text: This review was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration guidelines (Higgins and Green 2009). Randomized trials were considered for inclusion, with participants that included parents or primary carers of children aged 0‚Äì18 years, in countries defined as low- or middleincome by the World Bank (2010). Interventions were those designed to reduce child abuse or harsh parenting, teach positive child behavior management strategies, or improve parent‚Äìchild attachment and relationships, through specific parenting components or curricula aimed at changing general parenting knowledge, attitudes or skills.