaku Cabul dan Visum et Repertum sebagai Alat Bukti20 Mei 2021Apakah Tersangka Berhak Mengetahui Hasil Visum et Repertum?22 Des 2014Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Apa itu visum? Mengutip dari artikel Visum et Repertum, JCT Simorangkir dkk. menerangkan bahwa surat visum adalah surat keterangan atau laporan dari seorang ahli mengenai hasil pemeriksaan terhadap sesuatu, misalnya terhadap mayat dan lain-lain. Hasil pemeriksaan ini dipergunakan untuk pembuktian di pengadilan. Meninjau fungsi visum dari definisi tersebut, visum artinya dapat dikategorikan sebagai alat bukti surat sebagaimana tertuang dalam KUHAP. Pasal 187 huruf c KUHAP menyebutkan bahwa surat sebagai alat bukti yang sah merupakan surat keterangan dari seorang ahli yang memuat pendapat berdasarkan keahliannya mengenai sesuatu hal atau sesuatu keadaan yang diminta secara resmi daripadanya. Prosedur Melakukan VisumDalam praktiknya, visum et repertum digunakan sebagai bagian dari pemeriksaan pada korban kekerasan, baik fisik, mental, hingga seksual. Untuk melakukan visum, diperlukan permintaan penyidik terlebih dahulu.[1] Jadi, pada dasarnya visum tanpa laporan polisi tidak bisa dilakukan. Tes visum berbeda dengan pemeriksaan kesehatan lainnya. Dengan kata lain, tanpa surat permintaan dari penyidik, dokter hanya dapat melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan dan mengeluarkan surat keterangan sehat. Sebagai informasi, tidak ada batas waktu visum setelah kejadian yang pasti. Akan tetapi, akan lebih baik jika visum dilakukan secepatnya setelah ada tindakan pidana agar bukti yang ditinggalkan tidak hilang. Cara atau prosedur melakukan visum yang pertama adalah seseorang perlu melaporkan tindak pidana yang terjadi kepadanya di kepolisian. Setelah itu, penyidik akan mengajukan permintaan untuk melakukan visum. Setelah surat permintaan dikeluarkan, penyidik akan menemani korban dalam pemeriksaan visum. Aspek dalam Pemeriksaan Visum Dalam artikel yang sama dijelaskan mengenai beberapa aspek yang diperiksa dalam pemeriksaan visum, antara lain:Kondisi umum kesehatanApakah korban dalam keadaan sadar, namun gelisah, panik, takut, kebingungan dan lainnya. Apabila korban mengalami luka serius atau kondisi mental yang tidak terkendali, petugas akan memberikan pertolongan pertama agar proses pemeriksaan dapat berjalan lancar.Kesehatan fisikPemeriksaan terhadap fisik, meliputi denyut nadi, tekanan darah, bukti kekerasan, luka yang terlihat, atau infeksi penyakit kelamin. Pada pemeriksaan ini, korban akan diminta menceritakan kronologis kejadian dan luka yang ada. Nantinya, petugas akan fokus memeriksa kondisi luka, mulai dari ukurannya, letak luka, sifat derajat luka, dan lainnya akan dicatat dan dianalisis.Kondisi internalApabila dibutuhkan, jika dicurigai ada luka atau cedera pada bagian dalam tubuh, dokter atau petugas akan melakukan pemeriksaan internal. Bentuknya beragam, bisa berupa kehamilan, patah tulang, pendarahan, dan cedera lainnya.Analisis forensikJika diperlukan, petugas juga akan melakukan pemeriksaan forensik guna mencari jejak DNA pelaku, seperti darah, cairan ejakulasi, rambut, dan lainnya.Kondisi psikisKondisi psikis korban juga akan diperiksa. Pemeriksaan ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah ada tanda-tanda gangguan psikis pada korban, seperti trauma, depresi, dan lainnya.Setelah melakukan pemeriksaan, bagaimana dengan biaya visum? Berapa biaya yang perlu dikeluarkan untuk visum? Biaya visum yang dilakukan untuk kepentingan perkara pidana ditanggung oleh negara.[2] Korban tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya.Kekuatan Visum sebagai Alat BuktiTerkait pertanyaan Anda, apakah bukti visum sebagai bukti terkuat dalam hukum? Dapat kami jelaskan bahwa dalam sistem pembuktian pidana di Indonesia menganut sistem pembuktian berdasarkan undang-undang secara negatif (negatief wettelijk). Hal ini tergambar dalam ketentuan Pasal 183 KUHAP yang menyebutkan bahwa hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan pidana kepada seseorang, kecuali apabila ada dua alat bukti yang sah dan hakim telah memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu tindak pidana benar-benar terjadi dan bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah dan melakukannya.  Hal-hal yang dapat dijadikan alat bukti antara lain:[3]keterangan saksi;keterangan ahli;surat;petunjuk; danketerangan terdakwa. Dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia, tidak ada satu alat bukti pun yang dapat dikatakan sebagai alat bukti terkuat. Sebab, setiap putusan pemidanaan nantinya harus tetap didasarkan dengan dua alat bukti yang sah ditambah dengan keyakinan hakim.[4]  Tindak Pidana PenganiayaanSelanjutnya, mengenai pertanyaan apakah ibu Anda dapat dihukum? Dari segi perbuatan, ibu Anda dapat saja diduga melakukan tindak pidana penganiayaan. Terkait penganiayaan, Pasal 351 ayat (1) KUHP menyatakan bahwa penganiayaan diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun delapan bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak empat ribu lima ratus rupiah.Lebih lanjut, dalam ketentuan Pasal 466 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 atau KUHP Baru yang berlaku tiga tahun sejak tanggal diundangkan,[5] diterangkan bahwa setiap orang yang melakukan penganiayaan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III atau Rp50 juta.[6]Baca juga: Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan Namun, mengingat bahwa ibu Anda memukul si A karena ingin membela diri, Beliau tidak dapat dipidana. Sebagaimana diterangkan Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP bahwa yang melakukan perbuatan pembelaan untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan, kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum, tidak dapat dipidana. Hal ini juga diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang, tidak dipidana jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri/orang lain, kehormatan (kesusilaan), atau harta benda sendiri/orang lain.Dalam hukum pidana pembelaan yang seperti ini dikenal dengan istilah noodweer. Tindakan pembelaan diri tersebut merupakan alasan pembenar yang menghapuskan sifat melawan hukum perbuatannya, sehingga perbuatan yang dilakukan Ibu Anda patut dan benar.[7] Akan tetapi, berbicara mengenai hukum tentunya harus didasarkan pada bukti-bukti yang cukup. Dalam hal ini, untuk pembelaan, ibu Anda harus dapat membuktikan bahwa si A lah yang memukul ibu Anda terlebih dahulu. Pembuktiannya tentu saja sama dengan sistem pembuktian yang sesuai dengan Pasal 184 KUHAP yang mengatur alat-alat bukti yang sah, dengan pertimbangan minimal 2 alat bukti terpenuhi.Baca juga: Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus PidanaDemikian jawaban dari kami terkait kasus visum, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUM1. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;2. Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana;3. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2003 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.REFERENSIMoeljatno. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009.[1] Pasal 187 huruf c Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”)[2] Pasal 136 KUHAP[3] Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP[4] Pasal 183 KUHAP [5] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[6] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023[7] Moeljatno, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009, hal. 148 dan 149Tagsacara peradilankuhppidana
Ibu saya sudah lama tidak bisa berjalan (menggunakan alat bantu). Masalahnya, 3 hari lalu terjadi keributan di rumah kami, dan ibu saya disudutkan dan ditampar, anggap saja oleh si A. Merasa terpojok dengan kondisi tidak sehat, ibu saya refleks mengambil alat (anggap saja kayu kecil), dan memukul balas si A. Ibu saya tidak ingin memperpanjang masalah ini dan tidak ingin melaporkan ke polisi, namun si A malah melaporkan kejadian penganiayaan ke pihak berwajib dengan hasil visum berupa luka di dada. Kami sudah berbesar hati untuk meminta maaf, namun ditolak. Apakah visum merupakan bukti terkuat dalam dunia hukum? Padahal ibu saya yang tidak bisa apa-apa hanya membela diri karena diserang dan ditampar terlebih dahulu. Kondisinya adalah si A punya bukti berupa hasil visum, sedangkan ibu saya tidak mempunyai bukti kalau si A menampar wajah ibu saya, dan dia berbohong kalau dia tidak pernah menampar ibu saya di depan polisi. Apakah ibu saya bisa dihukum karena seperti itu? Apakah ada pembelaan untuk ibu saya? Bagaimana dari segi kekuatan hukumnya? Terima kasih.
Dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia, tidak ada satu alat bukti pun yang dapat dikatakan sebagai alat bukti terkuat. Selanjutnya, mengenai pertanyaan apakah ibu Anda dapat dihukum? Dari segi perbuatan, ibu Anda dapat saja diduga melakukan tindak pidana penganiayaan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 351 KUHP lama yang saat artikel ini terbit masih berlaku dan Pasal 466 ayat (1) UU 1/2023 atau KUHP baru yang baru akan berlaku 3 tahun sejak diundangkan tentang penganiayaan. Namun, mengingat bahwa ibu Anda memukul si A karena ingin membela diri, bisakah ia dipidana? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Pengakuan Pelaku Cabul dan Visum et Repertum sebagai Alat Bukti20 Mei 2021Apakah Tersangka Berhak Mengetahui Hasil Visum et Repertum?22 Des 2014Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana11 Jan 2023Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Pengakuan Pelaku Cabul dan Visum et Repertum sebagai Alat Bukti20 Mei 2021Apakah Tersangka Berhak Mengetahui Hasil Visum et Repertum?22 Des 2014Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Tips Cicil Rumah dengan KPR Agar Terhindar Risiko Hukum2 Apr 2024Mau Melaporkan Tindak Pidana ke Polisi? Begini Prosedurnya21 Des 2022Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/syarat-visum-lt51b4b7977c299/
Syarat dan Prosedur Melakukan Visum sebagai Alat Bukti
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Seputar Visum: Syarat, Prosedur, dan Biayanya_ yang dibuat oleh [Agustin L. Hutabarat, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/lembaga-bantuan-hukum-mawar-saron-lt4ddc7a184bdfe/agustin-l-hutabarat--sh-lt4fe2d2c8cd279), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 26 November 2021.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana ](/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/) ![Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51bd53f7b6b00/thumbnail_lt63be9760db4f5.jpg) 11 Jan 2023 [ #### Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan ](/klinik/a/jerat-pidana-memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-persidangan-lt5614783452eb6/) ![Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5614783452eb6/thumbnail_lt63bbe69a08480.jpg) 09 Jan 2023 [ #### Pengakuan Pelaku Cabul dan _Visum et Repertum_ sebagai Alat Bukti ](/klinik/a/pengakuan-pelaku-cabul-dan-ivisum-et-repertum-i-sebagai-alat-bukti-lt6084fe7793f8e/) ![Pengakuan Pelaku Cabul dan <i>Visum et Repertum</i> sebagai Alat Bukti](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6084fe7793f8e/thumbnail_lt60a63aab27bea.jpg) 20 Mei 2021 [ #### Apakah Tersangka Berhak Mengetahui Hasil Visum et Repertum? ](/klinik/a/apakah-tersangka-berhak-mengetahui-hasil-visum-et-repertum-lt54219346d5176/) ![Apakah Tersangka Berhak Mengetahui Hasil Visum et Repertum?](https://static.hukumonline.com/frontend/default/images/kaze/thumbnail_default.jpg) 22 Des 2014 [](#!) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Apa itu visum? Mengutip dari artikel [**Visum et Repertum**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/ulasan/lt4ba0ef5c14bbc/visum-et-repertum/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=visum_et_repertum), **JCT Simorangkir** dkk. menerangkan bahwa surat visum adalah surat keterangan atau laporan dari seorang ahli mengenai hasil pemeriksaan terhadap sesuatu, misalnya terhadap mayat dan lain-lain. Hasil pemeriksaan ini dipergunakan untuk pembuktian di pengadilan. Meninjau fungsi visum dari definisi tersebut, visum artinya dapat dikategorikan sebagai alat bukti surat sebagaimana tertuang dalam **[KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)**. **Pasal 187 huruf c KUHAP** menyebutkan bahwa surat sebagai alat bukti yang sah merupakan surat keterangan dari seorang ahli yang memuat pendapat berdasarkan keahliannya mengenai sesuatu hal atau sesuatu keadaan yang diminta secara resmi daripadanya. ### **Prosedur Melakukan Visum** Dalam praktiknya, _visum et repertum_ digunakan sebagai bagian dari pemeriksaan pada korban kekerasan, baik fisik, mental, hingga seksual. Untuk melakukan visum, diperlukan permintaan penyidik terlebih dahulu.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Jadi, pada dasarnya visum tanpa laporan polisi tidak bisa dilakukan. Tes visum berbeda dengan pemeriksaan kesehatan lainnya. Dengan kata lain, tanpa surat permintaan dari penyidik, dokter hanya dapat melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan dan mengeluarkan surat keterangan sehat. Sebagai informasi, tidak ada batas waktu visum setelah kejadian yang pasti. Akan tetapi, akan lebih baik jika visum dilakukan secepatnya setelah ada tindakan pidana agar bukti yang ditinggalkan tidak hilang. Cara atau [**prosedur melakukan visum**](https://blog.justika.com/pidana-dan-laporan-polisi/cara-melakukan-pemeriksaan-visum/) yang pertama adalah seseorang perlu melaporkan tindak pidana yang terjadi kepadanya di kepolisian. Setelah itu, penyidik akan mengajukan permintaan untuk melakukan visum. Setelah surat permintaan dikeluarkan, penyidik akan menemani korban dalam pemeriksaan visum. ### **Aspek dalam Pemeriksaan Visum** Dalam artikel yang sama dijelaskan mengenai beberapa aspek yang diperiksa dalam pemeriksaan visum, antara lain: 1. Kondisi umum kesehatan Apakah korban dalam keadaan sadar, namun gelisah, panik, takut, kebingungan dan lainnya. Apabila korban mengalami luka serius atau kondisi mental yang tidak terkendali, petugas akan memberikan pertolongan pertama agar proses pemeriksaan dapat berjalan lancar. 2. Kesehatan fisik Pemeriksaan terhadap fisik, meliputi denyut nadi, tekanan darah, bukti kekerasan, luka yang terlihat, atau infeksi penyakit kelamin. Pada pemeriksaan ini, korban akan diminta menceritakan kronologis kejadian dan luka yang ada. Nantinya, petugas akan fokus memeriksa kondisi luka, mulai dari ukurannya, letak luka, sifat derajat luka, dan lainnya akan dicatat dan dianalisis. 3. Kondisi internal Apabila dibutuhkan, jika dicurigai ada luka atau cedera pada bagian dalam tubuh, dokter atau petugas akan melakukan pemeriksaan internal. Bentuknya beragam, bisa berupa kehamilan, patah tulang, pendarahan, dan cedera lainnya. 4. Analisis forensik Jika diperlukan, petugas juga akan melakukan pemeriksaan forensik guna mencari jejak DNA pelaku, seperti darah, cairan ejakulasi, rambut, dan lainnya. 5. Kondisi psikis Kondisi psikis korban juga akan diperiksa. Pemeriksaan ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah ada tanda-tanda gangguan psikis pada korban, seperti trauma, depresi, dan lainnya. Setelah melakukan pemeriksaan, bagaimana dengan biaya visum? Berapa biaya yang perlu dikeluarkan untuk visum? Biaya visum yang dilakukan untuk kepentingan perkara pidana ditanggung oleh negara.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Korban tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya. ### **Kekuatan Visum sebagai Alat Bukti** Terkait pertanyaan Anda, apakah bukti _visum_ sebagai bukti terkuat dalam hukum? Dapat kami jelaskan bahwa dalam sistem pembuktian pidana di Indonesia menganut sistem pembuktian berdasarkan undang-undang secara negatif (_negatief wettelijk_). Hal ini tergambar dalam ketentuan **Pasal 183 KUHAP** yang menyebutkan bahwa hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan pidana kepada seseorang, kecuali apabila ada dua alat bukti yang sah dan hakim telah memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu tindak pidana benar-benar terjadi dan bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah dan melakukannya.   Hal-hal yang dapat dijadikan alat bukti antara lain:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. keterangan saksi; 2. keterangan ahli; 3. surat; 4. petunjuk; dan 5. keterangan terdakwa. Dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia, tidak ada satu alat bukti pun yang dapat dikatakan sebagai alat bukti terkuat. Sebab, setiap putusan pemidanaan nantinya harus **tetap** didasarkan dengan dua alat bukti yang sah ditambah dengan keyakinan hakim.[\[4\]](#_ftn4)  ### **Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan** Selanjutnya, mengenai pertanyaan apakah ibu Anda dapat dihukum? Dari segi perbuatan, ibu Anda dapat saja diduga melakukan tindak pidana penganiayaan. Terkait penganiayaan, **Pasal 351 ayat (1) [KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** menyatakan bahwa penganiayaan diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun delapan bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak empat ribu lima ratus rupiah. Lebih lanjut, dalam ketentuan **Pasal 466 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** atau KUHP Baru yang berlaku tiga tahun sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[5\]](#_ftn5) diterangkan bahwa setiap orang yang melakukan penganiayaan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun enam bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III atau Rp50 juta.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Baca juga: **[Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-perbuatan-yang-termasuk-penganiayaan-lt515867216deba/#_ftnref2?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perbuatan_perbuatan_termasuk_penganiayaan)** Namun, mengingat bahwa ibu Anda memukul si A karena ingin membela diri, Beliau tidak dapat dipidana. Sebagaimana diterangkan **Pasal 49 ayat (1) KUHP** bahwa yang melakukan perbuatan pembelaan untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan, kesusilaan atau harta benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum, tidak dapat dipidana. Hal ini juga diatur di dalam **Pasal 34 [UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang, **tidak dipidana** jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri/orang lain, kehormatan (kesusilaan), atau harta benda sendiri/orang lain. Dalam hukum pidana pembelaan yang seperti ini dikenal dengan istilah _noodweer_. Tindakan pembelaan diri tersebut merupakan alasan pembenar yang menghapuskan sifat melawan hukum perbuatannya, sehingga perbuatan yang dilakukan Ibu Anda patut dan benar.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Akan tetapi, berbicara mengenai hukum tentunya harus didasarkan pada bukti-bukti yang cukup. Dalam hal ini, untuk pembelaan, ibu Anda harus dapat membuktikan bahwa si A lah yang memukul ibu Anda terlebih dahulu. Pembuktiannya tentu saja sama dengan sistem pembuktian yang sesuai dengan **Pasal 184 KUHAP** yang mengatur alat-alat bukti yang sah, dengan pertimbangan minimal 2 alat bukti terpenuhi. Baca juga: **[Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=daya_paksa)** Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait kasus visum, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- 1\. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2\. [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP); 3\. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2003 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). REFERENSI --------- Moeljatno. _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana._ Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 187 huruf c [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 136 KUHAP [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 183 KUHAP [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Moeljatno, _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana,_ Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009, hal. 148 dan 149 Tags ---- [acara peradilan](/tag/acara-peradilan) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [pidana](/tag/pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITHak Istri Setelah Cerai Menurut Islam 17 Mei 2024Apakah Bisa Nikah Langsung Cerai?03 Nov 2023Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Apakah Istri Siri Bisa Menggugat Cerai Suaminya?11 Mei 2023Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel berjudul Sidang Perceraian Tanpa Dihadiri Pihak Suami yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 11 September 2013, dan pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Selasa, 24 Mei 2022. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Syarat Gugat Cerai Suami Kasus istri gugat cerai suami menolak kerap terjadi karena banyak alasan. Sebelum menggugat cerai, ada sejumlah syarat gugat cerai yang perlu dipenuhi pihak istri. Dokumen-dokumen persyaratan gugat cerai yang dimaksud, antara lain:surat nikah asli;salinan surat nikah sebanyak 2 lembar yang telah dilegalisir dan bermeterai;salinan KTP istri sebagai penggugat;surat keterangan dari kelurahan jika tergugat/termohon tidak diketahui alamatnya;salinan kartu keluarga; danjika memiliki anak, sertakan fotokopi akta kelahiran anak yang terlegalisir dan bermeterai.  Aturan Perkawinan di IndonesiaKembali ke permasalahan istri gugat cerai dan suami menolak, penting untuk diketahui bahwa masalah perkawinan di Indonesia diatur dalam UU Perkawinan dan PP 9/1975 sebagai peraturan pelaksanaannya. Selain itu, untuk yang beragama Islam berlaku pula ketentuan dalam KHI. Dalam pertanyaan yang diajukan, Anda tidak menyebutkan agama apa yang dipeluk oleh pasangan suami istri tersebut. Namun demikian, guna melengkapi jawaban kami, kami juga menjelaskan berdasar pada ketentuan dalam KHI.Dalam hal istri menggugat cerai suaminya, yang berkedudukan sebagai penggugat adalah istri dan suami berkedudukan sebagai tergugat. Adapun mengenai persidangan cerai diatur dalam UU 7/1989 dan perubahannya.  Jika Suami Menolak Cerai dan Tidak Hadir ke Persidangan Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda dalam kasus istri menggugat cerai suami menolak dan tidak hadir, perlu kami jelaskan sejumlah ketentuan yang harus dipatuhi oleh suami dan istri dalam sidang perceraian. Aturan yang dimaksud, antara lain:[1]pada sidang pertama pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian, hakim berusaha mendamaikan kedua pihak;dalam sidang perdamaian tersebut, suami istri harus datang secara pribadi, kecuali apabila salah satu pihak bertempat kediaman di luar negeri, dan tidak dapat datang menghadap secara pribadi dapat diwakili oleh kuasanya yang secara khusus dikuasakan untuk itu;apabila kedua pihak bertempat kediaman di luar negeri, maka penggugat pada sidang perdamaian tersebut harus menghadap secara pribadi; danselama perkara belum diputuskan, usaha mendamaikan dapat dilakukan pada setiap sidang pemeriksaan.Masih berkaitan dengan suami yang tidak datang karena alasan istri gugat cerai suami menolak, diatur pula ketentuan bahwa dalam hal suami istri mewakilkan kepada kuasanya, untuk kepentingan pemeriksaan, hakim dapat memerintahkan yang bersangkutan untuk hadir sendiri.[2]Dari sejumlah ketentuan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa memang pada sidang pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian, terutama pada sidang perdamaian, baik suami atau istri harus datang secara pribadi. Meskipun keduanya dapat mewakilkan kepada kuasanya, namun untuk kepentingan pemeriksaan, hakim dapat memerintahkan keduanya untuk hadir sendiri.Meski diharuskan datang secara pribadi, ada ketentuan yang mengatur bahwa penggugat atau tergugat boleh tidak hadir dalam persidangan dan mewakilkan dirinya melalui kuasanya.[3] Perwakilan kepada kuasa hukum atau kuasanya juga diterangkan dalam Pasal 142 ayat (1) KHI yang menerangkan bahwa pada sidang pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian suami istri datang sendiri atau mewakilkan kepada kuasanya.Jika dianalisis dan disimpulkan, dapat diketahui bahwa pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian tetap bisa dijalankan meski suami tidak hadir, selama sudah diwakilkan kepada kuasanya. Kembali ke kasus istri gugat cerai suami tidak datang yang ditanyakan, jika ketidakhadiran suami sebagai tergugat diikuti dengan ketidakhadiran kuasanya alias tidak datang pun tidak diwakilkan, berdasarkan Pasal 125 HIR hakim dapat menjatuhkan putusan verstek.Putusan verstek adalah putusan yang dijatuhkan apabila tergugat tidak hadir atau tidak juga mewakilkan kepada kuasanya untuk menghadap meskipun ia sudah dipanggil dengan patut.Jika putusan verstek dijatuhkan dan tergugat (suami) merasa tidak terima, langkah hukum yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengajukan upaya verzet atau perlawanan terhadap verstek tersebut. Kemudian, apabila tergugat (suami) tidak melakukan verzet, putusan verstek dianggap berkekuatan hukum tetap dan akta cerai dapat diterbitkan.Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait kasus istri gugat cerai suami menolak sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMHerzien Inlandsch Reglement (H.I.R) (S. 1941-44)Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanUndang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan AgamaUndang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan AgamaUndang-Undang Nomor 50 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan AgamaPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanInstruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam[1] Pasal 82 Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama[2] Pasal 142 ayat (2) Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam[3] Pasal 26 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang PerkawinanTagsgugatan ceraikhikompilasi hukum islam
Tolong penjelasannya, bagaimana jika seorang istri gugat cerai suami menolak sehingga tidak datang ke persidangan. Jika suami dan kuasa hukumnya tidak datang, dapatkah persidangan tersebut dilanjutkan dan dapatkah si istri mendapat akta cerai?
Pasal 82 ayat (2) UU 7/1989 menerangkan bahwa dalam sidang perdamaian (saat sidang pertama pemeriksaan gugatan cerai), suami istri harus datang secara pribadi, kecuali apabila salah satu pihak bertempat kediaman di luar negeri, dan tidak dapat datang menghadap secara pribadi dapat diwakili oleh kuasanya yang secara khusus dikuasakan untuk itu. Dengan kata lain, suami istri diharuskan untuk datang dalam persidangan cerai. Namun, ada sejumlah ketentuan lain yang dapat dijadikan acuan dalam masalah istri gugat cerai suami menolak hingga tidak hadir. Pada intinya, jika ketidakhadiran suami sebagai tergugat diikuti dengan ketidakhadiran kuasanya alias tidak datang pun tidak diwakilkan, berdasarkan Pasal 125 HIR hakim dapat menjatuhkan putusan verstek. Jika putusan verstek dijatuhkan dan tergugat (suami) tidak melakukan verzet, putusan verstek dianggap berkekuatan hukum tetap dan akta cerai dapat diterbitkan.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Hak Istri Setelah Cerai Menurut Islam 17 Mei 2024Apakah Bisa Nikah Langsung Cerai?03 Nov 2023Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Apakah Istri Siri Bisa Menggugat Cerai Suaminya?11 Mei 2023Hak Istri Setelah Cerai Menurut Islam 17 Mei 2024Apakah Bisa Nikah Langsung Cerai?03 Nov 2023Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi21 Jul 2023Apakah Istri Siri Bisa Menggugat Cerai Suaminya?11 Mei 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/istri-gugat-cerai-suami-menolak%20-lt51dab90028cba/
Istri Gugat Cerai Suami Menolak, Dapatkah Akta Cerai Terbit?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Hak Istri Setelah Cerai Menurut Islam ](/klinik/a/hak-istri-setelah-cerai-menurut-islam-lt5e7315368865f/) ![Hak Istri Setelah Cerai Menurut Islam ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5e7315368865f/thumbnail_lt61cda288282de.jpg) 17 Mei 2024 [ #### Apakah Bisa Nikah Langsung Cerai? ](/klinik/a/nikah-langsung-cerai-lt624f38fd94c52/) ![Apakah Bisa Nikah Langsung Cerai?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt624f38fd94c52/thumbnail_lt62555cb2d5b32.jpg) 03 Nov 2023 [ #### Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-cara-rujuk-talak-1-tanpa-menikah-lagi-lt51e7958f74bdf/) ![Syarat dan Cara Rujuk Talak 1 Tanpa Menikah Lagi](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt51e7958f74bdf/thumbnail_lt62399882bef5d.jpg) 21 Jul 2023 [ #### Apakah Istri Siri Bisa Menggugat Cerai Suaminya? ](/klinik/a/apakah-istri-siri-bisa-menggugat-cerai-suaminya-lt6231865d61f15/) ![Apakah Istri Siri Bisa Menggugat Cerai Suaminya?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6231865d61f15/thumbnail_lt62690c37dbef6.jpg) 11 Mei 2023 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel berjudul** _**Sidang Perceraian Tanpa Dihadiri Pihak Suami**_ **yang pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 11 September 2013, dan pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Selasa, 24 Mei 2022.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Syarat Gugat Cerai Suami** Kasus istri gugat cerai suami menolak kerap terjadi karena banyak alasan. Sebelum menggugat cerai, ada sejumlah syarat gugat cerai yang perlu dipenuhi pihak istri. Dokumen-dokumen persyaratan gugat cerai yang dimaksud, antara lain: 1. surat nikah asli; 2. salinan surat nikah sebanyak 2 lembar yang telah dilegalisir dan bermeterai; 3. salinan KTP istri sebagai penggugat; 4. surat keterangan dari kelurahan jika tergugat/termohon tidak diketahui alamatnya; 5. salinan kartu keluarga; dan 6. jika memiliki anak, sertakan fotokopi akta kelahiran anak yang terlegalisir dan bermeterai. ### **Aturan Perkawinan di Indonesia** Kembali ke permasalahan istri gugat cerai dan suami menolak, penting untuk diketahui bahwa masalah perkawinan di Indonesia diatur dalam [**UU Perkawinan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) dan [**PP 9/1975**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975) sebagai peraturan pelaksanaannya. Selain itu, untuk yang beragama Islam berlaku pula ketentuan dalam [**KHI**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/appendices?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI). Dalam pertanyaan yang diajukan, Anda tidak menyebutkan agama apa yang dipeluk oleh pasangan suami istri tersebut. Namun demikian, guna melengkapi jawaban kami, kami juga menjelaskan berdasar pada ketentuan dalam KHI. Dalam hal istri menggugat cerai suaminya, yang berkedudukan sebagai penggugat adalah istri dan suami berkedudukan sebagai tergugat. Adapun mengenai persidangan cerai diatur dalam [**UU 7/1989**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17803/undangundang-nomor-7-tahun-1989/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_7_1989) dan perubahannya. ### **Jika Suami Menolak Cerai dan Tidak Hadir ke Persidangan** Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda dalam kasus istri menggugat cerai suami menolak dan tidak hadir, perlu kami jelaskan sejumlah ketentuan yang harus dipatuhi oleh suami dan istri dalam sidang perceraian. Aturan yang dimaksud, antara lain:[\[1\]](#_ftn1) 1. pada sidang pertama pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian, hakim berusaha mendamaikan kedua pihak; 2. dalam sidang perdamaian tersebut, suami istri harus datang secara pribadi, kecuali apabila salah satu pihak bertempat kediaman di luar negeri, dan tidak dapat datang menghadap secara pribadi dapat diwakili oleh kuasanya yang secara khusus dikuasakan untuk itu; 3. apabila kedua pihak bertempat kediaman di luar negeri, maka penggugat pada sidang perdamaian tersebut harus menghadap secara pribadi; dan 4. selama perkara belum diputuskan, usaha mendamaikan dapat dilakukan pada setiap sidang pemeriksaan. Masih berkaitan dengan suami yang tidak datang karena alasan istri gugat cerai suami menolak, diatur pula ketentuan bahwa dalam hal suami istri mewakilkan kepada kuasanya, untuk kepentingan pemeriksaan, hakim dapat memerintahkan yang bersangkutan untuk hadir sendiri.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Dari sejumlah ketentuan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa memang pada sidang pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian, **terutama pada sidang perdamaian**, baik **suami atau istri harus datang secara pribadi**. Meskipun keduanya dapat mewakilkan kepada kuasanya, namun untuk kepentingan pemeriksaan, hakim dapat memerintahkan keduanya untuk hadir sendiri. Meski diharuskan datang secara pribadi, ada ketentuan yang mengatur bahwa penggugat atau tergugat boleh tidak hadir dalam persidangan dan mewakilkan dirinya melalui kuasanya.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Perwakilan kepada kuasa hukum atau kuasanya juga diterangkan dalam **Pasal 142 ayat (1) KHI** yang menerangkan bahwa pada sidang pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian suami istri datang sendiri atau mewakilkan kepada kuasanya. Jika dianalisis dan disimpulkan, dapat diketahui bahwa pemeriksaan gugatan perceraian tetap bisa dijalankan meski suami tidak hadir, selama sudah diwakilkan kepada kuasanya. Kembali ke kasus istri gugat cerai suami tidak datang yang ditanyakan, jika ketidakhadiran suami sebagai tergugat diikuti dengan ketidakhadiran kuasanya alias tidak datang pun tidak diwakilkan, berdasarkan **Pasal 125 [HIR](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27228/nprt/2/herzien-inlandsch-reglement-\(h.i.r\)-\(s.-1941-44\)-reglemen-indonesia-yang-diperbaharui-\(r.i.b.\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=hir)** hakim dapat menjatuhkan putusan _verstek_. Putusan verstek adalah putusan yang dijatuhkan apabila tergugat tidak hadir atau tidak juga mewakilkan kepada kuasanya untuk menghadap meskipun ia sudah dipanggil dengan patut. Jika putusan verstek dijatuhkan dan tergugat (suami) merasa tidak terima, langkah hukum yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengajukan upaya _verzet_ atau perlawanan terhadap _verstek_ tersebut. Kemudian, apabila tergugat (suami) tidak melakukan _verzet_, putusan _verstek_ dianggap berkekuatan hukum tetap dan akta cerai dapat diterbitkan. Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait kasus istri gugat cerai suami menolak sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (H.I.R) (S. 1941-44) [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27228/nprt/2/herzien-inlandsch-reglement-\(h.i.r\)-\(s.-1941-44\)-reglemen-indonesia-yang-diperbaharui-\(r.i.b.\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=hir) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/node/18/uu-no-1-tahun-1974-perkawinan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_Perkawinan) Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_16_2019) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17803/undangundang-nomor-7-tahun-1989/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_7_1989) Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/25602?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_3_2006) Undang-Undang Nomor 50 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt546457ffe3747?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_50_2009) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975) Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/appendices?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 82 [Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17803/undangundang-nomor-7-tahun-1989/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_7_1989) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 142 ayat (2) [Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Penyebarluasan Kompilasi Hukum Islam](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/13200/instruksi-presiden-nomor-1-tahun-1991/appendices?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KHI) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 26 ayat (1) [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975) Tags ---- [gugatan cerai](/tag/gugatan-cerai) [khi](/tag/khi) [kompilasi hukum islam](/tag/kompilasi-hukum-islam)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Cryptocurrency, Halal atau Haram? which was written by Saufa Ata Taqiyya and was first published on Wednesday, 12 January 2022.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.What is Cryptocurrency?The European Central Bank classifies cryptocurrencies as a subset of virtual currencies, and defines them as unregulated digital currencies, usually issued and controlled by their developers, and used as well as received among the members of certain virtual communities.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Meanwhile, according to Ferry Mulyanto, cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that use cryptography technology as security and are difficult to forge and where transactions can be carried out or must be carried out online. In addition, for each data transaction, encryption will be carried out using certain cryptographic algorithms.[2]The difference between cryptocurrencies from existing currencies is that they are not issued by central authorities, nor are there any interference or control by the government. Initially, cryptocurrencies were not seen as exchange rates that could represent existing digital currencies. However, due to rapid development, cryptocurrencies are immediately known by many people.[3] Hence, what are the laws for cryptocurrency?Cryptocurrency According to Islamic LawAre crypto assets lawful? There are different opinions regarding the law of cryptocurrencies from the perspective of Islamic law. There are some scholars or Ulama who consider that the use of cryptocurrencies is lawful, but some forbid it.Among those who argue that cryptocurrencies are unlawful are Shaykh Shawki Allam the Grand Mufti of Egypt, the Government of Turkey, and Shaykh Haitam of the UK. Meanwhile, among those who argue that cryptocurrencies are basically lawful is the Darul Uloom Zakariyya Fatwa Center in South Africa.[4]In Indonesia, the opinion held by the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/ “MUI”), as elaborated in United States Regulators are Confused About Cryptocurrency, What About Indonesia?, is stipulated in fatwa of Commission B on Contemporary Jurisprudence Matters Team for Ijtima Ulama Fatwa Commission Indonesia VII 2021. According to this fatwa, cryptocurrency is defined as virtual currency or virtual money.According to the same reference, the MUI acknowledges that in relation to the legality of the use of cryptocurrencies as well as the law of its use in business transactions according to Islamic law, there are for and against (khilafiyah) among economic experts and ulama.The detailed explanation of the results of the MUI discussion on cryptocurrency law are:[5]The use of cryptocurrencies as a legal currency is unlawful. Why is crypto illegal? Because it contains gharar, dharar and it is contrary to Law 7/2011 and Regulation of BI 17/2015.Cryptocurrency as a commodity/digital asset is not legal to be traded because it contains gharar, dharar, qimar and does not meet the requirements of sil'ah (commodity asset) in sharia, namely: there is a physical form, valuable, the amount is known with certainty, considered as property rights and could be handed over to the buyer.Cryptocurrencies as a commodity/assets that meet the requirements as a sil'ah, have an underlying asset and obvious benefits are legal to be traded.In conclusion, there are differences as to whether the use of bitcoin is lawful or unlawful among scholars and economists. In Indonesia, the MUI has issued a fatwa which clarifies that the use of cryptocurrencies as currency is unlawful, while as a commodity asset it may or may not be legally traded depending on the characteristics of the cryptocurrency, as well as whether it meets the sharia requirements or not.Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful.Legal Basis:Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency;Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17/3/PBI/2015 of 2015 on Obligation to Use Rupiah in the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia.References:Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020;Mufti Muhammad Abu-Bakar, Shariah Analysis of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, & Blockchain, Blossom Labs, Inc., 2018Robby Houben and Alexander Snyers, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain, Legal Context and Implications for Financial Crime, Money Laundering and Tax Evasion, European Union, 2018;Keputusan Fatwa Hukum Uang Kripto atau Cryptocurrency, accessed on 12 January 2022, at 08.35 West Indonesia Time (zone).[1] Robby Houben and Alexander Snyers, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain, Legal Context and Implications for Financial Crime, Money Laundering and Tax Evasion, European Union, 2018, p. 20.[2] Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020, p. 188.[3] Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020, p. 188.[4] Mufti Muhammad Abu-Bakar, Shariah Analysis of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, & Blockchain, Blossom Labs, Inc., 2018, pp. 15 – 16.[5] Keputusan Fatwa Hukum Uang Kripto atau Cryptocurrency, accessed on 12 January 2022, at 08.35 West Indonesia Time (zone).Tagsklinik english edition
Are cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin lawful to be used according to Islamic law?
There are several different opinions regarding the lawful or unlawful use of cryptocurrencies among scholars and economists. In Indonesia, the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/ “MUI”) has issued a fatwa, which explains that the use of cryptocurrency as a currency is unlawful. Meanwhile, the use of cryptocurrency as commodity assets may or may not be legally traded, for it depends on the characteristics of the cryptocurrencies, whether they meet sharia requirements or not. Please read the review below for a further explanation.   Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Mengurus Surat Cerai dan Langkah Mengajukan Gugatannya22 Jun 20234 Cara Mencairkan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Online 15 Mei 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/cryptocurrency--lawful-or-unlawful-lt63bfdb062d432/
Cryptocurrency, Lawful or Unlawful?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**_Cryptocurrency, Halal atau Haram?_**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/icryptocurrency-i--halal-atau-haram-lt61de991351107#_ftn5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cryptocurrency_halal_haram) which was written by [**Saufa Ata Taqiyya**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/saufa-ata-taqiyya--sh-lt5f33b4569d68e/) and was first published on Wednesday, 12 January 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). **What is Cryptocurrency?** The European Central Bank classifies cryptocurrencies as a subset of virtual currencies, and defines them as unregulated digital currencies, usually issued and controlled by their developers, and used as well as received among the members of certain virtual communities.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Meanwhile, according to **Ferry Mulyanto**, cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that use cryptography technology as security and are difficult to forge and where transactions can be carried out or must be carried out online. In addition, for each data transaction, encryption will be carried out using certain cryptographic algorithms.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) The difference between cryptocurrencies from existing currencies is that **they are not issued by central authorities, nor are there any interference or control by the government**. Initially, cryptocurrencies were not seen as exchange rates that could represent existing digital currencies. However, due to rapid development, cryptocurrencies are immediately known by many people.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Hence, what are the laws for cryptocurrency? **Cryptocurrency According to Islamic Law** Are crypto assets lawful? There are different opinions regarding the law of cryptocurrencies from the perspective of Islamic law. There are some scholars or _Ulama_ who consider that the use of cryptocurrencies is lawful, but some forbid it. Among those who argue that cryptocurrencies are unlawful are Shaykh Shawki Allam the Grand Mufti of Egypt, the Government of Turkey, and Shaykh Haitam of the UK. Meanwhile, among those who argue that cryptocurrencies are basically lawful is the Darul Uloom Zakariyya Fatwa Center in South Africa.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) In Indonesia, the opinion held by the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/ “MUI”), as elaborated in [**United States Regulators are Confused About Cryptocurrency, What About Indonesia?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/stories/article/lt61d56be697621/regulasi-cryptocurrency?utm_source=newsletter_premium-stories&utm_medium=email&utm_content=premium-stories&utm_campaign=premium-stories_daily_2022-01-06_19159961&utm_term=button_read?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=regulator_amerika_bingung_crypto), is stipulated in _fatwa_ of Commission B on Contemporary Jurisprudence Matters Team for _Ijtima Ulama Fatwa_ Commission Indonesia VII 2021. According to this fatwa, cryptocurrency is defined as virtual currency or virtual money. According to the same reference, the MUI acknowledges that in relation to the legality of the use of cryptocurrencies as well as the law of its use in business transactions according to Islamic law, there are for and against (khilafiyah) among economic experts and ulama. The detailed explanation of the results of the MUI discussion on cryptocurrency law are:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. **The use of cryptocurrencies as a legal currency is unlawful**. Why is crypto illegal? Because it contains _gharar_, _dharar_ and it is contrary to [**Law 7/2011**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6183566157105?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_7_2021) and [**Regulation of BI 17/2015**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5526308cb3776/peraturan-bank-indonesia-nomor-17-3-pbi-2015-tahun-2015/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PBI_17_3_2015). 2. **Cryptocurrency as a commodity/digital asset is not legal to be traded** because it contains _gharar_, _dharar_, _qimar_ and does not meet the requirements of _sil'ah_ (commodity asset) in _sharia_, namely: there is a physical form, valuable, the amount is known with certainty, considered as property rights and could be handed over to the buyer. 3. Cryptocurrencies as a commodity/assets that meet the requirements as a _sil'ah_, have an underlying asset and obvious benefits are **legal to be traded**. In conclusion, there are differences as to whether the use of bitcoin is lawful or unlawful among scholars and economists. In Indonesia, the MUI has issued a fatwa which clarifies that the use of cryptocurrencies as currency is unlawful, while as a commodity asset it may or may not be legally traded depending on the characteristics of the cryptocurrency, as well as whether it meets the _sharia_ requirements or not. Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6183566157105?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_7_2021); 2. [Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17/3/PBI/2015 of 2015 on Obligation to Use Rupiah in the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5526308cb3776/peraturan-bank-indonesia-nomor-17-3-pbi-2015-tahun-2015/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PBI_17_3_2015). References: 1. Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, _Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia_, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020; 2. Mufti Muhammad Abu-Bakar, _Shariah Analysis of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, & Blockchain_, Blossom Labs, Inc., 2018 3. Robby Houben and Alexander Snyers, _Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain, Legal Context and Implications for Financial Crime, Money Laundering and Tax Evasion_, European Union, 2018; 4. [Keputusan Fatwa Hukum Uang Kripto atau _Cryptocurrency_](https://mui.or.id/berita/32209/keputusan-fatwa-hukum-uang-kripto-atau-cryptocurrency/), accessed on 12 January 2022, at 08.35 West Indonesia Time (zone). [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Robby Houben and Alexander Snyers, _Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain, Legal Context and Implications for Financial Crime, Money Laundering and Tax Evasion_, European Union, 2018, p. 20. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, _Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia_, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020, p. 188. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Haruli Dwicaksana and Pujiyono, _Akibat Hukum yang Ditimbulkan Mengenai Cryptocurrency Sebagai Alat Pembayaran di Indonesia_, Jurnal Privat Law, Vol. VIII No. 2, July-December 2020, p. 188. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Mufti Muhammad Abu-Bakar, _Shariah Analysis of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, & Blockchain_, Blossom Labs, Inc., 2018, pp. 15 – 16. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) [Keputusan Fatwa Hukum Uang Kripto atau _Cryptocurrency_](https://mui.or.id/berita/32209/keputusan-fatwa-hukum-uang-kripto-atau-cryptocurrency/), accessed on 12 January 2022, at 08.35 West Indonesia Time (zone). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Perlukah Surat Izin untuk Usaha Dagang (UD)? which was written by Saufa Ata Taqiyya and was published on Tuesday, 22 February 2022.This article below is an update of the article entitled Establishing Trading Business (Mendirikan Usaha Dagang) which was first written by Si Pokrol and was first published on Friday, 30 July 2004. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.We will first address two main issues related to your question. First, regarding the establishment of business entities in the form of Trading Business (Usaha Dagang/ "UD"). Second, the issue of a business license in relation to your trading business.Trading Business EstablishmentBelajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas According to Irma Devita Purnamasari, in her book entitled Panduan Lengkap Hukum Praktis Populer: Kiat-Kiat Cerdas, Mudah dan Bijak Mendirikan Badan Usaha, UD is a business entity which is run independently by one person and does not require a partner in doing business. If anyone is assisting the business, they will not be in the same position as the UD owner, but will only act as an employee or a subordinate (p. 5).Irma appends that, according to the law, UD is equal to its owner, meaning that there is no segregation of wealth or segregation of responsibilities between UD and its owner. According to Irma, there is actually no difference (with UD) if a person submits himself as an entrepreneur for the purpose of a business license, since the establishment of a UD does not have to be made in a notarial deed (p. 5). In addition, based on our research, registration of UD establishment is also not regulated, in contrast to Civil Partnership, Firm, and Commandite Partnership which are regulated in Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 17/2018.However, according to Irma, if you wish to cooperate with a big company or government agency, the deed of establishment will usually be one of the prerequisites (p. 7).In line with the abovementioned explanation, summed up from Business Entities in the Form of UD and Ltd., What's the Difference?, UD is a form of sole proprietorship and there is no segregation of assets or responsibilities between UD and its owners. Therefore, UD is not a legal entity, but an unincorporated business entity. It should be noted that the sole proprietorship that we are referring to here is of course not the same as the Individual Limited Company (“Ltd.”) which is legally recognized as a legal entity, as has been explained in Would you like to establish an Individual Ltd.? Here are the Terms of Capital!If it is not a legal entity and is essentially the same as its owner, then what is the point in establishing a UD? According to Irma, the function of the establishment of UD is as a business identity (p. 6).Thus, to answer your question, there is essentially no obligation for you to register a business entity in the form of a UD. Therefore, there are no legal consequences if you do not establish a UD and register it. However, as Irma explains, the establishment of a UD serves as a business identity, and its deed of establishment will usually make it easier for you to cooperate with a big company or government agency.As for the costs, if the establishment of a UD is undertaken through the draw up of a deed of establishment at a notary, then you must prepare a notary honorarium for this service.Trading Business LicenseThen, is it mandatory for UD to have a business license since there are no UD registration rules? The answer is no. In relation to the trading business license, we refer to Article 4 Government Regulation 5/2021 which states:In order to start and conduct business activities, Business Actors are required to fulfill:Basic requirements for Business Licensing; and/orRisk-Based Business Licensing.Business actors are individuals or business entities that engage in business and/or activities within certain sectors.[1]Based on this provision, UD, which is an individual business entity, is also required to fulfill the basic requirements for business licensing and risk-based business licensing.The basic requirements for business licensing include the suitability of space utilization activities, environmental approvals, building approvals, and certificate of feasible function.[2] This is generally related to your place of business, whether it is in accordance with the spatial plan in your area, whether it has an impact on the surrounding environment, and whether the building used for business activities has fulfilled the requirements or not.As for risk-based business licensing, this licensing system is carried out based on the determination of risk levels which is based on the results of risk analysis and scale rankings of business activities including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and/or large businesses.[3]Eventually, it is the level of risk that determines the type of business licensing required.[4] Regarding the types of business licenses at each level of rick, you can refer to the review written by Easybiz entitled Café Business License.Therefore, a trading business license is determined by the type of business they run, i.e. how risky it could be.Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful.Legal Basis:Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing;Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 17 of 2018 on Registration of Commandite Partnertship, Firm, and Civil Partnertship.References:Irma Devita Purnamasari, Panduan Lengkap Hukum Praktis Populer: Kiat-Kiat Cerdas, Mudah dan Bijak Mendirikan Badan Usaha. Bandung: Kaifa, 2010. [1] Article 1 Section (11) Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 (“Government Regulation 2/2021”).[2] Article 5 Section (1) Government Regulation 2/2021.[3] x Article 7 Section (1) and (2) Government Regulation 2/2021.[4] Article 7 Section (4) Government Regulation 2/2021.Tagsklinik english edition
I would like to establish a trading business (Usaha Dagang/”UD”), but I still do not want to register officially (becoming a legal entity). However, I am planning to register the UD if it has been able to run. Therefore, would that be possible for me to run the business without being registered as an official legal entity? Related to this case, are there legal consequences? What are the requirements for establishing a UD and how much does it cost? Thank you for your answer.
There is basically no obligation for you to register a business entity in the form of a Trading Business (Usaha Dagang/ “UD”). Therefore, there are no legal consequences if you do not establish a UD and register it. However, the establishment of a UD serves as a business identity, and its deed of the establishment will in practice make it easier for your business to cooperate with big companies or government agencies. Regardless of whether registration is not required, you should pay attention to the business license obligations under Government Regulation 5/2021. Is a trading business license required? Please read the review below for a further explanation. Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Cara Mengurus Akta Cerai yang Hilang19 Mei 2023Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/is-trading-business-license-required-lt63bfd2666e40b/
Is Trading Business License Required?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of _[**Perlukah Surat Izin untuk Usaha Dagang (UD)?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perlukah-surat-izin-untuk-usaha-dagang-ud-cl3286?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perlukah_izin_ud)_ which was written by [**Saufa Ata Taqiyya**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/saufa-ata-taqiyya--sh-lt5f33b4569d68e/) and was published on Tuesday, 22 February 2022. This article below is an update of the article entitled Establishing Trading Business (Mendirikan Usaha Dagang) which was first written by [**Si Pokrol**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/si-pokrol-lt4a0aae6c03cb7) and was first published on Friday, 30 July 2004. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). We will first address two main issues related to your question. First, regarding the establishment of business entities in the form of Trading Business (Usaha Dagang/ "UD"). Second, the issue of a business license in relation to your trading business. ### **Trading Business Establishment** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) According to **Irma Devita Purnamasari**, in her book entitled _Panduan Lengkap Hukum Praktis Populer: Kiat-Kiat Cerdas, Mudah dan Bijak Mendirikan Badan Usaha_, UD is a business entity which is run independently by one person and does not require a partner in doing business. If anyone is assisting the business, they will not be in the same position as the UD owner, but will only act as an employee or a subordinate (p. 5). Irma appends that, according to the law, **UD is equal to its owner**, meaning that there is no segregation of wealth or segregation of responsibilities between UD and its owner. According to Irma, there is actually no difference (with UD) if a person submits himself as an entrepreneur for the purpose of a business license, since the establishment of a UD does not have to be made in a notarial deed (p. 5). In addition, based on our research, registration of UD establishment is also not regulated, in contrast to Civil Partnership, Firm, and Commandite Partnership which are regulated in **Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights 17/2018**. However, according to Irma, if you wish to cooperate with a big company or government agency, the deed of establishment will usually be one of the prerequisites (p. 7). In line with the abovementioned explanation, summed up from [**Business Entities in the Form of UD and Ltd., What's the Difference?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/badan-usaha-berbentuk-ud-dan-pt--apa-bedanya-cl3894?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=badan_usaha_ud_pt), UD is a form of sole proprietorship and there is no segregation of assets or responsibilities between UD and its owners. Therefore, **UD is not a legal entity**, but an unincorporated business entity. It should be noted that the sole proprietorship that we are referring to here is of course not the same as the Individual Limited Company (“Ltd.”) which is legally recognized as a legal entity, as has been explained in [**Would you like to establish an Individual Ltd.? Here are the Terms of Capital!**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/mau-dirikan-pt-perorangan-begini-ketentuan-modalnya-lt611d11c97b4f6?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=mau_dirikan_pt) If it is not a legal entity and is essentially the same as its owner, then what is the point in establishing a UD? According to Irma, the function of the establishment of UD is as a business identity (p. 6). Thus, to answer your question, there is essentially **no obligation** for you to register a business entity in the form of a UD. Therefore, there are no legal consequences if you do not establish a UD and register it. However, as Irma explains, the establishment of a UD serves as a business identity, and its deed of establishment will usually make it easier for you to cooperate with a big company or government agency. As for the costs, if the establishment of a UD is undertaken through the draw up of a deed of establishment at a notary, then you must prepare a notary honorarium for this service. ### **Trading Business License** Then, is it mandatory for UD to have a business license since there are no UD registration rules? The answer is no. In relation to the trading business license, we refer to **Article 4** [**Government Regulation 5/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) which states: _In order to start and conduct business activities, **Business Actors are required to fulfill**:_ 1. _Basic requirements for Business Licensing; and/or_ 2. _Risk-Based Business Licensing._ Business actors are **individuals or business entities** that engage in business and/or activities within certain sectors.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Based on this provision, UD, which is an individual business entity, is also required to fulfill the basic requirements for business licensing and risk-based business licensing. The basic requirements for business licensing include the suitability of space utilization activities, environmental approvals, building approvals, and certificate of feasible function.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) This is generally related to your place of business, whether it is in accordance with the spatial plan in your area, whether it has an impact on the surrounding environment, and whether the building used for business activities has fulfilled the requirements or not. As for risk-based business licensing, this licensing system is carried out based on the determination of risk levels which is based on the results of risk analysis and scale rankings of business activities including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and/or large businesses.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Eventually, it is the level of risk that determines the type of business licensing required.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Regarding the types of business licenses at each level of rick, you can refer to the review written by [**Easybiz**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/easybiz-lt55e6ba0b40629/easybiz-lt55e6bb779b5a8) entitled [**Café Business License**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/izin-usaha-untuk-kafe-lt618ca69caa623?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=izin_usaha_kafe). Therefore, a trading business license is determined by the type of business they run, i.e. how risky it could be. Are you confused about determining the relationship between your business obligations and the articles, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful. Legal Basis: 1. [Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021); 2. [Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 17 of 2018 on Registration of Commandite Partnertship, Firm, and Civil Partnertship](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5b98c54a67752/node/68/peraturan-menteri-hukum-dan-hak-asasi-manusia-nomor-17-tahun-2018?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenkumham_17_2018). References: 1. Irma Devita Purnamasari, _Panduan Lengkap Hukum Praktis Populer: Kiat-Kiat Cerdas, Mudah dan Bijak Mendirikan Badan Usaha._ Bandung: Kaifa, 2010. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Article 1 Section (11) [**Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/node/534/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) **(“Government Regulation 2/2021”)**. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Article 5 Section (1) Government Regulation 2/2021. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) x Article 7 Section (1) and (2) Government Regulation 2/2021. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Article 7 Section (4) Government Regulation 2/2021. Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPThis article is an English translation of Revolusi Industri 4.0: Pengaruh dan Tantangan bagi Hukum di Indonesia, which was written by Renata Christha Auli and was first published on Thursday, 7 July 2022.All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.The 4.0 industrial revolution has a significant impact on the industrial aspect, including the law.[1] However, before any further discussion, we should first understand the meaning of 4.0 industrial revolution.The Definition of 4.0 Industrial RevolutionThe 4.0 industrial revolution, according to Astrid Savitri, is the fourth industrial era since the first industrial revolution in the 18th century. The era of revolution is characterized by a combination of technologies that combine the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological fields, or collectively referred to as the cyber-physical system.[2]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas In the 4.0 industrial revolution, humans are very dependent on communication technology, namely communication in the form of artificial intelligence ("AI") and the internet of things ("IoT").[3] In addition, the 4.0 industrial revolution has led to an era in which technology has brought humans into the world of tangible virtuality, which will fundamentally change the pattern of life and the way they work, both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the 4.0 industrial revolution emphasizes several patterns, such as the digital economy, artificial intelligence, big data, and robotics.[4]The characteristics of the 4.0 industrial revolution are:[5]Robots are used as a basis which is connected to the internet in a shared network, and this is referred to as the early part of the 4.0 industrial revolution as the internet of things;Technological advances create new sensors and ways to utilize information that is recorded over a 24-hour period;A new phenomenon in the form of loss of privacy or personal life, since all human movements and activities can be monitored in the control center;Cloud computing system, namely a system in a computer that can perform complex calculations;Machine learning, namely machines that are capable of learning, are aware that they have made mistakes and make appropriate corrections in order to improve the results.Also read: Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Industry, Welcoming the Future of Law without Judges and Lawyers?Legal Basis of 4.0 Industrial Revolution in IndonesiaEssentially, the law moves dynamically along with the development of the live of the sociely. Thus, the law must be able to provide room for change. This is known as the adage of tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur en illis.[6]The development target of the 4.0 industrial revolution is the empowerment of information technology resources. Without a good legal information and communication system, the legal substance will be difficult to be accessed by the public and its validity will be criticized.[7]The Indonesian government has a program known as Making Indonesia 4.0, which is preparing Indonesia to face the 4.0 industrial revolution. The legal basis for the implementation of this program are:[8]Presidential Regulation 18/2020Under this regulation, the implementation of the 4.0 industrial revolution is stipulated as a major project of the 2020-2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan. This Presidential Regulation is translated into Annual Government Work Plans in order to secure the support of Ministries/Agencies and budgeting programs.Presidential Regulation 74/2022Under this regulation, the 10 (ten) priority strategies for Making Indonesia 4.0 will become the basis for the 2020-2024 Industrial Development Plan Direction. The development of 7 (seven) priority industrial sectors in Making Indonesia 4.0 is included in chapter IV of the Stages of Prioritized Industrial Development Outcomes.Regulation of the Minister of Industry 21/2020This regulation regulates the measurement of industrial readiness in transforming towards 4.0 industry.Revised Draft of Government Regulation 14/2015In this revised draft, the substance of Making Indonesia 4.0 is added to the substance of the National Industry Development Master Plan.The Indonesian government has also issued several regulations and policies in order to support and encourage the 4.0 industrial revolution program, namely:[9]Government Regulation 5/2021Presidential Regulation 33/2012Presidential Regulation 39/2019Presidential Instruction 3/2003Development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution in IndonesiaIndonesia is a country with the 4th (fourth) largest workforce in the world, namely 104 million workers. Improving the quality of the workforce will undoubtedly have an impact on increasing productivity which will also have an impact on economic growth. Labourers in Indonesia have a big role in the achievement of Making Indonesia 4.0 activities. Based on data from the Ministry of Industry, until 2021 there have been several achievements of Making Indonesia 4.0, namely:[10]838 industries have conducted INDI4.0 self-assessments;45 industries have been awarded INDI4.0;There are 5 Lighthouse Industries (2 Global Lighthouse Network industries and 3 National Lighthouse industries);108 industries have attended industry 4.0 mentoring;There are 8 capability centers (1 digital capability center for industry 4.0, 4 satellite capability centers, and 3 learning factories);A total of 2,171 people participated in the development of industrial 4.0 Human Resources in the form of training, technical guidance and certification;There are 13,183 Small and Medium Industries (Industri Kecil Menengah/ “IKM”) that have undergone training with e-commerce, and 4,600 Small and Medium Industries participated in the e-smart IKM webinar;Since 2018, 723 startups have participated in the Startup4industry program and have produced 73 finalists and 35 implementation projects;The ratification of Regulation of the Minister of Industry 21/2020 on the measurement of industrial readiness level in transforming towards 4.0 industry.Legal Challenges in Facing the 4.0 Industrial RevolutionThe 4.0 industrial revolution also raises new challenges in the legal aspect, one of which is legal certainty over the ease of doing business in this era, for example:Authentic Notarial DeedThe authentic notarial deed has the power of outward proof and the strength of formal and material evidence which is the strongest and most complete evidence. The proving power of the notarial deed will be faced with the challenge of digitization relating to the use of computers in the era of the 4.0 industrial revolution.This issue requires further study, namely the extent to which the authority of a notary and the process of making a notarial deed can use the internet network in order to still fulfill its authentic nature and have perfect evidentiary power.CybernotaryCybernotary is a concept that utilizes technological advances in carrying out the duties and authorities of a notary. Digitization of documents is a challenge for notaries, especially in relation to the authentication and legalization of documents.Electronic Transactions and SignaturesElectronic transactions in the 4.0 industrial revolution implement modern business, for example, agreements are carried out with the non-face method or without presenting the perpetrator physically, and non-sign i.e. not using original/wet signatures, as well as paperless or without the use of paper.[11] Moreover, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost everything has been transformed digitally. One of them is the signature system. This is a legal challenge in determining the validation of electronic signatures. In addition, if applied in court technicalities, it is necessary to regulate whether the electronic signature system is legal or not.[12]Also read: Government and INI Discuss the Concept of Cyber NotaryLegal Advice in Facing the Challenges of the 4.0 Industrial RevolutionFurthermore, we will explain some of the legal advices in facing the 4.0 industrial revolution, which has brought developments and changes in various fields, one of which is the law. Thus, this development needs to be regulated by law as law-making, and it is necessary to enforce the law as law enforcement.[13]The development of legal materials in facing the challenges of the 4.0 industrial revolution is also important, one of which is the renewal and establishment of new legal products that reflect the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, the Indonesian government must continuously evaluate laws and regulations, for example, those relating to modern industry, namely trade law.[14]According to Liona Nanang Supriatna, Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of Law at Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, the challenges for the legal aspect in the 4.0 industrial era are legal information systems and legal communications that are quickly connected to the internet as well as the use of artificial intelligence or AI.Furthermore, Liona explained that with internet and AI connectivity, the law will be easily accessed by the public and even assessed for its validity, which in turn will shape the legal culture, so that the law is not left behind with the latest technological developments. All regulations must be made based on the understanding of the internet of things which is the main characteristic of the 4.0 industrial revolution. For this reason, it is very important for the Indonesian government that the legal aspects of artificial intelligence or AI continue to be reviewed in order to remain in accordance with the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.Also read: Are the Faculty of Law and the Law Profession in Indonesia Relevant in the Vortex of the Industrial Revolution 4.0?In conclusion, the development of the 4.0 industrial revolution does not only have an impact on the economic and industrial sectors, but also an impact on the legal aspect.[15] There are several legal challenges in facing the 4.0 industrial revolution, for instance, relating to data, deeds, transactions, and electronic signatures.To deal with these challenges, several legal advices are provided, namely the development of legal materials, the establishment of legal products, and the evaluation of laws and regulations, as well as the review of artificial intelligence laws which are in line with the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.Also read: Patents and the Industrial Revolution 4.0Are you confused about determining the relationship between your articles and business obligations, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click here to learn more.These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful.Legal Basis:The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;Law Number 30 of 2004 on Position of Notary as amended by Law Number 2 of 2014 on Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2004 Concerning the Position of Notary;Government Regulation Number 14 of 2015 on 2015-2035 National Industry Development Master Plan;Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing;Presidential Regulation Number 33 of 2012 on National Legal Documentation and Information Network;Presidential Regulation Number 39 of 2019 on One Data Indonesia;Presidential Regulation Number 18 of 2020 on National Medium Term Development Plan for 2020-2024;Presidential Regulation Number 74 of 2022 on National Industrial Policy for 2020-2024;Regulation of the Minister of Industry Number 21 of 2020 on Measurement of Industrial Readiness Level in Transforming Towards 4.0 Industry;Presidential Instruction Number 3 of 2003 on Policy and National Strategy for E-Government Development.References:Benny Riyanto, Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0, Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020;Choirul Fajri (et.al), Public Relations dan Periklanan: Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0, Yogyakarta: Buku Litera Yogyakarta, 2019;Irena Relani (et.al), Pengaruh Revolusi Industri 4.0 terhadap Online Service Terminal Petikemas Koja Jakarta, Majalah Ilmiah Gema Maritim, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2019;Muhammad Akbar, Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris, Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021;Soesi Idayanti, Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019;Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone).NB:We have conducted an interview with the Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of Law of Parahyangan Catholic University, Dr. iur. Liona Nanang Supriatna, S.H., M.Hum. via WhatsApp on Friday, July 1 2022 at 22:44 Central Indonesian Time (zone). [1] Muhammad Akbar, Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris, Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021, p. 117.[2] Irena Relani (et.al), Pengaruh Revolusi Industri 4.0 terhadap Online Service Terminal Petikemas Koja Jakarta, Majalah Ilmiah Gema Maritim, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2019, p. 121.[3] Choirul Fajri (et.al), Public Relations dan Periklanan: Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0, Yogyakarta: Buku Litera Yogyakarta, 2019, pp. 38-39.[4] Soesi Idayanti, Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, p. 94.[5] Muhammad Akbar, Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris, Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021, p. 118.[6] Benny Riyanto, Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0, Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, p. 162.[7] Benny Riyanto, Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0, Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, pp. 163.[8] Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the online Legal Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone).[9] Benny Riyanto, Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0, Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, pp. 163 -164.[10] Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone).[11] Soesi Idayanti, Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, p. 95.[12] Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone).[13] Soesi Idayanti, Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 97-98.[14] Soesi Idayanti, Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 98-100.[15] Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone).Tagsklinik english edition
What is the impact of the 4.0 industrial revolution on the law in Indonesia?
The 4.0 industrial revolution is believed to be able to improve the quality of human life. This era not only had an impact on the industrial world and the economy but also had an impact on the legal aspect. Indonesia itself already has a program to achieve the 4.0 industrial revolution, however, behind Indonesia's success, there are legal challenges in facing this era. Please read the review below for a further explanation. Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Jika Polisi Menolak Laporan Masyarakat, Lakukan Ini15 Jan 2024Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/40-industrial-revolution--influence-and-challenge-for-the-law-in-indonesia-lt63bfc6866fe8f/
4.0 Industrial Revolution: Influence and Challenge for the Law in Indonesia
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- This article is an English translation of [**Revolusi Industri 4.0: Pengaruh dan Tantangan bagi Hukum di Indonesia**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/revolusi-industri-40-pengaruh-dan-tantangan-bagi-hukum-di-indonesia-lt62c6a01693e9c?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=revolusi_industri_40_tantangan), which was written by [**Renata Christha Auli**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/renata-christha-auli--sh-lt628dd61fce732/) and was first published on Thursday, 7 July 2022. All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete [**Disclaimer**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with [**Justika Partner Consultant**](https://www.justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). The 4.0 industrial revolution has a significant impact on the industrial aspect, including the law.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) However, before any further discussion, we should first understand the meaning of 4.0 industrial revolution. ### **The Definition of 4.0 Industrial Revolution** The 4.0 industrial revolution, according to **Astrid Savitri**, is the fourth industrial era since the first industrial revolution in the 18th century. The era of revolution is characterized by a combination of technologies that combine the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological fields, or collectively referred to as the cyber-physical system.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) In the 4.0 industrial revolution, humans are very dependent on communication technology, namely communication in the form of artificial intelligence ("AI") and the internet of things ("IoT").[\[3\]](#_ftn3) In addition, the 4.0 industrial revolution has led to an era in which technology has brought humans into the world of tangible virtuality, which will fundamentally change the pattern of life and the way they work, both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the 4.0 industrial revolution emphasizes several patterns, such as the digital economy, artificial intelligence, big data, and robotics.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) The characteristics of the 4.0 industrial revolution are:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. Robots are used as a basis which is connected to the internet in a shared network, and this is referred to as the early part of the 4.0 industrial revolution as the internet of things; 2. Technological advances create new sensors and ways to utilize information that is recorded over a 24-hour period; 3. A new phenomenon in the form of loss of privacy or personal life, since all human movements and activities can be monitored in the control center; 4. Cloud computing system, namely a system in a computer that can perform complex calculations; 5. Machine learning, namely machines that are capable of learning, are aware that they have made mistakes and make appropriate corrections in order to improve the results. Also read: [**Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Industry, Welcoming the Future of Law without Judges and Lawyers?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/artificial-intelligence-dalam-industri-hukum--menyongsong-masa-depan-dunia-hukum-tanpa-hakim-dan-lawyer-lt5ac7289c0b372?r=0&p=1&q=artificial%20intelligent&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=ai_industri_hukum_masa_depan_tanpa_hakim_lawyer?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=ai_dalam_industri_hukum) ### **Legal Basis of 4.0 Industrial Revolution in Indonesia** Essentially, the law moves dynamically along with the development of the live of the sociely. Thus, the law must be able to provide room for change. This is known as the adage of _tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur en illis_.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) The development target of the 4.0 industrial revolution is the empowerment of information technology resources. Without a good legal information and communication system, the legal substance will be difficult to be accessed by the public and its validity will be criticized.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) The Indonesian government has a program known as Making Indonesia 4.0, which is preparing Indonesia to face the 4.0 industrial revolution. The legal basis for the implementation of this program are:[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 1. [**Presidential Regulation 18/2020**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5e33f108b4aca/peraturan-presiden-nomor-18-tahun-2020?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2018%20Tahun%202020%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_18_2020) Under this regulation, the implementation of the 4.0 industrial revolution is stipulated as a major project of the 2020-2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan. This Presidential Regulation is translated into Annual Government Work Plans in order to secure the support of Ministries/Agencies and budgeting programs. 2. [**Presidential Regulation 74/2022**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt627b65176dd7e/peraturan-presiden-nomor-74-tahun-2022?r=0&p=1&q=5.Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2074%20Tahun%202022%20tentang&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_74_2022) Under this regulation, the 10 (ten) priority strategies for Making Indonesia 4.0 will become the basis for the 2020-2024 Industrial Development Plan Direction. The development of 7 (seven) priority industrial sectors in Making Indonesia 4.0 is included in chapter IV of the Stages of Prioritized Industrial Development Outcomes. 3. [**Regulation of the Minister of Industry 21/2020**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f603cdd61a72/peraturan-menteri-perindustrian-nomor-21-tahun-2020?r=0&p=1&q=peraturan%20menteri%20perindustrian%2021%2F2020&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenperin_21_2020) This regulation regulates the measurement of industrial readiness in transforming towards 4.0 industry. 4. **Revised Draft of** [**Government Regulation 14/2015**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt550a5a49cede1/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-14-tahun-2015?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Pemerintah%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202015%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_14_2015) In this revised draft, the substance of Making Indonesia 4.0 is added to the substance of the National Industry Development Master Plan. The Indonesian government has also issued several regulations and policies in order to support and encourage the 4.0 industrial revolution program, namely:[\[9\]](#_ftn9) 1. [**Government Regulation 5/2021**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021) 2. [**Presidential Regulation 33/2012**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f743491c1106/peraturan-presiden-nomor-33-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=2.Peraturan%20Presiden%2033%2F2012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_33_2012) 3. [**Presidential Regulation 39/2019**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d1355339d2aa/peraturan-presiden-nomor-39-tahun-2019?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2039%20Tahun%202019%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_39_2019) 4. [**Presidential Instruction 3/2003**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17187/instruksi-presiden-nomor-3-tahun-2003?r=0&p=1&q=Instruksi%20Presiden%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202003%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=instruksi_presiden_3_2003) ### **Development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution in Indonesia** Indonesia is a country with the 4th (fourth) largest workforce in the world, namely 104 million workers. Improving the quality of the workforce will undoubtedly have an impact on increasing productivity which will also have an impact on economic growth. Labourers in Indonesia have a big role in the achievement of Making Indonesia 4.0 activities. Based on data from the Ministry of Industry, until 2021 there have been several achievements of Making Indonesia 4.0, namely:[\[10\]](#_ftn10) 1. 838 industries have conducted INDI4.0 self-assessments; 2. 45 industries have been awarded INDI4.0; 3. There are 5 Lighthouse Industries (2 Global Lighthouse Network industries and 3 National Lighthouse industries); 4. 108 industries have attended industry 4.0 mentoring; 5. There are 8 capability centers (1 digital capability center for industry 4.0, 4 satellite capability centers, and 3 learning factories); 6. A total of 2,171 people participated in the development of industrial 4.0 Human Resources in the form of training, technical guidance and certification; 7. There are 13,183 Small and Medium Industries (Industri Kecil Menengah/ “IKM”) that have undergone training with e-commerce, and 4,600 Small and Medium Industries participated in the e-smart IKM webinar; 8. Since 2018, 723 startups have participated in the Startup4industry program and have produced 73 finalists and 35 implementation projects; 9. The ratification of Regulation of the Minister of Industry 21/2020 on the measurement of industrial readiness level in transforming towards 4.0 industry. ### **Legal Challenges in Facing the 4.0 Industrial Revolution** The 4.0 industrial revolution also raises new challenges in the legal aspect, one of which is legal certainty over the ease of doing business in this era, for example: 1. Authentic Notarial Deed The authentic notarial deed has the power of outward proof and the strength of formal and material evidence which is the strongest and most complete evidence. The proving power of the notarial deed will be faced with the challenge of digitization relating to the use of computers in the era of the 4.0 industrial revolution. This issue requires further study, namely the extent to which the authority of a notary and the process of making a notarial deed can use the internet network in order to still fulfill its authentic nature and have perfect evidentiary power. 2. Cybernotary Cybernotary is a concept that utilizes technological advances in carrying out the duties and authorities of a notary. Digitization of documents is a challenge for notaries, especially in relation to the authentication and legalization of documents. 3. Electronic Transactions and Signatures Electronic transactions in the 4.0 industrial revolution implement modern business, for example, agreements are carried out with the non-face method or without presenting the perpetrator physically, and non-sign i.e. not using original/wet signatures, as well as paperless or without the use of paper.[\[11\]](#_ftn11) Moreover, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost everything has been transformed digitally. One of them is the signature system. This is a legal challenge in determining the validation of electronic signatures. In addition, if applied in court technicalities, it is necessary to regulate whether the electronic signature system is legal or not.[\[12\]](#_ftn12) Also read: [**Government and INI Discuss the Concept of Cyber Notary**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/pemerintah-dan-ini-bahas-konsep-icyber-notaryi-lt4cf78b15c9e15?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=cybernotary?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=pemerintah_ini_bahas_cyber_notary) ### **Legal Advice in Facing the Challenges of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution** Furthermore, we will explain some of the legal advices in facing the 4.0 industrial revolution, which has brought developments and changes in various fields, one of which is the law. Thus, this development needs to be regulated by law as law-making, and it is necessary to enforce the law as law enforcement.[\[13\]](#_ftn13) The development of legal materials in facing the challenges of the 4.0 industrial revolution is also important, one of which is the renewal and establishment of new legal products that reflect the values of _Pancasila_ and the [**1945 Constitution**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945). Therefore, the Indonesian government must continuously evaluate laws and regulations, for example, those relating to modern industry, namely trade law.[\[14\]](#_ftn14) According to **Liona Nanang Supriatna**, Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of Law at Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, the challenges for the legal aspect in the 4.0 industrial era are legal information systems and legal communications that are quickly connected to the internet as well as the use of artificial intelligence or AI. Furthermore, Liona explained that with internet and AI connectivity, the law will be easily accessed by the public and even assessed for its validity, which in turn will shape the legal culture, so that the law is not left behind with the latest technological developments. All regulations must be made based on the understanding of the internet of things which is the main characteristic of the 4.0 industrial revolution. For this reason, it is very important for the Indonesian government that the legal aspects of artificial intelligence or AI continue to be reviewed in order to remain in accordance with the values of _Pancasila_ and the 1945 Constitution. Also read: [**Are the Faculty of Law and the Law Profession in Indonesia Relevant in the Vortex of the Industrial Revolution 4.0?**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/relevankah-fh-dan-profesi-hukum-di-indonesia-dalam-pusaran-revolusi-industri-40-lt629069994d4c1/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=fh_profesi_hukum_revolusi_industri_40?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=relevankah_fh) In conclusion, the development of the 4.0 industrial revolution does not only have an impact on the economic and industrial sectors, but also an impact on the legal aspect.[\[15\]](#_ftn15) There are several legal challenges in facing the 4.0 industrial revolution, for instance, relating to data, deeds, transactions, and electronic signatures. To deal with these challenges, several legal advices are provided, namely the development of legal materials, the establishment of legal products, and the evaluation of laws and regulations, as well as the review of artificial intelligence laws which are in line with the values of _Pancasila_ and the 1945 Constitution. Also read: [**Patents and the Industrial Revolution 4.0**](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/paten-dan-revolusi-industri-40-lt619d3c945baf7?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=paten_revolusi_industri_40?utm_source=website&utm_medium=klinik_mnc&utm_campaign=paten_dan_revolusi_industri) Are you confused about determining the relationship between your articles and business obligations, as well as the applicability of the regulations? Know your company's legal obligations and sanctions under an integrated platform with Hukumonline Regulatory Compliance System, click [**here**](https://rcs.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=Banner&utm_campaign=RCSKlinikHukum-LandingPage) to learn more. These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find it useful. Legal Basis: 1. [The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4ca2eb6dd2834/node/lt49c8ba3665987/uud-undang-undang-dasar-1945?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UUD_1945); 2. [Law Number 30 of 2004 on Position of Notary](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/19754/undangundang-nomor-30-tahun-2004?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_30_2004) as amended by [Law Number 2 of 2014 on Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2004 Concerning the Position of Notary](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt52e61d0707fe3/undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_2_2014); 3. [Government Regulation Number 14 of 2015 on 2015-2035 National Industry Development Master Plan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt550a5a49cede1/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-14-tahun-2015?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Pemerintah%20Nomor%2014%20Tahun%202015%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_14_2015); 4. [Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 on Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt6032548acffe0/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-5-tahun-2021?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=pp_5_2021); 5. [Presidential Regulation Number 33 of 2012 on National Legal Documentation and Information Network](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f743491c1106/peraturan-presiden-nomor-33-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=2.Peraturan%20Presiden%2033%2F2012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_33_2012); 6. [Presidential Regulation Number 39 of 2019 on One Data Indonesia](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5d1355339d2aa/peraturan-presiden-nomor-39-tahun-2019?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2039%20Tahun%202019%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_39_2019); 7. [Presidential Regulation Number 18 of 2020 on National Medium Term Development Plan for 2020-2024](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5e33f108b4aca/peraturan-presiden-nomor-18-tahun-2020?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2018%20Tahun%202020%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_18_2020); 8. [Presidential Regulation Number 74 of 2022 on National Industrial Policy for 2020-2024](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt627b65176dd7e/peraturan-presiden-nomor-74-tahun-2022?r=0&p=1&q=5.Peraturan%20Presiden%20Nomor%2074%20Tahun%202022%20tentang&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perpres_74_2022); 9. [Regulation of the Minister of Industry Number 21 of 2020 on Measurement of Industrial Readiness Level in Transforming Towards 4.0 Industry](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5f603cdd61a72/peraturan-menteri-perindustrian-nomor-21-tahun-2020?r=0&p=1&q=peraturan%20menteri%20perindustrian%2021%2F2020&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=permenperin_21_2020); 10. [Presidential Instruction Number 3 of 2003 on Policy and National Strategy for E-Government Development](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17187/instruksi-presiden-nomor-3-tahun-2003?r=0&p=1&q=Instruksi%20Presiden%20Nomor%203%20Tahun%202003%20&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=instruksi_presiden_3_2003). References: 1. Benny Riyanto, _Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0,_ Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020; 2. Choirul Fajri (et.al), _Public Relations dan Periklanan: Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Yogyakarta: Buku Litera Yogyakarta, 2019; 3. Irena Relani (et.al), _Pengaruh Revolusi Industri 4.0 terhadap Online Service Terminal Petikemas Koja Jakarta,_ Majalah Ilmiah Gema Maritim, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2019; 4. Muhammad Akbar, _Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris,_ Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021; 5. Soesi Idayanti, _Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019; 6. Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone). NB: _We have conducted an interview with the Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of Law of Parahyangan Catholic University, Dr. iur. Liona Nanang Supriatna, S.H., M.Hum. via WhatsApp on Friday, July 1 2022 at 22:44 Central Indonesian Time (zone)._ * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Muhammad Akbar, _Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris,_ Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021, p. 117. [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Irena Relani (_et.al_), _Pengaruh Revolusi Industri 4.0 terhadap Online Service Terminal Petikemas Koja Jakarta,_ Majalah Ilmiah Gema Maritim, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2019, p. 121. [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Choirul Fajri (_et.al_), _Public Relations dan Periklanan: Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Yogyakarta: Buku Litera Yogyakarta, 2019, pp. 38-39. [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Soesi Idayanti, _Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, p. 94. [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Muhammad Akbar, _Kepastian Hukum dalam Kemudahan Berusaha di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 Terkait dengan Profesi Notaris,_ Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian/Law Jurnal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2021, p. 118. [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Benny Riyanto, _Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0,_ Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, p. 162. [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Benny Riyanto, _Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0,_ Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, pp. 163. [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the online Legal Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone). [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) Benny Riyanto, _Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Era 4.0,_ Jurnal Rechtsvinding, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, pp. 163 -164. [\[10\]](#_ftnref10) Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone). [\[11\]](#_ftnref11) Soesi Idayanti, _Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, p. 95. [\[12\]](#_ftnref12) Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone). [\[13\]](#_ftnref13) Soesi Idayanti, _Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 97-98. [\[14\]](#_ftnref14) Soesi Idayanti, _Pembangunan Hukum Bisnis dalam Perspektif Pancasila Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,_ Jurnal Jurisprudence, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 98-100. [\[15\]](#_ftnref15) Andi Rizaldi, Expert Staff to the Minister of Business Climate and Investment at the Ministry of Industry, which was delivered during the presentation session of the Hukumonline Compliance Talks Webinar #5: Industry 4.0, the Benchmark of Indonesia's Future Industry, which was held on Friday, 1 July 2022, at 14.30 West Indonesian Time (zone). Tags ---- [klinik english edition](/tag/klinik-english-edition)
ULASAN LENGKAPKLINIK TERKAITAsas Nasionalitas Aktif dan Asas Personalitas dalam Hukum Pidana02 Okt 20237 Asas Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara28 Jul 202317 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya27 Jul 2023Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H., dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 3 Maret 2017.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Penemuan HukumPenemuan hukum atau rechtsvinding harus dilakukan hakim ketika undang-undang tidak lengkap atau tidak jelas dalam memutus suatu perkara. Terkait hal tersebut, Ketentuan Pasal 10 ayat (1) UU Kekuasaan Kehakiman menerangkan bahwa seorang hakim dilarang menolak perkara. Lalu, hasil temuan (hukum) tersebut akan menjadi hukum apabila diikuti oleh hakim berikutnya atau dengan kata lain menjadi yurisprudensi.Kemudian, Agustinus dan Patra dalam Panduan Bantuan Hukum di Indonesia Pedoman Anda Memahami dan Menyelesaikan Masalah Hukum (hal. 7) menerangkan bahwa penemuan hukum ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggali nilai-nilai hukum yang berkembang dalam masyarakat.Baca juga: Arti Asas Ius Curia NovitCara Penemuan Hukum Cara penemuan hukum menurut Sudikno Mertokusumo dalam buku Penemuan Hukum dapat dilakukan dengan dua metode, yakni:Interpretasi atau penafsiran: merupakan metode penemuan hukum yang dilakukan ketika peraturan perundang-undangan tidak jelas dan tidak lengkap. Metode interpretasi ini adalah sarana atau alat untuk mengetahui makna undang-undang dengan menjelaskan, menafsirkan, atau melengkapi peraturan perundang-undangannya (hal. 73). Interpretasi atau penafsiran ini dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode, yaitu secara (hal. 74-82):Gramatikal, yaitu penafsiran menurut bahasa sehari-hari.Historis, yaitu penafsiran berdasarkan sejarah hukum.Sistematis atau logis, yaitu menafsirkan undang-undang sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan sistem perundang-undangan.Teleologis atau sosiologis, yaitu penafsiran menurut makna/tujuan kemasyarakatan.Komparatif, yaitu penafsiran dengan cara membandingkan dengan kaedah hukum di tempat lain.Futuristis atau antisipatif, yaitu penafsiran antisipatif yang berpedoman pada undang-undang yang belum mempunyai kekuatan hukum.Restriktif, yaitu mempersempit arti suatu peraturan dengan bertitik tolak pada artinya menurut bahasa.Ekstensif, yaitu menafsirkan dengan cara melampaui batas oleh penafsiran gramatikal.  Penalaran: metode penemuan hukum yang dapat digunakan apabila dalam mengadili perkara tidak ada peraturan yang mengatur secara khusus mengenai peristiwa yang terjadi (hal. 84).Konstruksi hukum ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan logika berpikir secara (hal. 86 – 92):Argumentum per analogiam atau sering disebut analogi. Pada analogi, peristiwa yang berbeda namun serupa, sejenis atau mirip yang diatur dalam undang-undang diperlakukan sama.Rechtverfijning atau penyempitan hukum. Pada penyempitan hukum, peraturan yang sifatnya umum diterapkan terhadap peristiwa atau hubungan hukum yang khusus dengan penjelasan atau konstruksi dengan memberi ciri-ciri.Argumentum a contrario atau sering disebut a contrario, yaitu menafsirkan atau menjelaskan undang-undang yang didasarkan pada perlawanan pengertian antara peristiwa konkrit yang dihadapi dan peristiwa yang diatur dalam undang-undang.Baca juga: Penemuan Hukum dan Konstruksi HukumPengertian Penafsiran Pengungkapan Secara Berlawanan Sehubungan dengan pertanyaan yang diajukan, menafsirkan undang-undang secara berlawanan disebut juga dengan argumentum a contrario. Terkait ini, R. Soeroso dalam Pengantar Ilmu Hukum (hal. 115) menjelaskan bahwa penafsiran a contrario adalah penafsiran undang-undang yang didasarkan atas pengingkaran artinya berlawanan pengertian antara soal yang dihadapi dengan soal yang diatur dalam suatu pasal dalam undang-undang.R. Soeroso kemudian menerangkan bahwa berdasarkan pengingkaran ini ditarik kesimpulan bahwa masalah perkara yang dihadapi tidak termasuk pasal yang dimaksud, masalahnya berada di luar peraturan perundang-undangan.Sementara, Sudikno Mertokusumo menerangkan bahwa pada a contrario menitikberatkan pada ketidaksamaan peristiwa. Adakalanya, suatu peristiwa tidak secara khusus diatur oleh undang-undang, tapi kebalikan dari peristiwa itu diatur dalam undang-undang. Di sini peraturan yang disediakan untuk peristiwa yang dicari hukumnya tidak ada, namun yang ada adalah peraturan yang khusus disediakan untuk peristiwa lain yang tidak sama, tapi ada unsur kemiripan dengan peristiwa yang akan dicari hukumnya.[1] Kemudian, pada hakikatnya penafsiran a contrario sama dengan penafsiran analogis hanya hasilnya berlawanan. Analogi membawa hasil positif sedangkan penafsiran a contrario hasilnya negatif. Adapun penafsiran berdasarkan argumentum a contrario mempersempit perumusan hukum atau perundang-undangan. Tujuannya adalah untuk lebih mempertegas adanya kepastian hukum sehingga tidak menimbulkan keraguan.Perbedaaan penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan berdasarkan argumentum a contrario adalah:[2]Menggunakan undang-undang secara analogi memperoleh hasil yang positif; sedangkan argumentum a contrario memperoleh hasil negatif.Menggunakan undang-undang secara analogi adalah memperluas berlakunya ketentuan hukum atau peraturan perundang-undangan; sedangkan secara a contrario mempersempit berlakunya ketentuan undang-undang.Persamaannya penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan berdasarkan argumentum a contrario adalah:[3]Penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan argumentum a contrario sama–sama berdasarkan konstruksi hukum.Kedua cara tersebut dapat dipergunakan untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah.Kedua cara tersebut diterapkan sewaktu pasal dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tidak menyebut masalah yang dihadapi.Maksud dan tujuan antara kedua cara tersebut adalah sama-sama untuk mengisi kekosongan di dalam Undang-Undang.Contoh Penafsiran Argumentum A ContrarioContoh penafsiran a contrario dapat kita temukan pada Pasal 34 KUH Perdata yang menyatakan bahwa seorang wanita tidak diperbolehkan kawin lagi sebelum lewat waktu 300 hari sejak saat perceraian. Kemudian, dalam Pasal 39 ayat (1) PP 9/1975 disebutkan bahwa waktu tunggu bagi seorang janda sebagai dimaksud dalam Pasal 11 ayat (2)  UU Perkawinan adalah sebagai berikut.Apabila perkawinan putus karena kematian, waktu tunggu ditetapkan 130 hari.Apabila perkawinan putus karena perceraian, waktu tunggu bagi yang masih berdatang bulan ditetapkan 3 kali suci dengan sekurang-kurangnya 90 hari dan bagi yang tidak berdatang bulan ditetapkan 90 hari.Apabila perkawinan putus sedang janda tersebut dalam keadaan hamil, waktu tunggu ditetapkan sampai melahirkan.Lalu, apakah seorang laki-laki juga harus menunggu waktu 300 hari? Jawabannya adalah tidak. Karena pasal tersebut diberlakukan bagi duda secara a contrario sehingga kalau duda akan menikah lagi tidak perlu menunggu. Dengan kata lain, berdasarkan argumentum a contrario (berlawanan), dapat dikatakan bahwa ketentuan ini tidak berlaku bagi seorang laki-laki karena soal yang dihadapi tidak diliputi oleh pasal tersebut. Pasal 34 KUH Perdata, tidak menyebutkan apa-apa tentang seorang laki-laki tetapi khusus ditujukan pada perempuan.[4]Contoh lain, apa yang dimaksud dengan sebab yang halal yang diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata tidak dijelaskan secara tegas. Namun, Pasal 1337 KUH Perdata mengatur tentang sebab yang terlarang yaitu yang bertentangan dengan undang-undang, kesusilaan, dan ketertiban umum. Sehingga, secara a contrario dapat diketahui bahwa sebab yang halal adalah sebab yang tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang, kesusilaan, dan ketertiban umum.[5]Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penafsiran berlawanan itu diperbolehkan dalam rangka penemuan hukum. Penafsiran berlawanan itu disebut juga dengan argumentum a contrario yaitu menafsirkan atau menjelaskan undang-undang yang didasarkan pada perlawanan pengertian antara peristiwa konkrit yang dihadapi dan peristiwa yang diatur dalam undang-undang.Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait penafsiran argumentum a contrario, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan;Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman;Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.Referensi:Agustinus Edy Kristianto dan A. Patra M. Zen. Panduan Bantuan Hukum di Indonesia: Pedoman Anda Memahami dan Menyelesaikan Masalah Hukum. Jakarta: YLBHI, 2008;Soeroso. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika,2011;Sudikno Mertokusumo. Penemuan Hukum. Ke-5. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014.[1] Sudikno Mertokusumo, Penemuan Hukum, Cet. Ke-5, Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014, hal. 89 – 90[2] R. Soeroso, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 115[3] R. Soeroso, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 116[4] R. Soeroso, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 116[5] Sudikno Mertokusumo, Penemuan Hukum, Cet. Ke-5, Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014, hal. 90 – 91Tagsbukugooglehakimhukumhukumonlineilmu hukumistilah hukumklinikklinik hukumonlineperdatapidanatata negaraundang-undangyurisprudensi
Saya pernah dengar soal argumentum a contrario. Pertanyaannya, apakah kita bisa menafsirkan undang-undang dengan arti berlawanan, seperti contoh perempuan tidak boleh menikah lagi sebelum masa iddah selesai, berarti ketentuan ini tidak untuk laki-laki. Mohon penjelasannya, kalau bisa seperti apakah cara menafsirkan yang benar?
Penafsiran berlawanan itu diperbolehkan dalam rangka penemuan hukum. Penafsiran berlawanan itu disebut juga dengan argumentum a contrario, yaitu menafsirkan atau menjelaskan undang-undang yang didasarkan pada perlawanan pengertian antara peristiwa konkrit yang dihadapi dengan peristiwa yang diatur dalam undang-undang. Bagaimana contoh penafsiran argumentum a contrario tersebut?  Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Asas Nasionalitas Aktif dan Asas Personalitas dalam Hukum Pidana02 Okt 20237 Asas Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara28 Jul 202317 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya27 Jul 2023Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Asas Nasionalitas Aktif dan Asas Personalitas dalam Hukum Pidana02 Okt 20237 Asas Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara28 Jul 202317 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya27 Jul 2023Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Persyaratan Pemberhentian Direksi dan Komisaris PT PMA17 Mei 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
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Arti Penafsiran Hukum Argumentum A Contrario
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Asas Nasionalitas Aktif dan Asas Personalitas dalam Hukum Pidana ](/klinik/a/asas-nasionalitas-aktif-lt5b07770d798f2/) ![Asas Nasionalitas Aktif dan Asas Personalitas dalam Hukum Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5b07770d798f2/thumbnail_lt5b0bb832c5558.jpg) 02 Okt 2023 [ #### 7 Asas Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara ](/klinik/a/7-asas-hukum-acara-peradilan-tata-usaha-negara-lt62d5370e455c4/) ![7 Asas Hukum Acara Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62d5370e455c4/thumbnail_lt62d53888d04b1.jpg) 28 Jul 2023 [ #### 17 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya ](/klinik/a/asas-asas-umum-pemerintahan-yang-baik-lt62d8f9bedcda1/) ![17 Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik dan Penjelasannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62d8f9bedcda1/thumbnail_lt62d8fb038e50b.jpg) 27 Jul 2023 [ #### Arti Asas _Ius Curia Novit_ ](/klinik/a/ius-curia-novit-lt58dca7c78ab7d/) ![Arti Asas <i>Ius Curia Novit</i>](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt58dca7c78ab7d/thumbnail_lt58ddd1871b6b0.jpg) 21 Des 2022 [](#!) Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4), dan dipublikasikan pertama kali pada Jumat, 3 Maret 2017.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat **[Pernyataan Penyangkalan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer)** selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan **[Konsultan Mitra Justika](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)****.** ### **Penemuan Hukum** Penemuan hukum atau _rechtsvinding_ harus dilakukan hakim ketika undang-undang tidak lengkap atau tidak jelas dalam memutus suatu perkara. Terkait hal tersebut, Ketentuan **Pasal 10 ayat (1)** [**UU Kekuasaan Kehakiman**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4b01297e9d172/undangundang-nomor-48-tahun-2009?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_48_2009) menerangkan bahwa seorang hakim dilarang menolak perkara. Lalu, hasil temuan (hukum) tersebut akan menjadi hukum apabila diikuti oleh hakim berikutnya atau dengan kata lain menjadi yurisprudensi. Kemudian, **Agustinus dan Patra** dalam _Panduan Bantuan Hukum di Indonesia Pedoman Anda Memahami dan Menyelesaikan Masalah Hukum_ (hal. 7) menerangkan bahwa penemuan hukum ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggali nilai-nilai hukum yang berkembang dalam masyarakat. Baca juga: **[Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/arti-asas-iius-curia-novit-i-lt58dca7c78ab7d?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=ius_curia_novit)** ### **Cara Penemuan Hukum** Cara penemuan hukum menurut **Sudikno Mertokusumo** dalam buku _Penemuan Hukum_ dapat dilakukan dengan dua metode, yakni: 1. **Interpretasi atau penafsiran**: merupakan metode penemuan hukum yang dilakukan ketika peraturan perundang-undangan tidak jelas dan tidak lengkap. Metode interpretasi ini adalah sarana atau alat untuk mengetahui makna undang-undang dengan menjelaskan, menafsirkan, atau melengkapi peraturan perundang-undangannya (hal. 73). Interpretasi atau penafsiran ini dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode, yaitu secara (hal. 74-82): 1. Gramatikal, yaitu penafsiran menurut bahasa sehari-hari. 2. Historis, yaitu penafsiran berdasarkan sejarah hukum. 3. Sistematis atau logis, yaitu menafsirkan undang-undang sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan sistem perundang-undangan. 4. Teleologis atau sosiologis, yaitu penafsiran menurut makna/tujuan kemasyarakatan. 5. Komparatif, yaitu penafsiran dengan cara membandingkan dengan kaedah hukum di tempat lain. 6. Futuristis atau antisipatif, yaitu penafsiran antisipatif yang berpedoman pada undang-undang yang belum mempunyai kekuatan hukum. 7. Restriktif, yaitu mempersempit arti suatu peraturan dengan bertitik tolak pada artinya menurut bahasa. 8. Ekstensif, yaitu menafsirkan dengan cara melampaui batas oleh penafsiran gramatikal. 2. **Penalaran**: metode penemuan hukum yang dapat digunakan apabila dalam mengadili perkara tidak ada peraturan yang mengatur secara khusus mengenai peristiwa yang terjadi (hal. 84). Konstruksi hukum ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan logika berpikir secara (hal. 86 – 92): 1. _Argumentum per analogiam_ atau sering disebut analogi. Pada analogi, peristiwa yang berbeda namun serupa, sejenis atau mirip yang diatur dalam undang-undang diperlakukan sama. 2. _Rechtverfijning_ atau penyempitan hukum. Pada penyempitan hukum, peraturan yang sifatnya umum diterapkan terhadap peristiwa atau hubungan hukum yang khusus dengan penjelasan atau konstruksi dengan memberi ciri-ciri. 3. _Argumentum a contrario_ atau sering disebut _a contrario_, yaitu menafsirkan atau menjelaskan undang-undang yang didasarkan pada perlawanan pengertian antara peristiwa konkrit yang dihadapi dan peristiwa yang diatur dalam undang-undang. Baca juga: **[Penemuan Hukum dan Konstruksi Hukum](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/penemuan-hukum-dan-konstruksi-hukum-lt62d13817f197e?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=penemuan_hukum_konstruksi)** ### **Pengertian Penafsiran Pengungkapan Secara Berlawanan** Sehubungan dengan pertanyaan yang diajukan, menafsirkan undang-undang secara berlawanan disebut juga dengan _argumentum a contrario_. Terkait ini, **R. Soeroso** dalam _Pengantar Ilmu Hukum_ (hal. 115) menjelaskan bahwa penafsiran _a contrario_ adalah penafsiran undang-undang yang didasarkan atas pengingkaran artinya berlawanan pengertian antara soal yang dihadapi dengan soal yang diatur dalam suatu pasal dalam undang-undang. R. Soeroso kemudian menerangkan bahwa berdasarkan pengingkaran ini ditarik kesimpulan bahwa masalah perkara yang dihadapi tidak termasuk pasal yang dimaksud, masalahnya berada di luar peraturan perundang-undangan. Sementara, Sudikno Mertokusumo menerangkan bahwa pada _a contrario_ menitikberatkan pada ketidaksamaan peristiwa. Adakalanya, suatu peristiwa tidak secara khusus diatur oleh undang-undang, tapi kebalikan dari peristiwa itu diatur dalam undang-undang. Di sini peraturan yang disediakan untuk peristiwa yang dicari hukumnya tidak ada, namun yang ada adalah peraturan yang khusus disediakan untuk peristiwa lain yang tidak sama, tapi ada unsur kemiripan dengan peristiwa yang akan dicari hukumnya.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Kemudian, pada hakikatnya penafsiran _a contrario_ sama dengan penafsiran analogis hanya hasilnya berlawanan. Analogi membawa hasil positif sedangkan penafsiran _a contrario_ hasilnya negatif. Adapun penafsiran berdasarkan _argumentum a contrario_ mempersempit perumusan hukum atau perundang-undangan. Tujuannya adalah untuk lebih mempertegas adanya kepastian hukum sehingga tidak menimbulkan keraguan. Perbedaaan penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan berdasarkan _argumentum a contrario_ adalah:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. Menggunakan undang-undang secara analogi memperoleh hasil yang positif; sedangkan _argumentum a contrario_ memperoleh hasil negatif. 2. Menggunakan undang-undang secara analogi adalah memperluas berlakunya ketentuan hukum atau peraturan perundang-undangan; sedangkan secara _a contrario_ mempersempit berlakunya ketentuan undang-undang. Persamaannya penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan berdasarkan _argumentum a contrario_ adalah:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. Penggunaan undang-undang secara analogi dan _argumentum a contrario_ sama–sama berdasarkan konstruksi hukum. 2. Kedua cara tersebut dapat dipergunakan untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah. 3. Kedua cara tersebut diterapkan sewaktu pasal dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tidak menyebut masalah yang dihadapi. 4. Maksud dan tujuan antara kedua cara tersebut adalah sama-sama untuk mengisi kekosongan di dalam Undang-Undang. ### **Contoh Penafsiran _Argumentum A Contrario_** Contoh penafsiran _a contrario_ dapat kita temukan pada **Pasal 34** [**KUH Perdata**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) yang menyatakan bahwa seorang wanita tidak diperbolehkan kawin lagi sebelum lewat waktu 300 hari sejak saat perceraian. Kemudian, dalam **Pasal 39 ayat (1)** **[PP 9/1975](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975)** disebutkan bahwa waktu tunggu bagi seorang janda sebagai dimaksud dalam **Pasal 11 ayat (2)**  **[UU Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974)** adalah sebagai berikut. 1. Apabila perkawinan putus karena kematian, waktu tunggu ditetapkan 130 hari. 2. Apabila perkawinan putus karena perceraian, waktu tunggu bagi yang masih berdatang bulan ditetapkan 3 kali suci dengan sekurang-kurangnya 90 hari dan bagi yang tidak berdatang bulan ditetapkan 90 hari. 3. Apabila perkawinan putus sedang janda tersebut dalam keadaan hamil, waktu tunggu ditetapkan sampai melahirkan. Lalu, apakah seorang laki-laki juga harus menunggu waktu 300 hari? Jawabannya adalah tidak. Karena pasal tersebut diberlakukan bagi duda secara _a contrario_ sehingga kalau duda akan menikah lagi tidak perlu menunggu. Dengan kata lain, berdasarkan _argumentum a contrario_ (berlawanan), dapat dikatakan bahwa ketentuan ini tidak berlaku bagi seorang laki-laki karena soal yang dihadapi tidak diliputi oleh pasal tersebut. Pasal 34 KUH Perdata, tidak menyebutkan apa-apa tentang seorang laki-laki tetapi khusus ditujukan pada perempuan.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Contoh lain, apa yang dimaksud dengan sebab yang halal yang diatur dalam **Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata** tidak dijelaskan secara tegas. Namun, **Pasal 1337 KUH Perdata** mengatur tentang sebab yang terlarang yaitu yang bertentangan dengan undang-undang, kesusilaan, dan ketertiban umum. Sehingga, secara _a contrario_ dapat diketahui bahwa sebab yang halal adalah sebab yang tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang, kesusilaan, dan ketertiban umum.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, penafsiran berlawanan itu diperbolehkan dalam rangka penemuan hukum. Penafsiran berlawanan itu disebut juga dengan _argumentum a contrario_ yaitu menafsirkan atau menjelaskan undang-undang yang didasarkan pada perlawanan pengertian antara peristiwa konkrit yang dihadapi dan peristiwa yang diatur dalam undang-undang. Demikian jawaban dari kami terkait penafsiran _argumentum a contrario_, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/node/686?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26834/undangundang-nomor-1-tahun-1974/document?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_1_1974) sebagaimana diubah dengan [Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5dafedf4cd014?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_16_2019); 3. [Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4b01297e9d172/undangundang-nomor-48-tahun-2009?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_48_2009); 4. [Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1700/peraturan-pemerintah-nomor-9-tahun-1975?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PP_9_1975). Referensi: 1. Agustinus Edy Kristianto dan A. Patra M. Zen. _Panduan Bantuan Hukum di Indonesia: Pedoman Anda Memahami dan Menyelesaikan Masalah Hukum_. Jakarta: YLBHI, 2008; 2. Soeroso. _Pengantar Ilmu Hukum_. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika,2011; 3. Sudikno Mertokusumo. _Penemuan Hukum._ Ke-5. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Sudikno Mertokusumo, _Penemuan Hukum,_ Cet. Ke-5, Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014, hal. 89 – 90 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) R. Soeroso, _Pengantar Ilmu Hukum_, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 115 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) R. Soeroso, _Pengantar Ilmu Hukum_, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 116 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) R. Soeroso, _Pengantar Ilmu Hukum_, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2011, hal. 116 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Sudikno Mertokusumo, _Penemuan Hukum,_ Cet. Ke-5, Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2014, hal. 90 – 91 Tags ---- [buku](/tag/buku) [google](/tag/google) [hakim](/tag/hakim) [hukum](/tag/hukum) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [ilmu hukum](/tag/ilmu-hukum) [istilah hukum](/tag/istilah-hukum) [klinik](/tag/klinik) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [perdata](/tag/perdata) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [tata negara](/tag/tata-negara) [undang-undang](/tag/undang_undang) [yurisprudensi](/tag/yurisprudensi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITMengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh Sovia Hasanah, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 31 Maret 2017.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan bahwa istilah testimonium de auditu merupakan suatu istilah hukum yang berkaitan dengan kesaksian. Lebih lanjut, dalam hukum acara perdata maupun dalam hukum acara pidana, saksi memiliki peran sebagai alat bukti. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam ketentuan Pasal 164 HIR atau Pasal 283 RBG yang pada pokoknya menerangkan bahwa alat-alat bukti dalam perkara perdata terdiri atas bukti tulisan, bukti dengan saksi-saksi, persangkaan-persangkaan, pengakuan dan sumpah. Selanjutnya, alat-alat bukti dalam perkara pidana diatur dalam Pasal 184 KUHAP yang mana terdiri dari keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, surat, petunjuk dan keterangan terdakwa.Adapun yang dimaksud dengan saksi menurut Pasal 1 angka 26 KUHAP adalah orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan guna kepentingan penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan tentang suatu perkara pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri, dan ia alami sendiri.Namun, berdasarkan Putusan MK No. 65/PUU-VIII/2010, makna saksi ini telah diperluas menjadi sebagai berikut: Pasal 1 angka 26 KUHAP dan 27, Pasal 65, Pasal 116 ayat (3), (4), Pasal 184 ayat (1a) KUHAP bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sepanjang tidak dimaknai termasuk pula “orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan dalam rangka penyidikan, penuntutan, dan peradilan suatu tindak pidana yang tidak selalu ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri.Dengan demikian, setiap orang yang punya pengetahuan yang terkait langsung terjadinya tindak pidana wajib didengar sebagai saksi demi keadilan dan keseimbangan penyidik yang berhadapan dengan tersangka/terdakwa. Terkait syarat seorang saksi, M. Yahya Harahap dalam Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan (hal. 661) menjelaskan bahwa syarat materiil seorang saksi sebagai alat bukti berdasarkan Pasal 171 HIR dan Pasal 1907 KUH Perdata, yakni memberikan keterangan berdasarkan sumber pengetahuan yang jelas. Sumber pengetahuan yang dibenarkan hukum mesti merupakan pengalaman, penglihatan atau pendengaran yang bersifat langsung dari peristiwa atau kejadian yang berhubungan dengan pokok perkara yang disengketakan para pihak. Pengertian Testimonium De AudituTestimonium de auditu adalah kesaksian atau keterangan karena mendengar dari orang lain.[1] Keterangan seorang saksi yang bersumber dari cerita atau keterangan yang disampaikan orang lain kepadanya adalah:[2]berada di luar kategori keterangan saksi yang dibenarkan Pasal 171 HIR dan Pasal 1907 KUH Perdata;keterangan saksi yang demikian, hanya berkualitas sebagai testimonium de auditu; dandisebut juga kesaksian tidak langsung atau bukan saksi mata yang mengalami, melihat, atau mendengar sendiri peristiwa pokok perkara yang disengketakan.Bentuk keterangan tersebut dalam sistem hukum common law disebut dengan hearsay evidence.[3] Testimonium De Auditu dalam Praktik PeradilanYahya Harahap (hal. 664–665) kemudian menerangkan penerapan saksi testimonium de auditu dalam praktik peradilan, yakni sebagai berikut.Secara umum ditolak sebagai alat buktiPada prinsipnya testimonium de auditu tidak dapat diterima sebagai alat bukti. Pada umumnya sikap praktisi hukum secara otomatis menolaknya tanpa analisis dan pertimbangan yang argumentatif. Sebagai contoh Putusan MA No. 881 K/Pdt/1983, yang menegaskan saksi-saksi yang diajukan penggugat semuanya terdiri dari de auditu, sehingga keterangan yang mereka berikan tidak sah sebagai alat bukti. Dikonstruksi sebagai persangkaanSecara kasuistik hakim dapat mengonstruksi kesaksian de auditu menjadi alat bukti persangkaan asal hal itu dipertimbangkan dengan objektif dan rasional. Meski jarang ditemukan putusan yang mengkonstruksi kesaksian de auditu sebagai alat bukti persangkaan, namun bukan berarti sama sekali tidak ada. Bisa kita lihat dalam Putusan MA No. 308 K/Pdt/1959. Menurut putusan ini:Testimonium de auditu tidak dapat dipergunakan sebagai alat bukti langsung;Namun kesaksian itu dapat diterapkan sebagai alat bukti persangkaan (vermoeden), dan persangkaan itu dapat dijadikan dasar untuk membuktikan sesuatu.Kemudian, yang umumnya dipertanyakan, apakah tindakan seperti itu dapat dibenarkan? Terkait hal ini, M. Yahya Harahap (hal. 665) mengatakan, dapat. Pasalnya, berdasarkan Pasal 1922 KUH Perdata, Pasal 173 HIR, kepada hakim yang diberi kewenangan untuk mempertimbangkan sesuatu apakah dapat diwujudkan sebagai alat bukti persangkaan, asal itu dilakukan dengan hati-hati dan saksama. Adapun menurut pasal ini, yang dapat dijadikan sumber atau landasan alat bukti persangkaan yang tidak berdasarkan undang-undang ialah dari saksi, bantahan atau akta.Demikian jawaban dari kami seputar testimonium de auditu sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMHerzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR)Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana PUTUSAN Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 308 K/Pdt/1959;Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 881 K/Pdt/1983;Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 65/PUU-VIII/2010. REFERENSIM. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016.[1] M. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal 661[2] M. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal 661[3] M. Yahya Harahap. Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 661Tagsacara peradilanalat buktihakimkarier hukumkesaksianmahkamah agungperdatapidanaprofesi hukumsaksi
Apa yang dimaksud dengan testimonium de auditu? Mohon jelaskan.
Testimonium de auditu adalah kesaksian atau keterangan karena mendengar dari orang lain. Pada prinsipnya testimonium de auditu tidak dapat diterima sebagai alat bukti. Saksi menurut KUHAP adalah orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan guna kepentingan penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan tentang suatu perkara pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri, dan ia alami sendiri. Kemudian Putusan MK No. 65/PUU-VIII/2010 memperluasnya pengertian saksi. Bagaimana bunyinya?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum03 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana 28 Des 2022Arti Asas Ius Curia Novit21 Des 2022Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Dasar Hukum Poligami di Indonesia dan Prosedurnya1 Nov 2023Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023
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Arti Testimonium De Auditu
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum ](/klinik/a/mengenal-frasa-demi-hukum-dan-batal-demi-hukum-lt4fff97aad74a5/) ![Mengenal Frasa Demi Hukum dan Batal Demi Hukum](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt4fff97aad74a5/thumbnail_lt63b3ee4cb7231.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya? ](/klinik/a/menolak-panggilan-sebagai-saksi-apa-ancaman-pidananya-lt50cc981bed84f/) ![Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50cc981bed84f/thumbnail_lt63b3f05372f0d.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana ](/klinik/a/syarat-dan-dasar-hukum-keterangan-ahli-dalam-perkara-pidana-lt52770db2b956d/) ![Syarat dan Dasar Hukum Keterangan Ahli dalam Perkara Pidana ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt52770db2b956d/thumbnail_lt63abe16f276f8.jpg) 28 Des 2022 [ #### Arti Asas _Ius Curia Novit_ ](/klinik/a/ius-curia-novit-lt58dca7c78ab7d/) ![Arti Asas <i>Ius Curia Novit</i>](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt58dca7c78ab7d/thumbnail_lt58ddd1871b6b0.jpg) 21 Des 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh** **[Sovia Hasanah, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/sovia-hasanah--sh-lt57d2913a130b4)** **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 31 Maret 2017.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, kami sampaikan bahwa istilah _testimonium de auditu_ merupakan suatu istilah hukum yang berkaitan dengan kesaksian. Lebih lanjut, dalam hukum acara perdata maupun dalam hukum acara pidana, saksi memiliki peran sebagai alat bukti. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam ketentuan **Pasal 164** [**HIR**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27228/nprt/2/herzien-inlandsch-reglement-\(h.i.r\)-\(s.-1941-44\)-reglemen-indonesia-yang-diperbaharui-\(r.i.b.\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=hir) **atau** **Pasal** **283 RBG** yang pada pokoknya menerangkan bahwa alat-alat bukti dalam perkara perdata terdiri atas bukti tulisan, bukti dengan saksi-saksi, persangkaan-persangkaan, pengakuan dan sumpah. Selanjutnya, alat-alat bukti dalam perkara pidana diatur dalam **Pasal 184** [**KUHAP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) yang mana terdiri dari keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, surat, petunjuk dan keterangan terdakwa. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan saksi menurut **Pasal 1 angka 26 KUHAP** adalah orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan guna kepentingan penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan tentang suatu perkara pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri, dan ia alami sendiri. Namun, berdasarkan **[Putusan MK No. 65/PUU-VIII/2010](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5003e3de56409/npts/lt5237da23f2f9f/putusan-mk-no-65_puu-viii_2010-pengujian-undang-undang-nomor-8-tahun-1981-tentang-hukum-acara-pidana)**, makna saksi ini telah diperluas menjadi sebagai berikut: _Pasal 1 angka 26 KUHAP dan 27, Pasal 65, Pasal 116 ayat (3), (4), Pasal 184 ayat (1a) KUHAP bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sepanjang tidak dimaknai termasuk pula “orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan dalam rangka penyidikan, penuntutan, dan peradilan suatu tindak pidana yang tidak selalu ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri._ Dengan demikian, setiap orang yang punya pengetahuan yang terkait langsung terjadinya tindak pidana wajib didengar sebagai saksi demi keadilan dan keseimbangan penyidik yang berhadapan dengan tersangka/terdakwa. Terkait syarat seorang saksi, **M. Yahya Harahap** dalam _Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan_ (hal. 661) menjelaskan bahwa syarat materiil seorang saksi sebagai alat bukti berdasarkan **Pasal 171 HIR dan Pasal 1907** **[KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/burgerlijk-wetboek?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)**, yakni memberikan keterangan berdasarkan sumber pengetahuan yang jelas. Sumber pengetahuan yang dibenarkan hukum mesti merupakan pengalaman, penglihatan atau pendengaran yang bersifat langsung dari peristiwa atau kejadian yang berhubungan dengan pokok perkara yang disengketakan para pihak. ### **Pengertian _Testimonium De Auditu_** _Testimonium de auditu_ adalah kesaksian atau keterangan karena mendengar dari orang lain.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Keterangan seorang saksi yang bersumber dari cerita atau keterangan yang disampaikan orang lain kepadanya adalah:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. berada di luar kategori keterangan saksi yang dibenarkan Pasal 171 HIR dan Pasal 1907 KUH Perdata; 2. keterangan saksi yang demikian, hanya berkualitas sebagai _testimonium de auditu_; dan 3. disebut juga kesaksian tidak langsung atau bukan saksi mata yang mengalami, melihat, atau mendengar sendiri peristiwa pokok perkara yang disengketakan. Bentuk keterangan tersebut dalam sistem hukum _common law_ disebut dengan _hearsay evidence_.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) ### **_Testimonium De Auditu_** **dalam Praktik Peradilan** Yahya Harahap (hal. 664–665) kemudian menerangkan penerapan saksi _testimonium de auditu_ dalam praktik peradilan, yakni sebagai berikut. 1. **Secara umum ditolak sebagai alat bukti** Pada prinsipnya _testimonium de auditu_ tidak dapat diterima sebagai alat bukti. Pada umumnya sikap praktisi hukum secara otomatis menolaknya tanpa analisis dan pertimbangan yang argumentatif. Sebagai contoh **Putusan MA No. 881 K/Pdt/1983**, yang menegaskan saksi-saksi yang diajukan penggugat semuanya terdiri dari _de auditu_, sehingga keterangan yang mereka berikan tidak sah sebagai alat bukti. 2. **Dikonstruksi sebagai persangkaan** Secara kasuistik hakim dapat mengonstruksi kesaksian _de auditu_ menjadi alat bukti persangkaan asal hal itu dipertimbangkan dengan objektif dan rasional. Meski jarang ditemukan putusan yang mengkonstruksi kesaksian _de auditu_ sebagai alat bukti persangkaan, namun bukan berarti sama sekali tidak ada. Bisa kita lihat dalam **Putusan MA No. 308 K/Pdt/1959**. Menurut putusan ini: 1. _Testimonium_ _de auditu_ tidak dapat dipergunakan sebagai alat bukti langsung; 2. Namun kesaksian itu dapat diterapkan sebagai alat bukti persangkaan (_vermoeden_), dan persangkaan itu dapat dijadikan dasar untuk membuktikan sesuatu. Kemudian, yang umumnya dipertanyakan, apakah tindakan seperti itu dapat dibenarkan? Terkait hal ini, **M.** **Yahya Harahap** (hal. 665) mengatakan, dapat. Pasalnya, berdasarkan Pasal 1922 KUH Perdata, Pasal 173 HIR, kepada hakim yang diberi kewenangan untuk mempertimbangkan sesuatu apakah dapat diwujudkan sebagai alat bukti persangkaan, asal itu dilakukan dengan hati-hati dan saksama. Adapun menurut pasal ini, yang dapat dijadikan sumber atau landasan alat bukti persangkaan yang tidak berdasarkan undang-undang ialah dari saksi, bantahan atau akta. Demikian jawaban dari kami seputar _testimonium de auditu_ sebagaimana ditanyakan, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR) [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27228/nprt/2/herzien-inlandsch-reglement-\(h.i.r\)-\(s.-1941-44\)-reglemen-indonesia-yang-diperbaharui-\(r.i.b.\)) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/burgerlijk-wetboek?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) PUTUSAN ------- 1. Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 308 K/Pdt/1959; 2. Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 881 K/Pdt/1983; 3. [Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 65/PUU-VIII/2010](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5003e3de56409/npts/lt5237da23f2f9f/putusan-mk-no-65_puu-viii_2010-pengujian-undang-undang-nomor-8-tahun-1981-tentang-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=MK_65_2010). REFERENSI --------- M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan._ Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan._ Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal 661 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan._ Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal 661 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) M. Yahya Harahap. _Hukum Acara Perdata tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan._ Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016, hal. 661 Tags ---- [acara peradilan](/tag/acara-peradilan) [alat bukti](/tag/alat-bukti) [hakim](/tag/hakim) [karier hukum](/tag/karier-hukum) [kesaksian](/tag/kesaksian) [mahkamah agung](/tag/mahkamah-agung) [perdata](/tag/perdata) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [profesi hukum](/tag/profesi-hukum) [saksi](/tag/saksi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 18 September 2013.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Daya Paksa (Overmacht)Pasal daya paksa atau overmacht dapat Anda temukan di dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] sebagai berikut.Pasal 48 KUHPPasal 42 UU 1/2023Barang siapa melakukan perbuatan karena pengaruh daya paksa, tidak dipidana.Setiap orang yang melakukan Tindak Pidana tidak dipidana karena: a. dipaksa oleh kekuatan yang tidak dapat ditahan; atau b. dipaksa oleh adanya ancaman, tekanan, atau kekuatan yang tidak dapat dihindari. Untuk mengetahui batasan ruang lingkup berlakunya overmacht, R. Sugandhi dalam bukunya yang berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya mengatakan bahwa kalimat “karena pengaruh daya paksa” harus diartikan, baik pengaruh daya paksaan batin, maupun lahir, rohani, maupun jasmani. Daya paksa yang tidak dapat dilawan adalah kekuatan yang lebih besar, yakni kekuasaan yang pada umumnya tidak mungkin dapat ditentang. Mengenai kekuasaan ini dapat dibedakan dalam 3 macam seperti yang kami uraikan di bawah ini. Kekuasaan yang Bersifat MutlakKekuasaan yang bersifat mutlak berarti orang itu tidak dapat berbuat lain. Ia mengalami sesuatu yang sama sekali tidak dapat dielakkan. Misalnya, seseorang yang dipegang kemudian dilemparkan orang yang lebih kuat ke jendela kaca sehingga kacanya pecah dan mengakibatkan kejahatan merusak barang orang lain. Dalam peristiwa ini orang yang tenaganya lemah itu tidak dapat dihukum karena yang melakukan ialah orang yang lebih kuat.[2] Daya paksa absolut (vis absoluta) ini sebenarnya bukan daya paksa yang sesungguhnya, karena di sini pembuat sendiri menjadi korban paksaan fisik orang lain. Jadi ia tidak punya pilihan lain sama sekali.[3] Daya paksa absolut juga dapat juga bersifat psikis. Misalnya orang yang dihipnotis sehingga melakukan delik. Di sini orang tersebut tidak dapat berbuat lain. [4]Selain daya paksa tersebut datang dari orang lain, daya paksa dapat juga datang dari alam, misalnya pilot yang pesawatnya terhempas ke landasan karena gempa sehingga menimpa pesawat lain yang menimbulkan korban di pesawat lain itu.[5]Kekuasaan yang Bersifat RelatifKekuasaan atau kekuatan yang memaksa orang itu tidak mutlak, tidak penuh. Orang yang dipaksa itu masih punya kesempatan untuk memilih mana yang akan dilakukan. Perbedaan kekuasaan yang bersifat mutlak dan yang bersifat relatif ialah bahwa pada yang mutlak, dalam segala sesuatunya orang yang memaksa itu sendirilah yang berbuat semaunya. Sedangkan pada yang relatif, orang yang dipaksa itulah yang melakukan karena dalam paksaan kekuatan.[6]Misalnya A ditodong dengan pistol oleh B, disuruh membakar rumah. Apabila A tidak segera membakar rumah itu, maka pistol yang ditodongkan kepadanya tersebut akan ditembakkan. Dalam pikiran, memang mungkin A menolak perintah itu sehingga ia ditembak mati. Akan tetapi apabila ia menuruti perintah itu, ia akan melakukan tindak pidana kejahatan. Walaupun demikian, ia tidak dapat dihukum karena adanya paksaan tersebut.[7]Lebih lanjut, paksaan itu harus ditinjau dari banyak sudut. Misalnya apakah yang dipaksa itu lebih lemah daripada orang yang memaksa, apakah tidak ada jalan lain, apakah paksaan itu betul-betul seimbang apabila dituruti dan sebagainya. Hakimlah yang harus menguji dan memutuskan hal ini.[8]Kekuasaan yang Merupakan Suatu Keadaan DaruratPada keadaan darurat, orang yang terpaksa itu sendirilah yang memilih peristiwa pidana mana yang akan ia lakukan. Bedanya dengan kekuasaan yang bersifat relatif, orang itu tidak memilih, sebab orang yang mengambil prakarsa ialah orang yang memaksa.[9]Contohnya, terjadi kecelakaan kapal yaitu kapal meledak dengan mendadak, sehingga penumpangnya masing-masing harus menolong dirinya sendiri. Seorang penumpang beruntung dapat mengapung dengan sebuah papan kayu yang hanya dapat menampung seorang saja. Kemudian datang penumpang lain yang juga ingin menyelamatkan dirinya. Padanya tiada sebuah alat pun yang dapat dipakai untuk menyelamatkan diri. Ia lalu meraih papan kayu yang telah dipakai untuk mengapung oleh orang yang terdahulu dari dia. Orang yang terdahulu itu lalu mendorong orang tersebut hingga tenggelam dan mati. Karena dalam keadaan darurat, maka orang itu tidak dapat dihukum.Sementara itu, dalam Penjelasan Pasal 42 UU 1/2023 disebutkan bahwa ketentuan tentang daya paksa yang dibagi menjadi paksaan mutlak dan paksaan relatif, yaitu:Paksaan mutlak atau “dipaksa oleh kekuatan yang tidak dapat ditahan adalah keadaan yang menyebabkan pelaku tidak mempunyai pilihan lain, kecuali melakukan perbuatan tersebut. Karena keadaan yang ada pada diri pelaku maka tidak mungkin baginya untuk menolak atau memilih ketika melakukan perbuatan tersebut.  Paksaan relatif atau “dipaksa oleh adanya ancaman, tekanan atau kekuatan yang tidak dapat dihindari” adalah: ancaman, tekanan, atau kekuatan tersebut menurut akal sehat tidak dapat diharapkan bahwa ia dapat mengadakan perlawanan; dan apabila kepentingan yang dikorbankan seimbang atau sedikit lebih dari pada kepentingan yang diselamatkan. Tekanan kejiwaan dari luar merupakan syarat utama. Mungkin pula seseorang mengalami tekanan kejiwaan, tetapi bukan karena sesuatu yang datang dari luar, melainkan karena keberatan yang didasarkan kepada pertimbangan pikirannya sendiri. Hal yang demikian tidak merupakan alasan pemaaf yang dapat menghapuskan pidananya.Pembelaan Terpaksa atau Pembelaan Darurat (Noodweer)Pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) diatur di dalam:Pasal 49 KUHPUU 1/2023Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta Benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana.Pasal 34 UU 1/2023Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. Pasal 43 UU 1/2023Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana.Pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) dalam KUHP dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu noodweer (pembelaan terpaksa) dan noodweer-exces (pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas). Terkait dengan perbedaan antara noodweer dan noodweer-exces dalam KUHP lama, dapat Anda baca dalam artikel Arti Noodweer Exces dalam Hukum Pidana.Sementara, dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023.Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023, menentukan bahwa syarat pembelaan terpaksa adalah:harus ada serangan atan ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika;pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan;pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dankeseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas).Adapun, syarat pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas dalam Penjelasan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023 adalah:pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; danyang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika.Perbedaan Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan TerpaksaDari uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya paksa (overmacht) berasal dari pengaruh luar (baik dari orang lain maupun keadaan yang memaksa seseorang di luar kemampuannya untuk melakukan tindak pidana). Sedangkan pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer)lebih menekankan pada pembelaan atau pertahanan diri yang dilakukan oleh seseorang bersamaan ketika ada ancaman yang datang kepadanya.Keberlakuan overmacht maupun noodweer keduanya diserahkan kepada hakim. Hakimlah yang menguji dan memutuskan apakah suatu perbuatan termasuk lingkup overmacht atau noodweer dengan ditinjau berdasarkan pada satu-persatu peristiwa sebagaimana yang telah kami jelaskan.Contoh KasusUntuk mempermudah pemahaman Anda, kami contohkan kasus mengenai alasan penghapus pidana karena daya paksa yang telah diputus oleh Putusan PN Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby dan penghapus pidana karena pembelaan terpaksa pada putusan Putusan PN Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl.Berdasarkan Putusan PN Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini menyatakan bahwa terdakwa III tidak terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan menurut hukum melakukan tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika karena dalam mengunakan sabu-sabu dalam keadaan dipaksa oleh tiga terdakwa yang lain, sehingga seseorang yang berada dalam pengaruh daya paksa secara fisik tidak dapat melawan kekuatan besar, maka ada alasan pemaaf yang dapat menghapus dari tangggung jawab pidana sesuai dengan Pasal 48 KUHP. Untuk itu Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya menjatuhkan putusan membebaskan terdakwa III dari segala dakwaan (hal. 15)Sedangkan dalam Putusan PN Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini dan mencermati ketentuan Pasal 49 KUHP menyatakan bahwa terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan melakukan “penganiayaan” sebagaimana dalam dakwaan tunggal penuntut umum.Namun perbuatan terdakwa melakukan pemukulan terhadap saksi dilakukan karena:adanya serangan terlebih dahulu;dilakukan semata-mata untuk mempertahankan kehormatan kesusilaan pada diri terdakwa yang mana pada saat kejadian saksi telah menarik kerah baju terdakwa hingga sobek sehingga memperlihatkan bagian tubuh terdakwa yang sensitif; dandilakukan semata-mata untuk mempertahankan kehamilan terdakwa yang pada saat kejadian berusia kehamilan empat bulan sehingga jalan satu-satunya yang dapat terdakwa lakukan adalah dengan melakukan pemukulan terhadap saksi.Oleh karena itu, perbuatan terdakwa tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana karena didasarkan pada pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) sesuai dengan Pasal 49 KUHP (hal. 13).Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.Putusan:Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby; Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl.Referensi:Andi Hamzah. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994;R. Sugandhi. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980;R. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. [1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana[2] R. Sugandhi, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 54-55[3] Andi Hamzah, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153[4] Andi Hamzah, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153[5] Andi Hamzah, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153[6] R. Sugandhi, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55[7] R. Sugandhi, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55[8] R. Soesilo, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal, Bogor: Politeia, hal. 63.[9] R. Sugandhi, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55 Tagskuhpkuhp barupembelaan
Apa perbedaan overmacht dan noodweer dan batasan ruang lingkup berlakunya?
Daya paksa (overmacht) berasal dari pengaruh luar. Sedangkan pembelaan terpaksa (noodweer) lebih menekankan pada pembelaan atau pertahanan diri yang dilakukan oleh seseorang bersamaan ketika ada ancaman yang datang kepadanya. Bagaimana bunyi pasal yang mengatur daya paksa dan pembelaan terpaksa? Selain itu, apa syarat suatu perbuatan dilakukan karena daya paksa atau pembelaan terpaksa? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023Tips Agar Terhindar dari Jebakan Saham Gorengan15 Agu 2023Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Somasi: Pengertian, Dasar Hukum, dan Cara Membuatnya 7 Jun 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/daya-paksa-dan-pembelaan-terpaksa-sebagai-alasan-penghapus-pidana-lt51bd53f7b6b00/
Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa sebagai Alasan Penghapus Pidana
pages/180/page-2.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Rabu, 18 September 2013.** **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Daya Paksa (_Overmacht)_** Pasal daya paksa atau _overmacht_ dapat Anda temukan di dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) sebagai berikut. **Pasal 48** **KUHP** **Pasal 42 UU 1/2023** Barang siapa melakukan perbuatan karena pengaruh daya paksa, tidak dipidana. Setiap orang yang melakukan Tindak Pidana tidak dipidana karena: a. dipaksa oleh kekuatan yang tidak dapat ditahan; atau b. dipaksa oleh adanya ancaman, tekanan, atau kekuatan yang tidak dapat dihindari. Untuk mengetahui batasan ruang lingkup berlakunya _overmacht_, **R. Sugandhi** dalam bukunya yang berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_ mengatakan bahwa kalimat “karena pengaruh daya paksa” harus diartikan, baik pengaruh daya paksaan batin, maupun lahir, rohani, maupun jasmani. Daya paksa yang tidak dapat dilawan adalah kekuatan yang lebih besar, yakni kekuasaan yang pada umumnya tidak mungkin dapat ditentang.  Mengenai kekuasaan ini dapat dibedakan dalam 3 macam seperti yang kami uraikan di bawah ini. 1. **Kekuasaan yang Bersifat Mutlak** Kekuasaan yang bersifat mutlak berarti **orang itu tidak dapat berbuat lain**. Ia mengalami sesuatu yang sama sekali tidak dapat dielakkan. Misalnya, seseorang yang dipegang kemudian dilemparkan orang yang lebih kuat ke jendela kaca sehingga kacanya pecah dan mengakibatkan kejahatan merusak barang orang lain. Dalam peristiwa ini orang yang tenaganya lemah itu tidak dapat dihukum karena yang melakukan ialah orang yang lebih kuat.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Daya paksa absolut (_vis absoluta_) ini sebenarnya bukan daya paksa yang sesungguhnya, karena di sini pembuat sendiri menjadi korban paksaan fisik orang lain. Jadi ia tidak punya pilihan lain sama sekali.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Daya paksa absolut juga dapat juga bersifat psikis. Misalnya orang yang dihipnotis sehingga melakukan delik. Di sini orang tersebut tidak dapat berbuat lain. [\[4\]](#_ftn4) Selain daya paksa tersebut datang dari orang lain, daya paksa dapat juga datang dari alam, misalnya pilot yang pesawatnya terhempas ke landasan karena gempa sehingga menimpa pesawat lain yang menimbulkan korban di pesawat lain itu.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 2. **Kekuasaan yang Bersifat Relatif** Kekuasaan atau kekuatan yang memaksa orang itu tidak mutlak, tidak penuh. **Orang yang dipaksa itu masih punya kesempatan untuk memilih mana yang akan dilakukan**. Perbedaan kekuasaan yang bersifat mutlak dan yang bersifat relatif ialah bahwa pada yang mutlak, dalam segala sesuatunya orang yang memaksa itu sendirilah yang berbuat semaunya. Sedangkan pada yang relatif, orang yang dipaksa itulah yang melakukan karena dalam paksaan kekuatan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Misalnya A ditodong dengan pistol oleh B, disuruh membakar rumah. Apabila A tidak segera membakar rumah itu, maka pistol yang ditodongkan kepadanya tersebut akan ditembakkan. Dalam pikiran, memang mungkin A menolak perintah itu sehingga ia ditembak mati. Akan tetapi apabila ia menuruti perintah itu, ia akan melakukan tindak pidana kejahatan. Walaupun demikian, ia tidak dapat dihukum karena adanya paksaan tersebut.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Lebih lanjut, paksaan itu harus ditinjau dari banyak sudut. Misalnya apakah yang dipaksa itu lebih lemah daripada orang yang memaksa, apakah tidak ada jalan lain, apakah paksaan itu betul-betul seimbang apabila dituruti dan sebagainya. Hakimlah yang harus menguji dan memutuskan hal ini.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) 3. **Kekuasaan yang Merupakan Suatu Keadaan Darurat** Pada keadaan darurat, orang yang terpaksa itu sendirilah yang memilih peristiwa pidana mana yang akan ia lakukan. Bedanya dengan kekuasaan yang bersifat relatif, orang itu tidak memilih, sebab orang yang mengambil prakarsa ialah orang yang memaksa.[\[9\]](#_ftn9) Contohnya, terjadi kecelakaan kapal yaitu kapal meledak dengan mendadak, sehingga penumpangnya masing-masing harus menolong dirinya sendiri. Seorang penumpang beruntung dapat mengapung dengan sebuah papan kayu yang hanya dapat menampung seorang saja. Kemudian datang penumpang lain yang juga ingin menyelamatkan dirinya. Padanya tiada sebuah alat pun yang dapat dipakai untuk menyelamatkan diri. Ia lalu meraih papan kayu yang telah dipakai untuk mengapung oleh orang yang terdahulu dari dia. Orang yang terdahulu itu lalu mendorong orang tersebut hingga tenggelam dan mati. Karena dalam keadaan darurat, maka orang itu tidak dapat dihukum. Sementara itu, dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 42 UU 1/2023** disebutkan bahwa ketentuan tentang daya paksa yang dibagi menjadi paksaan mutlak dan paksaan relatif, yaitu: 1. **Paksaan mutlak** atau “dipaksa oleh kekuatan yang tidak dapat ditahan adalah keadaan yang menyebabkan **pelaku tidak mempunyai pilihan lain**, kecuali melakukan perbuatan tersebut. Karena keadaan yang ada pada diri pelaku maka tidak mungkin baginya untuk menolak atau memilih ketika melakukan perbuatan tersebut. 2. **Paksaan relatif** atau “dipaksa oleh adanya ancaman, tekanan atau kekuatan yang tidak dapat dihindari” adalah: 1. ancaman, tekanan, atau kekuatan tersebut menurut akal sehat tidak dapat diharapkan bahwa ia dapat mengadakan perlawanan; dan 2. apabila kepentingan yang dikorbankan seimbang atau sedikit lebih dari pada kepentingan yang diselamatkan. Tekanan kejiwaan dari luar merupakan syarat utama. Mungkin pula seseorang mengalami tekanan kejiwaan, tetapi bukan karena sesuatu yang datang dari luar, melainkan karena keberatan yang didasarkan kepada pertimbangan pikirannya sendiri. Hal yang demikian tidak merupakan alasan pemaaf yang dapat menghapuskan pidananya. ### **Pembelaan Terpaksa atau Pembelaan Darurat (_Noodweer_)** Pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_) diatur di dalam: **Pasal 49** **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** 1. Tidak dipidana, barang siapa melakukan perbuatan pembelaan terpaksa untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk orang lain, kehormatan kesusilaan atau harta Benda sendiri maupun orang lain, karena ada serangan atau ancaman serangan yang sangat dekat pada saat itu yang melawan hukum. 2. Pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas, yang langsung disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan itu, tidak dipidana. **Pasal 34 UU 1/2023** Setiap orang yang terpaksa melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang tidak dipidana, jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan karena pembelaan terhadap serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum terhadap diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, atau harta benda sendiri atau orang lain. **Pasal 43 UU 1/2023** Setiap orang yang melakukan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas yang langsung disebabkan keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika yang melawan hukum, tidak dipidana. Pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_) dalam KUHP dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu _noodweer_ (pembelaan terpaksa) dan _noodweer-exces_ (pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas). Terkait dengan perbedaan antara _noodweer_ dan _noodweer-exces_ dalam KUHP lama, dapat Anda baca dalam artikel **[Arti _Noodweer Exces_ dalam Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/ulasan/lt5ae67c067d3af/arti-inoodweer-exces-i-dalam-hukum-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=noodweer_exces)**. Sementara, dalam KUHP baru yaitu UU 1/2023, pembelaan terpaksa diatur di dalam Pasal 34 UU 1/2023 dan pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas diatur dalam Pasal 43 UU 1/2023. **Penjelasan Pasal 34 UU 1/2023**, menentukan bahwa syarat pembelaan terpaksa adalah: 1. harus ada serangan atan ancaman serangan yang melawan hukum yang bersifat seketika; 2. pembelaan dilakukan karena tidak ada jalan lain (subsidiaritas) untuk menghalau serangan; 3. pembelaan hanya dapat dilakukan terhadap kepentingan yang ditentukan secara limitatif yaitu kepentingan hukum diri sendiri atau orang lain, kehormatan dalam arti kesusilaan, harta benda; dan 4. keseimbangan antara pembelaan yang dilakukan dan serangan yang diterima (proporsionalitas). Adapun, syarat pembelaan terpaksa yang melampaui batas dalam **Penjelasan Pasal 43 UU 1/2023** adalah: 1. pembelaan melampaui batas atau tidak proporsional dengan serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika; dan 2. yang disebabkan oleh keguncangan jiwa yang hebat karena adanya serangan atau ancaman serangan seketika. ### **Perbedaan Daya Paksa dan Pembelaan Terpaksa** Dari uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya paksa (_overmacht_) berasal dari pengaruh luar (baik dari orang lain maupun keadaan yang memaksa seseorang di luar kemampuannya untuk melakukan tindak pidana). Sedangkan pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_)lebih menekankan pada pembelaan atau pertahanan diri yang dilakukan oleh seseorang bersamaan ketika ada ancaman yang datang kepadanya. Keberlakuan _overmacht_ maupun _noodweer_ keduanya diserahkan kepada hakim. Hakimlah yang menguji dan memutuskan apakah suatu perbuatan termasuk lingkup _overmacht_ atau _noodweer_ dengan ditinjau berdasarkan pada satu-persatu peristiwa sebagaimana yang telah kami jelaskan. ### **Contoh Kasus** Untuk mempermudah pemahaman Anda, kami contohkan kasus mengenai alasan penghapus pidana karena daya paksa yang telah diputus oleh **[Putusan PN Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/b325982aaf13d4237ac1170a0a544ca2.html)** dan penghapus pidana karena pembelaan terpaksa pada putusan **[Putusan PN Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaeb7c03ee515882ab7e313633363238.html).** Berdasarkan Putusan PN Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini menyatakan bahwa terdakwa III tidak terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan menurut hukum melakukan tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika karena dalam mengunakan sabu-sabu dalam keadaan dipaksa oleh tiga terdakwa yang lain, sehingga seseorang yang berada dalam pengaruh daya paksa secara fisik tidak dapat melawan kekuatan besar, maka ada alasan pemaaf yang dapat menghapus dari tangggung jawab pidana sesuai dengan Pasal 48 KUHP. Untuk itu Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya menjatuhkan putusan membebaskan terdakwa III dari segala dakwaan (hal. 15) Sedangkan dalam Putusan PN Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl, Majelis Hakim dalam pertimbangan putusannya dengan memperhatikan perbuatan terdakwa dalam kasus ini dan mencermati ketentuan Pasal 49 KUHP menyatakan bahwa terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan melakukan “penganiayaan” sebagaimana dalam dakwaan tunggal penuntut umum. Namun perbuatan terdakwa melakukan pemukulan terhadap saksi dilakukan karena: 1. adanya serangan terlebih dahulu; 2. dilakukan semata-mata untuk mempertahankan kehormatan kesusilaan pada diri terdakwa yang mana pada saat kejadian saksi telah menarik kerah baju terdakwa hingga sobek sehingga memperlihatkan bagian tubuh terdakwa yang sensitif; dan 3. dilakukan semata-mata untuk mempertahankan kehamilan terdakwa yang pada saat kejadian berusia kehamilan empat bulan sehingga jalan satu-satunya yang dapat terdakwa lakukan adalah dengan melakukan pemukulan terhadap saksi. Oleh karena itu, perbuatan terdakwa tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana karena didasarkan pada pembelaan terpaksa (_noodweer_) sesuai dengan Pasal 49 KUHP (hal. 13). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru). Putusan: 1. [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 4072/Pid.B/2011/PN.Sby](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/b325982aaf13d4237ac1170a0a544ca2.html); 2. [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Donggala Nomor 32/Pid.B/2021/PN Dgl](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaeb7c03ee515882ab7e313633363238.html). Referensi: 1. Andi Hamzah. _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994; 2. R. Sugandhi. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980; 3. R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.  * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) R. Sugandhi, _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 54-55 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Andi Hamzah, _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Andi Hamzah, _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Andi Hamzah, _Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana_. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1994, hal. 152-153 [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) R. Sugandhi, _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) R. Sugandhi, _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55 [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) R. Soesilo, _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_, Bogor: Politeia, hal. 63. [\[9\]](#_ftnref9) R. Sugandhi, _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Berikut Penjelasannya_. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1980, hal. 55 Tags ---- [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pembelaan](/tag/pembelaan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITSyarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Langkah Memperoleh Homologasi dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU18 Mei 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Harta Pailit yang dibuat oleh Imam Nasima dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 14 Desember 2010. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Pasal mengenai kekayaan debitur yang menjadi harta pailit dengan jelas dan tegas telah diatur dalam Pasal 21 UU Kepailitan yang menyatakan kepailitan meliputi seluruh kekayaan debitur pada saat putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan serta segala sesuatu yang diperoleh selama kepailitanLantas apa yang dimaksud harta pailit? Dalam hal ini, debitur demi hukum kehilangan haknya untuk menguasai dan mengurus kekayaannya yang termasuk dalam harta pailit, sejak tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan.[1] Baca juga: Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam KepailitanTanggal putusan itu terhitung sejak pukul 00.00 waktu setempat tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan, misalnya putusan diucapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 11 Januari 2023, maka putusan berlaku dihitung sejak pukul 00.00 WIB tanggal 11 Januari 2023[2] hingga berakhirnya kepailitan[3] yaitu setelah pembayaran jumlah penuh piutang milik kreditur yang telah dicocokkan atau daftar pembagian penutup menjadi mengikat,[4] seluruh kekayaan debitur termasuk harta pailit/boedel pailit.Sutan Remy Sjahdeini dalam bukunya berjudul Hukum Kepailitan Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan pun menjelaskan kepailitan meliputi seluruh kekayaan debitur baik yang sudah ada pada saat pernyataan pailit diucapkan oleh majelis hakim Pengadilan Niaga serta segala sesuatu yang baru akan diperoleh debitur selama berlangsungnya kepailitan (hal. 179).Dalam artian “selama berlangsungnya kepailitan” adalah sejak putusan pailit diucapkan oleh majelis hakim Pengadilan Niaga sampai dengan selesainya tindakan pemberesan atau likuidasi oleh kurator sepanjang putusan itu tidak diubah sebagai akibat upaya hukum berupa kasasi atau peninjauan kembali (hal. 179).Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah harta pailit dihitung sampai dengan dilakukannya pencatatan oleh kurator atau hingga pembagian harta pailit, kami berpendapat bahwa harta pailit/boedel pailit harus terus diupayakan pencarian, pencatatan, penghitungan dan pembagiannya oleh kurator hingga memiliki keyakinan bahwa sudah tidak ada lagi boedel pailit yang dapat dicari, dicatat, dihitung dan dibagi kepada para kreditur, sehingga kurator membuat daftar pembagian penutup dan segera setelah daftar pembagian penutup menjadi mengikat, maka berakhirlah kepailitan.Baca juga: Risiko Hukum Kurator Jika Lalai Urus Harta PailitAtau dengan kata lain, kepailitan masih berlangsung pada saat pencatatan oleh kurator. Sehingga harta yang diperoleh setelahnya tetap menjadi bagian dari harta pailit hingga kepailitan berakhir. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.  DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang. REFERENSISutan Remy Sjahdeini. Hukum Kepailitan Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 2009.[1] Pasal 24 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang  (“UU Kepailitan”)[2] Pasal 24 ayat (2) dan penjelasannya UU Kepailitan[3] Pasal 215 UU Kepailitan[4] Pasal 202 ayat (1) UU KepailitanTagsboedel pailitharta pailitkepailitanpengadilan niaga
Dalam UU Kepailitan, yang dapat dimasukkan dalam objek pailit adalah harta yang ada setelah adanya putusan pailit dan selama kepailitan itu berlangsung. Yang menjadi pertanyaan saya adalah batasan tentang harta yang "selama kepailitan itu berlangsung". Apakah harta yang dihitung sebagai harta pailit adalah harta yang sampai dengan dilakukannya pencatatan oleh kurator atau hingga pembagian harta pailit?
Seluruh kekayaan debitur terhitung sejak pukul 00.00 waktu setempat tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan hingga berakhirnya kepailitan termasuk harta pailit atau boedel pailit. Lantas kapan kepailitan itu berakhir?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Langkah Memperoleh Homologasi dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU18 Mei 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Syarat Pengajuan Actio Pauliana oleh Kurator Kepailitan16 Nov 20222 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya 05 Agt 2022Langkah Memperoleh Homologasi dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU18 Mei 2022Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan16 Mar 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/batas-waktu-memasukkan-harta-debitur-ke-harta-pailit-cl6110/
Batas Waktu Memasukkan Harta Debitur ke Harta Pailit
pages/180/page-3.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Syarat Pengajuan _Actio Pauliana_ oleh Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/syarat-pengajuan-actio-pauliana-oleh-kurator-kepailitan-cl1691/) ![Syarat Pengajuan <i>Actio Pauliana</i> oleh Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1691/thumbnail_lt6374c0208d615.jpg) 16 Nov 2022 [ #### 2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya ](/klinik/a/syarat-kepailitan-cl1266/) ![2 Syarat Kepailitan dan Penjelasannya ](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1266/thumbnail_lt62ece6a30fd7b.jpg) 05 Agt 2022 [ #### Langkah Memperoleh Homologasi dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU ](/klinik/a/langkah-memperoleh-homologasi-dalam-kepailitan-dan-pkpu-lt6284db73c2800/) ![Langkah Memperoleh Homologasi dalam Kepailitan dan PKPU](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6284db73c2800/thumbnail_lt6284ddc030e78.jpg) 18 Mei 2022 [ #### Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan ](/klinik/a/balai-harta-peninggalan-cl3329/) ![Fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan sebagai Kurator Kepailitan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl3329/thumbnail_lt6231cc26d4715.jpg) 16 Mar 2022 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul _Harta Pailit_ yang dibuat oleh** **[Imam Nasima](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pshk-lt4a0a78d8e8d19/imam-nasima-lt4a0aada6b7d60)** **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 14 Desember 2010.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Pasal mengenai kekayaan debitur yang menjadi harta pailit dengan jelas dan tegas telah diatur dalam **Pasal 21** **[UU Kepailitan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004)** yang menyatakan kepailitan meliputi seluruh kekayaan debitur pada saat putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan serta segala sesuatu yang diperoleh selama kepailitan Lantas apa yang dimaksud harta pailit? Dalam hal ini, debitur demi hukum kehilangan haknya untuk menguasai dan mengurus kekayaannya yang termasuk dalam harta pailit, sejak tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Baca juga: **[Tugas Kurator dan Hakim Pengawas dalam Kepailitan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/tugas-kurator-dan-hakim-pengawas-dalam-kepailitan-cl738?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=tugas_kurator)** Tanggal putusan itu terhitung sejak pukul 00.00 waktu setempat tanggal putusan pernyataan pailit diucapkan, misalnya putusan diucapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 11 Januari 2023, maka putusan berlaku dihitung sejak pukul 00.00 WIB tanggal 11 Januari 2023[\[2\]](#_ftn2) hingga berakhirnya kepailitan[\[3\]](#_ftn3) yaitu setelah pembayaran jumlah penuh piutang milik kreditur yang telah dicocokkan atau daftar pembagian penutup menjadi mengikat,[\[4\]](#_ftn4) seluruh kekayaan debitur termasuk harta pailit/_boedel_ pailit. **Sutan Remy Sjahdeini** dalam bukunya berjudul _Hukum Kepailitan Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan_ pun menjelaskan kepailitan meliputi seluruh kekayaan debitur baik yang sudah ada pada saat pernyataan pailit diucapkan oleh majelis hakim Pengadilan Niaga serta segala sesuatu yang baru akan diperoleh debitur selama berlangsungnya kepailitan (hal. 179). Dalam artian “selama berlangsungnya kepailitan” adalah sejak putusan pailit diucapkan oleh majelis hakim Pengadilan Niaga sampai dengan selesainya tindakan pemberesan atau likuidasi oleh kurator sepanjang putusan itu tidak diubah sebagai akibat upaya hukum berupa kasasi atau peninjauan kembali (hal. 179). Dengan demikian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah harta pailit dihitung sampai dengan dilakukannya pencatatan oleh kurator atau hingga pembagian harta pailit, kami berpendapat bahwa harta pailit/_boedel_ pailit harus terus diupayakan pencarian, pencatatan, penghitungan dan pembagiannya oleh kurator hingga memiliki keyakinan bahwa sudah tidak ada lagi _boedel_ pailit yang dapat dicari, dicatat, dihitung dan dibagi kepada para kreditur, sehingga kurator membuat daftar pembagian penutup dan segera setelah daftar pembagian penutup menjadi mengikat, maka berakhirlah kepailitan. Baca juga: **[Risiko Hukum Kurator Jika Lalai Urus Harta Pailit](https://www.hukumonline.com/stories/article/lt63228901c777a/risiko-hukum-kurator-jika-lalai-urus-harta-pailit?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=kurator_lalai)** Atau dengan kata lain, kepailitan masih berlangsung pada saat pencatatan oleh kurator. Sehingga harta yang diperoleh setelahnya tetap menjadi bagian dari harta pailit hingga kepailitan berakhir. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- [Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004). REFERENSI --------- Sutan Remy Sjahdeini. _Hukum Kepailitan Memahami Undang-Undang No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan_. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 2009. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 24 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004)  (“UU Kepailitan”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 24 ayat (2) dan penjelasannya UU Kepailitan [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 215 UU Kepailitan [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 202 ayat (1) UU Kepailitan Tags ---- [boedel pailit](/tag/boedel-pailit) [harta pailit](/tag/harta-pailit) [kepailitan](/tag/kepailitan) [pengadilan niaga](/tag/pengadilan-niaga)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Benda Sitaan NegaraKLINIK TERKAITAdakah Batas Waktu Penyitaan Akun Media Sosial?24 Sep 2021Penyitaan Tabungan di Bank karena Tindak Pidana27 Okt 2020Bolehkah Dilakukan Penyitaan Atas Aset BUMN Perum?05 Apr 2018Aturan Penyitaan Akta Notaris untuk Keperluan Penyidikan22 Feb 2018Perlu kami sampaikan bahwa polisi mengambil motor teman Anda sebagai barang bukti merupakan penyitaan yang diatur di dalam Pasal 1 angka 16 KUHAP. Penyitaan adalah serangkaian tindakan penyidik untuk mengambil alih dan/atau menyimpan di bawah penguasaannya benda bergerak atau tidak bergerak, berwujud atau tidak berwujud untuk kepentingan pembuktian dalam penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan.Penyitaan hanya dapat dilakukan oleh penyidik dengan izin dari Ketua Pengadilan Negeri setempat, namun dalam keadaan mendesak, terhadap penyitaan atas benda bergerak dapat dilakukan penyidik lebih dahulu dan kemudian setelah itu wajib segera melaporkan ke Ketua Pengadilan Negeri, untuk memperoleh persetujuan.[1]Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Barang yang dilakukan penyitaan tersebut kemudian menjadi benda sitaan negara adalah benda yang disita oleh negara untuk keperluan proses peradilan. Benda ini bisa disita oleh penyidik atau penuntut umum guna keperluan barang bukti dalam proses peradilan. [2]Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengapa barang yang disita adalah motor, sedangkan saat penangkapan tersangka sedang ada di rumah bukan tertangkap tangan sedang memakai motor? Hal tersebut dapat dikaitkan dengan jenis benda yang dapat dikenakan penyitaan, yaitu:[3]benda atau tagihan tersangka atau terdakwa yang seluruh atau sebagian diduga diperoleh dari tindakan pidana atau sebagai hasil dari tindak pidana;benda yang telah digunakan secara langsung untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau untuk mempersiapkannya;benda yang digunakan untuk menghalang-halangi penyidikan tindak pidana;benda yang khusus dibuat atau diperuntukkan melakukan tindak pidana;benda lain yang mempunyai hubungan langsung dengan tindak pidana yang dilakukan.Dalam hal tertangkap tangan, penyidik dapat menyita benda dan alat yang ternyata atau yang patut diduga telah dipergunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau benda lain yang dapat dipakai sebagai barang bukti.[4]Maka dari itu, menurut hemat kami, penyitaan motor tersebut dilakukan oleh penyidik atas dasar benda tersebut diduga telah digunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau alasan lain sesuai dengan ketentuan di atas.Baca juga: Perbedaan Benda Sitaan Negara dengan Barang Rampasan NegaraApakah Barang Sitaan Dapat Dikembalikan?Lantas, apakah barang sitaan tersebut akan dikembalikan kepada tersangka atau jadi rampasan negara? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda tersebut, kami sampaikan bahwa barang sitaan dikembalikan kepada teman Anda, apabila:[5]kepentingan penyidikan dan penuntutan tidak memerlukan lagi;perkara tersebut tidak jadi dituntut karena tidak cukup bukti atau ternyata tidak merupakan tindak pidana;perkara tersebut dikesampingkan untuk kepentingan umum atau perkara tersebut ditutup demi hukum, kecuali apabila benda itu diperoleh dari suatu tindak pidana atau yang dipergunakan untuk melakukan suatu tindak pidana.Pada dasarnya, benda yang disita diperlukan dalam pemeriksaan sebagai barang bukti. Selama pemeriksaan berlangsung, dapat diketahui benda itu masih diperlukan atau tidak. Dalam hal penyidik atau penuntut umum berpendapat bahwa benda yang disita tersebut tidak diperlukan untuk pembuktian lagi, maka dapat dikembalikan kepada yang berkepentingan atau pemiliknya. Dalam pengembalian benda sitaan tersebut hendaknya memperhatikan segi kemanusiaan, dengan mengutamakan pengembalian benda yang menjadi sumber kehidupan.[6]Jika perkara sudah diputus, maka benda yang dikenakan penyitaan dikembalikan kepada orang atau kepada mereka yang disebut dalam putusan tersebut. Kecuali, jika menurut putusan hakim, benda itu dirampas untuk negara, atau dimusnahkan atau untuk dirusak sampai tidak dapat digunakan lagi atau jika benda tersebut masih diperlukan sebagai barang bukti dalam perkara lain.[7]Dengan demikian, jika motor teman Anda sebagai barang sitaan tersebut sudah tidak diperlukan untuk kepentingan penyidikan dan penuntutan, perkara tersebut tidak cukup bukti/bukan merupakan tindak pidana, atau perkara dikesampingkan untuk kepentingan umum/ditutup demi hukum, maka motor tersebut dikembalikan kepada teman Anda. Hal ini juga berlaku jika perkara sudah diputus oleh pengadilan dan dalam putusannya menyebutkan benda sitaan dikembalikan kepada pemiliknya.Namun, jika barang sitaan berupa motor tersebut terbukti diperoleh dari suatu tindak pidana, digunakan untuk melakukan suatu tindak pidana, atau diputus oleh majelis hakim untuk dirampas untuk negara, maka motor tersebut tidak dikembalikan kepada teman Anda.Hal ini sesuai dengan definisi barang rampasan negara yaitu benda sitaan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap dinyatakan dirampas untuk negara.[8]Baca juga: Dasar Hukum Aset Dirampas oleh NegaraPerkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaPeraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 16 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Cara Pengelolaan Benda Sitaan Negara dan Barang Rampasan Negara Pada Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara [1] Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”)[2] Pasal 1 angka 3 jo. Pasal 4 dan Pasal 5 Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 16 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Cara Pengelolaan Benda Sitaan Negara dan Barang Rampasan Negara Pada Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara (“Permenkumham 16/2014”)[3] Pasal 39 ayat (1) KUHAP[4] Pasal 40 KUHAP[5] Pasal 46 ayat (1) KUHAP[6] Penjelasan Pasal 46 ayat (1) KUHAP[7] Pasal 46 ayat (2) KUHAP[8] Pasal 1 angka 4 Permenkumham 16/2014Tagsbarang buktibarang sitaankuhapsitaan
Saya mau bertanya. Teman saya ditangkap atas kasus narkotika, tetapi ditangkap saat beliau ada di rumah, sedangkan motornya disita sebagai barang bukti. Apakah barang sitaan tersebut akan dikembalikan atau jadi rampasan negara? Motor tersebut milik tersangka. Tapi saat ditangkap, teman saya tersebut posisi lagi dirumah bukan tertangkap tangan pake motor itu. Mohon penjelasannya.  
Benda yang disita oleh negara digunakan untuk keperluan proses peradilan. Benda ini bisa disita oleh penyidik atau penuntut umum untuk dijadikan barang bukti dalam proses peradilan. Lantas, apakah barang sitaan milik tersangka dapat dikembalikan? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Adakah Batas Waktu Penyitaan Akun Media Sosial?24 Sep 2021Penyitaan Tabungan di Bank karena Tindak Pidana27 Okt 2020Bolehkah Dilakukan Penyitaan Atas Aset BUMN Perum?05 Apr 2018Aturan Penyitaan Akta Notaris untuk Keperluan Penyidikan22 Feb 2018Adakah Batas Waktu Penyitaan Akun Media Sosial?24 Sep 2021Penyitaan Tabungan di Bank karena Tindak Pidana27 Okt 2020Bolehkah Dilakukan Penyitaan Atas Aset BUMN Perum?05 Apr 2018Aturan Penyitaan Akta Notaris untuk Keperluan Penyidikan22 Feb 2018Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Syarat dan Prosedur Hibah Saham11 Okt 2022Catat! Ini 3 Aspek Hukum untuk Mendirikan Startup9 Mei 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-barang-sitaan-dapat-dikembalikan-lt637f2bf0a5396/
Apakah Barang Sitaan Dapat Dikembalikan?
pages/180/page-4.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). ### **Benda Sitaan Negara** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Adakah Batas Waktu Penyitaan Akun Media Sosial? ](/klinik/a/adakah-batas-waktu-penyitaan-akun-media-sosial-lt61150bc09c586/) ![Adakah Batas Waktu Penyitaan Akun Media Sosial?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt61150bc09c586/thumbnail_lt614d720f000dc.jpg) 24 Sep 2021 [ #### Penyitaan Tabungan di Bank karena Tindak Pidana ](/klinik/a/penyitaan-tabungan-di-bank-karena-tindak-pidana-lt5f9820e186401/) ![Penyitaan Tabungan di Bank karena Tindak Pidana](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f9820e186401/thumbnail_lt5f98248076376.jpg) 27 Okt 2020 [ #### Bolehkah Dilakukan Penyitaan Atas Aset BUMN Perum? ](/klinik/a/bolehkah-dilakukan-penyitaan-atas-aset-bumn-perum-lt59a973251d486/) ![Bolehkah Dilakukan Penyitaan Atas Aset BUMN Perum?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt59a973251d486/thumbnail_lt5ac5f55ca98ad.jpg) 05 Apr 2018 [ #### Aturan Penyitaan Akta Notaris untuk Keperluan Penyidikan ](/klinik/a/aturan-penyitaan-akta-notaris-untuk-keperluan-penyidikan-cl2232/) ![Aturan Penyitaan Akta Notaris untuk Keperluan Penyidikan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl2232/thumbnail_lt5a8eacf0780b7.jpg) 22 Feb 2018 [](#!) Perlu kami sampaikan bahwa polisi mengambil motor teman Anda sebagai barang bukti merupakan penyitaan yang diatur di dalam **Pasal 1 angka 16** [**KUHAP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP). Penyitaan adalah serangkaian tindakan penyidik untuk mengambil alih dan/atau menyimpan di bawah penguasaannya benda bergerak atau tidak bergerak, berwujud atau tidak berwujud untuk kepentingan pembuktian dalam penyidikan, penuntutan dan peradilan. Penyitaan hanya dapat dilakukan oleh penyidik dengan izin dari Ketua Pengadilan Negeri setempat, namun dalam keadaan mendesak, terhadap penyitaan atas benda bergerak dapat dilakukan penyidik lebih dahulu dan kemudian setelah itu wajib segera melaporkan ke Ketua Pengadilan Negeri, untuk memperoleh persetujuan.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Barang yang dilakukan penyitaan tersebut kemudian menjadi benda sitaan negara adalah benda yang disita oleh negara untuk keperluan proses peradilan. Benda ini bisa disita oleh penyidik atau penuntut umum guna keperluan barang bukti dalam proses peradilan. [\[2\]](#_ftn2) Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda mengapa barang yang disita adalah motor, sedangkan saat penangkapan tersangka sedang ada di rumah bukan tertangkap tangan sedang memakai motor? Hal tersebut dapat dikaitkan dengan jenis benda yang dapat dikenakan penyitaan, yaitu:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. benda atau tagihan tersangka atau terdakwa yang seluruh atau sebagian diduga diperoleh dari tindakan pidana atau sebagai hasil dari tindak pidana; 2. benda yang telah digunakan secara langsung untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau untuk mempersiapkannya; 3. benda yang digunakan untuk menghalang-halangi penyidikan tindak pidana; 4. benda yang khusus dibuat atau diperuntukkan melakukan tindak pidana; 5. benda lain yang mempunyai hubungan langsung dengan tindak pidana yang dilakukan. Dalam hal tertangkap tangan, penyidik dapat menyita benda dan alat yang ternyata atau yang patut diduga telah dipergunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau benda lain yang dapat dipakai sebagai barang bukti.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Maka dari itu, menurut hemat kami, penyitaan motor tersebut dilakukan oleh penyidik atas dasar benda tersebut diduga telah digunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana atau alasan lain sesuai dengan ketentuan di atas. Baca juga: [**Perbedaan Benda Sitaan Negara dengan Barang Rampasan Negara**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbedaan-benda-sitaan-negara-dengan-barang-rampasan-negara-lt590fd0c68b3d2#_ftn11?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=benda_sitaan_barang_rampasan) ### **Apakah Barang Sitaan Dapat Dikembalikan?** Lantas, apakah barang sitaan tersebut akan dikembalikan kepada tersangka atau jadi rampasan negara? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan Anda tersebut, kami sampaikan bahwa barang sitaan dikembalikan kepada teman Anda, apabila:[\[5\]](#_ftn5) 1. kepentingan penyidikan dan penuntutan tidak memerlukan lagi; 2. perkara tersebut tidak jadi dituntut karena tidak cukup bukti atau ternyata tidak merupakan tindak pidana; 3. perkara tersebut dikesampingkan untuk kepentingan umum atau perkara tersebut ditutup demi hukum, kecuali apabila benda itu diperoleh dari suatu tindak pidana atau yang dipergunakan untuk melakukan suatu tindak pidana. Pada dasarnya, benda yang disita diperlukan dalam pemeriksaan sebagai barang bukti. Selama pemeriksaan berlangsung, dapat diketahui benda itu masih diperlukan atau tidak. Dalam hal penyidik atau penuntut umum berpendapat bahwa benda yang disita tersebut tidak diperlukan untuk pembuktian lagi, maka dapat dikembalikan kepada yang berkepentingan atau pemiliknya. Dalam pengembalian benda sitaan tersebut hendaknya memperhatikan segi kemanusiaan, dengan mengutamakan pengembalian benda yang menjadi sumber kehidupan.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Jika perkara sudah diputus, maka benda yang dikenakan penyitaan dikembalikan kepada orang atau kepada mereka yang disebut dalam putusan tersebut. **Kecuali, jika menurut putusan hakim**, **benda itu dirampas untuk negara**, atau dimusnahkan atau untuk dirusak sampai tidak dapat digunakan lagi atau jika benda tersebut masih diperlukan sebagai barang bukti dalam perkara lain.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Dengan demikian, jika motor teman Anda sebagai barang sitaan tersebut sudah tidak diperlukan untuk kepentingan penyidikan dan penuntutan, perkara tersebut tidak cukup bukti/bukan merupakan tindak pidana, atau perkara dikesampingkan untuk kepentingan umum/ditutup demi hukum, maka motor tersebut dikembalikan kepada teman Anda. Hal ini juga berlaku jika perkara sudah diputus oleh pengadilan dan dalam putusannya menyebutkan benda sitaan dikembalikan kepada pemiliknya. Namun, jika barang sitaan berupa motor tersebut terbukti diperoleh dari suatu tindak pidana, digunakan untuk melakukan suatu tindak pidana, atau diputus oleh majelis hakim untuk dirampas untuk negara, maka motor tersebut tidak dikembalikan kepada teman Anda. Hal ini sesuai dengan definisi barang rampasan negara yaitu benda sitaan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap dinyatakan dirampas untuk negara.[\[8\]](#_ftn8) Baca juga: **[Dasar Hukum Aset Dirampas oleh Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/dasar-hukum-aset-dirampas-oleh-negara-lt6374c26ac7a51/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dasar_hukum_aset_dirampas_negara)** Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 16 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Cara Pengelolaan Benda Sitaan Negara dan Barang Rampasan Negara Pada Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara  [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638d9bd44e731?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenkumham_16_2014) * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 38 [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 1 angka 3 _jo._ Pasal 4 dan Pasal 5 [Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 16 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Cara Pengelolaan Benda Sitaan Negara dan Barang Rampasan Negara Pada Rumah Penyimpanan Benda Sitaan Negara](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt638d9bd44e731?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=Permenkumham_16_2014) (“Permenkumham 16/2014”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 39 ayat (1) KUHAP [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 40 KUHAP [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 46 ayat (1) KUHAP [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Penjelasan Pasal 46 ayat (1) KUHAP [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 46 ayat (2) KUHAP [\[8\]](#_ftnref8) Pasal 1 angka 4 Permenkumham 16/2014 Tags ---- [barang bukti](/tag/barang-bukti) [barang sitaan](/tag/barang-sitaan) [kuhap](/tag/kuhap) [sitaan](/tag/sitaan)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. KLINIK TERKAITDaluwarsa Tindak Pidana Perkosaan dan Penganiayaan17 Mei 2024Dapatkah Pelaku Pemukulan atau Penganiayaan Ringan Ditahan?28 Okt 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku ‘Klitih’ di Yogyakarta07 Feb 2020Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh Tony Gunawan, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 28 Mei 2021. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023. Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika. Pertanyaan yang Anda ajukan dapat kami klasifikasikan menjadi 4 pembahasan, yaitu:Anda memboncengkan teman Anda yang membawa senjata tajam;Bersama dia, Anda mengejar orang hingga orang tersebut jatuh ke parit;Bisa tidaknya Anda dipidana sebagai orang yang memboncengkan teman Anda;Usia Anda masih 16 tahun. Larangan Membawa Senjata TajamPertama-tama, kami akan menjelaskan terlebih dahulu mengenai senjata tajam. KBBI mendefinisikan senjata tajam sebagai senjata yang tajam seperti pisau, pedang, atau golok.Adapun larangan membawa senjata tajam diatur di dalam Pasal 2 UU Darurat 12/1951 yang menyatakan:Barang siapa yang tanpa hak memasukkan ke Indonesia, membuat, menerima, mencoba memperolehnya, menyerahkan atau mencoba menyerahkan, menguasai, membawa, mempunyai persediaan padanya atau mempunyai dalam miliknya, menyimpan, mengangkut, menyembunyikan, mempergunakan atau mengeluarkan dari Indonesia sesuatu senjata pemukul, senjata penikam, atau senjata penusuk (slag-, steek-. of stootwapen), dihukum dengan hukuman penjara setinggi-tingginya 10 tahun.Dalam pengertian senjata pemukul, senjata penikam atau senjata penusuk dalam pasal ini, tidak termasuk barang-barang yang nyata-nyata dimaksudkan untuk dipergunakan guna pertanian, atau untuk pekerjaan-pekerjaan rumah tangga atau untuk kepentingan melakukan dengan syah pekerjaan atau yang nyata-nyata mempunyai tujuan sebagai barang pusaka atau barang kuno atau barang ajaib (merkwaardigheid).Sehingga, perbuatan teman Anda yang membawa senjata tajam yang bukan digunakan untuk kepentingan pekerjaannya atau koleksi barang pusaka/barang kunonya dilarang oleh hukum dan termasuk dalam perbuatan pidana. Ancaman pidananya adalah setinggi-tingginya 10 tahun. PenganiayaanPerbuatan Anda dan teman Anda yang membuat korban jatuh ke dalam parit dapat disebut dengan penganiayaan yang diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 351 ayat (1) dan (4) KUHPPasal 466 ayat (1) dan (4) UU 1/2023Penganiayaan diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.[2] Dengan penganiayaan disamakan sengaja merusak kesehatan.  Setiap orang yang melakukan penganiayaan, dipidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III, yaitu Rp50 juta.[3] Termasuk dalam penganiayaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah perbuatan yang merusak kesehatan. Dikutip dari Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan, R. Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal menjelaskan undang-undang tidak memberi ketentuan apakah yang diartikan dengan “penganiayaan” itu. Menurut yurisprudensi, maka yang diartikan dengan “penganiayaan” yaitu sengaja menyebabkan perasaan tidak enak (penderitaan), rasa sakit, atau luka. Termasuk masuk pula dalam pengertian penganiayaan ialah “sengaja merusak kesehatan orang.”R. Soesilo dalam buku tersebut juga memberikan contoh dengan apa yang dimaksud dengan “perasaan tidak enak”, yaitu misalnya mendorong orang terjun ke kali sehingga basah, menyuruh orang berdiri di terik matahari, dan sebagainya.Sehingga menurut hemat kami, mengejar orang hingga jatuh ke parit, yang kemungkinan menyebabkannya terluka dan basah, dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana penganiayaan.Anda dan teman Anda juga dapat dijerat dengan pasal pembunuhan apabila korban meninggal dan tindakan tersebut dilakukan dengan maksud untuk membunuhnya, yaitu:Pasal 338 KUHPPasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023Barang siapa dengan sengaja merampas nyawa orang lain, diancam karena pembunuhan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Setiap orang yang merampas nyawa orang lain, dipidana karena pembunuhan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun.Pasal pembunuhan ini dicantumkan sebagai peringatan keras agar Anda dan teman Anda berhati-hati dan tidak mengulangi perbuatan menakut-nakuti orang dengan senjata tajam karena bisa saja perbuatan tersebut mengakibatkan kematian. Turut Serta atau Membantu Melakukan Tindak PidanaKemudian timbul pertanyaan, apakah Anda yang hanya memboncengkan teman Anda juga dapat dipidana? Berkaitan dengan tindak pidana membawa senjata tajam, karena Anda tidak ikut membawa atau membantu membawa senjata tajam maka Anda tidak dapat dijerat dengan Pasal 2 UU Darurat 12/1951 di atas.Akan tetapi karena Anda ikut mengejar orang (meskipun disuruh oleh teman Anda) hingga jatuh ke parit, maka Anda dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana penjara berdasarkan pasal penganiayaan yang kami jelaskan di atas.Selain itu Anda juga dapat dianggap sebagai pelaku yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana atau membantu melakukan tindak pidana berdasarkan ketentuan berikut:KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 55 ayat (1) angka 1Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana:mereka yang melakukan, yang menyuruh melakukan, dan yang turut serta melakukan perbuatan; Pasal 56 Dipidana sebagai pembantu kejahatan:mereka yang sengaja memberi bantuan pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan;mereka yang sengaja memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan. Pasal 57 ayat (1) Adapun terhadap orang yang memberi bantuan untuk melakukan kejahatan, maksimum pidana pokok dikurangi 1/3.Pasal 20 huruf cSetiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika:……turut serta melakukan tindak pidana; Pasal 21 ayat (1) huruf b dan (3)Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pembantu tindak pidana jika dengan sengaja: memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; ataumemberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan.Pidana untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana paling banyak 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan. Pelaku yang Berusia 16 TahunSelanjutnya, mengenai usia Anda yang masih 16 tahun, maka hal tersebut tidak menghapus sanksi pidana terhadap Anda. Hukuman tetap dapat dijatuhkan, namun dalam hal ini undang-undang mengatur berbeda karena Anda masih dikategorikan sebagai anak, sebagaimana pengertian anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum adalah anak yang telah berumur 12 tahun, tetapi belum berumur 18 tahun yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana.[4]Berdasarkan Pasal 81 ayat (2) UU 11/2012 ancaman pidana terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana adalah paling lama 1/2 dari maksimum ancaman pidana penjara bagi orang dewasa. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Darurat Nomor 12 Tahun 1951 tentang Mengubah 'Ordonnantietijdelijke Bijzondere Strafbepalingen' (Stbl. 1948 Nomor 17) dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Dahulu Nomor 8 Tahun 1948; Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana AnakUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaPeraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP REFERENSISenjata tajam, yang diakses pada 9 Januari 2023, pukul 14.41 WIB.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [3] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023[4] Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana AnakTagshukum pidanakuhppenganiayaanpidana
Umur saya 16 tahun. Saya membawa motor dan teman saya membawa senjata tajam. Saya disuruh teman saya ngejar dua orang yang tengah lewat. Setelah itu orang itu jatuh ke parit. Tetapi orang itu tidak kena apa-apa atau dikeroyok. Apakah saya akan dimasukkan ke penjara ?
Pada dasarnya memiliki dan membawa senjata tajam di Indonesia dilarang oleh hukum di Indonesia dan termasuk perbuatan pidana, kecuali senjata tajam yang digunakan untuk pekerjaan, benda pusaka, atau koleksi benda kuno. Selain itu, perbuatan mengejar orang lain hingga korban jatuh ke parit juga dapat dijerat dengan pasal penganiayaan. Namun, apakah Anda yang hanya memboncengkan teman Anda dan masih berusia 16 tahun tetap dapat dikenai ancaman pidana?   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana Perkosaan dan Penganiayaan17 Mei 2024Dapatkah Pelaku Pemukulan atau Penganiayaan Ringan Ditahan?28 Okt 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku ‘Klitih’ di Yogyakarta07 Feb 2020Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana Perkosaan dan Penganiayaan17 Mei 2024Dapatkah Pelaku Pemukulan atau Penganiayaan Ringan Ditahan?28 Okt 2022Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?09 Sep 2021Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku ‘Klitih’ di Yogyakarta07 Feb 2020Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022Hal-hal yang Harus Disiapkan Jika Pindah KPR Bank6 Mei 2024Begini Cara Hitung Upah Lembur Pada Hari Raya Keagamaan12 Apr 2023Konversi Utang Jadi Setoran Saham, Ini Caranya14 Sep 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukumnya-menakut-nakuti-orang-dengan-senjata-tajam-lt6061033945fa5/
Hukumnya Menakut-nakuti Orang dengan Senjata Tajam
pages/180/page-5.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana Perkosaan dan Penganiayaan ](/klinik/a/daluwarsa-tindak-pidana-perkosaan-dan-penganiayaan-lt5c0492ada18fc/) ![Daluwarsa Tindak Pidana Perkosaan dan Penganiayaan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5c0492ada18fc/thumbnail_lt5c2c55920f215.jpg) 17 Mei 2024 [ #### Dapatkah Pelaku Pemukulan atau Penganiayaan Ringan Ditahan? ](/klinik/a/penganiayaan-ringan-lt5f4f73b085f9e/) ![Dapatkah Pelaku Pemukulan atau Penganiayaan Ringan Ditahan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5f4f73b085f9e/thumbnail_lt5f4f75a7bc1a5.jpg) 28 Okt 2022 [ #### Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan? ](/klinik/a/laporan-penganiayaan-dicabut-bolehkah-polisi-menghentikan-pemeriksaan-lt6139e53612e4f/) ![Laporan Penganiayaan Dicabut, Bolehkah Polisi Menghentikan Pemeriksaan?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6139e53612e4f/thumbnail_lt6139e80a1c062.jpg) 09 Sep 2021 [ #### Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku ‘Klitih’ di Yogyakarta ](/klinik/a/jerat-hukum-bagi-pelaku-klitih-di-yogyakarta-lt5e3d2d9f5f3a7/) ![Jerat Hukum bagi Pelaku ‘Klitih’ di Yogyakarta](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5e3d2d9f5f3a7/thumbnail_lt5e3d2ee0d3201.jpg) 07 Feb 2020 [](#!) **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh [Tony Gunawan, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/pbh-peradi-lt4c452c9c1a7d2/tony-gunawan--sh-lt60b090dfafcd8) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Jumat, 28 Mei 2021.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). Pertanyaan yang Anda ajukan dapat kami klasifikasikan menjadi 4 pembahasan, yaitu: 1. Anda memboncengkan teman Anda yang membawa senjata tajam; 2. Bersama dia, Anda mengejar orang hingga orang tersebut jatuh ke parit; 3. Bisa tidaknya Anda dipidana sebagai orang yang memboncengkan teman Anda; 4. Usia Anda masih 16 tahun. ### **Larangan Membawa Senjata Tajam** Pertama-tama, kami akan menjelaskan terlebih dahulu mengenai senjata tajam. **KBBI** mendefinisikan [**senjata tajam**](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/senjata%20tajam) sebagai senjata yang tajam seperti pisau, pedang, atau golok. Adapun larangan membawa senjata tajam diatur di dalam **Pasal 2 [UU Darurat 12/1951](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28541/node/604/undang-undang-darurat-no-12-tahun-1951-mengubah-ordonnantietijdelijke-bijzondere-strafbepalingen-%28stbl.-1948-nomor-17%29-dan-undang-undang-republik-indonesia-dahulu-nomor-8-tahun-1948?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_darurat)** yang menyatakan: 1. Barang siapa yang **tanpa hak** memasukkan ke Indonesia, membuat, menerima, mencoba memperolehnya, menyerahkan atau mencoba menyerahkan, menguasai, **membawa**, mempunyai persediaan padanya atau **mempunyai dalam miliknya**, menyimpan, mengangkut, **menyembunyikan**, **mempergunakan** atau mengeluarkan dari Indonesia sesuatu senjata pemukul, **senjata penikam**, atau **senjata penusuk** (_slag-, steek-. of stootwapen_), dihukum dengan **hukuman penjara setinggi-tingginya 10 tahun**. 2. Dalam pengertian senjata pemukul, senjata penikam atau senjata penusuk dalam pasal ini, **tidak termasuk** barang-barang yang nyata-nyata dimaksudkan untuk dipergunakan guna pertanian, atau untuk pekerjaan-pekerjaan rumah tangga atau untuk kepentingan melakukan dengan syah pekerjaan atau yang nyata-nyata mempunyai tujuan sebagai barang pusaka atau barang kuno atau barang ajaib (merkwaardigheid). Sehingga, perbuatan teman Anda yang membawa senjata tajam yang bukan digunakan untuk kepentingan pekerjaannya atau koleksi barang pusaka/barang kunonya **dilarang oleh hukum dan termasuk dalam perbuatan pidana**. Ancaman pidananya adalah setinggi-tingginya 10 tahun. ### **Penganiayaan** Perbuatan Anda dan teman Anda yang membuat korban jatuh ke dalam parit dapat disebut dengan **penganiayaan** yang diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan **[UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 351 ayat (1) dan (4) KUHP** **Pasal 466 ayat (1) dan (4) UU 1/2023** 1. Penganiayaan diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 8 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 4. Dengan penganiayaan disamakan sengaja merusak kesehatan. 1. 1. Setiap orang yang melakukan penganiayaan, dipidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori III, yaitu Rp50 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 4. Termasuk dalam penganiayaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah perbuatan yang merusak kesehatan. Dikutip dari **[Perbuatan-perbuatan yang Termasuk Penganiayaan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perbuatan-perbuatan-yang-termasuk-penganiayaan-lt515867216deba/#_ftnref2?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perbuatan_perbuatan_termasuk_penganiayaan)**, **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ menjelaskan undang-undang tidak memberi ketentuan apakah yang diartikan dengan “penganiayaan” itu. Menurut yurisprudensi, maka yang diartikan dengan “penganiayaan” yaitu sengaja menyebabkan perasaan tidak enak (penderitaan), rasa sakit, atau luka. Termasuk masuk pula dalam pengertian penganiayaan ialah “sengaja merusak kesehatan orang.” R. Soesilo dalam buku tersebut juga memberikan contoh dengan apa yang dimaksud dengan “perasaan tidak enak”, yaitu misalnya mendorong orang terjun ke kali sehingga basah, menyuruh orang berdiri di terik matahari, dan sebagainya. Sehingga menurut hemat kami, mengejar orang hingga jatuh ke parit, yang kemungkinan menyebabkannya terluka dan basah, dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana penganiayaan. Anda dan teman Anda juga dapat dijerat dengan pasal pembunuhan apabila korban meninggal dan tindakan tersebut dilakukan dengan maksud untuk membunuhnya, yaitu: **Pasal 338 KUHP** **Pasal 458 ayat (1) UU 1/2023** Barang siapa dengan sengaja merampas nyawa orang lain, diancam karena pembunuhan dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. Setiap orang yang merampas nyawa orang lain, dipidana karena pembunuhan, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 15 tahun. Pasal pembunuhan ini dicantumkan sebagai peringatan keras agar Anda dan teman Anda berhati-hati dan tidak mengulangi perbuatan menakut-nakuti orang dengan senjata tajam karena bisa saja perbuatan tersebut mengakibatkan kematian. ### **Turut Serta atau Membantu Melakukan Tindak Pidana** Kemudian timbul pertanyaan, apakah Anda yang hanya memboncengkan teman Anda juga dapat dipidana? Berkaitan dengan tindak pidana membawa senjata tajam, karena Anda tidak ikut membawa atau membantu membawa senjata tajam maka Anda tidak dapat dijerat dengan Pasal 2 UU Darurat 12/1951 di atas. Akan tetapi karena Anda ikut mengejar orang (meskipun disuruh oleh teman Anda) hingga jatuh ke parit, maka Anda dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana penjara berdasarkan pasal penganiayaan yang kami jelaskan di atas. Selain itu Anda juga dapat dianggap sebagai pelaku yang turut serta melakukan tindak pidana atau membantu melakukan tindak pidana berdasarkan ketentuan berikut: **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 55 ayat (1) angka 1** Dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana: 1. mereka yang melakukan, yang menyuruh melakukan, dan yang **turut serta** melakukan perbuatan; **Pasal 56** Dipidana sebagai pembantu kejahatan: 1. mereka yang sengaja **memberi bantuan** pada waktu kejahatan dilakukan; 2. mereka yang sengaja memberi kesempatan, sarana atau keterangan untuk melakukan kejahatan. **Pasal 57 ayat (1)** Adapun terhadap orang yang memberi bantuan untuk melakukan kejahatan, maksimum pidana pokok dikurangi 1/3. **Pasal 20 huruf c** Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pelaku tindak pidana jika: 1. … 2. … 3. **turut serta melakukan tindak pidana**; **Pasal 21 ayat (1) huruf b dan (3)** 1. Setiap orang dipidana sebagai pembantu tindak pidana jika dengan sengaja: 1. memberi kesempatan, sarana, atau keterangan untuk melakukan tindak pidana; atau 2. **memberi bantuan pada waktu tindak pidana dilakukan**. 3. Pidana untuk pembantuan melakukan tindak pidana paling banyak 2/3 dari maksimum ancaman pidana pokok untuk tindak pidana yang bersangkutan. ### **Pelaku yang Berusia 16 Tahun** Selanjutnya, mengenai usia Anda yang masih 16 tahun, maka hal tersebut tidak menghapus sanksi pidana terhadap Anda. Hukuman tetap dapat dijatuhkan, namun dalam hal ini undang-undang mengatur berbeda karena Anda masih dikategorikan sebagai anak, sebagaimana pengertian anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum adalah anak yang **telah berumur 12 tahun, tetapi belum berumur 18 tahun** yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Berdasarkan **Pasal 81 ayat (2) [UU 11/2012](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5024cc61e623d/undang-undang-nomor-11-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_11_2012)** ancaman pidana terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana adalah paling lama 1/2 dari maksimum ancaman pidana penjara bagi orang dewasa. Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut **[di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik)**. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Darurat Nomor 12 Tahun 1951 tentang Mengubah 'Ordonnantietijdelijke Bijzondere Strafbepalingen' (Stbl. 1948 Nomor 17) dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Dahulu Nomor 8 Tahun 1948;  [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28541/node/604/undang-undang-darurat-no-12-tahun-1951-mengubah-ordonnantietijdelijke-bijzondere-strafbepalingen-%28stbl.-1948-nomor-17%29-dan-undang-undang-republik-indonesia-dahulu-nomor-8-tahun-1948?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_darurat) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5024cc61e623d/undang-undang-nomor-11-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_11_2012) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) REFERENSI --------- [Senjata tajam](https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/senjata%20tajam), yang diakses pada 9 Januari 2023, pukul 14.41 WIB. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012)  [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf c UU 1/2023 [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 1 angka 3 [Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt5024cc61e623d/undang-undang-nomor-11-tahun-2012?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_11_2012) Tags ---- [hukum pidana](/tag/hukum-pidana) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [penganiayaan](/tag/penganiayaan) [pidana](/tag/pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. Piutang PreferenKLINIK TERKAITKreditur Pemegang Corporate Guarantee, Konkuren atau Separatis?18 Mei 2022Adakah Aturan Besaran Harta Pailit bagi Kreditur Konkuren?17 Mei 2022Transparansi Daftar Piutang bagi Kreditur Kepailitan & PKPU16 Feb 2022Perbedaan Antara Kreditur Separatis dengan Kreditur Konkuren25 Apr 2012Dalam UU Kepailitan, terdapat 3 jenis kreditur yaitu kreditur separatis, kreditur preferen, dan kreditur konkuren. Masing-masing kreditur tersebut menurut sifat piutangnya memiliki kedudukan tersendiri dalam proses pengurusan dan pemberesan kepailitan.Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, patut diketahui apa yang dimaksud dengan piutang preferen sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1134 KUH Perdata yang menyatakan hak istimewa adalah suatu hak yang diberikan oleh undang-undang kepada seorang kreditur yang menyebabkan ia berkedudukan lebih tinggi daripada yang lainnya, semata-mata berdasarkan sifat piutang itu.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Lebih lanjut, Pasal 1137 KUH Perdata mengatur bahwa hak didahulukan milik negara, kantor lelang dan badan umum lain yang diadakan oleh penguasa, tata tertib pelaksanaannya, dan lama jangka waktunya, diatur dalam berbagai undang-undang khusus yang berhubungan dengan hal-hal itu. Hak didahulukan milik persekutuan atau badan kemasyarakatan yang berhak atau yang kemudian mendapat hak untuk memungut bea-bea, diatur dalam undang-undang yang telah ada mengenai hal itu atau yang akan diadakan.Baca juga: Urutan Prioritas Pelunasan Utang dalam Kepailitan Sanksi Administratif Termasuk Jenis Piutang Apa?Adapun apabila substansi peraturan perundang-undangan merupakan lingkup hukum administrasi, penerapan sanksi administratiflah yang paling efektif jika terjadi pelanggaran.[1]Berdasarkan pengamatan dari berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur, ada beberapa macam sanksi administratif, yaitu:[2]Peringatan/teguran lisan;Peringatan/teguran tertulis;Tindakan paksa pemerintahan (bestuursdwang/politie dwang);Penarikan kembali keputusan yang menguntungkan;Denda administratif;Pengenaan uang paksa (dwangsom).Sebagai contoh, sanksi administratif sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 57 ayat (2) UU PDP yang dijatuhkan oleh lembaga penyelenggaraan pelindungan data pribadi adalah sebagai berikut:[3]peringatan tertulis;penghentian sementara kegiatan pemrosesan data pribadi;penghapusan atau pemusnahan data pribadi; dan/ataudenda administratif.Kemudian menyambung pertanyaan Anda, dikarenakan tidak secara spesifik disebutkan oleh instansi apa yang mengenakannya, kami berasumsi sanksi administratif tersebut diberikan oleh pemerintah atas pelanggaran yang bersifat administratif.Lantas, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah sanksi administratif yang berupa denda yang dijatuhkan oleh pemerintah wajib didahulukan pembayarannya dari piutang preferen dan piutang konkuren dalam kepailitan? Kami berpendapat sepanjang sanksi administratif yang berbentuk denda didasari oleh undang-undang khusus, maka sanksi denda administratif tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai piutang yang diistimewakan (piutang preferen) dan dibayarkan lebih dahulu daripada piutang konkuren. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PerdataUndang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran UtangUndang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi REFERENSIWicipto Setiadi. Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009.[1] Wicipto Setiadi. Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009, hal. 605-606[2] Wicipto Setiadi. Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009, hal. 608[3] Pasal 57 ayta (4) jo. Pasal 58 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data PribadiTagskepailitankrediturkreditur konkurenpengadilan niagapiutangpkpusanksi administrasisanksi administratif
Apakah sanksi administratif yang berupa denda yang dijatuhkan oleh suatu instansi wajib didahulukan pembayarannya dari piutang preferen dan piutang konkuren dalam kepailitan?
Sepanjang sanksi administratif yang berbentuk denda tersebut didasari oleh undang-undang khusus yang mengaturnya, maka sanksi denda administratif dapat dikategorikan sebagai piutang yang diistimewakan (piutang preferen) dan dibayarkan lebih dahulu daripada piutang konkuren.   Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Kreditur Pemegang Corporate Guarantee, Konkuren atau Separatis?18 Mei 2022Adakah Aturan Besaran Harta Pailit bagi Kreditur Konkuren?17 Mei 2022Transparansi Daftar Piutang bagi Kreditur Kepailitan & PKPU16 Feb 2022Perbedaan Antara Kreditur Separatis dengan Kreditur Konkuren25 Apr 2012Kreditur Pemegang Corporate Guarantee, Konkuren atau Separatis?18 Mei 2022Adakah Aturan Besaran Harta Pailit bagi Kreditur Konkuren?17 Mei 2022Transparansi Daftar Piutang bagi Kreditur Kepailitan & PKPU16 Feb 2022Perbedaan Antara Kreditur Separatis dengan Kreditur Konkuren25 Apr 2012Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apakah-denda-administratif-termasuk-piutang-preferen-lt62da7af7c4ac7/
Apakah Denda Administratif Termasuk Piutang Preferen?
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. ### **Piutang Preferen** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Kreditur Pemegang _Corporate Guarantee_, Konkuren atau Separatis? ](/klinik/a/kreditur-pemegang-icorporate-guarantee-i--konkuren-atau-separatis-lt6284932edfd45/) ![Kreditur Pemegang <i>Corporate Guarantee</i>, Konkuren atau Separatis?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6284932edfd45/thumbnail_lt628494802d48e.jpg) 18 Mei 2022 [ #### Adakah Aturan Besaran Harta Pailit bagi Kreditur Konkuren? ](/klinik/a/adakah-aturan-besaran-harta-pailit-bagi-kreditur-konkuren-lt6283499e15a62/) ![Adakah Aturan Besaran Harta Pailit bagi Kreditur Konkuren?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt6283499e15a62/thumbnail_lt62834acfb5ace.jpg) 17 Mei 2022 [ #### Transparansi Daftar Piutang bagi Kreditur Kepailitan & PKPU ](/klinik/a/transparansi-daftar-piutang-bagi-kreditur-kepailitan-pkpu-cl1383/) ![Transparansi Daftar Piutang bagi Kreditur Kepailitan &amp; PKPU](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/cl1383/thumbnail_lt620ccffeccde7.jpg) 16 Feb 2022 [ #### Perbedaan Antara Kreditur Separatis dengan Kreditur Konkuren ](/klinik/a/apa-yang-dimaksud-dengan-kreditur-separatis-dan-kreditur-konkuren-dalam-kepailitan-cl1998/) ![Perbedaan Antara Kreditur Separatis dengan Kreditur Konkuren](https://static.hukumonline.com/frontend/default/images/kaze/thumbnail_default.jpg) 25 Apr 2012 [](#!) Dalam **[UU Kepailitan](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004)**, terdapat 3 jenis kreditur yaitu kreditur separatis, kreditur preferen, dan kreditur konkuren. Masing-masing kreditur tersebut menurut sifat piutangnya memiliki kedudukan tersendiri dalam proses pengurusan dan pemberesan kepailitan. Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, patut diketahui apa yang dimaksud dengan piutang preferen sebagaimana diatur dalam **Pasal 1134 [KUH Perdata](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/burgerlijk-wetboek?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata)** yang menyatakan hak istimewa adalah suatu **hak yang diberikan oleh undang-undang** kepada seorang kreditur yang menyebabkan ia berkedudukan lebih tinggi daripada yang lainnya, semata-mata berdasarkan sifat piutang itu. Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Lebih lanjut, **Pasal 1137 KUH Perdata** mengatur bahwa hak didahulukan milik negara, kantor lelang dan badan umum lain yang diadakan oleh penguasa, tata tertib pelaksanaannya, dan lama jangka waktunya, **diatur dalam berbagai undang-undang khusus yang berhubungan dengan hal-hal itu**. Hak didahulukan milik persekutuan atau badan kemasyarakatan yang berhak atau yang kemudian mendapat hak untuk memungut bea-bea, diatur dalam undang-undang yang telah ada mengenai hal itu atau yang akan diadakan. Baca juga: **[Urutan Prioritas Pelunasan Utang dalam Kepailitan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/urutan-prioritas-pelunasan-utang-dalam-kepailitan-lt5dca8aad69118?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=urutan_kreditur)** ### **Sanksi Administratif Termasuk Jenis Piutang Apa?** Adapun apabila substansi peraturan perundang-undangan merupakan lingkup hukum administrasi, penerapan sanksi administratiflah yang paling efektif jika terjadi pelanggaran.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Berdasarkan pengamatan dari berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur, ada beberapa macam sanksi administratif, yaitu:[\[2\]](#_ftn2) 1. Peringatan/teguran lisan; 2. Peringatan/teguran tertulis; 3. Tindakan paksa pemerintahan (_bestuursdwang_/_politie dwang_); 4. Penarikan kembali keputusan yang menguntungkan; 5. Denda administratif; 6. Pengenaan uang paksa (_dwangsom_). Sebagai contoh, sanksi administratif sebagaimana tercantum dalam **Pasal 57 ayat (2) [UU PDP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt634e841e24ca9/undang-undang-nomor-27-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_27_2022)** yang dijatuhkan oleh lembaga penyelenggaraan pelindungan data pribadi adalah sebagai berikut:[\[3\]](#_ftn3) 1. peringatan tertulis; 2. penghentian sementara kegiatan pemrosesan data pribadi; 3. penghapusan atau pemusnahan data pribadi; dan/atau 4. denda administratif. Kemudian menyambung pertanyaan Anda, dikarenakan tidak secara spesifik disebutkan oleh instansi apa yang mengenakannya, kami berasumsi sanksi administratif tersebut diberikan oleh pemerintah atas pelanggaran yang bersifat administratif. Lantas, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, apakah sanksi administratif yang berupa denda yang dijatuhkan oleh pemerintah wajib didahulukan pembayarannya dari piutang preferen dan piutang konkuren dalam kepailitan? Kami berpendapat sepanjang sanksi administratif yang berbentuk denda didasari oleh undang-undang khusus, maka sanksi denda administratif tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai piutang yang diistimewakan (piutang preferen) dan dibayarkan lebih dahulu daripada piutang konkuren. Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/17229/burgerlijk-wetboek?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHPerdata) Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/20144/node/19/uu-no-37-tahun-2004-kepailitan-dan-penundaan-kewajiban-pembayaran-utang?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_37_2004) Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt634e841e24ca9/undang-undang-nomor-27-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_27_2022) REFERENSI --------- Wicipto Setiadi. _Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan_. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Wicipto Setiadi. _Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan_. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009, hal. 605-606 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Wicipto Setiadi. _Sanksi Administratif sebagai Salah Satu Instrumen Penegakan Hukum dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan_. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, Vol. 6 No. 4, Desember 2009, hal. 608 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 57 ayta (4) _jo._ Pasal 58 ayat (2) [Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt634e841e24ca9/undang-undang-nomor-27-tahun-2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_27_2022) Tags ---- [kepailitan](/tag/kepailitan) [kreditur](/tag/kreditur) [kreditur konkuren](/tag/kreditur-konkuren) [pengadilan niaga](/tag/pengadilan-niaga) [piutang](/tag/piutang) [pkpu](/tag/pkpu) [sanksi administrasi](/tag/sanksi-administrasi) [sanksi administratif](/tag/sanksi-administratif)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh  Albert Aries, S.H., M.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 5 Maret 2013, yang pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 26 Februari 2021.KLINIK TERKAITBunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Apa yang dimaksud dengan sumpah palsu? Sumpah palsu adalah tindak pidana memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah yang mana keterangan itu tidak benar dan bertentangan dengan yang sebenarnya. Mengapa disebut sumpah palsu? Hal ini dikarenakan saksi sebelum memberikan keterangan di sidang pengadilan wajib mengucapkan sumpah/janji menurut agamanya.Baca juga: Catat! Begini Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di PengadilanGuna menjawab pertanyaan Anda terkait bagaimana kalau saksi memberikan keterangan palsu, perbuatan ini biasa disebut delik sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[1] yakni pada tahun 2026 dengan bunyi berikut ini.KUHPUU 1/2023Pasal 242Barang siapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan atau tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka, yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 tahun.Disamakan dengan sumpah adalah janji atau penguatan yang diharuskan menurut aturan-aturan umum atau yang menjadi pengganti sumpah.Pasal 291Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara di proses peradilan, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan, pidananya dapat ditambah 1/3. Pasal 373Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Disamakan dengan sumpah sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah janji atau pernyataan yang menguatkan yang diharuskan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan atau yang menjadi pengganti sumpah.Baca juga: Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di atas SumpahSehingga jerat pasal kesaksian palsu atau memberikan keterangan palsu adalah Pasal 242 ayat (1) atau (2) KUHP atau Pasal 291 UU 1/2023 atau Pasal 373 UU 1/2023. Sebagai informasi, sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu adalah delik formil (formeel delict), artinya perumusan unsur-unsur pasalnya dititikberatkan pada perbuatan yang dilarang. Delik sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu tersebut dianggap telah selesai/terpenuhi dengan dilakukannya perbuatan yang dimaksud dalam rumusan delik tersebut.Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sesuai Pasal 174 KUHAP, apabila keterangan saksi di bawah sumpah dalam suatu persidangan, diduga/disangka sebagai suatu keterangan yang palsu (tidak benar), maka hakim ketua secara ex officio (karena jabatannya) memperingatkan saksi tersebut untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan juga mengingatkan akan adanya sanksi pidana apabila ia tetap memberikan keterangan palsu.Selanjutnya, apabila saksi tetap mempertahankan keterangan palsunya, maka hakim ketua secara ex officio (karena jabatannya), atau atas permintaan penuntut umum atau terdakwa (maupun penasihat hukumnya) dapat memberi perintah agar saksi tersebut ditahan. Kemudian, panitera pengadilan akan membuat berita acara pemeriksaan sidang yang ditandatangani oleh hakim ketua dan panitera, dan selanjutnya diserahkan kepada penuntut umum untuk dituntut dengan dakwaan sumpah palsu.[2]Asep Iwan Iriawan (mantan hakim) menjelaskan dalam praktik, hakim berhak menilai keterangan saksi sebagai salah satu alat bukti. Secara teknis, saat seorang hakim memiliki keyakinan bahwa saksi berbohong, maka hakim ketua akan menangguhkan sidang untuk bermusyawarah dengan para hakim anggota.[3] Jika musyawarah mencapai kesepakatan, maka majelis hakim akan mengeluarkan penetapan.Dengan kata lain, tidak diperlukan adanya suatu laporan pidana terlebih dahulu sebelum majelis hakim mengeluarkan penetapan untuk menahan saksi yang diduga bersumpah palsu. Tentunya dengan ketentuan, hakim sebelumnya harus memperingatkan saksi untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan mengingatkan adanya saksi pidana.Baca juga: Prosedur Penetapan Dugaan Tindak Pidana Sumpah Palsu di Hadapan PengadilanJadi, ketegasan hakim sangat diperlukan dalam menegakkan tujuan hukum acara pidana, yaitu mencari kebenaran materiil, khususnya dalam hal ini untuk mencari kebenaran yang sesungguhnya dari keterangan saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu di bawah sumpah.Sebaliknya, jika saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu merasa bahwa keterangan yang diberikannya adalah benar atau tidak palsu, namun tetap diproses, maka berpadanan pada asas presumption of innocence (praduga tak bersalah), soal bersalah atau tidak bersalahnya itu adalah bergantung dari proses pembuktian perkara di pengadilan.Sebagai referensi, kami mengutip pendapat R. Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 183) menjelaskan supaya saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu dapat dihukum, ia harus mengetahui secara sadar bahwa telah memberikan suatu keterangan yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan dan bahwa ia memberikan keterangan palsu ini di atas sumpah.Ketidakbenaran dari keterangan palsu tersebut harus diketahui oleh orang yang memberikan keterangan tersebut.[4]Jika saksi menyangka bahwa keterangannya itu sesuai dengan kebenaran, akan tetapi akhirnya keterangan ini tidak benar, dengan kata lain, saksi sebenarnya tidak mengetahui sesungguhnya mana yang benar, maka ia tidak dapat dihukum. Mendiamkan atau menyembunyikan) kebenaran itu belum berarti suatu keterangan palsu. Suatu keterangan palsu itu menyatakan keadaan lain dari pada keadaan yang sebenarnya dengan dikehendaki atau sengaja (hal. 183). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaREFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.[1] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[2] Pasal 174 ayat (2) dan (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”)[3] Pasal 174 ayat (4) KUHAP[4] Penjelasan Pasal 373 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaTagshakimjaksajpuketerangan palsukuhapkuhpkuhp barupemalsuanpersidanganpidanapolisisaksi
Apakah keterangan palsu di bawah sumpah itu harus diproses hukum setelah ada perintah dari hakim? Dan seandainya saksi merasa bahwa keterangan yang diberikan adalah benar atau merasa tidak palsu, apakah saksi tetap bisa diproses sebagai tersangka dan dijerat pasal kesaksian palsu? Terima kasih.
Jerat pasal kesaksian palsu atau memberikan keterangan palsu di bawah sumpah dalam persidangan sejatinya telah diatur dalam KUHP yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta UU 1/2023 yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan. Sedangkan untuk proses pemeriksaan pembuktian atas dugaan pemberian keterangan palsu itu diatur lebih lanjut dalam KUHAP. Bagaimana prosesnya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan09 Jan 2023Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023Kiat-kiat Membeli Tanah Girik yang Aman4 Jun 2024Simak! Ini 5 Langkah Merger PT 22 Mei 2023Ingin Rujuk, Begini Cara Cabut Gugatan Cerai di Pengadilan1 Sep 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/sumpah-palsu-dan-pembuktiannya-lt51171a4fed786/
Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya
pages/180/page-7.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel ini adalah pemutakhiran kedua dari artikel dengan judul sama yang dibuat oleh**  [**Albert Aries, S.H., M.H.**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/penjawab/lt50f8bc5fd2478/mitra/lt51234433e9d7f/albert-aries--sh--mh) **dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Selasa, 5 Maret 2013, yang pertama kali dimutakhirkan pada Jumat, 26 Februari 2021.** ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya ](/klinik/a/sumpah-saksi-di-pengadilan-lt5508ec800e4c5/) ![Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5508ec800e4c5/thumbnail_lt62c662b93f065.jpg) 14 Jun 2024 [ #### Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan ](/klinik/a/jerat-pidana-memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-persidangan-lt5614783452eb6/) ![Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5614783452eb6/thumbnail_lt63bbe69a08480.jpg) 09 Jan 2023 [ #### Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya? ](/klinik/a/menolak-panggilan-sebagai-saksi-apa-ancaman-pidananya-lt50cc981bed84f/) ![Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50cc981bed84f/thumbnail_lt63b3f05372f0d.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya ](/klinik/a/sumpah-saksi-di-pengadilan-lt50f4cb9b4d327/) ![Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50f4cb9b4d327/thumbnail_lt62cfc5437977e.jpg) 14 Jul 2022 [](#!) **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika)**.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Apa yang dimaksud dengan sumpah palsu? Sumpah palsu adalah tindak pidana memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah yang mana keterangan itu tidak benar dan bertentangan dengan yang sebenarnya. Mengapa disebut sumpah palsu? Hal ini dikarenakan saksi sebelum memberikan keterangan di sidang pengadilan wajib mengucapkan sumpah/janji menurut agamanya. Baca juga: **[Catat! Begini Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/bunyi-sumpah-saksi-di-pengadilan-lt5508ec800e4c5?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bunyi_sumpah_saksi)** Guna menjawab pertanyaan Anda terkait bagaimana kalau saksi memberikan keterangan palsu, perbuatan ini biasa disebut delik sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) yang lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan serta [**UU 1/2023**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[1\]](#_ftn1) yakni pada tahun 2026 dengan bunyi berikut ini. **KUHP** **UU 1/2023** **Pasal 242** 1. Barang siapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi **keterangan palsu di atas sumpah**, baik dengan lisan atau tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara **paling lama 7 tahun**. 2. Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan **merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka**, yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara **paling lama 9 tahun**. 3. Disamakan dengan sumpah adalah janji atau penguatan yang diharuskan menurut aturan-aturan umum atau yang menjadi **pengganti sumpah**. **Pasal 291** 1. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan **keterangan palsu di atas sumpah**, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara di proses peradilan, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) **merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan**, pidananya dapat ditambah 1/3. **Pasal 373** 1. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan **keterangan palsu di atas sumpah**, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, dipidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Disamakan dengan sumpah sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah janji atau pernyataan yang menguatkan yang diharuskan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan atau yang menjadi **pengganti sumpah**. **Baca juga: [Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di atas Sumpah](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-atas-sumpah-lt6317137d89506/?page=1?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=keterangan_palsu_sumpah)** Sehingga jerat pasal kesaksian palsu atau memberikan keterangan palsu adalah Pasal 242 ayat (1) atau (2) KUHP atau Pasal 291 UU 1/2023 atau Pasal 373 UU 1/2023. Sebagai informasi, sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu adalah delik formil (_formeel delict)_, artinya perumusan unsur-unsur pasalnya dititikberatkan pada perbuatan yang dilarang. Delik sumpah palsu/keterangan palsu tersebut dianggap telah selesai/terpenuhi dengan dilakukannya perbuatan yang dimaksud dalam rumusan delik tersebut. Menjawab pertanyaan Anda, sesuai **Pasal 174 [KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)**, apabila keterangan saksi di bawah sumpah dalam suatu persidangan, diduga/disangka sebagai suatu keterangan yang palsu (tidak benar), maka hakim ketua secara _ex officio_ (karena jabatannya) memperingatkan saksi tersebut untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan juga mengingatkan akan adanya sanksi pidana apabila ia tetap memberikan keterangan palsu. Selanjutnya, apabila saksi tetap mempertahankan keterangan palsunya, maka hakim ketua secara _ex officio_ (karena jabatannya), atau atas permintaan penuntut umum atau terdakwa (maupun penasihat hukumnya) dapat memberi perintah agar saksi tersebut ditahan. Kemudian, panitera pengadilan akan membuat berita acara pemeriksaan sidang yang ditandatangani oleh hakim ketua dan panitera, dan selanjutnya diserahkan kepada penuntut umum untuk dituntut dengan dakwaan sumpah palsu.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) **Asep Iwan Iriawan** (mantan hakim) menjelaskan dalam praktik, hakim berhak menilai keterangan saksi sebagai salah satu alat bukti. Secara teknis, saat seorang hakim memiliki keyakinan bahwa saksi berbohong, maka hakim ketua akan menangguhkan sidang untuk bermusyawarah dengan para hakim anggota.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Jika musyawarah mencapai kesepakatan, maka majelis hakim akan mengeluarkan penetapan. Dengan kata lain, tidak diperlukan adanya suatu laporan pidana terlebih dahulu sebelum majelis hakim mengeluarkan penetapan untuk menahan saksi yang diduga bersumpah palsu. Tentunya dengan ketentuan, hakim sebelumnya harus memperingatkan saksi untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan mengingatkan adanya saksi pidana. Baca juga: **[Prosedur Penetapan Dugaan Tindak Pidana Sumpah Palsu di Hadapan Pengadilan](https://www.hukumonline.com/stories/article/lt6378d40ec4fdc/prosedur-penetapan-dugaan-tindak-pidana-sumpah-palsu-di-hadapan-pengadilan?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=dugaan_sumpah_palsu)** Jadi, ketegasan hakim sangat diperlukan dalam menegakkan tujuan hukum acara pidana, yaitu mencari kebenaran materiil, khususnya dalam hal ini untuk mencari kebenaran yang sesungguhnya dari keterangan saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu di bawah sumpah. Sebaliknya, jika saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu merasa bahwa keterangan yang diberikannya adalah benar atau tidak palsu, namun tetap diproses, maka berpadanan pada asas _presumption of innocence_ (praduga tak bersalah), soal bersalah atau tidak bersalahnya itu adalah bergantung dari proses pembuktian perkara di pengadilan. Sebagai referensi, kami mengutip pendapat **R. Soesilo** dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 183) menjelaskan supaya saksi yang diduga memberikan keterangan palsu dapat dihukum, ia harus mengetahui secara sadar bahwa telah memberikan suatu keterangan yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan dan bahwa ia memberikan keterangan palsu ini di atas sumpah. Ketidakbenaran dari keterangan palsu tersebut harus diketahui oleh orang yang memberikan keterangan tersebut.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Jika saksi menyangka bahwa keterangannya itu sesuai dengan kebenaran, akan tetapi akhirnya keterangan ini tidak benar, dengan kata lain, saksi sebenarnya tidak mengetahui sesungguhnya mana yang benar, maka ia tidak dapat dihukum. Mendiamkan atau menyembunyikan) kebenaran itu belum berarti suatu keterangan palsu. Suatu keterangan palsu itu menyatakan keadaan lain dari pada keadaan yang sebenarnya dengan dikehendaki atau sengaja (hal. 183). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 174 ayat (2) dan (3) [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 174 ayat (4) KUHAP [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Penjelasan Pasal 373 ayat (1) [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) Tags ---- [hakim](/tag/hakim) [jaksa](/tag/jaksa) [jpu](/tag/jpu) [keterangan palsu](/tag/keterangan-palsu) [kuhap](/tag/kuhap) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pemalsuan](/tag/pemalsuan) [persidangan](/tag/persidangan) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [polisi](/tag/polisi) [saksi](/tag/saksi)
ULASAN LENGKAPTerima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh Dimas Hutomo, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 18 Februari 2019.Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Pentingnya Alat Bukti dalam Suatu Perkara PidanaSebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa dalam hukum, pembuktian merupakan hal penting dalam proses pemeriksaan sidang pengadilan karena melalui pembuktian akan ditentukan nasib terdakwa. Apabila hasil pembuktian dengan alat-alat bukti yang ditentukan undang-undang tidak cukup membuktikan kesalahan yang didakwakan kepada terdakwa, maka terdakwa dibebaskan dari hukuman. Sebaliknya jika kesalahan terdakwa dapat dibuktikan dengan alat-alat bukti maka terdakwa dinyatakan bersalah.[1]Yahya juga menegaskan bahwa pembuktian merupakan titik sentral pemeriksaan perkara dalam sidang pengadilan. Pembuktian adalah ketentuan-ketentuan yang berisi pedoman tentang cara-cara yang dibenarkan undang-undang umembuktikan untuk kesalahan yang didakwakan kepada terdakwa.[2]Dengan demikian, untuk agar tuduhan atas suatu tindak pidana berdasarkan hukum, harus mempunyai alat bukti yang cukup sebagaimana ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Selengkapnya tentang alat bukti dapat Anda baca dalam artikel Perbedaan Alat Bukti dan Barang Bukti dalam Hukum Pidana dan Arti “Bukti Permulaan yang Cukup” dalam Hukum Acara Pidana.Pasal Menuduh Orang Tanpa BuktiKemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dapatkah dipidana jika orang menuduh tanpa bukti? Menuduh orang tanpa bukti dapat dikategorikan sebagai fitnah.Ketentuan mengenai fitnah diatur dalam KUHP lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[3] yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu:Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHPPasal 434 UU 1/2023Barangsiapa melakukan kejahatan menista atau menista dengan tulisan, dalam hal ia diizinkan untuk membuktikan tuduhannya itu, jika ia tidak dapat membuktikan dan jika tuduhan itu dilakukannya sedang diketahuinya tidak benar, dihukum karena salah memfitnah dengan hukum penjara selama-lamanya empat tahun.  Jika setiap orang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433 diberi kesempatan membuktikan kebenaran hal yang dituduhkan tetapi tidak dapat membuktikannya, dan tuduhan tersebut bertentangan dengan yang diketahuinya, dipidana karena fitnah, dengan pidana penjara paling lama tiga tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV yaitu Rp200 juta.[4]Pembuktian kebenaran tuduhan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), hanya dapat dilakukan dalam hal:hakim memandang perlu untuk memeriksa kebenaran tuduhan tersebut guna mempertimbangkan keterangan terdakwa bahwa terdakwa melakukan perbuatan tersebut untuk kepentingan umum atau karena terpaksa untuk membela diri; ataupejabat dituduh melakukan suatu hal dalam menjalankan tugas jabatannya. Pembuktian sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) tidak dapat dilakukan jika hal yang dituduhkan tersebut hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan, sedangkan pengaduan tidak diajukan.Unsur-unsur Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP ini harus merujuk pada ketentuan menista pada Pasal 310 ayat (1) KUHP yaitu barangsiapa sengaja merusak kehormatan atau nama baik seseorang dengan jalan menuduh dia melakukan sesuatu perbuatan dengan maksud yang nyata akan tersiarnya tuduhan itu, dihukum karena menista, dengan hukuman penjara paling lama 9 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta.[5]Begitu pula dalam Pasal 434 UU 1/2023 tersebut berkaitan dengan pasal 433 UU 1/2023 tentang pencemaran yaitu setiap orang yang dengan lisan menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal, dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum, dipidana karena pencemaran dengan pidana paling lama 9 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[6]Jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan dengan tulisan atau gambar yang disiarkan, dipertunjukkan, atau ditempelkan di tempat umum dipidana karena pencemaran tertulis, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda maksimal kategori III Rp50 juta.[7]Dengan demikian, hukum menuduh orang tanpa bukti atau fitnah dapat dikenakan bagi setiap orang yang menuduhkan suatu hal dengan maksud agar tuduhannya diketahui umum, namun tidak bisa membuktikan tuduhannya.Lebih jelasnya, unsur-unsur pasal menuduh orang tanpa bukti atau pasal fitnah Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP adalah:Seseorang;Menista orang lain baik secara lisan maupun tulisan;Orang yang menuduh tidak dapat membuktikan tuduhannya dan jika tuduhan tersebut diketahuinya tidak benar.Dalam buku berjudul Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal.227), R. Soesilo mengatakan bahwa kejahatan pada pasal ini dinamakan memfitnah. Atas pasal ini, R. Soesilo merujuk kepada catatannya pada Pasal 310 KUHP yang menjelaskan tentang apa itu menista.Untuk dikatakan sebagai menista, penghinaan itu harus dilakukan dengan cara menuduh seseorang telah melakukan perbuatan tertentu dengan maksud tuduhan itu akan tersiar atau diketahui orang banyak. Salah satu bentuk penghinaan adalah memfitnah (hal. 225-226).Adapun, penghinaan adalah delik aduan, yang artinya, hanya dapat dituntut apabila ada pengaduan dari orang yang menderita. Orang yang melakukan tuduhan tanpa alat bukti (bukan fakta yang sesungguhnya), dapat dikenakan sanksi sebagaimana diatur Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP, karena telah melakukan fitnah (hal. 225-226).Baca juga: Syarat Agar Tuduhan Dapat Dianggap Sebagai FitnahJadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, menuduh orang lain tanpa bukti dapat dikatakan sebagai fitnah dan dapat dipidana sepanjang tuduhan tersebut tersiar atau diketahui orang banyak.Contoh KasusSebagai contoh dapat kita lihat pada Putusan PN Bondowoso No. 2/Pid.B/2019/PN Bdw. Terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana “memfitnah” berdasarkan Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP, dan majelis hakim menjatuhkan pidana penjara selama satu tahun dan enam bulan (hal. 12).Perbuatan terdakwa dilakukan dengan cara menuduh korban telah melakukan perzinaan sebagaimana yang termuat di dalam surat tertanggal 12 Maret 2018 dan tuduhan tersebut telah dilaporkan ke Polres Bondowoso pada tanggal 20 Maret 2018 namun laporan tersebut dihentikan pada tahap penyidikan karena tidak cukup bukti (hal. 2 – 3).Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut di sini.Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.Dasar Hukum:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana;Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana;Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda Dalam KUHP.Putusan:Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bondowoso Nomor 2/Pid.B/2019/PN Bdw;Referensi:R. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991;Yahya Harahap. Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010.[1] Yahya Harahap, Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010, hal. 273[2] Yahya Harahap, Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010, hal. 273[3] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[4] Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023[5] Pasal 310 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana jo. Pasal 3 Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda Dalam KUHP[6] Pasal 433 ayat (1) jo. Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023[7] Pasal 433 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023Tagsfitnahhukumonlineklinik hukumonlinekuhpkuhp barupencemaran nama baikpidanatindak pidana
Mau tanya, tindakan menuduh orang melakukan tindak pidana tanpa bukti itu ada di pasal berapa?
Menuduh seseorang telah melakukan tindak pidana tentu perlu bukti yang cukup, hal ini untuk menentukan bahwa perbuatan yang dituduhkan ialah berdasarkan hukum. Jika menuduh tanpa bukti, berarti dapat dikatakan tuduhan itu tidak berdasar. Dalam hal ini tuduhan tersebut termasuk fitnah yang dapat dipidana sepanjang tuduhan tersebut tersiar atau diketahui orang banyak. Bagaimana ketentuannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini.   Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022Ini Cara Mengurus Akta Nikah yang Terlambat 30 Sep 2022Pasal Penipuan Online untuk Menjerat Pelaku27 Des 2022Cara Menghitung Pembebasan Bersyarat bagi Narapidana3 Agu 2022
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukumnya-menuduh-orang-melakukan-tindak-pidana-tanpa-bukti-lt5c580a5ca3ae3/
Hukumnya Menuduh Orang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Tanpa Bukti
pages/180/page-8.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul yang sama yang dibuat oleh [Dimas Hutomo, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/dimas-hutomo--sh-lt5b4dc1b842992) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Senin, 18 Februari 2019.** Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** **Pentingnya Alat Bukti dalam Suatu Perkara Pidana** Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan Anda, perlu kami sampaikan bahwa dalam hukum, pembuktian merupakan hal penting dalam proses pemeriksaan sidang pengadilan karena melalui pembuktian akan ditentukan nasib terdakwa. Apabila hasil pembuktian dengan alat-alat bukti yang ditentukan undang-undang tidak cukup membuktikan kesalahan yang didakwakan kepada terdakwa, maka terdakwa dibebaskan dari hukuman. Sebaliknya jika kesalahan terdakwa dapat dibuktikan dengan alat-alat bukti maka terdakwa dinyatakan bersalah.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Yahya juga menegaskan bahwa pembuktian merupakan titik sentral pemeriksaan perkara dalam sidang pengadilan. Pembuktian adalah ketentuan-ketentuan yang berisi pedoman tentang cara-cara yang dibenarkan undang-undang umembuktikan untuk kesalahan yang didakwakan kepada terdakwa.[\[2\]](#_ftn2) Dengan demikian, untuk agar tuduhan atas suatu tindak pidana berdasarkan hukum, harus mempunyai alat bukti yang cukup sebagaimana ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Selengkapnya tentang alat bukti dapat Anda baca dalam artikel **[Perbedaan Alat Bukti dan Barang Bukti dalam Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/apa-perbedaan-alat-bukti-dengan-barang-bukti--lt4e8ec99e4d2ae?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=alat_bukti)** dan **[Arti “Bukti Permulaan yang Cukup” dalam Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt5940eb061eb61/arti-bukti-permulaan-yang-cukup-dalam-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=bukti_permulaan).** ### **Pasal Menuduh Orang Tanpa Bukti** Kemudian, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dapatkah dipidana jika orang menuduh tanpa bukti? Menuduh orang tanpa bukti dapat dikategorikan sebagai fitnah. Ketentuan mengenai fitnah diatur dalam [**KUHP**](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) lama yang masih berlaku pada saat artikel ini diterbitkan dan **[UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** tentang KUHP yang mulai berlaku 3 tahun terhitung sejak tanggal diundangkan,[\[3\]](#_ftn3) yakni pada tahun 2026 yaitu: **Pasal 311 ayat (1****) KUHP** **Pasal 434 UU 1/2023** Barangsiapa melakukan kejahatan menista atau menista dengan tulisan, dalam hal ia diizinkan untuk membuktikan tuduhannya itu, jika ia tidak dapat membuktikan dan jika tuduhan itu dilakukannya sedang diketahuinya tidak benar, dihukum karena salah memfitnah dengan hukum penjara selama-lamanya empat tahun. 1. Jika setiap orang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 433 diberi kesempatan membuktikan kebenaran hal yang dituduhkan tetapi tidak dapat membuktikannya, dan tuduhan tersebut bertentangan dengan yang diketahuinya, dipidana karena fitnah, dengan pidana penjara paling lama tiga tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori IV yaitu Rp200 juta.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) 2. Pembuktian kebenaran tuduhan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), hanya dapat dilakukan dalam hal: 3. hakim memandang perlu untuk memeriksa kebenaran tuduhan tersebut guna mempertimbangkan keterangan terdakwa bahwa terdakwa melakukan perbuatan tersebut untuk kepentingan umum atau karena terpaksa untuk membela diri; atau 4. pejabat dituduh melakukan suatu hal dalam menjalankan tugas jabatannya. 3. Pembuktian sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) tidak dapat dilakukan jika hal yang dituduhkan tersebut hanya dapat dituntut atas pengaduan, sedangkan pengaduan tidak diajukan. Unsur-unsur Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP ini harus merujuk pada ketentuan menista pada **Pasal 310 ayat (1) KUHP** yaitu barangsiapa sengaja merusak kehormatan atau nama baik seseorang dengan jalan menuduh dia melakukan sesuatu perbuatan dengan maksud yang nyata akan tersiarnya tuduhan itu, dihukum karena menista, dengan hukuman penjara paling lama 9 bulan atau denda paling banyak Rp4,5 juta_._[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Begitu pula dalam Pasal 434 UU 1/2023 tersebut berkaitan dengan pasal 433 UU 1/2023 tentang pencemaran yaitu setiap orang yang dengan lisan menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik orang lain dengan cara menuduhkan suatu hal, dengan maksud supaya hal tersebut diketahui umum, dipidana karena pencemaran dengan pidana paling lama 9 bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak kategori II yaitu Rp10 juta.[\[6\]](#_ftn6) Jika perbuatan tersebut dilakukan dengan tulisan atau gambar yang disiarkan, dipertunjukkan, atau ditempelkan di tempat umum dipidana karena pencemaran tertulis, dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 tahun 6 bulan atau pidana denda maksimal kategori III Rp50 juta.[\[7\]](#_ftn7) Dengan demikian, hukum menuduh orang tanpa bukti atau fitnah dapat dikenakan bagi setiap orang yang menuduhkan suatu hal dengan maksud agar tuduhannya diketahui umum, namun tidak bisa membuktikan tuduhannya. Lebih jelasnya, unsur-unsur pasal menuduh orang tanpa bukti atau pasal fitnah Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP adalah: 1. Seseorang; 2. Menista orang lain baik secara lisan maupun tulisan; 3. Orang yang menuduh tidak dapat membuktikan tuduhannya dan jika tuduhan tersebut diketahuinya tidak benar. Dalam buku berjudul _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal.227), **R. Soesilo** mengatakan bahwa kejahatan pada pasal ini dinamakan **memfitnah**. Atas pasal ini, R. Soesilo merujuk kepada catatannya pada Pasal 310 KUHP yang menjelaskan tentang apa itu menista. Untuk dikatakan sebagai menista, penghinaan itu harus dilakukan dengan cara **menuduh seseorang telah melakukan perbuatan tertentu dengan maksud tuduhan itu akan tersiar atau diketahui orang banyak.** Salah satu bentuk penghinaan adalah memfitnah (hal. 225-226). Adapun, penghinaan adalah delik aduan, yang artinya, **hanya dapat dituntut** **apabila ada pengaduan** dari orang yang menderita. Orang yang melakukan tuduhan tanpa alat bukti (bukan fakta yang sesungguhnya), dapat dikenakan sanksi sebagaimana diatur Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP, karena telah melakukan fitnah (hal. 225-226). Baca juga: **[Syarat Agar Tuduhan Dapat Dianggap Sebagai Fitnah](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt513623d58969e/syarat-agar-tuduhan-dapat-dianggap-sebagai-fitnah?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=syarat_tuduhan_dapat_dianggap_fitnah)** Jadi menjawab pertanyaan Anda, menuduh orang lain tanpa bukti dapat dikatakan sebagai fitnah dan dapat dipidana sepanjang tuduhan tersebut tersiar atau diketahui orang banyak. ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai contoh dapat kita lihat pada [Putusan PN Bondowoso No. 2/Pid.B/2019/PN Bdw](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/64e19fe7c33e14d1aa193c7637b5ad64.html?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PN_Bondowoso_2_2019)**.** Terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah dan menyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana “memfitnah” berdasarkan Pasal 311 ayat (1) KUHP, dan majelis hakim menjatuhkan pidana penjara selama satu tahun dan enam bulan (hal. 12). Perbuatan terdakwa dilakukan dengan cara menuduh korban telah melakukan perzinaan sebagaimana yang termuat di dalam surat tertanggal 12 Maret 2018 dan tuduhan tersebut telah dilaporkan ke Polres Bondowoso pada tanggal 20 Maret 2018 namun laporan tersebut dihentikan pada tahap penyidikan karena tidak cukup bukti (hal. 2 – 3). Perkaya riset hukum Anda dengan analisis hukum terbaru dwibahasa, serta koleksi terjemahan peraturan yang terintegrasi dalam Hukumonline Pro, pelajari lebih lanjut [di sini](https://pro.hukumonline.com/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=cta&utm_campaign=artikel_klinik). Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. Dasar Hukum: 1. [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP); 2. [Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP); 3. [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru); 4. [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda Dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012). Putusan: [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bondowoso Nomor 2/Pid.B/2019/PN Bdw](https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/64e19fe7c33e14d1aa193c7637b5ad64.html?utm_source=&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=PN_Bondowoso_2_2019); Referensi: 1. R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991; 2. Yahya Harahap. _Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali_. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010. * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Yahya Harahap, _Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali_, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010, hal. 273 [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Yahya Harahap, _Pembahasan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP: Pemeriksaan Sidang Pengadilan, Banding, Kasasi, dan Peninjauan Kembali_, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010, hal. 273 [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023 [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 310 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) _jo._ Pasal 3 [Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda Dalam KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f4df95a89a5f/peraturan-mahkamah-agung-nomor-2-tahun-2012?r=0&p=1&q=Peraturan%20Mahkamah%20Agung%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202012&rs=1847&re=2022?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=perma_2_2012) [\[6\]](#_ftnref6) Pasal 433 ayat (1) _jo._ Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf b UU 1/2023 [\[7\]](#_ftnref7) Pasal 433 ayat (2) _jo._ Pasal 79 ayat (1) huruf d UU 1/2023 Tags ---- [fitnah](/tag/fitnah) [hukumonline](/tag/hukumonline) [klinik hukumonline](/tag/klinik-hukumonline) [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [pencemaran nama baik](/tag/pencemaran-nama-baik) [pidana](/tag/pidana) [tindak pidana](/tag/tindak-pidana)
ULASAN LENGKAPKLINIK TERKAITBunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Saksi Batalkan Keterangan BAP di Persidangan, Bolehkah?10 Mei 2022Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda.Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul Hukuman Bagi Saksi Palsu di Persidangan yang dibuat oleh Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 8 Oktober 2015.Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000Lihat Semua Kelas Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat Pernyataan Penyangkalan selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan Konsultan Mitra Justika.Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023.Pasal Keterangan Palsu di PersidanganKeterangan saksi adalah salah satu alat bukti dalam perkara pidana yang berupa keterangan dari saksi mengenai suatu peristiwa pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri dengan menyebut alasan dari pengetahuannya itu.[1] Memberikan keterangan palsu saat menjadi saksi di persidangan dapat diancam dengan sanksi pidana keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam KUHP lama yang hingga artikel ini terbit masih berlaku dan UU 1/2023 tentang KUHP baru yang berlaku 3 tahun sejak diundangkan,[2] yaitu:Pasal 242 KUHPPasal 291 UU 1/2023Barangsiapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan ataupun tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 tahun. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara dalam proses peradilan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun.Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan, pidananya ditambah 1/3. Sekedar tambahan informasi untuk Anda, persoalan saksi memberikan keterangan palsu di persidangan juga dikenal dalam tindak pidana korupsi. Setiap orang yang dengan sengaja tidak memberi keterangan atau memberi keterangan yang tidak benar, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling singkat tiga tahun dan paling lama dua belas tahun dan atau denda paling sedikit Rp150 juta dan paling banyak Rp600 juta.[3]Baca juga: Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di atas SumpahUnsur-Unsur Pasal Keterangan PalsuR Soesilo dalam bukunya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal (hal. 183) menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum unsur-unsur berikut ini harus dipenuhi:keterangan itu harus di atas sumpah;keterangan itu harus diwajibkan menurut undang-undang atau menurut peraturan yang menentukan akibat hukum pada keterangan itu;keterangan itu harus palsu (tidak benar) dan kepalsuan ini diketahui oleh pemberi keterangan.R. Soesilo juga menambahkan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum, pembuat harus mengetahui bahwa ia memberikan suatu keterangan dengan sadar bertentangan dengan kenyataan dan bahwa ia memberikan keterangan palsu ini di atas sumpah. Jika pembuat menyangka bahwa keterangannya itu sesuai dengan kebenaran, akan tetapi akhirnya keterangan tersebut tidak benar, dengan kata lain, jika ternyata ia tidak mengenal sesungguhnya mana yang benar, maka ia tidak dapat dihukum. Menyembunyikan kebenaran belum berarti suatu keterangan itu palsu. Suatu keterangan palsu itu menyatakan keadaan lain dari pada keadaan yang sebenarnya dengan dikehendaki atau disengaja.Sebelum saksi tersebut dituntut melakukan tindak pidana memberikan keterangan palsu, hakim memperingatkan saksi terlebih dahulu. Pasal 174 KUHAP menyatakan bahwa apabila keterangan saksi di sidang disangka palsu, hakim ketua sidang memperingatkan dengan sungguh-sungguh kepadanya supaya memberikan keterangan yang sebenarnya dan mengemukakan ancaman pidana yang dapat dikenakan kepadanya apabila ia tetap memberikan keterangan palsu.[4] Kemudian, apabila saksi tetap pada keterangannya itu, hakim ketua sidang karena jabatannya atau atas permintaan penuntut umum atau terdakwa dapat memberi perintah supaya saksi itu ditahan untuk selanjutnya dituntut perkara dengan dakwaan sumpah palsu.[5]Baca juga: Sumpah Palsu dan PembuktiannyaContoh KasusSebagai contoh kasus dapat kita temukan dalam Putusan MA No. 231K/Pid/2008. Terdakwa pada saat itu bertindak sebagai sebagai saksi (saksi a de charge) yang mana sebelum memberikan keterangan keterangannya selaku saksi dalam perkara tersebut, terdakwa disumpah menurut tata cara agama Hindu untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan tidak lain dari yang sebenarnya (hal. 1). Terdakwa mengatakan bahwa ia melihat Kepala Dusun Siladan (I Dewa Ketut Sara) menandatangani surat gambar ukur, padahal sesungguhnya I Dewa Ketut Sara sudah tidak menjabat sebagai Kepala Dusun Siladan, serta I Dewa Ketut Sara tidak pernah membubuhkan tanda tangannya pada surat gambar ukur. Tujuan Terdakwa memberikan keterangan yang tidak benar tersebut di atas adalah agar para terdakwa (dalam perkara lain) tidak terbukti sebagaimana yang didakwakan oleh jaksa penuntut umum dan diputuskan bebas oleh majelis hakim (hal. 2).Akhirnya, terdakwa berdasarkan putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bangli dinyatakan terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana salah satunya yaitu sumpah palsu sesuai Pasal 242 ayat (1) KUHP. Hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan 15 hari. Putusan ini dikuatkan hingga tingkat kasasi (hal. 5 dan hal. 9)Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat.DASAR HUKUMKitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara PidanaUndang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana KorupsiUndang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana KorupsiUndang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum PidanaREFERENSIR. Soesilo. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal. Bogor: Politeia, 1991.PUTUSANPutusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 231K/Pid/2008.[1] Pasal 1 angka 27 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”)[2] Pasal 624 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“UU 1/2023”)[3] Pasal 22 jo Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi[4] Pasal 174 ayat (1) KUHAP[5] Pasal 174 ayat (2) KUHAPTagskuhpkuhp barusaksi
Bagaimana jika keterangan yang diberikan oleh pihak saksi dari penuntut umum palsu dalam persidangan? Apakah pihak saksi tersebut dapat dihukum dan apa saja pengaturan yang menyangkut hal itu? Terima kasih.
Keterangan saksi adalah salah satu alat bukti dalam perkara pidana, maka dari itu memberikan keterangan palsu saat menjadi saksi di persidangan dapat diancam dengan sanksi pidana yang diatur  dalam ketentuan KUHP. Bagaimana bunyi ketentuannya? Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat Anda baca ulasan di bawah ini. Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Saksi Batalkan Keterangan BAP di Persidangan, Bolehkah?10 Mei 2022Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya14 Jun 2024Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?03 Jan 2023Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya14 Jul 2022Saksi Batalkan Keterangan BAP di Persidangan, Bolehkah?10 Mei 2022Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023Cara Hitung Pesangon Berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja18 Agu 2023Cara Upload Terjemahan Novel Agar Tak Langgar Hak Cipta20 Okt 2022Perhatikan Ini Sebelum Tanda Tangan Kontrak Kerja20 Mar 2023
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/jerat-pidana-memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-persidangan-lt5614783452eb6/
Jerat Pidana Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan
pages/181/page-0.html
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ULASAN LENGKAP -------------- ### KLINIK TERKAIT [](#!) [ #### Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya ](/klinik/a/sumpah-saksi-di-pengadilan-lt5508ec800e4c5/) ![Bunyi Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan sesuai Kepercayaannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt5508ec800e4c5/thumbnail_lt62c662b93f065.jpg) 14 Jun 2024 [ #### Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya? ](/klinik/a/menolak-panggilan-sebagai-saksi-apa-ancaman-pidananya-lt50cc981bed84f/) ![Menolak Panggilan Sebagai Saksi, Apa Ancaman Pidananya?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50cc981bed84f/thumbnail_lt63b3f05372f0d.jpg) 03 Jan 2023 [ #### Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya ](/klinik/a/sumpah-saksi-di-pengadilan-lt50f4cb9b4d327/) ![Sumpah Saksi di Pengadilan, Begini Aturannya](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt50f4cb9b4d327/thumbnail_lt62cfc5437977e.jpg) 14 Jul 2022 [ #### Saksi Batalkan Keterangan BAP di Persidangan, Bolehkah? ](/klinik/a/saksi-batalkan-keterangan-bap-di-persidangan--bolehkah-lt62174874de8f7/) ![Saksi Batalkan Keterangan BAP di Persidangan, Bolehkah?](https://images.hukumonline.com/frontend/lt62174874de8f7/thumbnail_lt627a4aa0e685a.jpg) 10 Mei 2022 [](#!) Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda. **Artikel di bawah ini adalah pemutakhiran dari artikel dengan judul** **_Hukuman Bagi Saksi Palsu di Persidangan_** **yang dibuat oleh [Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H.](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/mitra/si-pokrol-lt4b457ff0c3e1b/tri-jata-ayu-pramesti--sh-lt5165540a9b53c) dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada Kamis, 8 Oktober 2015.** Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000[Lihat Semua Kelas](https://learning.hukumonline.com/) Seluruh informasi hukum yang ada di Klinik hukumonline.com disiapkan semata – mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan bersifat umum (lihat [**Pernyataan Penyangkalan**](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/disclaimer) selengkapnya). Untuk mendapatkan nasihat hukum spesifik terhadap kasus Anda, konsultasikan langsung dengan [**Konsultan Mitra Justika**](https://justika.com/layanan/konsultasi-hukum/pemesanan/isi-detail/?layanan=Konsultasi%20via%20Telepon?utm_source=hukumonline&utm_medium=softselling&utm_campaign=softselling&utm_content=konsultanmitrajustika). **Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan KUHP lama dan** **UU 1/2023 tentang** **KUHP** **yang diundangkan pada tanggal 2 Januari 2023****.** ### **Pasal Keterangan Palsu di Persidangan** Keterangan saksi adalah salah satu alat bukti dalam perkara pidana yang berupa keterangan dari saksi mengenai suatu peristiwa pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri dengan menyebut alasan dari pengetahuannya itu.[\[1\]](#_ftn1) Memberikan keterangan palsu saat menjadi saksi di persidangan dapat diancam dengan sanksi pidana keterangan palsu yang diatur dalam **[KUHP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP)** lama yang hingga artikel ini terbit masih berlaku dan **[UU 1/2023](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru)** tentang KUHP baru yang berlaku 3 tahun sejak diundangkan,[\[2\]](#_ftn2) yaitu: **Pasal 242 KUHP** **Pasal 291 UU 1/2023** 1. Barangsiapa dalam keadaan di mana undang-undang menentukan supaya memberi keterangan di atas sumpah atau mengadakan akibat hukum kepada keterangan yang demikian, dengan sengaja memberi keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan ataupun tulisan, secara pribadi maupun oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Jika keterangan palsu di atas sumpah diberikan dalam perkara pidana dan merugikan terdakwa atau tersangka yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 9 tahun. 1. Setiap orang yang berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan harus memberikan keterangan di atas sumpah atau keterangan tersebut menimbulkan akibat hukum, memberikan keterangan palsu di atas sumpah, baik dengan lisan maupun tulisan, yang dilakukan sendiri atau oleh kuasanya yang khusus ditunjuk untuk itu yang diberikan dalam pemeriksaan perkara dalam proses peradilan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 7 tahun. 2. Jika perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) merugikan tersangka, terdakwa, atau pihak lawan, pidananya ditambah 1/3. Sekedar tambahan informasi untuk Anda, persoalan saksi memberikan keterangan palsu di persidangan juga dikenal dalam tindak pidana korupsi. Setiap orang yang dengan sengaja tidak memberi keterangan atau memberi keterangan yang tidak benar, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling singkat tiga tahun dan paling lama dua belas tahun dan atau denda paling sedikit Rp150 juta dan paling banyak Rp600 juta.[\[3\]](#_ftn3) Baca juga: **[Memberikan Keterangan Palsu di atas Sumpah](https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/memberikan-keterangan-palsu-di-atas-sumpah-lt6317137d89506/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=keterangan_palsu)** ### **Unsur-Unsur Pasal Keterangan Palsu** **R Soesilo** dalam bukunya _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_ (hal. 183) menjelaskan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum unsur-unsur berikut ini harus dipenuhi: 1. keterangan itu harus di atas sumpah; 2. keterangan itu harus diwajibkan menurut undang-undang atau menurut peraturan yang menentukan akibat hukum pada keterangan itu; 3. keterangan itu harus palsu (tidak benar) dan kepalsuan ini diketahui oleh pemberi keterangan. R. Soesilo juga menambahkan bahwa supaya dapat dihukum, pembuat **harus mengetahui** bahwa ia memberikan suatu keterangan dengan sadar bertentangan dengan kenyataan dan bahwa ia memberikan keterangan palsu ini di atas sumpah. Jika pembuat menyangka bahwa keterangannya itu sesuai dengan kebenaran, akan tetapi akhirnya keterangan tersebut tidak benar, dengan kata lain, jika ternyata ia tidak mengenal sesungguhnya mana yang benar, maka ia tidak dapat dihukum. Menyembunyikan kebenaran belum berarti suatu keterangan itu palsu. Suatu keterangan palsu itu menyatakan keadaan lain dari pada keadaan yang sebenarnya dengan dikehendaki atau disengaja. Sebelum saksi tersebut dituntut melakukan tindak pidana memberikan keterangan palsu, hakim memperingatkan saksi terlebih dahulu. **Pasal 174** **[KUHAP](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP)** menyatakan bahwa apabila keterangan saksi di sidang disangka palsu, hakim ketua sidang memperingatkan dengan sungguh-sungguh kepadanya supaya memberikan keterangan yang sebenarnya dan mengemukakan ancaman pidana yang dapat dikenakan kepadanya apabila ia tetap memberikan keterangan palsu.[\[4\]](#_ftn4) Kemudian, apabila saksi tetap pada keterangannya itu, hakim ketua sidang karena jabatannya atau atas permintaan penuntut umum atau terdakwa dapat memberi perintah supaya saksi itu ditahan untuk selanjutnya dituntut perkara dengan dakwaan sumpah palsu.[\[5\]](#_ftn5) Baca juga: **[Sumpah Palsu dan Pembuktiannya](https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/sumpah-palsu-dan-pembuktiannya-lt51171a4fed786?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=sumpah_palsu)** ### **Contoh Kasus** Sebagai contoh kasus dapat kita temukan dalam [**Putusan MA No. 231K/Pid/2008**](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/0204a940e729a3e445ed434503cb61d1). Terdakwa pada saat itu bertindak sebagai sebagai saksi (saksi _a de charge_) yang mana sebelum memberikan keterangan keterangannya selaku saksi dalam perkara tersebut, terdakwa disumpah menurut tata cara agama Hindu untuk memberikan keterangan yang benar dan tidak lain dari yang sebenarnya (hal. 1). Terdakwa mengatakan bahwa ia melihat Kepala Dusun Siladan (I Dewa Ketut Sara) menandatangani surat gambar ukur, padahal sesungguhnya I Dewa Ketut Sara sudah tidak menjabat sebagai Kepala Dusun Siladan, serta I Dewa Ketut Sara tidak pernah membubuhkan tanda tangannya pada surat gambar ukur. Tujuan Terdakwa memberikan keterangan yang tidak benar tersebut di atas adalah agar para terdakwa (dalam perkara lain) tidak terbukti sebagaimana yang didakwakan oleh jaksa penuntut umum dan diputuskan bebas oleh majelis hakim (hal. 2). Akhirnya, terdakwa berdasarkan putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bangli dinyatakan terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana salah satunya yaitu sumpah palsu sesuai Pasal 242 ayat (1) KUHP. Hakim menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa dengan pidana penjara selama 3 bulan 15 hari. Putusan ini dikuatkan hingga tingkat kasasi (hal. 5 dan hal. 9) Demikian jawaban dari kami, semoga bermanfaat. DASAR HUKUM ----------- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4c7b7fd88a8c3/nprt/38/wetboek-van-strafrecht-\(wvs\)-kitab-undang-undang-hukum-pidana-\(kuhp\)?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHP) Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1371/node/38/uu-no-31-tahun-1999-pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_31_1999) Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/339?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_20_2001) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) REFERENSI --------- R. Soesilo. _Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal_. Bogor: Politeia, 1991. PUTUSAN ------- [Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 231K/Pid/2008](http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/putusan/0204a940e729a3e445ed434503cb61d1). * * * [\[1\]](#_ftnref1) Pasal 1 angka 27 [Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2647/node/629/uu-no-8-tahun-1981-hukum-acara-pidana?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=KUHAP) (“KUHAP”) [\[2\]](#_ftnref2) Pasal 624 [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt63b3943c53853/undang-undang-nomor-1-tahun-2023?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=UU_1_2023_KUHP_baru) (“UU 1/2023”) [\[3\]](#_ftnref3) Pasal 22 _jo_ Pasal 35 [Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi](https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/1371/node/38/uu-no-31-tahun-1999-pemberantasan-tindak-pidana-korupsi?utm_source=website&utm_medium=internal_link_klinik&utm_campaign=uu_31_1999) [\[4\]](#_ftnref4) Pasal 174 ayat (1) KUHAP [\[5\]](#_ftnref5) Pasal 174 ayat (2) KUHAP Tags ---- [kuhp](/tag/kuhp) [kuhp baru](/tag/kuhp-baru) [saksi](/tag/saksi)