Today Inshallah, we are going to see a new chapter
that is Morphology word word formation How to
formulate words in English and Arabic as well Okay
So, there are in English several ways of
formulating words.
This is by the use of bound morphemes, either
suffixes or prefixes. Also, we have what is called
infixes these all together are called affixes
Okay, so in English in Arabic in all languages We
have morphemes which are of two types three
morphemes and bound morphemes We are going to
focus on three points derivation inflection and
compounding today we are going to focus on the
first point that is derivation okay most
of the English words are derived from this system
I mean derivation
So the derived elements, I mean suffixes or
prefixes or infixes, can change the meaning of a
word.
Okay? For example, true and true. Okay? You have
the opposite.
And also you have the derivation changing the
lexical category of a word. For example, true is
an adjective, truly is an adverb, truth is a noun.
So you have.
In derivation, the meaning of a word can change or
the lexical category of the word can change. Okay?
We need to touch these phenomena one by one and
see how nouns are derived from nouns. Yes. And how
other elements or parts of speech are derived from
each other. so we have suffixes that mean small
such as drop droplet droplet you add let okay
becomes smaller than drop book booklet let
is smaller than booklet is smaller than book
cigar cigarette e-t-t-e it's smaller than cigar
dog
doggy smaller than dog this is by adding ie and we
have doubling here because the last consonant is
preceded by a short vowel okay in case of having a
short vowel then we double the last consonant we
have suffixes only for making female for gender so
ess or ine waiter waitress prince princess hero
heroine okay So we have these two suffixes added
to the word itself, changing its meaning.
We have also suffixes specifically for making
nationalities.
I say Palestine, Palestinian. London, Landler. New
York, New Yorker. You see?
Texan. Glaswegian from Glasgow.
We have some suffixes for making state of being,
the manner, the position, the position of someone.
Ship. Hood. I say king, kingship. Lady, ladyship.
Mother, motherhood. Priest, priesthood. Okay? We
have some suffixes just for making devotion. I
mean professions and handicrafts. The profession
of someone. It is a noun. This is done by adding I
-S-T or I-A-N. We have contortion, contortionist.
Islam, Islamist. Logic, logician. History,
historian.
technician linguistician we have nouns derived
from adjectives by adding ity when i say for
example pure pure is an adjective okay adding ity
becomes purity and this is a noun equal is an
adjective equality it is a noun
Furcity. Sensitivity. Sensitive. Sensitivity. We
have N-E-S-S-ness. Okay? Also derived, we have
nouns derived from adjectives by adding N-E-S-S.
God. Goodness. Tall. Tallness. Forest. Or fierce.
Fierceness. Sensitive, sensitiveness as it is
completely like sensitivity.
ISM, I mean in the part of speech, both are nouns.
ISMism as radical, radicalism.
Conservatism. American, Americanism, Palestinian,
Palestinianism, okay? These are nouns derived from
adjectives. We now have nouns derived from verbs,
okay? And here we have a number of suffixes used
for deriving nouns from verbs. We use ance, as in
perform, performance, ignore, ignorance, refer,
reference, convert or converge, convergence,
accept, acceptance, dependence, Okay, we have also
a suffix called mint m-e-n-t Okay announce
announcement commit commitment develop development
engage engagement agree place placement Okay we
have also Nouns derived from verbs by adding ing
paint painting sing Build Ignore Okay, right
Listen speak dive Yes, this is by adding only ing
Okay we have ion this
is added or tion this is added to the verb and
this comes out with a noun denomination
sorry denomination this is from denominate commit
commission organize organization confuse confusion
confusion okay we have al added to the verb comes
out with a noun refuse arrive refer commit ahkel
committed propose Yes. We have also ER or OR.
Paint. Painter. Sing. Sing. Organize. Organize.
Grinder. Grinder. Grinder. As you see these are
professions or handicrafts. They are done by
adding ER. So you refer to someone, you refer to
the profession of someone or the handicraft of
someone by adding ER. I say farm. Farmer. Farmer.
build okay we
have or as in lead leader act actor direct
director okay and sometimes we have the prefix the
suffix y added to the verb comes this comes out
with a noun as in deliver delivery flatter
Discover. Discovering. Recover. Recovering.
We have acy, suffix, comes out with nouns. So we
have nouns derived from a number of words by
adding these suffixes. Acy or age, a-g-e or dumb,
d-o-m or e-r-y or r-y. So we have conspiracy from
conspire supremacy from supreme coin coinage short
percent shrink king free duke or duke dukedom
slave refined
refinery now we have adjectives derived from other
adjectives this is referring to the smallest
degree of things I say for example green okay this
is dark green I need to have it as light green I
say greenish Brown, brownish. Small, smallish.
Okay? So the I-S-H-ish refers to the small
quantity or the small quality. Okay? Remote,
remotish.
Okay?
we have the prefix that is also shown
to the beginning of a word or an adjective this
comes out with another adjective I say for example
for the previous items green this is adjective
when I say greenish suffix still adjective small
adjective smallish remains adjective okay remote
remote is also adjective remotish is adjective so
once we have happy unhappy this is another
adjective reliable and reliable sure and sure
discovered okay and discover
so these oh i mean the un or n is very productive
prefix can be added to any adjective making the
opposite okay the antonym of the same adjective
we have other prefixes for making adjectives like
ir im dis mis non okay so you have tangible this
is intangible legal illegal okay responsible
Responsible, not irresponsible, this is Arabic
Responsible,
irresponsible, okay, possible, impossible
We have other productive prefixes. I mean, you can
add it before or add it to the beginning of an
adjective that comes out with the antonym of the
same adjective. Like DIS as in order, disorder.
Obey, disobey. Trust, mistrust. Understand,
misunderstand. Cooperative, non-cooperative.
Existent? Okay.
Still, we have suffixes added to a number of
words. This comes out with other parts of speech,
mainly adjectives. We have able as in or ed. I
say, for example, break, breakable. okay it is
liable to breaking okay agree agreeable remarkable
remark remarkable rely reliable read right
writeable okay we have e and t or a and t int or
ent this is
Rebel. Rebellent. Expect. Expectant. Excellent.
Excel. Excellent. Confide. Confident. Dependent.
We have also the suffix IVE as repulse. Repulsive.
Explore. Explores. Explosives create, attract,
select, prevent,
instruct, instructive We
have suffixes also made from nouns by adding f-u-l
full as in joy Joy is a noun joyful hope help
Meaning meaning Okay power skill faith Beautiful
sorry beauty Success Also, we have the antonym or
the opposite derived by from the same noun By
adding le WS becomes Adjective, joy, joyousness,
hope, hopeless, help, meaningless, meaning, yes,
power, home, worth, use, yes. So we have also al
as a suffix added to the noun. This comes out with
an adjective, origin, normal, sorry, norm, person
nation national universe region regional also
once you need to make i to add ish this is for
making the least degree when i say boy boy boy
boyish okay self selfish okay wasp waspish lout
louty loutish loutish fool foolish child sheep
sheepish okay why this is added added to the noun
making adjective fun why do we add another n why
we double the n because it is preceded by a short
vowel so fun funny storm sun sunny guilt mess
wealth gloom as you see so we can also have in y
okay for making adjectives not adverbs we speak
about adjectives the ly is the productive suffix
for making adverbs still it is used for making
adjectives friend friendly order orderly man cost
month these are adjectives not adverbs we have ous
added to the noun making an adjective as in danger
dangerous mystery mysterious fame nerve poison
okay poisonous still we have adjectives made from
nouns by adding ary as in moment moment Momentary.
Custom. Customary. Fragment. Fragmentary.
Complement. Complementary. Honor. Revolution.
Revolutionary. I see. Ik. As in history. Artist.
Athlete. Athletic. Basis.
rhythm photograph Islam scientist or science okay
scientist or science this comes out from by adding
two suffixes T F I C T I F plus I C so scientific
Okay We have Realist Realistic, okay, we can add
also some to the Adjective
Making adve to the noun making adjective hand love
tire
yes also we can add en for making adjectives from
noun wood wool gold yes we have verbs derived from
verbs okay this is by adding the prefix de or dis
okay or RE this is productive when I say paint
repaint enter write read okay explain complain
recomplain okay so this is productive prefix added
to the verb It refers to repetitive actions. You
need to repeat, so you say rewrite it. Re-read,
okay? Re-utter it once again, okay? Re-say it once
again. Paint, repaint. Enter, re-enter. Tie,
untie. This is the antonym, okay? The opposite.
Tangible.
Sorry, entangle, untangle. Decompose, this comes
from originally compose. Synthesize, yes.
Entangle, disentangle. Believe, disbelieve. Okay?
We have verbs derived from nouns. Okay? This is by
having the prefix de, as in bug, debug, forest,
deforest, laus, delaus. And also we have ize, as
in organ, organize, patron, terror, real, realize.
Okay? We have material, Apology? Apologize.
Critic? Criticize. Okay. Beauty? Beautify.
Beautify. We add FY.
Gentry? Gentrify. Petri? Petrify. Identity?
Identify. Identify. Clarity? Clarity. Glory?
Glory. Simple? Simple. Simplify. Pressure.
Pressure. Pressurize. Normal. Normalize.
Natural. Naturalize.
Passive. Passive. Passivize.
okay we have verbs derived from other classes by
adding en to the adjective i say short shortened
sweet length black wide broad this is by adding en
as you see we have de this is for Having a verb by
adding prefix when I say move remove Okay Okay
sensitive desensitive freeze defreeze Humilate
dehumilate
Okay?
We have the
Ize or ify normally added as suffixes for making
nouns for making verbs from nouns okay let's say
normal normalize beauty beautify but still they
can be used for other purposes okay so we don't
have specific or specific meaning to these two
suffixes I'd say for example national nationalize
tender tenderize intense intensify pure purify
okay we have adverbs the productive suffix for
making adverbs is always NY so we have easy sorry
easy easily recent recently private noise noisy
noisily socially socially also we have the suffix
wise w i s e clockwise value, value wise okay it
is rarely used but the most productive suffix is
the ly okay we
have prefixes okay added for making adverbs when i
say for example sedent antecedent ante what does
it mean ante here in have a and te means first but
anti or anti in american english it is against
auto means self by means two tri three okay
trilingual what does it mean trilingual a person
speaking three languages bilingual person speaking
two languages multilingual okay so a person
speaking a number of languages so multi means
numerous yes
as i mentioned anti this is meaning before anti or
anti means against auto means self by means to
circum means around kun
or ku means together okay when
i have out means
from or from it is here we have Inter means
between.
Intercontinental means between continents.
Macro means large. Micro, when I say micro
teaching, Okay, a sample class done by the
teachers to the teachers. Okay, micro teaching.
But macro teaching is the larger process. Miss
means wrong. Mono means well. Monolingual can a
person speaking one language. Post means behind or
after.
okay before يعني first proof for when I say I'm
pro-Palestinians supporting Palestinians okay for
means for pro means for against this is anti
-Palestinian okay for example re means repeat
rewrite reread okay redo etc sub I say group
subgroup sub subgroup so you divide you check you
divide things means under trans means across
parent transparent transparency okay try means
three unique
Unilateral talks. Unilateral talks.
Ultra beyond, ultrasound. UN or IR or IN means
not.
So we have these derivations in English. Now these
derivations are of different types as you see.
Why? It is borrowing. As I mentioned English
borrowed from a number of languages so it borrowed
the system of suffixes or prefixes or say affixes
okay with all its three types suffixes prefixes
and infixes so you have some words by certain
suffixes producing nouns some other words by
certain suffixes producing the same nouns the
adjectives the adverbs we have prefixes for making
nouns for making adjectives for making verbs for
making adverbs okay so we don't have specific rule
for making or for deriving words from words mainly
because English relies deeply on borrowing however
Arabic in Arabic the situation is different we
have a rule-based system in Arabic okay so we have
either prefixes infixes and suffixes but before
shifting to Arabic I need to focus on infixes in
English when I say for example man men okay here
we add infix we change the a into e mouse mice
Louse. Lice. Okay. These are infixes, but they are
rare in English.
Okay. However, in Arabic, it's very rich of
infixes. It's very rich of infixes. So we have كتب
or كتب, triconsonantal sound.
this is the verb derived from the stem by adding
what? the short vowels a o e I mean the nominative
case the accusative and genitive okay we
have كتب كتب مكتب is this suffix or prefix? prefix
added to the verb constituting or formulating a
noun مكاتب we
add infix ألف كاتب infix كاتبة مكاتبة
Suffix type now gender in English in Arabic is
made by the clitic Ta or Ta marbuta okay this is
very productive in English so I say for example
doctor
In Arabic, I say doctora. This is inserted in our
colloquial Arabic, in our Arabic vernaculars. So
we have this, tabib, tabiba. Okay, but this is
very difficult. This is not applicable to English.
I say doctor in English. I need my orido and
How could I translate it into English? To be seen
by a lady doctor. I'd like my wife to be seen by a
lady doctor. Okay? So here we have the clitic
system of Arabic, the clitic system of Arabic,
يعني ضمير الوصل in Arabic, clitic. We have the
clitic system ضمير الوصل. It's available in
Arabic. Is it available in English? No, we don't
have cliticization system in English, but we have
it in Arabic. So it is very productive. Okay. And
we have even fusional words in Arabic. I say a
complex sentence in one word as Asqaynakumu
Asqaynakumu.
This is the transitive verb. We have the subject,
the verb, direct object and indirect object. Okay.
Asqaynakumu.
Okay, so we have the clitic here Gender is very
productive in Arabic. This is done by adding a
suffix Ta Okay, but this is not applicable to
English and this shows the difficulty of the
English morphology you see So
Tabiba this is suffix Okay We have this applicable
to most of the nouns of Arabic, most of the verbs
of Arabic. So we can derive nouns from verbs.
Adjectives from nouns. I say حر حر برد برد. Okay.
Power. قوي okay so you have also nouns derived
from nouns adjectives derived from nouns nouns
derived from verbs but this is by adding prefix or
suffix or infix next time we are going to see more
information about the word formation of English
okay and Arabic as well and we are going to see
the inflection system plus what is called
compounding okay that's it for today thank you