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Oral presentation 344 46. Podcast 344 47. Sound recording 344 48. Video game 344 Formatting a research essay 345 Student essay, MLA style 347 Throughout this chapter, you'll find color-coded templates and examples to help you see how writers include source information in their texts and in their lists of works cited: orange for author, editor, translator, and other contributors; yellow for titles; blue for publication information-date of publication, page number(s), DOIs, and other location information.

In-text documentation Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source in your writing, you need to provide brief documentation that tells readers what you took from the source and where in the source you found that information. This brief documentation also refers readers to the full entry in your works-cited list, so begin with whatever comes first there: the author, the title, or a description of the source.

You can mention the author or title either in a signal phrase-Toni Morrison writes, In Beowulf , According to the article Every Patient's Nightmare'-or in parentheses-(Morrison). If relevant, include pages or other details about where you found the information in the parenthetical reference: (Morrison 67).

Shorten any lengthy titles or descriptions in parentheses by including the first noun with any preceding adjectives and omitting any initial articles ( Norton Field Guide for The Norton Field Guide to Writing ). If the title doesn't start with a noun, use the first phrase or clause ( How to Be for How to Be an Antiracist ). Use the full title if it's short. The first two examples below show basic in-text documentation of a work by one author. Variations on those examples follow.

The examples illustrate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works and italicizing titles of long works. 1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE If you mention the author in a signal phrase, put only the page number(s) in parentheses. Do not write page or p . The first time you mention the author, use their first and last names. You can usually omit any middle initials. David McCullough describes John Adams's hands as those of someone used to manual labor (18). 2.

AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put the author's last name in parentheses along with any page number(s). Do not use punctuation between the name and the page number(s). Adams is said to have had the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood (McCullough 18).

Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as close as possible to the material you've cited-without awkwardly interrupting the sentence. When a parenthetical reference comes at the end of the sentence, the period goes at the very end. 3. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

Robert Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions (Eastward to Tartary 330). Put a comma between author and title if both are in the parentheses. Understanding power in the Near East requires Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions (Kaplan, Eastward to Tartary 330). 4.

AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME Give each author's first and last names in any signal phrase, or add the author's first initial in the parenthetical reference. Imaginative applies not only to modern literature but also to writing of all periods, whereas magical is often used in writing about Arthurian romances (A. Wilson 25). 5. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS For a work with two authors, name both. If you first mention them in a signal phrase, give their first and last names.

Lori Carlson and Cynthia Ventura's stated goal is to introduce Julio Cortzar, Marjorie Agosn, and other Latin American writers to an audience of English-speaking adolescents (v). For a work by three or more authors that you mention in a signal phrase, you can either name them all or name the first author followed by and others or and colleagues . If you mention them in a parenthetical reference, name the first author followed by et al .

Phyllis Anderson and colleagues describe British literature thematically (A54-A67). One survey of British literature breaks the contents into thematic groupings (Anderson et al. A54-A67). 6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR In a signal phrase, use the full name of the organization: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In parentheses, use the shortest noun phrase, omitting any initial articles: American Academy. The US government can be direct when it wants to be.

For example, it sternly warns, If you are overpaid, we will recover any payments not due you (Social Security Administration 12). 7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN If you don't know the author, use the work's title in a signal phrase or in a parenthetical reference. A powerful editorial in The New York Times asserts that healthy liver donor Mike Hurewitz died because of frightening faulty postoperative care (Every Patient's Nightmare). 8.

LITERARY WORKS When referring to common literary works that are available in many different editions, give the page number from the edition you are using, followed by information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing. NOVELS AND PROSE PLAYS. Give the page number followed by a semicolon and any chapter, section, or act numbers, separated by commas. In Pride and Prejudice , Mrs. Bennet shows no warmth toward Jane when she returns from Netherfield (Austen 105; ch. 12). VERSE PLAYS.

Give act, scene, and line numbers, separated with periods. Shakespeare continues the vision theme when Macbeth says, Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with ( Macbeth 3.3.96-97) . POEMS. Give part and line numbers, separated by periods. If a poem has only line numbers, use line or lines only in the first reference. Walt Whitman sets up opposing adjectives and nouns in Song of Myself when he says, I am of old and young, of the foolish as much as the wise, / . . .

a child as well as a man (16.330-32). One description of the mere in Beowulf is not a pleasant place (line 1372). Later, it is labeled the awful place (1378). 9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Name the author(s) of the work, not the editor of the anthology. It is the teapots that truly shock, according to Cynthia Ozick in her essay on teapots as metaphor (70).

In In Short: A Collection of Creative Nonfiction , readers will find both an essay on Scottish tea (Hiestand) and a piece on teapots as metaphors (Ozick). 10. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Acknowledge an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary by giving the author's name, if available. For an entry without an author, give the entry's title.

According to Funk &Wagnall's New World Encyclopedia , early in his career, most of Kubrick's income came from hustling chess games in Washington Square Park (Kubrick, Stanley). 11. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS For legal cases, give whatever comes first in the works-cited entry. If you are citing a government document in parentheses and multiple entries in your works-cited list start with the same government author, give as much of the name as you need to differentiate the sources.

In 2015, for the first time, all states were required to license and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples (United States, Supreme Court). 12. SACRED TEXT When citing a sacred text such as the Bible or the Qur'an for the first time, give the title of the edition as well as the book, chapter, and verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. MLA recommends abbreviating the names of the books of the Bible in parenthetical references.

Later citations from the same edition do not have to repeat its title. The wording from The New English Bible follows: In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void . . . (Gen. 1.1-2). 13. MULTIVOLUME WORK If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, each time you cite one of the volumes, give the volume and the page number(s) in parentheses, separated by a colon and a space.

Sandburg concludes with the following sentence about those paying last respects to Lincoln: All day long and through the night the unbroken line moved, the home town having its farewell (4: 413). If you cite an entire volume of a multivolume work in parentheses, give the author's last name followed by a comma and vol . before the volume number: (Sandburg, vol. 4). If your works-cited list includes only a single volume of a multivolume work, give just the page number in parentheses: (413). 14.

TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER If you're citing two or more works closely together, you will sometimes need to provide a parenthetical reference for each one. Baron (182) and Dreyer (93) describe singular they from slightly different perspectives. If you are citing multiple sources for the same idea in parentheses, separate the references with a semicolon. Many critics have examined great works of literature from a cultural perspective (Tanner 7; Smith viii). 15.

SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use the abbreviation qtd. in in the parenthetical reference. Charlotte Bront wrote to G. H. Lewes, Why do you like Miss Austen so very much? I am puzzled on that point (qtd. in Tanner 7). 16. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS For works without page or part numbers, including many online sources, no number is needed in a parenthetical reference.

Studies show that music training helps children to be better at multitasking later in life (Hearing the Music). If you mention the author in a signal phrase, or if you mention the title of a work with no author, no parenthetical reference is needed. Arthur Brooks argues that a switch to fully remote work would have a negative effect on mental and physical health. If the source has chapter, paragraph, or section numbers, use them with the abbreviations ch. , par. , or sec. : (Hearing the Music, par. 2).

Don't count lines or paragraphs on your own if they aren't numbered in the source. For an ebook, use chapter numbers. For an audio or video recording, give the hours, minutes, and seconds (separated by colons) as shown on the player: (00:05:21-31). 17. AN ENTIRE WORK OR A ONE-PAGE ARTICLE If you cite an entire work rather than a part of it, or if you cite a single-page article, there's no need to include page numbers. Throughout life, John Adams strove to succeed (McCullough).

Notes Sometimes you may need to give information that doesn't fit into the text itself-to thank people who helped you, to provide additional details, to refer readers to other sources, or to add comments about sources. Such information can be given in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or an endnote (on a separate page with the heading Notes or Endnotes just before your works-cited list).

Put a superscript number at the appropriate point in your text, signaling to readers to look for the note with the corresponding number. If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your paper. TEXT This essay will argue that giving student athletes preferential treatment undermines educational goals. 1 NOTE 1 I want to thank those who contributed to my thinking on this topic, especially my teacher Vincent Yu.

List of Works Cited A works-cited list provides full bibliographic information for every source cited in your text. See page 347 for guidelines on formatting this list and page 356 for a sample works-cited list. Core Elements MLA style provides a list of core elements for documenting sources in a works-cited list. Not all sources will include each of these elements; include as much information as is available for any title you cite.

For guidance about specific sources you need to document, see the templates and examples on pages 322-45 , but here are some general guidelines for how to treat each of the core elements.

CORE ELEMENTS FOR ENTRIES IN A WORKS-CITED LIST Author Title of the source Title of any container, a larger work in which the source is found-an anthology, a website, a journal or magazine, a database, a streaming service like Netflix , or a learning management system, among others Editor, translator, director, or other contributors Version Number of volume and issue, episode and season Publisher Date of publication Location of the source: page numbers, DOI , PERMALINK , URL, etc.

The above order is the general order MLA recommends, but there will be exceptions. To document a translated essay that you found in an anthology, for instance, you'd identify the translator after the title of the essay rather than after that of the anthology. You may sometimes need additional elements as well, either at the end of an entry or somewhere in the middle-for instance, a label to indicate that your source is a map, or an original year of publication.

Remember that your goal is to tell readers what sources you've consulted and where they can find them. Providing this information is one way you can engage with readers-and enable them to join in the conversation with you and your sources. AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS An author can be any kind of creator-a writer, a musician, an artist, and so on. If there is one author, put the last name first, followed by a comma and the first name: Morrison, Toni.

If there are two authors, list the first author last name first and the second one first name first: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Put their names in the order given in the work. For three or more authors, give the first author's name followed by et al. : Greenblatt, Stephen, et al. Include any middle names or initials: Toklas, Alice B. If the author is a group or organization, use the full name, omitting any initial article: United Nations.

If an author uses a handle that is significantly different from their name, include the handle in square brackets after the name: Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria [@AOC]. If there's no known author, start the entry with the title. If you're citing someone in addition to an author-an editor, translator, director, or other contributors-specify their role. If there are multiple contributors, put the one whose work you wish to highlight before the title, and list any others you want to mention after the title.

If you don't want to highlight one particular contributor, start with the title and include any contributors after the title. For contributors named before the title, specify their role after the name: Fincher, David, director. For those named after the title, specify their role first: Directed by David Fincher.

TITLES Include any subtitles and capitalize all the words except for articles ( a , an , the ), prepositions ( to , at , from , and so on), and coordinating conjunctions ( and , but , for , or , nor , so , yet )-unless they are the first or last word of a title or subtitle. Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, websites, and other long works: Pride and Prejudice , Wired .

Put quotation marks around the titles of articles and other short works: Letter from Birmingham Jail. To document a source that has no title, describe it without italics or quotation marks: Letter to the author, Photograph of a tree. For a short, untitled email, text message, tweet, or poem, you may want to include the text itself instead: Dickinson, Emily. Immortal is an ample word. American Poems , www.americanpoems.com/poets/emilydickinson/immortal-is-an-ample-word.

VERSIONS If you cite a source that's available in more than one version, specify the one you consulted in your works-cited entry. Write ordinal numbers with numerals, and abbreviate edition : 2nd ed. Write out names of specific versions, and capitalize following a period or if the name is a proper noun: King James Version, unabridged version, director's cut. NUMBERS If you cite a book that's published in multiple volumes, indicate the volume number.

Abbreviate volume , and write the number as a numeral: vol. 2. Indicate volume and issue numbers of journals (if any), abbreviating both volume and number : vol. 123, no. 4. If you cite a TV show or podcast episode, indicate the season and episode numbers: season 1, episode 4. PUBLISHERS Write publishers', studios', and networks' names in full, but omit initial articles and business words like Inc . or Company .

For academic presses, use U for University and P for Press : Princeton UP, U of California P. Spell out Press if the name doesn't include University : MIT Press. If the publisher is a division of an organization, list the organization and any divisions from largest to smallest: Stanford U, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Metaphysics Research Lab. DATES Whether to give just the year or to include the month and day depends on the source.

In general, give the full date that you find there. If the date is unknown, simply omit it. Abbreviate the months except for May, June, and July: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. For books, give the publication date on the copyright page. If there's more than one date, use the most recent one. Periodicals may be published annually, monthly, seasonally, weekly, or daily. Give the full date that you find there: 2019, Apr. 2019, 16 Apr. 2019.

Do not capitalize the names of seasons: spring 2021. For online sources, use the copyright date or the full publication date you find there, or a date of revision. If the source does not give a date, use the date of access: Accessed 6 June 2020. Give a date of access as well for online sources you think are likely to change, or for websites that have disappeared. LOCATION For most print articles and other short works, give a page number or range of pages: p. 24, pp. 24-35.

For articles that are not on consecutive pages, give the first page number with a plus sign: pp. 24+. If it's necessary to specify a section of a source, give the section name before the page numbers: Sunday Review sec., p. 3. Indicate the location of an online source by giving a DOI if one is available; if not, give a URL-and use a PERMALINK if one is available. URLs are not always reliable, so ask your instructor if you should include them.

DOIs should start with https://doi.org/- but no need to include https:// for a URL, unless you want the URL to be a hyperlink. For a geographical location, give enough information to identify it: a city (Houston), a city and state (Portland, Maine), or a city and country (Manaus, Brazil). For something seen in a museum, archive, or elsewhere, name the institution and its location: Maine Jewish Museum, Portland, Maine.

For performances or other live presentations, name the venue and its location: Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles. PUNCTUATION Use a period after the author name(s) that start an entry (Morrison, Toni.) and the title of the source you're documenting ( Beloved . ). Use a comma between the author's last and first names: Ede, Lisa. Some URLs will not fit on one line. MLA does not specify where to break a URL, but we recommend breaking it before a punctuation mark. Do not add a hyphen or a space.

Sometimes you'll need to provide information about more than one work for a single source-for instance, when you cite an article from a periodical that you access through a database. MLA refers to the periodical and database (or any other entity that holds a source) as containers and specifies certain punctuation. Use commas between elements within each container, and put a period at the end of each container. For example: Semuels, Alana. The Future Will Be Quiet. The Atlantic , Apr. 2016, pp. 19-20.

ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/1777443553?accountid+42654. The guidelines that follow will help you document the kinds of sources you're likely to use. The first section shows how to acknowledge authors and other contributors and applies to all kinds of sources-print, online, or others. Later sections show how to treat titles, publication information, location, and access information for many specific kinds of sources.

In general, provide as much information as possible for each source-enough to tell readers how to find a source if they wish to access it themselves. SOURCES NOT COVERED These guidelines will help you document a variety of sources, but if you're citing a source that isn't covered, consult the MLA style blog at style.mla.org , or ask them a question at style.mla.org/ask-a-question .

Authors and Contributors When you name authors and other contributors in your citations, you are crediting them for their work and letting readers know who's in on the conversation. The following guidelines for citing authors and contributors apply to all sources you cite: in print, online, or in some other media. 1. ONE AUTHOR Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Date. Anderson, Chris. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. Hyperion, 2006. 2.

TWO AUTHORS 1st Author's Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author's First and Last Names. Title. Publisher, Date. Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing . Southern Illinois UP, 1990. 3. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS 1st Author's Last Name, First Name, et al. Title. Publisher, Date. Sebranek, Patrick, et al. Writers INC: A Guide to Writing, Thinking, and Learning. Write Source, 1990. 4.

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Give the author's name in the first entry, and then use three hyphens in the author slot for each of the subsequent works, listing them alphabetically by the first word of each title and ignoring any initial articles. Author's Last Name, First Name. Title That Comes First Alphabetically. Publisher, Date. - - -. Title That Comes Next Alphabetically. Publisher, Date. Kaplan, Robert D. The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. Random House, 2000. - - -.

Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. Random House, 2000. 5. AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Role by First and Last Names, Publisher, Date. Austen, Jane. Emma. Edited by Stephen M. Parrish, W. W. Norton, 2000. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Books, 1993. Start with the editor or translator if you are focusing on that contribution rather than the author's.

If there is a translator but no author, start with the title. Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and Punishment. By Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vintage Books, 1993. Beowulf . Translated by Stephen Mitchell, Yale UP, 2017. 6. NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR When there's no known author or editor, start with the title. The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery. Tate Publications, 1987. Being Invisible Closer to Reality. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , 11 Aug. 2008, p. A3. 7.

ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR For a government publication, give the name that is shown in the source. When a nongovernment organization is both author and publisher, start with the title and list the organization only as the publisher. If a division of an organization is listed as the author, give the division as the author and the organization as the publisher. Organization Name. Title . Publisher, Date. Diagram Group. The Macmillan Visual Desk Reference . Macmillan, 1993.

United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorders . Government Printing Office, 2004. Stylebook on Religion 2000: A Reference Guide and Usage Manual. Catholic News Service, 2002. Center for Workforce Studies. 2005-13: Demographics of the U.S. Psychology Workforce. American Psychological Association, July 2015.

Articles and other short works Articles, essays, reviews, and other shorts works are found in journals, magazines, newspapers, other periodicals, and books-all of which you may find in print, online, or in a database. For most short works, you'll need to provide information about the author, the titles of both the short work and the longer work where it's found, any page numbers, and various kinds of publication information. 8. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name.

Title of Article. Name of Journal , Volume, Issue, Date, Pages. Cooney, Brian C. Considering Robinson Crusoe 's Liberty of Conscience' in an Age of Terror. College English, vol. 69, no. 3, Jan. 2007, pp. 197-215. ONLINE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Journal , Volume, Issue, Date, DOI or URL. Schmidt, Desmond. A Model of Versions and Layers. Digital Humanities Quarterly , vol. 13, no. 3, 2019, www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/13/3/000430/000430.html . 9.

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Magazine , Volume (if any), Issue (if any), Date, Pages. Burt, Tequia. Legacy of Activism: Concerned Black Students' 50-Year History at Grinnell College. Grinnell Magazine , vol. 48, no. 4, summer 2016, pp. 32-38. ONLINE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Magazine , Volume (if any), Issue (if any), Date, DOI or URL. Brooks, Arthur C. The Hidden Toll of Remote Work. The Atlantic , 1 Apr.

2021, www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2021/04/zoom-remote-work-loneliness-happiness/618473. 10. ARTICLE IN A NEWS PUBLICATION PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Publication , Date, Pages. Saulny, Susan, and Jacques Steinberg. On College Forms, a Question of Race Can Perplex. The New York Times , 14 June 2011, p. A1. Documentation Map (MLA) Article in a Print Journal Neuhaus, Jessamyn.

Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Defining Domesticity on The Simpsons . The Journal of Popular Culture , vol. 43, no. 4, 2010, pp. 761-81. Documentation Map (MLA) Article in an Online Magazine Segal, Michael. The Hit Book That Came from Mars. Nautilus , 8 Jan. 2015, nautil.us/issue/20/creativity/the-hit-book-that-came-from-mars . To document a particular edition of a newspaper, list the edition before the date.

If a section name or number is needed to locate the article, put that detail after the date. Burns, John F., and Miguel Helft. Under Pressure, YouTube Withdraws Muslim Cleric's Videos. The New York Times , late ed., 4 Nov. 2010, sec. 1, p. 13. ONLINE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Publication , Date, URL. Banerjee, Neela. Proposed Religion-Based Program for Federal Inmates Is Canceled. The New York Times , 28 Oct. 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/10/28/us/28prison.html. 11.

ARTICLE ACCESSED THROUGH A DATABASE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name of Periodical , Volume, Issue, Date, Pages. Name of Database , DOI or URL. Stalter, Sunny. Subway Ride and Subway System in Hart Crane's The Tunnel.' Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 33, no. 2, Jan. 2010, pp. 70-91. JSTOR , https://doi: 10.2979/jml.2010.33.2.70. 12. ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name (if any).

Title of Entry. Title of Reference Book , edited by First and Last Names (if any), Edition number, Volume (if any), Publisher, Date, Pages. Fritz, Jan Marie. Clinical Sociology. Encyclopedia of Sociology , edited by Edgar F. Borgatta and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, pp. 323-29. California. The New Columbia Encyclopedia , edited by William H. Harris and Judith S. Levey, 4th ed., Columbia UP, 1975, pp. 423-24.

Documentation Map (MLA) Journal Article Accessed through a Database Neuhaus, Jessamyn. Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Defining Domesticity on The Simpsons . Journal of Popular Culture , vol. 43, no. 4, Aug. 2010, pp. 761-81. EBSCOhost , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00769.x. ONLINE Document online reference works the same as print ones, adding the URL after the date of publication.

Baseball. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, edited by Paul Lagass, 6th ed., Columbia UP, 2012. www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia. 13. EDITORIAL OR OP-ED EDITORIAL Editorial Board. Title. Name of Periodical , Date, Page or URL. Editorial Board. A New Look for Local News Coverage. The Lakeville Journal , 13 Feb. 2020, p. A8. Editorial Board. Editorial: Protect Reporters at Protest Scenes. Los Angeles Times , 11 Mar. 2021, www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-03-11/reporters-protest-scenes.

OP-ED Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Name of Periodical , Date, Page or URL. Okafor, Kingsley. Opinion: The First Step to COVID Vaccine Equity Is Overall Health Equity. The Denver Post , 15 Apr. 2021, www.denverpost.com/2021/04/15/covid-vaccine-equity-kaiser. If it's not clear that it's an op-ed, add a label at the end. Balf, Todd. Falling in Love with Swimming. The New York Times , 17 Apr. 2021, p. A21. Op-ed. 14. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Author's Last Name, First Name.

Title of Letter (if any). Name of Periodical , Date, Page or URL. Pinker, Steven. Language Arts. The New Yorker, 4 June 2012, p. 10. If the letter has no title, include Letter after the author's name. Fleischmann, W. B. Letter. The New York Review of Books , 1 June 1963, www.nybooks.com/articles/1963/06/01/letter-21. 15. REVIEW PRINT Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. Title of Review. Name of Periodical , Date, Pages. Frank, Jeffrey. Body Count. The New Yorker , 30 July 2007, pp. 86-87.

ONLINE Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. Title of Review. Name of Periodical , Date, URL. Donadio, Rachel. Italy's Great, Mysterious Storyteller. The New York Review of Books , 18 Dec. 2014, www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/18/italys-great-mysterious-storyteller . If a review has no title, include the title and author of the work being reviewed after the reviewer's name. Lohier, Patrick. Review of Exhalation , by Ted Chiang.

Harvard Review Online , 4 Oct. 2019, www.harvardreview.org/book-review/exhalation. 16. COMMENT ON AN ONLINE ARTICLE Commenter's Last Name, First Name or Username. Comment on Title of Article. Name of Periodical , Date posted, Time posted, URL. ZeikJT. Comment on The Post-Disaster Artist. Polygon , 6 May 2020, 4:33 a.m., www.polygon.com/2020/5/5/21246679/josh-trank-capone-interview-fantastic-four-chronicle.

Books and parts of books For most books, you'll need to provide information about author, title, publisher, and year of publication. If you found the book in a larger volume, a database, or another work, be sure to specify that as well. 17. BASIC ENTRIES FOR A BOOK PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name. Title . Publisher, Year of publication. Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. W. W. Norton, 2016. EBOOK Author's Last Name, First Name. Title . Ebook ed., Publisher, Year of publication. Watson, Brad. Miss Jane.

Ebook ed., W. W. Norton, 2016. ON A WEBSITE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication, DOI or URL. Ball, Cheryl E., and Drew M. Loewe, editors. Bad Ideas about Writing . West Virginia U Libraries, 2017, textbooks.lib.wvu.edu/badideas/badideasaboutwriting-book.pdf. 18. ANTHOLOGY OR EDITED COLLECTION Last Name, First Name, editor. Title. Publisher, Year of publication. Kitchen, Judith, and Mary Paumier Jones, editors. In Short: A Collection of Brief Nonfiction . W. W. Norton, 1996.

19. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Title of Anthology , edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages. Achebe, Chinua. Uncle Ben's Choice. The Seagull Reader: Literature , edited by Joseph Kelly, W. W. Norton, 2005, pp. 23-27. Documentation Map (MLA) Print Book Fontanella-Khan, Amana. Pink Sari Revolution: A Tale of Women and Power in India. W. W. Norton, 2013.

TWO OR MORE WORKS FROM ONE ANTHOLOGY Prepare an entry for each selection by author and title, followed by the anthology editors' last names and the pages of the selection. Then include an entry for the anthology itself (see no. 18). Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Anthology Editors' Last Names, Pages. Hiestand, Emily. Afternoon Tea. Kitchen and Jones, pp. 65-67. Ozick, Cynthia. The Shock of Teapots. Kitchen and Jones, pp. 68-71. 20.

MULTIVOLUME WORK ALL VOLUMES Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Publisher, Year(s) of publication. Number of vols. Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. Houghton Mifflin, 1948-53. 6 vols. SINGLE VOLUME Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Vol. number, Publisher, Year of publication. Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. Vol. 2, Harcourt, Brace &World, 1939.

If the volume has its own title, include it after the author's name, and indicate the volume number and series title after the year. Caro, Robert A. Means of Ascent . Vintage Books, 1990. Vol. 2 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson . 21. BOOK IN A SERIES Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication. Series Title. Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Edited by Barbara T. Christian, Rutgers UP, 1994. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. 22.

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE OR COMIC BOOK Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Publication year. Barry, Lynda. One! Hundred! Demons! Drawn and Quarterly, 2005. If the work has both an author and an illustrator, start with the one you want to highlight, and label the role of the illustrator. Pekar, Harvey. Bob and Harv's Comics. Illustrated by R. Crumb, Running Press, 1996. Crumb, R., illustrator. Bob and Harv's Comics. By Harvey Pekar, Running Press, 1996.

If you want to cite several contributors, you can also start with the title. Secret Invasion . By Brian Michael Bendis, illustrated by Leinil Yu, inked by Mark Morales, Marvel, 2009. 23. SACRED TEXT If you cite a specific edition of a religious text, you need to include it in your works-cited list. The New English Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford UP, 1971. The Torah: A Modern Commentary. W. Gunther Plaut, general editor, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981. 24.

EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Edition name or number, Publisher, Year of publication. Smart, Ninian. The World's Religions . 2nd ed., Cambridge UP, 1998. 25. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Part Author's Last Name, First Name. Name of Part. Title of Book , by Author's First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages. Tanner, Tony. Introduction. Pride and Prejudice , by Jane Austen, Penguin, 1972, pp. 7-46. 26.

PUBLISHED LETTER Letter Writer's Last Name, First Name. Title of letter. Day Month Year. Title of Book , edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages. White, E. B. To Carol Angell. 28 May 1970. Letters of E. B. White, edited by Dorothy Guth, Harper and Row, 1976, p. 600. 27. DISSERTATION Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Year. Institution, PhD dissertation. Name of Database, URL. Simington, Maire Orav.

Chasing the American Dream Post World War II: Perspectives from Literature and Advertising . 2003. Arizona State, PhD dissertation. ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305340098. For an unpublished dissertation, end with the institution and a description of the work. Kim, Loel. Students Respond to Teacher Comments: A Comparison of Online Written and Voice Modalities . 1998. Carnegie Mellon U, PhD dissertation.

Websites Many sources are available in multiple media-for example, a print periodical that is also on the web and contained in digital databases-but some are published only on websites. A website can have an author, an editor, or neither. Some have a publisher, and some do not. Include whatever information is available. If the publisher and title of the site are the same, omit the name of the publisher. 28. ENTIRE WEBSITE Editor's Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Site. Publisher, Date, URL.

Proffitt, Michael, chief editor. The Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford UP, 2021, www.oed.com. PERSONAL WEBSITE Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Site. Date, URL. Park, Linda Sue. Linda Sue Park: Author and Educator . 2021, lindasuepark.com. If the site is likely to change, has no date, or no longer exists, include a date of access. Archive of Our Own . Organization for Transformative Works, archiveofourown.org. Accessed 23 Apr. 2021. 29. WORK ON A WEBSITE Author's Last Name, First Name (if any).

Title of Work. Title of Site , Publisher (if any), Date, URL. Cesareo, Kerry. Moving Closer to Tackling Deforestation at Scale. World Wildlife Fund , 20 Oct. 2020, www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/moving-closer-to-tackling-deforestation-at -scale. 30. BLOG ENTRY Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Blog Entry. Title of Blog , Date, URL. Hollmichel, Stefanie. Bring Up the Bodies. So Many Books, 10 Feb. 2014, somanybooksblog.com/2014/02/10/bring-up-the-bodies. 31.

WIKI Title of Entry. Title of Wiki , Publisher, Date, URL. Pi. Wikipedia , Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2013, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi. Documentation Map (MLA) Work on a Website McIlwain, John, et al. Housing in America: Integrating Housing, Health, and Resilience in a Changing Environment. Urban Land Institute , 28 Aug. 2014,uli.org/report/housing-in-america-housing-health-resilience. Personal Communication and Social Media 32. PERSONAL LETTER Sender's Last Name, First Name. Letter to the author.

Day Month Year. Quindlen, Anna. Letter to the author. 11 Apr. 2013. 33. EMAIL OR TEXT MESSAGE Include the text of a short email or text message, or a concise description. If it's not clear that it's a text message or email, add a label at the end: Text message, Email. If the email or text message was sent to you, indicate that: Email to the author, Text message to the author. Sender's Last Name, First Name. Email or Text Message to First Name Last Name or to the author. Day Month Year. Smith, William.

Email to Richard Bullock. 19 Nov. 2013. Rombes, Maddy. Text message to Isaac Cohen. 4 May 2021. O'Malley, Kit. Text message to the author. 2 June 2020. 34. POST TO TWITTER , INSTAGRAM , OR OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA Author. Title. Title of Site , Day Month Year, URL. Oregon Zoo. Winter Wildlife Wonderland. Facebook , 8 Feb. 2019, www.facebook.com/80229441108/videos/2399570506799549. If there's no title, you can use a concise description or the text of a short post. Millman, Debbie. Photos of Roxane Gay.

Instagram , 18 Feb. 2021, www.instagram.com/p/CLcT_EnhnWT. Obama, Barack [@POTUS44]. It's been the honor of my life to serve you. You made me a better leader and a better man. Twitter , 20 Jan. 2017, twitter.com/POTUS44/status/822445882247413761. Audio, visual, and other sources 35. ADVERTISEMENT PRINT Description of ad. Name of Periodical , Date, Page. Advertisement for Grey Goose. Wine Spectator , 18 Dec. 2020, p. 22. VIDEO Title. Title of Site , uploaded by Company, Date, URL.

First Visitors. YouTube , uploaded by Snickers, 20 Aug. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=negeco0b1L0. 36. ART ORIGINAL Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created, Location. Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. IN A BOOK Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created, Location. Title of Book , by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Page. Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885, Scottish National Gallery.

History of Art , by H. W. Janson, Prentice Hall / Harry N. Abrams, 1969, p. 508. ONLINE Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created. Title of Site , URL. Warhol, Andy. Self-portrait. 1979. J. Paul Getty Museum , www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/106971/andy-warhol-self-portrait-american-1979. 37. CARTOON PRINT Author's Last Name, First Name. Cartoon or Title of Cartoon. Name of Periodical , Date, Page. Mankoff, Robert. Cartoon. The New Yorker , 3 May 1993, p. 50.

ONLINE Author's Last Name, First Name. Cartoon or Title of Cartoon. Title of Site , Date, URL. Munroe, Randall. Up Goer Five. xkcd , 12 Nov. 2012, xkcd.com/1133. 38. SUPREME COURT CASE United States, Supreme Court. First Defendant v. Second Defendant. Date of decision. Title of Source Site, Publisher, URL. United States, Supreme Court. District of Columbia v. Heller . 26 June 2008. Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/07-290. 39.

FILM Name individuals based on the focus of your project-the director, the screenwriter, or someone else. If your essay focuses on one contributor, you may put their names before the title. Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Company, Date. Breakfast at Tiffany's . Directed by Blake Edwards, Paramount, 1961. Edwards, Blake, director. Breakfast at Tiffany's . Paramount, 1961. ONLINE Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Company, Date. Title of Site , URL. Interstellar .

Directed by Christopher Nolan, Paramount, 2014. Amazon Prime Video , www.amazon.com/Interstellar-Matthew-McConaughey/dp/B00TU9UFTS. 40. TV SHOW EPISODE Name contributors based on the focus of your project-director, creator, actors, or others. If you don't want to highlight anyone in particular, don't include any contributors. BROADCAST Title of Episode. Title of Program , role by First and Last Names (if any), season, episode, Production Company, Date.

The Storm. Avatar: The Last Airbender , created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, season 1, episode 12, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, 3 June 2005. STREAMING ONLINE Title of Episode. Title of Program , role by First and Last Names (if any), season, episode, Production Company, Broadcast Date. Title of Site , URL. The Storm. Avatar: The Last Airbender , season 1, episode 12, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, 2005. Netflix , www.netflix.com. 41.

ONLINE VIDEO Title of Video. Title of Site , uploaded by Uploader's Name, Day Month Year, URL. Everything Wrong with National Treasure in 13 Minutes or Less. YouTube , uploaded by CinemaSins, 21 Aug. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ul-_ZWvXTs. 42. PRESENTATION ON ZOOM OR OTHER VIRTUAL PLATFORM MLA doesn't give specific guidance on how to cite a virtual presentation, but this is what we recommend. Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. Sponsoring Institution, Day Month Year, Name of Platform .

Budhathoki, Thir. Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Literacies in Student Writing. Conference on College Composition and Communication, 9 Apr. 2021, Zoom . 43. INTERVIEW If it's not clear that it's an interview, add a label at the end. If you are citing a transcript of an interview, indicate that at the end as well. PUBLISHED Subject's Last Name, First Name. Title of Interview. Interview by First Name Last Name (if given). Title of Publication , Date, Pages or URL. Whitehead, Colson.

Colson Whitehead: By the Book. The New York Times , 15 May 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/books/review/colson-whitehead-by-the-book.html. Interview. PERSONAL Subject's Last Name, First Name. Concise description. Day Month Year. Bazelon, L. S. Telephone interview with the author. 4 Oct. 2020. 44. MAP If the title doesn't make clear it's a map, add a label at the end. Title of Map. Publisher, Date. Brooklyn . J. B. Beers, 1874. Map. 45. ORAL PRESENTATION Presenter's Last Name, First Name.

Title of Presentation. Sponsoring Institution, Date, Location. Cassin, Michael. Nature in the Raw-The Art of Landscape Painting. Berkshire Institute for Lifelong Learning, 24 Mar. 2005, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts. 46. PODCAST If you accessed a podcast on the web, give the URL; if you accessed it through an app, indicate that instead. Title of Episode. Title of Podcast , hosted by First Name Last Name, season, episode, Production Company, Date, URL or Name of app.

DUSTWUN. Serial , hosted by Sarah Koenig, season 2, episode 1, WBEZ / Serial Productions, 10 Dec. 2015, serialpodcast.org/season-two/1/dustwun. DUSTWUN. Serial , hosted by Sarah Koenig, season 2, episode 1, WBEZ / Serial Productions, 10 Dec. 2015. Spotify app. 47. SOUND RECORDING Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Title of Album , Label, Date, URL or Name of app or CD. Beyonc.

Pray You Catch Me. Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment / Columbia Records, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/songs. Simone, Nina. To Be Young, Gifted and Black. Black Gold , RCA Records, 1969. Spotify app. Brown, Greg. Canned Goods. The Live One , Red House, 1995, CD. 48. VIDEO GAME Title of Game. Version, Distributor, Date of release. Animal Crossing: New Horizons . Version 1.1.4, Nintendo, 6 Apr. 2020. Formatting a Research Paper Name, course, title.

MLA does not require a separate title page, unless your paper is a group project. In the upper left-hand corner of your first page, include your name, your instructor's name, the course name and number, and the date. Center the title of your paper on the line after the date; capitalize it as you would a book title. If your paper is a group project, include all of that information on a title page instead, listing all the authors. Page numbers.

In the upper right-hand corner of each page, one-half inch below the top of the page, include your last name and the page number. If it's a group project and all the names don't fit, include only the page number. Number pages consecutively. Fonts, spacing, margins, and indents. Choose a font that is easy to read (such as Times New Roman) and that provides a clear contrast between regular text and italic text. Set the font size between 11 and 13 points.