text: We tested the DnaK/DnaJ/ GrpE system for this effect by measuring ATP consumption in the chaperone cycle: ATP DnaK with its fast binding and release kinetics binds the substrate protein; DnaJ stimulates the hydrolysis of DnaK-bound ATP converting ATP DnaK to ADP DnaK with slow kinetics and high affinity [24,25]; pulling action of DnaK disentangles the substrate [18]; GrpE exchanges DnaK-bound ADP with ATP, triggering either release of the substrate or its re-entry into the chaperone cycle [26].