text: First, mRNA levels of the mitochondrial protease ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit (ClpP), which both senses and responds to unfolded matrix proteins (1, 6, 60), was significantly upregulated by CCA throughout the time course, particularly reaching a 70% increase by day 2 and maintaining a 45% elevation at days 5 and 7 (P 0.05; Fig.