Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to
continue with futurity once again. We need to see
futurity in English and futurity in Arabic. We
have already spoken about future simple, future
continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous. And we've seen that these
constructions are available in both English and
Arabic. However, the constructions are different
in both languages. The syntactic construction of
future simple is different from the syntactic
construction of future simple in English. Its
usage is of more functions, more semantic
functions in English rather than it in Arabic.
However, we have Other constructions like future
continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous, they are represented in Arabic
lexically. Okay? And grammatically. However, in
English, we have specific rules for each
construction. These are not verbs. They consist of
different parts of inflections or inflection
phrase. Future simple consists of, once I go, I
will travel to London. okay this has some sort of
persistence when I say I will or I say once I say
I shall travel this is neutral open and colorless
future okay it consists of shall travel what does
shall refer to tense and what does travel refer to
aspect which simple aspect okay so for future
simple what are the semantic functions of this
construction the semantic functions of this
concept we have willingness yes offer
determination or persistence, promise, request,
and threat. Okay? Here we have different usages of
the modal auxiliaries shell or will. In case of
willingness, we use shell with what? With the
second and third person. however in case of offer
we use shall with the first and third person okay
in case of determination we use will with all
pronouns however in case of request okay we use
what well okay in case of promise and threat. We
use shell with the second and third person. So we
have different semantic functions for the future
simple. However, in English, in Arabic, we have
some sort of limitations semantically. We have
willingness in Arabic, we have requests, we have
all these meanings, okay? But we find that Future
simple is available once expressing willingness.
We use سوف يرجع البضاعة. سوف يرجع. سوف, this is
the future particle in Arabic, which refers to
remote future or near future? Remote future. Okay.
سوف يرجع. This is imperfect indicative form of the
verb. Imperfect indicative form of the verb Okay
We have inflection here personal inflection يرجع
Okay, you know that we have four inflections in
Arabic for person however
in English we have bare infinitive shall travel
okay we can say shell travels shell travel okay
this is this is one point of difference between
both languages in this specific field okay so it
seems that we have future sample in Arabic but the
Errorism mistakes are always committed in the
other constructions, future continuous, future
perfect, future perfect continuous, et cetera. So,
how
could
you translate this into English?
سيكون الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخمسة مساء will
have slept will have been will be sleeping
children will have been sleeping for two hours by
five o'clock PM or at the evening. It refers to an
action that started in the past, continues at a
specific point of time. Okay. And will continues
on later. Okay. So it will be in progress in
future at a certain point of time.
Okay.
سيكونوا نائمين أو سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند
الساعة الخامسة it is the same thing with future
continuous future perfect continuous it refers to
an action that will be continuous after a point of
time in future okay in 2014 I'll have been
teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm
going to continue okay after 2014 for example okay
today we are going to touch the other construction
the other futurity constructions we spoke about
going to we spoke about about to be to not yet
okay so going to okay i'm going to act in your
graduation in June, okay? You are expected to
graduate in June, so I am going to attend your
graduation ceremony, okay? Or celebration. Here I
have intention, I have intention to attend, okay?
Hoda is going to have a baby next month. Okay.
Going to. She has a cause. Okay. She has a cause.
She's pregnant and she will deliver according to
the plan next month. Okay. So we say she's going
to. She's going to have a baby next month. Okay.
I'm going to attend your graduation party next
June. This is my intention. Okay. I'm going to
attend Ahmed's party tonight. We have intention to
do that. Okay. So going to refers to intention and
cause. It will rain soon or it's going to rain.
What was it? It's going to rain because we have
cloudy weather. So we have cause. Okay. So going
to refers to cause and intention. Okay. ستمطر
الدنيا حالا سيمطر الجو or yes ستمطر حالا ستمطر
this is Arabic س we have the near future particle
س plus the present imperfect indicative form of
the verb يمطر Not amtara, yumtara. About to. We
are about to start explaining the rest of the
lecture about futurity. We're about to leave. We
are about to quit. Okay, we are about to quit
about to على وشك We have the same equivalent in
Arabic على وشك أن أبدأ المحاضرة على وشك أن نبدأ
المحاضرة على وشك بدء المحاضرة نحن على وشك بدء
المحاضرة is accepted. So we have So we have على
وشك أن نبدأ Okay this refers to imminent future
Imminent future. Okay. Very near future. Imminent
future. Okay. The taxi is there at the gate and we
are about to leave. The taxi is there at the gate
and we are about to leave. Okay. After a few
minutes, about to leave. We have about plus the
infinitive in English. In Arabic, نحن على وشك أن
نمشي. أو النغادر على وشك N نغادر يعني we have على
وشك plus mean over derived nominal or covert
derived nominal يعني
مصدر مؤول ولا مصدر صريح على وشك N نغادر مؤول this
is called covert derived nominal طب نحن على وشك
المغادرة
Overt derived nominal okay
We spoke about the present simple denoting future
and present progressive denoting future as well.
Sheikh?
Okay. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. She arrives by
ten o'clock train this evening. So we have the
present simple denoting future if we have a plan
or program. or a timetable. We have this also
available in Arabic. سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد. We
mentioned that we have the present simple just in
the structure of adverbial clauses of time and
condition. This is what we mentioned in the last
lecture. Okay. سو سافر عندما يأتي أحمد. I'll
travel when Ahmed comes. When Ahmed comes. Don't
say when Ahmed came or will come. It's wrong. Once
Ahmed comes. Okay. What do you say if I stay here
for another two hours? What do you say if I stay?
What will you say if I stay? So the conditional
clause also contains the present simple which
refers to future action.
We have present continuous as well. which refers
to an action that has been planned for the future.
I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to Egypt
this evening. I'm taking the children to the
seashore tomorrow evening.
Okay, so we have plan or timetable program. Okay,
we have this in Arabic. أنا قادم لزيارتكم اليوم.
أنا قادم. What do you say about قادم? This is
nominal subject. اسم الفاعل. Okay.
We mentioned going to, I'm going to. So we have
there to be M is R plus going to infinitive. Okay.
She's going to get married. We have cause. Okay.
There is an engagement that is followed by
marriage. Julie is going to have a baby. So we
have causes. I'm going to attend Ahmed's party.
This is intention. Okay.
Be about to. The taxi is there at the gate and we
are about to leave. About to. So you have about,
verb to be, about, then the infinitive. Okay? It
refers to an action or construction that will be
fulfilled, an action that will be fulfilled in the
near future.
We have equivalence of be about to, this is
alawashak, as we mentioned. Okay.
على وشك أن يأتي أحمد. على وشك أن يأتي. So we have
على وشك plus covert derived nominal.
Okay. We have B2. B plus infinitive.
This construction shows command and arrangement.
We are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. So we
arranged this meeting or we arranged this action.
So we are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. We
are to be ready by nine o'clock. We arranged that,
okay? You are to be ready by nine o'clock. You are
to be ready by nine o'clock. This is command.
Okay.
Just in translation, we say, for example, once we
say for example, Hind is to marry soon or to get
married soon. Hind is to get married soon. Okay.
ستتزوج هند قريبا. So we have the near future
particle س plus the imperfect indicative form.
This means that we don't have equivalent for ب
infinitive in Arabic. Going to and ب to are the
same. We use س plus the imperfect indicative form
of the verb.
ساحضر حفلة التخرج اليوم مساء I planned for that
okay, so we have س plus the imperfect indicative
form of the verb Once I translate this into
English What do I use? Be to or go to No, no. We
have intention here.
So if you have intention, this means going to. If
there be cause for the action that will happen in
future, this is going to. Okay. If there'll be
command or arrangement, we use be to. It depends
on the meaning of the sentence. So the difference
between them is only semantic difference. Okay.
According to this meaning, you can configure or
choose what to use, either going to or B2, or
about to, which refers to imminent future.
About to, yes. We don't
have equivalence for B2 or going to in Arabic,
okay? This is future continuous.
The same construction of future continuous.
However, about to has lexical equivalence. We have
على وشك. We don't have, yes.
Now we need to see Future in the past. Planned
actions which were not fulfilled in the past. I
arranged to see you yesterday, but I could not.
How could I express that? I was to travel
yesterday, but I didn't. Okay?
I arranged to come to the university for teaching
you another lecture yesterday, but I could not
come. So how could I express this in future
constructions? Okay, we have the same
constructions. For example, he was later to regret
his bad behavior. Was to, meaning be to. But
instead of using SMR we use was, it refers to the
past. I made the needed maintenance to my car so
that it would pass the safety inspection. He had
it because he knew that he was going to be late. I
was about to miss the train. I was meeting him at
the Islamic University of Gaza the next day. Now
we need to translate these into Arabic. So I
wonder if you could manage to translate them into
Arabic here or not. They all refer to future in
the past, actions which did not happen, which were
planned to happen, but did not happen. Okay. So
you are given only three minutes for translation.
He was later to regret his bad behavior. Yes.
كان عليه أن يندم على سلوكي السيء. Did he regret?
No. Okay. I made the needed maintenance to my car
so that it would pass the safety inspection.
لقد؟ لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد
لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لك لقد أجريت
التصليحات الصيانة اللازمة لسيارتي لكي تجتاز امتحان
السلامة الأمنية okay does it happen or not it
doesn't happen okay يعني the action does not
happen okay it was expected to happen but it was
cancelled Okay, so you can paraphrase this
sentence at the end. It's called
paraphrasing in translation. He hurried because he
knew that he was going to be late.
Yes.
He hurried.
I was about to miss the train. Yes? Did I miss it?
No. Okay. I was meeting him at the Islamic
University of Gaza the next day. Yes.
Okay.
But that did not happen. So we speak about actions
that were to happen, but not happened. Okay. So we
use the same constructions, but in the past.
We have them, we have their equivalence in Arabic,
but lexically. كان عليا أن أقابله. Okay? So we
don't have equivalence for B2 and Gong2 as we
mentioned, but we have على وشك. Okay? And كان عليا
أن أقابله. I was meeting him at the Islamic
University of Gaza the next day.
He hurried because
he knew that he was going to be late. This means
that he was not late. He reached his Yes, he
reached his place or his He reached his work or
whatever just on time Okay, he reached his
destination on time Fine
Now we have future and the past as you see in
Arabic The
future and the past is always preceded by or
sometimes preceded by Hamza a the morpheme Hamza
كان على زيدا كان نعم
sorry
كان على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى كان
على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى okay
it was for zayd to attend if agreed you or not
agreed you and it was for zayd to attend if you
agreed or not Okay. This is called
transliteration. Once you translate a sentence
from Arabic to English, you have to write the
sentence, the original sentence in Arabic using
English alphabet. Then you write transliteration
word by word. Then you translate the sentence.
Okay.
What do you understand from this? Does the action
happen? No.
What refers to the past?
It refers to an action that was to happen in the
past.
My father or dad recommended me to do good all
over my life.
Now, we have the exemplative قد which refers to an
action that is expected. Its construction is in
the past, but it refers to future. قد قامت الصلاة
قد قامت الصلاة The prayer is to be performed.
The action as you see, the form of the sentence is
in the past. However, its meaning refers to
imminent future, imminent future.
استجيبوا لله والرسول إذا دعاكم لما يحييكم
Surah Al-Anfal, verse 24 from the Holy Quran. Give
your
response to Allah and his messenger when he calls
you to that which will give you life.
What do you call da'a? What do you call it? Past
or future? It is past, but it refers to the past,
present and future. This construction is only
available in Arabic, but not in other languages.
Okay?
We can say, كاد زيد أن يأتي. How could you
translate this? كاد زيد أن يأتي.
زيد was about to come.
كاد أو كان زيد على وشك أن يأتي. زيد was about to
come. Okay.
So both are translated by about two.