1 00:00:12,220 --> 00:00:19,360 Good morning everybody. How are you? Good. How was 2 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:25,760 the weekend first? Did you have a nice time? Why? 3 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:31,480 You have to study. We had to study. To study what? 4 00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:41,000 To study for exams. More exams. Good. And I think 5 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,900 you had the poetry exam. Yes. How was it? Yes. It 6 00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:48,860 was good. But the time was not enough. The time 7 00:00:48,860 --> 00:00:52,360 was not enough? Yes. I think we gave you five 8 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:57,140 minutes more. No. Yes. Just enough. Okay, we said 9 00:00:57,140 --> 00:01:00,040 like I told them to give you five minutes more. I 10 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:03,120 think even like some students finished before the 11 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:08,040 hour. And yes, so it depends like how you organize 12 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:11,220 your time. It depends like what you are writing. 13 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,240 If you remember the second question didn't need 14 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:18,060 like long time or space even. You have to answer 15 00:01:18,060 --> 00:01:25,170 the questions in one or two lines. Good. So today 16 00:01:25,170 --> 00:01:30,990 we are going to have a big leap. You know what's 17 00:01:30,990 --> 00:01:35,930 mean leap? Jump, like we're going to skip perhaps 18 00:01:35,930 --> 00:01:42,470 a century and a half. You know last week before 19 00:01:42,470 --> 00:01:47,750 the exam we discussed the mathematical poetry 20 00:01:47,750 --> 00:01:51,370 represented by John Donne and his poem, Better My 21 00:01:51,370 --> 00:01:54,850 Heart. So we had a feeling about the century, the 22 00:01:54,850 --> 00:01:57,750 intellectualism of the century, the political 23 00:01:57,750 --> 00:01:58,570 uncertainty, 24 00:02:01,270 --> 00:02:05,330 the subversive poetic technique of those 25 00:02:05,330 --> 00:02:07,070 metaphysical poets. 26 00:02:09,890 --> 00:02:13,710 We also saw, when I gave you a historical 27 00:02:13,710 --> 00:02:19,090 background, how the 17th century was full of 28 00:02:19,090 --> 00:02:25,890 revolutions, unrest, instability, political 29 00:02:25,890 --> 00:02:30,570 controversies and debates, and how it ended or, 30 00:02:30,830 --> 00:02:34,450 you know, the revolution itself ended with the 31 00:02:34,450 --> 00:02:40,260 restoration of the king. Today, we're going I 32 00:02:40,260 --> 00:02:44,180 mean, we're skipping the Restoration period. 33 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:48,060 However, I think it is indispensable, if not 34 00:02:48,060 --> 00:02:51,140 imperative, that we should talk something about 35 00:02:51,140 --> 00:02:56,300 that period because it is difficult to estimate or 36 00:02:56,300 --> 00:03:01,120 understand Romanticism without talking about the 37 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:03,140 Restoration period or what is called 38 00:03:03,140 --> 00:03:06,560 alternatively, the Age of Reason or the Augustan 39 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:11,140 Age. I don't want to start lecturing before 40 00:03:11,140 --> 00:03:15,780 listening to your reports, you know, and if you 41 00:03:15,780 --> 00:03:18,720 have a response I don't mind, but I want to listen 42 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,680 to reports because it seems like after the exam 43 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:25,580 some students had something to say. Yes, please. 44 00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:36,090 My poem is about stress. You have to say good 45 00:03:36,090 --> 00:03:40,070 morning for you. Good morning everybody. Stress 46 00:03:40,070 --> 00:03:43,430 and pressure, pressure, that's unfair. There are 47 00:03:43,430 --> 00:03:46,490 many duties to have, so I have to take exams, 48 00:03:46,730 --> 00:03:49,570 presentations and researches everywhere. Go to 49 00:03:49,570 --> 00:03:52,350 this library and another one is there. Look for 50 00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,590 books in shelves ground and there. Would you mind 51 00:03:56,590 --> 00:04:00,030 boring some sir? Thinking and rethinking is what 52 00:04:00,030 --> 00:04:05,550 to do and dare. Am I have a choice to say stop it 53 00:04:05,550 --> 00:04:11,050 or I guess no, I just have to obey. Anyone help me 54 00:04:11,050 --> 00:04:13,770 please, I can't stand, I can't stand and bear. 55 00:04:14,070 --> 00:04:17,490 Thank you. Thank you very much. It's a wonderful 56 00:04:17,490 --> 00:04:21,090 poem and it shows that we are on the right track. 57 00:04:21,950 --> 00:04:24,610 I mean, we teachers, we department, we are on the 58 00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:28,770 right track because yes, we succeeded in putting 59 00:04:28,770 --> 00:04:33,290 you in much trouble. And I think this is where you 60 00:04:33,290 --> 00:04:35,570 can learn, where you can develop your skills. 61 00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:43,250 Yes, I was thinking of the oxymoron which says, 62 00:04:43,850 --> 00:04:45,970 you know, this is what we call the delicious 63 00:04:45,970 --> 00:04:51,610 torment. You know, something is like torture, 64 00:04:52,170 --> 00:04:56,770 torment, but it is delicious. Why? Because You 65 00:04:56,770 --> 00:05:01,050 benefit, you learn from this experience of being 66 00:05:01,050 --> 00:05:04,010 under the pressure of the exam, under the pressure 67 00:05:04,010 --> 00:05:07,930 of lectures, classes, coming in even under the 68 00:05:07,930 --> 00:05:12,870 pressure of fluctuating weather. It's good. Okay, 69 00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:16,570 there is space for another report. 70 00:05:18,130 --> 00:05:23,950 And this time I have to pick out one. Yes? Yes. 71 00:05:32,420 --> 00:05:37,150 Good morning everybody. In that day, we come to 72 00:05:37,150 --> 00:05:40,110 the lecture with frustration because we suffered a 73 00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:42,990 lot in that day and we had an examination. 74 00:05:43,490 --> 00:05:45,970 Actually, at the beginning of that day, I came 75 00:05:45,970 --> 00:05:48,870 with some motivation to the poetry lecture. But 76 00:05:48,870 --> 00:05:52,270 unfortunately, I remembered our exam and began to 77 00:05:52,270 --> 00:05:54,730 feel in pressure. I believe in that condition 78 00:05:54,730 --> 00:05:57,390 which says if you study hard, you will get a high 79 00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,610 mark. But what is the benefit we harvest because 80 00:06:00,610 --> 00:06:03,690 of the serious study and then we feel like a 81 00:06:03,690 --> 00:06:06,880 broken heart? Actually, I don't like to make you 82 00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:11,720 hate exams. I don't want to exaggerate. Just what 83 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:14,540 I like to say that the crowded schedule of exams 84 00:06:14,540 --> 00:06:18,600 this semester made me to become so desperate. Made 85 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:23,000 me become what? Oh God, I forgot to talk about the 86 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,840 pottery lecture. Actually, this is the only thing 87 00:06:25,840 --> 00:06:29,220 I admire because it motivates me to like it with 88 00:06:29,220 --> 00:06:30,680 some feelings of desire. 89 00:06:34,780 --> 00:06:38,440 We continued explaining about the poem of John 90 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:42,620 Donne and discussed many issues about that with 91 00:06:42,620 --> 00:06:46,020 some fun. After that, Mr. Habib explained for us 92 00:06:46,020 --> 00:06:50,520 the main features of metaphysical poetry and then 93 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:54,360 we talked about the exam of poetry and he advised 94 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,940 us to concentrate in our study by saying, poetry 95 00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,080 is poetry. Ah, this is very interesting. 96 00:07:03,670 --> 00:07:09,890 Right. Thank you for your reports. Today is 97 00:07:09,890 --> 00:07:13,210 supposed to be a general background about 98 00:07:13,210 --> 00:07:18,710 Romanticism. And as I said in the introductory 99 00:07:18,710 --> 00:07:22,790 note, we cannot understand Romanticism without 100 00:07:22,790 --> 00:07:28,310 understanding the period before that. 101 00:07:31,710 --> 00:07:34,130 So the restoration period, which was called 102 00:07:34,130 --> 00:07:41,090 alternatively the Augustan Age, was the age of 103 00:07:41,090 --> 00:07:47,110 reason also. Reason was privileged over passion, 104 00:07:47,950 --> 00:07:52,210 over feelings. Everything was governed by reason. 105 00:07:55,370 --> 00:07:58,210 Imagination expressing 106 00:07:59,770 --> 00:08:06,070 your feelings were things of like taboos. People 107 00:08:06,070 --> 00:08:10,310 who intended to express their own feelings to 108 00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:15,330 write imaginative literature were seen as like 109 00:08:15,330 --> 00:08:21,450 crazy or lunatic. The age was characterized by 110 00:08:21,450 --> 00:08:28,030 certain rules, certain social and even poetic 111 00:08:28,030 --> 00:08:28,510 rules. 112 00:08:33,670 --> 00:08:38,150 In terms like society was more important than 113 00:08:38,150 --> 00:08:39,390 individual. 114 00:08:41,450 --> 00:08:46,570 It was the age of industry. I mean, we are talking 115 00:08:46,570 --> 00:08:51,410 about 18th century. It was the age of industrial 116 00:08:51,410 --> 00:08:58,770 revolution. It was the age of mechanization. So 117 00:08:58,770 --> 00:09:04,630 individuals, were replaced by machine. Man was 118 00:09:04,630 --> 00:09:08,410 replaced by machine. And that was a little bit 119 00:09:08,410 --> 00:09:13,270 disappointing to people, to individuals, because 120 00:09:13,270 --> 00:09:17,410 losing your place, being replaced by a machine 121 00:09:17,410 --> 00:09:21,650 causes some disillusionment in your mental 122 00:09:21,650 --> 00:09:23,330 landscape. 123 00:09:27,590 --> 00:09:33,250 Things like, as I said, poets like Alexander Pope, 124 00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:39,970 John Dryden, were having the supremacy. John 125 00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,950 Dryden, or I mean Alexander Pope, wrote many poems 126 00:09:43,950 --> 00:09:47,230 telling 127 00:09:47,230 --> 00:09:52,190 people what to do. So their poetry was didactic 128 00:09:52,190 --> 00:09:54,790 poetry. You know what I mean, didactic? Yes. 129 00:09:59,420 --> 00:10:05,280 teaches lessons. Yes. Yes, their poetry was 130 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,820 didactic. They were telling people like what to 131 00:10:08,820 --> 00:10:10,120 do, how to behave. 132 00:10:14,660 --> 00:10:19,480 Alexander Poe in his poem on nature, he said, 133 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:24,900 first follow nature and your judgment frame. They 134 00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:28,970 are never erring. They are always the same. So 135 00:10:28,970 --> 00:10:33,310 nature, he said, it's in your book, Alexander 136 00:10:33,310 --> 00:10:40,850 Pope, you know, on nature. He says, first follow 137 00:10:40,850 --> 00:10:44,250 nature and your judgment frame. They are never 138 00:10:44,250 --> 00:10:46,070 erring, they are always the same. 139 00:10:49,870 --> 00:10:52,950 I'm trying to retrieve it here. First follow 140 00:10:52,950 --> 00:10:55,990 nature and your judgment frame. It's from ASA to 141 00:10:55,990 --> 00:11:00,620 criticism. What is he telling us? Yes, as you see, 142 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:05,140 yes, this is part of, you know, I cannot have 143 00:11:05,140 --> 00:11:10,500 access to the poem. Okay, but we can skip it. So 144 00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:12,440 as you see in the poem, he's telling us what to 145 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,020 do. To follow nature. 146 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:23,670 To follow nature. and follow reason. Nature was 147 00:11:23,670 --> 00:11:27,430 full of rules. Later in the Romantic period, we're 148 00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:30,990 going to see the Romantics following nature. But 149 00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:35,150 their perception of nature will be quite different 150 00:11:35,150 --> 00:11:40,570 from the neoclassical perception of nature. The 151 00:11:40,570 --> 00:11:45,730 neoclassics, I mean those 152 00:11:45,730 --> 00:11:49,310 poets of the Age of Reason, believe that nature 153 00:11:51,300 --> 00:11:54,020 was an example to be followed because it was 154 00:11:54,020 --> 00:11:57,900 systematic. It was following rules. The day was 155 00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:00,620 following the night in a very systematic, the 156 00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:03,860 seasons. So if you want to learn how to organize 157 00:12:03,860 --> 00:12:07,460 yourself, you have to look at nature, which is 158 00:12:07,460 --> 00:12:11,680 methodized according to what Alexander Pope says 159 00:12:11,680 --> 00:12:17,010 in A.C. in Chrysism. So their main concern was not 160 00:12:17,010 --> 00:12:24,170 to sway, not to go astray. So if you follow 161 00:12:24,170 --> 00:12:31,030 reason, your mind, if you follow nature, you're 162 00:12:31,030 --> 00:12:34,310 going to be all right. However, if you follow your 163 00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:38,630 imagination, if you follow your idiosyncratic 164 00:12:38,630 --> 00:12:44,880 feelings, you'll be Yes, you'll be mad. You'll be 165 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:49,580 marginalized. You're not a normal human being. 166 00:12:50,740 --> 00:12:54,100 Within this culture, I mean, the culture of 167 00:12:54,100 --> 00:13:00,360 reason, as I said, the main concern was society. 168 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:08,880 The position of the individual was relegated, you 169 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:18,860 know, got a very minor place in the concern of the 170 00:13:18,860 --> 00:13:22,620 age itself. So the individual position was not 171 00:13:22,620 --> 00:13:26,800 seen, individual was not seen as what the 172 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:30,440 romantics would later say, a reservoir of 173 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:35,720 possibilities. The individual was seen as only a 174 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:39,620 member in that community. So you are only 175 00:13:39,620 --> 00:13:43,620 important as long as you are part of that 176 00:13:43,620 --> 00:13:48,320 community. Even children, children were not looked 177 00:13:48,320 --> 00:13:54,360 at as being innocent, but children were looked at 178 00:13:54,360 --> 00:14:01,120 as being they would be men of a society, like the 179 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,320 men who would, they are children, but they 180 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:08,720 shouldn't be dealt with as children, they should 181 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:14,780 be dealt with as grown up. So it was a culture, it 182 00:14:14,780 --> 00:14:20,280 was a very culture of restrictions. And even in 183 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:24,600 poetry, they had certain poetic rules. 184 00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:30,690 They have something called heroic couplet. What is 185 00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:35,430 heroic couplet? In a heroic couplet, if you look 186 00:14:35,430 --> 00:14:37,990 again at first follow nature and your judgment 187 00:14:37,990 --> 00:14:41,650 frame, I think you would find what is heroic 188 00:14:41,650 --> 00:14:49,210 couplet of two lines. So first, follow nature and 189 00:14:49,210 --> 00:14:53,030 your judgment frame. They are never erring. They 190 00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:58,370 are always the same. And if you continue, you'll 191 00:14:58,370 --> 00:15:03,850 have also each two lines have the same rhyme. This 192 00:15:03,850 --> 00:15:07,490 is like a rule. If you want to write poetry, you 193 00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:11,950 don't have to write it in different rhyme. 194 00:15:13,750 --> 00:15:18,670 Otherwise, you're not writing good poetry. And 195 00:15:18,670 --> 00:15:23,590 even their poetry was characterized by what is 196 00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:27,670 called poetic diction. Poetic diction. 197 00:15:31,490 --> 00:15:37,590 What is poetic diction? They believed that if you 198 00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:40,570 want to write good poetry, you have to choose 199 00:15:40,570 --> 00:15:45,650 words which are apt to poetry. You have to choose 200 00:15:45,650 --> 00:15:48,250 words, 201 00:15:49,450 --> 00:15:55,670 highly sophisticated words. Not demotic, not 202 00:15:55,670 --> 00:16:03,050 popular. I mean, not everyday language. Poetry has 203 00:16:03,050 --> 00:16:08,710 a special language. So for example, you cannot use 204 00:16:08,710 --> 00:16:13,430 the word horse because horse, instead, you should 205 00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:17,530 be using words like steed. Steed, which means 206 00:16:17,530 --> 00:16:22,330 horse, horse. You know, instead of horse, you use 207 00:16:22,330 --> 00:16:23,090 steed. 208 00:16:26,270 --> 00:16:31,830 Instead of, you know, field. Field is everyday 209 00:16:31,830 --> 00:16:37,250 language, field. Instead of field, you have to use 210 00:16:37,250 --> 00:16:46,880 lee. Lee, the word lee. You see, instead of, for 211 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:50,240 example, lying, to lie, you know what's mean lie? 212 00:16:51,120 --> 00:17:04,680 Or lying, you can use recumbent, recumbent 213 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:06,260 or supine, you know? 214 00:17:09,690 --> 00:17:16,750 And instead of saying over there, over there, 215 00:17:20,450 --> 00:17:22,330 they would go say and say, over. 216 00:17:26,810 --> 00:17:30,390 See? So they were very selective in choosing the 217 00:17:30,390 --> 00:17:34,790 words. So if they want to say, the horse is lying 218 00:17:34,790 --> 00:17:38,730 in the field over there, they would say, the steel 219 00:17:38,730 --> 00:17:43,770 is recumbent in the lee over. You know, it's very 220 00:17:43,770 --> 00:17:48,910 selective language and very selective and 221 00:17:48,910 --> 00:17:51,950 restrictive at the same time because you have to 222 00:17:51,950 --> 00:17:56,330 use words. Part of the poetic diction is to use 223 00:17:56,330 --> 00:18:00,970 the adjective before, sorry, after the noun. So 224 00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:06,490 instead of saying the valley, the profound valley 225 00:18:06,490 --> 00:18:09,350 or the deep valley, they would say the valley 226 00:18:09,350 --> 00:18:17,420 deep. That was the spirit of the 18th century, 227 00:18:17,820 --> 00:18:21,100 early 18th century, and even the whole 18th 228 00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:21,440 century. 229 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:28,640 It continued like this. Industrial revolution 230 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:35,800 prospered more and more. Industry invaded the 231 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:42,190 countryside, and even the countryside was 232 00:18:42,190 --> 00:18:46,450 partitioned with what was called the Enclosure 233 00:18:46,450 --> 00:18:50,870 Act. I mean, instead of having the landscape as 234 00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:55,270 one landscape, they started to make it like farms, 235 00:18:56,170 --> 00:19:00,690 you know, small farms to graze animals, like to 236 00:19:00,690 --> 00:19:04,230 have farms. Everybody was having his farm to grow 237 00:19:04,230 --> 00:19:05,810 or to have more product. 238 00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:17,690 William Blake, the pre-romantic poet, was born, I 239 00:19:17,690 --> 00:19:23,730 think, 15, sorry, he was born 17, he was born 240 00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:26,550 1757. 241 00:19:29,270 --> 00:19:32,910 So he was born in the middle of the century, and 242 00:19:32,910 --> 00:19:34,550 he was born in London. 243 00:19:37,820 --> 00:19:42,400 And when he started, he learned at school. There 244 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:45,980 were schools, but he didn't continue. He learned 245 00:19:45,980 --> 00:19:53,760 as a printer, as a grave digger. He was engraving, 246 00:19:53,980 --> 00:19:58,340 not a grave digger. He was engraving on graves. He 247 00:19:58,340 --> 00:20:01,520 was an engraver. You know what's an engraver? Like 248 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:08,430 digging on stones and copper. He was an artist. So 249 00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:13,830 William Blake started... He was an artist. At the 250 00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:20,510 same time, he was a poet. But when he started to 251 00:20:20,510 --> 00:20:25,390 write poetry, his poetry was not read. He was 252 00:20:25,390 --> 00:20:28,010 not... Why? Why do you think his poetry was not 253 00:20:28,010 --> 00:20:32,390 read? He didn't publish it. Why? It's a good 254 00:20:32,390 --> 00:20:36,700 starting point. Why didn't he publish it? Perhaps 255 00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:40,900 because he was poor. This is a possibility. He 256 00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:44,300 didn't have money to, you know, but he was 257 00:20:44,300 --> 00:20:47,100 working. He was a hardworking man. So I guess he 258 00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:51,480 had money to publish. But what are the reasons why 259 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:54,480 wouldn't he get his works published? 260 00:20:57,120 --> 00:20:58,160 What do you think? 261 00:21:00,940 --> 00:21:04,040 Maybe because it was against that age and against 262 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:10,580 Yes, this is right. Because he was writing poetry 263 00:21:10,580 --> 00:21:14,820 against the expectation of his time. He was 264 00:21:14,820 --> 00:21:20,900 writing poetry contradicting the spirit of the 265 00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:25,460 time. He was not conforming to the rules of poetic 266 00:21:25,460 --> 00:21:30,720 diction. He was not writing following the heroic 267 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:35,530 couplet. He was writing poetry of vision, of 268 00:21:35,530 --> 00:21:42,330 imagination. That's why he was described as the 269 00:21:42,330 --> 00:21:48,930 madman. Yes, William Blake was described as a 270 00:21:48,930 --> 00:21:54,130 madman. Why? Because his poetry was not conforming 271 00:21:54,130 --> 00:21:58,030 to the expectation of the time, was not following 272 00:21:58,030 --> 00:22:03,040 the rules. He was not abiding himself by the rules 273 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:06,400 of the poetic diction, by, you know, just 274 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,760 following reason. He was writing poetry of 275 00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:14,280 imagination and feelings. 276 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:19,760 So in his poetry, it was passion which dominated. 277 00:22:20,860 --> 00:22:25,460 It was imagination. His poetry was very symbolic. 278 00:22:26,860 --> 00:22:31,760 This is a good background when we approach William 279 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:34,840 Blake next time, and we approach his poem, The 280 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:35,360 Sick Crows. 281 00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:41,740 His poetry was revolutionary, as I said. It was 282 00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:45,060 against the restriction of the time in terms of 283 00:22:45,060 --> 00:22:48,760 rules, poetic rules, and even religious rules. He 284 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:53,720 was against He was not against the Bible, but he 285 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:57,520 was against the established church, the organized 286 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:02,640 religion. He was against religion because during 287 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:09,800 his time, he was very cynical. Those who were 288 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:17,560 religious people were not very virtuous people. So 289 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:19,940 those who were calling for virtue were not 290 00:23:19,940 --> 00:23:25,940 virtuous. They were hypocrites. And those who were 291 00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:32,960 stigmatized as being devilish, bad people, they 292 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:39,600 were okay. So they were, you know, the opposite. 293 00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:46,920 That was confusing to him. And that's what made 294 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:51,420 him see the picture in a different way. William 295 00:23:51,420 --> 00:24:00,360 Blake did not see black in isolation to white. So 296 00:24:00,360 --> 00:24:04,020 he saw that white and black were complementing 297 00:24:04,020 --> 00:24:08,820 each other. His philosophy was based on his 298 00:24:08,820 --> 00:24:14,420 articulation that without progressions, without 299 00:24:14,420 --> 00:24:17,520 contraries, there is no progression. 300 00:24:20,090 --> 00:24:24,950 You might have read that he wrote his famous 301 00:24:24,950 --> 00:24:28,630 collection of poetry was the collection, I mean, 302 00:24:29,230 --> 00:24:32,850 The Songs of Innocence and The Songs of 303 00:24:32,850 --> 00:24:37,510 Experience. The Songs of Innocence were poems, 304 00:24:38,050 --> 00:24:41,030 collection of poems written to celebrate 305 00:24:41,030 --> 00:24:49,210 innocence, the values of childhood, the values I 306 00:24:49,210 --> 00:24:54,890 mean, the innate human values, the simplicity of 307 00:24:54,890 --> 00:25:03,130 life. Experience, like when he was talking about 308 00:25:03,130 --> 00:25:07,910 experience, he was trying to show how experience 309 00:25:07,910 --> 00:25:11,970 was oppressive to the world of innocence. How 310 00:25:11,970 --> 00:25:19,470 experience was suppressing man's innate you know, 311 00:25:19,590 --> 00:25:26,130 goodness. It was victimizing his, I mean, 312 00:25:26,210 --> 00:25:30,050 goodness. Experience was, what is experience? Let 313 00:25:30,050 --> 00:25:35,150 me clarify. Okay, experience was represented by 314 00:25:35,150 --> 00:25:39,670 rules. Experience was represented by religious 315 00:25:39,670 --> 00:25:45,710 restrictions. So he was against that and he 316 00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:50,800 thought that innocence and experience should be 317 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,700 like there should be harmony between them. 318 00:25:56,580 --> 00:25:58,860 He created his own mythology. 319 00:26:02,020 --> 00:26:09,160 He thought that, you know, the word of experience, 320 00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:14,920 the word of innocence is beneath and the word of 321 00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:20,010 experience is above. But above the word of 322 00:26:20,010 --> 00:26:23,790 innocence, there is God called Horizon. He was 323 00:26:23,790 --> 00:26:29,650 always trying to suppress the eruption of the word 324 00:26:29,650 --> 00:26:34,510 of innocence. 325 00:26:35,890 --> 00:26:38,470 He thought that there should be a kind of harmony 326 00:26:38,470 --> 00:26:44,310 between the two. I know this is very abstract. 327 00:26:44,590 --> 00:26:50,300 This is very difficult. We cannot appreciate this 328 00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:57,520 until we look at, you know, the poems more 329 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:05,080 closely. I mean, look at The Sick Rose and The 330 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:11,700 Tiger. Both of them are symbolic. Both of them 331 00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:15,400 speak about — they don't speak about reason. They 332 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:19,580 don't speak about religion, but they speak about 333 00:27:19,580 --> 00:27:22,400 the contrary of that. They speak about feelings. 334 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:25,620 They speak about imagination. So I want you to 335 00:27:25,620 --> 00:27:29,940 prepare them very well, to prepare the two poems, 336 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,520 and to respond to them next time. Some of you 337 00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:37,800 might have had a response to that, I bet. Not? 338 00:27:39,060 --> 00:27:43,320 Yes? Yeah, what did you say about the sick rose? 339 00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:45,520 Why was the rose sick, you know? 340 00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:54,180 The rose is 341 00:27:54,180 --> 00:27:58,320 about maybe love or something like that because it 342 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:02,000 is romanticism and the sick is a power or 343 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:08,230 something or a power or something that make his 344 00:28:08,230 --> 00:28:14,330 relationship flop very weak and there is something 345 00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:19,570 or something inside, outside that destroy his 346 00:28:19,570 --> 00:28:21,990 relationship with his killer. It's very good like, 347 00:28:22,150 --> 00:28:24,770 you know, and you reminded me of like a very key 348 00:28:24,770 --> 00:28:28,230 issue, which is like, yes, for our class 349 00:28:28,230 --> 00:28:31,950 discussion, we should develop a list of 350 00:28:31,950 --> 00:28:36,520 characteristic of romanticism. And I thought that 351 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:40,980 by contradiction or by contrast romanticism would 352 00:28:40,980 --> 00:28:46,820 be characterized by its celebration of 353 00:28:46,820 --> 00:28:51,900 imagination, its celebration of freedom, its 354 00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:58,480 celebration of using everyday language. It's 355 00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:04,400 focused on individualism. It's focused also on the 356 00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:10,320 simple countryside people. If you remember John 357 00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:14,580 Dryden, I told you once John Dryden and Alexander 358 00:29:14,580 --> 00:29:20,130 Pope focused on high class people. Alexander Pope, 359 00:29:20,310 --> 00:29:25,370 for example, in his poem, famous poem, The Rape of 360 00:29:25,370 --> 00:29:30,810 the Log, was criticizing the aristocratic people, 361 00:29:31,030 --> 00:29:35,890 the triviality of aristocratic lady, so he was 362 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:40,960 Very satirical. In Ashtiful and Ashtiful also, 363 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:46,720 it's a satirical poem. Dryden was satirizing 364 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:51,960 certain political figures during his time because 365 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:57,480 of their corrupted practices. So poetry had 366 00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:00,940 different purposes. It was not speaking about 367 00:30:00,940 --> 00:30:05,120 ordinary 368 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:10,010 people. Romantic poetry was talking about ordinary 369 00:30:10,010 --> 00:30:15,210 people using ordinary language. Yes, the romantics 370 00:30:15,210 --> 00:30:21,270 were fascinated with nature. Nature was a source 371 00:30:21,270 --> 00:30:25,890 of fascination, was a source of creativity. So 372 00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:30,070 when you read Blake, now our concentration on 373 00:30:30,070 --> 00:30:36,450 Blake, because Blake, as we said, he was Emerging 374 00:30:36,450 --> 00:30:41,750 in a time where imagination was seen like a sin. 375 00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:47,310 Expressing your feelings was an atrocity. 376 00:30:49,940 --> 00:30:54,920 That's why a lot of critics dubbed him as pre 377 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:58,340 -romantic, because he was the way, he was the poet 378 00:30:58,340 --> 00:31:03,400 who paved the way for Romanticism. And this is 379 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:10,020 like a focus in our, when we discuss Blake, 380 00:31:10,220 --> 00:31:15,750 we are going to see how he paved the way. for the 381 00:31:15,750 --> 00:31:18,270 romantics. And when we talk about the romantics, 382 00:31:18,830 --> 00:31:23,250 we should, I mean, talk about colorage and words 383 00:31:23,250 --> 00:31:26,710 worth. So next time, we're going to discuss 384 00:31:26,710 --> 00:31:32,750 William Blake. I mean, his two poems. Hopefully, 385 00:31:33,010 --> 00:31:37,590 you know, The Sick Rose, and then after that, The 386 00:31:37,590 --> 00:31:40,670 Tiger, Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bride. Do you have 387 00:31:40,670 --> 00:31:41,130 any question? 388 00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,420 Okay, thank you very much. I know it was a tough 389 00:31:47,420 --> 00:31:53,030 lecture. But it's only a background. I'm not 390 00:31:53,030 --> 00:31:55,970 asking you questions in this. Later, you'll find 391 00:31:55,970 --> 00:31:58,610 this easy. What I'm saying, you'll find it easy 392 00:31:58,610 --> 00:32:04,250 when you approach the poem. Because this is like a 393 00:32:04,250 --> 00:32:07,190 yardstick against which we are going to measure 394 00:32:07,190 --> 00:32:13,150 our criticism or interpretation of the poems that 395 00:32:13,150 --> 00:32:14,330 would come. Thank you very much.