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US-69355576-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Feed system of a coal getting combine
ABSTRACT
The feed system of a coal getting combine, which works with a face conveyor, comprises: a traction device located on the combine and having a cylinder-shaped sprocket on the side surface of which a circular spherical-shaped recess is provided, slots being made on both inner sides of the spherical recess, said slots having an involute-spherical surface. Arranged lengthwise of the conveyor is a longitudinally traversable guide bar secured at the ends of the conveyor and composed of a number of separate tubular sections articulated together and provided with open-end holes arranged square with the longitudinal axis of said holes. Engagement elements are mounted in the holes of the tubular sections allow motion pivotally around their own axis and traversably, within certain limits, lengthwise of the hole axis, said elements being adapted to interconnect said sections to the traction device and being shaped as fingers with hemispherical ends, the fingers are so positioned that their ends project beyond the holes on both sides of the sections. The circular spherical-shaped recess in the sprocket follows the tubular shape of the sections, and the sprocket itself is adapted to straddle the sections in such a manner that the finger ends should engage the sprocket slot, thus effecting the involute-spherical mangle-type gearing, whereby the fingers can be turned.
The present invention relates generally to equipment for mechanizationof coal working in collieries, and has particular reference to the feedsystem of coal getting combines.
The invention can be used most effectively when used for narrow coalgetting combines traveling lengthwise of the coal face.
The invention can also be applicable in the feed system of drillrigs,diverse kinds of hoisting machinery, elevators, funicular railways,overhead monorail tracks in the case of steep slopes, as well as in anyother system, where it is necessary to effect feed motion withconsiderable forces applied.
As a rule, the feed system of a coal getting combine comprises thefollowing components:
TRACTION EQUIPMENT MOUNTED ON THE COMBINE, INCORPORATING A HYDRAULICDRIVE, REDUCTION GEAR UNIT AND PULLING ACTUATORS MADE AS HYDRAULIC POWERCYLINDERS WITH GRIPPERS, OR TRACKS, OR SPROCKETS; AND
A GUIDE BAR OR CHAIN WITH ENGAGING MEMBERS FIXED ON THE FACE CONVEYER.
Chain feed systems are now in widespread use in the coalmining industryfor underground coal winning, said systems being capable of ensuringcombine operation under heavy feed loads and with a high productivecapacity.
However, inasmuch as chain feed systems suffer from some substantialdisadvantages, which reside in short service life of the chain due todeformation of the chain links contacting with the drive sprockets,liability to frequent injuries inflicted upon the attending personneldue to the breaking of the pulling chain and exremely inadequate rate offeed of the combine onto the face resulting in disturbed cuttingconditions and additional dynamic loads upon the working members anddrive of the combine, which adversely affects the operating reliabilityand endurance of the whole equipment and, particularly, of the cuttingtool.
Known in the present-day practice are some prior-art chain feed systemsfor advancing coal getter combines along the coal face, incorporating:traction equipment provided on the combine and having a drive sprocketfixed on the drive shaft, deflecting sprockets and round-link chainstretched-out lengthwise of the face side-by-side with the conveyer andfixed at the ends thereof. The sprockets are in constant mesh with thechain so that when the drive shaft rotates, the sprockets interact withthe chain to effect feed motion of the combine along the coal face.
The known chain feed systems of coal getting combines suffer from anumber of disadvantages among which the following are to be cited:
when subjected to transverse vibrations or if broken, the chain isliable to inflict injury upon the attending personnel;
the chain tends to get jammed on the drive sprockets on which accountthe chain has to be released rather frequently and then tensioned again,this involves much lost time in manoeuvring and reduces the productivecapacity of the combine;
in the case of a curved line of face, coal is liable to be kicked offthe face conveyer due to the pull chain getting into the conveyortrough; and
on account of the chain getting stretched out due to the variable load,the combine is fed against the coal face inadequately, wherebyadditional dynamic loads are liable to arise upon the cutting member anddrive of the combine, the endurance and reliability of the equipmentthus being adversely affected, the coal overbroken and dust formationbeing thus increased.
The disadvantages mentioned above that are inherent in the chain feedsystems account for the necessity of developing chainless systems forfeeding coal getter combines along the face.
Some prior-art chainless feed systems for coal getting combines areknown to be of the walking type, capable of advancing the combine alongthe face conveyer, said systems incorporating a sectional-type roundguide bar, each section of the bar being fixed to the face conveyerframework; built-up friction-type grippers adapted to embrace said guidebar; hydraulic jacks rigidly linked with the grippers on one side andwith the frame of the combine on the other. The built-up grippercomprises a housing and a movable element accommodated therein andadapted to be brought in contact with the guide bar either hydraulicallyor mechanically to grip the latter. A combine provided with such feedmechanisms travels automatically in three cyclic stages:
1. Bringing the gripper in contact with the guide bar to grip the bar bythe movable element.
2. Travelling the combine along the guide bar for the length of strokeof the hydraulic jack piston, with the gripper being stationary.
3. Bringing the gripper out of contact with the guide bar and moving thegripper lengthwise of the guide bar to the initial position for a nextworking stroke.
The walking-type feed system of coal getting combines is disadvantageousin featuring the cyclic operation with standstills at the moment ofchanging-over the hydraulic jacks and grippers. The stops areaccompanied by instantaneous changes in the rate of feed resulting inhigh additional dynamic loads detrimental to both the guide bar and thedrive of the combine.
The system of self-acting grippers from low reliability andsophisticated design.
Further, the friction grippers hamper the development of high pullforces, while coal dust and fines getting onto the guide bar lower thecoefficient of friction thereof, and this results in slipping of thegripper along the guide bar.
There are also known the walking-type chainless feed systems of coalgetting combines, incorporating: traction equipment of the coal gettingcombine, having number of output shafts; grippers with spring-actuatedfingers mounted on a guide bar rigidly linked with the conveyerframeworks. The grippers are joined with the output shafts of thetraction equipment through a crank gear and pull rods spaced apart fromone another at an angle sufficient to ensure a continuous feed in thecase of consecutive operations of the grippers. The guide bar is awelded structure made as a tubular element welded to the bracket,wherein slots are provided for the spring-actuated fingers of thegrippers. The brackets are held in position on the conveyer frameworks.The fingers of the grippers are controlled either mechanically orhydraulically. When the output shafts of the traction equipment rotate,the pull rods interconnected with the crank gear cause the grippers totravel along the guide bar. The gripper fingers engage the slots in theguide bar under the action of their springs; on further movement of thepull rods one end of the grippers causes the combine to travel withrespect to the stationary fixed guide bar. Thus, the grippers operateconsecutively and cyclically in the following way:
1. Fixing the gripper on the guide bar upon engagement of the slots bythe fingers;
2. Travelling the combine along the stationary guide bar;
3. Releasing the gripper upon disengagement of the fingers from theslots by virtue of hydraulic or mechanical devices, and travelling thereleased gripper along the guide bar.
The disadvantage inherent in said feed system resides in its beingcumbersome and sophisticated. The system of self-acting grippers iscomplicated and inefficient such grippers are suitable only for highfeed loads. In addition, the operating routine, that calls forthconsiderable dynamic loads when the gripper fingers are thrown intoengagement, restricts the endurance of the whole system and affects theoperating reliability. Moreover, such grippers are hardly amenable tocleaning out the coal fines getting into the slots thereof.
There are also known to be in current use the track-type continuous feedsystems of coal getting combines, comprising: traction equipment of thecombine featuring a driving and a tension sprocket held to the combineframe; an endless track chain mounted on sprockets; and a guide barrigidly coupled to the conveyer frames. The combine travels at theexpense of engagement of the endless track chain with the guide bar.Further, the track chain links can be provided with lugs; be this thecase, the guide bar has slots for the lugs to engage. According toanother design version, the chain may be made of plates with slotsprovided therebetween; in this case the guide bar is in fact a toothedrack. Rotation of the driving sprocket causes the chain to move and toimpart motion to the combine by virtue of the engagement of the chainwith the guide bar.
Track-chain feed systems, however, are featured by inadequately smoothfeed and low adaptability to curves of the face conveyer and changes ofthe hypsometric particulars of the coal seam. The track chain gettingstretched out in the course of service life results in disturbedengagement, so that provision should be made for chain tension devicesto compensate for chain elongation.
This, however, makes the construction of the whole system unwieldly.Moreover, the engagement of the tracks with the guide bar is badlyaffected due to soiling or clogging of the latter with coal dust andfines. Thus, some auxiliary devices are necessary for cleaning the guidebar.
In addition, when the track lugs are thrown in or out of engagement withthe guide bar, the rate of feed is badly varied which results in jogglesor impacts.
Another system of the track-type feed system of a coal getting combineis now used currently, incorporating traction equipment of the combinewith a driving sprocket and a number of tension sprockets secured on thecombine frame; an endless roller chain mounted on the sprockets; andsectional-type guide bar with fingers. Each of the sections of the guidebar is rigidly held to the conveyer framework and is articulately linkedto the neighbouring section. The fingers are loosely mounted in theguide bar sockets in such a manner that those of the fingers which arenot involved in engagement are sunk in their sockets either by their ownweight or by virtue of an appropriate auxiliary device so as not tointerfere with the free passing of the combine frame.
A wedgelike slide block is provided on the combine frame under the pullchain and his adapted to bring the latter in engagement with the guidebar fingers.
Advancement of the combine lengthwise of the coal face is effected fromthe driving sprocket and roller chain which is engageable with the guidebar fingers. While resting upon the fingers, the chain propels thecombine along with the slide block in such a way that the latter passesunder the guide bar and chain and raises the fingers, with the resultthat the chain is in constant engagement and the combine is fedcontinuously. The fact that when inoperative the fingers are sunk in theguide bar sockets contributes to cleaning of the guide bar surface fromcoal fines.
The disadvantages inherent in the system reside in an inadequatelysmooth feed and low adaptability to curvatures of the face conveyer andchanges in the hypsometric particulars of the coal seam being worked.Further, the track chain is liable to stretch out during the servicelife which disturbs its engagement and involves special mechanism forchain tensioning to compensate for its elongation; thus, theconstruction of the system is made bulky. Furthermore, forasmuch as thesection of the guide bar are fixed on the conveyer frameworks, the guidebar articulated joints are additionally loaded by the forces developedin the conveyer in the course of its relocation. This necessitatesadditional joining elements so as to provide reliable operation of thesystem. In addition, the fingers thrown in engagement are overhung fromthe guide bar and thus work in flexure at a long arm of the bendingforce applied (i.e., high cantilever bending moment) which might resultin broken fingers and adversely affects the operating reliability of thecombine.
It is also known to use a continuous feed system of the friction type,comprising: flat guides shaped as a rail, I-beam, etc., rigidly fixed onthe face conveyer frameworks; driving wheels secured on the combineframe; and a drive for rotating said wheel provided on the combineframe.
The driving wheels are arranged on both sides of the guide and areforced thereagainst by means of arms controlled either hydraulically ormechanically. The wheels are faced with a material possessing a highcoefficient of friction; while rolling over the stationary guide, thewheels impart motion to the combine due to the forces of friction. Themerit of the frictional engagement resides in its good adaptability tothe various obliquities or curvatures of the system. However, thisinvolves gapless joints and long-sweep curves of the guide.
In addition, frictional engagement is practicable only in the case oflow feed loads.
The afore-discussed system suffers from the disadvantage that underconditions of coal faces heavily laden with coal dust one fails toattain stable values of the coefficient of friction of the wheel rollingover the guide, which hampers the development of high pulling forces.
Another chainless feed system of coal getting combines is known to beused heretofore, incorporating traction equipment with a driving gearwheel located on the combine and a toothed guide bar arranged lengthwiseof the conveyer and traversably therealong.
The guide bar is provided as a toothed rack composed of separatesections articulated to one another.
The sectional toothed rack is rigidly fixed with its ends to the driveand to the end heads of the conveyer and is loosely positioned in theconveyer trough, whereby its longitudinal traversing is ensured.
The trough side boards keep the rack from falling out.
Among the disadvantages inherent in said system the following are to becited: high deflecting forces resulting from engagement of the gearwheel with the toothed rack which involves the use of powerful grippersand leads to a low efficiency of the system and, consequently, to itshigher overall size which hampers the application of the combines havingsuch a feed system.
The engagement of the gear wheel with the toothed rack is badly affectedby coal dust and fines stuck to the latter.
Moreover, any cast components of the rack cannot be used due to highfeed loads, while the manufacture of a toothed rack of an adequateaccuracy by means of mechanical treatment is a complicated, laboriousand technologically inefficient operation.
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to eliminatethe disadvantages now inherent in chainless feed systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a reliable andsafe feed system for coal getting combines.
It is one more object of the present invention to provide a feed systemof coal getting combines capable of smooth feeding of the combine alongthe coal face and of higher utilization efficiency of the combinepropelling motor.
It is a further object of the present invention to increase thestability of coal getting combines.
It is still another object of the present invention to reduce dynamicloads upon and increase the operating reliability of coal gettingcombines.
It is yet still another object of the present invention to provide fastmounting and dismantling of the feed system of a coal getting combine inlongwall faces, as well as to render the system easily maintainable.
It is likewise an object of the present invention to obviate anadditional load exerted upon the conveyer by the feed forces that tendto overturn the conveyer sections.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide for easycleaning out from the guide bar of the coal fines and rock debris.
It is also an object of the present invention to increase the productivecapacity of the coal getting combine and to make its operation safer dueto some improvements in the construction of the feed system thereof.
Said objects are accomplished by a feed system of a coal getting combinemounted on the face conveyer, incorporating a traction device located onthe combine, and a guide bar made of separate sections articulatedtogether and provided with special elements for engaging with thetraction device, said guide bar being arranged lengthwise of theconveyer and traversably therealong and being fixed at the ends thereof,according to the invention, each of the guide bar sections beingtubular-shaped and being provided with open-end holes arranged squarewith the guide bar longitudinal axis, the engaging elements of saidsection being made as hemispherical-end fingers and being mounted in theholes of the guide-bar sections to move pivotally around their own axisand traversably, within certain limits, lengthwise of the hole axis insuch a manner that their ends project from the holes on both sides ofthe section, the traction device being provided with a cylindricalsprocket on the side surface of which a circular spherical-shaped recessis made to suit the shape of the tubular guide bar sections, provisionbeing made on both inner sides of said spherical recess for slots havingan involute-spherical surface, said sprocket being adapted to straddlethe guide bar section in such a way that the finger ends should engagethe slots in the sprocket, thus carrying out the involute-spherical typemangle gearing which imparts turning motion to the fingers.
It is desirable that a cannelure be made in the central portion of eachfinger and that each guide bar section be provided with retainers madeas end long rods equal in length to the section and passing through thecannelures in the fingers so as to restrict the movement of the latterlengthwise of their own axis.
It is expedient that the guide bar be provided with supports located atthe section-to-section joints so that the guide bar could rest throughsaid supports upon the conveyer side board which limits the movement ofthe guide bar both vertically and transversely.
It is likewise advisable that pivotal grippers be provided on thecombine both before and after the sprocket (as viewed along the combinerun), the contour of the grippers following that of the guide bar, saidgrippers being adapted to straddle and rest upon the tubular guide bar,thus ensuring constant engagement of the sprocket with the guide bar andits cleaning from coal fines.
It is also reasonable that the guide bar arranged lengthwise of theconveyer be fixed at the ends thereof by means of tension devices aimedat restricting the amount of tension of the guide bar and at reducingdynamic loads imposed on the latter.
The tubular shape of the guide bar equipped with the engaging elementsprovides for good directing of the combine along the coal face, perfectengagement, high efficiency and low sensitivity to obliquities andcurves of the feed system, whereby smooth feeding of the combine isattained and the utilization factor of the combine propelling motor isincreased by 15 to 20 percent.
Semiround ends of the fingers provide for good contact with the sprocketand self-cleaning from coal fines.
Restriction of the axial movement of the fingers, by means of canneluresand retainers made as lengthwise arranged rods, ensures quickreplacement of the fingers and their good maintainability.
Interconnection of the guide bar sections through supports obviatesovertensioning of the guide bar in the course of the conveyer relocationand makes possible articulated joints between the guide bar sections.
The provision of swivel grippers ensures a high degree of cleaning outfrom the engaging elements and guide bar of the coal fines and rockdebris and stability of the combine on the face conveyer.
Provision of the involute-spherical type mangle gearing rules out thedevelopment of any deflecting forces in the traction device and ensureshigh efficiency of the feed system, as well as good reliability of itsoperation.
Tension devices provided at the guide bar ends limit the amount of itstensioning and reduce dynamic loads exerted thereupon.
In what follows the present invention will become more apparent from adetailed disclosure of a specific embodiment thereof with reference tothe accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is the general perspective view of a coal getting combine withthe feed system proposed in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the feed system of a coal getting combine;
FIG. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view taken along the lineIII--III in FIG. 2 through a face conveyer and guide bar at thesection-to-section joint;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view through the face conveyer with theguide bar, as taken along the line IV--IV in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 illustrates the joining of the guide bar sections with thesupport;
FIG. 6 is a view, partially in section, taken along the line VI--VI inFIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through the face conveyer with theguide bar taken along the line VII--VII in FIG. 2 substantially at thesection-to-section joint;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIII--VIII in FIG.2;
FIG. 9 is a general perspective view of a traction device of the coalgetting combine;
FIG. 10 is a view facing the arrow A in FIG. 8 to show the mutualarrangement of the grippers and the sprocket when the latter is engagedwith the guide bar;
FIG. 11 is a plan view showing the mutual arrangement of the grippersand the sprocket when the latter is engaged with the guide-bar;
FIG. 12 is an embodiment of the sprocket; and
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along the XIII--XIII in FIG. 12.
According to the present invention, the feed system of a coal gettingcombine 1 (FIG. 1), mounted on a face conveyer 2 traversably therealong,incorportes: a traction device 3, with a sprocket 4 set on the outputshaft of the reduction geat unit (not shown) of the traction device 3 ofthe combine 1, and a guide bar 5 composed of a number of separatesections 6 articulated together. The guide bar 5 is arranged lengthwiseof the face conveyer 2, its end sections being held to tension devices 7provided on a drive head 8 and an end head 9 (FIG. 2) of the conveyer 2.The tension device 7 made as, for example, a hydraulic cylinder servesfor longitudinl traversing of the guide bar 5. The sections 6 of theguide bar 5 are tubular in shape and have open-end holes 10 (FIG. 3) theaxes of which are at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the guidebar 5.
The engaging elements of the guide bar 5 are made as fingers 11 havinghemispherical ends. The fingers 11 are loosely fitted in the holes 10 ofthe guide bar 5 in such a manner that their ends project from the holes10 on both sides of the tubular guide bar 5. The diameter of the holes10 somewhat exceeds that of the fingers 11 with a view to their pivotingfreely around their own axis. To provide for a limited travelling of thefingers 11 along the axis of the hole 10 and to prevent the fingers 11from falling out from the holes 10, retainers 12 (FIG. 4) are envisaged,adapted to be fitted into an inner space 13 of the section 6 of theguide bar 5 and accommodated in a cannelure 14 which is made in thecentral portion of the fingers 11. The retainer 12 may be made as asingle solid rod having a contour similar to that of the cannelure 14 inthe finger 11, or as a number of rods fitted into the inner space 13 ofthe section 6 of the guide bar 5 from both sides of said section, andalso from above and below of the fingers 11.
Each two neighbouring sections 6 are joined together by supports 15(FIGS. 5, 6) fitted into slots 16 provided at the ends of each section 6of the guide bar 5.
The supports 15 are interconnected to the sections 6 of the guide bar 5by coupling pins 17 (FIG. 6) and the fingers 11. Open-end holes 18 areprovided in the guide bar 5, holes 19 are provided in the support 15 inwhich the coupling pins 17 will fit and shaped holes 20 are made in thesupport 15 at the joint of the two adjacent sections 6 and the open-endholes 10 (FIG. 3) for the fingers 11 to engage.
When assembling the guide bar 5 (FIGS. 5, 6) with the supports 15, theaxes of the holes 18 (FIG. 6) are brought in alignment with the axes ofthe holes 19, and the axes of the holes 20, are brought in alignmentwith the axes of the holes 10 (not shown in FIGS. 5, 6).
The coupling pins 17 (FIGS 6, 7) are held in the holes 18 by snap rings21 fitted into borings 22 made in the holes 18. The fingers 11 (FIGS. 5,6) are retained in the shaped holes 20 by a projection 23 (FIGS. 3, 6).
The assembling procedure of the sections 6 (FIGS. 5, 6) of the guide bar5 with the support 15 occurs as follows: the support 15 is fitted intothe slot 16 of the guide bar 5 and is so displaced that the projection23 should not interfere with the engagement of the finger 11 and thehole 10; the finger 11 is fitted into the aligned holes 10 and 20 of theguide bar 5 and the support 15, respectively. Then the supports 15 areso shifted with respect to the section 6 of the guide bar 5 that theholes 18 and 19 should align, whereupon the coupling pin 17 is set inposition and locked with the snap ring 21.
To provide the joints of the sections 6 of the guide bar 5 articulated,the holes 19 (FIG. 6) in the support 15 are taper-shaped to flareoutwards on both sides. The supports 15 are shaped as, for example aninverted T so that a wider horizontal portion 24 (FIG. 7) serves as abase for the support 15. The supports 15 are loosely fitted in a slot 25(FIGS. 7, 8) of a side board 26 rigidly coupled to the conveyer 2. As toits contour the slot 25 corresponds to the support 15. Flanges 27 of theside board 26 keep the support 15 together with the guide bar 5 frombeing raised over the conveyer 2 and from transversal displacement,whereas longitudinal traversability of the guide bar 5 with respect tothe conveyer 2 prevents the development of additional forces that areliable to arise in the course of advancing the conveyer 2 onto the coalface, and provides for convenient mounting and dismantling.
The driving sprocket 4 is cylinder-shaped (FIGS. 9, 10, 11). The sidesurface of the sprocket 4 has a circular spherical-shaped recess 28 tosuit the shape of the tubular guide bar 5. Provided on both inner sidesof the spherical recess 28 are slots 29 having an involute-sphericalsurface formed by involute portions 30 and spherical portions 31. FIGS.12 and 13 illustrate an embodiment of the sprocket according to which asprocket 4' has through slots 32 corresponding to the slots 29 with aninvolute-spherical surface as presented in the FIGURES.
Such an embodiment of the sprocket 4' is conductive to better cleaningof the slots 32 from coal fines stuck thereto in the course ofoperation. However, such a construction affects the centering of thefingers 11 and proves to be less safe for the attending personnel.
To provide constant and reliable meshing of the sprocket with the guidebar 5 grippers 33 are envisaged (FIGS. 10, 11) and are rigidly fixed ona plate 34 by bolts 35. The plate 34 carrying the grippers 33 is mountedto a flange 36 (FIG. 8) of the traction device 3 of the combine 1 so asto be free to swivel with respect to said flange. To restrict the swivelangle of the plate 34 (FIG. 10) and lock it in position on the flange 36(not shown in FIG. 10), the latter is provided with a bolt 37 adapted toengage a longitudinal slot 38 made in the plate 34. The grippers 33(FIGS. 7, 8, 11) have a contour corresponding to that of the guide bar 5and straddle it, thus preventing the sprocket 4 from disengaging theguide bar 5. With the plate 34 (FIGS. 10, 11) carrying the grippers 33fit in position on the flange 36 of the feed mechanism, the grippers 33are disposed ahead of and behind the sprocket 4 closely thereto. Such aconstruction of the gripper 33 and its being freely pivotable on theflange 36 make it possible to adapt to any change in the position of theguide bar 5. When the sprocket 4 rolls over the guide bar 5 the foremostgripper 33 (as viewed along the direction of run of the combine) cleansthe guide bar 5 from coal fines, thereby adding to good engagement.
The feed system of the combine 1 operates as follows.
When the motor of the combine 1 (FIG. 1) is switched on, the reductiongear unit of the traction device 3 imparts rotation to the sprocket 4which is in constant mesh with the guide bar 5, and thus causes the endsof the fingers 11 (FIGS. 10, 11) to engage the slots 29 in the sprocket4, thus effecting the involute-spherical mangle-type gearing, whereinthe sprocket 4 rolls over the guide bar 5. This results in a smooth,jogless continuous advancing of the combine 1 along the guide bar 5which takes up the pulling force of feed. Such a smooth feed of thecombine 1 rules out the onset of any additional dynamic loads exertedupon the operative unit and drive of the combine 1 and adds to thedurability and reliability of the whole equipment.
While rolling over the guide bar 5, the sprocket 4 causes the fingers 11to turn through an angle in the hole 10. Such a turn of the fingers 11prevents wearout of the engaging elements that occurs at the moment ofinteraction of the sprocket 4 with the fingers 11 of the guide bar 5. Inaddition, engagement is effected by a number of the fingers 11 enteringthe involute-spherical slots 29 of the sprocket 4 at a time in such away that both ends of each finger 11 get engaged which is conducive to auniform spread of the feed load.
Articulated joining of the sections 6 (FIG. 2) of the guide bar 5arranged lengthwise of the conveyer 2 allows the guide bar to follow anycurvature or obliquity of the conveyer 2 when the latter is advancedtowards the working face, as well as to adapt to any change in thehypsometric particulars of the coal seam being worked. Inasmuch as theguide bar 5 has no rigid linkage with the frameworks of the conveyer 2but is free to traverse therealong, any possiblity of some additionalforces that are liable to arise in the course of advancing the conveyer2 onto the coal face is precluded.
When the conveyer 2 is relocated its length varies which is causative ofan overtensioning of the guide bar 5. This being the case, the amount oftension of the guide bar is self-adjusted by the tension device 7 whichis made possible due to the guide bar 5 being longitudinallytraversable.
The construction of the herein-proposed feed system, and that of each ofthe components thereof, is such as to allow it to be applied in coalgetting combines operating on the shuttle principle, i.e., in anydirection along the coal face.
A chainless feed system enables the combine to operate without anychains or safety rope, thus avoiding injuries to the attending personnelthat are liable to be inflicted upon him by the chain or rope, as wellas by the coal kicking off the face conveyer.
Further, the feed system of the present invention is distinguished forthe following advantageous features:
it ensures smooth feeding of the coal getting combine onto the coalface, as well as its stability on the conveyer, and reliable andtrouble-free operation;
the conveyer heads and trough are relieved from the force of feed, theconveyer does not creep, and no need thus arises for any special devicesfor dismantling the drive and end conveyer heads;
due to the smooth advancement of the combine onto the coal face theutilization factor of the combine propelling motor is increased by 15 to25 percent;
the fingers are capable of pivoting freely in the guide bar sections andare replaceable without dismantling the conveyer; the engagement of theguide bar with the drive sprocket is adaptable to any obliquities of thecombine; the feed force is directed along the axis of the tubular guidebar, thus not causing the conveyer to overturn round the joints thereof;
the guide bar sections are joined together throughout the length of thecoal face, the guide bar features a constant engagement pitch and has amovable joining with the conveyer, as well as double safeguarding of allthe joints;
the application of the present feed system provides for a favourablepsychologic situation for the people working in the longwall face andenables a number of production processes to be carried out along withthe coal getting which adds to the labor efficiency;
the feed system proposed herein establishes the prerequisites for a safeand highly productive application of mechanized coal cutting and loadingcomplexes involving two-combine coal getting process; and
the use of the feed system of the invention adds to the grade of thecoal being mined.
What is claimed is:
1. A feed system of a coal getting combine, mountedon a face conveyer, comprising: a traction device located on saidcombine; a cylinder-shaped sprocket, a side surface of said sprockethaving a circular spherical-shaped recess, provision being made on bothinner sides of said spherical recess for slots having aninvolute-spherical surface, said sprocket being located on said tractiondevice; a guide bar arranged lengthwise of said conveyer and traversablytherealong and fixed at the ends of said conveyer, said guide bar beingcomposed of a number of separate tubular sections articulated together,said sections being provided with open-end holes arranged at rightangles to the axes of said sections; and engagement elements adapted toconnect said sections to said traction device and shaped as fingers withhemispherical ends, said elements being fitted in said holes of saidtubular sections to allow motion pivotally around their own axis andtraversably, within certain limits, lengthwise of the axes of said holesin such a way that their ends project from said holes on both sides ofsaid sections; said circular spherical-shaped recess of said sprockethaving the tubular shape of said sections, while said sprocket itself isadapted to straddle said sections so that the ends of said fingersengage said slots in said sprocket, thus effecting theinvolute-spherical mangle-type gearing, whereby turning of the fingersoccurs.
2. A feed system of a coal getting combine as claimed in claim1, wherein a cannelure is made in a central portion of each of saidfingers, and each section of the guide bar is provided with retainersmade as longitudinally arranged rods equal in length to said guide barsection and passing through said cannelures of said fingers so as torestrict the movement of said fingers lengthwise of their own axis.
3. Afeed system of a coal getting combine as claimed in claim 1, wherein theguide bar is provided with supports located at section-to-section jointsand adapted for said guide bar to rest upon a conveyer side board with apossibility of lengthwise traverse along said conveyer, said side boardof the conveyer to limit the movement of said guide bar both verticallyand transversely.
4. A feed system of a coal getting combine as claimedin claim 1, wherein grippers are pivotally mounted on said combine bothbefore and after said sprocket (as viewed along the direction of run ofthe combine), said grippers being identical in profile with said guidebar and being adapted to straddle and rest upon said guide bar, thusensuring constant engagement of said sprocket with said guide bar andcleaning of the guide bar from coal fines.
5. A feed system of a coalgetting combine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said guide bar is fixedin position at the ends of said conveyer by tension devices which limitthe amount of tension of said guide bar and reduce the dynamic loadsexerted thereupon.
6. A feed system of a coal getting combine as claimedin claim 2, wherein the guide bar is provided with supports located atsection-to-section joints and adapted for said guide bar to rest upon aconveyer side board with a possibility of lengthwise traverse along saidconveyer said side board of the conveyer to limit the movement of saidguide bar both vertically and transversely.
7. A feed system of a coalgetting combine as claimed in claim 2, wherein grippers are pivotallymounted on said combine both before and after said sprocket (as viewedalong the direction of run of the combine), said grippers beingidentical in profile with said guide bar and being adapted to straddleand rest upon said guide bar, thus ensuring constant engagement of saidsprocket with said guide bar and cleaning of the guide bar from coalfines.
8. A feed system of a coal getting combine as claimed in claim 2,wherein said guide bar is fixed in position at the ends of said conveyerby tension devices which limit the amount of tension of said guide barand reduce the dynamic loads exerted thereupon.
9. A feed system of acoal getting combine as claimed in claim 3, wherein grippers arepivotally mounted on said combine both before and after said sprocket(as viewed along the direction of run of the combine), said grippersbeing identical in profile with said guide bar and being adapted tostraddle and rest upon said guide bar, thus ensuring constant engagementof said sprocket with said guide bar and cleaning of the guide bar fromcoal fines.
10. A feed system of a coal getting combine as claimed inclaim 3, wherein said guide bar is fixed in position at the end of saidconveyer by tension devices which limit the amount of tension of saidguide bar and reduce the dynamic loads exerted thereupon.
11. A feedsystem of a coal getting combine as claimed in claim 4, wherein saidguide bar is fixed in position at the end of said conveyer by tensiondevices which limit the amount of tension of said guide bar and reducethe dynamic loads exerted thereupon..
|
8189773_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | The following opinion was filed January 12, 1910:
BabNes, J.
(dissenting). I agree with the chief justice that ch. 192, Laws of 1909 (sec. 3012m, Stats.), should receive a liberal construction, and that the failure to arraign the defendant on trial was an immaterial error that might well be disregarded after verdict. I think, however, the judgment should be reversed. The material testimony in the case was given by the complaining witness on the one side, and the defendant in the case and his mother on the other. The evidence offered by the state was in direct conflict with that of*357fered by the defendant. After the jury had deliberated for some time it announced that its members were unable to agree upon a verdict, whereupon the court delivered an additional •charge, in which it expressed surprise at tfie result announced. The court told the jury that.it could consider the motive of the complaining witness in fabricating the story he told, if he did fabricate it, and the lack of interest which he had in testifying falsely, as well as the interest of the defendant in the result of the prosecution. This was certainly going far ■enough. The jury was further instructed:
“There is nothing in the evidence in this case to show why he [the complaining witness] should say that William Hade •sold this [the liquor] to him, rather than some other saloon-keeper.”
I think this portion of the charge was not only argumentar five, but was well calculated to result prejudicially to the defendant. Taken as a whole, an intelligent juror would naturally understand the language of the court to mean that in its opinion there was no reason or room for disagreement, because it must be assumed that the complaining witness told the truth for the reason that he had no motive for falsifying, while the defendant and his mother had. I't is substantially the same kind of an instruction that was condemned by this court in Bodenheimer v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 140 Wis. 623, 123 N. W. 148, and in other cases cited in'the opinion in that case. It has been the policy of our jurisprudence in this state to inhibit courts from telling juries how they thought cases should be decided. I think such policy represents the highest development of the law pertaining to jury trials. |
github_open_source_100_8_20115 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/python3
import math
import os
import random
import re
import sys
#The climbingLeaderboard function to the player's rank after each new score
def climbingLeaderboard(scores, alice):
scores = sorted(list(set(scores)))
index = 0
rank_list = []
n = len(scores)
for i in alice:
while (n > index and i >= scores[index]):
index += 1
rank_list.append(n+1-index)
return rank_list
# main module
if __name__ == '__main__':
fptr = open(os.environ['OUTPUT_PATH'], 'w')
scores_count = int(input())
scores = list(map(int, input().rstrip().split()))
alice_count = int(input())
alice = list(map(int, input().rstrip().split()))
result = climbingLeaderboard(scores, alice)
fptr.write('\n'.join(map(str, result)))
fptr.write('\n')
fptr.close()
|
github_open_source_100_8_20116 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // GENERATED CODE - DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND
part of 'enable_fast_snapshot_restore_state_error_item.dart';
// **************************************************************************
// BuiltValueGenerator
// **************************************************************************
class _$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem
extends EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem {
@override
final String? availabilityZone;
@override
final EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateError? error;
factory _$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem(
[void Function(EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder)?
updates]) =>
(new EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder()..update(updates))
._build();
_$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem._(
{this.availabilityZone, this.error})
: super._();
@override
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem rebuild(
void Function(EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder)
updates) =>
(toBuilder()..update(updates)).build();
@override
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder toBuilder() =>
new EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder()..replace(this);
@override
bool operator ==(Object other) {
if (identical(other, this)) return true;
return other is EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem &&
availabilityZone == other.availabilityZone &&
error == other.error;
}
@override
int get hashCode {
var _$hash = 0;
_$hash = $jc(_$hash, availabilityZone.hashCode);
_$hash = $jc(_$hash, error.hashCode);
_$hash = $jf(_$hash);
return _$hash;
}
}
class EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder
implements
Builder<EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem,
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder> {
_$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem? _$v;
String? _availabilityZone;
String? get availabilityZone => _$this._availabilityZone;
set availabilityZone(String? availabilityZone) =>
_$this._availabilityZone = availabilityZone;
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorBuilder? _error;
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorBuilder get error =>
_$this._error ??= new EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorBuilder();
set error(EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorBuilder? error) =>
_$this._error = error;
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder();
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder get _$this {
final $v = _$v;
if ($v != null) {
_availabilityZone = $v.availabilityZone;
_error = $v.error?.toBuilder();
_$v = null;
}
return this;
}
@override
void replace(EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem other) {
ArgumentError.checkNotNull(other, 'other');
_$v = other as _$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem;
}
@override
void update(
void Function(EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItemBuilder)? updates) {
if (updates != null) updates(this);
}
@override
EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem build() => _build();
_$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem _build() {
_$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem _$result;
try {
_$result = _$v ??
new _$EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem._(
availabilityZone: availabilityZone, error: _error?.build());
} catch (_) {
late String _$failedField;
try {
_$failedField = 'error';
_error?.build();
} catch (e) {
throw new BuiltValueNestedFieldError(
r'EnableFastSnapshotRestoreStateErrorItem',
_$failedField,
e.toString());
}
rethrow;
}
replace(_$result);
return _$result;
}
}
// ignore_for_file: deprecated_member_use_from_same_package,type=lint
|
00231256-2024_1 | TEDEUTenders | Various open data | 2024/10232
DPS call-off ICT consultant - junior support resource
FRID IKS manages the work of transferring sixth form colleges and the vocational college from Viken to the new counties of Akershus, Buskerud and Østfold. There is, thus, a need for assistance with practical follow-up and coordination in the project in order to ensure that employees in schools, as well as pupils, have been given access to the necessary tools from the start of the new school year. The project affects a total of 15,000 users divided between 60 schools and approx. 130 applications.
services
72000000
72220000
72222300
72224000
79400000
NO081
NOR
LOT-0001
no-eu-funds
per-exa
40
price
per-exa
60
quality
Assignment specific competence/experience
ORG-0002
false
false
none
none
2024/10232
General part (1)
FRID IKS manages the work of transferring sixth form colleges and the vocational college from Viken to the new counties of Akershus, Buskerud and Østfold. There is, thus, a need for assistance with practical follow-up and coordination in the project in order to ensure that employees in schools, as well as pupils, have been given access to the necessary tools from the start of the new school year. The project affects a total of 15,000 users divided between 60 schools and approx. 130 applications.
services
72000000
72220000
72222300
72224000
79400000
NO081
NOR
2024-04-14+00:00
2024-06-29+00:00
2
Renewal length is 3 months
LOT-0002
no-eu-funds
per-exa
40
price
Assignment specific competence/experience
per-exa
60
quality
Assignment specific competence/experience
ORG-0002
false
false
none
none
2024/10232
Parts of the procurement
FRID IKS manages the work of transferring sixth form colleges and the vocational college from Viken to the new counties of Akershus, Buskerud and Østfold. There is, thus, a need for assistance with practical follow-up and coordination in the project in order to ensure that employees in schools, as well as pupils, have been given access to the necessary tools from the start of the new school year. The project affects a total of 15,000 users divided between 60 schools and approx. 130 applications.
services
72000000
72220000
72222300
72224000
79400000
NO081
NOR
2024-04-14+00:00
2024-06-29+00:00
2
Renewal length is 3 months.
|
W4253991345.txt_2 | German-Science-Pile | Various open science | It is therefore logical that the “innovative working environment” theme occupies an important
position in the German federal government’s new high-tech strategy. “New forms of work
organisation, stronger service focus, changing skills and job profiles, more interactive value
creation processes and increasing digitalisation: all these are driving forces of the far-reaching
change that the modern working world is undergoing. Today more than ever, being innovative
requires complex processes that need interaction with technological development, but also
with human resource, organisational and skills development. ‘Good work’ is therefore an
important basis for business innovations” (BMBF 2014, p. 22). It seems questionable whether
national go-it-alone efforts can succeed in developing internationally competitive platforms
quickly enough, but that is beyond the scope of this discussion. In their lack of European coordination, the large number of different approaches in European countries brings to mind the
situation with regard to Industry 4.0. However, the European Workplace Innovation Network
(EUWIN) has started to actively address this, and is attempting to develop common standards
with its Workplace Innovation approach. Pot and Dhondt describe the origins of the
Workplace Innovation approach like this: “Workplace Innovation, as it developed from the
beginning of this century has its roots in sociotechnical systems design (STSD), going back to
the restructuring of Europe after the Second World War, starting campaigns for productivity
and industrial democracy” (ibid.) Peter Totterdill, one of the leading exponents of the
approach, points out that the requirements for Workplace Innovation include quality of work,
participation and decentralisation, and goes on to state: “Most importantly, Workplace
Innovation is an inherently social process. It seeks to build bridges between the strategic
knowledge of the leadership, the professional and tacit knowledge of frontline employees, and
the organisational design knowledge of experts. […] Thus in defining Workplace Innovation
it is important to recognise both process and outcomes.” (Totterdill 2015, p. 57) The dual
practical benefit of corresponding socio-technical/socio-digital system designs: firstly the
improvement in motivation, job satisfaction and employee well-being, secondly the
improvement in performance, has also been repeatedly confirmed by research (for a current
example, cf. Ramstad 2014). Thus there are many good reasons to emphasise the importance
of this perspective and, even in the context of digital manufacturing concepts, to put the job
and employees’ potential at the centre of considerations, instead of neglecting this in favour of
EJWI
Vol 2. No 1.
June 2016
16
a one-sided technology-oriented perspective. A knowledge-based economy, as a prerequisite
for maintaining and enhancing the competitiveness of German and European businesses, is
inconceivable without the development of management concepts and business structures that
promote innovation. “European economies are facing a period of economic crises and there is
a political urgency for continuous innovation and growth in productivity in order to realise
sustainable growth and welfare provision within the European Union (EU). To achieve this
aim, it is not sufficient just to introduce new technologies […]. It will require the full
utilisation of the potential workforce and creation of flexible work organisations” (Pot et al.
2012, p. 261). At European level, this approach has now become an integral part of the
policies of the Directorate-General (DG) GROWTH (industrial policy, innovation policy) and
the DG Employment (competence development, quality jobs) (cf. Pot & Dhondt 2015).
Conclusion
In view of the growing importance of new technologies in our working and everyday lives, it
is hardly surprising that technology-driven utopias such as Halle 54, Enterprise 2.0 and
currently the debate surrounding Industry 4.0 attract a lot of attention: especially when they
are purposely promoted by influential actors. And yet a look back into the past should make
us aware that it is only by analysing the complex interplay between social and technological
innovations that we arrive at a realistic vision of the future, which can guide us in designing
forward-looking production and work systems. “Anyone who wants Industry 4.0 should
critically examine the ‘high-tech obsession’” and “should regard it primarily as a social
innovation” (Buhr 2015, pp. 19 f.) This designing takes place in enterprises and organisations,
and in the future too will be influenced by a realistic view of the relationships between
technical, organisational and human resource aspects. Deuse et al. emphasise the point:
“Experiences from the past clearly show that neither distinctly technology-centred nor humancentred design paradigms contribute to a sustained and clear improvement in competitiveness,
but rather that under some circumstances they may even have a negative impact. In contrast,
organisation-centred approaches to designing production systems have achieved significant
progress in improving competitiveness. The hypothesis states that the success of the
proclaimed fourth industrial revolution depends crucially on whether it is sustainably
anchored in the organisation and implemented in a targeted way. Accordingly, human and
technological aspects should be adapted to and aligned with the organisation’s structures and
processes” (Deuse et al. 2014, p. 44).
In Germany, the new Industry 4.0 dialogue platform, which was launched in April 2015 under
the supervision of the German federal economics ministry, aims to stimulate Industry 4.0
activities. It is to be hoped that the approaches contained in the white paper on research and
development themes for Industry 4.0 (2015) regarding the giving of greater consideration to
participative working cultures will receive greater emphasis (p. 11). A participation-based
understanding of socio-technical systems and design is to serve as a foundation for the
development steps towards Industry 4.0 (cf. p. 31). Thus the white paper continues: “It is
essential for the acceptance, potential for achievement and development, well-being and
health of working people that activity and task structures are geared to these goals. Relevant
criteria include, for example, that planning, organising, implementing and monitoring tasks
are integrated into a job’s work activities, and that there is an appropriate balance between
undemanding routine tasks and more challenging tasks such as problem-solving. Work
equipment that is conducive to learning should support a work organisation that promotes
learning” (p. 31).
EJWI
Vol 2. No 1.
June 2016
17
Today, a society’s ability to exploit and systematically develop existing innovation potential
increasingly determines its future sustainability. The underlying understanding of innovation
is crucial for the full development of technological potentials and their integration into
sustainable development processes. Strongly technology-driven concepts of the past (cf.
“Halle 54”, “Enterprise 2.0”) had considerable implementation problems requiring drastic
changes of course, which shows that the desired benefits expected by diverse groups of actors
only materialised as a result of extensive work-oriented corrections. A wider perspective
implies not so much taking additional (social) aspects into account, but rather sets
significantly different emphases in tackling social challenges. Rather than promoting a
“technological push” and its subsequent socially acceptable design, the focus shifts to
enhancing innovative capacity by involving social actors in the development of solutions for
the future. At the level of enterprises and organisation, this is a question of integrated sociotechnical management approaches, as are combined for example in international work and
management research in the Workplace Innovation approach. The new high-tech strategy for
Germany, with its emphasis on the need for an innovative working environment, also shows
that such ideas have made an impact, and it therefore ties in with the discussion about a
changed understanding of innovation. New programmes launched by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the German Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy (BMWi), and also programmes by German states such as the North RhineWestphalia lead market competition for the digital working environment and future of work,
provide scope for joint activities between academia and practitioners to develop participative
management forms as well as new innovation approaches. A characteristic of hypes and
management fads is that they are relatively short-lived. As the initial, still undiminished
euphoria surrounding Industry 4.0 dies down, the outlined alternatives will become
considerably more important once again.
EJWI
Vol 2. No 1.
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18
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About the authors
Ralf Kopp
Research associate at Sozialforschungsstelle Dortmund (sfs), Central Scientific Institute of
TU Dortmund. Main research focuses: network and innovation management, organisational
development, social innovations.
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Jürgen Howaldt
Director of Sozialforschungsstelle Dortmund (sfs), Central Scientific Institute of TU
Dortmund. Main research focuses: new management concepts, organisational development
and consulting, social sciences-based innovation research
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Jürgen Schultze
Research associate at Sozialforschungsstelle Dortmund (sfs), Central Scientific Institute of
TU Dortmund. Main research focuses: organisational development, comprehensive
innovation dialogues, importance of social innovations for sustainability
Germany
Email: [email protected]
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Dealing with economic and
demographic challenges: Workplace
innovation practices as a timely and
effective response to older workers'
needs
Dimitra Gkiontsi & Maria Karanika-Murray
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that workplace practices can support employee health and
well-being. In the present paper we focus on and explore the role of workplace innovation
(WI) practices for older workers’ health and well-being. We start by arguing for a more
comprehensive and less fragmented approach to workplace practices and for practices
that can create the conditions to support both quality of working life and organisational
performance. We then suggest that WI practices offer such an approach and present
evidence that links the effects of four types of WI practices (work organisation, structure
and systems, learning and reflection, and workplace partnership) to a range of health and
well-being outcomes (health, well-being, work engagement, performance, and decisions to
delay retirement). Even though no direct empirical evidence currently exists that links WI
practices to the health and well-being of older workers, the available research gives rise
to a number of propositions for research and practice. These propositions can contribute
to the development of a fruitful line of research on the impact of WI on older workers’
health and well-being.
Keywords: Older workers, workplace innovation practices, human resource management,
health, well-being, work engagement, performance, retirement
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Dealing with economic and demographic challenges: Workplace innovation practices as
a timely and effective response to older workers' needs
Recent demographic and economic changes have dramatically affected the structure of the
workforce in many European countries, in turn resulting in a growing proportion of older
workers (Ilmarinen 2001). This has created challenges for organisations in maintaining
employee health and productivity and retaining and engaging older workers (ArmstrongStassen and Ursel 2009; Acas 2011; Armstrong-Stassen 2008). To address this, the ability to
identify HR or workplace practices that can support employee quality of working life and
prolong working lives is becoming increasingly important for ageing and older workers as
well as for the organisations faced with the challenges of the changing workforce
demographics (Armstrong-Stassen and Ursel 2009). Although there is substantial evidence
that WI practices can significantly benefit both quality of working life and organisational
performance, their relevance for older workers is yet to be summarised.
With the present review we propose that age-inclusive workplace practices are essential for
supporting all workers through ageing and older workers’ health and well-being, and in turn
for bolstering engagement and willingness to remain in an employment relationship after
official retirement age. Such practices need not to be age-specific, but they do need to be ageaware. The former requires being aware of changes thought the lifespan that all individuals go
through, whereas the latter focuses on the needs of specific demographic groups and may
inadvertently introduce bias and inequality. Thus, we distinguish between ‘ageing’ and
‘older’, and suggest that workplace practices aimed to support ageing workers need to take
into consideration how individuals change through the lifespan and be comprehensive so as to
provide the foundations for enhanced quality of working life across all ages. We then examine
how specific types of workplace practices can support ageing workers’ health and well-being,
performance and retention. Throughout, we summarise our findings into a number of
propositions for future research and practice.
The demographic challenges for maintaining quality of working life for older workers
Demographic changes across the EU have transformed the European economy and society
and created challenges for organisations and societies faced with maintaining growth and
sustainable development and employing a larger population of older workers. A decrease in
birth rate and increase in life expectancy (Eurostat 2015) have changed the workforce
composition, which now includes a growing proportion of older workers (Ilmarinen 2001;
Winkelmann-Gleed 2010). It is expected that by 2025 there will be twice as many workers
over 50 as those workers between 25 and 50 years old in most European countries (Ilmarinen
2001). These demographic and economic challenges have created a dual need to maintain
organisational performance whilst at the same time supporting older workers in a labour
market that can optimise their skills and knowledge and protect their well-being. In addition,
immigration to EU member states provides a source of human capital to cover the needs of
labour market shortages due to the on-going ageing population (Pollard et al. 2008). The
recent economic recession has also impacted dramatically on the European labour market
with older workers being severely affected (Eurofound 2012). Due to the crisis, EU Member
State governments are proceeding with cuts in public spending, thus, older workers need to
spend more on health and long-term care services (AGE Platform Europe 2012). While some
older workers would be willing to exit the labour market voluntarily or because their health
condition prevents them from working, there is a proportion of older workers who would
prefer to continue working for financial reasons (Winkelmann-Gleed 2010). However,
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employers appear to be encouraging early retirement and exit from the labour market
(Armstrong-Stassen and Ursel 2009) by placing more emphasis on labour costs rather than on
overall productivity (van Dalen, Henkens, Henderikse and Schippers 2010).
Solutions to these challenges have been proposed, including legislative changes such as
increasing the default retirement age or pension reforms (Acas 2011), assessment and
evaluation of the impact of existing labour policies and legislation relating to older workers,
incentives for preventing early retirement, encouraging job sharing, and flexible working
arrangements aimed at promoting security and quality of work (AGE 2009). One of the most
important measures has been the development of age-specific HR practices (e.g., Atkinson
and Sandiford 2016; Kooij et al. 2013) such as flexible working arrangements (e.g., part-time
work, job sharing by choice), job enrichment, and training opportunities (e.g. ArmstrongStassen 2008; Atkinson and Sandiford 2016; Kooij, Jansen, Dikkers, and De Lange 2009; Rau
& Adams 2005; Shacklock, Fulop and Hort 2007). However, there is little evidence that HR
practices can support older workers. We are lacking a comprehensive set of HR practices that
can address both demographic (i.e., prolong working lives via supporting older worker health
and well-being) and economic challenges (i.e., maintain organisational performance and
productivity).
Age-Specific and Age-Inclusive Human Resource Practices
Research has shown that through HRM organisations can offer opportunities and resources
for prolonging working lives, specifically by improving the skills, motivation and attitudes of
employees (e.g., Claes and Heymans 2008; Kuvaas 2008). Work-related motives and needs
change with age (e.g., Kanfer and Akerman 2004; Kooij et al. 2011) and these changes
subsequently affect the relevance and applicability of HR practices to different age groups of
employees (Kooij et al. 2013). Theories of lifespan development have offered useful insights
into how sources of motivation may change with age. For example, according to the selectionoptimisation-compensation model (SOC), when the losses become greater than the gains,
older workers will act differently from younger ones to develop adaptive strategies to respond
to age-related changes. Specifically, older workers more so than younger workers will tend to
use reallocation of resources, Baltes and Dickson 2001). In addition, socio-emotional
selectivity theory (SST) outlines how the motive for gaining knowledge becomes stronger
when time is perceived as “expansive”, whereas the need for selected social interaction
becomes greater when time is perceived as “constrained” (Kooij and Van De Voorde 2011:
229). Thus, a change in work motives with age will be reflected in a change in the utility of
HR practices for employees as they age (Filkenstein et al. 2015). For this reason, many
scholars have argued for age-related HR practices (e.g., Atkinson and Sandiford 2016; Kooij
et al. 2013).
In line with this, a range of studies on HRM and older workers have identified a number of
HR practices, such as flexible working arrangements, job enrichment, and training
opportunities, among others, as important for older workers (e.g., Armstrong-Stassen 2008;
Atkinson and Sandiford 2016; Kooij et al. 2009; Paul and Townsend 1993; Rau and Adams
2005; Shacklock, Fulop and Hort 2007). For instance, Armstrong-Stassen (2008) found that
extrinsic rewards, recognition, job design, performance appraisal, flexible working, training
and development opportunities, as well as pre and post-retirement opportunities can impact on
decisions to remain in the workforce. They support the case for developing age-specific HR
practices for older workers. Past research on HR practices for older workers has led to
suggestions to introduce bundles of age-specific HR practices that exhibit internal cohesion
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and consistency as an alternative to or instead of single HR practices (e.g., Kooij et al. 2010).
Although most of these studies have been broad and descriptive than specific and prescriptive,
there is evidence that age-inclusive HR bundles are relevant for organisational performance
and employee retention across all age groups (Boehm, Kunze and Bruch 2014). However,
evidence on the impact of age-inclusive HR bundles on older workers’ health and wellbeing
appears to be missing.
Ageing is a continuous process. Although the jury is still out (Salthouse 2009) on the extent to
which age-related declines in mental and physical resources (Ilmarinen 2001) and cognitive
abilities (Peeters and Van Emmerik 2008) impact on work outcomes, we know that cognitive
declines start in early adulthood (Salthouse 2009). Work-related needs and motivation are
formulated gradually through the accumulated effects of experiences built throughout the
working life (Bonnet-Belfais et al. 2014). Thus, successful ageing is determined by the impact
of likewise changing, accumulating, or diminishing, personal and work resources (e.g.,
physical strength, income, social status) on motivation across the life course (Heckhausen et
al. 2010). At the same time, because the definition of an older worker depends on a range of
changes in biological, psychological, and social functioning (De Lange et al. 2006),
researchers have proposed five different perspectives of age: chronological, functional,
psychosocial, organisational, and life span (De Lange et al. 2006). Each of these brings
different issues into focus when considering work-related outcomes and even intentions to
continue work after retirement (Kooij et al. 2008). In practice however, prevailing biased
views of severe declines in later adulthood are in the heart of age-specific HR policies, and
retirement policies and age management practices tend to apply equally as collective
measures to all workers in a given chronological age category, without taking into account or
attempting to tailor these to individuals’ capacities or needs.
Successful ageing varies substantially among and within individuals. For example, Robson et
al. (2006) suggested five criteria that individuals themselves use to ascertain successful ageing
in the workplace: (1) adaptability and health, (2) positive relationships, (3) occupational
growth, (4) personal security and (5) continued focus and achievement of personal goals. On
these, Peeters and Van Emmerik (2008: 359) observed that “the importance of the five
domains was related similarly across the age groups”. There seems to be more variation
within rather than between age groups in perceptions of ageing, and it may be possible that
when examining changes in work-related motives and needs researchers may have
overestimated the degree to which older and younger workers differ and the dimensions along
which they are also similar. Approaching ageing not as a chronological process but from as an
on-going developmental perspective makes the boundaries between ‘older’ and ‘younger’
fuzzier. In turn, such a perspective raises questions about the usability of age-specific HR
practices and the juxtaposition of older and younger workers as well-delineated and distinct
groups. Factors beyond chronological age per se may play a larger role in HR management
decisions, potentially rendering HR decisions that are solely based on age to be flawed or
irrelevant.
To complicate things, there seems to be no clear answer as to what combinations of HR
practices can contribute to performance and other work-related outcomes (Guest 2011). There
is also uncertainty around what HRM is supposed to do and a lack of an accepted
classification of HR practices (Boselie et al. 2005). Because of similarities among individuals
in criteria of successful ageing, and work-related needs and motives, it is possible to identify a
set of HR practices beneficial for health and wellbeing. Because of differences among
individuals related to age, it is also possible to identify HR practices that are more important
but not necessarily unique to different age groups. For example, Kooij, Jansen, Dikkers and
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De Lange (2010: 1111), in a meta-analysis of 83 studies, found that “that the association
between maintenance HR practices and work-related attitudes strengthens with age, and that
the association between development HR practices and work-related attitudes weakens with
age”. Thus, it is possible that the same HR practices will be important, but to different extents,
for younger and older workers’ health and well-being.
We suggest that a comprehensive set of workplace practices that can apply to all workers
regardless of their chronological age is more beneficial than specific HR practices developed
for older workers (where older is defined in chronological terms). Furthermore, such a
comprehensive set of workplace practices can help to address the foundations for quality of
working life that affect all workers, and be more proactive than ameliorative, focusing on the
organisation as a whole, and supporting essential foundations for promoting employee health
and well-being (Karanika-Murray and Michaelides 2013). Therefore, we argue that a
comprehensive set of HR practices for health and well-being is more beneficial. In the next
section we describe a range of workplace practices that can provide such a comprehensive
framework.
Proposition 1: The same set of HR practices will be important for health and well-being
among older and younger workers but to different extents
Workplace Innovation Practices
Workplace innovation (WI) practices (Pot 2011; Totterdill 2015) are a type of HR practices
that offer a comprehensive approach to promoting the health and well-being of younger and
older workers because they are concerned with the dual aims of improving the quality of
working life whilst enhancing organisational performance (Pot et al., 2012; Totterdill 2015;
Oeij et al. 2015; Kesselring, Blasy and Scopella 2014). They are defined as “developed and
implemented practice or combination of practices that structurally (structure orientation or a
focus on division of labour) and/or culturally (culture orientation or a focus on empowerment)
enable employees to participate in organisational change and renewal to improve quality of
working life and organisational performance” (Oeij et al. 2015; Karanika-Murray and Oeij,
2017). Examples include empowering job design, self-organised teams, opportunities for
reflection, learning and improvement, high employee involvement innovation practices, the
encouragement of entrepreneurial behaviour at all levels of the organisation and
representative participation in the decision-making process creating sustainable and
innovative organisations (Pot 2011; Totterdill 2015). In view of the lack of comprehensive
frameworks of HR practices, the concept of WI offers such a framework that has also been
linked to a number of desirable outcomes for older workers.
The defining characteristics of WI practices are that they (1) concern “collaboratively adopted
changes” (Oeij et al. 2012; Totterdill 2010), (2) draw evidence from a range of areas including
work organisation, human resource management, and supportive technologies (Pot 2011), (3)
focus on both structural (job design) and cultural (empowerment) changes (Oeij et al. 2015),
and (4) focus on creating the foundations for the use of skills and competencies to the fullest
extent (Totterdill, Dhondt and Milsome 2002). A combination of practices can create the
necessary conditions for organisations to maintain competitiveness along with enhancing
quality of working, or promote both organisational performance and employee health and
well-being. As Wilson et al. (2004: 567) note, “a healthy organisation is one characterised by
intentional, systematic, and collaborative efforts to maximise employee well-being and
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productivity by providing well-designed and meaningful jobs, a supportive socialorganisational environment, and accessible and equitable opportunities for career and worklife enhancement”. WI practice is widespread in many European countries but less so in the
UK. For example national programmes grounded in WI have been introduced in the
Netherlands and Finland to address the challenges of economic and political crisis (Pot,
Dhondt and Oeij 2012; Kesselring et al. 2014) and of productivity in relation to the ageing
population (Pot, Dhondt, and Oeij 2012).
Workplace innovation has been linked to reduced levels of stress, high job autonomy, lower
physical job demands, continuous development and improvement of skills and better
employment relations (Eeckelaert et al. 2012). For example, as Joyce and his colleagues
(2010) have suggested, initiatives that give workers more control in terms of working
arrangements may affect employee health and well-being positively. Similarly, Karasek
(2004) has noted that “task variety, team-working and use of autonomous production groups”
can lead to higher levels of worker control which subsequently can result in better
psychological health. It has also been found that high levels of worker control relate to better
worker health, including reduced anxiety and depression (Egan et al. 2007). In sum, there is
considerable evidence for the positive effect of WI and we suggest that it has strong potential
to help develop inherently healthy workplaces (Karanika-Murray, Hardy, Michaelides and
Wardle 2011).
Proposition 2: Workplace innovation practices can contribute to improved health and wellbeing and performance, specifically among older workers.
Work Design
Next, we discuss the available evidence on the benefits of specific WI practices (work design,
employment relations, learning and collaboration, and employee voice) for older workers.
Specifically, we seek evidence related to ageing and older workers’ health and well-being,
work engagement, performance, and retirement decisions. For some WI practices and
outcomes the evidence is scarce, but we draw from a number of diverse literatures to establish
the relevance of this group of practices to older workers.
Work autonomy includes job autonomy, flexible working, and self-organised teams. Welldesigned jobs play a vital role in employees’ ability to address challenges associated with
high job demands and low autonomy and can support increased productivity, job engagement,
and health and well-being (Häusser et al. 2010; Karasek and Theorell 1990; Totterdill 2013).
Job design is a catalyst for addressing the changing mental and physical resources that ageing
brings (Ilmarinen 1992 cited in Ilmarinen 2001). It could be assumed that a well-designed job
is characterised by a broad skills structure, where employees can exhibit creativity and, in turn
achieve improved quality of working life and well-being (Totterdill 2013).. The extent to
which employees feel ownership of the tasks can drive motivation for innovative work
behaviour, when embedded into job design, multifunctionality and interchangeability of skills
can enhance engagement and increase motivation to work beyond completing the operational
aspects of the task (Dorenbosch et al. 2005).
However, there is limited evidence on job design for older workers. When older workers have
flexibility to apply their skills and knowledge they experience increased satisfaction and
engagement. Although social characteristics of the job have not been of much research
concern, it is expected that social support and job interdependence increase engagement,
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satisfaction, and performance among older workers (Truxillo et al. 2012). Poor job design
may have detrimental effects on all employees’ health, which can, in turn, lead to early
retirement. Furthermore, poor working conditions can have an adverse impact on the quality
of work and psychological well-being (Schütte et al. 2014) and are associated with older
workers’ intentions to exit the labour market early (Kalousova and Mendes de Leon 2015;
Siegrist et al. 2007). Finally, job quality more broadly can have a significant impact on health
and ability to work until retirement age (Vermeylen 2014).
Proposition 3: Work autonomy is important for older workers’ health, well-being and
engagement with the potential to affect retirement decisions.
Flexible working can play a vital role for engaging and retaining older workers (ArmstrongStassen and Ursel 2009; Armstrong-Stassen and Schlosser 2011). It is defined as “any policies
and practices, formal or informal which permit people to vary when and where the work is
carried out” (Maxwell et al. 2007:138), but also how work is organised, and may involve, for
example, part-time employment, job sharing, home-based working, or teleworking (Atkinson
and Sandiford 2016). Research has typically focused on working patterns that fit the workers’
needs (Atkinson and Sandiford 2016). Flexible working arrangements for older workers is of
growing research concern (Atkinson and Sandiford 2016) and may involve practices such as
reducing the physical demands of the job to sustain the capacity and motivation for work
(Kooij et al. 2010; 2008). Studies have shown that the provision of flexible working
arrangements can prevent early retirement of workers over 50 years old (Christensen and
Catsouphes 2005).
Proposition 4: Flexible working arrangements can contribute to the engagement and
retention of older workers
Work organisation also involves the creation of autonomous or semi-autonomous empowered
teams, where employees have power to schedule tasks or control the production line (e.g.
Junior and Novaski 2011; Kirkman and Rosen 1999). Several studies have examined the
relationship between teamwork and performance, showing, for example, that teamwork that
allows to make suggestions about improving production has a positive effect upon
performance (Kuippers and de Witte 2005). Similarly, self-managed teams have been shown
to have higher performance and better group functioning as compared to traditional teams
(Cohen and Ledford 1994).
There is evidence for reciprocal benefits of teams that consist of a mix of older and younger
workers. Not only older workers can contribute to team performance but also that teamwork
may benefit physical or cognitive decline. The demographics of work teams, as in the whole
workforce, are changing due to the growing proportion of older workers (Acas 2011). This
can have teamwork management implications. For example, failing to understand the effects
of age composition on team performance may result in subsequent failure to develop effective
and productive teams (Gellert and Kuippers 2008). Furthermore, teamwork may play an
important role in older workers’ work-related needs in dealing with the onset of physical and
cognitive decline (Kooij et al. 2009). There is evidence that older workers may contribute
positively to team performance, and therefore developing workplace practices that focus on
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team performance is necessary in order to improve the participation of older workers in the
labour market (Gellert and Kuippers 2008).
Proposition 5: The quality of teamwork is associated with older workers’ intention to retire
Employment Relations
The second element involves management support, increased sense of fairness and
appreciation as well as openness. Because organisational walls and increased layers of
hierarchy can halt and undermine the way people work together, co-create and innovate
preventing employees from benefiting from different expertise, skills and knowledge around
them (Totterdill 2015), increased job autonomy ought to be accompanied by decentralisation
of authority. Introducing autonomous working teams and reduced hierarchies can improve
communication and autonomy in non-managerial employees (Appelbaum et al. 2000),
whereas decentralised structures and systems that are consistent and fair and “reciprocated
communication” between line managers and employees are important for developing a culture
of trust (Saunders and Thornhill 2003).
Additionally, high involvement and participation are associated with a sense of fairness within
the workplace. When employees feel that their efforts are fairly rewarded they are more likely
to innovate, going beyond the fulfilment of work tasks, but when they feel that their efforts
are under-rewarded, they are less likely to exhibit innovative work behaviour (Janssen 2000).
However, it is unclear whether extrinsic rewards are more relevant than intrinsic rewards.
Research has shown that expectations of financial rewards (extrinsic motivation) that are met
can increase a sense of fairness (Frey et al. 2011) and drive innovative behaviour
(Ramamoorthy et al. 2005). The consensus is that the convergence of extrinsic rewards and
intrinsic motivation have an accumulated positive effect upon employees’ creativity,
eliminating the “over-erosion” effect of extrinsic rewards (Zhou et al. 2011:88). Specifically,
rewards revolving around active encouragement, higher job responsibility, increased learning
opportunities and career development, and good relationships among co-workers can support
intrinsic motivation and innovative behaviour (Zhou et al. 2011).
With regards to older workers, the more motivated they are by their work, the less likely they
are to exit the labour market (Kanfer and Ackerman 2004). In contrast, Sterns and Miklos
(1995) suggested that job control greatly matters for older workers. Despite the limited
research on ageing and work motivation (Kanfer and Ackerman 2004), it is known that
opportunities to pass knowledge to younger workers can affect older workers’ decision to
remain in employment (Mountford 2013). Furthermore, intrinsic motivation can have a
positive effect on health and the sustainability of work (Vermeylen 2014).
Proposition 6: Increased sense of fairness in how work efforts are rewarded can have a
positive effect on older workers’ motivation and intention to stay.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20117 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package fr.arsenelapostolet.plexrichpresence.model;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.List;
@Data
public class Medium {
public String audioChannels;
public String audioCodec;
public String bitrate;
public String container;
public String duration;
public String id;
public List<Part> part = null;
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20118 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using IdentityServer4.Models;
using IdentityServer4.Services;
using Moq;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Xunit;
using FluentAssertions;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory;
using FakeItEasy;
namespace IdentityServer4.Contrib.RedisStore.Tests.Cache
{
public class CachingProfileServiceTests
{
private readonly FakeProfileService inner;
private readonly FakeCache<IsActiveContextCacheEntry> cache;
private readonly FakeLogger<FakeCache<IsActiveContextCacheEntry>> logger;
private readonly CachingProfileService<FakeProfileService> profileServiceCache;
private readonly IMemoryCache memoryCache;
public CachingProfileServiceTests()
{
inner = new FakeProfileService();
memoryCache = new MemoryCache(new MemoryCacheOptions());
logger = new FakeLogger<FakeCache<IsActiveContextCacheEntry>>();
cache = new FakeCache<IsActiveContextCacheEntry>(memoryCache, logger);
profileServiceCache = new CachingProfileService<FakeProfileService>(inner, cache, new ProfileServiceCachingOptions<FakeProfileService>(), Mock.Of<ILogger<CachingProfileService<FakeProfileService>>>());
}
[Fact]
public async Task AssertHitingDataStoreAtLeastOnce()
{
var principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity(new List<Claim> { new Claim("sub", "1") }));
var context = new IsActiveContext(principal, new Client(), "test");
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
context.IsActive.Should().BeTrue();
logger.AccessCount["Cache hit for 1"].Should().Equals(2);
}
[Fact]
public async Task AssertIsInactive()
{
inner.IsActive = cxt => cxt.IsActive = false;
var principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity(new List<Claim> { new Claim("sub", "1") }));
var context = new IsActiveContext(principal, new Client(), "test");
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
context.IsActive.Should().BeFalse();
}
[Fact]
public async Task AssertExpiryOfCacheEntry()
{
var profileServiceCache = new CachingProfileService<FakeProfileService>(inner, cache, new ProfileServiceCachingOptions<FakeProfileService>() { Expiration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1) }, Mock.Of<ILogger<CachingProfileService<FakeProfileService>>>());
var principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity(new List<Claim> { new Claim("sub", "1") }));
var context = new IsActiveContext(principal, new Client(), "test");
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
Thread.Sleep(1000);
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
await profileServiceCache.IsActiveAsync(context);
context.IsActive.Should().BeTrue();
logger.AccessCount["Cache hit for 1"].Should().Equals(2);
}
}
}
|
gardenillustrate01robi_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | '!'o her of all "the daughters of the year," of all Mowers in hothouse, greenhouse, or garden, we may reverently apply the words of the wisest and greatest of all gardeners, " Alauy daughters have done virtuously, but thou cxccllest them all." I have "a list of roses grown at (Jauntcm IManor," made at a time when I niay be said to have taken my degree, after four years' study, as a rosarian, namely, in the yeai' 18t9,and at the end of it thei'e is a smnniary consisting of '.t&2 varieties. (_)f these, how mail}', think you, are now available for the censor's eye at a rose-show ? Tivodiihj-- Adam and lDcvoniensi,s. And :!-'')5 liave long ago disapjieared from the scene, leaving, with the two fore-named, Blairii No. 2, still one of the loveliest, but ('\l>aneling too soon for exhibition; Coupe d'Hebe, charmuig as a tree, l)ut small in its individual flowers; Comte de Paris, a bright, fresh, tea-scented ro.se ; (Jeant des Batailles, retained as jiensioner for Ijrilliant service on the tented field ; and Safranot. beautiful for tlu^ button-hole when ifadame l''aleot is away. All gone b\it these; and yet there was a time when they realised our ideal, and satisfied our desire; when wo believed that Clvandissima deserved her title, and took olT our hat (o Keine des Bcautes, and shimld have c.-illed a man out had he hinted a suspicion as to that rose's modesty who said of hcrscir, " Jti'iiii- in: me sHri>i)s,ii:" We were never tired of admiring our Aurora, our Ainn^e Vibert.cnir Beaut)' of Billiard (not rijised by "Jonathan." or ]?oberts ^irjv, but red as the ball which they love to see in proximity to the middle ])ocket), our t'elina aiul Ceres, our Daphne and lOmerance, our Arelanie Cornu and New Village Maid, our OrjihiiMe and I'ulcherie. our Keine des Vierges. and our Sophie Duval. Aiul then, because we appreciated that uliiclr was given jo us so lieai'tily (anil foimd, as always, in such an a])preeiation the main sccri't of earthly happiness), because loveliness is not the cause only, but the result, of deep and innocent love, new • Sec p. 5, mile, gifts were granted, and new graces shone. Because we served so loyally, so faithfully, we wore commended as true knights for higher enterprise, admitted to a more noble company, and rewarded by the smiles of yet more radiant beauty. First there came to us a great ehamjiion, a might)' con- t|ueror flushed with victory, whom we called our Giant of Battles. We made him by acclamation our commander-ui- chief, and as he glowed in brilliant uniform at the head of his troops, with a superior form and brightness, we thought that we had fotvnd ])erfection; and when a report reached us that an officer, yet more handsome and moi'e vigorous, was to be promoted over him, there was doubt, and dismay, and disorganization in Queen Rosa's Army. But whoi CJcneral Jacqueminot came upon the scene, incredulity and mdignation disajipeared from it, arm in arm, and every ■soldier accepted for his chief this General Jac — the Giant- killer. Wo were r|uitc sure that now, at all events, our hero was invincible. To every war of the roses, ho came, and saw (no, not saw, for he had never an "eye'"), and conquered. The hero of a hundred fights, he was entering upon a second century of trium])h, when music, martial, jubilant, audacious, ])reluded the apjiroach of a rival, " '\\Tia would na' die for Charlie ? " was the air selected, and jireseutly l\oyal Charlie himself (I can only explain the sobriquet of Lefcbvrc liy suj)- ]iosing it to be a corruption of la fiirre, the fever, which raged among rosarians on his arrival) drew near, with such an over- whelming power and majesty that the general at once tendered his sword, and himself led the kuig to his throne, A like development of beauty has been manifested in the otlicr varieties of tlie rose. In white roses, our old favourites, the Princesses Clementine and Lamballe, Mesdames Hardy and Zoctmans, have been supersedeil at coui-t by Mesdames Rivers and Vidot, by Mademoiselle Loui.se Magnan, the beau- tiful Baroness do Rothschild, and others. In ]iink roses, our well-loved Duchess of Sutherland and Baronne Prcvost are sujiplanted by such flowers as Madame Furtado, Theresc Lcvet, and Marquise de Castellane. In yellow roses, our " Jaune de Smith," our Harrisonii, Persian Yellow, and Solfaterre have succiunl led before Marechal Niel ; and in the darker varieties, our Boula de Nantouil, D'Aguesseau, and Ohl, "pale their ineffectual fire " in the presence of Pierre NottLug, Prince Camillc dc Rohan, and Xavicr Olibo. And every summer brings some accession (I once heard a gardener describe a new chrysanthemum as "a beat on Hob") in colour or in foi'm — some novelties, of which more anon. Meanwhile, to whom shall we give our thanks and our praise, when we have ]n'otfered them reverently to the Giver of all good — to whom, as being His agents p Not to botanists. Not to men of science, falsely so called, who never "iiii,sed" ii flower in their lives. Not to the anatomist, who glories in his museum of malformations, and describes, but iirescribcs not for, disease, who would rather dissect the dead than revive the living, and has more ^ileasure in his herbarium, with skeletons dry and sere, than in gardens of life and beauty. Not to liini, liut to the gardener, whose love and skill and industry have, humanly .sjieaking, gained these treasures for us; who tends with a complete devotion, blends with all the wisdom of ex|)ei'ience and thought, and waits with an untiring ho)ie. To him, our thanks; to him, and to such as hiin, to all gardenei's who deserve the name, lie they owners, occupiers, or servants, whether they "walk in silk attire," or wear iiurple baize, we dedicate and inscribe The Gakdkx, THE BOG-OAKDEN.' As to the i^lanting of the select artificial bog, all that i.s needed is to imt as many of the undermentioned subjects in it as can be obtained, and to avoid ]il:intiiig in it any nipid-running sedge or other plant. Whin this is done, all satisfaction with the bog is at an end. Numbers of carexes and like ])lants grow so rajiidly and densely that they soon exterminate idl the beautiful bog-]ilants. Jf any roots of sedges. Ac., are brought ill with the peat, every blade they .send U]) ,should be cut off with the knife just below the surface: that is. if tiie weed cannot be ])ulled up from being too near sotne jiix-cious subject one does not like to disturb. All wlio \vish to grow the tall • Sec p. 7, i'lile. 24 THE GARDEi^^ [Dec. 2, 1871. sedges and othei* coai-se bog-plauts sliould do so by the poud- side or in one or more moist or watery places set apart for the purpose. Given the necessary conditions as to soil and water, I can testify that the success of the bog-garden will deiiend on the continuous care bestowed in preventing rapidlj-- growing or coarse jiliints from exterminating others, or from taking such a hold in the soil that it becomes imjjossiblc to grow any delicate or minute plant in it. Couch and all weeds should be exterminated when very j-oung and small. The following arc the bog and marsh plants at jn'esent most worthy of culture ; but there are uumbers not yet .in cultivation, equally lo\ely. ' A Selectio.v of Choice Boti-PL.vxrs. Anajtailis tenella; Biitomus umbcllatus; Calla pahistris; Caltha in var. ; Campanula hcrleracca ; Chrysobactron Hookcri ; Cojitis trif oliata ; Cornug canadensis; Crinam capcnsc ; Cypripcilium spcctabile ; Drosera invar.; Epipactis palustris; Galax aphylla; Gentiana Pneumonanthe ; Urlonias bullatus; Hydrocotylebonariensis; Iris graminca, Monnieri, ochrulcaca, sibirica : Leucujuni ajstivam, Hemanclezii ; Linnaja bo- realis ; LL)belia sypliilitica ; L^'copodium in var. ; Menyanthes tri- foliata; Myosotisdissitiflora, palustris; Niei'emboi'giarivulai-is; Orchis latifolia and vars., laxifloi-a, raaculata; Orontium aquaticum ; Pin. •raicula in var. ; Primula Munroi, sikkiniensis ; Ehc.xia virginica ; .Siittittiiriain var. ; Sarracenia purpurea ; Saxif raga Hirculus ; Spigelia Diarilandica ; Sivertia pcrcnnis ; Tolieldia in var. ; Tradescantia vir- ginica ; Trillium. The above ai-e most suitable for the select bog-bed kept for the most beautiful, rare, and delicate plants'; and among these, as has been stated, should be plauted nothing which cannot be i-cadily kept within bounds. To them lovers of British plants might like to add such native plants as Malaxis paludosa ; but it is better, as a rule, to select the finest, no matter whence the_y come. Some may doubt if the American pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, would prove hardy in the open air in this country. It certainly is so, as one might ex]aect from its high northern range in America. It will thi'ive in the wettest ]iart of the bog-garden. In America I usually observed the liitchers half buried in the water and sphagnum, the roots being in water. In British gardens it usually perishes from want of water. The following is a selection of vigorous marsh and water-side plants whicli may be planted in any sufficient!}' moist positions, and left to struggle with each other for existence : — A Selection or Vigokous JImish -Vnd 'W.vteu-side Plaxts. Acorns Calamus, gramincus ; Alisma in var. : Aster Tripoliura, and coarse varieties; Butomusumljcllatus; Calla ajthiopica, palustris; Caltha paiastris ; Carcx paniculata, pendula, Pseud<)-C}'])erus ; Cyperus longus: Epilubiani hirsutum; Eqnisetum in var. ; Eriophomm in A'ar. ; Eui)atorium in var. ; Glyceria aquatica ; Gnnncra scabra ; Hibiscus in var. (Xorth American herbaceous kinds); Hippuris vulgaris; Hoiit- tuynia cordata ; Iris Pseudacoras ; Leucanthcnuun lacusti'e.; Lysi- machia thjTsifioi'a ; Lythriun Salicaria, and its var. rosea ; M3'osotis palustris ; OEnanthc listulosa ; Osmunda in var. ; Phormiuni tenax ; Pontcdcria cordata; Pyrcthrum scrotinum; RanunciUus aqnaticus. Lingua; RuniexHydrolapathum ; Sagittaria in var. ; Scirpuslacustris; Sparganiuni in var. ; Typha, all the kinds. A group of the boldest of this last selection is strikuigl}- effective in the picturesque garden. CoxnucTOK. SEDUMS AND SAXIFRAGES. We are beginning to appi'eciate the advantages in an artistic ])oint of view of middle ami neutral tints, as well as bright colours in the ])ictnrcs we paint in our gardens with livuig ])lants and Howers. and we have, fortunately', at command, and amenable to cultural skill, a ti'ibe of plants that cnaljles us to shade off our floi'al sketches by soft gradations of brown, and grey, and green. The hardy Sediims and Saxifrages not only enable ns to do this in summer, but they help us to relieve and brighten oui' winter gardens ; and, associated with early bulbs and those S|iring Howers whitli are deficient in foliage, they give the balance of green that is required and carp'jt the dull, dried ground with their soft and s]n-ing-like verdure ; ami their value in the winter and spring garden is not only in the pleasing effect they produce. The bulbs and roots of iilants with which thov are associated are effectually screened from the effects of frost, or trying changes of tcmperatiu'e. No ordinary frost would jienetrate a healthy tuft of Saxifraga b\-])noides. I have two beds filled with Scilla bifolia and Scilla sibirica, the surface of which is brightened with a selection of Sedums, Saxifrages, and Scmpervivums, Fragile as the flower stalks of the Scillas seem, they force their way through the green carpet of Stonecrop and Saxifrage, and seem to eiijoy the association. It is only by planting in masses that we are able-to realise the effect tlrcse simple plants are capable of givbig ; and tr obtain vigorous examples prcsentuig the distinctive character- istics of the tribe, it is best to divide and replant cither iiunually or bienuiall}', according to the growth of the varietj'. Although many of the Saxifrages will live almost anywhere, starx'ation no more agrees with theur than with other jilants. This may be readily seen, if the dwarfed, stinted, pot-bound speci- mens sometimes found in a botanic or nursery collection are com]iared with plants placed m cii'cumstaiices favourable to their full development. The hint that is conveyed to us by Jilants that spread out and extend over the ground annually, should be understood to mean .that one year's growth and occupanc}- of the ground exhausts its fertilitj', and new soil is required for further growth. , I have mentioned the utility of some of the Sedums asso- ciated with bulbs. Their application in the spring garden may be extended to many combinations. Masses of Ei'ica herbacca are brightened, and thrown up, and rendered more eff eetiv ; by " a base of Sedum acre aureum. The same Sednm, plai ted with Lamium maeulatum, helps to bring out the rather anil variegation of that spring jilant. Combined without advan- titious aid, a mass of varied Sedum and Saxifrage is sure to invite attention and admiration. Thus, a bed composed of a central mass of Saxifraga gerauioides, ii."~Ted by a broad green band of Saxifraga hypuoides, succeeded by Sedum glaucum and Sedum acre aureum, and fringed by Sedum rupestre, is not the least attractive bed in the spring garden. Next year I hope to emploj' that gem amongst Saxifrages S. longifolia. That bright star is, with me, somewhat nebulous as yet. I may, ijerhaps, be allowed to indicate for your amateur readers a few of the most effective and manageable Sedums and Saxifrages for winter and spring gardenmg. Foremost on the list is certauily Sedum acre avireum. The Sedum known as S. glaucimi in Loudon garden .s is of equal value with the foregoing, and affords a very useful middle tint, of light grey. S. rupestre assumes a ciirason tinge in the sjn-ing. Amongst Saxifrages, S. longifolia stands conspicuous. Its beauty is dne to the accuracy of its star-like form. S. oppositifolia pyrenaica is distuiguished by the profusion of rosy blossoms it produces early in the year. Saxifraga hypnoides and its varieties are essential in a collection of these, S. juniperina. spathulata and ]nilchella are useful specibs, affordmg tufts of the brightest green; Saxifraga C03,spitosa, S. ceratophylla, and S, geranioides, are also hard}' and easily managed kinds, which may be usefully worked to anj' artistic arrangement that may be desired. Bch'oh: Wii. IxGR-VM. Notes on Hardy Plants I now adopt the plan of mulching my mixed border and never digging them, and in some cases I go further. On my peat-bed and fernery I do not remove the fallen leaves that may accumulate there, but I cover them over with a slight mulching of cocoa-nut refuse. In this way I imitate nature, who, by a thick covering of leaves, provides against the ill effects of plants throwing themselves out of the ground. The majorit}' of plants die everj' year ; but nature meets that by a mulching of leaves, which become soil. If I could dare to brave the imputation of untidiness I would not cut anything down till the spring. You may be sure the flower-stems and decaying root-leaves are an immense protection in winter. I have mixed borders right up to the drawing- room windows. Of course I am rather particular what plants I put there. As an instance, I will jast describe to yon one small bed near the drawing-room. It is perhaps ten feet long and eight feet ■widCi, The back is filled with ,4/-if»r'o Raijoinowd-ii andA.falcafa, one corner witli Pi'.<fciri(i terebinth ux^ the ^^■a\\ with Birjnnnia capreolaia; another is filled with a large clump of Zrni^clineria ealifornica, and a fourth with Arantlias latifclius ; at other stations are shrubs of Berheris WaUichiana and HijiJmnriea qiiercifoUa. The centre is filled with anything, and near the edge are Nareissi, Lathijriis tnhernstii',' &c. There is no formality, and there is plenty of interest. Lilies never did well here, so I put on my considcring-cap about two years Dec. 2, 1871.] THE GAEDEN. ago, and marie them a special bed for themselves. I chose the loirast paft of the garden. There I dug out my bed two feet deep ; I filled six inches of this iritli brick and other rubble, and the remaining eighteen inches «-ith coarse rirer sand and garden soil in equal quan. tities. In this I planted my lilies, putting no manure ; but, when they had been in a year, I mulched the surface mth rotten manure, and shall do this again. Hitherto the result has quite satisfied me. The spaces between the lilies I intended to fill with 0-xalises, but la.st winter destroyed many of them. Those that surviTod evidently like the soil much, and in the fi'ont, now, I have Croci, and other small bulbs I have a large bed of Yuccas, and another bed edged with Erica, but the soils are totally different — one is a stiffish clay, the other sand. Have you ever ktio'\\ni Anmdo Dona.\ vei'sicolor really hardy .' I have not. Polygonum cnspidatum, grown in the lawn, is a grand p'ant with me, measuring ten or' eleven feet high. I should add, that no one should ever condemn a plant for its first year's show. Many plants do not show their full beauty till well establislicd. As re(^ u'ds Adcnophora, the best is A. verticillata, but it is scarce. I once had it fine, but lost it by dividing for a friend. With respect to Alstrajmcrias, nobody need 'trouble about planting them deep ; they mil soon get deep enough. I have been trying to destroy them in one place, and cannot, because I cannot reach them. Aponogeton distachyon is quite hardy in water that does not freeze (running water). It is so grown at Edinburgh. The verj- finest Aquilegia is fonnosa — bright red. Aram crinitiim has the peculiarity of not putting in an appearance at all the year after flowering — nt least, that is its habit here. Asarum ^^rginicum is well worth growing for its mottled leaves ; but where can it be got ? As,irum is one of the vciy best plants to grow in dense shade, or in dry places under ti-ces. liitton. W. H. Ei.L.vcoMiiE. WATER-MARGINS MaN'V people like a little water in their g.nrdcti, and make a little pond, or ])erha])S a big one if they can afEord it. Yet how few of these ponds, lakes, or whatever they m.ay be called, ever give the satisfaction desired, and why ? Obviously, because we make our little bits of water too bald, too ))uny. ami altogether different from what wo find in nature. The chief difference between the. two lies for the most part in the setting or margin, about the treatment of which there is much misconception. Let us, therefore, give to water-margins some little attention, in order that we may discover what it is they require to set the water off to advantage. 1 Mas, a little while ago, inspecting a ]iiecc of water, the margin of which I covdd not help admiring. At one part a sweet flat meadow stretched a long nanow lip completely into the water, which a little r Margin of Loch Achniy. fan her on was overhung wi(h trees and bushes; then cami' a jiait h of re(His, half couee.aling the pebbly bed of tlio mouth of a little brook; bushes again, and in one part liltic trees, through which tliii water lookeil, as it always does un<ler such circnmstanci^s, ]>articiilarly pleasing. Water sjilashing and dashing in .some placi's, ami sweetly flowing in a long suggestive line in others, has often engaged the pen of the jioet, and is not nnfrequently founil on tlie canvas of the ]iainter. but we seldom meet with it in gardens. Wo have a dreadful way of making the banks turn down and dip stittly into the water, and of making the margin <piite fonnal. It is a mistake to call neatly-roumled margins nn imitation of nature; and yet they are fondly believed to be so. Wo must not depend on the mere presence of water for striking effect ; it should be tastefully relieved and made presentable in a framework or margin skilfully conceived ; just as a nosegay is relieved and softened by the leaves of femi and other greenery with which it is smTouuded. The accom- panying illustration, showing the beautiful margin of Loch Achray, which I sketched last autumn, will indicate how iumieasurably su])erior nature's margins are to those with which we are satisfied in our gardens. ' A. D. THE FLOWER-GARDEN, &c., FOR DECEMBER. BY G. WESTL.VND, WITLKY COURT. Flower-Garden. — Here the summer occupants of beds have beeu cleared off, and they are now, for the most part, replanted with spring-flowering plants. If bulbs for early blooming are not yet planted, make it a rule to plant nothing without a green groumlwork of some kind to cover the soil. Arabis, Aubrietia, Violets, Sedunis, Saxifrages, Daisies, Prinuoses, Forget-me-Xots, and similar plants are admirably adapted for the pmijose. Decorating the spring garden so as to yield a constant succession of flowers constitutes one of tlio most interesting phases of modeni flower-gardeuiiig. I ])lant bulbs by the thousand ; but I cover the raw earth about them with au evergi-een or vaiTegated carpet. How this is done will be stated in duo time. In the summer arrangements much may be done in the way of substituting for common-place effects refined and artistic combinations. With the great variety of hardy ornamental i)lants of all forms and colours which we 'possess, we have material enough of the most varied and effective description for making noble and striking groups, thus lessening to a great extent the use of tender bedding-plants, which would be a decided gain. Whilst thus advocating, however, greater variety in tlio way of planting our beds, let it not be inferred that I do so to tho exclusion of tender exotics and sub-tropical plants. On the contrai-y, I believe them to be indispensable, iu the highest sense of the won!, to effect, when used in moderation. For a few well-arrungcd beds ma)" give the greatest amount of satisfaction. Our requirements for tender plants have become so great as to make it a matter of serious importance as to how they are to be managed, as adequate acconnno- dation and labour have not by any means kept pace with the mania for high colouring. If not already done, ])n)tect all choice plants likely to suffer from frost, and endeavour to render such protection as little objectionable as possible, by finishing off with a garniture of evergreen sprays. Magnolias and standard Bays should have some slight covering of sjiruce <u- light evergreen branches, and the stems should be bandaged with hay. The Pampas Grass often succundjs to tho severity of our winters. Iu its native habitats this gmss is parched up whilst iit rest ; therefore wo onght to preserve the roots in ns dry a state as possible in winter. See also that Canna roots left iu tho ground have suflicient iirotection. Prune and nail hardy crec|>ci-s upon walls and pillars, and tie in such as are on Inttice-wurk. Holly. hocks, allowed to renuiiii out all winter, secure against wet and slugs by placing cinder-ashes round them. See that plants reciuiriuR support are secured against high winds. Take advantage of frosty weather to turn compost lieaps, and lose no opp(UtuniIy of collecting refuse to rot down for nuinure. Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, &c.— Annual and biennial plants raised in sunnner and early autumn may now be lnins)>huitcd into the positions in which they are to bhuim, giving them in all cases light and well.dmined open soils. Lilies of all kinds nuiy now bo tninsplanted. having the positions fidly pre|iared previously, so that thcv niav not be kept out of the ground. Lilies often suffer imuli, or perish, fiom being exjiosed to the air. All other bidbs may be trans, lilanted now. Alpine plants will recpiiro little or im attention, beyond scattering a little fine earth cu- loaf-mould or coci>a.|'ibre auanig such a-s have grown or pushed up a little out of the earth, and which aix' in ecmsequence likely to perish fron\ cold drying wimls. Herbaceous Iilanis nuiy be truiisplanleil with safety in almost any weather, ihougli it is not desirable to move lliem when the ground is frazeu dci'p. Shrubberios.--A8 soon as the leaves have fallen, nikp them to- gel her, and cover them with soil, so that when they have rotted Ihey may lie returned as manuixi to the ground from which they havo bee"n collected, .\void the usual practiie of digging shrubberies : for there is no greater ntistake iu reference to garden managemetit than periodically root-pruning plants, the majority of which have not a root to spare. Shrubberries shcadd not show any margin of niw soil, for the Covering of which we have tluuisanda of dwarf ever, green jdants that might be made to look very oftective in such situatjoiia. Bulbous ].lants, too, pushing their way through tlm low green boughs are by no means unwelcome. I have seen a. teiTace.sIopo jilanted entirely with Juniperus sabiniana, through 26 THE GARDEN. [Dec. 2, 1871. which, in thc-spviiig time, thousands of bulbs thi-cw up their flowers ; and nothing could be more charming. Sliinibbories en )j(a.sse should consist of a well-chosea combination of the iinest evergreen and flowering shrubs, so arranged as to flu^lish the greatest amount of vuriet}^ aud striking effect. Rose-Garden — Transplanting may now be done with advantage ; and if new kinds have to bo procured, the sooner they are got and ]ilanted now the better. Before planting, however, take care that the stations for them are properly prepared by removing part, if not the ■whole, of the old soil to the depth of eighteen inches, and replacing it with fresh compost of the proper kind. Everyone knows that the rose deUghts in a strong soil, and that it will take any reasonable quantity of rich manure. Hence each variety, after it is planted, should be mulched with rotten dung; and the beds mil also be all the better for a similar supply. When planting, make the plants secui'c by means of stakes. But do not prune, beyond cutting off the points of straggling branches, until frost has left us. Some of the more tender kinds of Tea aud Bourbon roses may require protection ; dwarfs may be pegged down and covered mth diy fern. And a handful of di'y fem fronds dra^Ti into the head of a standard rose, and well secured, is not a bad protection, that is if the snow is not allowed to lay or melt and run into it. Dryness is the point to be attained. In some localities it may be requisite to lift Tea-roses and l)lace them under protection for the winter. Pits and Frames. — As a general rule everythiug in these should be kept as quiet as possible, and no encouragement given to induce a weakly growth. Give an abundance of air on every favourable opportunity ; using fire-heat only in case of frost, or to c.xpeldamp in wet, foggy weather. Remove decaying leaves and water sparingly. Alternantheras and similar plants, which are so useful in'pattem-bed- ding, should not be overlooked, but afforded heat of from fifty-five to sixty degrees. Violets should be uncovered on fine days ; giving them occasionally weak manure-water. They are impatient of much nui'sing. FLORISTS' FLOWERS. Auriculas in cold frames will now be at rest. Any decaying leaves on them should be removed as they appear, and when the weather is mild, plenty of air should be given them. The foilage, and especially the hearts of the plants should be kept perfectly drj'; water must be given sparingly, and chiefly to those plants which appear to flan*. Dui-ing frost the frames should be kept closely shut. — Carnations aud Picotees in pots, which will also be in cold frames, should be kept as near the glass as possible. Plenty of air should be given them. AVater should be given onlj' in the morning, aud withheld altogether in frosty weather. Decaying leaves should be removed, the surface of the soil kejit clean, and the plants must not be crowded too much together. — Cinerarias should be kept near the glass, but secm-e from frost. Air should be given them, but they should be kept free from cold draughts, which curl their leaves. Keep the plants growing b^- shifting them into larger pots as required, aud Icill gi'een.fly by means of fumigation. — Dahlia roots should be kept dry and free from frost, and they should be looked over occasionally in order to remove decay- iug tubers. — Hollyhocks may bo wintered in a dry, cold frame, where air can be admitted. Old roots in the ground should be lifted, put in ])ots, and placed in a cold frame to get cuttings from in February. All decaying leaves shoiUd be removed as fast as they appear. — Pansies in beds should be secured against wind, by means of pieces of sticks or pegs, and in hard weather protected by placing a few small branches of spruce Jii-s among them. The beds should be fully six inches above the paths in the centre, and rounded, in order to throw off rain. In cold, damp localities, it is best to lift the plants and to ])lant them in a cold frame, or the smaller ones can be put 4u small ])ots. — Pinks should also have their branches similarly secured, and after heavy rains it is well to stir the sm-face soil of the beds, as they get beaten down by heavy autumn rains. Should the plants be lifted by the action of frost, they should bo gently pressed into the bods when a thaw sets iu. — When the Ranunculus is planted in some- what heavy soil, it will be well to lay a few boards, or some otlier covering, over the beds to throw off tlic rain. Excessive moisture at this season is injurious. — Verbenas, whether as old plants for stock or as cuttings in store pots, should be placed in a warm, dry position near the glass in a greenhouse, and kept only moist enough to keep them alive. The plants should also be kept as clean as possible. B. Deax. Asphalte Roads.— Those hnvo been subjected to a sc-vcvo Icsl in London, iunl Imve been fouml to answer well. Wbat a bajipiness for those who hnvo cars! A wasjjon conveying a large granite block, the weight of wliieb, including the vehicle, was twenty -three tons, iiassed over the asphalte in t'heapsiac the other (lay wit.hont makins; any abrasion, or causing it the slightest injm-v. The police are under the impression that fewer horses fall, and are ceitain that no more fall on it than upon gr.inite. It has, therefore, been decided to pave many other streets viith Val-de-Travers compressed asphalte. PYRETHRUMS. A TEW words ou the culture aud propagation of these now some, what fashionable plants may not be unacceptable to many who have a garden, and, perhaps, very little glass They are, I need scarcely say, ijcrfectly hardy, and I know of no family of plants that has made such advances during these last ten years as the Pyrethrums. They have now become as beautiful as many of our China Asters, and they have the advantage of flowering at a tlifferent season, which makes them more acceptable, viz., from May omvard tlrrough the summer months. If required for the ornamentation of herbaceous beds or borders, where the ground is in "good heart" that is what they want, and if tied to some slight supports while in flower, they will aftenvards take care of themselves. As the old flower-stems die down they should be removed, as that will give the plants fresh vigour to throw up flower-stems again. If intended for pots for exhibition piu'poses or otherwise, they should be taken up from the ground in spring, as soon as they show au}^ aiipcarancc of growth, picking out carefully the old soil, and potting in good fibrous loani and rotten dung or vegetable mould, using a moderate amount of drainage, and phmging them in leaf mould, or something of that kind, to keep them from drying at the roots. As they advance in growth the.y reciuire a good supply of water ; aud, when coming into flower, a little liquid manure will prove beneficial to them. As regards propagation, the jiropcr time for that is early in spring. Take the plants up, shake all soil from them, and jnill them to pieces, putting them in .small pots, and placing them in a cold frame for a few weeks, until they become estabUshed. Care should be taken not to keep them too close, as they arc apt to damp. When established they may be planted out in their proper quarters. The following are all first-rate double kinds, varying in colours from white, blush, yellow, and red, to dark crimson, being, infact, a selection from about fifty varieties, viz. : — Boule de Neige. Carneum, Candidum. Delieatissimum. Dr. Livingstone. Elegantissimum. Eximium. rioribundfim. Pnlgens plenissimum. Galathec. Mivtic Numertj, TuiAimj. Gloire de.StaUe. Gustave Hertz. Hermann Stenger. Imbricatum. Iveryanum. ■Luteum. Lady Blanche. Madame Billiard. ,, Munier. M. Barral. Mrs. Dix. Rev. J. Dix. Nancy. Kemesis. Niveum. Paul Jouma. Rosoum. ,, album. ,, perfection. Rubrum. T. Bhow.n-. N ATU R E'S GARDENS, NIAGARA.' A cniEP reason for speaking of ttis oft-described sijot i.s a desire to jileaci for the preservation intact of such amagiiiticeut scene. The vrhole is so vast aud so far out of man's control that ]iro)jably nothing man or machineiywill do can evei' cause it to l^e other than a place of the highest interest ; but it may be injured and deteriorated hi various ways — nay, it certainly will be so if precautionary measures be not taken. One of the islands is alreadj- the homo of a connnon-place paper-mill; persons are here aud there allowed to levy blaok-maU ou spots that ought to be C|uitc free to the jiublic ; the " leprosy of White Hotels " has broken out in one or two spots, ;ind a "museiun" (stuffed with double-headed calves, a fine .s]iccimen of a "miunmy," with a full red beard, &c.). the proprietor of which assured me that his collection was far finer than that in Grreat ussell-sti-eet, is allowed to jjlant itscH by the margin of the noble river. Looking at the magniflceut Horse-shoo Fall from the central island, the eye is caught by a wretched block of a "tower," erected no doubt to afford a view, which is not so good as may Ijo obtahicd near at hand from the island. Suppose' this kind of "improvement" goes ou, the charms of the scene must perish to a great extent. In a grettt country like America, where land has in many cases a merely nominal value, all such glorious scenes as this should be preserved for the ]jul)lic for e\-er. That could be easily done in this case by reserving a strip oF land along the margin, so that the towns and factories would not protrude themselves so as to be reflected in the water. There is jilenty of room for towns and hotels w-ithout allowing them to destroy the woods and copses that frame this glorious picture ! The Government has reserved * See p. 16, (nite. / Diic. 2, 1871.] THE GARDEN. 27 the famous YoseiiiiteViilley for the public for ever — and a most wise proceeding it is. Nothing tends to vulgarise and enfeeble a scene like Niagara more than plantuig on its very margin a gi'cat hotel. Let such structures be near enough for con- veiiiuKce, or even for a good view ; but not so near as to stamji out all traces of the once beautiful foreground. Besides, the hotels tliemselves lose considerably Ijy being thi'ust, as the Clifton House is, on the margui of the river, without a tree to soften its hard outlines. A.11 such structures would gain consideraljly by being cut off ft-om the river by at least a lawn and plantation; and this need not deprive them of a good view of the scene. If we deface such rare and inagiuticeut scenes, posterity will regard us as sordid barbarians. I never yet saw a spot which, if ])i'esciwed, would in time to come form, without aiiy biit the sim])lest aids, so i)aradisaical and vast a garden, takuig the river for a mile or two above and below the falls into consideration. For miles below the falls the woods are charming, and some of the scenes — as the whirlpool, whei'C the river makes a sudden bend in its deep rocky Ised — quite uui(pie. The greatest jiortion of this space is as wild as evei-, so that it is not 3-et too late to guard it from the hands of the spoliator. Nothhig could lie in worse taste than allowuig persons to extract half-dollars from the puljlic for the mere permission to see such places as the whirlpool. But as multitudes visit the place, the temptation to occupy evciy inch of laud and i)rostitute it to some dollar-extracting "use will be irresistible if the States do not step in and save it. All that needs to Ije done by the American and Canadian Governments is to j)revcnt persons clearing or occupjing the ground within a few hundred yards or even feet of tlie margin. This done — and means taken to secure the destruction of the wretched buildings that now perch themselves on the margin of the river — and, without any further attention from man, the place would ever be unrivalled in its majestic beauty — a garden wortliy of America, and which, in the interest of the -svhole world, ought to be preserved from pollution. W. E. THE PROPAGATOR. HOW TO RAISE VERBENAS FROM SEED. 'L'liAT the Verbena lias been greatly innjruvcd of late years, nolioily can deny; but, after all, il i.s (loubtful if so much has been rlonc with it in tlie way uf croys-brccdlTig, ov fertilization, as bv careful selection of certain flowers from which to tak(^ seed. Still, xoiiwfliiti'j has been (lone, evidence of which exists in the jirctty striped flowers raised by Mr. Perry, of Castle Bromwich, during the past foin' years. Those jjossess as many fine qualities of fomi, size, and suljstanee, as the best of the self-varieties so called. Seedlintf Verbenas, as a rule, are not i>rolific of strijied flowers, ami fertilization a|ipears necessary, to sotuo extent, to produce them. J[r. I'eri-y's aim was to obtain white flowers, having stripes of vivid scarl(?t or crimson, and in two line varieties, named respectively. Carnation and Singularity, tiiese condjinations were strikingly present. Supposing a cultivator of Verbenas luis a flower possessing unusual liiilliancy of coloiu', or sonuj hue strikingly novel, but having the pips deficient in that circularity of fonu to which cousidcraWe ini- portauco is attaciicd in these days; in order to combine the particular eoloiu-ing with a higher degree of form, he would select a finely- rounded stout flower like Eckford's Peter William, or Perrj's Per. fection, and, using a veiy lino camel's hair, he would gently insert it into the tulie of the flower, and transfer the pollen from it to the one from which ho desires to obtain seed. In case of some flowers that are subjeel. to the process of fertilization, it is the custom to rcmiive, as far as possible, the ])ollen deposited on the anthers, replacing it with that brought fioni another llower, for the pm'pose of promoting fecimdatiou. In the case of the Verbena, this would be a somewhat tedious, ami. iiossibly, an injurious, (irocess, antl, therefore, it is the custom with raisers simply to transfer tli^ pollen from one llower to the other, without any anterior removal of the pillion from the proposed see<l. bearing flower. A careful selection of seed from a few line varieties will assuredly produce flowers of remarkable ([uality. For seed )nirposes, plant out, as early in the Season as jiossible, on an open airy spot favourable to the proper ripening of the seed. The seed thus obtained should be kept thronffh tho %vinter, and sown about the middle or end of March, in any conveniently. sized pots, using a good, free, rich loam, and covering the seeds to tho depth of a quarter of an inch. Tho pots can then bo placed in a temperatiu-e of some C5 dog. or 70 dcg. ami the noil kept constantly moist. The seed gei'minates (luickly, and in about three weeks or a month the young ])lants will be large enough to prick off two or three inches apart into pans, pots, or shallow boxes, and as soon as the roots lay hold in the fresh soil, begin to harden off graduallj', and, as soon as it can be safely done, get the plants into a cold frame. Spider is very apt to lay hold of the young plants afc this stage, and. jiroves a bad enemy if it once gets the upjier hand. Amateur raisers should guard against harm from the attacks of this pest. Meanwhile, a bed should bo prepared in the open air, for tho reception of the seedlings. A rich, free soil suits the Verbena admirably. Plant out, by the beginning of May, if tho ])lants aro sufficiently large and inured to exposiu'e. They soon make rapid growth ; and all that is required is to keep the bed free fj-om weeds, till the plants begin to flower. Then it is the raiser selects the best of his seedlings. A short stick is usually placed against any flowo worthy of attention; the inferior vaiieties around it are removed, so as to secure ample room for development. It is from such flowers the seed for another season's sowing should be taken. |
github_open_source_100_8_20119 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.hstc.rules.domain;
import javax.persistence.*;
/**
* Created by linjingshan on 2018-6-9.
*/
@Entity
@Table(name = "contestregistion", schema = "saverulessystem", catalog = "")
@IdClass(ContestregistionPK.class)
public class Contestregistion {
@Id
@Column(name = "student_id")
private long studentId;
@Id
@Column(name = "test_id")
private int testId;
@Column(name = "status")
private int status;
public long getStudentId() {
return studentId;
}
public void setStudentId(long studentId) {
this.studentId = studentId;
}
public int getTestId() {
return testId;
}
public void setTestId(int testId) {
this.testId = testId;
}
public int getStatus() {
return status;
}
public void setStatus(int status) {
this.status = status;
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20120 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | @import 'shared/styles/variables.scss';
:local(.Auth) {
position: relative;
top: $header-size;
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20121 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import {
BotState, SourceFwConfig,
ControlPanelState, Axis, SourceFbosConfig,
} from "../../devices/interfaces";
import { McuParamName, McuParams, FirmwareHardware, Xyz } from "farmbot";
import { IntegerSize } from "../../util";
import { FirmwareConfig } from "farmbot/dist/resources/configs/firmware";
import { ResourceIndex } from "../../resources/interfaces";
import { DeviceSetting } from "../../constants";
import { GetWebAppConfigValue } from "../../config_storage/actions";
export interface ZeroRowProps {
botDisconnected: boolean;
}
export interface AxisSettingsProps {
dispatch: Function;
bot: BotState;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
sourceFbosConfig: SourceFbosConfig;
firmwareConfig: FirmwareConfig | undefined;
botOnline: boolean;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
showAdvanced: boolean;
}
export interface BooleanMCUInputGroupProps {
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
dispatch: Function;
tooltip: string;
label: DeviceSetting;
x: McuParamName;
y: McuParamName;
z: McuParamName;
disable?: Record<Xyz, boolean>;
grayscale?: Record<Xyz, boolean>;
caution?: boolean | undefined;
displayAlert?: string | undefined;
disabled?: boolean;
disabledBy?: string;
advanced?: boolean;
showAdvanced?: boolean;
}
export interface CalibrationRowProps {
type: "find_home" | "calibrate" | "zero";
mcuParams: McuParams;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
locked?: boolean;
botOnline: boolean;
action(axis: Axis): void;
toolTip: string;
title: DeviceSetting;
axisTitle: string;
stallUseDisabled?: boolean;
}
export interface NumericMCUInputGroupProps {
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
dispatch: Function;
tooltip: string;
label: DeviceSetting;
x: McuParamName;
xScale?: number;
y: McuParamName;
yScale?: number;
z: McuParamName;
zScale?: number;
float?: boolean;
intSize?: IntegerSize;
gray?: Record<Xyz, boolean>;
min?: number;
max?: number;
disabled?: boolean;
disabledBy?: string;
advanced?: boolean;
showAdvanced?: boolean;
warnMin?: Record<Xyz, number>;
warning?: Record<Xyz, string | undefined>;
}
export interface PinGuardMCUInputGroupProps {
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
dispatch: Function;
label: DeviceSetting;
pinNumKey: McuParamName;
timeoutKey: McuParamName;
activeStateKey: McuParamName;
resources: ResourceIndex;
disabled: boolean;
}
export interface PinGuardProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
resources: ResourceIndex;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
}
export interface MotorsProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
showAdvanced: boolean;
}
export interface EncodersOrStallDetectionProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
showAdvanced: boolean;
}
export interface LimitSwitchesProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
showAdvanced: boolean;
}
export interface ErrorHandlingProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
showAdvanced: boolean;
}
export interface ParameterManagementProps {
dispatch: Function;
controlPanelState: ControlPanelState;
onReset(): void;
sourceFwConfig: SourceFwConfig;
firmwareConfig: FirmwareConfig | undefined;
firmwareHardware: FirmwareHardware | undefined;
getConfigValue: GetWebAppConfigValue;
botOnline: boolean;
arduinoBusy: boolean;
}
export interface ShowAdvancedToggleProps {
dispatch: Function;
getConfigValue: GetWebAppConfigValue;
}
|
8089734_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Opinion by
Ekwall, J.
In accordance with stipulation of counsel the court found that the facts herein agreed upon were such as to bring the case within the holding in John Barr v. United States (11 Cust. Ct. 88, C. D. 801), which record was incorporated herein. (See John Barr v. United States, 324 U. S. 83, decided February 5, 1945.) In accordance therewith it was held that the currency of the invoices should be converted at the buying rate in the New York market at noon on the day of exportation (the “free” rate of exchange for pounds sterling), as certified by the Federal Reserve bank and set forth by the collector on each of the entries. The protests were sustained to this extent.
|
1286643_2013_1 | SEC | Public Domain | ITEM 1. BUSINESS
For information with respect to the underlying securities held by PPLUS Trust Series GSC-1, please refer to The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.’s (Commission file number 001-14965) periodic reports, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and other information on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You can read and copy these reports and other information at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at Room 1580, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain copies of this material for a fee by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information about the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You can also access some of this information electronically by means of the SEC’s website on the Internet at http://www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that the underlying securities guarantor and the underlying securities issuer have filed electronically with the SEC.
Although we have no reason to believe the information concerning the underlying securities and the junior subordinated debentures or the underlying securities guarantor and the underlying securities issuer contained in the underlying securities guarantor’s Exchange Act reports is not reliable, neither the depositor nor the trustee participated in the preparation of such documents or made any due diligence inquiry with respect to the information provided therein. No investigation with respect to the underlying securities guarantor and underlying securities issuer (including, without limitation, no investigation as to its financial condition or creditworthiness) or of the underlying securities and the junior subordinated debentures has been made. You should obtain and evaluate the same information concerning the underlying securities issuer and the underlying securities guarantor as you would obtain and evaluate if your investment were directly in the underlying securities or in other securities issued by the underlying securities issuer or the underlying securities guarantor. There can be no assurance that events affecting the underlying securities and the junior subordinated debentures or the underlying securities issuer and underlying securities guarantor have not occurred or have not yet been publicly disclosed which would affect the accuracy or completeness of the publicly available documents described above.
ITEM 1A.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Your investment in the trust certificates will involve certain risks. You should carefully consider the following discussion of risks, and the other information included or incorporated by reference in the applicable prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. You should also carefully consider any risk factors and other information that the underlying securities guarantor may file in its Exchange Act reports as referenced in Item 1 above.
IF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES ARE REDEEMED PRIOR TO THE MATURITY DATE OF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES OR IF ANY CALL WARRANTS ARE EXERCISED PRIOR TO THE STATED MATURITY DATE, YOU MAY NOT BE ABLE TO REINVEST YOUR REDEMPTION OR CALL PROCEEDS AT A YIELD COMPARABLE TO THE YIELD YOU WOULD HAVE RECEIVED ON YOUR TRUST CERTIFICATES
The yield you will realize on your trust certificates depends upon several factors, including:
•
the purchase price of trust certificates,
•
when you acquire your trust certificates,
•
whether the underlying securities issuer exercises its option to redeem the underlying securities, and
•
whether the call warrant holders exercise their optional rights to purchase outstanding trust certificates.
The underlying securities issuer has the right to redeem the underlying securities in whole or in part at its option or in part if it becomes obligated to pay additional amounts. Because the underlying securities issuer has the right to redeem the underlying securities early, we cannot assure you that the trust will be able to hold the underlying securities until the maturity date of the underlying securities.
Although the call warrant holders are not obligated to exercise the call warrants, the yield you will realize on your trust certificates depends on whether the call warrant holders exercise their call warrants to purchase the trust certificates.
Prevailing interest rates at the time of an early redemption or a call exercise may be lower than the yield on your trust certificates. Therefore, you may be unable to realize a comparable yield upon reinvesting the funds you receive from an early redemption or exercise of any call warrants. In addition, if the prevailing market value of the trust certificates exceeds the redemption price or call exercise price paid to you upon a redemption of the underlying securities or the exercise of a call, you will not be able to realize such excess.
YOU MAY NOT BE PAID IF THE ASSETS OF THE TRUST ARE INSUFFICIENT
Currently, the trust has no significant assets other than the underlying securities and the underlying securities guarantee. If the underlying securities and the underlying securities guarantee are insufficient to make payments or distributions on the trust certificates, no other assets will be available for payment of the deficiency. The underlying securities issuer is organized as a holding company that owns subsidiary companies. According to the underlying securities prospectus, the underlying securities issuer derives its operating income and cash flow primarily from its subsidiaries and investments, which poses two principal risks:
•
the underlying securities issuer’s right to participate as an equity holder in any distribution of assets of any of its subsidiaries upon the subsidiary’s liquidation or otherwise, and thus the ability of its security holders, including the trust, to benefit from the distribution, will be subject to prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors, except to the extent that any claims the underlying securities issuer may have as a creditor of the subsidiary are recognized, and
•
the underlying securities issuer’s ability to service its indebtedness and other obligations in dependent primarily upon the earnings and cash flow of its subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment to it of such earnings and cash flow.
YOU MAY NOT RECOVER THE WHOLE OF THE PRESENT VALUE OR STATED AMOUNT (IF APPLICABLE) OF YOUR TRUST CERTIFICATES IF THE TRUST DISPOSES OF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES ON A DEFAULT BY THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES ISSUER OR IN THE EVENT THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES GUARANTOR CEASES FILING EXCHANGE ACT REPORTS
If the underlying securities issuer defaults on its obligations under the underlying securities or the underlying securities guarantor ceases to file Exchange Act reports or ceases to satisfy the requirements of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act, then the trust will either distribute the underlying securities to the trust certificateholders or dispose of them and distribute the proceeds to the trust certificateholders. Your recovery in either of those events may be limited by two factors:
•
if a default occurs, the market value of the underlying securities may be adversely affected and the proceeds of their disposition may be lower than the aggregate present value or stated amount (if applicable) of the trust certificates; and
•
in either event, any distribution of funds or underlying securities by the trust to the trust certificateholders will be done in accordance with the allocation ratio as described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to the trust certificates. The funds or aggregate principal amount of underlying securities you receive on that distribution may be less than the present value or stated amount (if applicable) of your trust certificates.
THE TRUSTEE WILL NOT MANAGE THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES
Except as described below, the trust will not dispose of any underlying securities, even if an event occurs that adversely affects the value of the underlying securities or that adversely affects the underlying securities issuer or the underlying securities guarantor. As provided in the applicable trust agreement, the trust will dispose of the underlying securities only if:
•
there is a payment default on any underlying securities,
•
there is another type of default that accelerates the maturity of the underlying securities, or
•
the underlying securities guarantor ceases to file Exchange Act reports or ceases to satisfy the requirements of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act.
Under the first circumstance listed above, the trustee must sell the underlying securities on behalf of the trust, even if adverse market conditions exist. The trustee has no discretion to do otherwise. If adverse market conditions do exist at the time of the trustee’s sale of the underlying securities, you may incur greater losses than if the trust continued to hold the underlying securities.
THE TRUST CERTIFICATES ARE SUBJECT TO THE CREDITWORTHINESS OF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES ISSUER AND THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES GUARANTOR
The trust certificates represent interests in obligations of the underlying securities issuer and the underlying securities guarantor. In particular, the trust certificates will be subject to all the risks associated with directly investing in both underlying securities issuer’s and the underlying securities guarantor’s unsecured subordinated debt obligations. None of the underlying indenture, the underlying securities or the underlying securities guarantee places a limitation on the amount of indebtedness that may be incurred by the underlying securities issuer or underlying securities guarantor.
THE TRUST’S RIGHT TO DIRECT ACTION AGAINST THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES GUARANTOR TO ENFORCE THE RIGHTS OF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIESHOLDERS IS LIMITED
If a debenture event of default occurs and is continuing, then the holders of the underlying securities would rely on, and in certain circumstances could cause, the trustee of the underlying securities issuer to enforce its rights as a holder of the underlying securities and the underlying securities guarantee on behalf of the underlying securities issuer against the underlying securities guarantor. In addition, any registered holder of underlying securities may institute a legal proceeding directly against the underlying securities guarantor to enforce its rights against the underlying securities guarantor without first instituting any legal proceeding against the underlying securities trustee or any other person or entity.
THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES GUARANTOR HAS THE ABILITY TO DEFER INTEREST PAYMENTS ON THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES
The underlying securities guarantor can, on one or more occasions, defer interest payments on the underlying securities for up to 10 consecutive semiannual interest periods, but not beyond the maturity date of the underlying securities. If the underlying securities guarantor defers interest payments on the underlying securities, the underlying securities issuer will defer distributions on the underlying securities. If the underlying securities issuer defers distributions on the underlying securities, the trust will defer distributions on the trust certificates during any deferral period. No additional amounts will accrue on the trust certificates or be owed to trust certificateholders as a result of any delay, but any additional amounts owed and paid by the underlying securities issuer as a result of the delay will be paid to the trust certificateholders. Prior to the termination of any deferral period, the underlying securities guarantor may further extend the deferment, but the total of all deferral periods must not exceed 10 consecutive semiannual interest periods or extend beyond the maturity date. Upon the termination of any deferral period and the payment of all amounts then due, the underlying securities guarantor may commence a new deferral period, subject to the above requirements.
Because the underlying securities guarantor has the right to defer interest payments, the market price of the underlying securities (which represent an undivided beneficial interest in the underlying securities) may be more volatile than other similar securities where the issuer does not have the right to defer interest payments.
IF THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES GUARANTOR EXERCISES ITS OPTION TO DEFER INTEREST PAYMENTS ON THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES, THE TRUST CERTIFICATEHOLDERS MAY FACE ADVERSE TAX CONSEQUENCES
Should the underlying securities guarantor exercise its right to defer any payment of interest on the underlying securities, each underlying securities holder will be required to accrue interest income (as original issue discount) in respect of the deferred stated interest allocable to its share of the underlying securities for United States federal income tax purposes. As a result, a trust certificateholder, as a beneficial owner of the underlying securities, would have to include this amount in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes prior to the receipt of any cash distributions. In addition, the trust certificateholder would not receive cash from the underlying security issuer related to this income if the trust certificateholder disposes of the trust certificates prior to the record date on which distributions of these amounts are made. To the extent the selling price is less than the trust certificateholder’s adjusted tax basis (which will include, in the form of original issue discount, all accrued but unpaid interest), the trust certificateholder will recognize a capital loss. Subject to limited exceptions, capital losses cannot be applied to offset ordinary income for United States federal income tax purposes.
THE PAYMENTS OWED TO THE TRUST CERTIFICATEHOLDERS ARE UNSECURED OBLIGATIONS
In a liquidation, holders of the underlying securities, including the trust, will be paid only after holders of secured obligations of the underlying securities issuer. According to the underlying securities prospectus, the underlying securities are unsecured and rank equally with all other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness of the underlying securities issuer.
THE RATINGS OF THE TRUST CERTIFICATES MAY CHANGE
At the time of issuance, Moody’s and S&P assigned ratings to the trust certificates equivalent to the ratings of the underlying securities, as of the date of the applicable prospectus supplement.
Any rating issued with respect to the trust certificates is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a security. Ratings do not comment on the market price of the trust certificates or their suitability for a particular investor. We cannot assure you that these ratings will remain for any given period of time or that a ratings agency would not revise or withdraw entirely the ratings if, in its judgment, circumstances (including, without limitation, the rating of the underlying securities) merit. A revision or withdrawal of a rating may adversely affect the market price of the trust certificates.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
None.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
The Trust Certificates issued by PPLUS Trust Series GSC-1 are represented by one or more physical certificates registered in the name of Cede & Co., the nominee of the Depository Trust Company. The Trust Certificates are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Not Applicable.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not Applicable.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Not Applicable.
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Registrant has procedures so as to provide reasonable assurance that its future Exchange Act filings will be filed within the applicable time periods.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Not Applicable.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Not Applicable.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
(a)
Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans: None.
(b)
Security Ownership Of Certain Beneficial Owners: None.
(c)
Security Ownership Of Management: Not Applicable.
(d)
Changes In Control: None.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
None.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Not Applicable.
PART IV
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements: Not Applicable.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: Not Applicable.
(a)(3) List of Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of, and incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(b) Exhibits
The Registrant hereby files as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K the exhibits listed in Item 15(a)(3) set forth above.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules
Not Applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized..
|
6970852_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Telephono é o álbum de estreia da banda de indie rock Spoon. Foi lançado em 23 de abril de 1996, pela Matador, depois relançado em um pacote de dois discos com o EP Soft Effects em 2006 pela Merge Records. "Idiot Driver" já havia aparecido no álbum de compilação da Peek-A-Boo Records de novembro de 1995, Bicycle Rodeo.
Recepção crítica
O álbum foi produzido por John Croslin, que havia sido um dos líderes do The Reivers de Austin, gravando no estúdio de garagem de Croslin com um orçamento de 3.000 dólares. Apesar de ter recebido críticas positivas, proporcionando muitas comparações da banda com o Pixies, o álbum vendeu apenas 3 mil cópias.
Faixas
Todas as músicas foram escritas por Britt Daniel, exceto onde indicado.
Integrantes
Britt Daniel - guitarra, vocal
Andy Maguire - baixo, vocal de apoio
Jim Eno - bateria
Paradas
Ligações externas
Spoon - Site Oficial
Álbuns de Spoon
Álbuns de estreia de 1996.
|
US-13840005-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Washing apparatus and a valve device comprising said apparatus
ABSTRACT
A washing apparatus, in particular for washing parts exposed to the presence and/or passage of a flow of loose material, said parts forming a chamber, comprising an orbital head for supporting at least one nozzle which dispenses a washing fluid in the chamber.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a washing apparatus, in particular anapparatus which can be used to wash parts exposed to the passage of aflow of loose material.
The apparatus disclosed can be used in particular in the chemical and/orpharmaceutical and/or food industry and in all cases involving the useof loose material consisting of powders, granulated materials, pellets,tablets, capsules or the like.
Above all, in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, said loosematerials must be handled in a substantially hermitic way, so that thespread of powders in the surrounding environment is kept withinextremely tight limits.
The importance of the above-mentioned problem increases proportionallywith the level at which the substances handled consist of chemicalcompounds or substances that are not easily degradable in theenvironment and in some cases potentially toxic or harmful.
Moreover, obviously, when passing from the processing of a firstmaterial to the processing of a second, different material, all partsexposed to the passage of the first loose material must be thoroughlycleaned.
The following description refers, by way of example and without in anyway limiting the scope of the inventive concept, to a part exposed tosaid loose material which consists of a valve device of the type thatcan be used in an apparatus for unloading loose material from adispensing unit to a user unit.
Said valve device normally consists of a first butterfly valve integralwith the dispensing unit, a spacer element and a second butterfly valveintegral with the latter.
Each butterfly valve has a flat disk-shaped shutter element that rotatesin both directions about a horizontal axis between a position in whichthe lower end of the dispensing unit is closed, with the shutter lyingin a substantially horizontal plane, and an open position, with theshutter lying in a substantially vertical plane, allowing the materialto be unloaded from the dispensing unit to the user unit or machinewhich uses the loose material for subsequent processing.
At the end of loose material unloading, the dispensing unit valve andthe spacer valve are closed and, before the dispensing unit is separatedfrom the other parts, the inside of the valve device is washed.
Said washing is normally carried out using directional nozzles givingonto the internal surface of the spacer element, to clean the surfacesof the two valves which will be in contact with the externalenvironment.
However, the solution just described is not without disadvantages,mainly due to the considerable dimensions of the valve device which makeits thorough washing difficult.
Moreover, the use of nozzles arranged on the side surface of the spacerelement does not guarantee thorough cleaning of the valves and inparticular of their central zone.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The aim of the present invention is, therefore, to overcome theabove-mentioned disadvantages with a washing apparatus which iseffective, with practical, functional use.
The present invention also relates to a valve device which can be usedin a unit for unloading loose material from a dispensing device to auser unit, the valve device being equipped with a washing apparatuswhich guarantees thorough, deep cleaning of all surfaces of the valvedevice exposed to contact with the loose material.
The technical features of the present invention, according to theafore-mentioned aims, are clearly described in the claims herein, inparticular in claims 1 and 17, and in any of the claims directly orindirectly dependent on claims 1 and 17.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The advantages of the present invention are more clearly illustrated inthe detailed description which follows, with reference to theaccompanying drawings, which illustrate preferred embodiments withoutlimiting the scope of application, and in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevation view with some parts in cross-section of a valvedevice according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view with some parts in cross-section of afirst embodiment of the washing apparatus according to the presentinvention, in a second, non-operating configuration;
FIG. 3 is a schematic side view with some parts in cross-section of thewashing apparatus illustrated in FIG. 2, in a first, operatingconfiguration;
FIG. 4 is a schematic side view with some parts in cross-section of asecond embodiment of the washing apparatus according to the presentinvention, in a second, non-operating configuration;
FIG. 5 is a schematic side view with some parts in cross-section of thewashing apparatus illustrated in FIG. 2, in a first, operatingconfiguration;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are respectively perspective views of a detail of thedevice illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to the accompanying drawings, with reference to FIG. 1,the numeral 1 denotes a valve device, in particular a valve device 1applied to a unit 2, of the known type and only partly illustrated, forunloading loose material.
The device 1 comprises a pipe 3, having a central axis A, the pipe 3being formed by a first ring-shaped body 4, coaxially attached to asecond ring-shaped body 5. Said ring-shaped elements 4 and 5respectively have external profiles 4 a, 4 b, 5 a and 5 b, suitablyshaped for connection 4 a-5 a with one another, and for connection withthe unit 2 for unloading loose materials.
The above-mentioned connection 4 a-5 a with one another is guaranteed byremovable connecting parts 6, placed at the opposite profiles 4 a and 5a.
Advantageously, between the first and the second ring-shaped bodies 4, 5a seal 9 is inserted, also preferably ring-shaped, designed to guaranteea sealed connection between the elements 4 and 5.
The first and the second ring-shaped bodies 4 and 5 respectively supporta first closing element 10 and a second closing element 11.
The first closing element 10 is mobile between a first position in whichit opens the pipe 3 and a second position in which it seals the pipeclosed.
The second closing element 11 is mobile between a first position inwhich it opens the pipe 3 and a second position in which it seals thepipe closed.
The elements 10 and 11 lie, at the respective open positions notillustrated, in planes substantially parallel with the axis A and, atthe respective closed positions, as illustrated in FIG. 1, in planessubstantially perpendicular to the axis A.
The elements 10 and 11 are respectively connected, by way of exampleonly, to a mechanical actuator 12 and to a pneumatic actuator 13 whichdrive the movement of the elements 10 and 11.
In embodiments not illustrated, said mechanical or pneumatic actuators12 and 13 may also be fitted without distinction for one or the otherclosing element 10, 11 or for both and there may be more than oneactuator per closing element 10 and 11, for example depending on thedimensions of the elements 10 and 11.
The actuators 12 and 13 are controlled by a check and control unit, notillustrated, for their synchronized or separate movement.
In other words, the closing elements 10 and 11 may be openedsimultaneously or independently of one another even according to theirreciprocal positioning.
The pipe 3 and the elements 10 and 11, in the respective closedpositions, form a chamber 15.
The device 1 comprises a washing apparatus 16, a first embodiment ofwhich is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, which comprises an orbital head17 supporting a plurality of nozzles 18 for dispensing a washing fluid Fand a mobile arm 19 to which the head 17 is operatively attached.
The head 17, driven by the arm 19, is mobile between a first, operatingconfiguration, illustrated in FIG. 3, in which it is inserted in thechamber 15, and a second, non-operating configuration, illustrated inFIG. 2, in which it is outside the chamber 15.
In this text the term ‘orbital’ refers to the fact that the nozzles 18supported by the head 17 are mobile in space.
In particular, in the preferred embodiments illustrated, the nozzles 18supported by the head 17 rotate about a first axis of rotation A1substantially transversal to the central axis A of the pipe 3, and abouta second axis A2 transversal to the first axis A1 and in particularperpendicular to it.
The arm 19 supporting the orbital head 17 has a main axis of extensionB. The first axis of rotation A1 substantially coincides with the mainaxis B of the arm 19.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the washing apparatus 16 comprises a structure23 which supports and houses the arm 19 and the head 17. The structure23 is rigidly connected to the ring-shaped body 5.
The arm 19 comprises a hollow central shaft 101 which rotates, driven bymotor means schematically illustrated in the accompanying drawings witha block M, about its axis A1, a first, internal sleeve 102 and a second,external sleeve 103 coaxial with one another and coaxial with thecentral shaft 101.
The first and the second sleeves 102, 103 are rigidly connected to oneanother by a pin 104.
The head 17, having a substantially cylindrical shape, in its second,non-operating configuration, is joined to the second sleeve 103.
The head 17 comprises a body 105, a first, side plug 106, a second, endplug 107 and a nozzle 18 supporting element 108.
The nozzles 18 are advantageously created using calibrated holes made inthe element 108.
The nozzle 18 supporting element 108 is engaged in such a way that itmoves idly on the body 105 by inserting an axial bearing 109 betweenthem and rotates relative to the body 105 about the axis of rotation A2.
At one of its ends 102 a connected to the head 17, keyed to the firstsleeve 102 there is a first bevel gear 41 which meshes with a secondbevel gear 42 integral with the nozzle supporting element 108.
The first bevel gear 41 and the second bevel gear 42 connect to form abevel gear pair 40.
The supporting element 108, and consequently the nozzles 18 on it,therefore, turns about the axis A1, since it is integral with the shaft101, and about the axis A2 since the meshing of the gears 41 and 42induces this rotary motion.
Therefore, as explained in more detail below, the head 17, and moreprecisely the nozzle 18 supporting element 108, is mobile according to alaw of motion consisting of a first rotary movement about the first axisA1 and a second rotary movement about the second axis A2.
As illustrated in the detail in FIGS. 6 and 7, the nozzle 18 supportingelement 108 comprises a portion 110 which roughly has the shape of acylindrical segment.
The portion 110, being part of the element 108, can rotate about theaxis A2 between an end position, illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, in whichthe generating lines of the cylindrical segment are substantiallyparallel with the axis A1, and a plurality of intermediate positions,illustrated with dashed lines in FIGS. 1 and 3, in which said generatinglines are skew relative to the first axis A1.
The portion 110 which has the shape of a cylindrical segment has acurved face 110 a connected to the rest of the head 17 to form saidcylindrical head 17 shape.
The term cylindrical segment refers to a prism having a circular segmentas its base. With reference to FIG. 6, in the embodiment of the portion110 of the element 108 (which is described as ‘roughly’ having the shapeof a cylindrical segment), one base of the prism is flat whilst theother is curved so as to allow rotation of the cylindrical segment aboutits axis A2. Said curvature can advantageously be used to make, on thehead 17, a housing perfectly shaped to fit and such that it does notcreate any harmful zones for a build up of materials.
With reference to FIG. 2, the head 17 has an end portion 111 which, withthe head 17 in its second, non-operating configuration, forms a wall 112partly delimiting the chamber 15.
In detail, with reference to the apparatus 16, the end portion 111 ofthe head 17 consists of part of the body 105, one end of the portion 110of the element 108 and the second plug 107.
Again with reference to the apparatus 16 illustrated in FIG. 2, the wall112 is substantially flat and has a circular shape, it being possible todirectly deduce said shape, even if not illustrated, from the fact thatthe head 17 is substantially cylindrical and the wall 112 forms a baseof said cylindrical shape.
According to alternative embodiments not illustrated, the wall 112 ofthe end portion 111 of the cylindrical head 17 may be curved rather thanflat, so that it fits better in the cylindrical chamber 15.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate a second embodiment of a washing apparatus 16according to the present invention.
In FIGS. 4 and 5, the apparatus is labeled 16′ as a whole, but tosimplify the description, its component parts corresponding and similarto those already described with reference to the apparatus 16 arelabeled in FIGS. 4 and 5 with the same reference numbers as used in theprevious Figures from 1 to 3.
The apparatus 16′ comprises an orbital washing head 17 supporting aplurality of nozzles 18 for dispensing a washing fluid F, only onenozzle 18 being illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, and a mobile arm 19 towhich said head 17 is operatively attached.
The head 17, driven by the arm 19, is mobile between a first, operatingconfiguration, illustrated in FIG. 5, in which it is inserted in thechamber 15, and a second, non-operating configuration, illustrated inFIG. 4, in which it is outside the chamber 15.
Similarly to what is described above, the nozzles 18 supported by thehead 17 rotate about a first axis of rotation A1 substantiallytransversal to the central axis A of the pipe 3, and about a second axisA2 transversal to the first axis A1 and in particular perpendicular toit.
The arm 19 supporting the orbital head 17 has a main axis of extensionB. The first axis of rotation A1 substantially coincides with the mainaxis B of the arm 19.
As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the washing apparatus 16′ comprises astructure 23 which supports and houses the arm 19 and the head 17. Thestructure 23 is rigidly connected to the ring-shaped body 5.
The arm 19 comprises a hollow central shaft 101 which rotates, driven bymotor means schematically illustrated in the accompanying drawings witha block M, about its axis of rotation A1, a first, internal sleeve 102and a second, external sleeve 103 coaxial with one another and coaxialwith the central shaft 101.
The first and the second sleeves 102, 103 are rigidly connected to oneanother by a pin 104.
The head 17 is partly spherical in shape.
The head 17 comprises a body 105, a first, side plug 106, a second, endplug 107 and a nozzle 18 supporting element 108.
The nozzles 18 are advantageously created using calibrated holes made inthe element 108.
The nozzle 18 supporting element 108 is engaged in such a way that itmoves idly on the body 105 by inserting an axial bearing 109 betweenthem and rotates relative to the body 105 about a respective axis ofrotation A2.
At one of its ends 102 a connected to the head 17, keyed to the firstsleeve 102 there is a first bevel gear 41 which meshes with a secondbevel gear 42 integral with the nozzle supporting element 108.
The first bevel gear 41 and the second bevel gear 42 connect to form abevel gear pair 40.
The supporting element 108, and consequently the nozzles 18 on it,therefore, turns about the axis A1, since it is integral with the shaft101, and about the axis A2 since the meshing of the gears 41 and 42induces this rotary motion.
Therefore, similarly to what is indicated above with reference to theapparatus 16, as is better described below, the head 17, and moreprecisely the nozzle 18 supporting element 108, is mobile according to alaw of motion consisting of a first rotary movement about the first axisA1 and a second rotary movement about the second axis A2.
As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the nozzle 18 supporting element 108comprises an end portion 115 having an external face 115 a which roughlyhas the shape of a spherical cap.
With reference to FIG. 4, the head 17 has an end portion 117 which, withthe head 17 in its second, non-operating configuration, forms a wall 118that roughly has the shape of a spherical cap and that partly delimitsthe chamber 15.
In detail, with reference to the apparatus 16′, the end portion 117 ofthe head 17 consists of a half-sphere comprising part of the body 105,part of the first, side plug 106 and the second plug 107.
As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, and with reference to both of theembodiments 16 and 16′ of the washing apparatus disclosed, the arm 19and the head 17 are supported and guided by respective guide rings 113housed in respective ring-shaped recesses made in the supporting andhousing structure 23.
Similarly, a scraper ring 114 and an O-ring 114 a are positioned inrespective ring-shaped recesses.
A pipe 119, illustrated in detail only in the respective sectionextending inside the element 108, supplies the washing fluid F from areserve unit U to the nozzles 18 on the element 108.
The motor means represented with the block M drive not only the rotationof the shaft 101 about the axis A1, but also the translational motion ofthe arm 19 along its axis B.
If the fluid F is in the liquid state, drying means, not illustrated,are fitted, communicating with the chamber 15 and designed to dry thechamber 15 when it has been washed.
Advantageously, the drying means comprise a compressed air sourcecommunicating with the inside of the chamber 15 by means of a channel.Said channel may consist of the pipe 119.
Advantageously, the washing apparatus 16, 16′ can also be connected toan extractor apparatus, communicating with the inside of the chamber 15by means of a respective channel and designed to extract the washingfluid F and any loose material residues from the chamber 15.
The extractor apparatus, not illustrated, is also designed todepressurize the chamber 15, that is to say, to bring the pressureinside the chamber 15 to a value lower than the atmospheric pressure, atleast during chamber washing, so as to prevent any fluid F escaping.
In alternative embodiments, not illustrated, of the washing apparatusdisclosed, there may be any number of nozzles 18 and they may be of anytype, according to the chamber 15 geometry and the material to bewashed. The head 17 may also be mobile according to any law of motion,designed to effectively direct the washing fluid F inside the chamber15.
In practice, the apparatus 16, 16′ is used for washing parts exposed topassing or standing loose materials.
In the embodiment illustrated, as said, one example of such parts isrepresented by the valve device 1 and, more specifically by the chamber15 which is delimited at the top and at the bottom by the two closingelements 10, 11 and at the sides by the ring-shaped body 5.
If the device 1 is located in a polluted or uncontrolled environment,the chamber 15 may be washed before unloading the material, to avoidpolluting the material in any way.
The washing is preferably done after depressurizing the chamber 15 usingthe extractor means. Then, the orbital head 17 of the washing apparatus16, 16′ is inserted in the chamber 15 and the chamber 15 is cleaned.
After washing, preferably keeping the pressure in the chamber 15 lowerthan the atmospheric pressure, the chamber 15 is dried if the fluid Fused is in the liquid state.
The elements 10 and 11 are then moved to their respective openpositions, not illustrated and the loose material is unloaded throughthe pipe 3.
When unloading is complete, after returning the elements 10 and 11 totheir respective closed positions, the chamber 15 may be washed again asdescribed above to eliminate any unloaded material residues from thechamber 15 walls and, in particular, from the surfaces of the elements10 and 11.
As said, it should be noticed that all washing and drying operations arepreferably carried out at a pressure lower than the atmosphericpressure, to minimize the risk of any washing fluid escaping.
In detail, FIGS. 2 and 4 illustrate washing apparatuses 16 and 16′ inthe second, non-operating configuration, in which the orbital head 17 isat least partly outside the chamber 15.
In particular, with reference to FIG. 2, the head 17 of the apparatus 16is substantially outside the chamber 15 whilst, with reference to FIG.4, the head 17 of the apparatus 16′ is substantially only half outsidethe chamber 15.
As is clearly shown by FIGS. 2 and 4, in said head 17 second,non-operating configuration, the walls 112, 118 of the respective endportions 111, 117 partly delimit the chamber 15.
Advantageously, with the respective head 17 in the second, non-operatingconfiguration, both embodiments of the apparatus 16, 16′ offer anon-existent or limited obstacle to the passage of the loose materialthrough the pipe 3.
Starting from the head 17 second, non-operating configuration justdescribed, the arm 19 is driven by the motor means M so that ittranslates along its axis B and brings the head 17 into the first,operating configuration, illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5 with reference,respectively, to the embodiments 16 and 16′ of the washing apparatusdisclosed.
Once the first, operating configuration is reached, the motor means Mdrive the rotation of the shaft 101 and, therefore, by means of thebevel gear pair 40, also the nozzle 18 supporting element 108.
As already indicated, the supporting element 108, and consequently thenozzles 18 on it, rotates both about the axis A1, and about the axis A2.The resulting law of motion therefore consists of a first rotarymovement about the first axis A1 and a second rotary movement about thesecond axis A2.
The fluid F is supplied from the reserve unit U through the pipe 119,the fluid F, as it comes out of the nozzles 18, striking the walls ofthe chamber 15 and washing them.
The orbital movement of the head 17, and in particular of the nozzle 18supporting element 108, allows the jets of fluid F to be effectivelydirected at all zones of the chamber 15.
With reference to the portion 110 of the element 108 of the apparatus16, means, not illustrated, are advantageously fitted, for detecting theposition of the portion 110 so as to detect when it reaches its endposition, illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, in which the generating lines ofthe cylindrical segment are substantially parallel with the first axisA1. Only in this position can the head 17 be inserted in the respectivesupporting and housing structure 23 again.
At the end of the washing operations, translation of the arm 19 drivenby the motor means M returns the head 17 of each apparatus 16, 16′ toits second, non-operating configuration, in which it is at least partlyinside the respective supporting and housing structure 23.
Advantageously, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, in the head 17 second,non-operating configuration, the respective nozzles 18 are blocked byportions of the structure 23, or of the head 17 itself, and do not giveonto the chamber 15. This guarantees the cleanness of the pipe 119 andof the nozzles 18 and limits the risks of contamination as far aspossible.
Thanks to the presence of the scraper ring 114 and the O-ring 114 a, thestructure 23 forms a fluid-tight housing cavity for the head 17 of theapparatus 16, 16′.
Advantageously, the scraper ring 114 and the O-ring 114 a guarantee thatthe chamber 15 is sealed closed and prevent any material unloadedthrough the valve device 1 from escaping.
The invention described has evident industrial applications and may besubject to modifications and variations without thereby departing fromthe scope of the inventive concept. Moreover, all the details of theinvention may be substituted by technically equivalent elements.
1. A washing apparatus, in particular for washing parts exposed to thepresence and/or passage of a flow of loose material, said parts forminga chamber, the apparatus comprising an orbital head for supporting atleast one nozzle for dispensing a washing fluid in the chamber.
2. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the head is mobile between afirst, operating configuration in which the head is inserted in thechamber and a second, non-operating configuration, in which the head isat least partly outside the chamber.
3. The apparatus according to claim2, wherein, in said second, non-operating configuration, the head is atleast partly inside a fluid-tight housing cavity.
4. The apparatusaccording to claim 2, wherein the head is operatively attached to amobile arm which moves the head between said first and secondconfigurations.
5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the headcomprises a first end portion designed to form, in said second,non-operating configuration, a wall partly delimiting the chamber. 6.The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the head has a substantiallycylindrical shape.
7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein thewall has a substantially flat surface.
8. The apparatus according toclaim 5, wherein the wall has at least a roughly circular shape.
9. Theapparatus according to claim 5, wherein the head has at least a partlyspherical shape.
10. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein thewall has the shape of a spherical cap.
11. The apparatus according toclaim 1, in which the chamber has a central axis, wherein the orbitalhead rotates about a first axis of rotation substantially transversal tosaid central axis.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein thenozzle is located on a respective supporting element, said element inturn supported by the orbital head and rotating relative to the headabout a second axis of rotation substantially transversal to the firstaxis.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the nozzle ismobile according to a law of motion consisting of a first rotarymovement about the first axis and a second rotary movement about thesecond axis.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the headis mobile between a first, operating configuration in which the head isinserted in the chamber and a second, non-operating configuration, inwhich the head is at least partly outside the chamber, the headcomprises a first end portion designed to form, in said second,non-operating configuration, a wall partly delimiting the chamber, thehead has a substantially cylindrical shape, and the supporting elementcomprises a portion roughly having the shape of a cylindrical segment,the portion being mobile in rotation about the axis at least between anend position in which the generating lines of the cylindrical segmentare substantially parallel with the first axis and a plurality ofpositions in which said generating lines are skew relative to the firstaxis.
15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein, in said endposition, the supporting element has a curved face connected to theremaining part of the head, forming said cylindrical head shape.
16. Theapparatus according to claim 12, wherein the head is mobile between afirst, operating configuration in which the head is inserted in thechamber and a second, non-operating configuration, in which the head isat least partly outside the chamber, the head comprises a first endportion designed to form, in said second, non-operating configuration, awall partly delimiting the chamber, the head has at least a partlyspherical shape, and the supporting element comprises a portion with aface that roughly has the shape of a spherical cap.
17. The apparatusaccording to claim 16, wherein said face is connected to the remainingpart of the head, forming said at least partly spherical head shape. 18.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the orbital head comprises aplurality of nozzles for dispensing the washing fluid.
19. The apparatusaccording to claim 18, wherein the head is mobile between a first,operating configuration in which it the head is inserted in the chamberand a second, non-operating configuration, in which it the head is atleast partly outside the chamber, and, in the head second, non-operatingconfiguration, the nozzles are at least partly blocked and do not giveonto the chamber.
20. A valve device comprising a pipe, a first closingelement mobile between a first position in which it opens the pipe and asecond position in which it seals the pipe closed, and a second closingelement, mobile between a first position in which it opens the pipe anda second position in which it seals the pipe closed, the pipe and thefirst and second closing elements in their respective second closedpositions forming a chamber, the valve device comprising, for chamberwashing, a washing apparatus according to claim
1. 21. The apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein the head is operatively attached to amobile arm which moves the head between its first and secondconfigurations.
22. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the wallhas a substantially flat surface.
23. The apparatus according to claim6, wherein the wall has at least a roughly circular shape.
24. Theapparatus according to claim 7, wherein the wall has at least a roughlycircular shape.
25. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein thewall has at least a roughly circular shape.
26. The apparatus accordingto claim 13, wherein the head is mobile between a first, operatingconfiguration in which the head is inserted in the chamber and a second,non-operating configuration, in which the head is at least partlyoutside the chamber, the head comprises a first end portion designed toform, in said second, non-operating configuration, a wall partlydelimiting the chamber, the head has a substantially cylindrical shape,and the supporting element comprises a portion roughly having the shapeof a cylindrical segment, the portion being mobile in rotation about theaxis at least between an end position in which the generating lines ofthe cylindrical segment are substantially parallel with the first axisand a plurality of positions in which said generating lines are skewrelative to the first axis.
27. The apparatus according to claim 26,wherein, in said end position, the supporting element has a curved faceconnected to the remaining part of the head, forming said cylindricalhead shape.
28. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the head ismobile between a first, operating configuration in which the head isinserted in the chamber and a second, non-operating configuration, inwhich the head is at least partly outside the chamber, the headcomprises a first end portion designed to form, in said second,non-operating configuration, a wall partly delimiting the chamber, thehead has at least a partly spherical shape, and the supporting elementcomprises a portion with a face that roughly has the shape of aspherical cap.
29. The apparatus according to claim 28, wherein saidface is connected to the remaining part of the head, forming said atleast partly spherical head shape.
30. The apparatus according to claim20, wherein the head is mobile between a first, operating configurationin which the head is inserted in the chamber and a second, non-operatingconfiguration, in which the head is at least partly outside the chamber.31. The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein, in said second,non-operating configuration, the head is at least partly inside afluid-tight housing cavity.
32. The apparatus according to claim 31,wherein the head is operatively attached to a mobile arm which moves thehead between the first and second configurations..
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neuesallgemeine10naglgoog_21 | German-PD | Public Domain | ZoU, Conrad. — ZoUer, Frau Carl 311 ZoU 5 Conrad, Maler, stand in Diensten des Fürsten von Fürstenberg in Möhringen. Er malte Bildnisse und perspektivische Darstellungen. Starb um 1810 als hofheimer Maler zu Möhringen. Es ist wahrscheinlich der Vater des folgenden Künstlers. Z019 Franz Joseph, Maler von Möhringen im Schwarzwald, machte seine Studien in Karlsruhe, und ging dann zur zweiten Ausbildung nach München, wo damals P.-von Langer das Feld behauptete. Auch in Rom hielt sich Zoll einige Zeit auf, so dass er als einer derjenigen Künstler bezeichnet wurde, die durch Talent und Studium nach klassischen Vorbildern sich das Wesentliche der Kunst angeeignet hatten. Später ernannte ihn der Großherzog von Baden zum Hofmaler, und 1821 wurde er an Jüßler's Stella Professor zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Im Jahre 1825 fand er aber in Mannheim als Galleriesdirektor einen angenehmen Wirkungskreis und Muse zur Ausübung seiner Kunst. Er malte viele Bildnisse, welche sich durch charakteristische Auffassung auszeichnen. Zu den Hauptwerken gehört jenes des Großherzogs Ludwig von Baden. Dann finden sich auch schöne Altarbilder von ihm, worunter die Auferstehung Christi in der Kirche zu Möhringen gerühmt wird. In der protestantischen Stadtkirche zu Karlsruhe sind einige grau in Grau gemalte biblische Szenen von ihm, dann von Feodor und Koopmann. Auch sehr schöne Kreidezeichnungen finden sich von ihm. Zoll starb auf einer Reise in München 1833, ungefähr 60 Jahre alt. Obrazenberger wurde sein Nachfolger als Galleriesdirektor in Mannheim. Ludwig, Großherzog von Baden, halbe Figur, gest. von F. Lignon. Karlsruhe 1813. Meisterhaftes Blatt, folgt. Zoll, Friedrich. Maler in Stockholm, gehörte zu den geschicktesten schwedischen Künstlern unserer Zeit, Er malte Genrebilder, besonders aus dem Baurußenleben. Zoller, Anton von, Maler, geboren zu Telfs in Tirol 1695, war in Innsbruck Schüler von M. Hueber, und begab sich dann zur weiteren Ausbildung nach Wien. Später ließ sich der Künstler in Klagenfurt nieder, erwarb aber 1753 das Bürgerrecht in Salzburg, und starb daselbst 1768. In den Kirchen Tirols findet man Freskomalereien und Altarbilder von ihm, welche im tirolischen Künstler-Lexikon, Innsbruck 1830, aufgezählt sind. Auch Landschaften und architektonische Darstellungen malte er. Im Ferdinandeum sind vier Landschaften von seiner Hand, und zwei Nachtstücke, welche St. Sebastian und Johann von Nepomuk vorstellen. Zoil, Franz von, Maler von Gufidaun bei Brixen, war in Wien Schüler von P. Troger, und leistete diesem bei der Ausschmückung des Doms in Brixen hervorragende Dienste. In Wien zierte er die Pfarrkirche zu den 14 Nothelfern in Fresco, und auch mehrere Altarbilder finden sich von ihm. Bei seiner 1760 erfolgten Aufnahme in die k.k. Akademie übergab er ein Bild des heil. Hieronymus. Dieser Künstler starb zu Wien 1778. Zollep, Franz Carl, Zeichner und Radierer, wurde 1748 in Klagenfurt geboren, und von seinem Vater Anton zum Theologen. Zeittelt doch ertheilte ihm dieser Unterreich im Zeichen des in der Perspektive, worin er solche Fortschritte machte, dass er 1776 in Wien ausschließlich sich der Kunst widmete. Zu seinem Zeichenblatt Landfchaften und architektonische Ansichten tehr schon in Aquarelle und radirte mehrere derleben in Kupfer. Für seine Ansicht von Wien liesse ihm die Kaiserin Maria Theresia 25 Dukaten auszubezahlen; Im Jahre 1785 wurde er Weginspektor im Unterinnthal, und als Beamter der k. k. Baudirektion zu Innsbruck trat er 1810 in k. bayerische Dienste. Darin erhielt Zoller die Stelle eines Bau-Inspektors in Brücken, wurde aber bald nach München versetzt, wo er bis zur Übergabe Tirols an Österreich verblieb. Zum ersten Adjunkten der k. k. Baudirektion in Innsbruck ernannt, starb er daselbst 1829. Zoller ist der Herausgeber des alphabetisch-topographischen Verzeichnisses sämtlicher Orte Tirols, Innsbruck 1827, sowie der Geschichte und Unkwürdigkeiten der Stadt Innsbruck und der Umgebung, 2 Bände 1818 und 1825. Folgende Blätter sind von ihm radiniert: 1) Gebirgslandschaft mit mehreren Figuren und einem Hause im Vorgrunde. Ohne Namen, fol. 2) Ansicht der Kirche zu Maria Hul in Steyermark. F. C. Zoller del. et sc., fol. 3) Aussicht gegen Weickersdorf nach St. Anton, nach J. Schmutzer's Zeichnung, fol. 4) Die Ansicht von Wien und der Vorstädte, vom Belvedere aus. F. G. Zoller del. et sc., gr. qu. fol. Es gibt auch colorierte Exemplare. 5) Ansicht des grafflichen Lascy'schen Parks in Dornbach bei Wien, gr. fol. Drei andere Ansichten sind von fremder Hand. 6) Die Ansichten der Gletscher von Lenzens und Schwind in Tirol, radiniert und coloriert, fol. 7) Klein Landschaft mit einem Satyr, welcher die Flöte spielt Ohne Namen » Oval qu. 12» Zoller, Joseph Anton, Maler, geboren zu Klagenfurt 1751. Schüler und Gehilfe seines Vaters Anton, und ließ auch mit dem in Hall nieder. In den Birken Tyrols findet man Freskomalereien und Altarbilder, und in Sammlungen Landschaften und Architekturbilder von seiner Hand. Die landschaftlichen Zeichnungen malte er in Gouache aus. Starb zu Hall 1791. Zollinger, Johann, Maler von Pressburg, war in Wien Schüler von Johann Baptist Lampi und Mitglied der Akademie daselbst. Er malte 1764 die Bildnisse des Kaisers Joseph II. und der Kaiserin Maria Theresia, welche G. Haid gestochen hat. Später liess sich der Künstler in Pressburg nieder, wo sich in öffentlichen Gebäuden einige Freskomalereien von ihm finden. Starb um 1780. Zompini Gaetano, Maler und Radierer, wurde 1702 zu Venedig geboren, und von N. Bambini unterrichtet. Er wählte indeedisen den S. Ricci zum Vorbilde, welcher zu den vorzüglichsten venezianischen Meistern seiner Zeit gehörte. In den Kirchen zu Venedig sind Bilder in Fresco und in Öl von ihm. Auch nach Spanien kamen mehrere Gemälde. Im Jahre 1776 starb der Künstler. Zon, Jan van der. — Zoppo, Marco. 317 Eigenhändige Radierungen. 1) Abraham mit seinem Weib auf der Flucht nach Ägypten, nach B. Castiglione, gr. qu. fol. 2) Jakobs Rückkehr ins väterliche Haus, nach demselben, gr. qu. fol. 3) Die Heiligen Hieronymus, Lorenz und Nikolaus, nach P. Veronese's Gemälde in S. Jacopo dell'Orio zu Venedig, gr. fol. Die Platte blieb unvollendet 4) Die Erziehung des Achilles, nach Castiglione 5) Die Ausruf, Handwerker und sonstige Sittengebrauche in Venedig: Le Arti che vanno per via nella città di Venezia, da Gaetano Zurlini 1753. Folge von 60 geistreichen Blättern in der Weise des Mattia oder Crespi, jede mit italienischen Verse, klein format. Zon, Jan van, auch Vanzoon, 8. J. van Son Zona, Antonio, Maler zu Venedig, wurde um 1810 geboren, und an der Akademie der genannten Stadt herangewiesen. Es finden sich historische Darstellungen von ihm, sowohl aus der heiligen, als profanen Geschichte. Im Jahre 1838 kaufte der Kaiser von Österreich ein Gemälde, welches unter dem Titel der Larobertazzi und Gerechtigkeit zur Ausstellung in Venedig kam. Es ist dies eine Szene im Kerker, wo ein unglickliches Opfer dem Tode verfällt. In der Hauskapelle des H. Hallaschka in Wien ist seit 1844 eine Verkündigung Maria, und für die Erzherzogin Friedrich von Österreich malte Zona die Madonna mit einem beladenen Mädchen. Die Bilder dieses geschickten Künstlers gingen in verschiedenen Besitz über. Zoffany, Antonio, Maler zu Venedig, wird von Bassanien erwähnt. In S. Zaccharia der genannten Stadt ist ein Bild von ihm, welches die Ceremonie des Dogen am Ostertage vorstellt. Das Bildnis des Grafen Giovan Cassetti ist nach ihm gestochen. Zonebloem, s. P. van Hulst. Zonner, Andreas, Bildhauer von Wien, war daselbst akademischer Künstler, und ging sich dann um 1740 in Berlin nieder, wo er viele Bestellungen erhielt. In der Kirche zu Holleschau etc. sind Bildwerke von ihm. Zu seinen vorzüglichsten Schülern gehören Paul Troger und P. Scherzau. Zoppo, Antonio Maria, Maler, arbeitete um 1565 - 75 zu Florenz und in anderen Städten Italiens. Er ist wahrscheinlich jener A. Z. bei Brulliot II. 188. Zoppo, Giovanni, Maler, wird von Sansovino (1604) erwähnt, und war vermutlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts tätig. In S. Canziano zu Venedig zierte er den Altar des heiligen Lucas. Zoppo, Marco, Maler, Gründungsdirektor der bolognesischen Schule, stand nach Lanzi zuerst unter der Leitung des Lippo Dalmasio, und besuchte dann mit A. Mantegna die Schule des F. Squarcione. Vasari weiß nur, dass dem Mantegna der Wettbewerber mit Zoppo ein inachtiger Spion war. Gebärdetness kannte er nur wenig Malerei von ihm, nein, aber andrucklich das Bildnis des florentinischen Feldherrn Guido Baldi da Montefeltro. Im Kloster der Minoriten zu Padua zierte er nach Vasari eine Loge in Fresco aus, und dann malte er für die Kirche Giovanni Evangelista da Serao eine Altartafel in Tempera. Den Inhalt dieser Gemälde nennt Vasari nicht, man kann ihn aber jetzt in der Galerie des k. Museums zu Berlin ersehen. Die Tafel stellt die Madonna auf dem Thron dar mit Heiligen an ihren Seiten, bezeichnet Marco Zoppo da Bologna pinxit MCCLXXI in Vinceia. In Italien scheinen seine Gemälde sehr selten zu sein, da er meistens an den Facaden von Palästen malte. Bologna besitzt aber noch Bilder von ihm. In der Sakristei der Kapuziner vor der Porta Saragozza ist eine Tafel mit St. Apollonia, und in der Sakristei der Kirche S. Clemente eine Madonna mit Heiligen. Ob das Bild der Madonna mit dem Hinde von Johannes der Täufer und Augustinus umgeben, welches sich in der Pinakothek befindet, aus S. Clemente stammt, wissen wir nicht. In der Galerie Manfrin zu Venedig ist eine Madonna mit Engelknaben in der Glorie. In Dresden wird dem M. Zoppa ebenfalls eine Madonna mit dem Kinde zugeschrieben. In den Werken Zoppo's zeigt sich die Eigentümlichkeit der Schule des Squarcione verzerrt, seine Gestalten haben etwas Robes und Plumper die Gewandung ist wulstig und unscharf geordnet, und nur in den Nebenwerken behauptet er die schonheitsvolle Weise der Schule. Selbst in seinem Hauptwerk zu Berlin ist diese unangehmeine Manier stark ersichtlich. Vasari in der deutschen Ausgabe II. 2. S. 284. Zoppo, Paolo dal, Maler von Brescia, Zeitgenosse der Bellini, welche auf seine Kunstrichtung Einfluss übten. Lanzi sah in S. Pietro in Oliveto zu Brescia ein Gemälde von ihm, welches den Zug des Heilandes nach Golgatha vorstellt. In der Gallerie zu Venedig ist ein Bild des heil. Jakob von seiner Hand. Überdies malte er in Miniatur, und auf Krystall. Auf ein solches hatte er die Einnahme von Brescia durch Gaston de Foix (1512) auf das zarteste gemalt. Er wollte den Becher dem Dogen Gritti zum Geschenke bringen, zerbrach ihn aber auf der Reise nach Venedig, worüber sich der Künstler nach dem Tod gramte. Starb um 1515, nach anderen um 1530. Zoppo, Rocco, Maler von Florenz, war Schüler von Pietro Perugino, und malte nach Vasari viele Menge von Bildnissen, darunter wie Madonnen. Der genannte Schriftsteller nannte aber nur ein Einzelbild dieser Art im Hause des Filippo Salviati, welches aber Perugino beendigt hatte. Im k. Museum zu Berlin ist eine Anbetung der Bitten mit seinem Namen. Datiert um 1520. Zoppo di Vicenza, t. A. de' Pieri. Zopyrus wird von Plinius unter die berühmtesten griechischen Toreuten gezählt. Er fertigte silberne Gefäße mit gräulierte, oder erhabenen geschnittenen Bildwerken, und scheint gegen 695 U. C. in Rom gelebt zu haben, wo damals mehrere griechische Künstler icben. Der Kardinal Corsini besaß zu Winckelmanns Zeit einen silbernen Becher mit dem Urteil des Orestes vor dem Areopag, in welchem Winckelmann (Weltkunst VII. Taf. 7) eine Arbeit des Zopyrus erkennen wollte. Man fand diesen Becher bei der Reinigung des Hauses von Porto d'Anzo. Genau abgebildet ist er in Winckelmanns Monographien, Kr. 151. Zoran, Tommaso, Bildhauer und Giesser, war zu Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts in Cremona tätig. Er fertigte mit Girolamo Bonetto das Portal der Kirche S. Domenico. Auch das Portal am Monte della Pietà wird ihm zugeschrieben. Zordan (Giordan!), Angelo, Bildhauer von Vicenza, machte seine Studien in Venedig und Herr sich um 1836 daselbst als ausübender Künstler nieder. Es finden sich von ihm schöne Copien nach antiken Werken, Busten u. s. w. Zorg oder Zorgh, Sorg, Hendrik Martensz., Maler, wurde 1021 zu Roterdat geboren, nach seinem Vater Martin Rockes Schilderer, der wegen seiner Genauigkeit in seinem Geschäft Zorg genannt wurde. Dieser Beiname blieb auch dem Sohne, und wurde fortwährend von der Familie beibehalten. Hendrik Rockes war Schüler von D. Teniers und W. Buytenweg, und ein trefflicher Meister seiner Art. Er malte Stillleben, welche von der sorgfältigsten Vollendung sind. Am liebsten führte er den Beschauer in die ländliche Wirtschaft, wo allerlei Vorräthe, die Kochin, und hier und da auch noch ein paar andere Figuren sich bemerklich machen. Dann schilderte er auch Gemüse- und Fischmarkte, wobei sich zahlreiche Käufer einfinden. Aus einigen Bildern dieser Art scheint hervorzugehen, dass der Künstler auch italienische Märkte gesehen habe. Andere Gemälde spielen Bauern, teils in der Trinkstube, teils vor dem Haus. Die Conversationsstücke aus dem Leben der besseren Stände machen den geringsten Teil seiner Werke aus. Im Museum zu Paris sind zwei Küchenstücke aus dem Leben Ostade's, welche aber nach Waagen trocken im Vortrag, und von ziegelfarbenem Fleischton sind. Aus einem Bild im Museum zu Berlin haben wir unten in der Note aufmerksam gemacht. In der Galerie zu Schleissheim sind rauchende Bauern, welche in München der Eintritt in die Pinakothek versagt wurde. In der Dresdner Galerie hingegen hat aber eine Fischhandlerin. Auch ist ein historisches Bild derselben, den Herrn vorstellend, wie er den Arbeitern im Weinberg den Lohn reicht. In Salzdahlum war eine ähnliche Darstellung. In den holländischen Sammlungen waren ebenso viele Bilder von Zorg, wie in jener von Braamcamp, Fagel, Lormier, van Bremen, Verbruggen, Hogguer, Kamermans etc. Die Bauernkirche aus Kamermans' Sammlung wurde mit 1150 fl. bezahlt, der Fischmarkt aus jener von Hogguer ging zu 595 fl. weg. U. M. Zorg übernahm nach dem Tode seines Vaters das Geschäft eines Marl(schiffers, ubte aber nebenbei die Kunst, Füssli u. A. kommen mit diesem Künstler nicht ins Reine. Starb 1682. Nach der gewöhnlichen Annahme; allein im Museum zu Berlin ist ein Bild von 1681, so dass Zorg wohl früher geboren ist. Es stellt die Werkstatt des Künstlers dar, welcher als Knabe von 10 Jahren noch keiner Bedürftigkeit ausgesetzt war. inaktiger Sporn an Fleiß war. Überdies ist sein Beitrag von ihm, nennt aber ausdrücklich renunciationschen Feldhauptmann Guido Baldi da letzter der Minoriten zu Padua zierte es nach Türgedachte aus, und dann malte er für die Kirche von Pesaro eine Altarladung in Tempera, die Vasari nicht, man kann ihn deshalb im Museums zu Berlin erblicken. Die Tafel, die dem Thron der Heiligen zu ihren Ehren gewidmet ist, Zoppo da Bologna pinxit MCCCCLI scheinen seine Gemälde sehr selten zu sein. Nach dem Vokabeln von Palasten malte. Bolore ihm. In der Sakristei der Kirche hat er eine Tafel mit St. Apollonia, ein Element eine Madonna mit dem Kind von Johannes, welches sich in der Pinakothek weiß. Wir wissen nicht, ob es wirklich da ist. In der Fraße mit Schritt- Madonna mit Engelknaben, pinxt J. Bacchus- M. Zoppa ebenfalls ein. In den Werken der Schule des Squarcione konnte sich aber auch Jan van der Neer und Claudio Burbure, die in Bologna lebten, der Bacheley viel länger ist, alt wie Selber illustriert, Philipp Wouwerman. Renée Minerve hatte ein gutes Fingerspitzengefühl. Zu DPO Paul Duestler, einem Maler, der in Amsterdam geboren wurde. Wir haben seine oben erwähnte, am Schluss von St. Peter auf dem Monogramm J. S. auf dem Bild. Des Anblick von Leiden bezieht sich hochstwahrscheinlich auf den Landschaftsmaler und Radierer. Starb 1726. Gabriel Duestler, ein Künstler, der Bilder malte und radiete. Juan de, ein Maler, welcher im 17. Jahrhundert in Alcalá de Henares tätig war. In dieser Stadt findet man historische Bilder voll seiner. Domenico, Maler in Verona, war Schüler des G. B. Cignani. In der Kirche des hl. Hieronymus zu Bologna sind nach Branese Bilder von ihm. Pietro, Bildhauer von Ziano in Fleimstal, fertigte verschiedene Statuen für die Kirchen im Lande. Er gehörte zu den geschickten Künstlern seiner Zeit. Starb 1760. Giovanni Ottino, Maler zu Florenz, machte seine Studien in Venedig und nahm sich die älteren Meister jener Schule zu Vorbild. Er trat um 1846 als Künstler auf, meistens mit religiösen Darstellungen. Im Jahre 1844 malte er eine Madonna und zwei Heiligen. Antonio Zuccarelli, Maler von Amberg, machte seine ersten Studien in Nürnberg, und begab sich 1713 zur weiteren Ausbildung. Zu seinen Werken zählen Historienmalerei, Porträtmalerei und religiöse Darstellungen. Sein Vorbild war L. Lang. Zu seinem standhaften Charakter gehörte es, dass er, trotz vieler Anfechtungen, seine Ehre und Integrität niemals opfte. "Johann Engel, der in Padua, war um 1550 und findet man Werke von ihm, Behauptung neben den Antiken, Padua ist das Grabmal des Brigette. Es ist mit zwei größten Hülsen (De Antiquitate Urbis Paduae) und Maler, war im 17. Jahrhundert hervorragend, und lieferte auch Zeichnungen nach hollandischer Manier, Sie sind in schwarzer Kreide, geistig gehoben, Johann Gottfried, Kupferstecher, geboren zu Dresden 1775, besuchte die Akademie danelbst, und bildete sich unter C. G. Schultze in der Stichmanier aus, es finden sich historische Blätter, Bildnisse, Portrait etc. von seiner Hand. Er ist Finder der Stecher für das Becker'sche Augusteum, Starb um 1840 in Dresden. Christian Traugott Geiling, h. sächsischer Hofschauspieler, Zecher 1830, fol. Der Dichter Matthison, nach Tischbein, 4* Ein Christuskopf nach Guido Reni, fol. Die Madonna mit dem Kinde, der obere Teil von Rafael, Madonna di San Sisto, fol. Die heilige Magdalena, nach Guercino, fol. Die heilige Veronica, nach demselben, fol. Ein junges Mädchen, nach E. Schenau, 4* Schoppauer, sächsischer Major, malte militarische Szenen, meistens aus den Kriegsjahren 1812-14, darunter sind auch einige Schlachten, welchen Schoppauer als Schützen-Offizier beigewohnt hatte. Jürgo, Johann, wahrscheinlich eine Person mit unserem Jürgo oder Ziarnko. Wir finden ihm folgendes merkwürdiges Blatt nach, der Clerk beigelegt: Ordnung und Sitzung der französischen Generalstaaten den 27. Okt. 1614, qu. fol. Über die polnischen Künstler sind die Quellen hoch ungefähr, und der edle Verfasser des neuen polnischen Künstler-Lexikons möchte daher in Warschau den Schleier viel leichter Hutten können, als wir in München." "Er, Johann Ulrich, Maler zu Schlosshausen, war im 18. Jahrhundert tätig. J. G. Seiler stach nach ihm das Bildnis des Grafen. Kunstler-Lexikon. Bd. XXII. 21. Zuberbühler, Franz Xaver. Herr Johann Caspar Stocker. Auf ein Bildnis des Johann Bernhard nach ihm gestach. Zuberbühler, F., Maler aus dem Fürstentum Nienchatal, machte seine Studien auf der Akademie in Berlin, und begab sich 1843 zur weiteren Ausbildung nach Rom. Es finden sich schwankend Genrebilder von ihm. Im Jahre 1844 kaufte der König von Preußen ein Gemälde, welches eine junge Italienerin vorstellt. Es findet sich unter anderen italienischen Gaststube von seiner Hand gemalt. Zobbel oder Zobbel, Alexis, Kupferstecher von St. Petersburg, war in Amsterdam Schüler von F. Ficart, und brachte das neue Verfahren in seiner Manier nach Russland. Er schuf in St. Petersburg eine Folge von Bildnissen russischer Zaren, welche aber wenig Geschick verrateten. Graf de Laborde (Hist. de la man. noire p. 102) nennt folgende Blätter: 1) Peter der Große, totius Russiae Imperator et Autocrator, Father Patriae. Medaillon, schwarz, und bartig in der Gebärde. Rechts unten ein Monogramm aus AST., welches Graf Laborde für jenes des Stechers erklärt. U 12 Z. 6 L., Br. 8 Z. 7 L. 2) Peter der Große, Künstler, rechts unten: Alexis Zobbel. Der Titel ist russisch, nach dem Künstlernamen folgt die Jahreszahl 1729. H. 22 Z., Br. 14 Z. 5 L. Der Kopf ist ausdrucksreich in der Behandlung, aber das Blatt keine Vorzug. 3) Anna Petrovna, bezeichnet wie Nr. 2, fol. 4) Katharina Alexeowna, ebenso bezeichnet, fol. Zaccia di Gioppo di Firenze, nato intorno al 1540, e di G. Vasari allievo, il quale lo considerava fra i suoi precetti. Zacca restò anche superato dal Maestro, dato che egli, sovente, andava a servire i bastellieri di pitture, per mostrarsi bene in azione. A Roma il Cardinale Fernando de' Medici era il suo specialissimo patrono. Egli lavorava nei palazzi del Cardinal e del Palazzo Rucella. Le sue opere sono con gran cura finite, e fra i principali lavori si annovera la "Nascita di San Giovanni" a Roma. Qui si trova Andrea del Sarto vicino. Morì a Roma intorno al 1588. Scrive dopo opere di questo Maestro. La Dormizione di Maria. J. Zucca inv. Ph. Thomassin sc, fol. Il Santissimo Sacramento. Ph. Thomassin sc, fol. Mosè davanti al roveto ardente. P. A. Kilian ic, fol. Hagar cacciata da Abramo. P. A. Kilian sc, fol. Giuseppe venduto dai fratelli. Id. sc, fol. La Martirio di San Giovanni Evangelista. P. Thomassin sc, fol. Galathea sul mare circondata da Neptuno e dalle Nereidi. P. Thomassin sc, qu. fol. Le virtù, allegorie di uomini e donne. Folaghe da 7 fogli. J. Zucca e G. Cesari d'Arpino inv. Ali. Sadeler exc, 4. Zwei Kühe mit allegorischen Figuren. F. Villamena, sg. gr. Zucca, Francesco, auch Franciscus del Zucca, genannt, der Bruder des obigen Künstlers, malte Blumen und Früchte, war aber nicht Zucarelli, Heidelberg. -^ Zucarelli, Francesco. 323 id d«r historischen Composition erfahren. Nach dem Tode seines Bruders überlegte er sich auf die Musikarbeit, und lieferte Werke für die St. Peterskirche in Rom. Starb daselbst um 1712. Zuccali, Heinrich, auch Zugalli genannt, war Hofarchitekt des Churfürsten Max Emanuel von Bayern, welcher ihn aus Italien berief, um den Palas zum neuen Schloss in Schleißheim zu fertigen. An jener Stelle hatte schon Maximilian I. von Heinrich Schön ein Jagdschloss mit Ökonomiegebäuden errichten lassen, allein die Schweden richteten grosse Zerstörungen an, so dass der churfürstliche Hof das Schloss unbeachtet ließ und Plan zu dem jetzt im italienischen Stil erbauten Schloss fertigte. Zuccali war 1664, so wie jenen zum Schloss in Lustheim. Die Bauten sind sehr ausgedehnt, und daher wurden die Gebäude erst 1704 von dem Hof-Cameral-Rat und Oberbaumeister Joseph Effner vollendet. Zuccali scheint 1694 gestorben oder nach Italien zurückgekehrt zu sein, da von diesem Jahr an Effner als Oberarchitekt erscheint, welchem von einigen auch der Bau des Schlosses zugeschrieben wurde. Allein der Ausbau und die innere Linrichtung desselben leitete nur der Architekt. Die Zeichnung zur großen Treppe wurde dem Architekten Lespilier zugeschrieben, allein wir fanden den Plan in einem archivalischen Aktenstück von 1746, dem Herrn Zuccali vindicirt, so dass dieser als ursprünglicher Schöpfer des großen Planes zu diesem grossen Gebäude zu betrachten ist. Es imponiert durch seine Massen, trägt aber das Gepräge des Verfalls der Architektur, welcher seit L. Bernini im Sturmschritt entdeckt. Das Vestibül und die Treppenanlagen sind aber wirklich grossartig. Zuccali fertigte 1685 auch den Plan zur Theatinerkirche in Salzburg, so wie jenem zum Kloster, welches jetzt zum Militärhospital dient. Im Jahre 1666 wurde die St. Erhardskirche in Salzburg nach Zuccalis Plan erbaut. Der Renner des Hauses rühmt nach seiner Zeichnung die innere Ansicht einer Hirche, vermutlich einer der beiden genannten, für besonders schön. Lipowsky sagt, dass Zuccali noch um 1750 in München gelebt habe. Diese Angabe ist irrig, so wie zum Teil auch dasjenige, was Füssly über seinen Zuccali sagt. Zuccarelli oder Zucchérëlli), Francesco, Maler und Radierer, wurde 1702 zu Pizzighettina geboren, und Anfang von Paolo Anese unterrichtet, bis er in Rom an G. M. Murandi einen weiteren Lehrer fand. Pamalas machte Zucchérëlli seine historischen Studien, fing aber dann in Venedig an, die Landschaft in seinen Bereich zu nehmen, ohne dass seine Gemälde der Figurenstaffage entbehren. Er wählte dazu den Stoff aus der Mythologie, und aus der heiligen und profanen Geschichte, oder er brachte seine Zeichnungen an, welche aus dem Leben dieses italienischen Volkes gesucht sind. Zucchérëlli erlangte mit seinen Werken großen Ruhm, da sie alle Vorzüge besitzen, welche zu seiner Zeit das Auge fesselt. Zucchérëlli wählte Venedig zu seinem Aufenthalt, und von da aus unternahm er Reisen nach Deutschland, Holland und Frankreich. Später begab er sich auf Veranlassung des englischen Konsuls Georg Smith nach London, wo er einige Jahre reichliche Bettelung fand. Er malte viele Ansichten, besonders an der Themse, welche in die Galerie der englischen Grosvenors kamen. Sein Macbeth mit den Hexen nach Shakespeare gehört zu den Torzuglichsten Bildern jener Zeit. Wenig hat es gestochen. Nach Venedig zurückgekehrt, fuhr der Künstler mit erneuerte Tätigkeit fort, Werke zu liefern, deren Anfang nach Deutschland ging. Zwei Landschaften sieht man jetzt in der Galerie des Belvedere zu Wien. Zwei der schönsten Bilder des Meisters schickte Graf Algarotti an den Kurfürsten von Sachsen, sie sind aber in der Galerie zu Dresden nicht aufgestellt. Die reiche Sammlung des Consuls G. Smith in York wurde zerstreut, und ein Teil der Gemälde ging nach England. In Venedig sind aber noch viele Bilder von Zuccarelli vorhanden. Bei der Aufnahme in die Akademie daselbst überreichte er eine Landschaft mit der Freigang des Johannes, welche man in der k.k. Galerie academica mit noch vielen anderen Gemälden sieht. Auch in den Galerien Manfrin, Cornaro, Craglietto etc. sind Bilder von ihm. Besonders gebührt ihm der Ruhm, dass er in der Sammlung des Grafen Grotta jetzt Eigentum der Familie Manzoni. Mehrere andere Gemälde bewahrt die k.k. Villa di Stra an der Brenta. Zuccarelli war viele Jahre in Venedig tätig, bis er endlich eine letzte Reise nach England antrat, wo er noch einige Namen in frischer Erinnerung fand. Er malte auch noch viele Bilder, und brachte frühere vollendet Gemälde an den Mann. Man zählte ihn auch zu den ersten Mitgliedern der Akademie in London. Auf R. Earloms großem Blatt noch Zoffany, die Akademie von London betitelte, kommt er in ganzer Figur vor. Mit Schätzen überraschte er kehrt, kehrte er endlich nach Italien zurück, um in Rom den Rest seines Lebens zu zubringen. Nach einiger Zeit zog er aber Florenz vor, wo der Künstler 1788 starb. J.Cattini hat das von Vragari gemalte Bildnis des Künstlers gestochen. Die Blüther, welche nach diesem Meister gestorben wurden. Bind sehr zahlreich Folgende gehören zu den interessantesten, und einige machen Teile von Folgen aus, welche J. Wagner in Venedig herausgab. The Finding of Moses, nach dem Bild in der Galerie von Hampton Court, gest. von Samuel Smith, 1788, s. gr. qu. fol. Abraham und Lot, welche Aegypten verlassen, nach einem Bild aus Mr. Keate's Sammlung von F. Bartolozzi und W. Byrne, gestochen, gr. qu. fol. Die Ruhe der heil. Familie auf der Flucht in Aegypten, gest. von Nardello für Zanotto's Pinacotheca Academica Veneta, qu. fol. Macbeth, gest. von Woollett nach dem Bild im Cabinet Locke zu London, gr. qu. fol. Venus and Cupid, punktiert von V. M. Picot. Rund, fol. Nymphs Sporting, von demselben punktiert, gr. qu. fol. Diana and her Nymphs. Id. sc., gr. qu. fol. Die vier Jahreszeiten, Landschaften mit mythologischen Figuren. Wagner sc. Venet., gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Diana und Endymion, gest. von F. Bartolozzi, gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Apollo und Daphne. Id. sc., gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Silenus, Bacchanten und Satyrn. G. Volpato sc. Appo. Wagner Venet., gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit einem Philosophen bei einem Denkmal. G. Volpato sc. Id. exc., gr. qu. fol. Zuccarelli oder Zuccari, Francesco, 1602 Sehr verschiedene Ansichten der Umgebung von Troja. P. Gabrieli sc., qu. fol. View of Harleford. Major sc. Boydell exc., gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Sturm, nach dem Bild des Mr. Connelly von Bartolozzi und W. Byrne gestochen, gr. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Wasserfall und Landleuten. W. Byrne sc. qu. fol. Landschaft mit Wasserfall und zwei Weibern. J. Wagner sc. Zwei große Landschaften mit Figuren und Tieren, unter jeder italienische Verse, Enrico calcografico J. Wagner, Venezia, Nr. 48 und 5, 8. groß qu. fol. Zwei Landschaften mit Hirten und Engel, J. Wagner sc., qu. fol. Zwei ahnliche Landschaften, F. Ricci sc., fol. fol. Landschaft mit einer Meierei bei der Rinne, F. Berardi sc., groß qu. fol. Landschaft mit zwei Fischermädchen, Specchio beltrade, F. Bartolozzi sc., nach einem Bilde in der Sammlung des Consul Smith, groß qu. fol. Landschaft mit einem Fischer, welcher mit einem Weib und einem Manne spricht, nach einem Bilde des Consul Smith von G. Volpa to gestochen, groß qu. fol. Landschaft mit Schiffahrt, nach einem Bilde des Consul Smith von G. Volpa to gestochen, groß qu. fol. Landschaft mit einer Fischerfamilie, nach einem Bilde aus der Sammlung des Consul Smith, ohne Volpato's Namen, groß qu. fol. Reiche Landschaft aus Basan's Cabinet, Basan exc., groß fol. Zwei Landschaften mit Hirten und Vieh, F. Pedro de, qu. fol. Gebirgslandschaft mit Hirten im Vordergrund, links die Herde, F. Vivares sc., qu. roy. fol. Die italienische Bauernhochzeit, F. Vivares sc., groß qu. fol. Die italienische Tanabelustigung, Id., sc., groß qu. fol. Eigenhändige Radierung Diese Blätter stammen aus Zuccherelli's früherer Zeit, und sind sehr geistreich behandelt. Nichts findet sich kein genaues Verzeichnis. Bildnis eines Gauklers, nach einem alten Gemälde. L. Lippi, Maler, Brustbild nach F. Baldinucci's Zeichnung. Cav. Beccuto, nach D. Bacci. Carlo Taglini, Professor in Venedig, nach D. Bacci. Die hübschen und tüchtigen Jungfrauen, nach G. Manozzi di S. Giovanni, kl. qu. fol. Manens Rückkehr aus Ägypten, wie sie Joseph auf den Hof hebt, nach einem Fresco des obigen Meisters im Hause Gaburri zu Florenz 1730, klein fol. Seltenes Blatt. Der tote Küchenjunge, welchen A. del Sarto in einer Nische im Noviziat des Servitenklosters zu Florenz gemalt hat (1519); fol. Die heilige Familie mit St. Anna und dem kleinen Johannes, nach A. del Sarto, 4* Das unter dem Namen der Madonna del Sacco bekannte Gemälde von A. del Sarto: Maria streckt sitzend die Hand nach dem Kinde aus, und links sitzt Joseph im Buche lesend an den Sack gelehnt, klein fol. Dieser Stich gehört zu den besseren, neben einem alten Von 1575, und dem neuen von R. Morghen (1795). Zuocoli, aus Prag, Federigo. Der Leichnam des heiligen Franz von Paula, Ordensbegründer verehrt, nach A. del Sarto, groß quer 8* Viele elegante Figuren nach A. del Sarto, Fresken im Vorhof des Servitenklosters zu Florenz. Folge von 28 geistreichen Gesichtern, welche selbst vorzüglich sind, hoch 4< Die Statue der Victoria, auch nach Michel Angelo, 1728. Von der Gegenseite mit der Jahreszahl 1747, groß 8» Vasari, sagt sie dem Nicolo Tribolo beizugeschreiben. Die Charitas mit Kindern, nach Guido Reni, 1728, klein fol. Troppensüße und Kavalleriegefechte, reiche Compositionen von F. Simonini, 6 Blätter von J. Wagler und Zuccarelli, fol. Und indu, fol. Von Zuccari sind wahrscheinlich nur zwei Heiteren, welche. Das Titelkupfer zu II Medico Grande. 4. Zuccheri oder Zuccheri, Federigo, Maler von S. Agostino in Vado, wurde Sohn eines bekannten Künstlers, Namenof Ottavio, fand aber an seinem Bruder Taddeo einen besseren Lehren, wenn überhaupt die Zuccheri noch zu den großen Meistern des 16. Jahrhunderts zu gehören. Diese Künstler sind die Star der ihrer Schule, aber nicht als Nachahmer des Michal Angelo, zu der sie vor der Meinung, in Rafael's Richtung die Hauptschrift gebracht zu haben, während sie, wie Vasari, als Manieristen die ganzlichen Verirrungen derselben beschleunigten. Nur selten kamen sie zum echten künstlerischen Beschluss. Federigo hatte indessen ein grosses praktisches Talent, indem Vasari auf den Bildern, auf welchen er um 1560 ausgelitten hatte, fast noch im Knabenalter, in Rom war Federigo anfangs Geistesgenosse seines Bruders Taddeo, und nach dessen Tod vollendete er die Malereien in der Sala Regia des Vatikan, auf Trinità dei Monti, im Palazzo Farnese und sonstwo. Diese Werke hatten dem Taddeo einen ruhmreichen Namen gebracht, welchen auch auf Federigo übertragen, so dass ihm der Grossherzog Francesco I. von Florenz das Gemälde des jüngsten Gerichtes in abgestickten Kappen des Domes daselbst übertrug. Bei dieser Arbeit setzte der Künstler Himmel und Erde in Reihen, und brachte 300 Figuren aus, Seiche 50 Fuß hoch. Alle diese Gestalten gleichen aber im Hinblick auf ihre Uneheuerlichkeit, wie der Künstler selbst in seiner Autobiographie, Pittori etc. bemerkt. Der Dichter Lacedaemon Hess beim Ausblick der Gemälde in ein Madrigal, das orientalische Volk in Wut jagen ausbrechen über die Verunstaltungen der Kuppel Finielsenchi's, und er rief zur Vernichtung der Malereien. Man trollte auch tatsächlich den Pfosten, den Cortona bauftragen, die kolossalen Gestalten. Die Künstler dieses Namens werden Zuccaro, und nach Vasari (deutsche Ausgabe, V. 257) Zucchero genannt. Zuccaro nennt sich Federigo selbst in einem Brief, und auf einigen seiner Werke in Venedig steht Federicus Zuccarus. Nach den Titeln seiner Drucke steht F. Zuccaro. Sein Geburtsjahr wird verschieden angesehen: 1536, 1540, 1543, 1550. Drei der italienischen Schriftsteller nennen 1609 als Todesjahr, und geben ihm ein Alter von 59 bis 66 und 70 Jahren. Die Zahl 66 befanden auch andere, sie lassen ihn aber in 82 oder 101 sterben. Daher die abwechselnden Angaben des Geburtsjahres. Vgl. den Schluss des Artikels. Zuccaro oder Zuccero, Federigo, 1577. Statt unter neuen Gemälde zu begraben, was aber utopisch blieb, dagegen fehlte es auch nicht an Lobreden des Werkes tod Zuccari, unter welchen Benvenuto Cellini ist. Dieser Künstler nannte es ein Wunder alles Schon, und Vasari, welcher seinen Vorteil darübergogen hatte, war von ihnen mit sehr zufrieden. In der torentinischen Sammlung sind mehrere Studien und Zeichnungen zu den Kuppelgemälde, und die ganze Komposition in Bleistift und mit Weiß gehoben var bis 1845 in der grafischen Sternberg'schen Sammlung. In der Florenz aus, gab sich Zuccaro nach Rom, wo jetzt der geschmeidige und wissenschaftlich gebildete Künstler großen Einfluss gewann. Papst Gregor XIII. übertrug ihm die Vollendung der Malereien in der paulinischen Kapelle, wo sich Michel Angelo's grossartiger Geist geoffenbart hatte. Zuccaro malte da einige Darstellungen aus dem Leben der Apostel, welche aber nur wenigen gefielen, so dass einige Hörige beim Papsten Klage erhoben, und ihn zu verleumden suchten. Zuccaro sann desselben wegen auf Rache, und malte ein großes Bild in Tempera, auf welchem seine Widersager in Portralförmigkeit mit Eselsohren vorkommen. Es ist durch einen großen Stich von C. Cort bekannt, auf welchem wir unten wiederkommen. Der Künstler hatte die Kühheit, das Gemälde an der Tür der Bruch des heiligen Lucas auszustellen, viel aber dieses gerade am Festtag des Heiligen vorfiel, nahm der Papst einen tiefen Fallen, dass Zuccaro aus Rom floh, und erst nach Jahren wieder zurückkehren konnte. Dieses Gemälde kam in den Palast Orsini, und darf nicht mit einem späteren, lebendfalls im Stich bekannten Gemälde verwechselt werden, in welchem er die Verleumdung des Apelles darstellte. Dieses Bild kam in den Palast Lanti, das eine oder das andere ist aber jetzt in der Galerie zu Hampton Court. In der neuesten Beschreibung zu Hampton Court, London 1851, wird nämlich eine allegorische Darstellung der Verleumdung erwähnt, welche vierzehn Figuren enthält. Wahrscheinlich ist Zuccaro's Rachebild darunter zu verstehen, da die Verleumdung des Apollon weniger Figuren zählt. Nach der Flucht aus Rom, nahm der Künstler eine Reise durch Flandern, Holland und England, und verweilte mehrere Jahre in London. Hier kopierte er Holbein's Triumph des Reichtums und der Armut, wo jetzt das Original 1666. beim großen Brand zu Grunde ging. Später wurde diese Komposition nach Zuccaro's Zeichnung von C. v. Mechel gestochen, man erkennt aber Holbein's Charakter nicht mehr. Dann machte Zuccaro auch das Bildnis der Königin Elisabeth. Fiorillo V. 237 sah das Bildnis dieser Königin in Kensington. Sie ist lebensgross in phantastischer Kleidung in einem Walde dargestellt, worin man auch einen Hirsch bemerkt. An den Baumstämmen sind Verse geschrieben, welche von Spenser, oder nach Walpole von der Königin selbst herrühren sollen. Sie sind auch wirklich voll unverständlicher Anspielungen einer melancholischen Dame. Der Kölner Malexirt Georges Sefertiget hatte musikalische Aachener Bildnisse der Unglücklichen Königin Maria Stuart von Schottland, die Zuccaro malte, doch findet sich ein totales Missverständnis in Hampton Court, wo ihre reale Gegenwart hauiet. Mit ihrem Sohn dargestellt, ist sie im Guildhof der Tuchmacher, und durch Bartolozzi's Stich bekannt. Auch in der Villa von Chiswick sieht man das Portrait der Maria Stuart, lebendig groß in prachtiger Kleidung, mit einem anaprecherenden Mann, der auch nicht eigentlich ihrem Gesicht entspricht. Das dritte Portrait der Maria Stuart ist in der Bodleian'schen Galerie zu Oxford, in Captain Howard bewahrt man ein Portrait des hohen Noblen von Nicolli, nach Waagen lebendig aufgefasst, und in einem etwas rotblauen Ton vollendet. Walpole sagt, dass Zuccaro während seines Aufenthaltes in England nie ein Porträt gemalt habe, da seine historischen Stücke keinen Beifall fanden, und die neue Lehre die Bilder aus den Händen verbannte. In Hampton Court wird indessen eine Geburt Christi aufbewahrt, und dann eine Darstellung der Verleumdung mit vierzehn fast lebensgroßen Figuren. Das ist das oben erwähnte Spätbild mit den römischen Rittern vom Esel, was seine Flucht aus Frankreich zur Folge hatte. Nach den Daten auf den obigen Bildnissen der Königin Elisabeth musste der Künstler um 1567 - 1610 in England gelebt haben, aber in Venedig wurde er besungen um den Dogenpalast mit Gemälden zu versieren. Zuccaro malte das 1582 neben anderen den Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa, wie er zu den Füßen des Papstes kniet. Der regierende Papst Gregor XIII. hatte dem Künstler wegen der Eselohren lange gesäuget, endlich wurde die Aussohnung vollzogen. Jetzt vollendete er den Zyklus der Musterien in der Paulanerkirche, welcher Lanzi zu seinen Hauptwerken zählt. Sehr schön ist auch die Grablegung in der Galerie Borghese. Zu seinen interessantesten Arbeiten gehören die Darstellungen aus der Geschichte des Kaisers Farnese, welche er mit Taddeo in Palazzo Caprarola gemalt hatte. Dann findet man in den Kirchen Rom auch Altarbilder Von ihm. Auf Monte Pincio hatte er sich ein eigenes Haus, welches durch Stiche bekannt ist, die sich in F. Roggieri's Studio d'Architettura 1724 finden. Das eine Blatt enthält die Fassade, das andere den Grundriss. Wenn nur nicht die Verwaschung von ihm herrührt, welche das Geräusch zeigt. Mit größem Lieben erhebt er auch den Laulossen. Durch Imitation bekannt... L... Um 1588 wurde F. Zuccaro nach Spanien berufen, und die von L. Cambiaso im Escurial begonnenen Malereien zu vollenden. Anfangs wollte Philipp II. den Paolo Veronese zu diesem Zwecke einzeln, den Grafen Gaviria, spanischer Gesandter in London, empfangen, aber den Zuccaro. Dieser fand indessen keinen Beifall; seine Malereien im Escurial wurden vernichtet, und durch andere von P. Tibaldi ersetzt. Nur einige Ölbilder wurden behalten, wie die Geburt Christi, die Anbetung der Himmlischen und die Marter des heiligen Lorenz. Der König von Spanien soll dem Künstler während seines dreijährigen Aufenthaltes in Spanien 1800 Dukaten bezahlt haben, und namentlich nur einige Ölgemälde. Nach Italien zurückgekehrt, unternahm Zuccaro eine ganze Rundreise im Lande, und nach allen Städten, was man nur wünschte. Zu seinen besten Werken zählt man die Himmelfahrt der Maria im einen Oratorium zu Rimini, und den Tod der heiligen Jungfrau in St. Maria in Acquaviva daselbst. Als ein grazioses Bild bezeichnet Lanzi das Jesuskind in der Kirche im Dom zu Fulvio, und von gleichem Wert sind zwei Darstellungen aus dem Leben der Maria in einer Kapelle zu Loretto. In einem Saal des Collegio Borromeo zu Pavia malte er das Leben des heiligen Karolus in Fresco. In der Bibliothek des Zisterzienser Klosters zu Mailand finden wir zwei große Bilder, welche nach Lanzi Schneewunder vorgestellt sind. Die Compositionen sind sehr reich, und das Ganze in glanzender Farbung durchgeführt. Den Inhalt kennen wir nicht, R. Weißel erträgt aber Nr. 379 eine Heidezeitung mit einer Darstellung aus der heiligen Geschichte, welche der Entwurf zu einem solchen Bilde sein konnte. Hierauf ging Zuccaro nach Venedig, wo Boschini seine Werke mit großer Schärfe kritisiert hat. Er überarbeitete sie deswegen, und schrieb unter das Bild der Denkwindigung des edlen Hohenstaufen den Boschini und Zuccaro im Trost des Federicus Zuccarus am 15. Januar 1582, perlecte an. 1603. Durch die Überarbeitung scheint das Werk sehr gewonnen zu haben, denn Zanetti und Lanzi zählen es zu den Hauptbildern des Meisters. Im Jahre 1607 befand sich Zuccaro in Turin, wo sich mehrere Bilder von ihm finden. Im Dom ist eine Auferstellung Christi und in der Jesuitenkirche ein Bild des heiligen Paulus. Der Herzog Karl Emanuel ließ eine Galerie von ihm in Fresco verfertigen, was aber die Arbeit unterbrochen wurde. In den letzten Jahren befasste sich Zuccaro auch allmählich der Schriftstellerei, er wollte mit Vasari wettkommen, ist aber fern von der Klarheit und ruhigen Ansicht desselben. Wenn Vasari manchmal etwas geschwatzt ist, so macht Zuccaro ein ungelehrtes Geschrei, und erhob sich in unverständliches Gribbelchen. Bottari und Mariette sprechen mit Geringachtung von seiner schriftstellerischen Talent, eher vielmehr wegen seinen barocken Ansichten. Wir folgen folgenden Schriften, erwähnt, 'Lettera a Principi e Signori amatori del disegno, pittura, scultura ed architettura, scritta dal Cav. Federico Zuccaro nell' accademia all'obsoleta, del Sole. Con un lamento della Pittura, opera dell'istesso. Mantua 1605, 4' : Origine e Progresso delle Accademie del Dito in Roma. Pavia 1604, 4'. 330 Zaccaro o Zucca, Federigo. Vite de' Pittori, del Scultori e degli Architetti in due libri scritti da Federigo Zuccaro. Bologna, 1608. Dedica al Re Carlo Manuele di Savoia. Tarino, 1607. La dimora di Parma del Sig. Cav. F. Zuccaro. Bologna, 1608. Il passaggio per Italia, in cui sono descritte varie pitture, da parte del Cav. F. Zuccaro. Bologna 1608. F. Zuccaro starb zu Ancona im Jahre 1600. Er wurde auf der Reise in seine Heimatstadt Tondato, einer todtlichen Krankheit erblickt. Über die abweichenden Angaben über sein Geburts- und Todesjahr haben wir Eingangs dieses Artikels in der Note berichtet. Er hinterließ zahlreiche, Schüler, welche der von ihm bezeichneten manierierten Kunst folgten. D. Passignano gehört zu den achtenswertesten Künstlern dieser Schule. Unter den früheren Schülerstellern ist einzig Baglioni ein großer Bewunderer seiner Verdienste, welcher das Lob auch auf die plastischen und architektonischen Werke des Künstlers ausdehnt. Die beiden Zuccheri waren in every Hinsicht Künstler von entschiedenem Talente, sie strebten aber in der von Rafael bezeichneten Richtung hoher nach Bravour der Malerei, als nach Wahrheit und genaues Studium der Natur. Sie waren Maniristen, besonders Federigo, welcher bei grosser Leichtigkeit der Behandlung seinen Figuren einen beständigen Schein von Wahrheit zu geben versuchte. Taddeo ist dagegen gelehrter in der Zeichnung, und beiden ist eine gefällige Harmonie der Farbung gemäss. In einer Hinsicht übertraf aber jener den Bruder, Federigo war aber viele Jahre der einzige Vertreter der römischen Richtung, da T. Zuccaro kein hohes Alter erreichte. Zu seiner Zeit genossen zwar Rafael's Name noch immer, und auch auf die Zuccheri ging ein Theil des Nimbus über, allein man entdeckt den gepriesenen Werken Vasari's und der Zuccheri keines Spuren der Nachahmung des Geistes, durch welchen Rafael unsterblich wurde; Die Carracci, und G. Reni haben ihm in einigen Werken wieder mit grösserem Erfolg nachgefolgt, doch trübte sich zu ihrer Zeit die Kunst nur in etwas, um noch tiefer zu sinken, als jemals. |
github_open_source_100_8_20122 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | 'use strict'
import AddContactFromOtherTabView from '../../Contacts/Views/AddContactFromOtherTabView.web'
import commonComponents_forms from '../../MMAppUICommonComponents/forms.web'
import monero_openalias_utils from '../../OpenAlias/monero_openalias_utils'
class AddContactFromSendTabView extends AddContactFromOtherTabView {
setup () {
const self = this
{
self.mockedTransaction = self.options.mockedTransaction
if (!self.mockedTransaction || typeof self.mockedTransaction === 'undefined') {
throw self.constructor.name + ' requires a self.mockedTransaction'
}
}
{
self.enteredAddressValue = self.options.enteredAddressValue_orNull
self.is_enteredAddressValue_OAAddress = monero_openalias_utils.DoesStringContainPeriodChar_excludingAsXMRAddress_qualifyingAsPossibleOAAddress(self.enteredAddressValue)
if (self.is_enteredAddressValue_OAAddress === false) {
try {
self.address__decode_result = self.context.monero_utils.decode_address(self.enteredAddressValue, self.context.nettype)
} catch (e) {
console.warn("Couldn't decode as a Monero address.", e)
return // just return silently
}
// we don't care whether it's an integrated address or not here since we're not going to use its payment id
self.integratedAddressPaymentId = self.address__decode_result.intPaymentId || null
if (self.integratedAddressPaymentId) {
self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress = true
} else {
self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress = false
}
//
self.isEnteredValue_subAddress = self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress == false
? self.context.monero_utils.is_subaddress(self.enteredAddressValue, self.context.nettype)
: false
} else {
self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress = undefined
self.isEnteredValue_subAddress = undefined
}
self.paymentID_valueToUse = self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress ? self.integratedAddressPaymentId : self.mockedTransaction.payment_id
}
super.setup()
}
_overridable_initial_inlineMessageString () {
return 'Your Monero is on its way.'
}
_overridable_initial_inlineMessage_wantsXButtonHidden () {
return true // fixed message
}
_overridable_new_fieldInputLayer__address () {
const self = this
const value = self.enteredAddressValue // i /think/ this should always be the address we save as the Contact address
const layer = commonComponents_forms.New_NonEditable_ValueDisplayLayer_BreakChar(
value,
self.context
)
return layer
}
_overridable_new_fieldInputLayer__paymentID () {
const self = this
const value = self.paymentID_valueToUse
const layer = commonComponents_forms.New_NonEditable_ValueDisplayLayer_BreakChar(
value,
self.context
) // will be hidden if necessary with _overridable_shouldNotDisplayPaymentIDFieldLayer
return layer
}
_overridable_shouldNotDisplayPaymentIDFieldLayer () {
const self = this
const existingValue = self.paymentID_valueToUse
return !existingValue || typeof existingValue === 'undefined' // show (false) if we have one
}
_overridable_shouldNotDisplayPaymentIDNoteLayer () {
// TODO: (?) check if we really /are/ going to generate a payment id for them and show ?
return true // do not show this layer
}
setup_self_layer () {
super.setup_self_layer() // very important we call on super
const self = this
const layer = self.layer
// now, since the contents of the AddContactFromSendTabView have that form_containerLayer with a border, we're going to add extra side padding here
layer.style.paddingLeft = '8px'
layer.style.paddingRight = '8px'
}
setup_views () {
super.setup_views()
const self = this
{
const layer = self.form_containerLayer
layer.style.margin = '8px 6px'
layer.style.boxSizing = 'border-box'
layer.style.padding = '8px 0px 16px 0px'
layer.style.border = '0.5px solid #494749'
layer.style.borderRadius = '5px'
layer.style.minHeight = '84%'
}
{ // field title label
const titleMessageString = 'SAVE THIS ADDRESS AS A CONTACT?'
const labelLayer = commonComponents_forms.New_fieldTitle_labelLayer(titleMessageString, self.context)
labelLayer.style.color = '#9A989A'
const toBe_siblingLayer = self.form_containerLayer
toBe_siblingLayer.parentNode.insertBefore(labelLayer, toBe_siblingLayer)
}
{ // "Detected" label?
const needsDetectedLabel =
self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress == true || // is either an integrated addr
(self.is_enteredAddressValue_OAAddress == true && // or is OA addr and are going to show the field
self._overridable_shouldNotDisplayPaymentIDNoteLayer() === false)
if (needsDetectedLabel) {
const detectedMessage = commonComponents_forms.New_Detected_IconAndMessageLayer(self.context)
self.paymentIDField_containerLayer.appendChild(detectedMessage)
}
}
}
setup_validationMessageLayer () {
const self = this
super.setup_validationMessageLayer()
const layer = self.validationMessageLayer
if (!layer) {
throw '!layer'
}
layer.style.width = 'calc(100% - 12px)'
layer.style.marginLeft = '6px'
}
//
//
// Runtime - Accessors - Navigation
//
Navigation_Title () {
return 'Save Contact' // user knows it as Save, here
}
//
//
// Runtime - Accessors - Overrides
//
_overridable_defaultFalse_canSkipEntireOAResolveAndDirectlyUseInputValues () {
return true // very special case - cause we just / already resolved this info
}
_overridable_defaultTrue_wantsQRPickingActionButtons () {
return false
}
_overridable_initial_leftBarButtonTitleString_orUndefinedForDefaultCancel () {
return "Don't Save" // contextual - instead of 'Cancel'
}
Navigation_New_LeftBarButtonView () {
const self = this
const view = super.Navigation_New_LeftBarButtonView()
view.layer.style.width = '85px'
//
return view
}
//
//
// Runtime - Delegation - Overrides
//
_willSaveContactWithDescription (contactDescription) {
const self = this
if (self.is_enteredAddressValue_OAAddress) {
const resolvedAddress = self.options.resolvedAddress_orNull
if (!resolvedAddress) {
throw 'resolvedAddress was nil despite is_enteredAddressValue_OAAddress'
}
contactDescription.cached_OAResolved_XMR_address = resolvedAddress
// no need to make a payment ID because paymentID_valueToUse comes from the tx pid which comes from the OA record value, if any
} else { // not an open alias addr
if (self.isEnteredValue_integratedAddress !== true && self.isEnteredValue_subAddress !== true) { // not an integrated addr (already has pid) and not a subaddr (pid disallowed) - assuming a normal wallet addr
if (self.paymentID_valueToUse == null || self.paymentID_valueToUse == '' || typeof self.paymentID_valueToUse === 'undefined') { // wouldn't want to override one if we already have it! that's important
const autogenerated__paymentID = self.context.monero_utils.new_payment_id() // generate new one for them
contactDescription.payment_id = autogenerated__paymentID
console.log('💬 Autogenerating payment id for std addr contact:', autogenerated__paymentID)
}
}
}
}
_didSaveNewContact (contact) {
const self = this
// don't need to dismiss here cause super will do it for us
super._didSaveNewContact(contact) // this will cause self to be dismissed!! so, last-ish
}
}
export default AddContactFromSendTabView
|
254053_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Jurazini (do leta 1991. Juražini, italijansko Iurassini) so naselje na Hrvaškem, ki upravno spada pod občino Sveta Nedelja; le-ta pa spada pod Istrsko županijo.
Demografija
Sklici
Glej tudi
seznam naselij na Hrvaškem
Naselja Istrske županije.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20123 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from model_contour import build_model
slim = tf.contrib.slim
flags = tf.app.flags
from tensorflow.python.ops import variables
from utils import random_crop_and_pad_image
import os
import cv2
import time
FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
flags.DEFINE_integer(
"eval_crop_size", 480, "Image crop size [height, width] for evaluation."
)
flags.DEFINE_string("checkpoint", None, "The initial checkpoint in tensorflow format.")
flags.DEFINE_string("image_dir", None, "The Image Directory.")
flags.DEFINE_string(
"save_preds", None, "Path to folder where predictions will be saved."
)
flags.DEFINE_string(
"eval_text", None, "The Path to the text file containing names of Images and Labels"
) ###This text file should not have extensions in their names such as 8192.png or 8192.jpg instead just the name such as 8192
Image_directory = "/home/ubuntu/gfav/deeplab/tensorflow_deeplab_resnet/data/pascal/VOCdevkit/VOC2007/JPEGImages/"
my_log_dir = "./logs"
def load(saver, sess, ckpt_path):
saver.restore(sess, ckpt_path)
print("Restored model parameters from {}".format(ckpt_path))
image_ph = tf.placeholder(tf.uint8, [1, None, None, 3], name="image_placeholder")
size = FLAGS.train_crop_size
image, label = random_crop_and_pad_image(tf.squeeze(image_ph), size, size)
norm_image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(tf.squeeze(image))
norm_image = tf.expand_dims(norm_image, dim=0)
pred = build_model(norm_image)
restore_var = tf.trainable_variables()
pred = tf.nn.sigmoid(pred)
loader = tf.train.Saver(var_list=restore_var)
init = variables.global_variables_initializer()
with tf.Session() as sess:
sess.run(init)
load(loader, sess, FLAGS.checkpoint)
f = open(FLAGS.eval_text, "r")
message = f.read()
lines = message.split("\n")
for l in lines:
try:
input_image = cv2.imread(Image_directory + l + ".jpg")
feed_dict = {image_ph: input_image}
P = sess.run(pred, feed_dict=feed_dict)
np.save(save_preds + l, P)
except:
print("ERROR")
|
US-536747D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Attornedx
(No Model.)
R. A. AUSTIN.
CURTAIN POLE.
No. 536,747. PatentedApr. 2, 1895.
' iINrrnn STATES ATENT Orrin-n.
RICHARD A. AUSTIN, OF CAIRO, NEWn YORK, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-HALF TO NELSON H. GRIFFIN, OF SAME PLACE.
CURTAIN-POLE.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 586,747, dated April 2, 1895.
Application filed February 7, 1895. SerialNo. 537,562. (No model.) Y
.To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, RICHARD A. AUSTIN, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Cairo, county of Greene, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Curtain-Poles, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, forminga part thereof, in whichsimilar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the figures.
This invention relates to curtain poles, and has for its object to provide means whereby in place of providing rings which surround the pole, a suspending wire may be secured longitudinally within said pole and the rings supporting the curtain slidably mounted upon said suspending wire in order to do away entirely with outside fastenings.
A further object of the invention is to provide improved means for securing the curtain, and also means for, and such a construction as will permit of, adjusting or tightening said Wire.
The invention consists in the novel construction and arrangement of parts, whereby the above-mentioned and other desirable results are attained, and hereinafter more fully described.
Referring to the drawings: Figure l is a front elevation of a device embodying my invention, the pole being in longitudinalcentral section. Fig. 2 is a transverse section through the same. Fig. 3 is an end view of the pole. Fig. 4, is a similar view of the plug or disk inserted in said end.
In the practice of my invention, I construct the pole A, hollow and cylindrical both interiorly and eXteriorly with a longitudinal slot Bin the bottom thereof. The ends of the pole are provided with horizontally ranging grooves or recesses a, in which are inserted anges b projecting from each side of internally screw-threaded or tapped metallic disks or plugs b, which are of such size as to t tightly in said pole being held against movement by said flanges b. Inserted centrally through said disks are screw rods or spindles c, having milled heads c upon the outside thereof, whereby they are turned, and having disks or heads d revolubly secured upon the inner ends thereof, which said disks are provided with semi-circular loops or eyes c to receive therein the hooked ends fof a substantially stiff or rigid metallic Wire C. Slidably' mounted upon said metallic wire O are a plurality of rings g of the usual or any other approved construction, which are inserted through apertured flanges or extensions h of spring clips h, the jaws h2 of which are normally held together to clasp the curtain or curtains G. These clips thus extend from within the pole to but slightly beneath the same, whereby the curtain is held at almost appreciable distance beneath the under surface of the pole A.
`Upon each end of the pole A are secured t-he knobs D, provided with annular fianges D which frictionally engage the outer surface of the pole to retain said knobs in position without the usual screwing.
The operation of the device will be readily understood from the foregoing description takenin connection with the accompanying drawings.
The rings g are mounted upon the Wire O with the clips h depending therefrom, and said wire then inserted into .the pole and hooked upon the loops or eyes e of the revoluble heads d, which are mounted upon the screw rods o with the plugs or disks b surrounding said rods and inserted into the ends of the pole. The curtain G isthen inserted between the edges or jaws of the spring clips h to depend therefrom, andthe milled heads o of the screw rods o turned to adjust said rods and tighten the wire O, the same, however, not being twisted owing to the revoluble connection thereof with said rods through the disks or heads d. Great tension of said Wire is permitted by reason of the construction of the plugs or disks b which are incapable of turning or being drawn into the pole owing to the flanges b thereof.
The curtain is removed by the mere deytachment thereof from theclips, and it will be readily observed that the whole device may be adjusted or the parts thereof detached for cleaning or renewal very readily. During the suspension of .the pole, the knobs D are ALa mounted upon each end thereof?, said knobs being removed when access is desired to the interior of the device.
rPhe advantages resultant from the use of the invention will be manifest to all who are conversant with the general class of devices to which the same appertains,
Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-v l. Acnrtain pole comprising..r ahollow body, having a longitudinal slot in the hase thereof, disks secured in each end of said pole, screw rods bearing in said disks, having loops or eyes revolubly mounted thereon, a suspending wire secured to said loops and extending longitudinally through the pole, said screw rods being adapted to adjust and tighten said Wire, and means or devices sliding upon said wire and in the slot of the pole, adapted to clasp and suspend the curtain therefrom, substantially as shown and described.
2. A curtain pole comprising abody hollow throughout with a longitudinal slot in the base thereof, and grooves or recesses in each end ihereof,disks or plugs inserted in said ends, havingrF flanges thereon which enter the grooves, screw rods hearing in said plugs, havine,r milled heads to adjust the saine, disks revoluloly mounted upon the inner ends of said rod and provided with eyes, a Wire extending longitudinally through the pole, having hooked ends which are inserted in said eyes, said rods being adapted to tighten said Wire, a pluralityof rings slidablymounted upon said wire, spring clips having apertured flanges through which said rings are inserted,whereby the clips depend therefrom to slide in the slot of and partially Within the pole, said clips being adapted to clasp and support the ourtain, and knobs at each end of the pole, having annular flanges thereon adapted to engage the surface of the pole and retain said knobs, substantially as shown and described.
In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my invention I have signed my naine, in presence of two witnesses, this 30th day of January, 1895.
RICHARD A. AUSTIN. Witnesses:
NELSON H. GRIFFIN, ARCHIE H. BURNS.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20124 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | function getURLparam(pair){
var arg = new Object;
for(var i = 0;pair[i];i++) {
var kv = pair[i].split('=');
arg[kv[0]] = kv[1];
}
return arg;
}
function getInfo(callback){
var arg = getURLparam(location.search.substring(1).split('&'));
///プロフィールAPI(自作GASアプリ)より取得
var url = "https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbw8N3XY7HGnrr4uB2nyDCy4gmrxFBM2SjvE19d_R6w4_VeCIEw/exec";
var param = {};
param["mode"]=arg["mode"];
param = JSON.stringify(param);
return fetch(url,{
method: 'POST',
mode: 'cors',
body: param
}).then(function(response) {
return response.text();
}).then(function(json) {
var json = JSON.parse(json||"null");
return json;
}).then(json => createDom(json)
).then(function(json){
fetch(json["slideurl"]).then(function(response) {
return response.text();
}).then(function(slidebody){
document.getElementById("slideurl").insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", ""+ slidebody +"");
return true;
}).then(callback);
});
return true;
}
function selectDom(key, value){
///各メタデータ配置箇所のclass要素をget
var domList = document.getElementsByClassName(key);
return Promise.all(Object.keys(domList).map(function (i) {
if(key == "image"){
domList.item(i).insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", "<img alt='こ↑こ↓僕のサムネ' style='height:20rem;' src='"+ value +"'></img>");
}else if(key == "url"){
domList.item(i).insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", ""+ value+ "");
domList.item(i).href = value;
}else{
domList.item(i).insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", ""+ value +"");
}
}));
}
function createDom(meta_json){
//json内のキーを探査して、キーと同値のクラスへdom書き込み
return Promise.all(Object.keys(meta_json).map(function(key){
return selectDom(key, meta_json[key]);
})).then(function(){
return meta_json;
});
}
|
6288253_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Decision affirmed.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20125 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
class setting extends CI_Controller {
private $table = "users";
function index()
{
$users = $this->db->get($this->table);
admin_template('setting/setting_view', compact('users'));
}
function create()
{
$category = $this->db->get('setting_category');
admin_template('setting/create', compact('category'));
}
function store()
{
$this->db->insert($this->table, $this->input->post());
redirect(base_url('admin/setting'));
}
function edit($id)
{
$any = $this->db->where('id', $id)->get($this->table)->row();
admin_template('setting/edit', compact('any'));
}
function update($id)
{
$this->db->where('id', $id)->update($this->table, $this->input->post());
redirect(base_url('admin/setting'));
}
function delete($id)
{
$this->db->where('id', $id)->delete($this->table);
redirect(base_url('admin/setting'));
}
function show($id)
{
}
function change_password()
{
admin_template('setting/change_password','');
}
function validatepass()
{
$old = $this->input->post('old_password');
$new = $this->input->post('new_password');
$repeat = $this->input->post('repeat_password');
if(admin_info()->password == sha1($old)){
if($new == $repeat)
{
$this->db->where('id', admin_info()->id)->update('users',array('password' => sha1($new)));
$this->session->set_flashdata('message', "<div class='alert alert-success'> Password Changed!</div>");
redirect('admin/setting/change_password');
}else{
$this->session->set_flashdata('message', "<div class='alert alert-danger'> New Password and Repeat Password not match!</div>");
redirect('admin/setting/change_password');
}
}else{
$this->session->set_flashdata('message', "<div class='alert alert-danger'>Old Password is incorrect!</div>");
redirect('admin/setting/change_password');
}
}
function users()
{
$accounts = $this->db->get('consumers');
$this->session->set_flashdata('info', "<div class='alert alert-info'>Note: If the status is = 1, Account is been Acticated else Status = 0, Account not been Acitivate Yet!!<br> The Action ResetAccount is designed to Reset only the USERNAME & PASSWORD of the consumer.</div>");
admin_template('setting/user', compact('accounts'));
}
function reset_consumer($id)
{
$data = array(
'username' => '',
'password' => '',
'used' => '0'
);
$this->db->where('id', $id)->update('consumers', $data);
$this->session->set_flashdata('message', "<div class='alert alert-success'> Reset Account Success!!</div>");
redirect('admin/setting/users');
}
}
|
US-44757154-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Bottom-hole sampler
Dec. 2, 1958 w. G. TEUBNER BOTTOM-HOLE SAMPLER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug. 3, 1954 kw V 5 m D w M m Q l O B W H E. 4 7 5/ 2// r M fig a A 5 m N ATTORNEY Dec. 2, 1958 w. G. TEUBNER 2,
BOTTOM-HOLE SAMPLER Filed Aug. 3, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FI'gJ 7 VASE INVENTOR. WILBUR G. TEUBNER ATTORNEY United States Patent BOTTOM-HOLE SAMPLER Wilbur G. Teubner, Dallas, Tex., assignor to Sun Oil Company, Philadelphia, Pa., a corporation of New Jersey Application August 3, 1954, Serial No. 447,57
3 Claims. (Cl. 166-165) This invention relates to improvements in a sampling device for fluids; more particularly the invention relates to improvements in a device for securing samples of liquids in difierent strata of a Well.
The form of sampler for which the improvement provided here is particularly designed is disclosed and claimed in Patent No. 2,686,566, issued to William E. Barnes, August 17, 1954. Thatsampler provided a valve arrangement insuring retention of the sample regardless of temperature or other conditions existing during the removal of the device from the tubing. Further, the structure shown there insures retention of the sample under the conditions as they existed in the well at the strata at which it was received for sufiicient length of time to permit the sample transfer at aproper testing oint.
p When the sampler, with its enclosed sample, is delivered to the testing point where the true characteristics of the fluid as it exists in the reservoir are to be determined, special procedures are required. This involves especially designed equipment for transferring the Well samples as secured by the sampler free of contamination with the atmosphere. After the sample is extracted from the sampler, using this special equipment and procedures, it is frequently discovered that water samples have been taken instead of oilsarnplesi It is an object of this invention to provide a device which when combined with the sampler of reference will facilitate the sample removal by'insuring a tight seal within the sampler, and further will enable the determination of the type of sample taken at the well site to be satisfactory for further test by releasing a portion of the sample without necessity of using special equipment to completely drain the sampler.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent by-reference-to the following specification and drawing, in which:
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through the upper end portion of the device showing detailsthereof.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal sectional viewin continuation of Figure 1 and of the lowerend portion of the device showing details thereof.
Figure 3 is a view'showingdetails of elements positioned exteriorly of the lower portion of the device.
Figure 4 is a view taken on line 44 of Figure 2.
Figure 5 is a view taken. on line 5.-5 of Figure 3.
In general, the device disclosed and claimedin Patent No. 2,686,566, and with which my improvements have been combined, comprises an elongate housing having upper and lower valves. Each of these valves includes a valve seat and a cooperating valve plug. Between the valves an elongate chamber is positioned to receive the fluid sample. Below the lower valve, the elongate housing terminates in a fluid inlet section, and above the upper valveis a fluid outlet'section. The valves provide axial passageways, which effect communication between theinlet outletsections, and permit continuous flow of fluid through the sample chamber when the valves 2,862 ,5 6 l en e De .,2, 1. 5.8
2 are open. The plugs of the upper and lower valves are connected .by a rod passing through the sample chamber. Thus they aresimultaneously reciprocated to the closed or open position permitting or stopping the flow of fluid through the sample chamber. Resilient seal rings are provided on each of the valve'plug s to provide an effective seal with theaxial passageways of the valves. The passageways in which the valve plugs reciprocate are of substantial depth permitting valve plugmovement without breaking the seal of the sample chamber once established. A valve actuating shaft extends through the inlet section of the elongate housing and is arranged to move the valve plugs to -the open or clo'sed position. On this shaft, exteriorly of the housing, a fiexibleactuator is mounted to frictionally contact the tubing wall and be flexed upwardly or downwardly in accordance with the movement of the device through the tubing. In response to this movement, the valves are opened or closed With this sampler, thus generally described, are combined additional valve means to facilitate initial sample test and subsequent removal. The valve plugs of the upper and'lower valves are drilled to tap the sample chamber in the closed valve position. High compression valves, referred to as auxilitary valves to distinguish from the plug valves of the improved device, are fitted to the valve plugs within the elongate housing above and below the above described plug valves, and adapted to reciprocate with the valve plugs. These additional'valves are especially adapted for testing and sample removal, as will be better understood after reading the following detailed description with reference to the figures of-the drawing.
Figures 1, 2 and'3 taken together show the composite sample device generally described above and referred to,-in part, as having-been disclosed in the application of reference. The presentlyconsidered device includes an elongate housing divided into operating sections, separated by plugvalves, and externally extending operating elements.
'In Figures 1 and 2, 11 indicates a sample chamber which is formed by a tubular member 12 havingscreww threadedly secured at its upper end a coupling 13 and in its lower endanother coupling 14. The coupling'13 is in turnscrew-threaded to an upper cylinder 15 which has at its upper end a cap 16 arranged-to receive a wire line for lowering the device into thewell tubing. The coupling .14 receives a lower cylinder 17 having an aperture 18 at its lower end for the reception of an actuate ingshaft 19, the function of which will later be described. The couplings 13 and .14are provided with axial pas.- sageways 20 and 21 respectively while the upper and lower cylinders 15 and 17 are apertured at 22 and 23 respectively for permitting fluid to flow through the device. For example when the device is lowered into a well anyliquid encountered willenter cylinder 17, which is the inlet section ofthe device, pass through coupling 14, the sample chamber lland out through cylinder 15, which is the outlet section of the device. The couplings 13 and 14 are arranged to provide valve seats and to re ceive valve plugswhich are in open position during passage of the device into Well tubing and in closed position when the. device is withdrawn in order: to retain a sample of fluid within the sample chamber. v
al e plu 2 in a va v ste wand through passageway 20 andaterminates in a screw.- threaded end portion 26 for the reception of the upper end of a connecting rod 27.positio ned withinthe sample chamber 11 and which has its lower end secured to a valve plug 28. The valve plug 28 .is positioned within the sample chamber andjhas ,a valve stem 29 which extends through the axial passageway 21 of the coupling 14 and terminates in a screw-threaded end portion 30,
shaft 19 to move relative thereto. lower end of the inlet section 17, shaft 19 is provided positioned within the inlet section 17. The valve plug 28 1s screw-threaded to receive the lower end of the connecting rod 27 and the lower end of its valve stem 29 lslnterconnected with the actuating shaft 19 through auxiliary valve 90, later described. In Figure 5 is shown a plan view of the valve rod actuator 32 which as indicated is preferably provided with a plurality of lateral fingers 55. The actuator is constructed of material which is capable of being flexed so that as the device is lowered into the well tubing, it will be flexed downwardly when in frictional contact with the tubing, and the valve shaft 19 will move downwardly through the stuffing nut 34 until the upper stop 35 is reached, and when the device is pulled outwardly of the tubing, the actuator 32 will be flexed upwardly, and the actuating shaft 19 will move through the stuffing nut 34 until the lower stop 37 is reached.
Referring again to Figures 1 and 2, the improvement of the present invention is detailed as added or auxiliary valves and modified construction of the valve stems and plugs of the existing structure. Valve plug 24 of Figure l is turned down and threaded at to receive a glandand-nut high pressure fitting 62. The pressure fitting 62 is a commercially available item and will be readily recognized by those versed in the art. A hole 64 is drilled through the plug 24 to a point below the sealing ring 51 where it is brought to the plug surface.
The auxiliary valve generally noted as 66 is divided into a valve body 68 and a valve stem 70. The valve body 68 in addition to being tapped to engage the fitting 62 and receive the stem 70 is apertured at 72 below the ground seat 74 and is of such dimension as to slide freely in the outlet section without binding. The stem 70 is threaded externally at 76 to fit tightly into the body 68, forcing the ground portion of the stem 78 into the seat 74 in the closed position. Internally threaded at 80, the stem 70 is prepared for connection with apparatus used to empty the sample chamber of the device. Finally this valve stem 70 of the auxiliary valve is grooved to hold the sealing ring 82, and is apertured longitudinally as at 84 for operating purposes.
A similar auxiliary valve 90, divided into a valve body 92 and a valve stem 94, forms the valve means on the lower end of the valve stem 29. As the lower end 30 of the valve stem 29 is threaded, it is only necessary to fasten the gland-and-nut high pressure fitting 96 in place to receive the auxiliary valve body 92. This valve 90.
duplicates auxiliary valve 66 above described in all its parts. The body 92 is tapped to fasten to the fitting 96 and to receive the valve stem 94. Also the body is apertured at 98 to meet the longitudinal aperture 100 drilled v through the valve stem 29 to exit above the seal rings 53 on that stem. A ground sea 102 within the body 92 is positioned to receive a like ground surface 104 on the engaging end of the auxiliary valve stem 94. This stem is similarly threaded and tapped, as described for valve stem 70, and apertured at 106. In addition a seal ring 108 also embraces the stem to cooperate therewith in operating. The actuating rod 19 is screwed into the tapped portion 110 of the stem 94 which has been tightly secured in the valve body by means of threaded section .112.
From the description of the device so far, it will be noted that the valve plugs 24 and 28, and auxiliary valves 66 and 90, are in the position shown in Figures 1 and 2, which is the condition existing when the device is lowered into the well tubing, and the flexible fingers 55 of the valve actuator 32 turn upwardly causing the valve actuating shaft 19 to move upwardly until the upper stop 35 engages the bottom of cylinder 17 being held there because of this action of the actuator 32. At this time the couplings 13 and 14 move downwardly as part of the device while all the elements connected to actuating shaft 19 are moved upwardly relative to these couplings 13 and 14 and the valve plugs 24 and 28 are unseated. During this downward movement of the device into the well, any fluid contacted will, therefore, pass into the inlet section 17, passageways 39 in coupling 14, the sample chamber 11, passageway 20 in coupling 13, and exit through the aperture in the outlet section 15. Thus the sample chamber is continuously purged during downward travel and, upon reaching the depth from which a sample is desired, will contain fluids representative of the well fluids at that depth. Upward pull on the'drag line attached to cap 16 will reverse the movement of the device moving the tubular members and connecting couplings in an upwardly direction. Flexible actuator 32, during the downward movement, has been in frictional engagement with the enclosing tubing, urged by the weight of the device as it is suspended by the drag line, transmitted through the upper stop 35 to the stufiing nut 34. On reversal of the direction of movement, shaft 19, together with the connected, cooperating elements, remains fixed while the tubular and coupling elements move upwardly relative thereto. Contact of the couplings with enlarged elements connected to shaft 19 lifts the shaft through stufling nut 34 until lower stop 37 is brought into lifting engagement therewith. Flexible actuator 32, still in frictional engagement with the tubing, the flexible lateral fingers 55 curved upwardly by the descending movement, is now reversed, the fingers curving downwardly, still in frictional engagement with the tubing. Shaft 19 is then restrained and the upward movement thereof stopped. The lower valve plug 28 is of greater cross-sectional area than the upper valve plug 24 and, for example, may be provided with a shoulder 56 so that as long as the pressure within the sample chamber is greater than the external pressure on the device, the sample chamber will be maintained closed, and completely seal the sample within the chamber.
It will be understood, of course, that-the fingers 55 of the actuator 32 will extend laterally a sufficient distance and be of suflicient rigidity to make certain that it will be frictionally held by the tubing wall in order that it will contact the stops 35 and 37 when the shaft 19 is moved with respect thereto. Stop 35 is fastened to shaft 19 by set screw 36 allowing cylinder 17 suflicient longitudinal movement relative to the shaft to clear apertures 23 in the downward movement. Fluid samples are thus allowed free movement into and through cylinder 17..
The particular arrangement of actuating shaft and actuator shown in Figure 3 is provided in order that the actuator 32 may be knocked loose in case it becomes hung up in the tubing by raising the device a distance insufiicient to cause the valves to close and then dropping it against the actuator. The device is operated in the manner of a jar, that is, by raising the device to its upper limit of motion until the lower stop 37 contacts the actuator 32 and dropping it until the upper stop 35 contacts the actuator 32, a series of impacts are produced which may be repeated until the actuator becomes movable with respect to the tubing.
The cylindrical valve seats 50 and 52 are of particular importance in the present invention since with this arrangement the valve plugs 24 and 28 may move within the cylindrical seats during removal of the device from the tubing and still maintain an efiective seal. This provision is necessary since it is apparent that the connecting rod 27 will vary in length over a small range due to the great temperature diflerence existing between the surface and the bottom of the well tubing. Also, the actuating shaft will elongate slightly as the device is drawn from the well tubing due to its being subjected to an increasing tensile force which is required to maintain the upper valve in the seated position. The valve sealing rings 51 and 53 respectively, when the valve plugs are in seated position, will Wipe the surfaces of the cylindrical seats free of any solid particles such as sand, rust or the like and thus provide a clean surface on which to establish an efiective seal. In actual construction of the device the valve plugs 24 and 28 are so arranged relative to the valve seats 50 and 52 that the seal rings, when the valves are in closed position, will be positioned about midway within the valve seats in order to allow for the contraction and expansion of the connecting rod 27 and still maintain a proper seal.
The sample chamber 11 now being closed and sealed, the auxiliary valves 66 and 90 remaining in the closed position as originally set at the beginning of the sampling operation, the sampler is withdrawn from the well bore. With the sampler held in the vertical position and the upper cylinder 15 and lower cylinder 17 removed, the lower auxiliary valve 90 is opened slightly by rotating the stem 94 in the opening direction relative to the body 92. If water is present in the sample it will be immediately detected. The sample can then be emptied and a new sample taken immediately by reassembling the device and repeating the sampling operation.
If no water is present, the slight amount of venting in this testing procedure will not injure the sample. Then the sample chamber 11 with plug and auxiliary valves in place but with the rest of the device stripped therefrom is sent to the test laboratory and the sample removed with proper attention paid to all the affecting characteristics enclosed in the sampler and the effect of atmosphere and other gases present. The auxiliary valves 66 and 90 facilitate this transfer of the sample and remove all possibility of contamination.
The actuating rod 19 having been removed, flexible tubing, preferably of stainless steel, is connected in threaded portion 110 of the stem 94 of auxiliary valve 90 and in the threaded portion of the stem 70 of auxiliary valve 66. The stems are then loosened in the valve bodies. Mercury, under pressure, is pumped into the bottom auxiliary valve, urging the sample out through the top into a receiving flask or other vessel. After the sample is removed the sampler is cleaned, the auxiliary valves tightened, and the device is ready for reassembly with top and bottom chambers 15 and 17 and other elements to take another sample.
- What is. claimed is:
1. A device adapted to be lowered into Well tubing for obtaining a fluid sample from fluid within a well comprising an elongate housing, a fluid sample receiving chamber in said housing apertured at each end for the longitudinal passage of fluid therethrough, valve plugs having longitudinal apertures therethrough adapted to communicate between the interior and exterior of the sample receiving chamber, said valve plugs connected to each other by a rod passing through the sample receiving end apertures to simultaneously open and close the end apertures in said chamber in response to vertical movement of the housing, valve plug operating means extending from said connected valve plugs into frictional engagement with the well tubing and auxiliary valve means mounted on each of the valve plugs in operating communication with the longitudinal apertures therein to control the flow of sample liquid from the sample receiving chamber through the apertures in the valve plugs.
2. The device defined in claim 1 further characterized by said auxiliary valve means including a separate valve body adapted to threadedly engage each of said valve plugs and adapted to receive sample fluid from the sample chamber through a connecting aperture aligned with the aperture in the cooperating valve plug and an auxiliary valve stem longitudinally movable in said valve body into sealing engagement with the connecting aperture, said auxiliary valve stem being longitudinally apertured to transmit the fluid sample from the cooperating valve plug when the auxiliary valve stem is in the unsealed position.
3. A device adapted to be lowered into well tubing for obtaining a fluid sample from a fluid reservoir within a well comprising an elongate housing having an upper fluid outlet section, a lower fluid inlet section and a sample receiving chamber between the sections, said chamber being apertured at top and bottom to communicate with said sections; valve seats in the apertures at the top. and bottom of the sample receiving chamber, valve plugs positioned to operably engage said valve seats being longitudinally apertured therethrough for communication with the interior of the sample chamber, a rod connecting the valve plugs through the sample chamber for simultaneous operation thereof; separate valve means connected to each of the valve plugs externally of the sample receiving chamber controlling the removal of the sample from the receiving chamber through the apertures in said valve plugs when in the closed position relative to the sample receiving chamber and valve plug operating means engaging the simultaneously operable valve plugs extending through the housing into frictional engagement with the well tubing.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,857,940 Chouinard et al. May 10, 1932 2,147,983 Lindsly Feb. 21, 1939 2,618,416 Thorpe Nov. 18, 1952 2,686,566 Barnes Aug. 17, 1954.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20126 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //! High-level Intermediate Representation
//! Refered as frontend representation in sigmastate
mod rewrite;
use ergotree_ir::types::stype::SType;
pub use rewrite::rewrite;
use super::ast;
use crate::ast::AstError;
use crate::error::pretty_error_desc;
use crate::syntax::SyntaxKind;
use text_size::TextRange;
extern crate derive_more;
use derive_more::From;
pub fn lower(ast: ast::Root) -> Result<Expr, HirLoweringError> {
let exprs: Vec<ast::Expr> = ast.children().collect();
if exprs.len() > 1 {
return Err(HirLoweringError::new(
format!("More than one root expr found: {:?}", exprs),
ast.span(),
));
}
let first_expr = exprs
.first()
.ok_or_else(|| AstError::new(format!("Cannot parse empty root: {:?}", ast), ast.span()))?;
Expr::lower(first_expr)
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
pub struct Expr {
pub kind: ExprKind,
pub span: TextRange,
pub tpe: Option<SType>,
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct HirLoweringError {
msg: String,
span: TextRange,
}
impl HirLoweringError {
pub fn new(msg: String, span: TextRange) -> Self {
HirLoweringError { msg, span }
}
pub fn pretty_desc(&self, source: &str) -> String {
pretty_error_desc(source, self.span, &self.msg)
}
}
impl From<AstError> for HirLoweringError {
fn from(ast: AstError) -> Self {
HirLoweringError::new(format!("AST error: {0}", ast.msg), ast.span)
}
}
impl Expr {
pub fn lower(expr: &ast::Expr) -> Result<Expr, HirLoweringError> {
match expr {
ast::Expr::BinaryExpr(ast) => Ok(Expr {
kind: Binary::lower(ast)?.into(),
span: ast.span(),
tpe: None,
}),
ast::Expr::Ident(ast) => {
let name = ast.name()?;
Ok(Expr {
kind: ExprKind::Ident(name.text().to_string()),
span: ast.span(),
tpe: None,
})
}
ast::Expr::Literal(ast) => {
let v = ast.parse()?;
let expr = match v {
ast::LiteralValue::Int(v) => Expr {
kind: Literal::Int(v).into(),
span: ast.span(),
tpe: Some(SType::SInt),
},
ast::LiteralValue::Long(v) => Expr {
kind: Literal::Long(v).into(),
span: ast.span(),
tpe: Some(SType::SLong),
},
};
Ok(expr)
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
pub fn debug_tree(&self) -> String {
let tree = format!("{:#?}", self);
tree
}
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub struct Spanned<T: Clone> {
pub node: T,
pub span: TextRange,
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
pub struct Binary {
pub op: Spanned<BinaryOp>,
pub lhs: Box<Expr>,
pub rhs: Box<Expr>,
}
impl Binary {
fn lower(ast: &ast::BinaryExpr) -> Result<Binary, HirLoweringError> {
let syntax_token = ast.op()?;
let op = match syntax_token.kind() {
SyntaxKind::Plus => BinaryOp::Plus,
SyntaxKind::Minus => BinaryOp::Minus,
SyntaxKind::Star => BinaryOp::Multiply,
SyntaxKind::Slash => BinaryOp::Divide,
_ => {
return Err(HirLoweringError::new(
format!("unknown binary operator: {:?}", ast.op()),
syntax_token.text_range(),
))
}
};
let lhs = Expr::lower(&ast.lhs()?);
let rhs = Expr::lower(&ast.rhs()?);
Ok(Binary {
op: Spanned {
node: op,
span: syntax_token.text_range(),
},
lhs: Box::new(lhs?),
rhs: Box::new(rhs?),
})
}
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, From, Clone)]
pub enum ExprKind {
Ident(String),
Binary(Binary),
GlobalVars(GlobalVars),
Literal(Literal),
// ...
// Block
// ValNode
// Select
// ApplyTypes
// MethodCallLike
// Lambda
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub enum BinaryOp {
Plus,
Minus,
Multiply,
Divide,
}
// #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
// pub enum UnaryOp {
// Neg,
// }
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub enum GlobalVars {
Height,
}
impl GlobalVars {
/// Type
pub fn tpe(&self) -> SType {
match self {
GlobalVars::Height => SType::SInt,
}
}
}
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub enum Literal {
Int(i32),
Long(i64),
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use expect_test::expect;
use crate::compiler::compile_hir;
fn check(input: &str, expected_tree: expect_test::Expect) {
let res = compile_hir(input);
let expected_out = res
.map(|tree| tree.debug_tree())
.unwrap_or_else(|e| e.pretty_desc(input));
expected_tree.assert_eq(&expected_out);
}
#[test]
fn long_literal() {
check(
"42L",
expect![[r#"
Expr {
kind: Literal(
Long(
42,
),
),
span: 0..3,
tpe: Some(
SLong,
),
}"#]],
);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20127 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <!-- .row -->
<?php if(validation_errors()): ?>
<div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button>
<?php echo validation_errors(); ?>
</div>
<?php endif?>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-10">
<div class="white-box">
<form class="form-horizontal form-material" action = "<?= $this->config->base_url(); ?>sys_users/add_sys_user_exec/<?= $this->uri->segment(3) ?>" method = "POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Last Name <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="text" name = "tf_sys_lastname" placeholder = "Your last name here..." class="form-control form-control-line" maxlength = "50">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">First Name <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="text" name = "tf_sys_firstname" placeholder = "Your first name here..." class="form-control form-control-line" maxlength = "50">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Username <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="text" name = "tf_sys_username" placeholder = "Your username here..." class="form-control form-control-line" maxlength = "25">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Password <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="password" name = "pf_sys_password" placeholder = "Enter password" class="form-control form-control-line">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Confirm Password <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="password" name = "pf_sys_conf_password" placeholder = "Match password above" class="form-control form-control-line">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="example-email" class="col-md-12">Email <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="text" name = "tf_sys_email" placeholder = "[email protected]" class="form-control form-control-line" name="example-email" id="example-email" maxlength = "30">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Phone No. <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="text" name = "tf_sys_phone" placeholder = "09xxxxxxxxx" class="form-control form-control-line" maxlength = "11">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Upload Profile Picture</label>
<div class="col-md-12">
<input type="file" name = "f_profile_pic" class="form-control form-control-line">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-12">Recaptcha <font color = "red">*</font></label>
<div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfuAzkUAAAAANp8G3aAozm0CKgQaG7I7S0bR2iP" >
</div>
</div>
<?php
if ($this->session->flashdata('error') != '') {
echo $this->session->flashdata('error') . '<br><br>';
}
?>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<input class="btn" style = "background-color: #2f313e; color: white" type = "submit" name = "btn_update">
<input class="btn btn-danger" style = "color: white" type = "reset" name = "btn_reset">
<a href="<?= $this->config->base_url() ?>sys_users" class="btn" style = "background-color: #65aad3; color: white">Go back</a>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /.row -->
</div>
<!-- /.container-fluid -->
|
github_open_source_100_8_20128 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | """
This code implements a K-means and EM Gaussian mixture models per week 8 assignment of the machine learning module part of Columbia University Micromaster programme in AI.
Written using Python 3.8
"""
# builtin modules
import sys
import os
import math
from random import randrange
import functools
import operator
import requests
import psutil
# 3rd party modules
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import scipy as sp
from scipy.cluster.vq import kmeans2
from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal
from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
from scipy.special import logsumexp
from scipy import stats
# import plotting modules; not needed in Vocareum
import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
# TODO: General, check kmeans performance using sklearn library
# TODO: General, check GMM results using sklearn library
def KMeans(data, k:int = 5, n:int = 10, **kwargs):
"""
It uses the scipy.klearn2 algorithm to classify a set of observations into k clusters using the k-means algorithm (scipy.kmeans2). It attempts to minimize the Euclidean distance between observations and centroids. Note the following methods for initialization are available:
- ‘random’: generate k centroids from a Gaussian with mean and variance estimated from the data.
- ‘points’: choose k observations (rows) at random from data for the initial centroids.
- ‘++’: choose k observations accordingly to the kmeans++ method (careful seeding)
- ‘matrix’: interpret the k parameter as a k by M (or length k array for 1-D data) array of initial centroids.
It is recommended the kmeans algorithm is initialized by randomly selecting 5 data points (minit = "points", with k = 5). Also, note we use the identity matrix for each cluster's covariance matrix for the initialization. We also try initializing data points without replacement: for example, using np.random.choice and set replace = False.
------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- k: number of clusters to consider, 5 clusters by default
- n: number of iterations to consider, 10 iterations by default
------------
Returns:
- centroids, which are the means for each cluster {μ1,…,μK}
- labels, are the corresponding assignments of each data point {c1,…,cn}, where each ci ∈ {1,…,K} and ci indicates which of the K clusters the observation xi belongs to.
- writes the centroids of the clusters associated with each iteration to a csv file, one file per iteration; pass on a path if different from the default being "current working directory" + "outputs"
"""
data = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
centroids_list = []
labels_list = []
for i in range(n):
centroids, label = kmeans2(data, k, iter = i+1, minit='points')
centroids_list.append(centroids)
labels_list.append(label)
filename = "centroids-" + str(i+1) + ".csv" #"i" would be each iteration
if 'path' in kwargs:
path = kwargs['path']
filepath = os.path.join(path, filename)
np.savetxt(filepath, centroids, delimiter=",")
else:
path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "outputs")
filepath = os.path.join(path, filename)
np.savetxt(filepath, centroids, delimiter=",")
return centroids_list, labels_list
def calculate_mean_covariance(data, centroids, labels):
"""
Calculates means and covariance of different clusters from k-means prediction. This helps us calculate values for our initial parameters. It takes in our data as well as our predictions from k-means and calculates the weights, means and covariance matrices of each cluster. Note that we shall use the results from each of the iterations of k-means algorithm.
Note that 'counter' is equivalent to 'cluster_label' provided the clusters are of int type and ranging from '0' to 'k'. We could have simplified counter = cluster_label but we chose not to do so to allow for cases in which the lable is not an integer.
------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- centroids: centroids from KMeans method
- labels: cluster labels from KMeans method, note it includes all the iterations
- k: number of clusters (also number of Gaussians)
-------------
Returns:
A tuple containing:
- initial_pi: initial array of pik (πk = nk / n) values for each cluster k to input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k,)
- initial_mean: initial array of mu (μk, mean) values for each cluster kto input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k, d)
- initial_sigma: initial array of covariance (Σk, sigma) values for each cluster k to input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k, d*d)
"""
# initialize the output ndarrays with zeros, for filling up in loops below
d = data.shape[1]
k = len(centroids[0]) # to take number of clusters directly from KMeans
initial_pi = np.zeros(k)
initial_mean = np.zeros((k, d))
initial_sigma = np.zeros((k, d, d))
# get the number of iterations from the lenght of centroids (or labels)
iterations = len(centroids)
for i in range(iterations):
iter_centroid = centroids[i]
iter_labels = labels[i]
# initialize counter to organize outputs per cluster k (counter = cluster_labels if the latter are int type ranging from 0 to k)
counter=0
for cluster_label in np.unique(iter_labels):
# returns indices of rows estimated to belong to the cluster
ids = np.where(iter_labels == cluster_label)[0]
# calculate pi (π = nk / n) for cluster k (πk)
nk = data.iloc[ids].shape[0] # number of data points in current gaussian/cluster
n = data.shape[0] # total number of points/rows in dataset
initial_pi[counter] = nk / n
# calculate mean (mu) of points estimated to be in cluster k (μk)
initial_mean[counter,:] = np.mean(data.iloc[ids], axis = 0)
de_meaned = data.iloc[ids] - initial_mean[counter,:]
# calculate covariance (Σ, sigma) of points estimated to be in cluster k (Σk)
initial_sigma[counter, :, :] = np.dot(initial_pi[counter] * de_meaned.T, de_meaned) / nk
counter+=1
#assert np.sum(initial_pi) == 1
return (initial_pi, initial_mean, initial_sigma)
def initialise_parameters(data, **kwargs):
"""
Calls the function KMeans to obtain the starting centroids and label values and use them as starting parameters for the EMGMM algorithm.
------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
----------
Returns:
A tuple containing:
- initial_pi: initial array of pik (πk = nk / n) values for each cluster k to input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k,)
- initial_mean: initial array of mu (μk, mean) values for each cluster k to input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k, d)
- initial_sigma: initial covariance matrices (Σk, sigma), one matrix for each cluster k to input in the E-step of EM algorithm (shape: k, d*d)
"""
if 'path' in kwargs:
path = kwargs['path']
else:
path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "outputs")
centroids, labels = KMeans(data, path=path)
(initial_pi, initial_mean, initial_sigma) = calculate_mean_covariance(data, centroids, labels)
return (initial_pi, initial_mean, initial_sigma)
def e_step(data, pi, mu, sigma):
"""
Performs E-step on GMM model
------------
Parameters:
- data: data points in numpy array (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- pi: weights of mixture components pik (πk = nk / n) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k,)
- mu: mixture component mean (μk, mean) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k, d)
- sigma: mixture component covariance matrices (Σk, sigma), one matrix for each cluster k (shape: k, d, d)
----------
Returns:
- gamma: probabilities of clusters for datapoints (shape: n, k)
"""
n = data.shape[0]
k = len(pi)
gamma = np.zeros((n, k))
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
pi = np.nan_to_num(pi)
mu = np.nan_to_num(mu)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
for cluster in range(k):
# Posterior Distribution using Bayes Rule
gamma[ : , cluster] = pi[cluster] * multivariate_normal(mean=mu[cluster,:], cov=sigma[cluster], allow_singular=True).pdf(x)
gamma = np.nan_to_num(gamma) # convert np.nan to float(0.0)
# normalize across columns to make a valid probability
gamma_norm = np.sum(gamma, axis=1)[ : , np.newaxis]
gamma_norm = np.nan_to_num(gamma_norm)
gamma /= gamma_norm
return np.nan_to_num(gamma)
def m_step(data, gamma, sigma):
"""
Performs M-step of the GMM. It updates the priors, pi, means and covariance matrix.
-----------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- gamma: probabilities of clusters for datapoints (shape: n, k)
- sigma: mixture component covariance matrices (Σk, sigma), one matrix for each cluster k (shape: k, d, d)
---------
Returns:
- pi: updated weights of mixture components pik (πk = nk / n) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k,)
- mu: updated mixture component mean (μk, mean) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k, d)
- sigma: updated mixture component covariance matrices (Σk, sigma), one matrix for each cluster k (shape: k, d, d)
"""
n = data.shape[0] # number of datapoints (rows in the dataset), equivalent of gamma.shape[0]
k = gamma.shape[1] # number of clusters
d = data.shape[1] # number of features (columns in the dataset)
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
gamma = np.nan_to_num(gamma)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
# calculate pi and mu for each Gaussian
pi = np.mean(gamma, axis = 0)
mu = np.dot(gamma.T, data) / np.sum(gamma, axis = 0)[:,np.newaxis]
x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
# update sigma for each Gaussian
for cluster in range(k):
x = x - mu[cluster, :] # (shape: n, d)
gamma_diag = np.diag(gamma[: , cluster])
x_mu = np.matrix(x)
gamma_diag = np.matrix(gamma_diag)
sigma_cluster = x.T * gamma_diag * x
gamma = np.nan_to_num(gamma) # convert np.nan to float(0.0)
sigma[cluster,:,:] = (sigma_cluster) / np.sum(gamma, axis = 0)[:,np.newaxis][cluster]
return pi, mu, sigma
def compute_loss_function(data, pi, mu, sigma, tol):
"""
Computes the lower bound loss function for a given dataset, and values of pi, mu and sigma.
-----------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- pi: weights of mixture components pik (πk = nk / n) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k,)
- mu: mixture component mean (μk, mean) values for each cluster k in an array (shape: k, d)
- sigma: mixture component covariance matrices (Σk, sigma), one matrix for each cluster k (shape: k, d, d)
- tol: tolerance for loss to be considered equivalent to zero and hence end iterative process (default 1e-6)
-----------
Returns:
- loss_output: the value of lower bound loss function, as a float.
"""
n = data.shape[0] # number of datapoints (rows in the dataset), equivalent of gamma.shape[0]
k = len(pi) # number of clusters, equivalent to gamma.shape[1]
loss = np.zeros((n, k)) # set up the array to store the loss values for each iteration
x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
mu = np.nan_to_num(mu)
pi = np.nan_to_num(pi)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
for cluster in range(k):
dist = multivariate_normal(mu[cluster], sigma[cluster], allow_singular=False)
loss[:,cluster] = gamma[:,cluster] * (np.log(pi[cluster] + tol) + dist.logpdf(x) - np.log(gamma[:,cluster] + tol))
loss = np.nan_to_num(loss) # convert np.nan to float(0.0)
loss_output = np.sum(loss)
return loss_output
def EMGMM(data, k:int = 5, iterations:int = 10, tol:float = 1e-6, **kwargs):
"""
Performs the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm to learn the parameters of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), that is learning **π**, **μ** and **Σ**. A Gaussian mixture model (GMM) attempts to discover a mixture of multi-dimensional Gaussian probability distributions that best model any input dataset. In the simple case, GMMs can be used for finding clusters in the same manner as k-means. For this model, we assume a generative process for the data as follows:
xi|ci∼Normal(μci,Σci),ci∼Discrete(π)
where:
- the ith observation is first assigned to one of K clusters according to the probabilities in vector π, and
- the value of observation xi is then generated from one of K multivariate Gaussian distributions, using the mean (μ) and covariance indexed by ci.
Finally, we implement the EM algorithm to maximize the equation below over all parameters (π,μ1,…,μK,Σ1,…,ΣK) using the cluster assignments (c1,…,cn) as the hidden data:
p(x1,…,xn|π,μ,Σ)=∏ni=1p(xi|π,μ,Σ)
------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- k: number of clusters to consider, 5 clusters by default
- n: number of iterations to consider, 10 iterations by default
------------
Returns:
The following csv files:
- pi-[iteration].csv: This is a comma separated file containing the cluster probabilities of the EM-GMM model. The k th row should contain the k th probability, πk , and there should be 5 rows. There should be 10 total files. For example, "pi-3.csv" will contain the cluster probabilities after the 3rd iteration.
- mu-[iteration].csv: This is a comma separated file containing the means of each Gaussian of the EM-GMM model. The k th row should contain the k th mean , and there should be 5 rows. There should be 10 total files. For example, "mu-3.csv" will contain the means of each Gaussian after the 3rd iteration.
- sigma-[cluster]-[iteration].csv: This is a comma separated file containing the covariance matrix of one Gaussian of the EM-GMM model. If the data is d -dimensional, there should be d rows with d entries in each row. There should be 50 total files. For example, "sigma-2-3.csv" will contain the covariance matrix of the 2nd Gaussian after the 3rd iteration.
"""
if 'path' in kwargs:
path = kwargs['path']
else:
path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "outputs")
d = data.shape[1] # number of features (columns in the dataset)
n = data.shape[0] # number of datapoints (rows in the dataset)
x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
# initialise outputs arrays as empty
centroids_list = []
predicted_labels_list = []
pi, mu, sigma = initialise_parameters(data)
for i in range(iterations):
gamma = e_step(data, pi, mu, sigma)
pi, mu, sigma = m_step(data, gamma, sigma)
filename = "pi-" + str(i + 1) + ".csv"
np.savetxt(filename, pi, delimiter=",") #this must be done at every iteration
filename = "mu-" + str(i + 1) + ".csv"
np.savetxt(filename, mu, delimiter=",") #this must be done at every iteration
for cluster in range(k): #k is the number of clusters
filename = "sigma-" + str(cluster + 1) + "-" + str(i + 1) + ".csv" #this must be done k times for each iteration
np.savetxt(filename, sigma[cluster], delimiter=",")
predicted_labels = predict(x, pi, mu, sigma, k)
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
pi = np.nan_to_num(pi)
mu = np.nan_to_num(mu)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
# compute centers as point of highest density of distribution
centroids = np.zeros((k,d))
for cluster in range(k):
density = multivariate_normal(mean=mu[cluster], cov=sigma[cluster], allow_singular=True).logpdf(x)
centroids[cluster, :] = x[np.argmax(density)]
centroids_list.append(centroids)
predicted_labels_list.append(predicted_labels)
return centroids_list, predicted_labels_list
####
#Prediction functions to visualise performance of EMGMM algorithm
#This is not needed in Vocareum
###
def predict(data, pi, mu, sigma, k:int = 5):
"""
Returns predicted labels using Bayes Rule to calculate the posterior distribution
-------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- k: number of clusters to consider, 5 clusters by default
----------
Returns:
- labels: the predicted label/cluster based on highest probability gamma.
"""
n = data.shape[0] # number of datapoints (rows in the dataset)
labels = np.zeros((n, k))
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
pi = np.nan_to_num(pi)
mu = np.nan_to_num(mu)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
#x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
for cluster in range(k):
labels [:,cluster] = pi[cluster] * multivariate_normal(mean=mu[cluster,:], cov=sigma[cluster], allow_singular=True).pdf(data)
labels = labels .argmax(1)
return labels
def predict_proba(data, pi, mu, sigma, k:int = 5):
"""
Returns the posterior probability of the predicted label/cluster for each datapoint.
-------------
Parameters:
- data: ndarray of the set of observations to classify, the n data points {x1,…,xn}, where each xi ∈ Rd (shape: n, d; where n: number of rows, d: number of features/columns)
- k: number of clusters to consider, 5 clusters by default
----------
Returns:
- post_proba: the posterior probability of the predicted label/cluster for each datapoint.
"""
n = data.shape[0] # number of datapoints (rows in the dataset)
post_proba = np.zeros((n, k))
# convert np.nan to float(0.0)
pi = np.nan_to_num(pi)
mu = np.nan_to_num(mu)
sigma = np.nan_to_num(sigma)
#x = data.to_numpy() # Convert dataframe to np array
for cluster in range(k):
# Posterior Distribution using Bayes Rule, try and vectorise
post_proba[:,cluster] = pi[cluster] * multivariate_normal(mean=mu[cluster,:], cov=sigma[cluster], allow_singular=True).pdf(data)
return post_proba
###
#Helper functions:
###
def write_csv(filename, outputdata, **kwargs):
"""
Write the outputs to a csv file.
------------
Parameters:
- filename: name of the file to create
- data: data to write to the output file
- kwargs (optional):
- 'header': list of str for the headers to include in the outputs file created
- 'path': str of the path to where the file needs to be created, specified if different from default ([./datasets/out])
------------
Returns:
- csv file with the output data
"""
#
if 'header' in kwargs:
header = kwargs['header']
else:
header = False
if 'path' in kwargs:
filepath = kwargs['path']
else:
filepath = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'datasets','out', filename)
df = pd.DataFrame(outputdata)
df.to_csv(filepath, index = False, header = header)
return print("New Outputs file saved to: <<", filename, ">>", sep='', end='\n')
def get_data(filename, **kwargs):
"""
Read data from a file given its name. Option to provide the path to the file if different from: [./datasets/in].
------------
Parameters:
- filename: name of the file to be read, to get the data from.
- kwargs (optional):
- 'headers': list of str for the headers to include in the outputs file created
- 'path': str of the path to where the file is read, specified if different from default ([./datasets/in])
------------
Returns:
- df: a dataframe of the data
"""
# Define input filepath
if 'path' in kwargs:
filepath = kwargs['path']
else:
filepath = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'datasets','out')
input_path = os.path.join(filepath, filename)
# If provided, use the title of the columns in the input dataset as headers of the dataframe
if 'headers' in kwargs:
# Read input data
df = pd.read_csv(input_path, names = kwargs['headers'])
else:
# Read input data
df = pd.read_csv(input_path)
return df
def plot_simple(dataframe, filetitle:str = 'sampledata'):
"""
Plots the sample data.
------------
Parameters:
------------
Returns:
"""
df = dataframe
names_axis = list(dataframe.columns)
fig = go.Figure(data=go.Scatter(x=df[names_axis[0]],
y=df[names_axis[1]],
mode='markers',
marker=dict(
line_width=1,
size = 16),
showlegend=False)) # turn off legend only for this item
# Give the figure a title
fig.update_layout(title='Kmeans | Clustering | Project 3',
xaxis_title=names_axis[0],
yaxis_title=names_axis[1])
# Show the figure, by default will open a browser window
fig.show()
def plot_clusters(dataframe, centroids, labels, **kwargs):
"""
Plots the clusters identified in the data which vary per iteration. It also plots the centroids of the clusters considered by the kmeans algorithm for each iteration. The plot is presented on an interactive browser window which allows for each of the iterations to be turn on/off as desire by the user.
------------
Parameters:
- dataframe: the dataframe of the points to plot (the original dataset)
- centroids: x,y coordinates of the centroids of each cluster as obtained from KMeans algorithm
- labels: labels of the cluster each centroid belongs to as obtained from KMeans algorithm
- names_axis: names of the columns in the dataframe for naming the axis
------------
Returns:
- a seris of plots illustrating the sample data clustered (k number of clusters) and how the clustering varies per iteration.
"""
add_traces =[]
df = dataframe
names_axis = list(dataframe.columns)
for i in range(len(centroids)):
sample_data = go.Scatter(x=df[names_axis[0]],
y=df[names_axis[1]],
name = 'iteration ' + str(i+1),
mode='markers',
marker=dict(
color=labels[i],
colorscale='Portland',
line_width=1,
size = 12),
text=['cluster ' + str(k+1) for k in labels[i]], # hover text goes here
legendgroup = 'iteration' + str(i+1),
showlegend=True) # turn off legend only for this item
add_traces.append(sample_data)
trace = go.Scatter(x=np.transpose(centroids[i])[0],
y=np.transpose(centroids[i])[1],
name='centroids iteration ' + str(i+1),
mode='markers',
marker=dict(
symbol='x',
#color = k + 1,
#colorscale='Greys',
line_width=1,
size = 20,
),
text=['centroid k=' + str(k + 1) for k in range(len(np.transpose(centroids[i])[0]))], # hover text goes here
legendgroup = 'centroid iteration' + str(i+1),
showlegend=True) # turn off legend only for this item
add_traces.append(trace)
data = go.Data(add_traces)
fig = go.Figure(data=data)
# TODO: add circle/ellipses to represent extent of each KMeans / Gaussian
#w_factor = 0.2 / model.pi.max()
#for pos, covar, w in zip(model.mu, model.sigma, model.pi):
# draw_ellipse(pos, covar, alpha = w)
# Give the figure a title
if 'fig_type' in kwargs:
fig_type = kwargs['fig_type']
if fig_type == 'kmeans':
fig_title='Kmeans | Clustering | Project 3 | k = ' + str(len(centroids[i])) + ' clusters, ' + 'total iterations i = ' + str(i + 1)
if fig_type == 'gmm':
fig_title='EM Gaussian Mixture Model (initialised from KMeans) | Clustering | Project 3 | k = ' + str(len(centroids[i])) + ' clusters, ' + 'total iterations i = ' + str(i + 1)
fig.update_layout(title=fig_title,
xaxis_title=names_axis[0],
yaxis_title=names_axis[1])
else:
fig.update_layout(title='Clustering | Project 3 | k = ' + str(len(centroids[i])) + ' clusters, ' + 'total iterations i = ' + str(i + 1),
xaxis_title=names_axis[0],
yaxis_title=names_axis[1])
# Show the figure, by default will open a browser window
fig.show()
return
###
#Main function
###
def main():
# Uncomment next line when running in Vocareum
#data = np.genfromtxt(sys.argv[1], delimiter = ",")
data = get_data('Clustering_gmm.csv', path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'datasets'))
#use for 2D clustering dataset sample
plot_simple(data)
k = 5
n = iterations = 10
# Run KMeans to get clusters in the data and a csv of clusters per iteration
centroids, labels = KMeans(data, k, n)
# Plot results after KMeans; for visualisation only, not required in assignment
plot_clusters(data, centroids, labels, fig_type='kmeans')
# Run EMGMM to output the required csv files plus the predicted_labels
centroids_emgmm, labels_emgmm = EMGMM(data, k, 10)
# Plot results after EMGMM; for visualisation only, not required in assignment
plot_clusters(data, centroids_emgmm, labels_emgmm, fig_type='gmm')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main() |
github_open_source_100_8_20129 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | {% macro inputs() %}
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-lg-7 control-label" style="margin-top:-8px;">{{ "Debtreceivable" | trans() }}</label>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<input type="text" class="form-control document-debt-receivable daterange-single-date-picker"
name="document[debtReceivable]">
</div>
</div>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$('.document-add-debtreceivaible').click(function(){
var addDebtreceivaibleForm = $('#addDebtreceivaibleForm');
addDebtreceivaibleForm.attr('action', $(this).data('href'));
addDebtreceivaibleForm.find('.document-debt-receivable').val($(this).data('debtReceivable'));
});
});
</script>
{% endmacro %} |
8660255_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | es un futbolista japonés que se desempeñaba como delantero.
Trayectoria
Clubes
Referencias
Personas de la prefectura de Ibaraki
Futbolistas de Japón
Futbolistas del Júbilo Iwata
Futbolistas del Roasso Kumamoto.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20130 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2009-2013 Hippo B.V. (http://www.onehippo.com)
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.hippoecm.frontend.plugins.cms.dashboard;
import java.util.Calendar;
import javax.jcr.Node;
import javax.jcr.RepositoryException;
import javax.jcr.version.Version;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.basic.Label;
import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;
import org.hippoecm.frontend.PluginTest;
import org.hippoecm.frontend.model.JcrNodeModel;
import org.hippoecm.repository.api.HippoNodeType;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
public class EventLabelTest extends PluginTest {
static class TestLabel extends Label {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
public TestLabel(IModel model) {
super("label", model);
}
public String getModelObject() {
return getDefaultModelObjectAsString();
}
}
@Before
@Override
public void setUp() throws Exception {
super.setUp();
root.addNode("test", "nt:unstructured");
}
private Node createEventNode(Long timestamp, String method, String user) throws RepositoryException {
return createEventNode(timestamp, method, user, null);
}
private Node createEventNode(Long timestamp, String method, String user, String[] arguments) throws RepositoryException {
Node node = root.getNode("test").addNode(timestamp.toString(), "hippolog:item");
node.setProperty("hippolog:timestamp", timestamp);
node.setProperty("hippolog:className", EventLabelTest.class.getName());
node.setProperty("hippolog:methodName", method);
node.setProperty("hippolog:user", user);
if (arguments != null) {
node.setProperty("hippolog:arguments", arguments);
}
return node;
}
@Test
public void testEventWithoutDocument() throws Exception {
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "testMethod", "testUser");
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
assertNull(parser.getDocumentPath());
EventModel label = new EventModel(new JcrNodeModel(eventNode));
TestLabel testLabel = new TestLabel(label);
assertEquals("One minute ago, testUser called test method", testLabel.getModelObject());
}
@Test
public void testEventWithSource() throws Exception {
Node docNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument");
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "testDocumentMethod", "testUser");
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:documentPath", docNode.getPath());
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
assertEquals("/test/testDocument", parser.getDocumentPath());
EventModel label = new EventModel(new JcrNodeModel(eventNode), parser.getName(), null);
TestLabel testLabel = new TestLabel(label);
assertEquals("One minute ago, testUser called test method on testDocument", testLabel.getModelObject());
}
@Test
public void testEventWithTarget() throws Exception {
Node docNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument");
docNode.addMixin("mix:referenceable");
session.save();
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "testDocumentMethod", "testUser");
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:returnValue", "document[uuid=" + docNode.getUUID() + ",path='"
+ docNode.getPath() + "']");
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
assertEquals("/test/testDocument", parser.getDocumentPath());
EventModel label = new EventModel(new JcrNodeModel(eventNode), parser.getName(), null);
TestLabel testLabel = new TestLabel(label);
assertEquals("One minute ago, testUser called test method on testDocument", testLabel.getModelObject());
}
@Test
public void testEventWithVersion() throws Exception {
Node docNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument");
docNode.addMixin("mix:versionable");
session.save();
Version version = docNode.checkin();
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "testDocumentMethod", "testUser");
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:returnValue", "document[uuid=" + version.getUUID() + ",path='"
+ version.getPath() + "']");
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
assertEquals("/test/testDocument", parser.getDocumentPath());
EventModel label = new EventModel(new JcrNodeModel(eventNode), parser.getName(), null);
TestLabel testLabel = new TestLabel(label);
assertEquals("One minute ago, testUser called test method on testDocument", testLabel.getModelObject());
}
@Test
public void testWorkflowWithRemovedTarget() throws Exception {
Node handleNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument", HippoNodeType.NT_HANDLE);
handleNode.addMixin("mix:versionable");
Node docNode = handleNode.addNode("testDocument", HippoNodeType.NT_DOCUMENT);
docNode.addMixin("mix:versionable");
session.save();
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "testDocumentMethod", "testUser");
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:returnValue", "document[uuid=" + handleNode.getUUID() + ",path='"
+ handleNode.getPath() + "']");
docNode.remove();
session.save();
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
String path = parser.getDocumentPath();
assertEquals("/test/testDocument", path);
EventModel label = new EventModel(new JcrNodeModel(eventNode), parser.getName(), null);
TestLabel testLabel = new TestLabel(label);
assertEquals("One minute ago, testUser called test method on testDocument", testLabel.getModelObject());
}
@Test
public void testDeleteDocumentEvent() throws Exception {
Node docNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument");
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "delete", "testUser");
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:documentPath", docNode.getPath());
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
IModel<String> nameModel = parser.getName();
assertEquals("testDocument", nameModel.getObject());
}
@Test
public void testDeleteFolderEvent() throws Exception {
Node docNode = root.getNode("test").addNode("testDocument");
Long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
Node eventNode = createEventNode(timestamp, "delete", "testUser", new String[] { "child" });
eventNode.setProperty("hippolog:documentPath", docNode.getPath());
DocumentEvent parser = new DocumentEvent(eventNode);
IModel<String> nameModel = parser.getName();
assertEquals("child", nameModel.getObject());
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20131 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*++
Copyright (c) 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved
All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
are licensed and made available under the terms and conditions of the BSD License
which accompanies this distribution. The full text of the license may be found at
http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
THE PROGRAM IS DISTRIBUTED UNDER THE BSD LICENSE ON AN "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.
Module Name:
IdeController.c
Abstract:
This driver module produces IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT protocol and will be used by
IDE Bus driver to support platform dependent timing information. This driver
is responsible for early initialization of IDE controller.
Revision History
--*/
#include "IdeController.h"
#include "IdeData.h"
//
// IDE Controller Init Guid
//
EFI_GUID
gIdeControllerDriverGuid = { 0x91e365e9, 0xe0c0, 0x4647, 0xb0, 0xeb, 0xf6, 0x78, 0xf6, 0x21, 0xf8, 0x8d };
//
// EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL instance
//
EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL gIdeControllerDriverBinding = {
IdeControllerSupported,
IdeControllerStart,
IdeControllerStop,
0xa,
NULL,
NULL
};
//
// Internal function definitions
//
EFI_STATUS
EnableNativeIdeDecode (
IN EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo
);
EFI_STATUS
EnableLegacyIdeDecode (
EFI_EVENT Event,
VOID *Context
);
EFI_STATUS
IdeDetectCableType (
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo,
IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA *IdentifyData
);
EFI_STATUS
AdjustUdmaModeByCableType (
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo,
IN OUT EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *Modes
);
EFI_STATUS
CalculateBestPioMode (
IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA * IdentifyData,
IN UINT16 *DisPioMode OPTIONAL,
OUT UINT16 *SelectedMode
);
EFI_STATUS
CalculateBestUdmaMode (
IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA * IdentifyData,
IN UINT16 *DisUDmaMode OPTIONAL,
OUT UINT16 *SelectedMode
);
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitSetUdmaTiming (
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo,
IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *Modes
);
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitSetPioTiming (
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo,
IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA *IdentifyData,
IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *Modes
);
EFI_DRIVER_ENTRY_POINT (InitializeIdeControllerDriver)
//
// *************************************
// IdeController Driver Entry Point
// *************************************
//
EFI_STATUS
EFIAPI
InitializeIdeControllerDriver (
IN EFI_HANDLE ImageHandle,
IN EFI_SYSTEM_TABLE *SystemTable
)
/*++
Routine Description:
Chipset Ide Driver EntryPoint function. It follows the standard EFI driver
model. It's called by StartImage() of DXE Core
Argments:
ImageHnadle -- While the driver image loaded be the ImageLoader(),
an image handle is assigned to this driver binary,
all activities of the driver is tied to this ImageHandle
*SystemTable -- A pointer to the system table, for all BS(Boo Services) and
RT(Runtime Services)
Retruns:
Always call EfiLibInstallDriverBindingProtocol( ) and retrun the result
--*/
{
return INSTALL_ALL_DRIVER_PROTOCOLS (
ImageHandle,
SystemTable,
&gIdeControllerDriverBinding,
ImageHandle,
&gIdeControllerName,
NULL,
NULL
);
}
EFI_STATUS
EFIAPI
IdeControllerSupported (
IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *This,
IN EFI_HANDLE Controller,
IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL *RemainingDevicePath
)
/*++
Routine Description:
Register Driver Binding protocol for this driver.
Arguments:
This -- a pointer points to the Binding Protocol instance
Controller -- The handle of controller to be tested.
*RemainingDevicePath -- A pointer to the device path. Ignored by device
driver but used by bus driver
Returns:
EFI_SUCCESS -- Driver loaded.
other -- Driver not loaded.
--*/
{
EFI_STATUS Status;
EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL *ParentDevicePath;
EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo;
PCI_TYPE00 PciData;
//
// Ide Controller is a device driver, and should ingore the
// "RemainingDevicePath" according to EFI spec
//
Status = gBS->OpenProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiDevicePathProtocolGuid,
(VOID *) &ParentDevicePath,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller,
EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_DRIVER
);
if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
//
// EFI_ALREADY_STARTED is also an error
//
return Status;
}
//
// Close the protocol because we don't use it here
//
gBS->CloseProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiDevicePathProtocolGuid,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller
);
//
// Now test the EfiPciIoProtocol
//
Status = gBS->OpenProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiPciIoProtocolGuid,
(VOID **) &PciIo,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller,
EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_DRIVER
);
if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
return Status;
}
//
// Now further check the PCI header: Base class (offset 0x0B) and
// Sub Class (offset 0x0A). This controller should be an Ide controller
//
Status = PciIo->Pci.Read (
PciIo,
EfiPciIoWidthUint8,
0,
sizeof (PciData),
&PciData
);
if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
gBS->CloseProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiPciIoProtocolGuid,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller
);
return EFI_UNSUPPORTED;
}
//
// Examine Ide PCI Configuration table fields
//
if ((PciData.Hdr.ClassCode[2] != PCI_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE) ||
(PciData.Hdr.ClassCode[1] != PCI_SUB_CLASS_IDE)
) {
Status = EFI_UNSUPPORTED;
}
gBS->CloseProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiPciIoProtocolGuid,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller
);
return Status;
}
EFI_STATUS
EFIAPI
IdeControllerStart (
IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *This,
IN EFI_HANDLE Controller,
IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL *RemainingDevicePath
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine is called right after the .Supported() called and return
EFI_SUCCESS. Notes: The supported protocols are checked but the Protocols
are closed.
Arguments:
This -- a pointer points to the Binding Protocol instance
Controller -- The handle of controller to be tested. Parameter
passed by the caller
*RemainingDevicePath -- A pointer to the device path. Should be ignored by
device driver
--*/
{
EFI_STATUS Status;
EFI_PCI_IO_PROTOCOL *PciIo;
EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_PRIVATE_DATA *IdePrivateData;
//
// Now test and open the EfiPciIoProtocol
//
Status = gBS->OpenProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiPciIoProtocolGuid,
(VOID **) &PciIo,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller,
EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_DRIVER
);
//
// Status == 0 - A normal execution flow, SUCCESS and the program proceeds.
// Status == ALREADY_STARTED - A non-zero Status code returned. It indicates
// that the protocol has been opened and should be treated as a
// normal condition and the program proceeds. The Protocol will not
// opened 'again' by this call.
// Status != ALREADY_STARTED - Error status, terminate program execution
//
if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
//
// EFI_ALREADY_STARTED is also an error
//
return Status;
}
//
// Allocate Ide private data structure
//
Status = gBS->AllocatePool (
EfiBootServicesData,
sizeof (EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_PRIVATE_DATA),
(VOID **) &IdePrivateData
);
if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
return EFI_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
}
//
// Initialize Ide controller private data
//
EfiZeroMem (IdePrivateData, sizeof (EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_PRIVATE_DATA));
IdePrivateData->Signature = IDE_CONTROLLER_SIGNATURE;
IdePrivateData->PciIo = PciIo;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.GetChannelInfo = IdeInitGetChannelInfo;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.NotifyPhase = IdeInitNotifyPhase;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.SubmitData = IdeInitSubmitData;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.DisqualifyMode = IdeInitDisqualifyMode;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.CalculateMode = IdeInitCalculateMode;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.SetTiming = IdeInitSetTiming;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.EnumAll = ICH_IDE_ENUMER_ALL;
IdePrivateData->IdeInit.ChannelCount = ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL;
//
// Install IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT protocol & private data to this instance
//
Status = gBS->InstallMultipleProtocolInterfaces (
&Controller,
&gIdeControllerDriverGuid,
IdePrivateData,
&gEfiIdeControllerInitProtocolGuid,
&(IdePrivateData->IdeInit),
NULL
);
return Status;
}
EFI_STATUS
EFIAPI
IdeControllerStop (
IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *This,
IN EFI_HANDLE Controller,
IN UINTN NumberOfChildren,
IN EFI_HANDLE *ChildHandleBuffer
)
/*++
Routine Description:
Stop this driver on Controller Handle.
Arguments:
This - Protocol instance pointer.
Controller - Handle of device to stop driver on
NumberOfChildren - Not used
ChildHandleBuffer - Not used
Returns:
EFI_SUCCESS - This driver is removed DeviceHandle
other - This driver was not removed from this device
--*/
{
EFI_STATUS Status;
EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_PRIVATE_DATA *IdePrivateData;
//
// Get private data
//
Status = gBS->OpenProtocol (
Controller,
&gIdeControllerDriverGuid,
(VOID **) &IdePrivateData,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller,
EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_GET_PROTOCOL
);
ASSERT_EFI_ERROR (Status);
//
// Close protocols opened by Ide controller driver
//
Status = gBS->CloseProtocol (
Controller,
&gEfiPciIoProtocolGuid,
This->DriverBindingHandle,
Controller
);
gBS->UninstallMultipleProtocolInterfaces (
Controller,
&gIdeControllerDriverGuid,
IdePrivateData,
&gEfiIdeControllerInitProtocolGuid,
&(IdePrivateData->IdeInit),
NULL
);
gBS->FreePool (IdePrivateData);
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
//
// Interface functions of IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT protocol
//
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitGetChannelInfo (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN UINT8 Channel,
OUT BOOLEAN *Enabled,
OUT UINT8 *MaxDevices
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function can be used to obtain information about a specified channel.
It's usually used by IDE Bus driver during enumeration process.
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Channel -- Channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Enabled -- TRUE if the channel is enabled. If the channel is disabled,
then it will no be enumerated.
MaxDevices -- The Max number of IDE devices that the bus driver can expect
on this channel. For ATA/ATAPI, this number is either 1 or 2.
Returns:
EFI_STATUS
--*/
{
//
// Channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
//
if (Channel < ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL) {
*Enabled = TRUE;
*MaxDevices = ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES;
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
*Enabled = FALSE;
return EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitNotifyPhase (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_ENUM_PHASE Phase,
IN UINT8 Channel
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function is called by IdeBus driver before executing certain actions.
This allows IDE Controller Init to prepare for each action.
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Phase -- phase indicator defined by IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT protocol
Channel -- Channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Returns:
--*/
{
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitSubmitData (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA *IdentifyData
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function is called by IdeBus driver to submit EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA data structure
obtained from IDE deivce. This structure is used to set IDE timing
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Channel -- IDE channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Device -- IDE device number
IdentifyData -- A pointer to EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA data structure
Returns:
--*/
{
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitDisqualifyMode (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *BadModes
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function is called by IdeBus driver to disqualify unsupported operation
mode on specfic IDE device
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Channel -- IDE channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Device -- IDE device number
BadModes -- Operation mode indicator
Returns:
--*/
{
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitCalculateMode (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
OUT EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE **SupportedModes
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function is called by IdeBus driver to calculate the best operation mode
supported by specific IDE device
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Channel -- IDE channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Device -- IDE device number
SupportedModes -- Modes collection supported by IDE device
Returns:
--*/
{
if (Channel >= ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL || Device >= ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES) {
return EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
*SupportedModes = EfiLibAllocateZeroPool (sizeof (EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE));
if (*SupportedModes == NULL) {
return EFI_OUT_OF_RESOURCES;
}
//
// In EoE enviroment, when nothing is known about the platform hardware,
// just set the mode to lowest PIO mode for compatibility.
//
(*SupportedModes)->PioMode.Valid = TRUE;
(*SupportedModes)->PioMode.Mode = ATA_PIO_MODE_BELOW_2;
(*SupportedModes)->UdmaMode.Valid = FALSE;
(*SupportedModes)->SingleWordDmaMode.Valid = FALSE;
(*SupportedModes)->MultiWordDmaMode.Valid = FALSE;
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
EFI_STATUS
IdeInitSetTiming (
IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This,
IN UINT8 Channel,
IN UINT8 Device,
IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *Modes
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This function is called by IdeBus driver to set appropriate timing on IDE
controller according supported operation mode
Arguments:
This -- the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
Channel -- IDE channel number (0 based, either 0 or 1)
Device -- IDE device number
Returns:
--*/
{
return EFI_SUCCESS;
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20132 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (c) 2021 Huawei Device Co., Ltd.
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#ifndef CPU_FILTER_H
#define CPU_FILTER_H
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <string_view>
#include <tuple>
#include "common.h"
#include "filter_base.h"
#include "trace_data_cache.h"
#include "trace_streamer_filters.h"
namespace SysTuning {
namespace TraceStreamer {
class TraceStreamerFilters;
class CpuFilter : private FilterBase {
public:
explicit CpuFilter(TraceDataCache*, const TraceStreamerFilters*);
CpuFilter(const CpuFilter&) = delete;
CpuFilter& operator=(const CpuFilter&) = delete;
~CpuFilter() override;
public:
uint64_t FindUtidInThreadStateTableByCpu(uint64_t cpu) const;
uint64_t InsertSwitchEvent(uint64_t ts,
uint64_t cpu,
uint64_t prevPid,
uint64_t prevPior,
uint64_t prevState,
uint64_t nextPid,
uint64_t nextPior);
uint64_t InsertWakeingEvent(uint64_t ts, uint64_t internalTid);
private:
uint64_t FilterUidRow(uint64_t uid, uint64_t row, uint64_t state = TASK_INVALID);
uint64_t RowOfUidUThreadState(uint64_t uid) const;
uint64_t StateOfUidThreadState(uint64_t uid) const;
std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t> cpuToRowThreadState_ = {};
std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t> cpuToUtidThreadState_ = {};
std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t> cpuToRowSched_ = {};
struct TPthread {
uint64_t row_;
uint64_t state_;
};
std::map<uint64_t, TPthread> uidToRowThreadState_ = {};
};
} // namespace TraceStreamer
} // namespace SysTuning
#endif // CPU_FILTER_H
|
US-201816019321-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | In operation 930, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250determines (e.g., calculates) a corresponding representative geolocationfor each geographical cluster that was grouped in operation 920. As anexample, for each geographical cluster, the artificial intelligenceengine trainer 250 may calculate a corresponding mean geolocation ofthat geographical cluster. As part of operation 930, the artificialintelligence engine trainer 250 also determines a corresponding variancedistance from the representative geolocation for each geographicalcluster that was grouped in operation 920. As an example, for eachgeographical cluster, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 maycalculate a corresponding variance distance from the mean geolocation ofthat geographical cluster.
In operation 940, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250generates a reference location score (e.g., a model location score or amodel enrollment score) based on the representative geolocations of thegeographical clusters and based on the corresponding variance distancesof the geographical clusters that were created in operation 920. In someexample embodiments, the reference location score is generated (e.g.,computed) based on the proportion (e.g., ratio) of non-singletongeographical clusters (e.g., geographical clusters with two or moregeolocations) to the total number of geolocations across all of thegeographical clusters. In alternative example embodiments, thisproportion is not used.
In operation 950, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 trainsan artificial intelligence engine (e.g., the artificial intelligenceengine 270) to output the reference location score in response to thereference set of obfuscated geolocations being input into thatartificial intelligence engine. As noted above, the artificialintelligence engine may be trained to output additional information(e.g., a face score and the device score) as well.
As shown in FIG. 10, the method 900 may include one or more ofoperations 1010, 1012, 1030, 1032, 1034, 1050, and 1052. One or both ofoperations 1010 and 1012 may be performed as part of operation 910.
In operation 1010, in accessing the reference set of obfuscatedgeolocations, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 accessescorresponding reference accelerometer data that indicates correspondingmovements made by the device 130. The accelerometer data may have beenpreviously captured live by the accelerometer 350 of the device 130 andstored in metadata of one or more images (e.g., in the image library 320of the device 130 or in the database 115), for subsequent accesstherefrom. In example embodiments that include operation 1010, thegenerating of the reference location score in operation 940 may beperformed based on the accessed accelerometer data.
In operation 1012, in accessing the reference set of obfuscatedgeolocations, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 accessescorresponding reference compass data that indicates correspondingdirections in which the device 130 was oriented. A compass data may havebeen previously captured live by the compass 360 of the device 130 andstored in metadata of one or more images in the image library 320 of thedevice 130 or in the database 115) for subsequent access therefrom. Inexample embodiments that include operation 1012, the generating of thereference location score in operation 940 may be performed based on theaccessed compass data.
As shown in FIG. 10, one or more of operations 1030, 1032, and 1034 maybe performed between operations 930 and 940. Generally, though, one ormore of operations 1030, 1032, and 1034 may be performed betweenoperations 920 and 940.
In operation 1030, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250generates cluster weights for the geographical clusters grouped inoperation 920. This may he performed by generating a correspondingweight for each geographical cluster among the geographical clusterscreated in operation 920. Moreover, the corresponding weight for eachgeographical duster may be generated based on a corresponding count ofobfuscated geolocations in that geographical cluster. In exampleembodiments that include operation 1030, the generating of the referencelocation score in operation 940 may be performed based on the generatedcluster weights.
In operation 1032, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250calculates mean travel distances for the geographical clusters that weregrouped in operation 920. This may be performed by calculating acorresponding mean inter-cluster travel distance between successivegeolocations that lie in different geographical clusters among thegeographical clusters created in operation 920. For example, theartificial intelligence engine trainer 250 may calculate a set ofinter-cluster travel distances between inter-cluster pairs ofgeolocations and then calculate a mean of those inter-cluster traveldistances. In example embodiments that include operation 1032, thegenerating of the reference location score in operation 940 may beperformed based on the calculated mean travel distances.
In operation 1034, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250calculates variances from the mean travel distances for the geographicalclusters grouped in operation 920. This may be performed by calculatinga corresponding variance of inter-cluster travel distances (e.g., asdeviations from the mean inter-cluster travel distance) for eachgeographical cluster. Thus, the artificial intelligence engine trainer250 may calculate a corresponding variance of inter-cluster traveldistances between successive geolocations in different geographicalclusters among the geographical clusters created in operation 920. Inexample embodiments that include operation 1034, the generating of thereference location score in operation 940 may be performed based on thecalculated variances in the travel distances for the geographicalclusters.
Furthermore, in some example embodiments, the artificial intelligenceengine trainer 250 trains the artificial intelligence engine (e.g.,artificial intelligence engine 270) to output the reference locationscore based on a comparison of a maximum travel speed (e.g., apredetermined maximum travel speed) to one or more travel speeds betweenpairs of successive geolocations. In some implementations, these pairsinclude one or more pairs of successive geolocations that lie indifferent geographical clusters among the geographical clustersdiscussed above with respect to operation 920. For example, theartificial intelligence engine trainer 250 may access or calculateinter-cluster travel times between inter-cluster pairs of geolocations,access or calculate inter-cluster travel distances corresponding tothese inter-cluster travel times, and accordingly train the artificialintelligence engine to calculate inter-cluster travel speeds and thencompare the inter-cluster travel speeds to the maximum travel speed. Incertain implementations, these pairs include one or more pairs ofsuccessive geolocations that lie within the same geographical cluster.For example, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 may accessor calculate intra-cluster travel times between intra-cluster pairs ofgeolocations, access or calculate intra-cluster travel distancescorresponding to these intra-cluster travel times, and accordingly trainthe artificial intelligence engine to calculate intra-cluster travelspeeds and then compare the intra-cluster travel speeds to the maximumtravel speed.
As shown in FIG. 10, one or both of operations 1050 and 1052 may beperformed after operation 950. In operation 1050, the artificialintelligence engine trainer 250 generates an executable instance of theartificial intelligence engine (e.g., artificial intelligence engine270) trained in operation 950. This may be performed by compiling thetrained artificial intelligence engine, packaging the resultingexecutable file (e.g., within an automatic installer program),compressing the executable file, or any suitable combination thereof. Insome example embodiments, the authentication server 260 performs thisoperation.
In operation 1052, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250provides the executable instance of the artificial intelligence engine(e.g., artificial intelligence engine 270) to the device 130 (e.g., viathe network 190). In some example embodiments, the authentication server260 performs this operation. The provision of the executable instance(e.g., within an automatic installer program) may cause the device 130to configure itself to obfuscate an actual geolocation of the device130, input the obfuscated geolocation into the executable instance ofthe artificial intelligence engine, and obtain a corresponding candidatelocation score as output from the artificial intelligence engine, aswell as perform these configured operations.
FIGS. 11 and 12 are flowcharts illustrating operations (e.g., of thedevice 130) in performing a method 1100 of using a trained artificialintelligence engine (e.g., artificial intelligence engine 270, asprovided to the device 130 in operation 1052 of the method 900) inauthenticating a verification request, according to some exampleembodiments. Although, for clarity and brevity, the present discussionfocuses on performance of the method 1100 by the device 130, one or moreoperations of the method 1100 may be performed by the server machine 110in certain example embodiments. Operations in the method 1100 may beperformed using components (e.g., modules) described above with respectto FIG. 3, using one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors or otherhardware processors), or using any suitable combination thereof. Asshown in FIG. 11, the method 1100 includes operations 1110, 1120, 1130,and 1140.
In operation 1110, the authentication client 310 generates an obfuscatedgeolocation of the device 130. This may be performed by obfuscating anactual geolocation of the device 130. For example, the authenticationclient 310 may access (e.g., receive) the actual geolocation of thedevice 130 from the geolocation sensor 340. As examples, the actualgeolocation may take the form of GPS coordinates, an IP address, or anysuitable combination thereof. Examples of obfuscation operations arediscussed below.
In operation 1120, the authentication client 310 obtains a candidatelocation score from a trained artificial intelligence engine (e.g.,artificial intelligence engine 270, which may be called a firstartificial intelligence engine or first AI module in this context). Thismay be performed by inputting the obfuscated geolocation generated inoperation 1110 into the trained artificial intelligence engine andobtaining (e.g., receiving) the candidate location score as an output ofthe trained artificial intelligence engine. As noted above, theartificial intelligence engine is trained to output the referencelocation score in response to the reference set of obfuscatedgeolocations being input into the artificial intelligence engine. Asalso noted above, the reference set of obfuscated geolocations wasgenerated from and corresponds to a set of actual geolocations fromwhich the device 130 submitted requests to verify a person (e.g., user132).
In response to the obfuscated geolocation from operation 1110 beinginput into the trained artificial intelligence engine (e.g., artificialintelligence engine 270), the artificial intelligence engine generatesthe candidate location score based on the inputted obfuscatedgeolocation of the device 130. Moreover, according to various exampleembodiments, the candidate location score may be generated based on thecluster weights discussed above with respect to operation 1030, the meantravel distances discussed above with respect to operation 1032, thevariances discussed above with respect to operation 1034, referenceaccelerometer data accessed in operation 1010, reference compass dataaccessed in operation 1012, or any suitable combination thereof.
Furthermore, in some example embodiments, the artificial intelligenceengine (e.g., artificial intelligence engine 270) is trained (e.g., bythe artificial intelligence engine trainer 250) to output the referencelocation score based on a comparison of a maximum travel speed (e.g., apredetermined maximum travel speed) to one or more travel speeds betweenpairs of successive geolocations (e.g., that lie in differentgeographical clusters or within the same geographical cluster among thegeographical clusters discussed above with respect to operation 920). Insome example embodiments, the artificial intelligence engine may betrained to calculate one or more inter-cluster travel speeds and thencompare the inter-cluster travel speeds to the maximum travel speed.Accordingly, the artificial intelligence engine may generate thecandidate location score based on a comparison of the maximum travelspeed to an inter-cluster travel speed that is calculated based on theobfuscated geolocation of the device 130. In certain exampleembodiments, the artificial intelligence engine may be trained tocalculate one or more intra-cluster travel speeds and then compare theintra-cluster travel speeds to the maximum travel speed. Accordingly,the artificial intelligence engine may generate the candidate locationscore based on a comparison of the maximum travel speed to anintra-cluster travel speed that is calculated based on the obfuscatedgeolocation of the device 130.
In operation 1130, the authentication client 310 obtains anauthentication score based on the candidate location score. Theauthentication score may be obtained from the server machine 110 (e.g.,via the artificial intelligence engine 280, which may be called a secondartificial intelligence engine or second Al module in this context). Forexample, the authentication client may obtain the authentication scorefrom the server machine 110 by providing the candidate location score tothe server machine 110. The candidate location score may be providedwithin a request to verify the person (e.g., a request to verify theuser 132). In response to being provided with the candidate locationscore, the server machine 110 (e.g., the authentication server 260, theartificial intelligence engine 280, the authenticator 240, or anysuitable combination thereof) generates and provides the authenticationscore based on the candidate location score.
In operation 1140, the authentication client 310 presents an indicationthat the request to verify the person is authentic. Operation 1140 maybe performed in a manner similar to that described above with respect tooperation 550. Accordingly, the presentation of this indication may beperformed using a graphical user interface (e.g., similar to thatdescribed above with respect to FIG. 4), and the presentation of thisindication may be based on a comparison of the authentication scoreobtained in operation 1130 to a threshold authentication score. As notedabove, the threshold authentication score may define a boundary betweenverification requests that will be deemed to be authentic andverification requests that will be deemed to be non-authentic (e.g.,falsified).
As shown in FIG, 12, the method 1100 may include one or more ofoperations 1210, 1212, and 1214, any one or more of which may beperformed as part of operation 1110. Operations 1210, 1212, and 1214represent example ways to obfuscate an actual geolocation of the device130 and thus generate an obfuscated geolocation of the device 130.
In operation 1210, the authentication client 310 quantizes the actualgeolocation as all or part of obfuscating the actual geolocation. Thisis one manner in which the obfuscated geolocation can represent theactual geolocation for purposes of authenticating a verificationrequest, without divulging the actual geolocation (e.g., to protect userprivacy).
In operation 1212, the authentication client 310 adds noise (e.g.,random or pseudorandom) to the actual geolocation as all or part ofobfuscating the actual geolocation. This is another manner in which theobfuscated geolocation can represent the actual geolocation for purposesof authenticating the verification request, without divulging the actualgeolocation.
In operation 1214, the authentication client 310 encrypts the actualgeolocation as all or part of obfuscating the actual geolocation. This afurther manner in which the obfuscated geolocation can represent theactual geolocation for purposes of authenticating the verificationrequest, without divulging the actual geolocation.
According to various example embodiments, two or more of operations1210, 1212, and 1214 may be combined (e.g., as serially performedoperations) to obfuscate the actual geolocation and generate theobfuscated geolocation of the device 130.
As shown in FIG. 12, one or more of operations 1216 and 1218 may beperformed prior to operation 1120, in which the authentication client310 obtains a candidate location score from the trained artificialintelligence engine (e.g., artificial intelligence engine 270).
In operation 1216, the authentication client 310 accesses candidateaccelerometer data that indicates a corresponding movement made by thedevice 130. In example embodiments that include operation 1216, thetrained artificial intelligence engine (e.g., artificial intelligenceengine 270) may be trained to output the reference location score basedon reference accelerometer data that indicates corresponding movementsmade by the device 130 (e.g., as discussed above with respect tooperation 1010). In such example embodiments, the trained artificialintelligence engine generates the candidate location score based on thecandidate accelerometer data accessed in operation 1216.
In operation 1218, the authentication client 310 accesses candidatecompass data that indicates a corresponding direction in which thedevice 130 is oriented. In example embodiments that include operation1218, the trained artificial intelligence engine (e.g., artificialintelligence engine 270) may be trained to output the reference locationscore based on reference compass data that indicates correspondingdirections in which the device 130 was oriented (e.g., as discussedabove with respect operation 1012). In such example embodiments, thetrained artificial intelligence engine generates the candidate locationscore based on the candidate compass data accessed in operation 1218.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating operations (e.g., of the servermachine 110 or the device 130) in performing a method of obtaining acharacteristic noise descriptor of the camera 330 of the device 130,according to some example embodiments. Operations in the method 1300 maybe performed by the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 describedabove with respect to FIG. 2. In alternative example embodiments, themethod 1300 may be performed by the authentication server 260, theauthentication client 310, or any suitable combination thereof. As shownin FIG. 13, the method 1300 includes operations 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340,1350, and 1360.
In operation 1310, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250 beginsprocessing an image (e.g., a face image) by cropping the image (e.g., toa predetermined uniform size for processing). For example, each image ina set of images (e.g., stored in the image library 320 of the device130) may be cropped to a predetermined size (e.g., defined bypredetermined pixel dimensions).
In operation 1320, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250obtains (e.g., generates) luma values of the cropped images. Forexample, this may be performed by calculating a corresponding luma valuefor each pixel in the cropped image, thus resulting in a luma map of thecropped image (e.g., a luma image having the same size as the croppedimage or a luma-only version of the cropped image).
In operation 1330, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250de-noises the luma map of the cropped image. This may be performed byfiltering the luma map. For example, the artificial intelligence enginetrainer 250 may apply a de-noising filter in the two-dimensionaldiscrete wavelet domain (2D DWD) to the luma map and obtain a de-noisedluma map as output from the de-noising filter.
In operation 1340, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250subtracts the de-noised luma map from the original luma map prior tode-noising. The difference between these two luma maps is a lumadifference map that represents a characteristic noise pattern insertedinto the original image.
In operation 1350, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250generates (e.g., computes) a characteristic noise descriptor of theoriginal image, such that the characteristic noise descriptor representsthe characteristic noise pattern in the original image. This may beperformed by calculating a first pointwise product by pointwisemultiplying the luma difference map to the original luma map,calculating a second pointwise product by pointwise multiplying theoriginal luma map to itself, and then calculating a ratio of the firstpointwise product to the second pointwise product (e.g., by dividing thefirst pointwise product by the second pointwise product). The resultingnoise descriptor map (e.g., noise descriptor image) is thus acharacteristic noise descriptor of the original image and represents thecharacteristic noise pattern in the original image.
As shown in FIG. 13, operations 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340, and 1350 may beperformed (e.g., iteratively) for each image in a set of images capturedby the camera 330 of the device 130 (e.g., stored in, and accessed from,the image library 320 of the device 130). Accordingly, a set ofresulting noise descriptor maps can be generated from the set of imagescaptured by the camera 330.
In operation 1360, the artificial intelligence engine trainer 250generates (e.g., computes) an overall characteristic noise descriptorfor the camera 330 of the device 130. As one example, the artificialintelligence engine trainer 250 may compute a representative noisedescriptor map (e.g., a mean noise descriptor map) from the set ofimages captured by the camera 330. As another example, the artificialintelligence engine trainer 250 may compute a first summation of thefirst pointwise products for all individual images, compute a secondsummation of the second pointwise products for all individual images,and then compute a ratio of the first summation to the second summation(e.g., by dividing the first summation by the second summation). Theresulting overall noise descriptor map is thus a characteristic noisedescriptor of the camera 330 and represents the characteristic noisepattern inserted by the camera 330 into images captured by the camera330.
FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating operations (e.g., of the servermachine 110 or the device 130) in performing a method of using thecharacteristic noise descriptor of the camera 330 of the device 130 ingeneration of a device score, according to some example embodiments.Operations in the method 1400 may be performed by the device analyzer220 within the artificial intelligence engine 270 (e.g., located at theserver machine 110 or at the device 130). As shown in FIG. 14, themethod 1400 includes operations 1410, 1420, 1422, 1424, 1426, 1428,1430, and 1440.
In operation 1410, the device analyzer 220 accesses the characteristicnoise descriptor of the device 130 (e.g., the overall characteristicnoise descriptor of the camera 330 of the device 130). As rioted above,the characteristic noise descriptor represents a characteristic noisepattern inserted by the camera 330 into images captured thereby. Thecharacteristic noise descriptor of the camera 330 may be stored by theserver machine 110 and accessed from its local storage or memory, storedby the database 115 and accessed therefrom, stored by the device 130 andaccessed therefrom, stored by a different device (e.g., device 150) andaccessed therefrom, or any suitable combination thereof.
In operation 1420, the device analyzer 220 crops a candidate image(e.g., a candidate face image to be submitted in a request to verify aperson, such as the user 132). This may be the same image discussedabove with respect to operation 510. For example, the candidate imagemay be in a manner similar to that described above with respect tooperation 1310.
In operation 1422, the device analyzer 220 obtains a candidate luma mapof the cropped candidate image. This may be performed in a mannersimilar to that described above with respect to operation 1320.
In operation 1424, the device analyzer 220 de-noises the candidate lumamap of the cropped candidate image. This may be performed in a mannersimilar to that described above with respect to operation 1330.
In operation 1426, the device analyzer 220 subtracts the de-noisedcandidate luma map from the original candidate luma map prior tode-noising. The resulting candidate luma difference map represents acharacteristic noise pattern inserted into the candidate image.
In operation 1428, the device analyzer 220 generates (e.g., computes) acandidate characteristic noise descriptor of the candidate image. Thismay be performed in a manner similar to that described above withrespect operation 1350.
In operation 1430, the device analyzer 220 compares the candidatecharacteristic noise descriptor of the candidate image to thecharacteristic noise descriptor of the device 130. This may be performedby calculating an interim pointwise product by pointwise multiplying thecandidate luma map to the characteristic noise descriptor of the device130, computing the Pearson correlation coefficient between the interimpointwise product and the candidate luma difference map, and thencomparing the resulting Pearson correlation coefficient to apredetermined threshold correlation coefficient. The thresholdcorrelation coefficient may thus define a boundary (e.g., tipping point)between candidate images that will be deemed to be captured by thecamera 330 of the device 130 and candidate images that will be deemed tobe captured by some camera other than the camera 330 of the device 130.
In operation 1440, the device analyzer 220 generates a device scorebased on the comparison performed in operation 1430. For example, thiscomparison may be a basis for generating the device score discussedabove with respect to operation 530 or operation 720.
According to various example embodiments, one or more of themethodologies described herein may facilitate authentication of arequest to verify a user (e.g., a person). Moreover, one or more of themethodologies described herein may facilitate interaction betweenmachines (e.g., between the server machine 110 and the device 130) inauthenticating such a verification request. Furthermore, thesemethodologies may be helpful in preparing (e.g., training) and using anexecutable instance of an artificial intelligence engine (e.g., a neuralnetwork) to assist in the authenticating of a request to verify a user.Hence, one or more of the methodologies described herein may facilitategreater precision, accuracy, and efficiency in authenticating userverification requests, as well as provide correspondingly improvedaccess control and data security for computers and networks thereof,compared to capabilities of pre-existing systems and methods.
When these effects are considered in aggregate, one or more of themethodologies described herein may obviate a need for certain efforts orresources that otherwise would be involved in authenticating a requestto verify a user. Efforts expended by a user in submitting logincredentials and obtaining correspondingly appropriate authorizations maybe reduced by use of (e.g., reliance upon) a special-purpose device(e.g., device 130) that implements one or more of the methodologiesdescribed herein. Efforts expended by an administrator in processinglogin credentials, identifying falsified login requests, and providingcorrespondingly appropriate authorizations may be reduced by use of aspecial-purpose machine (e.g., server machine 110) that implements oneor more of the methodologies described herein. Computing resources usedby one or more systems or machines (e.g., within the network environment100) may similarly be reduced (e.g., compared to systems or machinesthat lack the structures discussed herein or are otherwise unable toperform the functions discussed herein). Examples of such computingresources include processor cycles, network traffic, computationalcapacity, main memory usage, graphics rendering capacity, graphicsmemory usage, data storage capacity, power consumption, and coolingcapacity.
FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine 1500,according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions 1524from a machine-readable medium 1522 (e.g., a non-transitorymachine-readable medium, a machine-readable storage medium, acomputer-readable storage medium, or any suitable combination thereof)and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, inwhole or in part. Specifically, FIG. 15 shows the machine 1500 in theexample form of a computer system (e.g., a computer) within which theinstructions 1524 (software, a program, an application, an applet, anapp, or other executable code) for causing the machine 1500 to performany one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed,in whole or in part.
In alternative embodiments, the machine 1500 operates as a standalonedevice or may be communicatively coupled (e.g., networked) to othermachines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1500 may operate in thecapacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-clientnetwork environment, or as a peer machine in a distributed (e.g.,peer-to-peer) network environment. The machine 1500 may be a servercomputer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tabletcomputer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a webappliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or anymachine capable of executing the instructions 1524, sequentially orotherwise, that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further,while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shallalso he taken to include any collection of machines that individually orjointly execute the instructions 1524 to perform all or part of any oneor more of the methodologies discussed herein.
The machine 1500 includes a processor 1502 (e.g., one or more centralprocessing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs),one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more radio-frequencyintegrated circuits (RFICs), or any suitable combination thereof), amain memory 1504, and a static memory 1506, which are configured tocommunicate with each other via a bus 1508. The processor 1502 containssolid-state digital microcircuits (e.g., electronic, optical, or both)that are configurable, temporarily or permanently, by some or all of theinstructions 1524 such that the processor 1502 is configurable toperform any one or more of the methodologies described herein, in wholeor in part. For example, a set of one or more microcircuits of theprocessor 1502 may be configurable to execute one or more modules (e.g.,software modules) described herein. In some example embodiments, theprocessor 1502 is a multicore CPU (e.g., a dual-core CPU, a quad-coreCPU, an 8-core CPU, or a 128-core CPU) within which each of multiplecores behaves as a separate processor that is able to perform any one ormore of the methodologies discussed herein, in whole or in part.Although the beneficial effects described herein may be provided by themachine 1500 with at least the processor 1502, these same beneficialeffects may be provided by a different kind of machine that contains noprocessors (e.g., a purely mechanical system, a purely hydraulic system,or a hybrid mechanical-hydraulic system), if such a processor-lessmachine is configured to perform one or more of the methodologiesdescribed herein.
The machine 1500 may further include a graphics display 1510 (e.g., aplasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, aliquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, a cathode ray tube (CRT), orany other display capable of displaying graphics or video). The machine1500 may also include an alphanumeric input device 1512 (e.g., akeyboard or keypad), a pointer input device 1514 (e.g., a mouse, atouchpad, a touchscreen, a trackball, a joystick, a stylus, a motionsensor, an eye tracking device, a data glove, or other pointinginstrument), a data storage 1516, an audio generation device 1518 (e.g.,a sound card, an amplifier, a speaker, a headphone jack, or any suitablecombination thereof), and a network interface device 1520.
The data storage 1516 (e.g., a data storage device) includes themachine-readable medium 1522 (e.g., a tangible and non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium) on which are stored the instructions1524 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functionsdescribed herein. The instructions 1524 may also reside, completely orat least partially, within the main memory 1504, within the staticmemory 1506, within the processor 1502 (e.g., within the processor'scache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, before or duringexecution thereof by the machine 1500. Accordingly, the main memory1504, the static memory 1506, and the processor 1502 may be consideredmachine-readable media tangible and non-transitory machine-readablemedia). The instructions 1524 may be transmitted or received over thenetwork 190 via the network interface device 1520. For example, thenetwork interface device 1520 may communicate the instructions 1524using any one or more transfer protocols (e.g., hypertext transferprotocol (HTTP)).
In some example embodiments, the machine 1500 may be a portablecomputing device (e.g., a smart phone, a tablet computer, or a wearabledevice), and may have one or more additional input components 1530(e,g., sensors or gauges). Examples of such input components 1530include an image input component (e.g., one or more cameras), an audioinput component (e.g., one or more microphones), a direction inputcomponent (e.g., a compass), a location input component (e.g., a globalpositioning system (GPS) receiver), an orientation component (e.g., agyroscope), a motion detection component (e.g., one or moreaccelerometers), an altitude detection component (e.g., an altimeter), atemperature input component (e.g., a thermometer), and a gas detectioncomponent (e.g., a gas sensor). Input data gathered by any one or moreof these input components 1530 may be accessible and available for useby any of the modules described herein (e.g., with suitable privacynotifications and protections, such as opt-in consent or opt-outconsent, implemented in accordance with user preference, applicableregulations, or any suitable combination thereof).
As used herein, the term “memory” refers to a machine-readable mediumable to store data temporarily or permanently and may be taken toinclude, but not be limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, and cache memory. While themachine-readable medium 1522 is shown in an example embodiment to be asingle medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken toinclude a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized ordistributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to storeinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken toinclude any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable ofcarrying (e.g., storing or communicating) the instructions 1524 forexecution by the machine 1500, such that the instructions 1524, whenexecuted by one or more processors of the machine 1500 (e.g., processor1502), cause the machine 1500 to perform any one or more of themethodologies described herein, in whole or in part. Accordingly, a“machine-readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus ordevice, as well as cloud-based storage systems or storage networks thatinclude multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term“machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but notbe limited to, one or more tangible and non-transitory data repositories(e.g., data volumes) in the example form of a solid-state memory chip,an optical disc, a magnetic disc, or any suitable combination thereof.
A “non-transitory” machine-readable medium, as used herein, specificallyexcludes propagating signals per se. According to various exampleembodiments, the instructions 1524 for execution by the machine 1500 canbe communicated via a carrier medium (e.g., a machine-readable carriermedium). Examples of such a carrier medium include a non-transientcarrier medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium,such as a solid-state memory that is physically movable from one placeto another place) and a transient carrier medium (e.g., a carrier waveor other propagating signal that communicates the instructions 1524).
Certain example embodiments are described herein as including modules.Modules may constitute software modules (e.g., code stored or otherwiseembodied in a machine-readable medium or in a transmission medium),hardware modules, or any suitable combination thereof. A “hardwaremodule” is a tangible (e.g., non-transitory) physical component (e.g., aset of one or more processors) capable of performing certain operationsand may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. Invarious example embodiments, one or more computer systems or one or morehardware modules thereof may be configured by software (e.g., anapplication or portion thereof) as a hardware module that operates toperform operations described herein for that module.
In some example embodiments, a hardware module may be implementedmechanically, electronically, hydraulically, or any suitable combinationthereof. For example, a hardware module may include dedicated circuitryor logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. Ahardware module may be or include a special-purpose processor, such as afield programmable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC. A hardware module mayalso include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarilyconfigured by software to perform certain operations. As an example, ahardware module may include software encompassed within a CPU or otherprogrammable processor. It will be appreciated that the decision toimplement a hardware module mechanically, hydraulically, in dedicatedand permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configuredcircuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and timeconsiderations.
Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity that may be physically constructed,permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured(e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certainoperations described herein. Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase“hardware-implemented module” refers to a hardware module. Consideringexample embodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured(e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configuredor instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where ahardware module includes a CPU configured by software to become aspecial-purpose processor, the CPU may be configured as respectivelydifferent special-purpose processors (e.g., each included in a differenthardware module) at different times. Software (e.g., a software module)may accordingly configure one or more processors, for example, to becomeor otherwise constitute a particular hardware module at one instance oftime and to become or otherwise constitute a different hardware moduleat a different instance of time.
Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiplehardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achievedthrough signal transmission (e.g., over circuits and buses) between oramong two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments in whichmultiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at differenttimes, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, forexample, through the storage and retrieval of information in memorystructures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. Forexample, one hardware module may perform an operation and store theoutput of that operation in a memory (e.g., a memory device) to which itis communicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at alater time, access the memory to retrieve and process the stored output.Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input or outputdevices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation from a computing resource).
The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions describedherein. As used herein, “processor-implemented module” refers to ahardware module in which the hardware includes one or more processors.Accordingly, the operations described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented, hardware-implemented, or both, since a processoris an example of hardware, and at least some operations within any oneor more of the methods discussed herein may be performed by one or moreprocessor-implemented modules, hardware-implemented modules, or anysuitable combination thereof.
Moreover, such one or more processors may perform operations in a “cloudcomputing” environment or as a service (e.g., within a “software as aservice” (SaaS) implementation). For example, at least some operationswithin any one or more of the methods discussed herein may be performedby a group of computers (e.g., as examples of machines that includeprocessors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g.,the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., anapplication program interface (API)). The performance of certainoperations may be distributed among the one or more processors, whetherresiding only within a single machine or deployed across a number ofmachines. In some example embodiments, the one or more processors orhardware modules (e.g., processor-implemented modules) may be located ina single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an officeenvironment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the one ormore processors or hardware modules may be distributed across a numberof geographic locations.
Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and theirfunctionality presented as separate components and functions in exampleconfigurations may be implemented as a combined structure or componentwith combined functions. Similarly, structures and functionalitypresented as a single component may be implemented as separatecomponents and functions. These and other variations, modifications,additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matterherein.
Some portions of the subject matter discussed herein may be presented interms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on datastored as bits or binary digital signals within a memory (e.g., acomputer memory or other machine memory). Such algorithms or symbolicrepresentations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinaryskill in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. As used herein, an “algorithm” it aself-consistent sequence of operations or similar processing leading toa desired result. In this context, algorithms and operations involvephysical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, but notnecessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical, magnetic,or optical signals capable of being stored, accessed, transferred,combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated by a machine. It isconvenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to referto such signals using words such as “data,” “content,” “bits,” “values,”“elements,” “symbols,” “characters,” “terms,” “numbers,” “numerals,” orthe like. These words, however, are merely convenient labels and are tobe associated with appropriate physical quantities.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using wordssuch as “accessing,” “processing,” “detecting,” “computing,”“calculating,” “determining,” “generating,” “presenting,” “displaying,”or the like refer to actions or processes performable by a machine(e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transforms data represented asphysical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities within oneor more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or anysuitable combination thereof), registers, or other machine componentsthat receive, store, transmit, or display information. Furthermore,unless specifically stated otherwise, the terms “a” or “an” are hereinused, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than oneinstance. Finally, as used herein, the conjunction “or” refers to anon-exclusive “or,” unless specifically stated otherwise.
The following enumerated descriptions describe various examples ofmethods, machine-readable media, and systems machines, devices, or otherapparatus) discussed herein.
A first example provides a method comprising:
- accessing, by one or more processors of a device, a face image to be submitted in a request to verify a person, the face image being captured by a camera of the device, depicting a face of the person, and including a characteristic noise pattern inserted by the camera into images captured by the camera;- accessing, by one or more processors of the device, geolocation data that represents a geolocation at which the device is located during capture of the face image;- by one or more processors of the device, inputting the face image and the geolocation data into an artificial intelligence engine trained to generate a face score based on the face image, a device score based on the characteristic noise pattern, and a location score based on the geolocation data, the artificial intelligence engine generating the face score, the device score, and the location score in response to the inputting;- obtaining, by one or more processors of the device, an authentication score from a server machine by providing the request with the face score, the device score, and the location score to the server machine via a communication network, the server machine generating the authentication score based on the face score, the device score, and the location score in response to the providing; and- presenting, by one or more processors of the device, an indication that the request to verify the person is authentic based on a comparison of the obtained authentication score to a threshold authentication score.
A second example provides a method according to the first example,wherein:
- the characteristic noise pattern inserted by the camera into images captured by the camera indicates a set of manufacturing deviations that occurred during manufacture of the camera. For example, the characteristic noise pattern may indicate the presence of one or more manufacturing errors, flaws, or other defects in the camera.
A third example provides a method according to the first example or thesecond example, wherein:
- the accessing of the face image includes receiving the face image from the camera of the device; and- in response to the face image being received from the camera, the accessing of the geolocation data includes receiving the geolocation data from a geolocation sensor included in the device. Such a situation may occur where the face image is captured live by the camera.
A fourth example provides a method according to any of the firs throughthird examples, wherein:
- the accessing the face image includes retrieving the face image from an image library stored by the device; and- in response to the face image being retrieved from the image library, the accessing of the geolocation data includes reading the geolocation data from metadata included in the face image. Such a situation may occur where the face image was previously captured (e.g., by the camera), stored with the metadata in the image library, and retrieved later therefrom.
The fifth example provides a method according to any of the firstthrough fourth examples, wherein:
- the artificial intelligence engine trained to generate the face score, the device score, and the location score includes one or more of a deep neural network, a convolutional neural network, or a recurrent neural network.
A sixth example provides a method according to any of the first throughfifth examples, wherein:
- the server machine generates the authentication score by inputting the face score, the device score, and the location score into a deep beliefs neural network and obtaining the authentication score output therefrom.
A seventh example provides a method according to any of the firstthrough sixth examples, further comprising:
- accessing accelerometer data that indicates a movement made by the device during the capture of the face image; and wherein:- the artificial intelligence engine trained to generate the device score is trained to perform a movement analysis of the accelerometer data and generate the device score based on the movement analysis of the accelerometer data; and- the device score is generated by the artificial intelligence engine based on the movement analysis of the accelerometer data.
An eighth example provides a method according to any of the firstthrough seventh examples, wherein:
- the artificial intelligence engine trained to generate the face score is trained to perform a liveness analysis of the face image and generate the face score based on the liveness analysis of the face image; and- the face score is generated by the artificial intelligence engine based on the liveness analysis of the face image.
A ninth example provides a method according to any of the first througheighth examples, wherein:
- the artificial intelligence engine trained to generate the location score is trained to perform a background analysis of a background of the face image and generate the location score based on the background analysis; and- the location score is generated by the artificial intelligence engine based on the background analysis of the background of the face image.
A tenth example provides a method according to any of the first throughninth examples, wherein:
- the artificial intelligence engine trained to generate the location score is trained to perform a metadata analysis of metadata of the face image and generate the location score based on the metadata analysis; and- the location score is generated by the artificial intelligence engine based on the metadata analysis of the metadata of the face image.
An eleventh example provides a method comprising:
- accessing, by one or more processors of a machine, a face score generated by a first artificial intelligence engine based on a face image submitted in a request to verify a person, the face image being captured by a camera of a device, depicting a face of the person, and including a characteristic noise pattern inserted by the camera into images captured by the camera;- accessing, by one or more processors of the machine, a device score generated by the first artificial intelligence engine based on the characteristic noise pattern in the face image;- accessing, by one or more processors of the machine, a location score generated by the first artificial intelligence engine based on geolocation data that specifies a geolocation at which the device is located during capture of the face image;- generating, by one or more processors of the machine, an authentication score by inputting the face score, the device score, and the location score into a second artificial intelligence engine and obtaining the authentication score output therefrom; and- providing, by one or more processors of the machine, the authentication score to the device via a communication network, the providing of the authentication score causing the device to present an indication that the request to verify the person is authentic based on a comparison of the provided authentication score to a threshold authentication score.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20133 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* COPYRIGHT LICENSE: This information contains sample code provided in source code form.
* You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment
* to IBM for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application
* programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform
* for which the sample code is written.
*
* Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, IBM PROVIDES THE SAMPLE SOURCE CODE ON
* AN "AS IS" BASIS AND IBM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING,
* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* SATISFACTORY QUALITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, AND ANY WARRANTY OR
* CONDITION OF NON-INFRINGEMENT. IBM SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR OPERATION OF
* THE SAMPLE SOURCE CODE. IBM HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
* UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO THE SAMPLE SOURCE CODE.
*
* (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 2001, 2021.
* All Rights Reserved. Licensed Materials - Property of IBM.
*/
package wasdev.sample.jms.web;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.jms.TextMessage;
import javax.jms.Topic;
import javax.jms.TopicConnection;
import javax.jms.TopicConnectionFactory;
import javax.jms.TopicPublisher;
import javax.jms.TopicSession;
import javax.jms.TopicSubscriber;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
/**
* Servlet implementation class JMSSamplePubSub
*/
@WebServlet("/JMSSamplePubSub")
public class JMSSamplePubSub extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
*/
public JMSSamplePubSub() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/**
* @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
*/
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
String strAction = request.getParameter("ACTION");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
try{
if(strAction == null){
out.println("Please specify the Action");
out.println("Example : http://<host>:<port>/jms11-JMSSample/JMSSamplePubSub?ACTION=nonDurableSubscriber");
}else if(strAction.equalsIgnoreCase("nonDurableSubscriber")){
// Create a non durable subscriber and publish and receive the message from topic
nonDurableSubscriber(request, response);
}else if(strAction.equalsIgnoreCase("durableSubscriber")){
// Create a Durable subscriber and publish and receive the message from topic
durableSubscriber(request, response);
}else if(strAction.equalsIgnoreCase("publishMessages")){
// Publish 5 messages to the topic
publishMessages(request, response);
}else if(strAction.equalsIgnoreCase("unsubscribeDurableSubscriber")){
// Unsubscribe the registered durable subscriber
unsubscribeDurableSubscriber(request, response);
}else{
out.println("Incorrect Action Specified, the valid actions are");
out.println("ACTION=nonDurableSubscriber");
out.println("ACTION=durableSubscriber");
out.println("ACTION=publishMessages");
out.println("ACTION=unsubscribeDurableSubscriber");
}
}catch(Exception e){
out.println("Something unexpected happened, check the logs or restart the server");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/**
* scenario: Performs Non-Durable pub/sub flow</br>
* Connects to ME using connection factory jmsTCF </br>
* Creates a NON-Durable subscriber for topic jmsTopic </br>
* Publishes a single message to the topic jmsTopic </br>
* Subscriber receives the message from topic jmsTopic and the message is printed on console </br>
*
* @param request HTTP request
* @param response HTTP response
* @throws Exception if an error occurs.
*/
public void nonDurableSubscriber(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("NonDurableSubscriber Started");
// create a topic connection factory
TopicConnectionFactory cf1 = (TopicConnectionFactory) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTCF");
// create topic connection
TopicConnection con = cf1.createTopicConnection();
con.start();
TopicSession session = con.createTopicSession(false, javax.jms.Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
// Lookup topic from JNDI
Topic topic = (Topic) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTopic");
// create a NON-Durable subscriber
TopicSubscriber sub = session.createSubscriber(topic);
// create a topic publisher
TopicPublisher publisher = session.createPublisher(topic);
// Publish a message to the topic
publisher.publish(session.createTextMessage("Liberty PubSub Message"));
TextMessage msg = (TextMessage) sub.receive(2000);
if (null == msg) {
throw new Exception("No message received");
}else {
out.println("Received message for non-durable subscriber " + msg);
}
if (sub != null)
sub.close();
if (con != null)
con.close();
out.println("NonDurableSubscriber Completed");
} // NonDurableSubscriber
/**
* Test scenario: Performs Durable pub/sub flow</br>
* Connects to ME using connection factory jmsTCF </br>
* Creates durable subscriber(named DURATEST) for topic jmsTopic </br>
* Publishes a single message to the topic jmsTopic </br>
* Subscriber receives the message from topic jmsTopic </br>
*
* @param request HTTP request
* @param response HTTP response
* @throws Exception if an error occurs.
*/
public void durableSubscriber(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("DurableSubscriber Started");
// create a topic connection factory
TopicConnectionFactory cf1 = (TopicConnectionFactory) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTCF");
// lookup topic from JNDI
Topic topic = (Topic) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTopic");
// create topic connection
TopicConnection con = cf1.createTopicConnection();
con.start();
TopicSession session = con.createTopicSession(false, javax.jms.Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
// create a Durable Subscriber
TopicSubscriber sub = session.createDurableSubscriber(topic, "DURATEST");
// create a publisher
TopicPublisher publisher = session.createPublisher(topic);
// publish the message
publisher.publish(session.createTextMessage("Liberty PubSub Message"));
TextMessage msg = null;
do {
msg = (TextMessage) sub.receive(2000);
if(msg!=null)
out.println("Received messages " + msg);
} while (msg != null);
if (sub != null)
sub.close();
if (con != null)
con.close();
out.println("DurableSubscriber Completed");
}// end of DurableSubscriber
/**
* Test scenario: Publish messages to Topic</br>
* Connects to ME using connection factory jmsTCF </br>
* Publishes 5 messages to the topic jmsTopic </br>
*
* @param request HTTP request
* @param response HTTP response
* @throws Exception if an error occurs.
*/
public void publishMessages(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("PublishMessage Started");
TopicConnectionFactory cf1 = (TopicConnectionFactory) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTCF");
TopicConnection con = cf1.createTopicConnection();
int msgs = 5;
TopicSession session = con.createTopicSession(false, javax.jms.Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
Topic topic = (Topic) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTopic");
TopicPublisher publisher = session.createPublisher(topic);
// send 5 messages
for (int i = 0; i < msgs; i++) {
publisher.publish(session.createTextMessage("Liberty PubSub Message : " + i));
}
if (con != null)
con.close();
out.println(msgs+ "Messages published");
out.println("PublishMessage Completed");
}// PublishMessage
/**
* Test scenario: Unsubscribe the durable subscriber</br>
* Connects to ME using connection factory jmsTCF </br>
* Creates/Opens durable subscriber (named DURATEST) for topic jmsTopic </br>
* Consumes all messages to the topic jmsTopic </br>
* Subscriber unsubscribes from topic jmsTopic </br>
*
* @param request HTTP request
* @param response HTTP response
* @throws Exception if an error occurs.
*/
public void unsubscribeDurableSubscriber(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("UnsubscribeDurableSubscriber Started");
TopicConnectionFactory cf1 = (TopicConnectionFactory) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTCF");
TopicConnection con = cf1.createTopicConnection();
con.start();
TopicSession session = con.createTopicSession(false, javax.jms.Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE);
Topic topic = (Topic) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env/jmsTopic");
TopicSubscriber sub = session.createDurableSubscriber(topic, "DURATEST");
// Consume all the existing messages for durable subscriber DURATEST
TextMessage msg = null;
do {
msg = (TextMessage) sub.receive(2000);
if(msg!=null)
out.println("Received messages " + msg);
} while (msg != null);
if (sub != null)
sub.close();
// Unsubscribe the durable subscriber
session.unsubscribe("DURATEST");
if (con != null)
con.close();
out.println("UnsubscribeDurableSubscriber Completed");
}//UnsubscribeDurableSubscriber
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20134 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
use yii\helpers\Html;
use yii\bootstrap\Nav;
use yii\bootstrap\NavBar;
use yii\widgets\Breadcrumbs;
use app\assets\AdminAsset;
AdminAsset::register($this);
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><?= $this->title ?> Hoa Học Trò</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<?= Html::csrfMetaTags() ?>
<!-- Bootstrap -->
<!--<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/css/bootstrap-theme.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/css/bootstrap-admin-theme.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/css/bootstrap-admin-theme-change-size.css"> -->
<?php
$this->head();
?>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/js/jquery-ui/css/no-theme/jquery-ui-1.10.3.custom.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/css/font-icons/entypo/css/entypo.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/css/neon-core.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/css/neon-theme.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/css/neon-forms.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/backend/css/custom.css">
<script src="/backend/js/jquery-1.11.0.min.js"></script>
<script>$.noConflict();</script>
</head>
<body class="page-body">
<?php
$this->beginBody();
?>
<div class="page-container"><!-- add class "sidebar-collapsed" to close sidebar by default, "chat-visible" to make chat appear always -->
<div class="sidebar-menu">
<div class="sidebar-menu-inner">
<header class="logo-env">
<!-- logo -->
<div class="logo">
<a href="/">
<img src="/frontend/img/logo-footer.png" height="40px" alt="" />
</a>
</div>
<!-- logo collapse icon -->
<div class="sidebar-collapse">
<a href="#" class="sidebar-collapse-icon"><!-- add class "with-animation" if you want sidebar to have animation during expanding/collapsing transition -->
<i class="entypo-menu"></i>
</a>
</div>
<!-- open/close menu icon (do not remove if you want to enable menu on mobile devices) -->
<div class="sidebar-mobile-menu visible-xs">
<a href="#" class="with-animation"><!-- add class "with-animation" to support animation -->
<i class="entypo-menu"></i>
</a>
</div>
</header>
<ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu">
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'index'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin">
<i class="entypo-gauge"></i>
<span class="title">Trang chủ quản trị</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'news'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news">
<i class="entypo-docs"></i>
<span class="title">Tin tức</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index' && Yii::$app->request->get('cancel') != 1){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news">
<span class="title">Danh sách bài viết</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news/add">
<span class="title">Đăng bài</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news/add?type=compare">
<span class="title">Đăng tin so sánh ảnh</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'user_post'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news/user_post">
<span class="title">Bài đóng góp</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index' && Yii::$app->request->get('cancel') == 1){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/news?cancel=1">
<span class="title">Bài bị trả lại</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'category'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/category">
<i class="entypo-layout"></i>
<span class="title">Chuyên mục</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/category">
<span class="title">Danh sách chuyên mục</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<?php if(in_array(Yii::$app->user->getIdentity()->role_id, [ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_CONTRIBUTOR])){ ?>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/category/add">
<span class="title">Tạo chuyên mục</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<?php }?>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'event'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/event">
<i class="entypo-star"></i>
<span class="title">Sự kiện</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/event">
<span class="title">Danh sách sự kiện</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<?php if(in_array(Yii::$app->user->getIdentity()->role_id, [ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_CONTRIBUTOR])){ ?>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/event/add">
<span class="title">Tạo sự kiện</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<?php }?>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'comment'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/comment">
<i class="entypo-chat"></i>
<span class="title">Comment</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/filemanager/file/filemanager_admin">
<i class="entypo-picture"></i>
<span class="title">Media</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'tag'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/tag">
<i class="entypo-tag"></i>
<span class="title">Tag/ Từ khoá</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'stats'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/stats">
<i class="entypo-chart-bar"></i>
<span class="title">Thống kê</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'log'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/log">
<i class="entypo-clock"></i>
<span class="title">Nhật ký</span>
</a>
</li>
<?php if(in_array(Yii::$app->user->getIdentity()->role_id, [ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_CONTRIBUTOR])){ ?>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'ads'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/ads">
<i class="entypo-window"></i>
<span class="title">Quảng cáo</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/ads">
<span class="title">Danh sách</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/ads/add">
<span class="title">Tạo quảng cáo</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<?php }?>
<?php if(in_array(Yii::$app->user->getIdentity()->role_id, [ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_CONTRIBUTOR])){ ?>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'subject'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/subject">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-pencil"></i>
<span class="title">Chủ đề</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/subject">
<span class="title">Danh sách chủ đề</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/subject/add">
<span class="title">Tạo mới chủ đề</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->id == 'user'){?>class="opened active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/user">
<i class="entypo-users"></i>
<span class="title">Người dùng</span>
</a>
<ul>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'index'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
<a href="/admin/user">
<span class="title">Danh sách</span>
</a>
</li>
<li <?php if(Yii::$app->controller->action->id == 'add'){?>class="active"<?php }?>>
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<span class="title">Tạo người dùng</span>
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<a href="/admin/site">
<i class="entypo-monitor"></i>
<span class="title">Layout</span>
</a>
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<i class="entypo-download"></i>
<span class="title">Quản lý cache</span>
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<li class="profile-info dropdown"><!-- add class "pull-right" if you want to place this from right -->
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
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$(document).ready(function(){
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"closeButton": true,
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};
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foreach (Yii::$app->session->getAllFlashes() as $key => $messages) {
foreach($messages as $message){
echo "toastr.".$key."('".str_replace('"', '', $message)."', null, opts);";
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|
github_open_source_100_8_20135 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <p>Are you sure you want to delete <strong>{{ user.username }}</strong>?</p>
|
github_open_source_100_8_20136 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
function authentication($_d) { return getPrivateRoll();}
function validate($_d) {
$outValidateInfo = array();
$outValidateInfo = [
['type'=>'required','param_name'=>'type'],
['type'=>'required','param_name'=>'title'],
['type'=>'required','param_name'=>'data']
];
return $outValidateInfo;
}
function validateModel($_d) {
return $_d;
}
function execute($_d) {
//登録情報を設定
$setRegKey = $_d->getAccountData('account_key');
$datasetACLList = array();
$datasetACLList['account_list'] = array();
$_accountObject = new app\lib\util\datastoreHelperUtil();
$_accountObject->setDataStoreName('USER');
$_accountObject->setDataStoreType('ACCOUNT');
$accountList = array();
$accountList = $_accountObject->loadDataStoreDetail($setRegKey);
$accountList = $_accountObject->getTempDataStoreAll();
$registTargetDataStr = $_d->getRequestData('data');
$registTargetData = array();
$registTargetData = json_decode($registTargetDataStr);
$_datasetObject = new app\lib\util\datastoreHelperUtil();
$setStoreName = $_d->getRequestData('type').'_'.$accountList['group'];
//データセットテーブル
$_datasetObject->setDataStoreOwner($setRegKey);
$_datasetObject->setDataStoreName($setStoreName);
$_datasetObject->setDataStoreType('DATASET');
$_datasetObject->setDataStoreNameLabel($_d->getRequestData('title'));
foreach($registTargetData as $rgkey => $rgVal) {
foreach($rgVal as $rgikey => $rgiVal) {
$_datasetObject->setTempDataStore($rgkey, $rgikey, $rgiVal);
}
}
//保存
$_datasetObject->saveDataStore();
$_d->setResposeData('dataset', $setStoreName);
return $_d;
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20137 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.yofish.apollo.repository;
import com.yofish.apollo.domain.Instance;
import com.yofish.apollo.domain.InstanceConfig;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Pageable;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Modifying;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.data.repository.PagingAndSortingRepository;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;
import javax.xml.crypto.Data;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
public interface InstanceConfigRepository extends PagingAndSortingRepository<InstanceConfig, Long> {
/*@Query(value = "select ins.* " +
"from instance_config as infg inner join Instance ins on infg.instance_id = ins.id" +
"where ins.app_namespace_id =?1" +
" and infg.release_key =?2",
countQuery = "select count(1)" +
"from instance_config as infg\n" +
" inner join Instance ins on infg.instance_id = ins.id" +
"where ins.app_namespace_id =?1\n" +
" and infg.release_key =?2")
Page<Instance> findbyNamespace(Long appEnvClusterNamespaceId,String releaseKey);*/
Page<InstanceConfig> findByReleaseKeyAndUpdateTimeAfter(String releaseKey, LocalDateTime
validDate, Pageable pageable);
List<InstanceConfig> findAllByInstanceAndUpdateTimeAfterAndReleaseKeyNotIn(Iterable<Instance> instance, LocalDateTime dateTime
,Set<String> releaseKey);
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20138 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // C++ Text User Interface Kit
//
// by Jeff Lawson of JL Enterprises, 1994
//
#define BLACK 0
#define BLUE 1
#define GREEN 2
#define CYAN 3
#define RED 4
#define VIOLET 5
#define YELLOW 6
#define WHITE 7
#define GRAY 8
#define LIGHT_BLUE 9
#define LIGHT_GREEN 10
#define LIGHT_CYAN 11
#define LIGHT_RED 12
#define LIGHT_VIOLET 13
#define LIGHT_YELLOW 14
#define LIGHT_WHITE 15
typedef unsigned int color;
#define COLOR(fore, back) (color) (((back) << 4) + (fore))
|
acomparisonmeth00carpgoog_8 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | To find whether this agreement is actual, the differences in each experiment between the averages for the two apparatus are brought together in table 16, the values obtained for the spirometer unit being used as the base-line. In some cases the difference found is some- what larger than is indicated by the grand averages in table 15, the greatest difference being with S. A. R. on March 23, 1912. In the other eiq>eriments the differences found are no larger than would be expected under the conditions of experimenting. In this summing up of results, not only the averages should be con- sidered, but also the general picture of the respiratory exchange as measured by the two t}rpes of apparatus. A careful examination of the 116 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. results from this point of view shows that the measured respiratory exchange was practically the same with both forms of the respiration apparatus. Table 16. — VarioHons of average reeuUs obtained with the teneianrequaluer unit from those obiained with the epiromeier unit. Subject. Date. Carbon dioxide eliminated per minute. Oxygen absorbed per minute. Respiratory quotient. Average pulse- rate. Average respira- tion-rate. n. B. L D. A. xC J. Am P K. H. A J. B. M J. K. M 1912 Mar. 5 /Mar. 23 \Apr. 1 Mar. 26 /May 21 IMay 25 /May 27 IMay 29 May 28 e.c, -f 7 -16 + 6 - 3 + 1 + 9 + 4 - 6 -11 c.e. - 7 -12 -f 1 + 1 -f 8 + 7 -10 - 2 - 6 ? 1 + 1 1 -h-h 1 1 +0.5 +3.0 -1.0 +2.5 -2.0 -3.0 -8.0 -0.2 -0.8 -0.6 +0.2 +0.5 +0.7 -2.7 -4.6 -3.8 Avenura variation . 7 6 .03 2 1.6 In considering the statistics of the individual periods, it is of interest to calculate the percentage uniformity of results obtained with the two apparatus. The results of such a calculation are best shown by probability curves which have been plotted from data obtained in the following manner: The difference between the results for an individual period and the average for the apparatus on that day was first found ; this difference when divided by the average result obtained with the apparatus in that experiment gave the percentage variation for the period. The percentage number of periods varying more than 0.5 per cent from the average results was then found by determining the number of periods showing this variation and dividing this number by the total number of periods. For example, in the experiment with H. B. L. on March 5, the differ- ence between the carbon-dioxide elimination for the first period with the tension-equalizer unit (218 c.c.) and the average carbon-dioxide elimi- nation with that apparatus for the day (214 c.c.) was 4 c.c; this divided by the average carbon-dioxide elimination (214 c.c.) gives, as the percentage variation for that period, 1.87 per cent. With the tension-equalizer unit there were 26 periods in which the carbon-diox- ide elimination varied more than 0.5 per cent from the average of the carbon-dioxide elimination with this apparatus. This number of periods divided by the total number of periods (30) gives 87 per cent as the percentage number of periods with the tension-equaUzer unit varying more than 0.5 per cent from the grand average of the carbon- dioxide elimination. TENSION-EQUAUZSR AND SHBOMKTER UNITS. 117 This calculation has been made f<N* all the five fwcior^ obeenred, not only for a variation oi 0^ per cent but abo for variations oi 1 per cent, 1^ per cent, 2 per cent, and ao on. The results o( these calculations with both f c»ins o( apparatus are given in the iMx>bability curves shown in figure 37, the ordinates rqireaoiting the percentage <rf the total the absdase refxeaenting the percentage variati<Mi of the number (rfpaiods indicated. The percentage of the total number of l1Lx<if I * • • OlWOfcl 7 6 9 10 t ? J PC« CENT 0^ VARJATIO^I Pio. 37. — ^PkobabiUty curve* for the mtnm ol ftud the tcnnon-eqiudiser unit. The oftliiimtei indinte the r^^^^^^wr d the toUl number d periods; the the pereeotece of irarialaoii from the mvtngft. indicate periods is plotted in intervals of 5 per cent and the percentage varia* tion in intervals of 0.5 per cent. In this laboratory a nmes of three periods in a respiration experi- wesat is considered perfectly satisfactory if the range in figures for the carbon-dioxide dimination and the oxygen consumption does not exceed 10 c.c. This would be approximately equal to an average of 2^ per cent for the carbon-dioxide elimination and 2.15 118 COMPARISONS OF RfiSPIRATORT EXCHANGE. per cent for the oxygen consumption. If the ordinates in figure 37 are examined, it will be noted that of the two apparatus the spirometer unit shows the larger number of periods having a variation from the average carbon-dioxide elimination greater than 2.5 per cent, the number of periods showing such excess variation being some 40 per cent larger than with the tension-equalizer unit. The curves for the oxygen consumption, however, show a greater uniformity in the results obtained with the two forms of apparatus. This greater difference in variation for the carbon-dioxide elimination with the spirometer unit and the parallelism in the oxygen consumption is shown at all points in these curves for the two apparatus. The curves for the respiratory quotient show a difference similar to that in the carbon-dioxide curves. The pulse-rate curves are remarkably parallel, indicating that the conditions of the experiments were, in general, about the same so far as activity and metabolic intensity were concerned. Not much stress can be laid upon this parallelism, however, as the measurement of the pulse-rate was the least accurate of the data obtained. All of the other observations were made for the entire period and the average is therefore a true average, but the pulse-rate was taken only at intervals, the entire time occupied in taking the records amounting to only one- third of the experimental period. From our general experience with pulse^rates, it is evident that no assumption can be made that five counts of one minute each at intervals during the 15-minute experi- mental period will give an average as acctutite as the averages obtained for the other measiu^ments. It is believed, however, that the lack of refinement in measuring the pulse-rate applies in equal degree to the results obtained for both apparatus and the average pulse-rates for the two apparatus are therefore comparable. The figures would there- fore indicate that the variations in the pulse-rate are nearly the same in both series of experiments. The cause for the lesser uniformity of results for the carbon-dioxide measurement with the spirometer type of apparatus lies, probably, in the differences in ventilation of the lungs with this apparatus. Since the ventilation was not measured with either type of apparatus, these variations are not known. The difference, however, can not be ascribed to greater irregularities in the respiration-rate when the spiro- meter unit was used, as the percentage variations in the respiration-rate for the two apparatus are nearly parallel. In simunarizing, it may be stated that on the average the two forms of apparatus give the same results in the measurement of the respira- tory exchange under like conditions and that the tension-equalizer unit gives somewhat more uniform results in the determination of the carbon- dioxide elimination and the respiratory quotients. ZUKTX^GEPPCfiT AXD BENEDICT MinVOiXS^ 119 ZUNTZXSTEin' REarnUTIGK ATPAiUnS AM> K^CDICT RES^^ In the first series of expenmcnts compuiEig the respiriiory exchanf:e as measured by the Bcnecfirt res|MratioQ apparatus and the Zunti- Gqip^ apparatus,* the tetwiniHeqaafiag unit was used aiKL in all but <me aperiment. the pnemnatic ncsepiecesL With the Zunu-Geppert apparatus, the ordinary fotm of robber mouthpiere was employed, also the eommoD form of valve ^'see fig. IS, page 54 with fish-membrane or thin rubbo* coverii^ The samples of expired air in the experiments with this apparatus were ecdketed in the burettes of the Zuntx-Geppert gas^analysb apparatus and analyzed inmiediately after the experi- mental period. The vcrfume o( expired air was oxiverted to 0^ C. and 7G0 mm. by means of the readings of the thermo-barometer. The expired air was oonduetcd from the subject to the Elster meter through a rubber tube with an internal diameter of 20 mm. and a length (rf 1 to 2 meters. The regular routine was followed in carrying out the experiments, any excepticHis being noted in the statistics.^ While the apparatus first used varied in the different experiments, in all cases they were alternated with each period. The total number of periods varied from 6 to 8, following each other as rapidly as technique would permit. They were usually 15 minutes in length, but in some cases varied from this by 5 minutes, eitho' more or less. Pri<^ to the periods with the Zimta-Gepp»t apparatus, a preliminary determination was made of the rate of ventilation of the hmgs by noting with a stopwatch the time required for the expiration of 20 liters of air. When it was found that the rates for two successive periods were uniform, the experimental period with the Zimtz-Gepp^i i4>paratus was begun. The pube-rate in all (rf the experiments was obtained by means cf the Bowles stethoscope; usually three separate counts were made in each period. The respiration-rate was secured during the first few expmments by noting the time for 10 respirations and then calculating the rate per minute; three counts were obtained in this way. Subse- quently a pneumogr^rfi around the lower part of the chest was used, by means of which a graphic record was made of the respiration for the whde period. The muscular activity was noted by the observer, although in the experiments in which the respiration was obtained with the chest pneumograph incomplete graphic records of the activity were also secured. The methods used in later experimenting for securing a graphic record ci the muscular activity were not developed at the time when this series of experimrats was carried out. The subjects were members of the Laboratory staff, and while aU of them were more or less familiar with the tension-equaliser unit, they were not all accustomed to the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. "Sec p. 53. *For the roatiDe followed with the Zunt»-Geppert appuBtua, aee p. 00. 120 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. The statistics of the 11 comparisons follow. Mr. J. A. Riche carried out the experiments with the Zuntas-Geppert apparatus and made all the air analyses. In addition to the data which have been given in the previous com- parisons, the figures are also given for the total ventilation of the lungs per minute, reduced to 0^ C. and 760 mm. pressure, and the vol- ume per respiration calculated to 37^ C. and atmospheric pressure, corrected for the tension of aqueous vapor in the lungs. The composi- tion of the expired air, as obtained from the Zuntas-Geppert gas-analysis apparatus, is also included in the table for the periods in which the Zuntas-Geppert respiration apparatus was used. These figures repre- sent the average of two analyses, agreeing usually to within 0.04 per cent for both the carbon dioxide and the oxygen. STATISTICS OF EXPERIMENTS. T, M. C, June i4t 1910. — ^Tension-equalizer unit, 4 periods; Zunts-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; preliminary period, 4 minutes; apparatus alternated. But few counts of the pulse-rate in each period. RespiiationH^te recorded by pneumograph; uniform in character. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus: First test. Ewoond test. Period beciiming at 9^ 04"* a. m .. Pericxl hegmning at 9 69 a. m .. Period beginning at 10 53 a. m .. m. «. 3 63 2 39 3 40 m. «. 4 3 2 69 3 33 r. M. C, June 29^ 1910. — ^Tension-equalizer unit, 3 periods; Zuntz-Gleppert apparatus, 3 periods; preliminary period, 18 minutes; apparatus alternated. Subject stated that during first period he felt as if he were breathing against pressure and that there was so much air in the tension equalizer that his breath- ing was necessarily shallow for a short time. No difficulty was experienced in the following periods with this apparatus. Only a few counts of pulse-rate in each period; uniform in character. Respiration-rate obtained with pneu- mograph; uniform for individual periods. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus: First test. Second test. Period beginning at 9^ 19" a. m .. Period beginning at 10 22 a. m .. Period beginning at 11 16 a. m.. m. «. 3 41 3 21 2 16 m. «. 3 60 3 16 2 26 J. J. C, June 8y 1910. — ^Tension-equalizer unit, 4 x>eriods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 4 periods; preliminary period, 35 minutes; apparatus alternated. In third period with tension-equalizer unit, subject very sleepy. Respiration- rate counted by observer; in all periods but one very uniform, but in third period with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus it showed a tendency toward irregu- larity. Xnim-GXFFBRT AND BXNSDICT METHODS. 121 /. /. C, June IS, I910.—Zant*<ieppai appttimtus, 4 pcfiods; equalizer unit, 4 period^; pidmiiiimiy peno^ ^abject auksc p in bsi period. No reapintkxMmtes and <nly a few eountB made of pdbe- and Rate dt preUminaiy ventilatioo for 20 liten with taken by pnenmngiaph in eadi period, apparatus: I Teol ■ ducockd teet. m. «. 1 ni^at 8^29" a. B.. 2 29 2 27 , • Ptaiodbccii imBgat 9 20 a.B.. 2 S5 2 S3 ' Penod begn loias at 10 09 a. m. 3 42 3 47 ' Period bcgu imsgat II 03 a.B.. 2 36 2 42 /. J. C, Jime ^, 1910. — ^Zonta-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; teosioiH equalixer unit, 3 periods; pieiiminaiy penod, 49 minutes; i^paratus alternated. Pube-rate counted at three or four different times during each period and, so far as the individual periods were emeemed, was quite regular. Respiration- rate taken with fuieumograph; rates eomparativdy uniform in each period. Rate of prdiminary ventflation for 20 liters with Zunta-Geppert i^>paratus: 1 Pint Serond tent. Prriod hr«inning at 8^ 49* a. m. .< Period becsimmjc at 9 35 a. m.. , Period heginnins at 10 23 a. m.. in. f. 2 50 2 38 2 41 in. «. 2 40 2 34 2 44 A. G. JE.y Jtdy 18f 1910. — Zunta-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; tension* equaliser unit, 3 periods; apparatus alternated. Pulse-rate counted only few times in each period; approximately uniform. Respiration-rate obtained with pneumograph; rates umform, except in second period with Zunts-Geppert apparatus, when there was consideraUe fluctuation in t3rpe and depth. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zunts-Geppert apparatus: f First Second ' Third I test. t^et. 1 test. Fourth test. 1 Period beginning at 9^ 28^ a. m .. Period beginiiing at 10 29 a.m.. Period beginmng at 11 31 a.m.. m. 9. 2 37 3 40 3 27 1 m. 9. 3 10 3 50 3 48 r ■" - ■ ■ ■ m. 9, 3 45 • • • m. 9. 3 30 ft « ft L. £. E.J July 6f 1910. — ^Zunts-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; tension- equaliser unit, 3 periods; apparatus alternated. Subject somewhat restless during experiment; stated in first period with Zunts-Geppert apparatus that the noeeclip troubled him considerably, and complained of noseclip in all periods in which it was used. Pulse-rate only 3 to 4 counts in each period; uniform as to individual periods. Respiration-rate recorded with pneumo- graph. With Zunts-Geppert apparatus respiration seemed to be more labored in first period but respiration-rate approximately uniform with this apparatus. With tension-equaliser unit a number of delayed respirations in latter half of 1 \ 122 COMPARISONS OF RESPIEATORT EXCHANGE. first period, suf^gesting apnoea; in second period, the type persisted but less I4;)parent than in first period; in third period, but little, if any, of this type of respiration; respiration uniform otherwise throughout periods with this appa- ratus. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 30 liters first period and 20 liters second and third periods with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus: Flnt test. Second test. Thixd test. Period besuming at 8^36^a.m.. Period beginning at 9 35 a. m .. Period beginning at 10 30 a. m .. m. «. 3 25 2 43 2 31 m. «. 3 50 2 42 2 55 m. s. • • ■ 2 56 L. E. E.f July 14f 1910. — ^Tension-equalizer unit, 3 periods; Zunts-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; apparatus alternated. Pulse-rate counted three times in each period; uniform in most of the periods, except in the first with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, when the range was from 47 to 54 in the three counts. Respiration-rate obtained with pneumograph. In first period with each appa- ratus, respiration-rate comparatively uniform. In second period with tension- equalizer apparatus, there was a tendency toward irregularity and a wave-like respiration, i. e., at intervals subject took a deep breath and the depth of respi- ration would then gradually decrease; in second period with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, there was a very decided irr^ularity, approaching Cheyne-Stokes respiration. In third period with each apparatus, respiration-rate compara- tively uniform. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zuntz- Geppert apparatus: First test. Second test. Period beginning at 9^ 20^ a. m .. Period beginning at 10 10 a. m.. Period beginning at 11 05 a. m.. ffl. 9* 3 36 3 25 3 17 tn, 9. 3 21 3 is 3 27 //. L. H.f July 16, 1910. — ^Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; tension- equalizer unit, 3 periods; apparatus alternated. Pulse-rate counted three times in each period; respiration-rate obtained with pneumograph uniform in character. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zuntz- Geppert apparatus: First test. Second test. Thixd test. Period beginning at 8^ 45* a. m .. Period beginning at 9 30 a. m.. Period beginning at 10 30 a. m.. ffl. 9, 1 45 2 2 55 ffl. 8, 1 46 2 57 2 57 fVI. 9. 2 57 m • • H. L. H., Jyly 26, 1910. — Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods: tension- equalizer unit, 3 periods; preliminary penod, 30 minutes; apparatus alternated. Subject said there was only a slight resistance to respiration in periods with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. Pulse-rate obtained three times in each period; ZUNTZ-GEPPERT AND BENEDICT METHODS. 123 uniform. Respiration-rate obtained with pneumograph; rate remarkably uniform in all periods. Rate of preliminary ventilation for 20 liters with Zunts-Geppert apparatus: First test. Second test. Period beginning at ^ 46"" a. m .. Period beginning at 9 46 a. m .. Period beginning at 10 38 a. m .. ffl. 8m 2 38 2 34 2 35 ffl. 8m 2 48 2 40 2 33 D. /. ilf., July If 1910, — ^Tension-equalizer unit, 3 periods; Zuntz-Geppert i4)paratuSy 3 periods; preliminary period, 15 minutes; apparatus alternated. Mouthpiece used with tension-equaliser unit, as subject said nosepieces irri- tated his nose. Subject more or less restless during experiment, as flies troubled him somewhat; also moved lower part of body; was asleep during second period with each apparatus. Pulse-rate counted three times in every period. Respiration-rate obtained with pneumograph, but little could be determined as to character, as apparatus was not well placed; rate in individual periods fairly uniform. Rate of preliminary ventUation for 20 liters with Zunts-Geppert apparatus: First test. Second test. Third test. Period beginning at 9^ 08"> a. m .. Period beginning at 10 00 a. m .. Period beginning at 10 50 a. m .. ffl. 8m 2 25 2 57 2 36 ffl. s. 2 32 3 17 2 39 • • • 3 7 • • • DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. The data for the individual periods and the averages for each appa- ratus, both for each experiment and for all the periods in the series, are given in table 17. The grand averages for the carbon-dioxide elimination for the two apparatus show a difference of only 4 c.c. per minute, being 190 c.c. for the tension-equalizer unit and 186 c.c. per minute for the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. The averages for the oxygen consumption differ only 3 c.c, these being 224 c.c. per minute and 227 c.c. per minute respectively. The average respiratory quotients, pulse-rate, and respiration-rate show a similar good agreement. The values for the tension-equalizer unit are: Respiratory quotient, 0.850; pulse-rate, 63.0; respiration-rate 15.9; for the Zuntz-Geppert appar ntuB, respiratory quotient, 0.820; pulse-rate 64.5; respiration-rate 17.0. 124 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. Tablb 17. — Respiratory exchange in camparieon experimenU with the ZunU^Ieppert apforaitu^ and the Benedict reepiroHon appcaraiue (teneion-equalizer unit), {WitMut food.) Subject, date, method, and time. Carbon dioxide eliminated per minute. Oxygen ab- sorbed per minute. Respiratory quotient. Average pulse- rate. Average respira- tion-rate. Ventilation per minute (re- duced). Volume per res- piration. Composition of expired air. Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. 1 • la • v/« June 24. 1910: Tension-equaliser tmit : 8^34»a. m 9 29 a. m 10 26 a. m 11 17 a. m Average ex. 149 151 163 163 16$ 146 163 150 160 149 126 146 140 132 138 133 tS4 c.e. 67.0 66.5 67.0 67.6 72.6 71.0 72.0 72.0 68.5 62.0 65.6 66.6 67.5 66.5 68.5 67.6 14.0 14.3 15.2 14.1 14^4 16.3 15.7 15.9 16.6 13.4 13.6 13.2 13.4 19.4 19.5 21.6 20.1 liters. ex. p. d. p. et. 178 194 187 186 178 191 188 186 184 159 185 176 176 179 182 179 0.850 .790 .820 .816 .820 .800 .795 .806 .810 .790 .790 .796 .750 .775 .730 .760 Zunts^eppert: 9*'04»a. m 9 69 a. m 10 53 a. m Average 6.09 5.22 5.09 6.13 403 401 388 397 2.95 2.99 3.01 2.98 17.50 17.37 17.34 17.40 • June 29, 1910: Tension-equaliser unit: 8»»48»a. m 9 55 a. m 10 50 a. m Average Zunts-Geppert: 9*'19»a. m 10 22 a. m 11 15 a.m Average 5.00 6.11 5.38 6.16 312 316 304 311 2.71 2.78 2.55 2.68 17.54 17.54 17.68 17.69 /. J. C. June 8, 1910: Tension-equaliser unit : 8^ 35» a. m 9 19 a. m 10 10 a. m 10 65 a. m Average 226 209 201 189 206 197 184 177 184 186 197 184 170 167 180 198 197 198 206 200 252 239 226 223 236 230 233 206 224 223 221 233 192 200 212 218 217 203 217 B14 .895 .875 .890 .850 .876 .860 .790 .860 .825 .830 .890 .790 .880 .835 .860 .910 .910 .975 .950 .936 75.0 64.5 57.0 58.0 63.6 70.0 52.0 69.5 60.5 61.6 73.5 60.5 60.5 68.5 63.6 61.5 59.0 60.0 63.5 61.0 19 20 18 20 19 19 (13) 19 19 19 23 19 20 17 20 16 18 18 20 18 Zunts-Geppert: 8*» 66» a. m 9 46 a. m' 10 36 a. m 11 18 a. m Average 6.39 (5.45) 6.13 6.56 6.36 7.00 6.41 6.99 5.00 6.10 408 (512) 388 420 406 368 407 363 356 S74 3.12 (3.41) 2.93 2.86 2.97 2.85 2.91 2.87 3.37 3.00 17.38 (16.79) 17.61 17.58 17.62 17.78 17.40 17.73 17.00 17.48 June 13, 1910: Zunts-Geppert: 8»»2»»a. m 9 20 a. m 10 09 a. m 11 02 a. m Average Tension-equaliser unit: 8*»50^a. m 9 41 a. m 10 29 a. m 11 28 a. m Average ^The samples were collected and analysed in the Zunts gas-analysis apparatus. 'Figures in parentheses were omitted in calculating the average. zxrKix-GSPFBirr and benedict methods. 125 17. the wUk (iraft9M</aorf.>— Omtmiied. Subjeet, dftte, and time. o .5: c a. « « c OS s a. > Is i ^i I - • S e • to S ^ ^ s^^ > l> Conpoataoiiol Carbon A. G. Km July 18, 1910: ■4>|i 9^2^a.]n 217 10 29 a.m 176 11 31 a. m 181 191 ami: 9^5S*a.m 196 11 00 a. m 191 11 50 a. m 190 19$ 250 .835 222 .790 60 5 220 .820 63.0 254 SIS 6t.O tn .865 69.5 215 .900 64.5 214 .8$f0 64.5 219 .SffCf fm.o 12 7 5.73 542 3.88 1 16.46 12.7 4.77 448 3.80 ! 16.37 14.9 5.36 433 3.47 - 16.90 «4 5.29 474 9.72 ■ 19.68 13.9 • 13.7 13.7 19 -H , EAm Km MS* July 6. 1910: Zunta-Gepperi: 8^3(ra.m 202 9 35 a. m 215 10 30 a. m 222 ATcrace 219 Tenokm-equaliacrniiit : 9^10^a.m 194 10 01 a. m 194 10 55 a.oi IHA Artntfi 196 July 14. 1910: TwMinn rgnalufrmat: 8^40*a.m 188 9 41 a.m 191 10 34 a. m 191 ATerace 11^/ Zunto'Gfpficrt: 9^ 2(P a. m , , . . 191 10 10 a. ID IV^ 11 05 a.fl>. . . lein I9ff 232 870 T/i 5 11 2 6 09 6.79 3 41 17.16 234 920 53 10 8. 6 11 fvvl 3 44 17.44 2^/i .<>> 56 9 5. 5.96 764 3.79 16.65 2A2 .*>/> 6^ 10.6. i 9.0A IfJt 9.66 n.o9 Zil MO way IHI 916 69 6 1 1 9 9 1 13.4 13 7X7 'ira • 1 2^9 Za H0, Ul h 1 1 13 6 ^ ^ * * * > > * ' ^ ■ 1 */y/i HIT, Ill6 fA fA h 69 6 13 4 ! 13 3 ! /^ 4 ^ ^ r m * S '£^^0 2?i9 .1 291 rut fA 12 9 h 37 r/n 3 63 1 , 1« 72 I Wl H0f 49 h 12 i& f# 28 r,V4 3 6^1 16 66 \ 244 82// r^0 1». 11 1 « lA fM 3 70 1 16.64 1 t«r Htff 62 6 1 1 6 M» 6M^ 9 H I 19.97 ! 1 1 126 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. Table 17. — Respiratory exchange in comparison experiments wiih the Zuntz-Gepperi apparatus and the Benedict respiration apparatus {lerision-equaliier unit) . {Without food.) — Continued. Subjeet, date, method, and time. JX« MJm Rm July 16, 1910: Zunt»Oeppert: tf»45"a,m 9 30 a. m 10 30 a. m Average Tension-equaUier unit: 9*'05*a. m 10 03 a. m 11 04 a. m Average July 25. 1910: Zunti-Geppert : 8^40"a.m 9 40 a. m 10 38 a. m Average Tenaion-equaliser unit : 9»»16*a. m 10 11 a. m 10 58 a. m Average Z>. J. M. July 1, 1910: Tension-equaUier unit : 8^42«a. m 9 33 a. m 10 20 a. m Average Zunts-Geppert: 9*'08"a. m 10 00 a. m 10 60 a. m Average Arithmetical average of all experiments with ten- mon-equaliier unit Arithmetical average of all experiments with Zunti- Geppert apparatus ex. 195 205 214 t06 182 196 199 192 188 182 194 t88 197 202 208 mm ■ Pi M O o" ex, 241 261 298 ter 242 256 266 965 238 236 252 221 227 243 2S0 0.810 .786 .720 .770 .750 .766 .750 .766 .786 .770 .770 .776 .890 .890 .856 .880 72.0 72.6 84.5 79.6 65.0 69.0 70.6 68.0 68.0 63.0 69.5 67.0 66.5 67.0 66.0 66.6 18.3 18.3 16.7 17.8 15.7 15.9 15.8 16.8 20.6 20.0 20.1 20.2 18.5 17.9 18.4 18.9 > litem. 6.30 6.41 6.20 6.90 6.34 6.38 6.56 6.42 i. I ^ ex. 418 426 449 491 372 384 396 984 Composition of expired air. Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. p. et. 3.19 3.31 3.58 9.96 3.06 2.96 3.06 9.09 p. et. 17.18 16.04 16.28 16,80 17.25 17.31 17.18 17.26 263 214 218 228 232 200 186 206 190 186 278 249 242 266 269 225 206 290 224 227 .910 .860 .900 .890 .895 .890 .900 .896 .850 .820 67.6 67.0 67.0 67.0 69.5 67.0 66.5 67.6 63.0 64.5 17.9 16.4 17.8 17.4 19.7 16.6 17.4 17.9 15.9 17.0 6.98 6.87 5.94 6.26 0.96 430 430 410 429 3.40 3.47 3.19 9.96 443 17.23 17.13 17.48 17.28 As in the previous comparisons, the differences between the averages for the two apparatus have been calculated for each experiment, using the values for the tension-equalizer unit as a base-line, and are given in table 18. The results show that this difference is sometimes plus and sometimes minus, and somewhat large in several of the compari-v 127 sons. The aTenge Tamtaon is 12 cc for the earban-dioxide produc* tioo, 10 ce. for the aiyf:en ccNusomptioB, and O.Oio for the respiratory quotient. An exBnunaticKi of the statistics ^bows that there was more or less vsriatkm in the eoodhioDs during experimoiting. A few comparisons, however, dbow results for cadi apparatus which are, on the whole, entirelj eompanUe, aa, for example, the ezperimaits with T. M« C^ A. G. E., L. E. E. tJuhr 14), and D. J. M. The averages for D. J, M- are not in ciose agreements but if the poiods are arranged in the order in which they wrre carried out it will be se»i that the results gi\T slowly descending values independmt oi the I4>paratus« This subject had been somewhat active previous to the experiment in running on errands and was aeeordin^y not in the best of condition for such obeervation. The hugest differmces between the two i4[>paratus are shown by the subject J. J. C, these bdng both plus and minus. This Taxlk 18.~rflriafum4t wnih tike ntnittt tJbtmmad wUk the ZimU^Geppai apparatm fmm tk^^ftf ate. pcrnuaate. I toiy quotient lion- 1910 T. M. C haam 2# Juoc 29 J. J. C JuDe 8 Jane 13 Jose 23 A.G. E July 18 U E. E July 6 July 14 H. L. H July 16 July 25 D. J. M July 1 Tanation ex. — 2 — 6 —30 —30 -HIS — 2 -H5 + 3 + 13 -14 —22 12 ex. * + 3 — 12 — 2 +24 +15 — 1 + 3 + 12 + 12 —26 -0 010 - .045 - .045 - .085 - .025 - .065 + .065 + .005 + .015 - .105 + .005 +5 +2 -2 +2 5 +6 5 -4 -3 ,S -10 +8 5 + 1 s% +0 5 + 1 -f« + :^ -I -I + 2 + 1 9 +0 « 2 7 9 4 6 2 10 046 3 1 subject was most difficult to control because of his inability to k<H^p awake; in all probability the variations are due more to difforonctv'^ in wakefulness rather than to actual differences in the methiHi of dotor- mining the resfMratory exchange. An examination of the pul^^o-rat^ tends to confirm this, as the records show somewhat wide \*)iri:itions ft^ the individual periods. The pulse-rate in the comparisons with oth^r subjects also shows somewhat wide variations. As the diffoix*n<H>55 in this factor are both plus and minus, there is no evidence that tho pxUx^^- rate is higher with one apparatus than with the other. The perc^itage of uniformity in the results with the (w\> A{HV^t^t>t* has also U^eu ^r^aleijbited for this comparison and used as a K^v^^ t\\r plotting prot/ability eunre«. ^See fig. 38.) These cufMV* sho>^ tt^.'^l the g^keral uuifonuhx i» practically the same with U)th a)^)V^r^v«>v 128 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. with a tendency for the results with the tension-equalizer unit to be the more nearly uniform. The differences in the uniformity of the pulse- rate are somewhat marked; this again tends to confirm the belief that the cause for the differences in the respiratory exchange is due to the differences in muscular repose. It must be noted in this connection that, at the time this comparison was made, the necessity for absolute muscular repose and a uniform degree of wakefulness was not so well known as it was in the comparison of the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus with too CflMNBmillJN mm- > vnuM MBH ■" Ma»«anoiT«*- — msLrni-t^ -* IE9WnBNIMC - imLWnMm wumhi ivm ow- — •0 •8 \ •0 \ ; TEN Sl0^ EO ZER UNr • • Zl jnt: :-CE PPtJ K[ 79 f|\\ 70 ^ 65 < o 60 v» w ^ { z 50 ■-\ i V % • o 45 V \ \ V V K \\ Z "40 \ 1 ^ 1 v\ \ n t o \\ ^ , \ • V \ a 30 V \ \ i \ A ^ 25 \ vA T \ V I > s. V^ iv 20 \ N ^ \ \ ^c \, ^ Y 1l \ v\ '^- ;, \— \N V ^ — i^ 15 \ V \ L \ ^ \-i Vh S^ ^ ^, \ "\ ^ ^ 10 \ •^ V\ ^ 6 ^ i b-< ^ :^ IN^ n k V ^ \ 2^ ^ sap ^ *^ I \ \ "N N V( \ '^ 3 3 0^ ^ "^ < » 1 : I ) * 1 • i ( » T 1 1 1 » 1 1 2 C CE > 1 NT a or \ ( 3 'ARI ATK t — ^Probability curves for the series of comparison experiments with the tension-equaliser unit and the Zuntc-Geppert apparatus. The ordinates indicate the percentage of the total number of periods and the abscissn the percentage of variation from the average. the spirometer unit, and that no graphic method of recording the degree of muscular repose was used. The general conclusion from the results obtained in the comparison of the tension-equalizer unit and the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus is that the two forms of apparatus give practically the same results in the measurement of the respiratory exchange. ZUNTZ-GEPPBRT AND BENEDICT METHODS. 129 ZUNTZ-<£PPERT RESPIRATION APPARATUS AND BENEDICT RESPIRATION APPARATUS (SPIROMETER UNIT). In addition to the foregoing series of experiments, in which the Zuntz* Geppert respiration apparatus was compared with the tension-equalizer tjrpe of the Benedict respiration apparatus, a second series of experi- ments was conducted in which the same apparatus was compared with the spirometer type of the Benedict apparatus. The Zuntz gas- analysis apparatus was not used in this series of experiments, but the samples of air were collected over mercury in a tourniquet apparatus or in gas-samplers of about 300 c.c. capacity, and the analyses were made later with the laboratory form of tiie Haldane gas-analysis apparatus. As this procedure is not strictly according to the Zuntz- Geppert method, the second series of experiments can not be considered as an actual comparison of the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus and the spir- ometer unit. The essential principle of the Zuntz-Geppert method of the measurement of the expired air and the method of aliquot sampling for analysis was, however, adhered to in this comparison. The preliminary ventilation in the experiments with the Zuntz- Geppert apparatus was usually obtained for several minutes preceding the experimental period, and observations are given for the preceding 5 minutes when they were secured. As a rule, the pneumatic nose- pieces were used with the spirometer unit and the ordinary form of rubber mouthpiece with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. The pulse- rate was, as in previous comparisons, obtained with the Bowles stetho- scope, in nearly all cases 5 counts being made in a 15-minute period. The chest pneumograph was ordinarily used for obtaining the respira- tion-rate, especially in the experiment with the Zuntz-Geppert appa- ratus. With the spirometer unit it was obtained by means of the recording device attached to the drum of the spirometer, but in some cases the pneumograph was also used. In practically all of the experi- ments a record of the activity was secured from a pneumograph placed about the hips of the subject, so that slight movements of the body or of the legs would be recorded. The subjects used in this comparison series differ somewhat from those employed in the earUer comparisons, the majority being untrained men. They were mostly medical students who were obtainable in the early morning before attending lectures. The statistics and results of the 22 experiments are given in the follow- ing pages. In addition to the data given in the earUer comparison, the average barometric pressure and the average temperature of the air in the apparatus are recorded. STATISTICS OF EXPERIMENTS. H. F. T., January 18, 1912. — Spirometer unit, 4 periods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 2 periods; first three and last periods, spirometer unit; fourth and fifth periods, Zimtz-Geppert apparatus. Pneumatic nosepieoes used with both apparatus. No preliminary ventilation records were taken with the 130 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, but the subject began breathing into the ^paratua as soon as the attachments were nutde and a sample of air was taken 1 or 2 minutes afterwards. Pulse-rate for the most part regular. Respiration irregular. Sections of curves obtained in this experiment are reproduced in figure 39 to show the t3q>es of respiration exhibited by this subject at different times, and also to ^ow their relation to the results. In the first period with the spirometer unit, the respiration was frequently delayed. This was wholly unconscious. The subject had frequently been used for experiments and was therefore accu»- tomed to this apparatus. In the second period, on the contrary, there was a decided increase in the ventilation of the lungs and the effect upon the results is clearly shown. Again in the third period with the same apparatus, the respi- ration was apnceic. In the first period with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, the respiration was not distinctively apnoeic and the cause for the low carbon- dioxide production is not so apparent as with the other apparatus. Unfortu- iDJonuao' 18. 1013. Upper curre. third period; bweTeurv«,aithp«<iod; dma Linai, mjnuts*. nately the recording apparatus was not adjusted to show the differentiation between the types very clearly. In the last period of the experiment (with the spirometer unit), the respvation was very regular. Average barometric pressure, 766.0 mm.; average temperature of aii with the spirometer unit, 22.3° C; with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 20.7° C. H. F. T., January 19, WIS. — Spirometer unit, 4 periods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; apparatus alternated. No preliminary ventilation was recorded with the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. Respiration again varying in character; with spirometer unit, more or less apnceic in first period of experi- ment, markedly apnceic in third period, and for the most part uniform in fifth and seventh periods; with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, apnceic throughout second period of experiment, with slow rate and total ventilation of lungs slow; long pauses between respirations in fourth period; also many long pauses ZUNTZ-GBPPBBT AND BBNBDICT BIETHODS. 131 in sixth period. Average barometric pressure, 753.1 mm.; average tempera- ture of air with spinwieter unit, 24.3° C; with Zunta-Geppert f^paratus, 22.0" C. H. F. T., January 27, WIS. — Spirometer unit, 4 perioda; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 2 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. Subject lay on side instead of on back as usual. He said that, in second period with Zuntz- Geppert apparatus, inhalation seemed difficult and on examination it waa found that the membrane on the ingoing valve was dry. Pulse-rate for the most part uniform. Respiration-rate uniform in tdl periods. Average barometric pressure, 755.7 nun.; average temperature of the air in the spi- rometer unit, 20.8° C. ; in the Zunts-Geppert apparatus, 17.8° C. H. F. T., January 29, 1912. — Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; spirom- eter unit, 2 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. With the Zuntz- Geppert apparatus the more recent form of Zuntz valves (see 6g. 19, page 54) and covering of fish membrane were used. With spirometer unit, the newer form of mobtener (see fig. 12, page 37) was employed. Mouthpiece used with both apparatus. Subject lay on right side throughout experiment. Id second period with spirometer unit, subject said that his throat became somewhat dry; the moistener was therefore moistened and in the second period with this apparatus the subject said that the air seemed more agree- able. Pulse-rate in individual periods for the most part uniform. In the first period of the experiment the pneumograph was not properly adjusted, so that a good record of the respiration was not obtained. In the second period there were a number of apn<eic respirations, this being even more marked in the third period. In the last two periods of the experiment (with the ^irometer unit), respiration-rate uniform. Average barometric pressure, 766.1 nmi.; average temperature of air in spirometer unit, 21.8° C; in Zuntz- Geppert apparatus, 19.5° C. H. F. T., January SO, 1912.—SpiroiaeteT unit, 3 periods; Zunts-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. Subject lay on □ JaDusry 30, 1012. Upper curve, Gnt period ; lower ourre, ■econU pcdod ; Ume line*, mlautea. 132 COMPARISONS OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE. side during whole experiment; stated that in second period with spirometer unit he was quite drowsy. Pulse-rate imiform in all experiments. Respira- tion-rate with spirometer unit very uniform in first period, but in the last two- thirds of second period and in third period somewhat irr^^ar. With Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, respiration-rate in practically all three periods very imiform. Sections of curves obtained with the spirometer imit are given in figure 40. Average barometric pressure, 753.3 mm.; average temperature of the air in the spirometer unit, 21.0^ C; in the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 18.4^ C. K. H. A., February 2, 1912. — Spirometer unit, 4 periods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 2 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. Pneumatic nose- pieces with spirometer imit, mouthpiece with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus. Pulse-rate fairly uniform in most of the periods. Respiration-rate r^ular in all periods; in third period with spirometer unit there was a tendency for the depth of expiration to vary. Average barometric pressure, 750.4 mm.; average temperature of air with spirometer unit, 23.0^ C. ; with Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, ^.6^ C. K, H. A., Febmary 19, 1912. — Spirometer imit, 5 periods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 2 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. In second period subject opened his mouth twice, allowing air to escape; data for oxygen consumption not given in table, therefore, although the figures for carbon- dioxide elimination are given. In third, fourth, and fifth periods, respiration regular in rate and fairly r^ular in amount. In fourth period, tendency shown for air in respiratory tract at end of respira- tion to be irregular. Subject said that in this period the nosepieces had been inserted too deeply, which interfered somewhat with breathing. Average baro- metric pressure, 760.8 mm. ; average temperature of air in spirometer unit, 21.6^ C; in Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 15.6^ C. The preliminary ventilation by minutes preceding the two periods with the Zuntz- Geppert apparatus is shown herewith. H.H.A.f Febmary 3 f 1912. — ^Zuntz-Greppert apparatus, 2 periods; spirometer unit, 3 periods; periods with each apparatus in series. Subject drowsy at times. Pulse-rate for the most part regular in individual periods. Respira- tion-rate regular in all periods. Average barometric pressure, 754.3 mm.; average temperature of air in spirometer unit, 20.1^ C.; in Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 18.8^ C. H. H. A., February 6, 1912. — Spirometer unit, 4 periods; Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 3 periods ; periods with each apparatus in series. Pulse-rate in indi- vidual periods for the most part imifonn. Respiration-rate in all periods uniform. Average barometric pressure, 757.3 mm.; average temperature of air in spirometer unit, 20.9° C.; in Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, 18.7° C. |
github_open_source_100_8_20139 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { createGlobalStyle } from 'styled-components';
export const GlobalStyles = createGlobalStyle`
/* Use for global styles and CSS resets */
/* Box sizing rules */
*,
*::before,
*::after {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
/* Remove default margin */
body,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
p,
figure,
blockquote,
dl,
dd {
margin: 0;
}
/* Remove list styles on ul, ol elements with a list role, which suggests default styling will be removed */
ul[role="list"],
ol[role="list"] {
list-style: none;
}
/* Set core root defaults */
html:focus-within {
scroll-behavior: smooth;
}
/* Set core body defaults */
body {
min-height: 100vh;
text-rendering: optimizeSpeed;
line-height: 1.5;
}
/* A elements that don't have a class get default styles */
a:not([class]) {
text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
}
/* Make images easier to work with */
img,
picture {
max-width: 100%;
display: block;
}
/* Inherit fonts for inputs and buttons */
input,
button,
textarea,
select {
font: inherit;
}
/* Remove all animations and transitions for people that prefer not to see them */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
html:focus-within {
scroll-behavior: auto;
}
*,
*::before,
*::after {
animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
scroll-behavior: auto !important;
}
}
body {
font-family: 'Roboto', Helvetica, sans-serif;
margin: 0;
background-color: white;
font-size: 1rem;
}
button, a, p, ul, li, textarea {
font-family: 'Roboto', Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4 {
font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', 'Roboto', Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: 700;
}
button, a {
cursor: pointer;
}
button:focus,
a:focus {
outline: 2px solid rgba(0, 150, 255, 1);
}
header,
footer,
main {
margin: 0 auto;
}
main {
padding: 40px 0;
min-height: 85vh;
display: flex;
}
a {
color: inherit;
}
code,
pre {
font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;
}
pre {
max-width: 100%;
overflow-x: scroll;
}
`;
|
FCACT006636_20090302.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | Eurofins Scientific Société Européenne au capital de 1 416 132,40 €
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5699980_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Appeal by defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Trial Term, Franklin County, entered upon a verdict in favor of plaintiff in a negligence action and from an order denying defendant’s motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial. Plaintiff recovered for injuries sustained by her when an automobile operated by her husband and in which she was a passenger, while turning left into an intersecting highway, was in collision with an automobile operated by defendant, which was then overtaking and attempting to pass the car in which plaintiff was riding. Appellant states the grounds of her appeal to be alleged errors in the court’s charge and the alleged exees-siveness of the verdict. Defendant testified: “I blinked my lights when I went to pass the Pelkey car, and I didn’t sound the horn until I saw the Pelkey car start to come at me on the side.” In charging the jury, the Trial Justice read the language of subdivision 7 of section 81 of the Vehicle and Traffic Law requiring, among other things, that the “ driver of an overtaking vehicle shall signal his desire to pass an overtaken vehicle by a blast or stroke of the horn or other signaling device” and later in his charge stated that it was his recollection of defendant’s testimony that she did not sound her horn until she saw the Pelkey ear pulling in her direction and continued: “ I say to you that that it is not a timely signal, and if you find that her failure to give a timely signal with her horn of her intent to pass was a contributing cause to the accident you may consider such as negligence in determining the issues in this lawsuit.” Defendant’s attorney excepted to the “ instruction that the testimony of Mrs. Terrance with reference to a blast of the horn was not an adequate signal of warning” and contends on this appeal that by the court’s instruction the jury was foreclosed from considering whether, if defendant blinked the lights of her ear when passing or about to pass, she thus operated some “ other signaling device ’’ within the meaning of subdivision 7 of section 81, and accordingly complied therewith. Present — Foster, P. J., Bergan, Coon, Halpern and Gibson, JJ.
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9976039_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers ist eine Ortschaft und eine ehemalige französische Gemeinde im Département Orne in der Region Normandie. Sie gehörte zum Arrondissement Mortagne-au-Perche und zum Kanton Rai.
Mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 2016 wurden die bisherigen Gemeinden La Ferté-Frênel, Anceins, Bocquencé, Couvains, Gauville, Glos-la-Ferrière, Heugon, Monnai, Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers und Villers-en-Ouche zu einer Commune nouvelle mit dem Namen La Ferté-en-Ouche zusammengeschlossen und haben in der neuen Gemeinde den Status einer Commune déléguée mit Einwohnern (Stand: ). Der Verwaltungssitz befindet sich im Ort La Ferté-Frênel.
Geographie
Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers liegt etwa 58 Kilometer nordnordöstlich von Alençon.
Bevölkerungsentwicklung
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Commune déléguée im Département Orne
Ort in der Normandie
Gemeindeauflösung 2016
La Ferté-en-Ouche.
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http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/fe72cc31-1c9b-4dfc-a1db-93ec7b27d560_6 | Eurovoc | CC-By | Die französischen Behörden sind der Ansicht, dass die Gesell- schaft Grévin et Compagnie mit einer Dienstleistung von all- gemeinem wirtschaftlichen Interesse beauftragt worden ist und es sich bei der staatlichen Förderung, die die Gesellschaft in dieser Eigenschaft erhält, nicht um eine Beihilfe im Sinne von Artikel 88 Absatz 1 EG-Vertrag handelt. 3. WÜRDIGUNG In erster Linie hat die Kommission Zweifel, ob der französi- schen Argumentation, die begünstigte Gesellschaft werde mit einer Dienstleistung von allgemeinem wirtschaftlichen Interesse beauftragt, gefolgt werden kann. Tatsächlich hat sie Bedenken, ob dieser Auftrag von den französischen Behörden klar defi- niert worden ist. Soweit eine Definition vorliegt, ist es nach Auffassung der Kommission zweifelhaft, ob hinreichend nach- gewiesen wurde, dass die Mehrkosten, die dem begünstigten Unternehmen durch diesen Auftrag entstehen, nicht überkom- pensiert worden sind. 24. 1. 2004 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 20/7 Zweitens ist die Kommission der Auffassung, dass die staatliche Förderung vermutlich eine Beihilfe darstellt, dies insbesondere im Hinblick darauf, dass keinerlei Beweis erbracht worden ist, ob die begünstigte Gesellschaft vom Staat eine Zahlung erhält, die dem Marktpreis für die Betreibung eines Freizeitparks ent- spricht. Drittens hat die Kommission die Vereinbarkeit der Beihilfe im Hinblick auf die verschiedenen Vorschriften des EG-Vertrags gewürdigt. Sie ist zu dem Ergebnis gelangt, dass die Beihilfe aufgrund ihrer Zielsetzung nur im Licht der Vorschriften über die Regionalbeihilfen und die Bestimmung des Artikels 87 Ab- satz 3 EG-Vertrag zur Förderung der Kultur beurteilt werden kann. Dennoch hat die Kommission Bedenken, ob die notwen- digen Voraussetzungen zur Bewilligung der Beihilfe nach einer der beiden Vorschriften gegeben sind. 4. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG Aus den vorerwähnten Gründen hat die Kommission Frank- reich im Rahmen des Verfahrens nach Artikel 88 Absatz 2 EG-Vertrag ersucht, zu der Angelegenheit Stellung zu nehmen und alle Informationen vorzulegen, die für die Würdigung des Beihilfeverfahrens von Nutzen sind. DAS SCHREIBEN „Par la présente, la Commission a l'honneur d'informer la France qu'après avoir examiné les informations fournies par les autorités françaises sur la mesure citée en objet, elle a décidé d'ouvrir la procédure prévue à l'article 88, paragraphe 2, du Traité CE. 1. PROCÉDURE La Commission a reçu par courrier du 27 mars 2001, enre- gistré le 28 mars 2001, une plainte concernant d'éventuelles aides d'État au parc d'attraction alsacien BIOSCOPE (ci-après dénommé «le BIOSCOPE»). Cette plainte concernait également l'Écomusée d'Alsace, qui a fait l'objet d'une décision de la Commission en date du 21 janvier 2003 (1), et n'est donc pas visé par la présente décision. La Commission a demandé des informations sur la mesure en question aux autorités françaises par courriers D/51386 du 30 mars 2001, D/53167 du 31 juillet 2001, D/55234 du 14 décembre 2001, D/53727, du 16 juillet 2002, D/55802 du 17 octobre 2002 et D/56871 du 3 décembre 2002. Les autorités françaises ont transmis ces informations par cour- riers du 24 juillet 2001, enregistré par la Commission le 26 juillet 2001, du 28 novembre 2001, enregistré par la Commis- sion le même jour, du 2 juin 2002, enregistré par la Commis- sion le même jour, du 25 juin 2002, enregistré par la Commis- sion le même jour, du 8 juillet 2002, enregistré par la Commis- sion le 9 juillet 2002, du 21 octobre 2002, enregistré par la Commission le 22 octobre 2002 et du 7 février 2003, enre- gistré par la Commission le 10 février 2003. (1) JO C 97 du 24. 4. 2003, p. 10. 2. DESCRIPTION DES MESURES 2. 1. Le projet de parc d'attractions BIOSCOPE Le projet de parc d'attractions BIOSCOPE a été lancé en 1994 par la région Alsace. Il s'agit de réaliser un parc d'attractions de nature tout à la fois scientifique, éducative et ludique, autour des thèmes de la santé, de la vie et de l'environnement. Dans l'idée des autorités régionales d'Alsace, permettre aux visiteurs de s'instruire tout en s'amusant. le parc doit Il devrait s'éloigner de l'approche conventionnelle des musées scientifiques et techniques plus classiques, comme le «palais de la découverte» ou la «cité des sciences» à Paris, jugés trop peu attractifs pour accomplir en fin de compte pleinement leur mission originale. À l'opposé, le BIOSCOPE devrait être perçu par ses visiteurs en premier lieu comme un lieu de détente et d'amusement, qui, de manière incidente, leur permettrait au surplus de s'instruire, selon un rythme qu'ils choisiraient eux-mêmes. Les autorités régionales indiquent par ailleurs qu'un autre objectif de la création du BIOSCOPE, non contradictoire avec le premier, est d'accroître l'offre touristique en Alsace. 2. 2. Le processus de sélection de la société bénéficiaire Dans le but de lancer le projet BIOSCOPE, ses promoteurs ont créé l'association BIOSCOPE. Cette association a fait effectuer entre le lancement du projet et l'année 1997 un ensemble d'études de faisabilité du projet par diverses sociétés de conseil, de communication, d'architecture et d'urbanisme. Ces études ont fait l'objet d'un rapport de synthèse établi en juin 1997 [. ] (*). Ce rapport de synthèse concluait à la faisabilité d'un parc de grande ampleur, visant une fréquentation croissante de [. ] (a) personnes la première année à [. ] (b) personnes la dixième année, correspondant à des investissements cumulés d'environ [. ] (c) M€ à l'origine, atteignant [. ] (d) M€ sur 20 ans, et générant un chiffre d'affaire évoluant de [. ] (e) M€ la première année à [. ] (f) M€ la dixième année. Par arrêté préfectoral du 12 janvier 1998, le Conseil Régional d'Alsace et les Conseils Généraux des Départements du Haut- Rhin et du Bas-Rhin ont créé le syndicat mixte SYMBIO (ci-après dénommé «le SYMBIO»), dont l'objet est la mise en œuvre des procédures nécessaires à la réalisation du BIO- SCOPE. (*) Secret d'affaires. (a) Secret d'affaires. Le nombre exact 1 000 000. se situe entre 400 000 et (b) Secret d'affaires. Le nombre exact se situe entre 950 000 et 2 500 000. (c) Secret d'affaires. Le montant exact se situe entre 60 et 105 M€. (d) Secret d'affaires. Le montant exact se situe entre 160 et 300 M€. (e) Secret d'affaires. Le montant exact se situe entre 15 et 25 M€. (f) Secret d'affaires. Le montant exact se situe entre 60 et 75 M€. C 20/8 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 24. 1. 2004 Les autorités régionales ont choisi d'exploiter le BIOSCOPE selon le principe juridique de la délégation de service public (2). L'État finance lui-même l'acquisition des terrains et une partie des coûts d'investissement. Il délègue la construction et l'exploi- tation du parc à un concessionnaire pour 30 ans, le conces- sionnaire compensant l'État par le paiement d'une redevance sur son chiffre d'affaire. À l'issue de la concession, les biens retournent, sous certaines conditions, à l'État. Dans le but de sélectionner le concessionnaire du BIOSCOPE, le SYMBIO a lancé en septembre 1998 une procédure d'appel à candidature d'opérateurs privés. Cette procédure a donné lieu à une publication au Journal Officiel des Communautés Euro- péennes (3). L'appel à candidature, ainsi que la procédure de mise en concurrence qui a suivi, étaient initialement basées sur l'hypo- thèse découlant des études de faisabilité réalisées au préalable, soit celles d'un parc de grande ampleur correspondant à un investissement total à terme de l'ordre de 250 M€ pour environ deux millions de visiteurs par an. Huit candidats ont répondu à l'appel à candidature. Le 26 octobre 1998, le SYMBIO a décidé de retenir quatre de ces candidats pour la phase suivante de la procédure. Les quatre candidats retenus étaient: [. ], [. ], [. ] et [. ]. Le règle- ment de la consultation, fondé lui-même sur l'hypothèse de réalisation d'un parc de grande ampleur, a alors été transmis par le SYMBIO à ces quatre candidats. En janvier 1999, le groupe [. ] a renoncé à ses activités dans le secteur du tourisme en France, entraînant le retrait de [. ] de la procédure. Le 5 octobre 2000, le SYMBIO a constaté que [. ] et [. ] n'étaient pas en mesure d'apporter les garanties requises pour la construction et l'opération du BIOSCOPE tels que ces sociétés l'envisageaient. En particulier, ces sociétés n'étaient pas en mesure de présenter des références convaincantes en matière d'exploitation. Le SYMBIO a donc décidé de retenir la société Parc Astérix, depuis lors devenue un élément du groupe Grévin et Compa- gnie. Ce choix a été concrétisé par la signature le 13 mars 2001 d'une délégation de service public ayant pour objet la «conces- sion de conception, de réalisation et d'exploitation du parc à thème BIOSCOPE», entre, d'une part, le SYMBIO et, d'autre part, la société «SMVP — Mise en Valeur du Patrimoine Culturel» (ci-après dénommée «la SMVP»), filiale de la société Parc Astérix. Un avenant à cette délégation de service public a été signé le 9 juillet 2002. La délégation de service public telle que modifiée par l'avenant est dénommée ci-après «la concession». 2. 3. Le projet issu de la procédure de mise en concurrence — modalités de participation de l'État (4) Le projet finalement sélectionné est beaucoup moins ambitieux que le projet originel. Il prévoit un parc réduit, correspondant à un investissement initial de [. ] (g) M€ sur 8 à 10 ans, dont [. ] (h) M€ à l'ouverture du parc, et visant une fréquentation initiale de [. ] (i) visiteurs par an croissant à terme jusqu'à [. ] (j) visi- teurs par an. Les modalités de participation de l'État sont fixées dans la concession. Le 15 juillet 1999, [. ] et [. ] ont déposé une offre. En septembre 1999 un complément à chacune de ces offres a été déposé. Il est prévu en particulier que: Le 25 octobre 1999, le SYMBIO a considéré qu'aucune des offres ne pouvait être retenue. En effet, selon son jugement, les offres étaient incomplètes et n'apportaient pas les garanties suffisantes au bon déroulement des opérations et tout particu- lièrement de l'exploitation du parc. Conformément aux procé- dures applicables dans ces situations, le SYMBIO a alors engagé une négociation directe avec les candidats intéressés au projet. Entre novembre 1999 et janvier 2000, un ensemble de réunions de négociation ont eu lieu entre le SYMBIO, [. ] et [. ], sans succès. En septembre 2000, le SYMBIO a décidé d'autoriser les candi- dats à présenter une proposition alternative au projet initiale- ment prévu dans l'appel à candidatures. Conformément aux dispositions de la législation française, les quatre candidats ayant été initialement retenus ont alors été reconsultés. [. ] et [. ] ont soumis une offre équivalente à leur offre initiale. [. ] a soumis une nouvelle offre, portant sur un parc d'attractions de dimension plus réduite. — L'État mette à disposition de la SMVP, par tranche, et pour 30 ans, les terrains nécessaires, soit [. ] (k) hectares. Ces terrains demeurent la propriété de l'État et font l'objet d'un retour gratuit à celui-ci en fin de concession. Les bâtiments, ouvrages et concessions acquis, aménagés, édifiés ou mis en place par la SMVP durant la concession, propriété de celle-ci, et qui se rattachent à l'exploitation du parc, font l'objet d'un retour gratuit à l'État en fin de concession s'ils ont été intégralement et comptablement amortis. Dans le cas contraire, l'État doit payer une indemnité correspondant à leur valeur comptable résiduelle pour leur retour; — L'État réalise les aménagements de voies d'accès nécessaires pour faciliter l'accès au parc; — La SMVP conçoit et réalise le parc d'attraction BIOSCOPE et l'exploite pendant 30 ans; (4) L'«État» s'entend ci-après des collectivités territoriales d'Alsace, du Haut-Rhin et du Bas-Rhin. (g) Secret d'affaires. Le montant exact se situe entre 40 et 70 M€. (h) Secret d'affaires. Ce montant est la moitié du montant cité en note de bas de page g). (2) La procédure de délégation de service public est soumise aux dispo- sitions des articles L. 1411-1 et suivants du Code général des collec- tivités territoriales. (i) Secret d'affaires. Le nombre exact est entre 200 000 et 500 000. (j) Secret d'affaires. Le nombre exact est le double du nombre cité en note de bas de page i). (3) JO S 168 du 1. 9. 1998, p. 113001. (k) Secret d'affaires. La surface exacte est inférieure à 100 hectares. 24. 1. 2004 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 20/9 — Le parc tel qu'édifié par la SMVP correspond à un investis- sement de [. ] (l) M€ en deux tranches de taille équiva- lente. L'ouverture de la première tranche au public doit avoir lieu au plus tard le 30 juin 2005. L'État participe aux investissements à hauteur totale de [. ] (m) M€, via le SYMBIO; — La SMVP paie une redevance annuelle au profit de l'État correspondant à [. ] % (n) du chiffre d'affaire brut annuel tel qu'il résulte de l'ensemble des activités réalisées sur le périmètre géographique de la concession (sauf pour les deux premières années civiles, même incomplètes, pour lesquelles le taux de la redevance est respectivement de [. ] % (o) et [. ] %) (p), déduction faite des redevances de toutes natures perçues par l'État sur les activités sous-trai- tées; — Les tarifs d'accès sont fixés par la SMVP afin de rendre le parc accessible à tout public. Ces tarifs sont approuvés par l'État. 3. OPINION DES AUTORITES FRANÇAISES Les autorités françaises considèrent que les missions du parc d'attraction BIOSCOPE constituent des services d'intérêt écono- mique général. Elles estiment que, dans le cas d'espèce, les collectivités locales françaises ont donc chargé la SMVP de ce service d'intérêt économique général. la mise en œuvre d'une procédure de mise en Par ailleurs, concurrence aurait conduit automatiquement à la sélection d'une offre reflétant par un mécanisme de marché les coûts exacts de ce service d'intérêt économique général. Les sommes versées par l'État à la SMVP constitueraient donc la compensation à sa juste valeur d'une obligation de service d'intérêt économique général, et ne constitueraient donc pas une aide au sens de l'article 87(1) du traité CE. 4. ANALYSE DES MESURES 4. 1. Sur l'existence d'une aide d'État au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE Une mesure de soutien étatique constitue une aide d'État au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE lorsqu'elle vérifie quatre Il doit conditions cumulatives. Le soutien doit être sélectif. procurer un avantage concurrentiel aux entreprises bénéfi- ciaires. Il doit être attribué au moyen de ressources d'État. Enfin, il doit affecter ou risquer d'affecter les échanges entre États membres. (l) Secret d'affaires. Le montant est le même que celui mentionné en note de bas de page g). (m) Secret d'affaires. Ce montant correspond à 49,2 % du montant cité en note de bas de page l). (n) Secret d'affaires. Le taux exact est entre 2 % et 3 %. (o) Secret d'affaires. Le taux exact est de quatre dixièmes du taux cité en note de bas de page n). (p) Secret d'affaires. Le taux exact est de huit dixièmes du taux cité en note de bas de page n). — Sélectivité L'intervention de l'État vise une entreprise unique. Elle est donc sélective. — Ressources d'État L'intervention de l'État au profit du BIOSCOPE comprend le versement de fonds par le SYMBIO, qui est un organisme regroupant des collectivités locales. Elle mobilise donc claire- ment des ressources d'État. — Affectation des échanges Le secteur d'activité des parcs de loisir est un secteur en crois- sance importante. Les parcs les plus importants attirent des visiteurs de plusieurs États membres. Les parcs de moyenne taille, comme c'est le cas du projet finalement retenu pour le BIOSCOPE, attirent des visiteurs du bassin régional. Or le site du BIOSCOPE est situé en Alsace, à Ungersheim, près de la frontière allemande. De plus, le préambule de la concession mentionne explicitement que «le parc a vocation à devenir une destination touristique nationale et européenne». Il est donc mani- feste que l'intervention de l'État peut potentiellement affecter les échanges entre États Membres. C'est d'ailleurs cette affecta- tion potentielle qui a suscité la plainte à l'origine du dossier, provenant d'une personne morale ayant son siège en Alle- magne. — Avantage La Commission a examiné si le contrat de concession passé entre l'État et la SMVP procurait un avantage concurrentiel à cette société. La concession, qui prévoit entre autres le retour, sous certaines conditions, des biens à l'État à l'issue de la période de 30 ans, peut s'assimiler à la fourniture par la SMVP à l'État d'une prestation de service, similaire au type de service fourni par une société d'exploitation de réseau autoroutier. Pour que les conditions de la relation contractuelle entre le SYMBIO et la SMVP ne procurent pas d'avantage à cette dernière, il convient en particulier que, globalement, ces condi- tions ne procurent pas à la SMVP un rendement de ses inves- tissements supérieur à ce qu'une entreprise moyenne de ce secteur obtiendrait pour un investissement similaire. La Commission note que les études de faisabilité réalisées pour le lancement du projet comprenaient des analyses de ce type de paramètres. Cependant, ces analyses portaient sur la version initialement prévue du parc d'attraction, de grande ampleur. En revanche, à la connaissance de la Commission, aucune de ces analyses n'a été adaptée à la version finalement retenue du projet, de même qu'aucune nouvelle analyse n'a été réalisée. La Commission doute donc qu'il soit possible à ce stade d'affirmer de manière dûment justifiée que les conditions de la relation contractuelle entre le SYMBIO et la SMVP ne procurent pas d'avantage à cette dernière. C 20/10 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 24. 1. 2004 les interventions de La Commission a par ailleurs analysé si l'État au profit du BIOSCOPE pouvaient être considérées comme la compensation de coûts liés à un service d'intérêt économique général. En effet, l'analyse de l'existence d'un avan- tage dans le chef de l'entreprise bénéficiaire des supports de l'État est dans ce dernier cas quelque peu différente du cas général. Dans l'arrêt Altmar (5), la Cour a précisé les quatre conditions qui doivent être remplies pour qu'un soutien public à une entreprise chargée d'un service d'intérêt économique général ne comprenne pas d'avantage pour l'entreprise bénéficiaire, et échappe à ce titre à la qualification d'aide d'État au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE. Ces conditions sont énumérées aux points 89 à 93 de l'arrêt précité. Elle sont les suivantes: «Premièrement, l'entreprise bénéficiaire doit effectivement être chargée de l'exécution d'obligations de service public et ces obligations doivent être clairement définies [. ]. Deuxièmement, les paramètres sur la base desquels est calculée la compensation doivent être préalablement établis de façon objective et transparente, afin d'éviter qu'elle comporte un avantage économique susceptible de favoriser rapport à des entreprises concurrentes. l'entreprise bénéficiaire par Aussi, la compensation par un État membre des pertes subies par une entreprise sans que les paramètres d'une telle compensation aient été préalablement établis, lorsqu'il s'avère a posteriori que l'exploitation de certains services dans le cadre de l'exécution d'obligations de service public n'a pas été économiquement viable, constitue une intervention financière qui relève de la notion d'aide d'État au sens de l'article 92, paragraphe 1, du traité. Troisièmement, la compensation ne saurait dépasser ce qui est néces- saire pour couvrir tout ou partie des coûts occasionnés par l'exécution des obligations de service public, en tenant compte des recettes y relatives ainsi que d'un bénéfice raisonnable pour l'exécution de ces obligations. Le respect d'une telle condition est indispensable afin de garantir que n'est accordé à l'entreprise bénéficiaire aucun avantage qui la fausse ou menace de fausser la concurrence en renforçant position concurrentielle de cette entreprise. Quatrièmement, lorsque le choix de l'entreprise à charger de l'exécu- tion d'obligations de service public, dans un cas concret, n'est pas effectué dans le cadre d'une procédure de marché public permettant de sélectionner le candidat capable de fournir ces services au moindre coût pour la collectivité, le niveau de la compensation nécessaire doit être la base d'une analyse des coûts qu'une entreprise déterminé sur moyenne, bien gérée et adéquatement équipée en moyens de transport afin de pouvoir satisfaire aux exigences de service public requises, aurait encourus pour exécuter ces obligations, en tenant compte des recettes y relatives ainsi que d'un bénéfice raisonnable pour l'exécution de ces obligations. » La Commission doute que l'ensemble de ces conditions soient réunies dans le cas d'espèce. En premier lieu, la Commission doute de ce que les obligations de service d'intérêt économique général imposées à la SMVP aient été clairement définies. (5) Arrêt de la Cour du 24 juillet 2003 dans l'affaire C-280/2000. À ce titre, la Commission note tout d'abord que la concession définit dans son préambule les objectifs du BIOSCOPE. Ces objectifs sont: le développement touristique, le développement économique, et «l'objectif éducatif, social et pédagogique». La Commission note que ces objectifs sont très vastes. Elle doute qu'ils puissent être considérés comme une définition claire des obligations de service d'intérêt économique général imposées au BIOSCOPE. Par ailleurs, la Commission note que le corps de la concession définit un certain nombre de droits et d'obligations pour la SMVP, mais n'établit aucune distinction entre les activités qui relèvent d'un service d'intérêt économique général et celles qui n'en relèvent pas. De plus, les clauses de la concession concer- nant les tarifs d'entrée pour les catégories de visiteurs spécifi- ques (groupes, scolaires,. ), que leur aspect social tend à collectif, ne caractériser plus comprennent que des objectifs indicatifs, sans valeur contrai- gnante. comme d'intérêt aisément En second lieu, les obligations de service d'intérêt économique général n'ayant pas été définies clairement, la Commission doute qu'il soit possible de déterminer si le soutien de l'État conduit ou non à une surcompensation des charges liées à ces obligations. En troisième lieu, la Commission doute que la sélection de l'entreprise bénéficiaire ait été réalisée dans le cadre d'une procédure de marché public permettant de sélectionner le candidat capable de fournir ces services au moindre coût pour la collectivité, ou que, à défaut, le niveau de la compen- sation nécessaire ait été déterminé sur la base d'une analyse des coûts qu'une entreprise moyenne, bien gérée et adéquatement équipée afin de pouvoir satisfaire aux exigences de service public requises, aurait encourus pour exécuter ces obligations, en tenant compte des recettes y relatives ainsi que d'un béné- fice raisonnable pour l'exécution de ces obligations. En effet, la Commission note que, en raison de l'aspect insatis- faisant des offres initiales, le SYMBIO a fait le choix de mener une négociation directe avec les candidats intéressés, négocia- tion finalement effectuée sur la base de projets différents entre eux et distincts du projet initial. La Commission doute que ce mode de sélection soit conforme aux principes généraux d'égalité de traitement et de transparence applicables aux concessions de service et qu'il conduise automatiquement à la sélection du candidat capable de fournir les services au moindre coût pour la collectivité. Par ailleurs, la Commission note que le projet finalement retenu diffère fondamentalement dans son ambition du projet ayant fait l'objet de l'appel à la concurrence initial. Or s'il existe un certain nombre d'études visant à qualifier le coût lié à certains objectifs non commerciaux du projet initial, à la connaissance de la Commission, aucune étude de ce type n'a été réalisée pour le projet finalement retenu, ni adaptée à celui-ci. La Commission doute donc que les autorités françaises aient procédé à une analyse des coûts des services d'intérêt écono- mique général qu'elles assignent au BIOSCOPE, à supposer même que ces services aient été clairement définis. 24. 1. 2004 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 20/11 Au vu de ce qui précède, la Commission émet donc des doutes sur le fait que la SMVP soit chargée d'un service d'intérêt économique général et que, dans ce cadre, le soutien public ne comprenne pas d'avantage pour la SMVP. — Conclusion concernant l'existence de l'aide Il résulte de ce qui précède que la Commission ne peut exclure à ce stade que l'intervention de l'État constitue une aide au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE. 4. 2. Sur l'illégalité de l'aide potentielle La concession est un acte exécutoire individuel. Elle a été signée le 13 mars 2001 et n'a pas été notifiée à la Commission au titre de l'article 87(3) du Traité CE. Elle ne comprend pas de clause suspendant son exécution à son approbation par la Commission au titre des règles communautaires concernant les aides d'État. Dans la mesure où le soutien de l'État au BIOSCOPE comprend des éléments d'aide d'État au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE, ces éléments d'aides sont donc illégaux. 4. 3. Sur la compatibilité de l'aide potentielle Le principe général édicté par l'article 87(1) du Traité CE est l'incompatibilité des aides d'État avec le Marché commun. Cependant, les articles 87(2) et 87(3) du Traité prévoient des exceptions à ce principe. La Commission émet des doutes sur le fait que l'aide potentielle contenue dans le soutien de l'État au BIOSCOPE puisse béné- ficier des exceptions prévues à l'article 87(2) du Traité. En effet, le soutien de l'État ne constitue pas, de par sa généralité, une aide à caractère social octroyée aux consommateurs individuels. Il ne vise pas non plus à remédier aux dommages causés par les calamités naturelles ou par d'autres évènements extraor- dinaires. Enfin, il ne concerne pas certaines régions de la Répu- blique Fédérale d'Allemagne affectées par la division de l'Alle- magne. La Commission estime, à ce stade, que l'aide potentielle contenue dans le soutien de l'État au BIOSCOPE ne peut pas bénéficier des exceptions prévues aux articles 87(3)a et 87(3)b du Traité. En effet, le soutien de l'État ne vise pas une région dans laquelle le niveau de vie est anormalement bas ou dans laquelle sévit un grave sous-emploi. Il ne vise pas non plus à promouvoir la réalisation d'un projet important d'intérêt euro- péen commun ou à remédier à une perturbation grave de l'économie d'un État membre. L'article 87(3)c du Traité autorise les aides destinées à faciliter le développement de certaines activités ou de certaines régions économiques, quand elles n'altèrent pas les conditions des échanges dans une mesure contraire à l'intérêt commun. Au la Commission peut autoriser titre de cette disposition, certaines aides à l'investissement, lorsque ces aides visent des objectifs d'intérêt communautaire, à condition que ces aides respectent certaines conditions visant à vérifier qu'elles n'altè- rent pas les conditions des échanges dans une mesure contraire à l'intérêt commun. À ce stade de son analyse, la Commission estime que le seul de ces objectifs communautaires auquel le soutien étatique au BIOSCOPE pourrait éventuellement contribuer est l'objectif de développement régional, puisque le site finalement retenu pour la construction du BIOSCOPE se situe dans la liste des zones éligibles aux aides régionales pour la France telles que définies dans la décision de la Commission du 1. 3. 2000 sur le cas d'aide d'État N 45/2000 (6). Cependant, pour que l'aide éventuelle au BIOSCOPE puisse être autorisée en application de l'article 87(3)c du Traité CE au titre de sa contribution au développement régional, il faudrait que les autorités françaises démontrent qu'elle satisfait aux critères des lignes directrices concernant les aides d'État à finalité régio- nale (7). Cette justification devrait être d'autant plus détaillée que le soutien de l'État ne s'effectue pas dans le cadre d'un régime d'aides régionales approuvé par la Commission et que le troisième paragraphe de la deuxième section des lignes direc- trices précitées précise que: «Une aide individuelle ad hoc accordée à une seule entreprise ou des aides limitées à un seul secteur d'activité peuvent avoir un effet important sur la concurrence dans le marché concerné, tandis que leurs effets sur le développement régional risquent d'être trop limités. De telles aides s'inscrivent généralement dans le cadre de politiques industrielles ponctuelles ou sectorielles et s'écartent souvent de l'esprit de la politique des aides régionales en tant que telle. Cette dernière doit, en effet, rester neutre à l'égard de l'allocation des ressources productives entre les différents secteurs et activités économiques. La Commission considère que, jusqu'à preuve du contraire, ces aides ne remplissent pas les conditions mentionnées au paragraphe précédent. » Or les autorités françaises n'ont apporté aucune justification en ce sens. La Commission émet donc des doutes quant au fait que l'aide potentielle puisse être approuvée au titre de sa contribution à la politique des aides régionales, et, partant, qu'elle puisse être approuvée au titre de l'article 87(3)c du Traité CE. Enfin, la Commission émet des doutes sur le fait que l'aide potentielle puisse être approuvée au titre de l'article 87(3)d du Traité CE. En effet, cet article vise les aides dont l'objectif est de promou- voir la culture et la conservation du patrimoine. Or la Commis- sion note que les activités du BIOSCOPE ne relèvent pas de la conservation du patrimoine. Par ailleurs, elle estime que les autorités françaises n'ont pas démontré que les activités du BIOSCOPE relèvent de la promotion de la culture. Enfin, la Commission a examiné si le soutien public au BIOS- COPE, dans la mesure où il constituerait une aide au sens de l'article 87(1) du Traité CE qui ne puisse bénéficier des déro- gations prévues aux articles 87(2) et 87(3) du Traité, pourrait être considéré comme compatible avec le marché commun en Il application des dispositions de l'article 86(2) du Traité. convient de noter que l'application de cette disposition concer- nerait les coûts liés à une mission d'intérêt économique général qui viendraient en sus des coûts qui seraient supportés par l'entreprise pour la réalisation de la même mission si cette entreprise satisfaisait à l'ensemble des critères précisés par la Cour dans l'arrêt Altmark précité. (6) JO C 110 du 15. 4. 2000, p. 40. (7) JO C 74 du 10. 3. 1998, p. 4. C 20/12 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 24. 1. 2004 Pour ce faire, il serait nécessaire que le soutien public vise la stricte compensation des coûts pour la SMVP de la prise en charge d'un service d'intérêt économique général. Or il a été démontré au paragraphe 4. 1 ci-dessus que la Commission avait des doutes sur le fait même que les activités du BIOSCOPE contiennent des missions d'intérêt économique général. De plus, la Commission a montré ci-dessus qu'il n'exis- tait pas à sa connaissance d'analyse détaillée des coûts supportés par la SMVP pour la réalisation et l'exploitation du BIOSCOPE. Il n'est donc pas plus possible de démontrer que le soutien public ne conduit pas à la surcompensation des coûts de la SMVP qu'il n'est possible de démontrer que ces coûts sont égaux à ceux d'une entreprise moyenne du secteur, bien gérée et disposant de l'équipement adéquat. Au vu de ce qui précède, la Commission émet donc des doutes sur le fait que l'aide potentielle puisse être considérée comme compatible avec l'une des dispositions du Traité CE permettant l'autorisation des aides d'État. 5. CONCLUSION Compte tenu des considérations qui précèdent, la Commission invite la France, dans le cadre de la procédure de l'article 88, paragraphe 2, du traité CE, à présenter ses observations et à fournir toute information utile pour l'évaluation de la mesure, dans un délai d'un mois à compter de la date de réception de la présente. Ces informations devront en particulier apporter, le cas échéant alternativement: — la définition claire des éventuelles missions d'intérêt écono- mique général dont est chargée la SMVP et la démonstra- tion détaillée que les surcoûts dérivant de ces missions ne sont pas surcompensés, le niveau de compensation étant calculé par rapport aux surcoûts que subirait une entreprise moyenne bien gérée et adéquatement équipée si elle devait réaliser ces missions, — la preuve que la rétribution par l'État des services rendus par la SMVP ne conduit pas à la surcompensation des coûts supportés par la SMVP, — la démonstration précise que les aides potentielles sont compatibles avec les règles communautaires en matière d'aides régionales, — la démonstration précise que les aides potentielles visent à promouvoir la culture et n'affectent pas les échanges d'une manière contraire à l'intérêt commun. La Commission ne préjuge pas de la conformité de la procé- dure d'attribution de la concession en vue de la réalisation et de l'exploitation du BIOSCOPE à la société SMVP avec les règles et principes du droit communautaire. |
16/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr-halshs-01120328-document.txt_1 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | PROPOSITIONS DESTRUCTIVES 1
L'hiver s'annonce rigoureux. Aussi les géographes cherchent-ils hâtivement les structures qui leur permettront de poursuivre en toute sécurité leurs activités. C'est l'époque où les clochards se font mettre à l'asile et où les contestataires s'achètent des pantoufles chaudes. Et pourtant, une poignée d'irréductibles, d'agitateurs irresponsables, probablement payés par l'Étranger, des empêcheurs-de-danser-en-rond, veulent plastiquer le bel édifice qu'oecuméniquement enseignants et enseignés veulent bâtir, sous la bienveillante protection d'Edgar Faure. Voici le produit des élucubrations de ce gang d'étudiants-fantômes qu'une enfance malheureuse a conduits à une bien funeste folie : IL FAUT DÉTRUIRE L'INSTITUT DE GEOGRAPHIE Raynal, vieil humaniste et néanmoins directeur d'institut, a bien expliqué aux étudiants que ça presse. Si on ne propose rien, le ministère disposera tout seul. Il en va de l'avenir de nous tous, de la Géographie, de la Science : il faut soumettre à Edgar un projet d'Unité Autonome ' nseignement et Recherche de Géographie ; il faut par un oui franc et massif suivre nos chers professeurs-qui-n'ont-pas-attendu-mai-pourcontester-et-qui-déjà-en-1945-pensaient-aux-intérêts-de-leurs-bons-étudiants. Ah, ce qu'on sera bien avec nos crédits autonomes, nos bâtiments autonomes, nos cartes autonomes, notre Tricart autonome. On sera les maîtres, on pourra se consacrer à la Recherche pour le grand bien de l'humanité, ou pour celui de la Recherche. On participera tous ensemble à la vie de la grande famille géographique enfin réconciliée. Bien sûr, comme on travaille avec un matériel humain, l'humaniste Raynal, un peu ranci par l'âge (vous verrez, quand vous serez grands), repousse la démocratie directe dans les limbes de l'histoire ou dans une utopie humanoïde extra-terrestre. On aura donc des chefs, mais on pourra les élire (ce qui constitue un net progrès par rapport au paternalisme, car peut-on élire son Papa?). Eh bien, nous mettrons nos gros pieds marneux dans la bonne soupe chaude. 1
Nous avons indiqué dans le cours du texte, en gras et
entre
crochet
s
,
la pagination
d'origine. • Propositions destruc tives INJURES PRÉALABLES
Tricart n'est qu'un tyran domestique, un adjudant-chef grossier déguisé en bon âpôtre [sic!], un trieur de cailloux ambitieux. Raynal, un philanthrope cocufié par tous les Rastignac qui attendent sa place pour des jours moins troublés. Nonn un pédant [1] incompétent, qui ira loin si la Cinquième dure assez longtemps. Juillard, un vieil homme un peu en dehors des contingences, mais pas trop, juste assez pour servir de caution humaniste aux aménageurs du profit. Gallais n'est qu'un fasciste atrabilaire qui ne transcende ses monographies que dans le cadre d'un État autoritaire, basé sur le respect de la tradition et des chefs. L'inspecteur Trabant, tel un palmipède académique, patauge dans un océan d'incapacités, de suffisance et de lèchecutage. Quant aux autres, ce ne sont pour la plupart que des épiphénomènes, assistants ou chercheurs courtisans d'une poignée de mandarins. Certains n'en pensent pas moins, mais souffrent en silence. D'autres ont des opinions, mais poussent les étudiants à la participation ; en comptant bien les utiliser comme masse de manoeuvre face aux titulaires de cathèdres. D'autres, cocus et heureux, s'inscrivent aux Comités de défense de la République. QUELQUES VÉRITÉS PREMIÈRES
En voulant élire des délégués, les étudiants se sont aperçus qu'ils n'avaient pas de programme avouable (assemblée du 21-11). Par contre, on peut faire confiance aux Tricart et autres Raynal : ils savent ce qu'ils veulent, eux. Logiquement, les délégués ne pourront avoir qu'une seule attitude, "constructive", approuver les sages décisions de leurs maîtres, leur servir de caution ("nous sommes tous unis") et faire passer la pilule auprès des étudiants. Quel est le projet des mandarins? Quels critères l'animent et quels intérêts répandil? Autant de questions noyées sous des schémas de structures et des discours du dimanche matin. Qu'est-ce qu'une unité d'enseignement et de recherche autonome? Pour les étudiants, une bonne blague. Que l'on ne s'y méprenne pas, nous ne planerons pas au firmament de la Science et de la Recherche pures. Trois objections fondamentales à l'"autonomie". 1) Quels sont les critères d'admission à notre bordel autonome? Ceux fixés par le ministère, guidés par la rentabilité et le profit capitalistes. N'oublions pas que notre Edgar, prudent à l'Université, a placé l'essentiel de la sélection avant le bac. Seuls quelques crétins autonomes pourraient encore nier que cette sélection est sociale et non basée sur le travail et l'intelligence. 2) Quel sera le mode de fonctionnement de notre nirvaña géographique? Celui proposé par nous et accepté par le ministère. Qui jugera de l'incapacité ou non de tel ou tel prof? de l'inutilité ou non de tel enseignement? Des équivalences, des relations avec d'autres disciplines? D'ailleurs le simple problème des crédits devrait nous ramener à des réalités plus terrestres. Comptons sur Edgar-et-Marcelin pour nous rappeler, 299 RHSH 26 • Les « années 68 » des sciences humaines et sociales si besoin est, que l'Université moderne doit sortir de son isolement aristocratique pour se lier aux nécessités de "la Vie" (entendez du grand Capital). 3) Quels seront les débouchés de notre unité "autonome"? Ceux offerts par les besoins en profs (diplomés ou au rabais) fixés par le ministère, besoins déterminés par le Plan, lui-même rédigé pour l'essentiel par le CNPF (centre national du patronat français). Quant à la géographie appliquée (ou applicable selon le mot de Juillard), il y en a long à dire : voir plus loin. Si l'autonomie est un mythe pour nous, elle ne l'est pas pour tout le monde. L'autonomie, c'est un certain nombre d'avantages appréciables pour nos mandarins. D'abord, pour la gloriole, la géographie serait promue au rang de science légitimée et authentifiée. Nos maîtres ne seraient plus affublés du titre ridicule de professeurs de Lettres. Si nous ne pouvons dénoncer ici tous les aspects du marchandage, en particulier le détail des tractations avec les autres facultés, les grandes lignes, du projet Nonn-Tricart-Raynal sont claires. Que signifie pour eux "L'unité d'enseignement et de recherche [2] autonome"? 1) Nos mandarins deviennent de grands intendants : (autonomie administrative) Pour tout ce qui concerne les relations avec le secteur public, avec l'État, les tractations essentielles auront lieu désormais au niveau de l'Université locale, et non pas du ministère. Par ailleurs, nous disposerons d'une cuisine autonome pour la nomination ou l'exploitation de la valetaille des chercheurs, assistants et maîtres-assistants. Tricart et Nonn ressembleront enfin à des PDG. 2) Un financement privé possible : ne regardant que notre unité autonome. Les programmes de recherche pourront être commandés par des organismes semi-publics (= en fait cartels d'intérêts privés) ou privés. Il ne s'agit pas de porter un jugement moral sur la chose, mais simplement d'en comprendre les implications. La recherche pure, désintéressée n'existe pas. Même en physique fondamentale ou en mathématiques, les recherches effectuées dépendent (par le biais des crédits) de ce qu'attend la classe dirigeante (ex : rôle de l'armée). On n'est pas prêt de trouver le moteur à eau ou le vaccin anticonceptionnel. L'assujettissement de la recherche n'est pas un "mal" mais une nécessité du système néocapitaliste. Raynal prétend que la "sagesse" du géographe lui permettra de se tenir à l'écart des marchands de soupe. Ce faisant, il porte un jugement moral, profère une incantation magique, mais refuse d'envisager les mobiles de la recherche. Si la géographie est un humanisme, comme il semble le prétendre, comment expliquer alors que les directions de recherche dépendront du grand Capital? En quoi la recherche du profit entretient-elle des rapports avec les intérêts de l'humanité? La conséquence de l'intrusion du financement privé sera une plus grande instabilité du statut de chercheur : à la merci des commandes, celui-ci risque de devenir de plus en plus un contractuel. NOTRE PROGRAMME
1) Traquer les délégués. Des gens ont la prétention de nous représenter. Pour quoi dire, pour quoi faire, pour quoi obtenir? Renolleau, ce connard de giscardien, dénoncé comme autocrate par le comité d'action des enfants sages, est le seul conséquent : élire un délégué, c'est démissionner ses pouvoirs à un spécialiste de la représentation. L'allure sympâa, le sourire lecanuetesque et la poignée de main solide suffisent à reconnaître le curé masochiste ou la franche crapule destiné [sic!] à la députation. Peu importe le programme (c'est toujours le bonheur, le progrès, la défense de nos intérêts) seul compte réellement le RÔLE du délégué. Et celui-ci est de PARTICIPER AU SYSTÈME. Dans notre cas, c'est s'intégrer dans la réforme Faure et l'appliquer. En conséquence, [3] il est parfaitement illusoire d'espérer obtenir à l'aide des délégués des modifications aux décisions du pouvoir telles par exemple que la sélection, les débouchés, la hiérarchie administrative, etc. Apparemment expression de la volonté et du pouvoir des masses, le délégué n'est en fait qu'un instrument de duperie, que la courroie de transmission des décisions d'une minorité au pouvoir en direction de la majorité, Et ceci indépendamment des individus qui assument la fonction. Comptant bien continuer à prouver que les délégués et la participation ne peuvent répondre aux questions emmerdantes que nous posons, nous traquerons les délégués. 2) Faire chier les chieurs. Nous dénoncerons toutes les manoeuvres telles que l'Unité Géographique permettant à quelques vieux bonzes mégalomanes de faire prévaloir leurs intérêts particuliers. De même, nous n'accepterons pas le petit jeu de bascule de leurs sous-fifres dans leur lutte pour leur promotion. Nous sommes pour un travail avec les profs. Mais seuls les ralliements radicaux nous intéressent. Par ailleurs, nous 301 RHSH 26 • Les « années 68 » des sciences humaines et sociales comptons bien jeter de l'acide sur la plaie béante que constituent bon nombre de cours, de méthodes de travail Avis aux idéologues à prétentions scientifiques. 3) Détruire l'institut de géographie et toutes ses réincarnations. Nous ne nous satisfaisons pas du choix que l'on nous laisse de la sauce à laquelle nous serons mangés. C'est nous qui mangerons nos professeurs. Toute réforme de l'institut impliquerait que l'on s'interroge sur la finalité et le fonctionnement de nos études. • Propositions destruc tives
La géographie a donc une double tâche : justifier l'ordre spatial menacé (la justification ultime étant l'explication fataliste du sceptique : on n'y peut rien, c'est comme ça, les gens sont fous) et lui proposer des formules de survie. Le mythe du développement (par les techniques, les crédits, les compétences ou les bonnes volontés) est le corollaire indispensable du "cercle vicieux du sous-développement". Le mythe de la régionalisation (avec son harmonieuse hiérarchie des "services" et ses réseaux efficaces de "métropoles d'équilibre") est le complément nécessaire de lamentations sur le "désert français" ou la "mégalopolis" rhénane. Le géographe justifie, déplore ou projette, mais n'analyse jamais, contrairement à sa prétention, la réalité d'une façon totale. C'est un touche-à-tout qui ne cherche qu'à mieux s'esquiver. L'"originalité" de la géographie se trouverait dans la synthèse des facteurs physiques et humains. Il se cache là derrière une duperie de plus. Dans des sociétés archaïques à faible technicité, l'élément naturel est déterminant en ce qui concerne la vie (ou la survie) du groupe humain. Mais avec le progrès technique apparaît un "surproduit social" (Marx) qui donne naissance à la division sexuelle, puis sociale du travail, avec formation de classes basées sur l'exploitation et l'appropriation du surproduit social. Le problème n'est donc plus de savoir si tel milieu physique peut recevoir telle implantation humaine, mais plutôt quel est le système social de production qui développe ou limite la technologie, qui concentre ou répartit le surproduit social. La première vision, la vision géographique est condamnée à se noyer dans un fouillis de "facteurs" choisis à la gueule du client et à privilégier le facteur technique, apolitique et non subversif per excellence, dans la mesure où il est défini comme l'application d'une science en-soi sur une nature en-soi. La deuxième vision, réellement scientifique et anthropologique, replace le facteur physique à son importance historique (l'actuel niveau de technicité permettrait de s'en affranchir encore plus : ex les cultures sans sol) et s'attache à étudier en priorité la formation sociale, les rapports sociaux de production. Ceci explique pourquoi la géographie ne réussit à faire le "lien" entre le physique et l'humain que dans la mesure où il s'agit de sociétés agro-pastorales proches du collectivisme primitif, à niveau technique bas et le plus éloigné possible de l'économie de marché. Mais dès qu'apparaît le phénomène urbain, la monnaie, l'industrialisation, la géographie, en s'attachant à ses monographies villageoises, ses études parcellaires du tracé des lignes de bus ou de l'emplacement des marchés-gares, continue à nier le largage du facteur physique pour masquer la formation des classes, ainsi que leurs antagonismes. C'est ce qui explique pourquoi à aucun moment aucun géographe ne réussit à découvrir que de nos jours, l'opposition tiers-monde-pays industrialisés, villescampagnes, cités dortoirs-usines, etc., bref, le développement fondamentalement inégal du monde actuel, provient du MOTEUR-même du développement : c'est-à-dire l'appropriation par une classe du surproduit social (que ce soit la bourgeoisie ou la bureaucratie), concrétisée chez nous par la propriété privée des moyens de production et la recherche du profit. Nous aboutissons à la définition réelle de la géographie : la géographie, c'est la volonté de structurer de façon cohérente et tolérable un ordre spatial fondamentalement incohérent et intolérable du fait des critères de développement inégal et anarchique qui le régissent. La géographie est une idéologie et non une science. Une idéologie se distingue d'une science dans la mesure où elle est justification de l'ordre existant et non étude implacable de la réalité. En ceci, toute science est politique par essence (et corrélativement toute technique).
LA LUTTE CONTRE
LA
G
É
OGRAPHIE
,
C'EST LA
LUTTE CONTRE LA DOMINATION DE CLASSE, CONTRE LA BOURGEOISIE COMME CONTRE LA BUREAUCRATIE.
[5] LA GÉOGRAPHIE AU FEU, LES GÉOGRAPHES AU MILIEU
Les géographes sont avant tout des profs du aire. Actuellement s'annonce un dépérissement de la géographie au profit d'une initiation aux sciences économiques. Pourquoi? D'abord, par soucis d'éviter une évolution des géographes vers une véritable anthropologie globale. Malgré les programmes et la nature parcellaire de la discipline, le danger est trop grand en ces temps de contestation. Mais surtout, la géographie, en tant qu'idéologie humaniste, a fait son temps. La bourgeoisie n'a plus besoin de la "culture générale" (il y a la télé, la presse), mais veut, dans le cadre de sa production d'idiots spécialisés, des gens au courant des "techniques économiques" mais ignorant des mobiles de l'économie. Les géographes vont donc acheter des chemises bleu pâle et des cravates rayées pour se rapprocher des petits cons de Sciences Po et Sciences Eco. Il est donc temps de détruire la géographie au profit d'une véritable anthropologie (qui passe par la contestation idéologique de toutes les prétendues "sciences humaines" et de leur soumission à la bourgeoisie). Il est temps aussi de révolutionner l'enseignement en foutant dehors ceux qui lui passent actuellement les commandes. Quant aux géographes appliqués, à supposer que le capital veuille bien de leurs services, ce sont de dangereux individus qui nappent les braves gens de bonne conscience et masquent l'exploitation réelle. En quoi Gallais modifie-t-il les conditions de vie en Inde par ses monographies de villages autour d'Hyderabad? Qu'est-ce que Tricart aménage au Vénézuéla, sinon la domination impérialiste? À qui profitent les tris de cailloux dans le Bas-Rhône-Languedoc, sinon aux trusts fonciers? Le capitalisme ne peut plus fonctionner actuellement par la simple loi de l'offre et de la demande, sans foncer vers de graves crises. Il lui faut toute la racaille des aménageurs et des planificateurs pour rafistoler son cadavre ambulant. Que la gangrène les bouffe. Si vous vous sentez assez courageux pour réorganiser les études, faites-le sur vos propres critères, en ouvrant les facs à tous, en supprimant la géographie et les géographes, en terrorisant tous les fossiles du vieux monde. NE RÉFORMEZ PAS, DÉTRUISEZ! NE PARTICIPEZ PAS, CRÉEZ! BAISEZ, BON DIEU! la masse ce la commune étudiante de 1968, les tracts abondent, de format et de contenu extrêmement variables. Le document présenté ici, de par sa longueur, est à la limite du genre : son anonymat et sa matérialité (trois feuilles volantes imprimées en recto verso) l'y rattachent, mais on le verrait aussi bien figurer en éditorial d'un journal étudiant, dans une forme peutêtre légèrement plus policée. De facto, l'économie est la même et il y a un continuum entre le tract, le libelle et le canard ronéotypé, celui-ci pouvant accueillir ceux-là ou en reproduire la forme, en particulier à l'occasion d'un numéro de lancement, parfois destiné à demeurer unique. Autrement dit, il s'agit plutôt de proches modalités de la prise de parole étudiante dans un contexte particulièrement agité. • Les « années 68 » des sciences humaines et sociales lieux strasbourgeois – la géomorphologie, traitée sous le signe du dédain pour les « trieur[s] de caillou[x] », ou la géographie appliquée – ne sont pas suffisamment centrales pour apparaître biographiquement significatives. L'animosité qui se lit dans ces lignes est assez fidèle à ce que l'on sait du caractère houleux des relations entre professeurs et étudiants à Strasbourg en 1968. Six « mandarins » sont directement mis en cause, dont cinq sont aisément identifiables : par ordre d'ancienneté, René Raynal (1914-2002), géomorphologue à la trajectoire discrète, ancien résistant ; Étienne Juillard (1914-2006), spécialiste des relations ruralurbain, rénovateur de la réflexion sur la région dans les années 1960 et auteur d'une magistrale Europe rhénane en 1968 ; Jean Tricart (1920-2003), figure de proue de la rénovation de la géomorphologie, à l'origine d'une tentative pour créer un diplôme d'expert-géographe en 1958 et par ailleurs membre du PCF ; Jean Gallais (1926-1998), dont la thèse sur les paysans du Delta du Niger intérieur (1967) a fait date par son attention à la trame des ethnies et à leur culture technique ; enfin Henri Nonn (1929), auteur en 1965 d'une thèse sur Strasbourg : des densités aux structures urbaines. La violence de la confrontation a notoirement contribué au départ définitif du seul « rang B » parmi eux, Jean Gallais, alors à cheval entre Strasbourg et Rouen. Têtes de turc des étudiants, J. Tricart et J. Gallais sont également au coeur du développement précoce et systématique de la géographie appliquée à Strasbourg, dont de multiples indices donnent à penser qu'il fut largement à l'origine malaise local dans ce qu'il a de spécifique. Le libelle évoque cette question, sans lui donner non plus un poids considérable et sans analyser spécifiquement le placement d'étudiants à grande échelle dont J. Tricart s'était fait une spécialité et qui fut violemment contesté en mai-juin 1968. En revanche, les projets « structurels » concernant l'Institut de géographie sont plus longuement évoqués : ils visaient le transfert de celui-ci au sein de l'université scientifique en cours de constitution (une démarche équivalente eut lieu à Lille). Les auteurs du libelle moquent la recherche d'une distinction scientifique synonyme de « gloriole », le « marchandage » tous azimuts et les intérêts bien compris des futurs « PDG » de la structure. Le maître mot de l'autonomie, voulue par la réforme Faure (voir encadré) et prônée localement, est caricaturé sans relâche, en particulier par attelage dans des expressions improbables : « Ah, ce qu'on sera bien avec nos crédits autonomes, nos bâtiments autonomes, nos cartes autonomes, notre Tricart autonome », « bordel autonome », « crétins autonomes », « cuisine autonome » À qualifier tout et n'importe quoi, l'idée est entachée d'absurde et de dérisoire, se vide de sens. Si le sarcasme est protéiforme tout au long des six pages, et se couple avec une familiarité de ton sensible dans la dénomination des personnes, un autre trait général s'impose davantage encore : la férocité. Elle se déchaîne à toutes les pages, contre les « mandarins » locaux, contre les adeptes de la « participation » aux réformes d'Edgar Faure, contre les « techniciens » au service du « grand Capital », contre la géographie en général et l'institut strasbourgeois en particulier. Il s'agit de « traquer », « faire c tives » chier », « démanteler », « détruire », incendier, le tout au milieu d'insultes crânement assumées (« idiots », « connards », « fasciste », etc.). Cette posture hyperviolente visant la tabula rasa s'adjoint une strate d'injonctions (exprimées en majuscules) dont les slogans oscillent entre le credo anarchiste et un appel aux pulsions les plus « primales », sexe, cannibalisme, surjoués sous la forme d'un filet en bas de page. À n'en pas douter, cette férocité calculée a dû frapper ses destinataires, tant ses cibles nommément désignées que les lecteurs distants. Une telle violence verbale permet de prendre la mesure « tranchant 2 » de 68, bien éloigné des images rétrospectives du mouvement. Donner à lire un tel brûlot dans un numéro de revue évoquant doctement les transformations des sciences humaines et sociales dans les « années 68 » permet en première intention de créer un effet de contraste avec l'image euphémisée que produisent des bilans savants informés de la suite de l'histoire. Mais l'effet de contrepoint ne suffit pas à épuiser l'intérêt de ce texte. « années 68 » des sciences humaines et sociales « touche-à-tout ». Il moque la prétention à la « sagesse » et à l'« humanisme » si caractéristique des patrons de l'époque et, plus généralement, les mots de la tribu avec ce qu'ils charrient d'usages devenus « vieux ». Sa quête d'un « ordre spatial 3 » supposément harmonieux est frappée d'inanité par le « développement inégal et anarchique » des sociétés modernes. Le texte congédie la « racaille des aménageurs et des planificateurs » et dénonce l'inanité de la géographie appliquée, incapable d'apporter une amélioration à l'existence des populations dont elle traite, partant inutile, sinon complice de l'exploitation capitaliste. La discipline scolaire, véhicule du nationalisme, du colonialisme et de la société bourgeoise, a fait son temps et n'a plus de raison d'être, remplacée avantageusement par de nouveaux médias pour prodiguer la « culture générale » que réclame la demande sociale, ou alors contrainte à une mue vestimentaire dont le caractère violent et imagé est éloquent. On a bien là une cristallisation précoce de l'ensemble des schèmes révolutionnaires des années 1970 : critique de la non-scientificité de la géographie française, de son apolitisme et de son utilité problématique, de son déficit d'explicativité. Il n'y a en revanche guère de solution alternative, sinon une dissolution dans une « anthropologie globale » aux contours vagues et un marxisme dont les modalités de déclinaison géographique ne sont pas explorées, faute sans doute de vouloir imaginer la perpétuation d'une quelconque discipline. Le libelle se termine par une exploration implacable des marchés de la géographie (enseignement, « application » et aménagement), qui apparaissent dans l'impasse. Rarement texte de l'époque a su capter aussi clairement et avec autant d'acuité l'ensemble des griefs que nourrissaient les jeunes générations à l'encontre des vieilleries disciplinaires qu'on leur servait. Le contexte d'une ville où s'est inventé le situationnisme a-t-il aidé? De nombreuses références implicites semblent nourrir un texte à la clarté tranchante, sans doute insupportable pour ses cibles. Le sort fait à Jean Tricart, ancien jeune Turc en guerre vingt ans plus tôt contre le « formalisme » de la « géographie bourgeoise » et devenu l'une des figures d'autorité de la scène nationale (et portraituré ici en « adjudant-chef »), porte toute la charge d'une ironie générationnelle. 3 La formule « ordre spatial » est inédite pour l'époque et tranche avec le vocabulaire usuel, rarement aussi théoriciste. • À propos de « Propositions destruc tives »
La réforme Faure Après son triomphe électoral des 23-30 juin, le pouvoir a répondu de diverses manières au mouvement de 1968. D'un côté, sous l'influence des officines du « gaullisme d'ordre » (Audigier, 2012), une politique de répression des groupes gauchistes s'est progressivement déployée, sous le pilotage de Raymond Marcellin, ministre de l'intérieur de la fin mai 1968 à février 1974. Elle allait trouver dans la « loi anti-casseurs » du 30 avril 1970 son outil juridique d'élection. Mais, de l'autre, il apparaissait absolument nécessaire de réformer le fonctionnement universitaire (inchangé depuis les années 1890) et de tirer un trait sur la réforme Fouchet, dont le style autoritaire et les objectifs de spécialisation n'avaient pas peu contribué à l'embrasement du printemps. L'action d'Edgar Faure, nommé ministre de l'Éducation nationale le 10 juillet 1968, avec le soutien appuyé de De Gaulle, allait s'inscrire dans ce sens. Son action a visé à pacifier les relations avec toutes les composantes du monde universitaire, notamment par des consultations massives, et à impulser un effort financier sans précédent se traduisant notamment par des recrutements massifs et des constructions tous azimuts. La création de quatre centres expérimentaux (Dauphine, Vincennes, Anthony et Marseille-Luminy) a été diligentée durant l'été, dont trois allaient voir le jour dès l'année universitaire suivante (un seul a avorté). Mais la contribution la plus décisive a été l'élaboration tambour battant d'une loi d'orientation qui a profondément transformé le fonctionnement de l'université française. Le programme en fut présenté devant le parlement dès le 24 juillet, et après un été de consultations et un arbitrage favorable du président de la république début septembre, déboucha sur un texte transmis le 19 septembre à l'Assemblée nationale. Après deux mois de joutes et de compromis, il fut définitivement adopté le 22 novembre. La loi d'orientation de l'enseignement supérieur a mis fin à une configuration dans laquelle l'État pilotait le fonctionnement du système facultaire par l'entremise de doyens nommés et d'une administration à sa main, système dans lequel les pouvoirs relatifs concédés aux agents étaient monopolisés par les professeurs. Cette verticale du pouvoir a été remplacée par un système qu'on appellerait aujourd'hui bottom-up dont la brique de base était les Unités d'enseignement et de recherche (UER), regroupant une ou plusieurs disciplines, UER réunies en université, dotées d'une personnalité morale et juridique et lieu d'exercice d'un pouvoir universitaire aux prérogatives élargies. Le système reposait sur des élections à plusieurs niveaux associant plusieurs collèges (universitaires, étudiants, personnel) représentés en proportion diverses dans des conseils d'administration ayant notamment pour fonction d'élire un président, doté de prérogatives élargies et exerçant un réel pouvoir exécutif. La création en parallèle de conseils scientifiques réservés aux seuls enseignants-chercheurs fut une concession aux groupes de pression hostiles aux changements. Le mode d'ordre général était l'« autonomie » – financière, pédagogique, RHSH 26 • Les « années 68 » des sciences humaines et sociales scientifique – relative et encadrée dans les faits. Une de ses modalités, développée en parallèle, fut l'expérimentation des unités de valeur (UV), inspirées du système des credits américains et progressivement généralisées : elles remplaçaient les très rigides certificats par un système de formation « à la carte » où les étudiants pouvaient en théorie choisir dans un vaste catalogue d'enseignements. Dans les universités où cette logique a été réellement mise en oeuvre, elle a concouru à une redistribution complète de l'autorité professorale, reposant désormais sur l'adhésion estudiantine à des programmes et à des enseignements qui fragmentaient l'offre pédagogique et mettaient en concurrence professeurs et assistants. Les réformes impulsées par le ministère Faure ont créé un cli entre « participationnistes » et « anti », source de conflits homériques et rémanents dans certaines universités, en particulier le tout nouveau Centre universitaire expérimental de Vincennes (CUEV). Les élections organisées en février-mars 1969 dans les toutes nouvelles UER et universités ont été un moment clé pour la consolidation et la pérennité des réformes. Des taux de participation oscillant entre 40 et 70 % dans les collèges électoraux estudiantins ont à la fois imposé la démarche du ministre auprès des forces hostiles aux réformes et mis le mouvement anti-participationniste en minorité, même s'il a fallu quasiment une décennie pour que le principe de la participation apparaisse sans conteste comme une avancée démocratique. La réorganisation du paysage universitaire a conduit à Paris, Lyon et Aix-Marseille, à une séparation scientifico-politique du personnel en établissements distincts et rivaux. . Prost, A., 2013, « 1968 : La refondation des universités », dans Du changement à l'école. Les réformes de l'éducation de 1936 à nos jours, Paris, Seuil (L'univers historique), p. 167-188. Prost, A., 2004, « Mai 68 en perspective », dans Histoire de l'enseignement et. |
github_open_source_100_8_20140 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ca.wlu.hztw.myschedule.main;
import android.support.v7.widget.CardView;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import ca.wlu.hztw.myschedule.R;
import ca.wlu.hztw.myschedule.util.ColorManager;
public class LimitListRecyclerAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<LimitListRecyclerAdapter.ViewHolder> {
private final MainPresenter presenter;
private final MainContract.ItemClickListener listener;
public LimitListRecyclerAdapter(MainPresenter presenter, MainContract.ItemClickListener listener) {
this.presenter = presenter;
this.listener = listener;
}
@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.cell_limit_list, parent, false);
final ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(view);
return viewHolder;
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position) {
presenter.onBindLimitListViewHolder(holder, position);
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return presenter.getLimitListItemCount();
}
public class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder implements View.OnClickListener {
private CardView limitCard;
private TextView limitTime;
private TextView limitDesc;
private Button limitDiscard;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
limitCard = itemView.findViewById(R.id.cell_limit_card);
limitTime = itemView.findViewById(R.id.cell_limit_time);
limitDesc = itemView.findViewById(R.id.cell_limit_desc);
limitDiscard = itemView.findViewById(R.id.cell_limit_discard);
limitCard.setOnClickListener(this);
limitDiscard.setOnClickListener(this);
}
public void setLimitTime(String time) {
limitTime.setText(time);
}
public void setLimitDesc(String desc) {
limitDesc.setText(desc);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.cell_limit_card:
listener.onItemClick(v, getAdapterPosition());
break;
case R.id.cell_limit_discard:
int pos = getAdapterPosition();
if (presenter.deleteLimit(v, pos)) {
notifyItemRemoved(pos);
}
break;
}
}
}
}
|
SamuelRichardson_579 | English-PD | Public Domain | You say, that if a woman resolves not to marry till she finds herself addressed to by a man of strict virtue, she must be for ever single. If this be true, what wicked creatures are men? What a dreadful abuse of passions, given them for the noblest pur-poses, are they guilty of! I have a very high notion of the marriage-state. I remember what my uncle once averred; that a woman out of wedlock is half useless to the end of her being. How indeed do the duties of a good wife, of a good mother, and a worthy matron, well performed, dignify a woman! Let my aunt Selby’s example, in her enlarged sphere, set against that of any single woman of like years moving in her nar-row circle, testify the truth of the observation. My grandfather used to say, that families are little communities; that there are but few solid friendships out of them; and that they help to make up wor-thily, and to secure, the great community, of which they are so many miniatures. But yet it is my opinion, and I hope that I never by my practice shall discredit it, that a woman who, with her eyes open, marries a profligate man, had, generally, much better remain single all her life; since it is very likely, that by such a step she defeats, as to herself, all the good ends of society. What a dreadful, what a presumptuous risque runs she, who marries a wicked man, even hoping to re-claim him, when she cannot be sure of keeping her own principles! — Be not deceived; evil communication corrupts good ‘manner s; is a caution truly apostolical. The text you mention of the unbelieving husband being converted by the believing wife, respects, as I take it, the first ages of Christianity; and is an instruction to the converted wife to let her uncon — verted husband see in her behaviour to him, while he beheld her chaste conversation coupled with fear, the efficacy upon her own heart of the excellent doc-trines she had embraced. It could not have in view the woman who, being single, chose a. pagan husband in hopes of converting him. Nor can it give encour-agement for a woman of virtue and religion to marry a profligate in hopes of reclaiming him. Who can touch pitch, and not be defiled? As to Mr. Fenwick, I am far from having a bet-ter opinion of him than I have of Mr. Greville. You know what is whispered of him. He has more decency however: he avows not free principles, as the other does. But you must have observed how much he seems to enjoy the mad talk and free sen-timents of the other: and that other always bright — ens up and rises in his freedoms and impiety on Mr. Fenwick’s sly applauses and encouraging coun- tenance. In a word, Mr. Fenwick, not having the same lively things to say, nor so lively an air to carry them off, as Mr. Greville has, though he would be thought not to want sense, takes pains to show that he has as corrupt a heart. If I thought anger would not give him consequence, I should hardly forbear to show myself displeased, when he points by a leering eye, and by a broad smile, the free jest of the other, to the person present whom he thinks most apt to blush, as if for fear it should be lost; and still more, when on the modest cheek’s showing the sensibility of the person so insulted, he breaks out into a loud laugh, that she may not be able to recover herself. Surely these men must think us women egregious hypocrites: they must believe that we only affect modesty, and in our hearts approve of their free-dom: for, can it be supposed, that such as call themselves gentlemen, and who have had the edu-cation and opportunities that these two have had, would give themselves liberties of speech on pur-pose to affront us ? I hope I shall find the London gentlemen more polite than these our neighbours of the fox-chace: and yet hitherto I have seen no great cause to prefer them to the others. But about the court, and at the fashionable public places, I expect wonders. Pray Heaven, I may not be disappointed! Thank Miss Orme, in my name, for the kind wishes she sends me. Tell her, that her doubts of my affection for her are not just; and that I do really and indeed love her. Nor should she want the most explicit declarations of my love, were I not more afraid of her in the character of a sister to a truly respectable man, than doubtful of her in that of a friend to rut’: in which latter light, I even joy to consider her. But she is a little naughty, tell her, because she is always hading to one subject. And yet, how can I be angry with her for it, if her good opinion of me induces her to think it in my power to make the brother happy, whom she so dearly and deservedly loves? 1 cannot but esteem her for the part she takes. — And this it is that makes me afraid of the artlessly-artful Miss Orme. It would look as if I thought my duty, and love? and respects, were questionable, if in every letter I repeated them to my equally honoured and beloved benefactors, friends, and favourers. Sup — pose them therefore always included in my sub — scription to you, my Lucy, when I tell you that I am, and will be, Your ever-affectionate HARRIET BYRON. Letter VII. Mr. Selby to Miss Byron. Selby-house, Jan. 30. Well! and now there wants but a London lover or two to enter upon the stage, and Vanity-Fair will be proclaimed, and directly opened. Greville every where magnifying you in order to justify his flame for you: Fenwick exalting you above all women: Orme adoring you, and by his hum-ble silence saying more than any of them: pro posals besides from this man: letters from that! What scenes of flattery and nonsense have I been witness to for these past three years and half, that young Mr. Elford began the dance? Single! Well may you have remained single till this your twen-tieth year, when you have such ehoice of admirers, that you don’t know which to have. So in a mer-cer’s shop, the tradesman has a fine time with you women; when variety of his rich wares distract you; and fifty to one at last, but as well in men as silks, you choose the worst, especially if the best is offered at first, and refused. For women know belter how to be sorry, than to amend. “It is true, say you, that we young women are apt to be pleased with admiration” — Oil oh! Are you so? And so I have gained one point with you at last; have I? “But I have always endeavoured” [And I, Har-riet, wish you had succeeded in your endeavours] “ to keep down any foolish pride” — Then you own that pride you have? — Another point gained! Con-science, honest conscience, ivill now-and-then make you women speak out. But now I think of it, here is vanity in the very humility. Well say you endea- voured, when female pride, like love, though hid under a barrel, will flame out at the bung. Well, said I, to your aunt Selby, to your grand-mamma, and to your cousin Lucy, when we all met to sit in judgment upon your letters, now I hope you’ll never dispute with me more on this flagrant love of admiration which I have so often observed swallows up the hearts and souls of you all; since your Harriet is not exempt from it; and since with all your speciousness, with all her prudence, with all her caution, she (taken with the qualm of conscience) owns it. But, no, truly! All is right that you say: all is right that you do! — Your very confessions are brought as so many demonstrations of your diffi-dence, of your ingenuousness, and I cannot tell what. Why, 1 must own, that no father ever loved his daughter as I love my niece: but yet, girl, your faults, your vanities, I do not love. It is my glory, that 1 think myself able to judge of my friends as they deserve; not as being my friends. Why, the best beloved of my heart, your aunt herself — you know, I value her now more, now less, as she deserves. But with all those I have named, and with all your relations, indeed, their Harriet cannot be in fault. And why? Because you are related to them; and because they attribute to themselves some merit from the relation they stand in to you. Super eroga-torians all of them ( I will make words whenever I please) with their attributions to you; and because you are of their sex, forsooth; and because I accuse you in a point in which you are all concerned, and so make a common cause of it. Here one exalts you for your good sense; because you have a knack, by help of a happy memory, of making every thing you read, and every thing that is told you, that you like, your own (your grand-father’s precepts paiticularly); and because, I think, you pass upon us as your own what you have borrowed, if not stolen. Another praises you for your good-nature — The deuce is in it, if a girl who has crowds of admirers after her, and a new lover wherever she shows her bewitching face; who is blest with health and spi-rits; and has every-body for her friend, let her de serve it or not; can be z//-natured. Who can such a one have to quarrel with, trow? Another extols you for your cheerful wit, even when displayed, bold girl as you are, upon your uncle; in which indeed you are upheld by the wife of my bosom, whenever I take upon me to tell you what ye all, even the best of ye, are. Yet sometimes they praise your modesty: and why your modesty? — Because you have a skin in a manner transparent; and because you can blush — I was going to say, whenever you please. At other times, they will find out, that you have features equally delicate and regular; when I think, and I have examined them jointly and separately, that all your taliivgness is owing to that open and cheerful countenance, which gives them a gloss (or what shall I call it?) that we men are apt to be pleas-ed with at first sight. A gloss that takes one, as it were, by surprize. But give me the beauty that grows upon us every time we see it; that leaves room for something to be found out to its advan-tage, as we are more and more acquainted with it. “Your correcting uncle,” you call me. And so I will be. But what hope have I of your amendment, when every living soul, man, woman, and child, that knows you, puffs you up? There goes Mr. Selby! I have heard strangers say — And who is Mr. Selby? another stranger has asked — Why, Mr. Selby is uncle to the celebrated Miss Byron. — Yet I, who have lived fifty years in tin’s country, should think I might be known on my oivn account, and not as the uncle of a girl of twenty. “Am I not a saucy creature?” in another place you ask. And you answer, “ I know I am.” I am glad you do. Now may I call you so by j’our own authority, I hope. But with your aunt, it is only the effect of your agreeable vivacity. What abomi-nable partiality! E’en do what you will, Harriet, you’ll never be in fault. I could almost wish — But I won’t tell you what I wish neither. But some-thing must betide you, that you little think of; de pend upon that. AH your days cannot be halcyon ones. I would give a thousand pounds with all my soul, to see you heartily love: ay, up to the very ears, and unable to help yourself! You are not thirty yet, child: and, indeed, you seem to think the time of danger is not over. I am glad of your consciousness, my dear. Shall I tell Greville of your doubts, and of your difficulties, Harriet? As to the ten coming years, I mean? And shall I tell him of your prayer to pass them safely? — But is not this wish of yours, that ten years of bloom were over-past, and that you were arrived at the thirtieth year nf your age, a very singular one? — A flight! a mere Might! Ask ninety-nine of your sex out of an hundred, if they would adopt it. In another letter you ask Lucy, “ If Mr. Greville has not said, that flattery is dearer to a woman than her food.” Well niece, and what would you be at? Is it not so? — I do aver, that Mr. Greville is a sen-sible man; and makes good observations. “Men’s chief strength, you say, lies in the weakness of women.” Why so it does. Where else should it lie? And this from their immeasurable love of admiration and flattery, as here you seem to acknowledge of your own accord, though it has been so often perversely disputed with me. Give you women but rope enough, you’ll do your own business. However, in many places you have pleased me: but no-where more than when you recollect my averment (without contradicting it; which is a rarity!) “ that a woman out of wedlock is half use-less to the end of her being.” Good girl! That was an assertion of mine, and I will abide by it. Lucy simpered when we came to this place, and looked at me. She expected, I saw, my notice upon it; so did your aunt: but the confession was so frank, that I was generous; and only said, True as the gospel. I have written a long letter: yet have not said one quarter of what I intended to say when I began. You will allow that you have given your correcting uncle, ample subject. But you fare something the better for saying, “ you unbespeak not your monitor.” You own that you have some vanity. Be more free in your acknowledgments of this nature (you may; for are you not a woman?) and you’ll fare something the better for your ingenuousness; and the rather, as your acknowledgment will help me up with your aunt and Lucy, and your grandmamma, in an argument I will not give up. I have had fresh applications made to me — But I will not say from whom: since we have agreed long ago not to prescribe to so discreet a girl, as in the main we all think you, in the articles of love and marriage. With ah your faults I must love you. I am half ashamed to say how much I miss you already. We are all naturally cheerful folks: yet, I don’t know how it is; your absence has made a strange chasm at our table. Let us hear from you every post: that will be something. Your doting aunt tells the hours on the day she expects a letter. Your grandmother is at present with us, and in heart I am sure regrets your absence: but as your tenderness to her has kept you from going to London for so many years, she thinks she ought to be easy. Her example goes a great way with us all, you know; and particularly with Your truly affectionate (though correcting) uncle, GEO. SELBY. Letter VIII. Miss Byron to Miss Selby. Tuesday, January 31. I am already, my dear Lucy, quite contrary to my own expectation, enabled to obey the third gene-ral injunction laid upon me at parting, by you, and all my dear friends; since a gentleman, not incon-siderable in his family or fortune, has already beheld your Harriet with partiality. Not to heighten your impatience by unnecessary parade, his name is Folder. He is a young gentle-man of an handsome independent fortune, and still larger expectations from a Welch uncle now in town, Sir Rowland Meredith, knighted in his sheriffalty, on occasion of an address which he brought tip to the king from his county. Sir Rowland, it seems, requires from his nephetr, on pain of forfeiting his favour for ever, that he mar-ries not without his approbation: which, he de dares, he never will give, except the woman be of a good family; has a gentlewoman’s fortune; has had the benefit of a religious education; which he considers as the best security that can be given for her good behaviour as a wife, and as a mother; so for-ward does the good knight look! Her” character unsullied: acquainted with the theory of the do-mestic duties, and not ashamed, occasionally, to en ter into the direction of the practice. Her fortune, however, as his nephew will have a good one, he declares to be the least thing he stands upon; only that he would have her possessed of from six to ten thousand pounds, that it may not appear to be a match of mere love, and as if his nephew were taken in, as he calls it, rather by the eyes than by the understanding. Where a woman can have such a fortune given her by her family, though no greater, it will be an earnest, he says, that the family she is of have worth, as he calls it, and want not to owe obligations to that of the man she marries. Something particular, something that has the look of forecast and prudence, you’ll say, in the old knight. O but I had like to have forgot; his future niece must also be handsome. He values himself, it seems, upon the breed of his horses and dogs, and makes polite comparisons between the more noble, and the less noble animals. Sir Rowland himself, as you will guess by his par-ticularity, is an old batchelor, and one who wants to have a woman made on purpose for his nephew: and who positively insists upon qualities, before In-knows her, not one of which, perhaps, his future niece will have. Don’t you remember Mr. Tolson, of Derbyshire? he was determined never to marry a widow. If he did, it should be one who had a vast fortune, and who never had a child. And he had still a more particular exception; and that was to a woman who had red hair. He held his exceptions till he was forty; and then being looked upon as a determined batchelor, no family thought it worth their while to make proposals to him; no woman to throw out a net for him (to express myself in the stile of the gay Mr. Greville); and he at last fell in with, and married, the laughing Mrs Turner: a widow, who had little or no fortune, had one child, a daughter, living, and that child an absolute ideot; and, to complete the perverseness of his fate, her hair not only red, but the most disagreeable of reds. The honest man was grown splenetic: disregarded by every body, he was become disregardful of himself: he hoped for a cure of his gloominess, from her cheerful vein; and seemed to think himself under obligation to one who had taken notice of him, when nobody else would. Batchelors’ wives! Maids’ children! These old saws always mean something. Mr. Fowler saw me at my cousin Reeves’s the first time. I cannot say he is disagreeable in his person: but he seems to want the mind I would have a man blessed with, to whom J am to vow love and honour. I purpose, whenever I marry, to make a very good and even a dutiful wife [must I not vow obe-dience? and shall I break my marriage-vow?]: I would not, therefore, on any consideration, marry a man, whose want of knowledge might make me stagger in the performance of my duty to him; and who would perhaps command from caprice, or want cf understanding, what I should think unreasonable to be complied with. There is a pleasure and a credit in yielding up even one’s judgment in things indifferent, to a man who is older and wiser than one’s self: but we are apt to doubt in one of a contrary character, what in the other we should have no doubt about: and doubt, you know, of a per- son’s merit, is the first step to disrespect: and what, but disobedience, which lets in every evil, is the next? I saw instantly that Mr. Fowler beheld me with a distinguished regard. We women, you know [let me for once be aforehand with my uncle] are very quick in making discoveries of this nature. But every — body at table saw it. He came again next day. and besought Mr — Reeves to give him his inte-rest with me. without asking any questions about my fortune: though he was even generously particular as to his own. He might, since he has an unexcep- tionable one. Who is it in these cases that forgets to set foremost the advantages by which he is distinguished? While fortune is the last thing talked of by him who has little or none: and then Love, love, love % is all his crv. Mr. Reeves, who has a good opinion of Mr. Fowler, in answer to his enquiries, told him, that he believed I was disengaged in my affections: Mr. Fowler rejoiced at that. That I had no questions to ask: but those of duty: which indeed, he said, was a stronger tie with me than interest. He praised my temper, and my frankness of heart: the latter at the expence of mv sex: for which I least thanked him. when he told me what he had said. In short, he acquainted him with every thing that was necessary, and more than was necessary for him to know, of the favour of my family, and of my good Mr. Deane, in referring all proposals of this kind to myself; mingling the detail with commendations, which only could be excused by the goodness of his own heart, and accounted for bv Ids partiality to his cousin. Mr. Fowler expressed great apprehensions on mv cousin’s talking of these references of mv grand-mother, aunt, and Mr. Deane, to myself, on occa — sions of this nature; which, he said, he presumed had been too frequent for his hopes. If you have any hope, Mr. Fowler, said Mr. Reeves, it must be in your good character; and that much preferably to your clear estate and great expectations. Although she takes no pride in the number of her admirers, yet it is natural to suppose, that it has made her more difficult: and her diffi-culties are enhanced, in proportion to the generous confidence which all her friends have in her discretion. And when I told him. proceeded Mr Reeves, that your fortune exceeded greatly what Sir Row-land required in a wife for him; and that you had, as well from inclination, as education, a serious turn: Too much, too much, in one person, cried he out. As to fortune, he wished you had not a shilling; and if he could obtain your favour, he should be the happiest man in the world. O my good Mr. Reeves, said I, how have you over-rated my merits! Surely, you have not eiven Mr. Fowler your interest? If you haie, should you not. for his sake, have known something of my mind before you had eet me out thus, had I even deserved your high opinion? — Mr. Fowler might have reason to repent the double well-meant kindru >s of his friend, if men in these days were used to break their hearts for love. It is the language I do and must talk of you in, to every body, returned Mr. Reeves: is it not the “hat those most taik who know you best? Where the world is inclined to favour, replied I, it i> apt to ■ ■ — rati . as much as it will:.’ .ifr-rate where ■ 4 disfavours. In this case, you should not have proceeded so far as to engage a gentleman’s hopes. What may be the end of all this, but to make a compassionate nature, as mine has been thought to be, if Mr. Fowler should be greatly in earnest, uneasy to itself, in being obliged to shew pity, where she cannot return love? What I have said, I have said, replied Mr. Reeves. Pity is but one remove from love. Mrs. Reeves (there she sits) was first brought to pity me; for never was man more madly in love than I; and then I thought myself sure of her. And so it proved. I can tell you I am no enemy to Mr. Fowler. And so, my dear, Mr. Fowler seems to think he has met with a woman who would make a fit wife for him: but your Harriet, I doubt, has not in Mr. Fowler met with a man whom she can — think a fit husband for her. The very next morning, Sir Rowland himself — But now, my Lucy, if I proceed to tell you all the fine things that are said of me, and to me, what will my uncle Selby say? Will he not attribute all I shall repeat of this sort, to that pride, to that va-nity, to that fondness of admiration, which he, as well as Mr. Greville, is continually charging upon all our sex? Yet he expects that I shall give a minute account of every thing that passes, and of every conversation in which I have any part. Flow shall I do to please him? And yet I know I shall best please him, if I give him room to find fault with me. But then should he for my faults blame the whole sex? Is that just? You will tell me, I know, that if I give speeches and conversations, I ought to give them justly: that the humours and characters of persons cannot be known unless I repeat xvhat they say, and their manner of saying: that I must leave it to the speakers and complimenters to answer for the likeness of the pictures they draw: that I know best my own heart, and whether I am puffed up by the praises given me: that if I am, I shall discover it by my superciliousness; and be enough punished on the discovery, by incurring, from those I love, deserved blame, if not contempt, instead of preserving their wished-for esteem. — Let me add to all this, that there is an author (I forget who) who says, “ It is lawful to repeat those things, though spoken in our praise, that are necessary to be known, and cannot otherwise be come at.” And now let me ask, Will this preamble do, once for all? It will. And so says my aunt Selby. And so says every one but my uncle. Well then I will proceed, and repeat all that shall be said, and that as well to my disadvantage as advantage; only resolving not to be exalted with the one, and to do my endeavour to amend by the other. And here, pray tell my uncle, that I do not desire he will spare me; since the faults he shall find in his Harriet shall always put her upon her guard. — Not, however, to conceal them from his discerning eye; but to amend them. And now, having, as I said, once for all, prepared you to guard against a surfeit of self- praise, though delivered at second or third hand, I will go on with my narrative — But hold — my paper reminds me that I have written a monstrous letter — I will therefore, with a new sheet, begin a new one. Only adding to this, that I am, and ever will be, Your affectionate HARRIET BYRON. P.S. Well, but what shall I do now? — I have just received my uncle’s letter. And, after his charge upon me of vanity and pride, will my parade, as above, stand me in any stead? — I must trust to it. Only one word to my dear and ever-ho-noured uncle — Don’t you, Sir, impute to me a belief of the truth of those extravagant compli-ments made by men professing love to me; and I will not wish you to think me one bit the wiser, the handsomer, the better, for them, than I was before. Letter IX. Miss Byron. In Continuation. Thursday, February 2. The very next morning Sir Rowland himself paid his respects to Mr. Reeves. The knight, before he would open himself very freely as to the business he came upon, desired that lie might have an opportunity to see me. I knew nothing of him, nor of his business. We were just going to breakfast. Miss Allestree, Miss Bramber, and MissDolyns, ayoung lady of merit, were with us. Just as we had taken our seats, Mr. Reeves intro-duced Sir Rowland, but let him not know which was Miss Byron. He did nothing at first sitting down, but peer in our faces by turns; and fixing his eye upon Miss Allestree, he jogged Mr. Reeves with his elbow — Hay, Sir? — audibly whispered he, Mr. Reeves was silent. Sir Rowland, who is short-sighted, then looked under his bent brows, at Miss Bramber; then at Miss Uolyns; and then at me — Hay, Sir? whispered he again. He sat out the first dish of tea with an impatience equal, as it seemed, to his uncertainty. And at last taking Mr. Reeves by one of his buttons, desired a word with him. They withdrew together; and the knight, not quitting hold of Mr. Reeves’s button, Ad’s-my-life, Sir, said he, I hope I am right. I love my nephew as I love myself. I live but lor him. He ever was dutiful to me his uncle. If that be Miss Byron who sits on the right-hand of your lady, with the countenance of an angel, her eyes sparkling with good humour, and blooming as a May- morning, the business is done. I give my consent. Although I heard not a word pass from her lips, I am sure she is all intelligence, sly boy shall have her. The other young ladies are agreeable: but if this be the lady my kinsman is in love with, he shall have her. How will she outshine all our Caermarthen ladies; and yet we have charming girls in Caermarthen! — Am I, or am I not right, Mr. Reeves, as to my ne-phew’s A ame, as they call it? The lady you describe, Sir Rowland, is Miss Byron. And then Mr. Reeves, in his usual partial man-ner, let his heart overflow at his lips in my favour. Thank God, thank God! said the knight. Let us return. Let us go in again. I will say some- thing to her to make her speak: but not a word to dash her. I expect her voice to be music, if it be as harmonious as the rest of her. By the softness or harshness of her voice, let me tell you, Mr. Reeves, I form a judgment of the heart, and soul, and manners, of a lady. ’Tis a criterion, as they call it, of my own; and I am hardly ever mistaken. Let us go in again, I pray ye. They returned, and took their seats; the knight making an awkward apology for taking my cousin out. Sir Rowland, his forehead smoothed, and his face shining, sat swelling, as big with meaning, yet not knowing how to begin. Mrs. Reeves and Miss Al-lestree were talking at the re-entrance of the gen — tlemen. Sir Rowland thought he must say some — thing, however distant from his main purpose. Breaking silence therefore; You, ladies, seemed to be deep in discourse when we came in. What-ever were your subject, I beg you will resume it. They had finished, they assured him, what they had to say. Sir Rowland seemed still at a loss. He hemmed three times; and looked at me with particular kindness. Mr. Reeves then, in pity to his fulness, asked him how long he proposed to stay in town? He had thought, he said, to have set out in a week; but something had happened, which he believed could not be completed under a. fortnight. Yet I want to be down, said he; for I had just finished, as I came up, the new-built house I design to present to my nephew when he marries. I pretend, plain man as I am, to be a judge, both of taste and elegance [Sir Rowland was now set a going] . All I wish for is to see him happily settled. Ah, ladies! that I need not go further than this table for a wife for my boy? We all smiled, and looked upon each other. You young ladies, proceeded he, have great ad-vantages in certain cases over us men; and this (which I little thought of till it came to be my own case) whether we speak for our kindred or for our-selves. But will you, madam, to Mrs. Reeves, will you, sir, to Mr. Reeves, answer my questions — as to these ladies? — I must have a niece among them. My nephew, though I say it, is one whom any lady may love: and as for fortune, let me alone to make him, in addition to his own, all clear as the sun, worthy of any woman’s acceptance, though she were a duchess. We were all silent, and smiled upon one another. What I would ask then, is, Which of the ladies before me — Mercy! I believe by their smiling, and by their pretty looks, they are none of them engaged. I will begin with the young lady on your right hand. She looks so lovely, so good-natured, and so condescending! — Mercy! what an open fore-head! — Hem! — Forgive me, madam; but I believe you would not disdain to answer my question your-self. Are you, madam, are you absolutely and bond Jide, disengaged? or are you not? As this, Sir Rowland, answered I, is a question I can best resolve, I frankly own, that I am disengaged. Charming! charming! — Mercy! Why now what a noble frankness in that answer! — No jesting mat-ter! You may smile, ladies. I hope, madam, you say true: I hope I may rely upon it, that your affections are not engaged. You may, Sir Rowland. I do not love, even in jest, to be guilty of an untruth. Admirable! — But let me tell you, madam, that I hope you will not many days have this to say. Ad’s-my lite! sweet soul! how I rejoice to see that charm — ing flush in the finest cheek in the world! But hea — ven forbid that I should dash so sweet a creature! — Well, but now there is no going further. Excuse me, ladies; I mean not a slight to any of you: but now, you know, there is no going further:— And will you, madam, permit me to introduce to you, as a lover, as an humble servant, a very proper and agreeable young man? Let me introduce him: he is my nephew. Your looks are all graciousness. Per-haps you have seen him: and if you are really dis engaged, you can have no objection to him; of that I am confident. And I am told, that you have no-body that either can or will controul you. The more controulable for that verj — reason, Sir Rowland. Ad’s-my-life, I like your answer. Why, madam, \ on must be full as good as you look to be. I wish I were a young man myself for your .sake! But tell me, madam, will you permit a visit from mv nephew this afternoon? — Come, come, dear young lady, be as gracious as you look to be. Fortune must do. Had you not a shilling, I should rejoice in such a niece; and that is more than I ever said in my life before. My nephew is a sober man, a modest man. lie has a good estate of his own: a clear 2000I. a year. I will add to it in my life-time as much more. Be all this good company witnesses for me. I am no flincher. It is well known that the word of Sir Rowland Meredith is as good as his bond at all times. I love these open doings. I love to be above-board. What signifies shilly-shally? What says the old proverb? Happy is the wooing That is not long a doing. But, Sir Rowland, said I, there are proverbs that may be set against your proverb. You hint that I have seen the gentleman: now I have never yet seen the man whose addresses I could encourage. O, I like you the better for that. None but the giddy love at first sight. Ad’s-my-life, you would have been snapt up before now, young as you are, could you easily have returned love for love. Why, madam, you cannot be above sixteen? O, Sir Rowland, you are mistaken. Cheerfulness, and a contented mind, make a difference to advan-tage of half a dozen years at any time. I am much nearer twenty-one than nineteen, I assure you. Nearer to twenty-one than nineteen, and yet so freely tell your age without asking! Miss Byron, Sir Rowland, said Mrs. Reeves, is young enough at twenty, surely, to her own age. True, madam; but at twenty, if not before, time always stands still with women. A lady’s age once known, will be always remembered; and that more for spite than love. At twenty- eight or thirty, I be lieve most ladies are willing to strike off half a dozen years at least. — And yet, and yet, (smiling, and looking arch) I have always said (pardon me, la-dies) that it is a sign, when women are so desirous to conceal their age, that they think they shall be good tor nothing when in years. Ah. ladies! shaking his head, and laughing, Avomen don’t think of that. But how I admire you, madam, for your frankness! Would to the Lord you were twenty- four! — I would have no woman marry under twenty-four: and that, let me tell you, ladies, for the following reasons — standing up, and putting the fore-finger of his right-hand, extended with a flourish, upon the thumb of his left. O, Sir Rowland! I doubt not but you can give very good reasons. And I assure you, I intend not to marry on the wrong side, as I call it, of twenty-four. Admirable, by mercy! but that won’t do neither. The man lives not, young lady, who will stay your time, if he can have you at his. I love your noble frankness. Then such sweetness of countenance (sitting down, and audibly whispering, and jogging my cousin with his elbow I such dove-like eyes, daring to tell all that is in the honest heart! — I am a phvsiognomist. madam (raising his voice to me.) Ad’s-my-life, you are a perfect paragon! Say you will encourage my boy. or you will be worse off; for (standing up again) I will come and court you my-self A good estate gives a man confidence; and. when I set about it — Hum! — (one hand stuck in his side; flourishing with the other) no woman yet, I do assure you — ever won my heart as you have done. O Sir Rowland, I thought vou were too wise to be swayed bv first impressions: none but the giddy, you know, love at first sight, c Admirable! admirable indeed! I knew you had wit at will; and I am sure you have wisdom. Know you, ladies, that tvit and wisdom are two different things, and are very rarely seen together? Plain man as I appear to be (looking on himself first on one side, then on the other, and unbuttoning his coat two buttons to let a gold braid appear upon his waistcoat) I can tell ye, I have not lived all this time for nothing. I am considered in Wales — Hem! — But I will not praise myself. — Ad’s-my-life! how do this young lady’s perfections run me all into tongue! — But I see you all respect her as well as I; so I need not make apology to the rest of you young ladies, for the distinction paid to her. I wish I had as many nephews as there are ladies of ye disengaged: by mercy, we would be all of kin. Thank you, Sir Rowland, said each of the young ladies, smiling, and diverted at his oddity. But as to my observation, continued the knight, that none but the giddy love at first sight; there is no general rule without exception, you know: every man must love you at first sight. Do I not love you myself? and yet never did I see you before, nor any-body like you. You know not what you do, Sir Rowland, to raise thus the vanity of a poor girl. How may you make conceit and pride run away with her, till she become contemptible for both in the eye of every person whose good opinion is worth cultivating ? Ad’s-my-life, that’s prettily said! But let me tell you, that the she who can give this caution in the midst of her praisings, can be in no danger of being run away with by her vanity. Why, madam! you extort praises from me! I never ran on so glibly in praise of mortal woman before. You must cease to look, to smile, to speak, I can tell you, if you would have me cease to praise you! ‘Trs well you are not a young man, Sir Rowland, said Miss Allestree. You seem to have the art of engaging a woman’s attention. You seem to know how to turn her own artillery against her; and, as your sex generally do, to exalt her in courtship, that you may have it in your power to abase her afterwards. |
US-1903177455-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Means for recovering magnetic iron from ore-separating tanks.
N0.vse,94s. PATENTED APR.11,1905. I}. s. BENNETT.
MBAN S'FOR RBGOVBRI'NG MAGNETIC IRON PROM ORE SEPARATING TANKS.
' AgPmoATlon rum) 001.17, 1902. v
Patented April 11, 1905.
PAT NT OFFICE. I
ERASTUS S. BENNETT, OF NEW YORK, N.,Y.
' MlEANS FOR RECOVEBING MAGNETIC IRON FROM ORE-SEPARATING TANKS.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 786,946, dated April 11, 1905.
Application filed October 1'7, 1903. Serial No. 177,455.
To all whom it may concern.-
ters Patent of the United States filed by me,
Serial No. 17 7,7 98, dated October 20, 1903.
All placer-sand has more or less magnetic iron therein, and I aim to subject the placer material while passing through the separating-tank to the action of magnets, so as to extract from the said material the magnetic iron.
The primary object of my invention is to save gold, including the infinitely-fine particles which are found adhering to the exterior of the grains of iron-sand. I do this by subjecting the iron-sand to a scouring action of jets under high pressure, which separates from the said iron-sand the mlcroscopic par- .ticles of gold, and the iron-sand particles denuded of the gold are immediately removed from the tankyso as notto interfere with the subsequent recovery. of these'free gold particles by preventing their gravitation into the pockets provided for their recovery.
The invention consists in the features and the combination and arrangement of parts hereinafter described, and particularly pointed out in the claims.
In the accompanyingdrawings, Figure 1 is a side elevation of a gold-saving apparatus.
with my invention applied thereto. Fig. 2 is a transverse sectional view of Fig. 1 on line A A thereof. Fig. 3 is a side view, partlybroken away, showing a modified form of the invention. Fig. 4 is a transverse sectional view. of
Fig. 3on the line B B. Fig. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of a separating-tank with a further-modified form of my invention applied thereto. Fig. 6 is a transverse sectional view of Fig. 5 on the line C C thereof. Fig. 7 is a detail view showing circuit connections, and Fig. 8 is a detail sectional view showing the arrangement of magnets and the carrying-belt for the magnetic iron.
My invention is particularly designed for use in connection with a separating-tank of theshape of the letter V in cross-section or multiples. thereof such, for instance, as is disclosed in Letters Patent of the United States granted to me March 13, 1894, N0. 516,624-though it will be understood that I do not wish to limit myself to this particular cross-sectional form of separating-tank.
Referring to Fig. l, the tank is indicated at 1, having at one end a rotary grate or separat0r2 associated therewith, and in the bottom of the tank a water-distributing pipe 3 is ar-' ranged, one for each valley or V-shaped formation. The material is introduced through the separator 2 and is subjected to the action of the water which is projected up from the distributing-pipes inthe form of jets, as indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 2. The jetnozzles of the distributing-pipes are so arranged as to throw two series of jets upwardly in each of the valleys, these jets rising from the center of the valley and flowing over to the sides toproduce currents passing down along the said sides, so that the ore may be recovered by either gravitating onto suitable ledges on the sides of the valley or will amalgamate with mercury arranged in. pockets and on aprons between the pockets supported on the sides of the tank. The jet-nozzles all incline toward the'tailings end of the tank, so that there will be produced in each valley two spiral currents of the water, carrying the material up and down the sides of the valley and moving it gradually toward the tailings end, where the tailings and overflow-water discharge through the opening 4:.
The invention is particularly designed to recover the minute particles of gold adhering to the iron-sand contained in placer material and to then immediately remove the said ironsand, so that the same will not prevent the free gold particles from gravitating into the mercury-pockets provided for the recovery of the gold. The separation of the small particles of gold from the iron-sand is effected by subect1ng the lron-sand to the securing action of .the jets, which being under considerable pressure will remove the gold particles from the iron-sand. After this the free gold particles must be recovered by gravitation or amalgamation or by gravitating into mercury-pockets, and were this denuded iron-sand left in the tan k it would materially prevent the gravitation of the light and flaky gold into the mercury-pockets by resting on the surface of the mercury and shedding ofi these lighter particles of gold. I therefore provide means for immediately removing the denuded iron-sand as soon as the gold particles have been removed therefrom, so that the subsequent steps in the process may be carried out without being interfered with by this iron-sand. For this purpose I provide means between the inlet and tailings end of the tank for removing the iron-sand, so that as soon as scoured the iron-sand will be removed, and no opportunity will be afforded for its deposit at points where it would prevent the recovery of the free gold.
In order to remove the magnetic iron contained in the placer material immediately after it has been scoured by the jets, I arrange magnets in the tanks, and in one embodiment of my invention a series of electromagnets 5 is arranged in each of the valleys centrally thereof, as shown in Fig. 2, the said series of magnets inclining upwardly and rearwardly from the lower end of the series, as shown in Fig. 1. The series of magnets are supported in any suitable manner, and encircling the series there is a carrying-belt 6, preferably of rubber, which passes over pulleys 7 at the ends of the series journaled in brackets 8, extending from the support which carries the magnets. The upper end of the belt projects somewhat above the upper edge of the tank, and in the space below there is arranged a transverse belt 9, passing over pulleys 10 and guide-pulleys 1.1, supported in brackets 12 from the sides of the tank.
Fig. 2 shows the circuit connections leading to the two series of magnets in the valleys of the W-formed tank, and Fig. 1 indicates by the arrow the direction of movement of the recovering-belt. In operation the magnets attract magnetic iron and hold it against the belts, so that the said iron will be carried up out of the tank and over the transverse belt, at which point the magnetic iron will be free from the influence of the magnets and willfall onto the transverse belt, to be carried laterally of the machines to be deposited in a receptacle 13, as shown in Fig. 2. It will be understood, of course, that the magnets are arranged with their pole-pieces directed toward the traveling belt in Fig. 1, and in Fig. 8 I show a detail of the magnets in their relation to the carrying-belt 6.
Referring to Fig. 3, I show another form of my invention, in which instead of having stationary magnets and a belt traveling about the same I mountthe series of magnets on the periphery of a wheel 1 1, carried by a shaft 15, so that its lower periphery will extend down into the tank. Around this magnetic wheel a belt 16 passes, which leaves the periphery of the magnetic wheel at 17 and passes over guide-rollers 18 19, the latter of which overlies a belt 20, moving transversely of the machine and supported and operated, like the transverse belt above described, to deposit the material falling thereon into the receptacle 13. The effect of this arrangement is substantially the same as that taking place in connection with the form above described, the magnets drawing the material against the belt and the said belt after passing away from the face of the magnet discharging the magnetic iron carried by it onto the transverse belt. I do not wish to limit myself to a transverse belt, as the belt shown in Fig. 3 may be extended to the rear to discharge over the tailings end of the tank.
In Fig. L I show the circuit connections for the magnetic wheel, from which it will be seen that I. arrange on the shaft 15 contactrings 21, insulated from the shaft and dipping into mercury-troughs 22, to which the line-wire 23 extends.
Instead of using the belt I may, as in Fig. 5, take the magnetic iron directly from the poles of the magnets, and as illustrating this embodimentof my inventionIshow in this figure a magnetic wheel 14 made up of a series of permanent or electro magnets carried by the periphery of the wheel and having their poles radially disposed, the said wheel rotating in the direction of the arrow and carrying magnetic iron to a scraper-plate 24., resting against the periphery of the wheel, which takes magnetic iron therefrom and directs the same to a trough 25, leading to a pan or receptacle 13. I show a magnetic wheel in each of the valleys of the tank, and the two troughs 25, as
shown in Fig. 6, may unite at the apex of the inner inclined walls of the tank and have a common discharge 26 to the pan 13.
In all the forms shown it will be seen that the magnetic device is arranged centrally of the valley and the laterally-inclined jets of water are not interfered with, but these pass up on each side of the said magnetic device; but they serve also to raise the magnetic iron into the range of the magnetic influence of the poles of the magnet.
I claim as my invention 1. In combination, with a separating-tank, means for producing a continuous jet or jets for scouring the material in the tank, and a magnetic device for removing from the tank the iron-sand from which the gold has been scoured, substantially as described.
2. In combination with a separating-tank, means for producmg a et or ets for scouring the material in the tank, and a magnetic device for removing from the tank the iron-sand from which the gold has been scoured, said device being located intermediate the inlet and tailings end of the tank and said tank having means for recovering the gold-freed from the iron-sand, substantially as described.
3. In combination with a tank of V shape in crosssection, means'for producinga jet or jets therein, directed laterally and rearwardly toward the tailings end of the tank, and a magnetic device for removing from the tank the iron-sand from which the gold has been scoured by the jets.
4. In combination with a tank having upwardly and outwardly inclined sides, jet-nozzles at the lower part of the said tank for producing continuous jets, and a magnetic device above the said jet-nozzles for removing the iron-sand from which the gold has been scoured, substantially as described.
In testimony whereof I aflix my signature in presenceof two witnesses.
ERASTUS S. BENNETT.
Witnesses:
MYRON L. JUsTIN, J. K. Soon.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20141 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
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<icon name="menu"/>
</div>
<div class="h-10 w-10 text-center text-lime-300 flex items-center justify-center border-r border-gray-900 hover:bg-indigo-600" @click="$action('mode_settings')" :title="statusTitle">
<icon-extra class="text-xl text-lime-500 hover:text-white" :icon="statusIcon"/>
</div>
<div v-for="(tab,index) in desktop.tabs" :key="tab.label" class="flex flex-row items-center pl-2 pr-1 border-r border-b h-10 border-gray-900 hover:text-white hover:bg-indigo-600" :class="active(index)" @click="desktop.currentTab=index,setMode(index),$action()">
<div class="flex-row-center mr-2"><icon :name="tab.icon" class="mr-2"/><span class="capitalize">{{ tab.name }}</span></div>
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displayMode(){
return this.desktop.mode === 'editor' && this.editor.action != 'in_editor_preview' ? 'w-5/6' : 'w-full'
},
statusIcon(){
if ( window.localStorage.getItem('whoobe-cms').includes('localhost') ){
window.localStorage.setItem('whoobe-local',true)
this.statusTitle = 'Local Development'
return 'bx:bxl-dev-to'
}
this.statusTitle = 'Cloud Development'
window.localStorage.setItem('whoobe-local',false)
return 'mdi:cloud'
}
},
methods: {
active(index){
return index === this.desktop.currentTab ? 'bg-indigo-700 text-white' : ''
},
removeTab ( index ){
let tab = this.desktop.tabs[index]
if ( tab.hasOwnProperty('mode') ){
if ( tab.mode === 'block' ){
let confirm = window.confirm ( 'Save before to close ?')
if ( confirm ){
//save current component
let comp = this.$mapState().editor.component
this.$api.service ( 'components' ). patch ( comp._id , comp )
.then ( res => {
this.$message ( 'Save successfully!' )
this.editor.current = null
this.desktop.mode = null
})
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console.log ( err )
this.$message ( 'An error occurred.')
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this.desktop.mode = null
this.editor.current = null
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}
}
this.desktop.tabs.splice ( index , 1 )
this.desktop.currentTab = this.desktop.tabs.length - 1
console.log ( this.desktop.tabs.length )
// this.desktop.tabs.length ?
// this.$store.dispatch ( 'mode' , this.desktop.tabs[this.desktop.currentTab].mode ) : null
window.localStorage.setItem('whoobe-desktop',JSON.stringify(this.desktop.tabs))
this.$action()
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setMode(index){
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github_open_source_100_8_20142 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | export const SIGN_UP = '/signup';
export const SIGN_IN = '/signin';
export const FREE_IMAGES = '/free-images';
export const PAID_IMAGES = '/paid-images';
export const ACCOUNT = '/account';
export const PASSWORD_FORGET = '/pw-forget';
export const deletePAID = '/delete-paid';
export const UPLOADFREE = '/upload-free';
export const UPLOADIMAGES = '/upload';
export const UPLOADBIRTHDAY = '/upload-birthday';
export const UPLOADHOLIDAY = '/upload-holiday';
export const UPLOADWEDDING = '/upload-wedding';
export const UPLOADOTHERS = '/upload-others';
//upload cards and invitations
export const UPLOADCARDS = '/upload-cards';
export const UPLOADINVITATIONS = '/upload-invitations';
/**
* UPLOAD images
* @type {string}
*/
export const UPLOADALLCARDS = '/upload-allCards';
export const UPLOADHOLIDAYCARDS = '/upload-holidayCards';
export const UPLOADBIRTHDAYCARDS = '/upload-birthdayCards';
export const UPLOADTHANKYOUCARDS = '/upload-thankyouCards'
export const UPLOADOCCASIONSCARDS = '/upload-occasionsCards'
export const UPLOADCONGRATULATIONSCARDS = '/upload-congratulationsCards';
export const UPLOADTHOUGHTSFEELINGS = '/upload-thoughtsFeelingsCards';
export const UPLOADALLINVITATIONS = '/upload-allInvitations';
export const UPLOADHOLIDAYINVITATIONS = '/upload-holidayInvitations';
export const UPLOADBIRTHDAYINVITATIONS = '/upload-birthdayInvitations';
export const UPLOADWEDDINGINVITATIONS = '/upload-weddingInvitations';
export const UPLOADPARTYINVITATIONS = '/upload-partyInvitations';
export const UPLOADANNOUNCEMENTINVITATIONS = '/upload-announcementInvitations';
export const UPLOADGALLERY = '/upload-gallery';
export const UPLOADHOLIDAYINVITATIONSTEMPLATES = '/upload-holidayInvitationsTemplates';
// export const ALLIMAGES = '/all-images';
/**
* DELETE images
* @type {string}
*/
export const DELETEHOLIDAYCARDS = '/delete-holidayCards';
export const DELETEBIRTHDAYCARDS = '/delete-birthdayCards';
export const DELETETHANKYOUCARDS = '/delete-thankyouCards'
export const DELETEOCCASIONSCARDS = '/delete-occasionsCards'
export const DELETECONGRATULATIONSCARDS = '/delete-congratulationsCards';
export const DELETETHOUGHTSFEELINGS = '/delete-thoughtsFeelingsCards';
export const DELETEHOLIDAYINVITATIONS = '/delete-holidayInvitations';
export const DELETEBIRTHDAYINVITATIONS = '/delete-birthdayInvitations';
export const DELETEWEDDINGINVITATIONS = '/delete-weddingInvitations';
export const DELETEPARTYINVITATIONS = '/delete-partyInvitations';
export const DELETEANNOUNCEMENTINVITATIONS = '/delete-announcementInvitations';
export const LANDING = '/welcome';
// export const DATABASE = '/images-list';
|
opencourt21_6151caru_4 | English-PD | Public Domain | Leipsic, Vat & Co.), and in lectures given at the University of California in the summer of 1904, published under the title of "Species and Varieties; their Origin by Mutation." A short review of them. will be found in the first chapter of these Essays. Some of them have been made use of in the delivering of lectures at the Universities of California and of Chicago during the summer of 1906 and of addresses before various audiences during my visit to the United States on that occasion. In one of them(II.D.), the main contents have been incorporated of a paper read before the American Philo- sophical Society at their meeting in honor of the bicentennary of the birth of their founder, Benjamin Franklin, April, 1906. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.. 1322 WabasK Ave.. Chicago Second Edition, thoronghb/ Corrected and Revised, %cith Portrait. Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation By Hugo de Vries Professor of Botany in the University of Amsterdam Edited by Daniel Trembly MacDougal, Director, Department of Botanical Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington xxiii + 830 pages HE belief has prevailed for more than half a century that species are changed into new types very slowly and that thousands of years were necessary for the development of a new type of animal or plant. After twenty years of arduous investigation Professor de Vries has announced that he has found that new species originat- ed suddenly by jumps, or by "mutations," and in conjunc- tion with this discovery he offers an explanation of the qualities of living organisms on the basis of the concep- tion of unit-characters. Important modifications are also proposed as to the conceptions of species and varieties as well as of variability, inheritance, atavism, selection and descent in general. The announcement of the results in question has excited more interest among naturalists than any publication since the appearance of Darwin's Origin of Species, and marks the beginning of a new epoch in the history of evolution. Professor de Vries was invited to deliver a series of lectures upon the subject at the University of California during the summer of 1904, and these lectures are offered to a public now thoroughly interested in modern ideas of evolution. The contents of the book include a readable and orderly recital of the facts and details which furnish the basis for the mutation-theory of the origin of species. All of the more important phases of heredity and descent come in for a clarifying treatment that renders the volume extremely readable to the amateur as well as to the trained biologist. The more reliable historical data are cited and the results obtained by Professor de Vries in the Botanical Garden at Amsterdam during twenty years of observations are described. Not the least important service rendered by Professor de Vries in the preparation of these lectures consists in the indication of definite specific problems that need investi- gation, many of which may be profitably taken up by any- one in a small garden. He has rescued the subject of evolution from the thrall of polemics and brought it once more within reach of the great mass of naturalists, any one of whom may reasonably hope to contribute something to its advancement by orderly observations. The text of the lectures has been revised and rendered into a form suitable for permanent record by Dr. D. T. MacDougal who has been engaged in researches upon the subject for several years, and who has furnished substan- tial proof of the mutation theory of the origin of species by his experimental investigations carried on in the New York Botanical Gardens. Price, postpaid $5.00 ( 21s.) net. xxiii + 830 pages, 8 vo., cloth, gilt top The Open Court Publishing Company 1322 Wabash Avenue, Chicago London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Ltd. .190- The Open Court Publishing' Co. 1322 Wabash Avenue, Chicago Gentlemen: Plaase enter an order , for the undersigned ,for cop qf Hugo de Vries'' '^Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation,'''' at $5.00 per copy, for which find enclosed for $ Address the book as follows: NOTEWORTHY SERIES OF ARTICLES IN LATE NUMBERS OF THE BIBLIOTHECA SACRA -^ -^ The Latest Translation of the Bible By HENRY M. WHITNEY I. Problems and Difficulties. April, 1902. II. Aims and Results. July, 1902. III. From Another Standpoint. October, 1 902. IV. Supplementary. January, 1903. V. The Question of Modernness in the Light of two recent examples. April, 1903. VI. Additional Points — Chiefly as to Rhetorical Method. Apnl, 1904. VII. Concerning Certain Other Versions, more or less in the modern. January, 1905. VIII. A Few Final Tests. April, 1 905. IX. Concerning Idiom. July, 1907. The Diseases of the Bible By EDWARD M. MERRINS. M.D. Biblical Epidemics of Bubonic Plague. April, 1904. Deaths of Antiochus IV., Herod the Great, and Herod Agrippal. July, 1904. The Malady of Saul, King of Israel. October, 1904. Did Jesus Die of a Broken Heart? January and April, 1905. The Abasement of Nebuchadnezzar. October, 1 905. The Powers of Darkness. April and July, 1 906. The Patience of Job. April, 1 907. Persons desiring these valuable series of papers can obtain them for 35 cents a number, or $2.70 for either series, or $4.80 for both series, or $6.00 for the volumes 1902-1907 inclusive. Foreign postage of 8 cents a num- ber, additional. Address Bibliotheca Sacra Co., Oberlin, O., U.S.A. NEW SHAKESPE,ARE.ANA A Quarterly Review devoted to the Higher Criticism of Shakes- peare, and Record of Shakespearean Scholarship and Study and contemporary and current review of their literature. Conducted by the New York Shakespeare Society, whose membership in- cludes every distinguished Shakespeare Scholar in Europe and America. Imperial 8vo. Illustrated. 75c the copy, $2.50 the year in advance. Eighth-Ninth year, with "Shakespeareana" (1884-1905) the Twenty -First year. NEW SHAKESPEAREANA is the only magazine devoted to its exclusive field published in English, and one of the only two such periodicals published in the world — the other being the "Jahrbuch" of the German Shakespeare Society, issued annually. No sample copies are furnished. "None will deny that the extinguishment of "Shakespeareana" in 1894 was a real loss to letters. It is therefore with particular satisfaction that we learn that the Shakespeare Society of New York, with the most favorable outlook has re-established it under the title, "New Shakes- peareana " — Times Saturday Review of Books, April jj, igoi. "Dieseneue Shakespeare-Zeitschrift ist sehr willkommen "jahrbuch der Deutschen Shakes- peare Gesellscliafl. igo2. "Coming from so dignified and notable a source as The New York Shakespeare Society, 'New Shakespeareana' is of course scholarly in tone, dignified in purpose and artistic in form." — New York Dramatic Mirror, October 12, 1901. '■'New Shakespeareana appeals strongly to all Shakespearean students " — Notes and Queries (London) November 12th, 1904. THE SHAKESPEARE PRESS, Publishers WESTFIELD, UNION COUNTY NEW JERSEY, U. S. A. The Bankside Shakespeare The Comedies, Histories and Tragedies of Mr. William Shakespeare as presented at the Globe and Blackfriar's Theatres circa j.591-1622, being the text furnished the Players, in parallel pages with the first revised folic ^ext of 1623, facsimiled, with critical introductions concerning the external and circumstantial evidences presented by both texts. Edited by Appleton Morgan, A. M., LL. D., President of the New York Shakespeare Society. Twenty one volumes de luxe. Price One Hundred Dollars. With the Bankside Restoration Series— [ten plays rewritten during the Restoration period — 1664-1669 — the first folio text paralleled in fac simile v.-ith the versions of D'Avenant, Dryden, Ravenscroft, Shadwell, Tate, Crowne, Shirley and Augustine Phillips— in fac simile, paralleled with the first folio text: with Chronicle Introductions. Each copy of each volume hand-numbered]— One Hundred and Fifty-five Dollars. The New York Shakespeare Society re- serving the right to advance these prices at any time. "In America the most valuable of contributions to the textual study of Shakespeare is The Bankside Shakespeare under the general editorship of Dr. Appleton Morgan, each in a separate volume prefixed by a critical essay from the pen of a Shakespearean scholar of repute."— The Life of Shakespeare {Lihrary Edition). By Sidney Lee, page 26S. "As Americans we should be proud of the Bankside Shakespeare. Nothing to compare with it has ever been contemplated before." — Richard Henry Stoddard (1886). Address all Correspondence and Remittances to THE SHAKESPEARE PRESS (Printers to the New York Shakespeare Society) WESTFIELD. NEW JERSEY, U. S. A. THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY PSYCHOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS There is no similar journal in the field of scientific philosophy. It is issued fortnightly and permits the quick publication of short contributions, prompt reviews and timely discussions. The contents of recent numbei'S include: The Control of Ideas by Facts.— /<'//;/ Dc'^oey. The Stream of Consciousness. — Evandn- BradUy AfcGi/vary. A Factor in the Evolution of Morals.—/". C. French. One Word More About 'Xr\i'Ca..— lVilliain James. Realism and Objectivity.—/)'. //. Bode. Truth and its Verification.— /(?wc'.r Bisselt Pralt. On the Function ot Visual Images.— j5'</T£'r/r(/' L. Thomdike. Non-Sensory Components of Sense Perception. — A'. .V. IV'oodworth. Controversy about Truth. — IVilliam James and John E. Russell. Gaiman as a Teacher. — fames H. Tu/is. The Pragmatic Cure of Donht.—F. C. S. Sdiiller. Humanism and Absolute Subconsciousness. — Frank C. Doan. Contemporary Criticism of Friedrich Nietzsche.— Thomas Stockham Baker. Schiller's "Studies in Humanism." — A. K. Rogers. Guenther's "Darwinism and the Problems of Life,— /A';?; i- Edward Cra»ipton. Fullerton's "Introduction to Philosophy." — G. A. Taivnev. Johnson's "The Argument of Aristotle's Metaphysics."— C Santayana. Joseph's "An Introduction to Logic." — Adam Leroy Jones^ THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS SUB -STATION 84, NEW YORK CITY $3.00 per Annum, 26 Numbers IS Cents per Copy THE PAPYRUS EDITED BY MICHAEL MONAHAN A Magazine for the Magazine-Weary London Academy -In fact, Mr. Monahan is the Papyrus. Richard Le Gallienne — I admire your literary articles immensely. They have a real touch, and are full of life and brilliancy. James Huneker— I enry you your magazine— it Is a pulpit which you possess entirely and nil admirably, O delectable preacher. Jack London — I have enjoyed the Papyrus very much. I like a free, bold utter- ance, even if I do not agree with the whole of It. Bliss Perry — Just a line to say I think the latest Papyrus uncommonly good stuff. Good lu.k to you I Wm. Marion Reedy fin the .S7. Lnui.'i Mirror) — Michael Monahan, of the Papyrus, writes the choicest, best flavored, classical English I know of in contemporary American letters. Chicago Ne^fs — The Papyrus holds a unique place among tlie magazines and is always stimulating and interesting. Leonard D. Abbott (associate editor Current Literature)— 1 have read the Papyrus from the first number, and have always read It eagerly. Vou have helped me to an understanding of the larger tilings. Ernest McGaffey— The Papyrus is a stormy petrel flying above an infinite sea of bi)sh. Putnam's Monthly— There l'^ sun, wind and rain In Michael Monahan's whimsical fancirs. SUBSCRIPTION, = ONE DOLLAR. A YEAR THE, PAPYRUS, E,ast Orange, New Jersey For Summer Reading What could be better than a 3-months' trial subscription to THE LIVING AGE One dollar will bring you this magazine every week for 3 months, containing The Best Fiction The Best Essays The Best Literary Criticism The Best Travel Articles The Ablest Discussions of Public Affairs With the whole range of contemporary English periodicals from the quarterlies to Punch to select from, the LIVING AGE is able to give its readers every week a larger variety of material written by the most brilliant writers than any other single magazine. The LIVING AGE has been published every Saturday with- out missing an issue for more than 63 years, and was never more indispensable than now to intelligent readers. Terms : $6.00 a Year Three Months' Trial Subscription, $1.00 THE LIVING AGE COMPANY 6 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. On Life After Death^5>,<,^V;FUh- ner. Translated by Dr. Hugo Wernekke, Head Master of the Realgym- nasium at Weimar, 190(3. Pp. 133. Cloth, gilt top. 12 mo. 75c net. Postage »c. (3s. 6d.) "I wish to congratulate you and the translator upon the beautiful translation of Fechner. It did not seem possible that such a transla- tion, breathing as it did the entire spirit of the original, could have been made by a German. I have seldom seen a more successful bit of translating. "-Z'orvV/' F.ugcnc Smith, Ph. D., LL. D., Prof cssor of Math- ematics, Teachers' College, New York City. "The essay of which this little book is a translation was first pub- lished in German in 1835. Its au- thor held that 'the spirits of the dead continue to exist as individuals in the living,' and has worked out this idea in quaint suggestions and medita- tions which will interest many and perhaps will add somewhat of illumination to their eager gaze into the world beyond death. It is devout, hopeful and confident of a kind of a personal immortality. " — The Cotigrcga- tioNctlist and Christian IJ orM. The Crown of Thorns A Story of the Time of Christ. By Dr. Paul Carus. Illustrations by Eduard Bie dermann. Pp. 73. Cloth, 7,5c net. (3s. 6d. net.) " The Crown of Thorns" is a story of the time of Christ. It is fiction of the character of legend utilizing materials preserved in both the canonical scriptures and the Apocryphal traditions, but giving preference to the former. The hopes and beliefs of the main personalities, however, can throughout be verified by docu- mentary evidence. The religious milieu is strictly historical, and is designed to show the way in which Christianity developed from Judaism through the Messi- anic hopes of the Nazarenes as interpreted by the Apostle Paul of Tarsus. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.. 1522 Wabash Ave.. Chicago Space and Geometry in the Light of Physiolog- ical, Psychological and Physical Inquiry. By Dr. Ernst Mach, Emeritus Pro- fessor in the Universit}' of Vienna. From the German by Thomas J. McCormack, Principal of the LaSalle-Peru Township High School. 1906. Cloth, gilt top. Pp.143. $1.00 net. (5s.net.) In these essays Professor Mach dis- cusses the questions of the nature,origin,and development of our concepts of space from the three points of view of the physiology and psychology of the senses, history, and physics, in all which departments his pro- found researches have gained for him an authoritative and commanding position. "While in most works on the foundations of geometry one point of view only is empha- sized— be it that of logic, epistemology, psy- chology, history, or the formal technology subject from all points of view combined, and the different sources from which the many divergent forms that the science of space has historically assumed, are thus shown forth with a distinctness and precision that in suggestiveness at least leave little to be desired. Any reader who possesses a slight knowledge of mathematics may derive from these essays a very adequate idea of the abstruse yet important researches of meta- geometry. of the science — here light is shed upon the The Vocation of Man. By Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Translated bv William Smith, LL. D. Reprint Edition. With biographical intro- duction bv E. Ritchie, Ph. D. 1906. Pp. 185. Cloth, 75c net. Paper, 25c; mailed, Sic. (Is. 6d.) Everyone familiar with the history of German Philosophy recognizes the im- portance of Fichte's position in its development. His idealism was the best exposition of the logical outcome of Kant's system in one of its principal' aspects, while it was also the natural precurs r of Hegel's philosophy. But the intrinsic value of Fichte's writings have too often been overlooked. His lofty ethical tone, the keenness of his men- tal vision and the purity of his style render his works a stimulus and a source of satisfac- tion to every intelligent reader. Of all his many books, that best adapted to excite an interest in his philosophic thought is the Vocation of Man, which contains many of his most fruitful ideas and is an excellent example of the spirit and method of his teaching. The Rise Oi Man. a sketch of the Origin of the Human Race. By Paul Cams. Illustrated. 1906. Pp.100. Boards, cloth back, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.) Paul Carus, the author of The Rise of Man, a new book along anthropological lines, upholds the divinity of man from the standpoint of evolution. He discusses the anthropoid apes, the relics of primitive man, especially the Neanderthal man and the ape-man of DuBois, and concludes with a protest against Huxley, claiming that man has risen to a higher level not by cunning and ferocity, but on the contrary by virtue of his nobler qualities. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO., 1322 Wabash Ave.. Chicago THE JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF TEACHERS OFGEOGRAPHY IN ELEMENTARY, SECOND- ARY, AND IN NORMAL SCHOOLS EDITED BY- RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. Professor of Geography, Teachers College, New York City. THE Journal of Geography, published by Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, is a magazine for TEACHERS of geography in Elementary, Secondary and Normal Schools It contains articles for teachers, notes concerning recent geographical events and stimulative methods of teaching, notices of recent publications and re- viev/s. It is the only magazine in America specially devoted to the TEACHING of Geography. SUBSCRIPTIONS AT $1.00 A YEAR (Ten Numbers) MAY BEGIN WITH ANY NUMBER. Send for a sample copy or mail a dollar bill for a year's subscription to THE JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY. The Old and the New Magic i^a"s"'^whfan introduction by Paul Carus. With numerous illustrations and programs of entertainments of leading magicians of all times. Pp. 3^3. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net; mailed, $1.70. (7s. 6d. net.) "Whoever is anxious to know how severed heads are made to talk, how bodies are made to float in mid-air, how ghosts are made visible and incapable of harm from sword thrust, and how bolts and handcuffs are laughed at, may hopefully 'inquire within.' " — IVatchmayi, Boston, Jl/ass. "Scores of conjurers' tricks are explained, with abundant illustration. In his introduction, Dr. Paul Carus discourses in a readable way about the relations between magic, illusion and miracle, from the point of view of one to whom the mi- raculous is the impossible." — T/ie Outlook. "Henry Ridgely Evans' writings are always fascinating, and in 'The Old and the New Magic,, his latest and most ambitious effort, he has sur- passed himself. The quality of its literary matter is only equaled by its printing. It is the finest mechanical production yet given to any magical work." — The ]Vi:ard, London, E fig-land. The Sermons of a Buddhist Abbot, some Addresses on Religious Subjects by the Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku, Abbot of Engakuji and Kenchoji, Kamakura, Japan. Translated bv Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki. Pp. 218. Cloth. $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.) The Sermons of a Buddhist Abbot, which were delivered b\' the Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku, during the author's visit to this country in 1905-1906, and have been collected and translated and edited by his interpreter and friend, ]Mr. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, will prove fascinating to those who are interested in the comparative study of religion as well as in the development of Eastern Asia. Here we have a Buddhist Abbot holding a high position in one of the most orthodox sects of Japan, discoursing on problems of ethics and philosophy with an intelligence and grasp of the subject which would be rare even in a Christian prelate. The Praise of Hypocrisy. An Essay in Casuistry. By G. T. Knight, D. D., Professor of Christian Theology in Tufts College Divinity School. 1906. Pp. 86. 50c net. "The Praise of Hypocrisy" is an essay based on the public confessions of hypocrisy that many champions of religion have made in these days, and on the defenses they have put forth in support of the practice of deceit. Not that the sects now accuse each other of insincerity, nor that the scoffer vents his disgust for all religion, but that good men (as all must regard them) in high standing as church members have accused them- selves. By exhibiting the implications and tendencies of the ethics thus professed and defended, and by sharp comment on the same, the author of this essay designs to arouse the conscience of the church, to sting it into activity in a region of life where its proper functions have ceased. This is not an attack on the church, nor even a mere criticism ; it is the language of righteous indignation hopefully sununoning the churcli to be lidnc-t wuli itself, to be loval and faithful to its master. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.. 1322 Wabash Ave., Chicago Spinoza and Religion By Elmer Ellsworth Powell Professor of Philosophy in Miami University This book is accurately described on the title page as " a study of Spinoza's metaphysics and of his particular utter- ances in regard to religion, with a view to determining the significance of his thought for religion and incidentally his personal attitude toward it." PRESS NOTICES "Professor Powell has produced an exceedingly able and authoritative book. Few will read it without feeling that it settles for them the question of Spinoza's real attitude to God and to religion. And those who read it will obtain incidentally the benefit of a clear and consistent presentation of the whole philo- sophic system of one of the most difficult to understand of all the great thinkers of European history.'" — The Ghisgoio Herald. "It is a particularly illuminating exposition of the whole subject that is here given by Professor Powell .... A book of uncommon intelligence, acumen and carefulness of investigation." — The Chicago Evening Post. "It is an exceedingly attractive presentation of the life and times of Spinoza and of his attitude toward scholarship and truth." — Journal of Education. " Altogether, Professor Powell makes out a good]case for the main propo- sition, and his work is likely to affect current opinion as to the general position of Spinoza, in the course of religious thought. He will have to be counted with by every student of philosophy and religion, and should be specially studied by those who claim that Spinoza is specifically a Jewish philosopher." — The Amer- ican Hebrew. "Throughout the author demonstrates his familiarity with the field and his liveliness of interest. The style, furthermore, is excellent."— T/(e Nation. Pp. xi +344, Price, cloth Si. 50 net (7s. 6d.) The Open Court Publishing Co., 1322 Wabash Ave., - - - Chicago 111., U. S. A. Essay on the Creative Imagination. By Prof. Th. Ribot. Translated frcra the French by A. H.N. Baron, Fel- low in Clark University. 1906. Cloth, gilt top. Pp. 357. $1.75 net. (7s. 6d. net.) Imagination is not the possession only of the inspired few, but is a func- tion of the mind common to all men in some degree; and mankind has displayed as much imagination in practical life as in its more emotional phases — in mech- anical, military, industrial, and commer- cial_ inventions, in religious, and political institutions as well as in the sculpture, painting, poetry and song. This is the central thought in the new book of Th. Ribot, the well-known psychologist, modestly entitled An Essay on the Creative Imagination. It is a classical exposition of a branch of psychology which has often been dis- cussed, but perhaps never before in a thoroughly scientific manner. Although the purely reproductive imagination has been studied with considerable enthusiasm from time to time, the creative or constructive variety has been generally neglected and is popularly supposed to be confined within the limits of esthetic creation. "^'' i^nilQren. Hints from Practical Experience for Parents and Teachers. By Paul Carus. Pp.207. $1.00 net. (4s.6d.net.) In the little book Our Children, Paul Carus offers a unique contribution to peda- gogical literature. Without any theoretical pretensions it is a strong defense for the rights of the child, dealing with the responsibilities of parenthood, and with the first inculcation of fundamental ethics in the child mind and the true principles of correc- tion and guidance. Each detail is forcefully illustrated by informal incidents from the author's experience with his own children, and his suggestions will prove of the greatest possible value to young mothers and kindergartners. Hints as to the first acquaintance with all branches of knowledge are touched upon — mathematics, natural sciences, for- eign languages, etc. — and practical wisdom in regard to the treatment of money, hj'giene, and similar problems. Yin Cllill Wen, The Tract of the Quiet Way. With Extracts from the Chinese commentary. Translated by Teitaro Suzuki and Dr. Paul Carus. 1906. Pp. 48. 25c net. This is a collection of moral injunctions which, among the Chinese is second perhaps only to the Kan-Ying P'ien in popularity, and yet so far as is known to the publishers this is the first translation that has been made' into any Occidental language. It is now issued as a companion to the T'ai-Shang Kan-Ying P'ien, although it does not contain either a facsimile of the text or its verbatim translation. The original consists of the short tract itself which is here presented, of glosses added by commen- tators, which form a larger part of the book, and finally a number of stories similar to those appended to the Kan-Ying P'ien, which last, however, it has not seemed worth while to include in this version. The translator's notes are of value in justifying cer- tain readings and explaining allusions, and the book is provided with an index. The frontispiece, an artistic outline drawing by Shen Chin-Ching, represents Wen Ch'ang, one of the highest divinities of China, revealing himself to the author of the tract. The motive of the tract is that of practical morality. The maxims give definite instructions in regard to details of man's relation to society, besides more general com- mands of universal ethical significance, such as "Live in concord," 'Torgive malice," and "Do not assort with your mouth what your heart denies." THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.. 1322 Wabash Ave.. Chicago Aristotle on His Prede- cessors. Being the first book of his mctaphj'sics. Translated from the text of Christ, with intro- duction and notes. By A. E. Taylor, M. A., Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; Frothingham Professor of Philosophy in Mc- Gill Universit}', INIontreal. Pp. 160. Cloth, 75c net. Paper, 'Si)C postpaid. This book will be welcome to all teachers of philosophy, for it is a transla- tion made by a competent hand of the most important essay on the history of Greek thought down to Aristotle, written by Aristotle liimself. The original served this great master with his unprecedented encyclopedic knowledge as an introduc- tion to his Metaphysics; but it is quite apart from the rest of that work, forming an independent essay in itself, and will re- main forever the main source ofourinfor- , _ mation on the predecessors of Aristotle. Considering the importance of the book, it is strange that no translation of it appears to have been made since the publication of that by Bekker in 1831. The present translation has been made from the latest and most critical Greek text available, the second edition of W. Christ, and pains have been taken not only to repro- duce it in readable English, but. also to indicate the exact way in which the" translator understands every word and clause of the Greek. He has further noted all the im- portant divergencies between the readings of Christ's text and the editions of Zellar and Bonitz, the two chief modern German exponents of Aristotelianism. Not the least advantage of the present translation is the incorporation of the trans- lator's own work and thought. He has done his best, within the limited space he has allowed himself for explanations, to provide the student with ample means of judging for himself in the light of the most recent researches in Greek philosophical literature, the value of Aristotle's account of previous thought as a piece of historical criticism. Zaratliushtra, Philo, the Achaemenids and Israel. A Treatise Upon the Antiquity and Influence of the Avesta. By Dr. Lawrence H. Mills, Professor of Zend Philology in the University of Oxford. 1906. Pp. 460. Cloth, gilt top. $4.00 net. Professor Lawrence H. Mills, the great Zendavesta scholar of Oxford, England, has devoted his special attention to an investigation and comparison of the relations that obtain between our own religion, Christianity — including its sources in the Old Testa- ment scriptures — and the Zendavesta, offering the results of his labors in a new book that is now being published by The Open Court Publishing Company, under the title, "Zarathushtra, Philo, the Achaemenids and Israel, a Treatise upon the Antiquity and Influence of the Avesta." We need scarcely add that this subject is of vital importance in theology, for the influence of Persia on Israel and also on the foundation of the Christian faith has been paramount, and a proper knowledge of its significance is in- dispensable for a comprehension of the origin of our faith. Babel ana illDle. Three Lectures on the Significance of Assyrio- logical Research for Religion, Embodying the most important Criticisms and the Author's Replies. By Dr. Friedrich Delitzsch, Professor of Assyr- iology in the University of Berlin. Translated from the German. Pro- fusely illustrated. 1906. Pp. xv, 240. $1.00 net. A new edition of "Babel and Bible," comprising the first, second and third lectures by Dr. Friedrich Delitzsch, complete with discussions and the author's replies, has been published by The Open Court Publishing Company, making a stately volume of 25.!^ pages. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.. 1322 Wabash Ave.. Chicago ITpiPflpiph ^/^hilloi* A Sketch of His Life and an Appre- Carus. Profusely illustrated. 19 05. Pp. 102, octavo. Boards, cloth back, illustrated cover, 75c net. (3s. 6d.) "This adequately illustrated and tastefully bound volume by Mr. Paul Carus is an admirable memorial of the recent Schiller Centenary. In addition to a biographical sketch we have two thoughtful essays by Dr. Carus on Schiller as a philosophical poet and on Schiller's poetry. Both have well- chosen selections of considerable extent, and it was a good idea to present these illustrative excerpts in both German and English." — 77i^ Outlook. Eros and Psyche A Fairy Talc of Ancient Greece. Retold After Apu- leius. By Dr. Paul Carus. Half-tone reproductions, with ornamental bor- ders, of the famous illustrations of Paul Thumann. Printed from pica type on Strathmore deckle - edge paper, ele- gantly bound, and with classic cover design by E. Bied- e rmann. One of the quaintest stories of the world's folk- lore. Pp. XV, 108. Souvenir edition with 41 beautiful pen-and-ink draw- ings and eleven half-tone pi a t e s. Strathmore paper, gilt top. $1.50 net. (()S. net.) -^■^M '^^' THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO . 1522 Wabash Ave.. Chicago Zbc ©pen Court . . . Bn 1lllu6trat«5 Aontblc fl^afla3(nc . .. DR. PAUL CARUS EDITOR ASSOCIATES ( E. C. HEGELER {MARY CARUS DcvotcD to tbc Science of 'RcUflion. the TRcllQlon of Science, an& tbe Bjteneion of tbe 1Reli0ioud parliament Idsa. 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architecturalmag05lond_22 | English-PD | Public Domain | This is very finely stratified in beds varying in thickness from an inch to two or three feet ; and these beds, taken of a medium thickness, form flat slabs, easily broken into rectangular fragments, which, being excessively compact in their grain, are admirably adapted for a building material. There is a little pale limestone* among the hills to the south ; but this marble, or primitive lime- stone (for it is not highly crystalline), is not only more easy of access, but a more durable stone. Of this, consequently, almost all the buildings on the lake shore are built; and, there- fore, were their material unconcealed, would be of a dark, mono- tonous, and melancholy grey tint, equally uninteresting to the eye, and depressing to the mind. To prevent this result, they are covered with different compositions, sometimes white, more frequently cream-coloured, and of varying depth ; the mouldings and pilasters being frequently of deeper tones than the walls. The insides of the grottoes, however, when not cut in the rock itself, are left uncovered, thus forming a strong contrast with the * Pale limestone, with dolomite. A coarse dolomite forms the mass of mountains on the east of Lake Lecco, Monte Campione, etc., and part of the other side, as well as the Monte del Novo, above Cadenabia : but the bases of the hills, along the shore of the Lake of Lecco, and all the mountains on both sides of the lower limb of Como, are black limestone. The whole northern half of the lake is bordered by gneiss or mica slate, with tertiary deposit where torrents enter it. So that the dolomite is only obtainable by ascending the hills, and incurring considerable expense of carriage; while the rocks of the shore split into blocks of their own accord, and are otherwise an excellent material. • Vol. V.— No. 53. u 290 Poetry of Architecture. whiteness outside; giving great depth, and permitting weeds and flowers to root themselves on the roughnesses, and rock streams to distil through the fissures of the dark stones; while all parts of the building to which the eye is drawn, by their form or details (except the capitals of the pilasters), such as the urns, the statues, the steps, or balustrades, are executed in very fine white marble, generally from the quarries of Carrara, which supply quantities of fragments of the finest quality, which, nevertheless, owing to their want of size, or to the presence of conspicuous veins, are unavailable for the higher purposes of sculpture. Now, the first question is, is this very pale colour desirable ? It is to be hoped so, or else the whole of Italy must be pronounced full of impropriety. The first circumstance in its favour is one which, though connected only with lake scenery, we shall notice at length, as it is a point of high importance in our own country. When a small piece of quiet water reposes in a valley, or lies embosomed among crags, its chief beauty is derived from our perception of crystalline depth, united with excessive slumber. In its limited surface we cannot get the sublimitv of extent, but we may have the beauty of peace, and the majesty of depth. The object must therefore be, to get the eye off' its surface, and to draw it down, to beguile it into that fairy land underneath, which is more beautiful than what it repeats, because it is all full of dreams unattainable and illimitable. This can only be done by keeping its edge out of sight, and guiding the eye off the land into the reflection, as if it were passing into a mist, until it finds itself swimming into the blue sky, with a thrill of unfathomable falling. (If there be not a touch of sky at the bottom, the water will be disagreeably black, and the clearer the more fearful.) Now, one touch of white reflection of an object at the edge will destroy the whole illusion, for it will come like the flash of light on armour, and will show the surface, not the depth : it will tell the eye whereabouts it is; will define the limit of the edge; and will turn the dream of limitless depth into a small, uninteresting, reposeless piece of water. In all small lakes or pools, therefore, steep borders of dark crag, or of thick foliage, are to be obtained, if possible; even a shingly shore will spoil them : and this was one reason, it will be re- membered, for our admiration of the colour of the Westmoreland cottage, because it never broke the repose of water by its reflection. But this principle applies only to small pieces of water, on which we look down, as much as along the surface. As soon as we get a sheet, even if only a mile across, we lose depth; first, because it is almost impossible to get the surface without a breeze on some part of it ; and, again, because we look along it, and get a great deal of sky in the reflection, which, The Mountain Villa. '291 when occupying too much space, tells as mere flat light. But we may have the beauty of extent in a very high degree ; and it is therefore desirable to know how far the water goes, that we may have a clear conception of its space. Now, its border, at a great distance, is always lost, unless it be defined by a very distinct line; and such a line is harsh, flat, and cutting on the eye. To avoid this, the border itself should be dark, as in the other case, so that there may be no continuous horizontal line of demarcation ; but one or two bright white objects should be set here and there along or near the edge : their reflections will flash on the dark water, and will inform the eve in a moment of the whole distance and transparency of the surface it is travers- ing. When there is a slight swell on the water, they will come down in long, beautiful, perpendicular lines, mingling exquisitely with the streakv green of reflected foliage: when there is none, they become a distinct image of the object they repeat, endowed with infinite renose. These remarks, true of small lakes whose edges are green, apply with far greater force to sheets of water on which the eye passes over ten or twenty miles in one long glance, and the prevailing colour of whose borders is, as we noticed when speaking of the Italian cottage, blue. The white reflections are here excessively valuable, giving space, brilliancy, and trans- parency; and furnish one very powerful apology, even did other objections render an apology necessary, for the pale tone of the colour of the villas, whose reflections, owing to their size and conspicuous situations, always take a consider- able part in the scene, and are therefore things to be atten- tively considered in the erection of such buildings, particularly in a climate whose calmness renders its lakes quiet for the greater part of the day. Nothing, in fact, can be more beau- tiful than the intermingling of these bright lines with the darkness of the reversed cypresses seen against the deep azure of the distant hills in the crystalline waters of the lake, of which some one aptly says, " Deep within its azure rest, white villages sleep silently;" or than their columnar perspective, as village after village catches the light, and strikes the image to the very quietest recess of the narrow water, and the verv furthest hollow of the folded hills. From all this, it appears that the effect of the white villa in water is delightful. On land it is quite as important, but more doubtful. The first objection, which strikes us instantly when we imagine such a building, is, the want of repose, the startling glare of effect, induced by its unsubdued tint. But this objec- tion does not strike us when we see the building; a circumstance which was partly accounted for before, in speaking of the cottage, and which we shall presently see further cause not to i ■> 292 Poetry of Architecture. be surprised at. A more important objection is, that such whiteness destroys a great deal of venerable character, and harmonises ill with the melancholy tones of surrounding land- scape : and this requires detailed consideration. Paleness of colour destroys the majesty of a building; first, by hinting at a disguised and humble material; and, secondly, by taking away all appearance of age. We shall speak of the effect of the material presently ; but the deprivation of apparent antiquity is dependent in a great degree on the colour, and in Italy, where, as we saw before, every thing ought to point to the past, is a serious injury, though, for several reasons, not so fatal as might be imagined ; for we do not require, in a building raised as a light summer-house, wherein to while away a few pleasure hours, the evidence of ancestral dignity, without which the chateau or palace can possess hardly any beauty. We know that it is originally built rather as a plaything than as a monu- ment; as the delight of an individual, not the possession of a race ; and that the very lightness and carelessness of feeling with which such a domicile is entered and inhabited by its first builder would demand, to sympathise and keep in unison with them, not the kind of building adapted to excite the veneration of ages, but that which can most gaily minister to the amuse- ment of hours. For all men desire to have memorials of their actions, but none of their recreations ; inasmuch as we only wish that to be remembered which others will not, or cannot, perform or experience ; and we know that all men can enjoy recreation as much as ourselves. We wish succeeding generations to admire our energy, but not even to be aware of our lassitude ; to know when we moved, but not when we rested ; how we ruled, not how we condescended : and, therefore, in the case of the triumphal arch, or the hereditary palace, if we are the builders, we desire stability ; if the beholders, we are offended with novelty : but, in the case of the villa, the builder desires only a correspondence with his humour ; the beholder, evidence of such correspondence ; for he feels that the villa is most beautiful when it ministers most to pleasure ; that it cannot minister to pleasure without perpetual change, so as to suit the varying ideas, and humours, and imaginations of its inhabitant; and that it cannot possess this light and variable habit with any appearance of antiquity. And, for a yet more important reason, such appearance is not desirable. Melancholy, when it is pro- ductive of pleasure, is accompanied either by loveliness in the object exciting it, or by a feeling of pride in the mind expe- riencing it. Without one of these, it becomes absolute pain, which all men throw off as soon as they can, and suffer under as long as their minds are too weak for the effort. Now, when it is accompanied by loveliness in the object exciting it, it forms The Mountain Villa. <293 beauty; when by a feeling of pride, it constitutes the pleasure we experience in tragedy, when we have the pride of endurance, or in contemplating the ruin, or the monument, by which we are informed or reminded of the pride of the past. Hence, it appears that age is beautiful only when it is the decay of glory or of power, and memory only delightful when it reposes upon pride. * All remains, therefore, of what was merely devoted to pleasure; all evidence of lost enjoyment; all memorials of the recreation and rest of the departed ; in a word, all desolation of delight, is productive of mere pain, for there is no feeling of exultation connected with it. We find, therefore, that white is not to be blamed in the villa for destroying its antiquity ; neither is it reprehensible, as harmonising ill with the surrounding landscape : on the con- trary, it adds to its brilliancy, without taking away from its depth of tone. We shall consider it as an element of landscape, more particularly, when we come to speak of grouping. There remains only one accusation to be answered ; viz. that it hints at a paltry and unsubstantial material : and this leads us to * Observe, we are not speaking of emotions felt on remembering what we ourselves have enjoyed, for then the imagination is productive of pleasure by replacing us in enjoyment, but of the feelings excited in the indifferent specta- tor, by the evident decay of power or desolation of enjoyment, of which the first ennobles, the other only harrows, the spirit. u 3 294- Poetry of Architecture. the second question, Is this material allowable ? If it were distinctly felt by the eye to be stucco, there could be no question about the matter, it would be decidedly disagreeable ; but all the parts to which the eye is attracted are executed in marble, and the stucco merely forms the dead flat of the building, not a single wreath of ornament being formed of it. Its surface is smooth and bright, and altogether avoids what a stone building, when not built of large masses, and uncharged with ornament, always forces upon the attention, the rectangular lines of the blocks, which, however nicely fitted they maybe, are "horrible ! most horrible ! " There is also a great deal of ease and softness in the angular lines of the stucco, which are never sharp or harsh, like those of stone; and it receives shadows with great beauty, a point of infinite importance in this climate ; giving them lightness and transparency, without any diminution of depth. It is also rather agreeable to the eye, to pass from the sharp carving of the marble decorations to the ease and smooth- ness of the stucco; while the utter want of interest in those parts which are executed in it prevents the humility of the material from being offensive r for this passage of the eye from the marble to the composition is managed with the dexterity of the artist, who, that the attention may be drawn to the single point of the picture which is his subject, leaves the rest so ob- scured and slightly painted, that the mind loses it altogether in its attention to the principal feature. With all, however, that can be alleged in extenuation of its faults, it cannot be denied that the stucco does take away so much of the dignity of the building, that, unless we find enough bestowed by its form and details to counterbalance, and a great deal more than counterbalance, the deterioration occasioned by tone and material, the whole edifice must be condemned, as incongruous with the spirit of the climate, and even with the character of its own gardens and approach. It remains, there- fore, to notice the details themselves. Its form is simple to a degree; the roof generally quite flat, so as to leave the mass in the form of a paralielopiped, in general without wings or adjuncts of any sort. Villa Somma-Riva (fig. 87. in p. 247.) is a good example of this general form and proportion, though it has an arched passage on each side, which takes away from its massiness. This excessive weight of effect would be injurious, if the building were set by itself; but, as it always forms the apex of a series of complicated terraces, it both relieves them and gains great dignity by its own unbroken simplicity of size. This general effect of form is not injured, when, as is often the case, an open passage is left in the centre of the building, under tall and well-proportioned arches, supported by pilasters (never by columns). Villa Porro, Lago di Como (Jig. 100.)? is a good The Mountain Villa. 295 100 ij I : lli Jk example of this method. The arches hardly ever exceed three in number, and these are all of the same size, so that the crowns of the arches continue the horizontal lines of the rest of the building. Were the centre one higher than the others, these lines would be interrupted, and a great deal of simplicity lost. The covered space under these arches is a delightful, shaded, and breezy retreat in the heat of the day ; and the entrance doors usually open into it, so that a current of cool air is obtainable by throwing them open. The building itself consists of three floors : we remember no instance of a greater number, and only one or two of fewer. It is, in general, crowned with a light balustrade, surmounted by v 4 296 Poetry of Architecture. statues at intervals. The windows of the uppermost floor are usually square, often without any architrave. Those of the principal floor are surrounded with broad architraves, but are frequently destitute of frieze or cornice. They have usually flat bands at the bottom, and their aperture is a double square. Their recess is very deep, so as not to let the sun fall far into the interior. The interval between them is very variable. In some of the villas of highest pretensions, such as those on the banks of the Brenta, that of Isola Bella, and others, which do not face the south, it is not much more than the breadth of the two architraves, so that the rooms within are filled with light. When this is the case, the windows have friezes and cornices. But, when the building fronts the south, the interval is often very great, as in the case of the Villa Porro. The ground-floor windows are frequently set in tall arches, supported on deeply en- gaged pilasters, as in fig. 87. p. 247. (Somma-Riva). The door is not large, and never entered by high steps, as it generally opens on a terrace of considerable height, or on a wide landing-place at the head of a flight of fifty or sixty steps descending through the gardens. Now, it will be observed, that, in these general forms, though there is no splendour, there is great dignity. The lines through- out are simple to a degree, entirely uninterrupted by decora- tions of any kind, so that the beauty of their proportions is left visible and evident. We shall see hereafter that ornament in Grecian architecture, while, when well managed, it always adds to its grace, invariably takes away from its majesty ; and that these two attributes never can exist together in their highest degrees. By the utter absence of decoration, therefore, the Italian villa, possessing, as it usually does, great beauty of pro- portion, attains a degree of elevation of character, which im- presses the mind in a manner which it finds difficult to account for by any consideration of its simple details or moderate size; while, at the same time, it lays so little claim to the attention, and is so subdued in its character, that it is enabled to occupy a conspicuous place in a landscape, without any appearance of intrusion. The glance of the beholder rises from the labyrinth of terrace and arbour beneath, almost weariedly ; it meets, as it ascends, with a gradual increase of bright marble and simple light, and with a proportionate diminution of dark foliage and complicated shadow, till it rests finally on a piece of simple brilliancy, chaste and unpretending, yet singularly dignified ; and does not find its colour too harsh, because its form is so simple : for colour of any kind is only injurious when the eye is too much attracted to it ; and, when there is so much quietness of detail as to prevent this misfortune, the building will possess the cheerfulness, without losing the tranquillity, and will seem to The Mountain Villa. 297 have been erected, and to be inhabited, by a mind of that beau- tiful temperament wherein modesty tempers majesty, and gentle- ness mingles with rejoicing, which, above all others, is most suited to the essence, and most interwoven with the spirit, of the natural beauty whose peculiar power is invariably repose. So much for its general character. Considered by principles of composition, it will also be found beautiful. Its prevailing lines are horizontal ; and every artist knows that, where peaks of any kind are in sight, the lines above which they rise ought to be flat. It has not one acute angle in all its details, and very few intersections of verticals with horizontals; while all that do intersect seem useful as supporting the mass. The just applica- tion of the statues at the top is more doubtful, and is considered reprehensible by several high authorities, who, nevertheless, are inconsistent enough to let the balustrade pass uncalumniated, though it is objectionable on exactly the same grounds ; for, if the statues suggest the enquiry of " What are they doing there ?" the balustrade compels its beholder to ask, " whom it keeps from tumbling over ? " The truth is, that the balustrade and statues derive their origin from a period when there was easy access to the roof of either temple or villa ; (that there was such access is proved by a passage in the Iphigenia Taiirica, line 113., where Orestes speaks of getting up to the triglyphs of a Doric temple as an easy matter;) and when the flat roofs were used, not, perhaps, as an evening promenade, as in Palestine, but as a place of observation, and occasionally of defence. They were composed of large flat slabs of stone (xepoipog *), peculiarly adapted for walking, one or two of which, when taken up, left an opening of easy access into the house, as in Luke, v. 19., and were perpetually used in Greece as missile weapons, in the event of a hostile attack or sedition in the city, by parties of old men, women, and children, who used, as a matter of course, to retire to the roof as a place of convenient defence. By such attacks from the roof with the Kepapog the Thebans were thrown into confusion in Plataea. (Thucycl., ii. 4.) So, also, we find the roof immediately resorted to in the case of the starving of Pausanias in the Temple of Minerva of the Bsazen House, and in that of the massacre of the aristocratic party at Corey ra (T/iucgd., iv. 48.): — 'AvotSavrsg ds ew) ro reyog too oIkyji^uto^ xai §»=XoVref tyjv 6po<pyjv, s&aWov tm xspoi^cu. 298 Poetry of Architecture. could be no more useful decoration than a balustrade; nor one more appropriate or beautiful, than occasional statues in attitudes of watchfulness, expectation, or observation : and even now, wherever the roof is flat, we have an idea of convenience and facility of access, which still renders the balustrade agreeable, and the statue beautiful, if well designed. It must not be a figure of perfect peace or repose, far less should it be in violent action ; but it should be fixed in that quick startled stillness, which is the result of intent observation or expectation, and which seems ready to start into motion every instant. Its height should be slightly colossal, as it is always to be seen against the sky; and its draperies should not be too heavy, as the eye will always expect them to be caught by the wind. We shall enter into this subject, however, more fully hereafter. We only wish at present to vindicate from the charge of impro- priety one of the chief features of the Italian villa. Its white figures, always marble, remain entirely unsullied by the weather, and stand out with great majesty against the blue air behind them, taking away from the heaviness, without destroying the simplicity, of the general form. It seems, then, that, by its form and details, the villa of the Lago di Corao attains so high a degree of elevation of character, as not only brings it into harmony of its locus, without any assistance from appearance of antiquity, but may, we think, permit it to dispense even with solidity of material, and appear in light summer stucco, instead of raising itself in imperishable marble. And this conclusion, which is merely theoretical, is verified by fact ; for we remember no instance, except in cases where poverty had overpowered pretension, or decay had turned rejoicing into silence, in which the lightness of the material was offensive to the feelings ; in all cases, it is agreeable to the eye. Where it is allowed to get worn, and discoloured, and broken, it induces a wretched mockery of the dignified form which it preserves ; but, as long as it is renewed at proper periods, and watched over by the eye of its inhabitant, it is an excellent and easily managed medium of effect. With all the praise, however, which we have bestowed upon it, we do not say that the villa of the Larian Lake is perfection ; indeed we cannot say so, until we have compared it with a few other instances, chiefly to be found in Italy, on whose soil we delay, as being the native country of the villa, properly so called, and as even yet being almost the only spot of Europe where any good specimens of it are to be found : for we do not understand by the term " villa, " a cubic erection, with one window on each side of a verdant door, and three in the second and uppermost story, such as the word suggests to the fertile imagination of ruralisin" cheesemongers ; neither do we under- O DO7 The Mountain Villa. 299 stand the quiet and unpretending country house of a respectable gentleman ; neither do we understand such a magnificent mass of hereditary stone as generally forms the autumn retreat of an English noble; but we understand the light but elaborate summer habitation, raised however and wherever it pleases his fancy, by some individual of great wealth and influence, who can enrich it with every attribute of beauty ; furnish it with every appurtenance of pleasure ; and repose in it with the dignity of a mind trained to exertion or authority. Such a buildinar could not exist in Greece, where every district a mile and a quarter square was quarrelling with all its neighbours. It could exist, and did exist, in Italy, where the Roman power secured tranquillity, and the Roman constitution distributed its authority among a great number of individuals, on whom, while it raised them to a position of great influence, and, in its later times, of wealth, it did not bestow the power of raising palaces or private fortresses. The villa was their peculiar habitation, their only resource, and a most agreeable one ; because the multitudes of the kingdom being, for a long period, confined to a narrow ter- ritory, though ruling the world, rendered the population of the city so dense, as to drive out its higher ranks to the neighbour- ing hamlets of Tibur and Tusculum. We must not, therefore, be surprised, if, on leaving Italy, where the crowd of poverty-stricken nobility can still repose their pride in the true villa, we find no farther examples of it 300 Notes to the Italian Villa. worthy of consideration, though we hope to have far greater pleasure in contemplating its substitutes, the chateau and the fortress. We must be excused, therefore, for devoting one paper more to the state of villa architecture in Italy ; after which we shall endeavour to apply the principles we shall have deduced to the correction of some abuses in the erection of English country houses, in cases where scenery would demand beauty of design, and wealth permit finish of decoration. Art. II. Notes to the Italian Villa, No. 3. p. 244-. By Rata Phusim. The following paragraphs ought to have been given as foot notes, along with the article on the Italian Villa in our last Number, p. 24-1.; but they were inadvertently overlooked by the Conductor, who begs to apologise to Kata Phusin, and to his readers, for the seeming neglect. The Character of the Italian Mountain Scenery, (p. 244.) — 'That Italian mountain scenery has less elevation of character" than the plains may appear singular; but there are many simple reasons for a fact which, we doubt not, has been felt by every one (capable of feeling anything), who ever left the Alps to pass into Lombardy. The first is, that a mountain scene, as we saw in the last paper, bears no traces of decay, since it never possessed any of life. The desolation of the sterile peaks, never having been interrupted, is altogether free from the melancholy whichis consequent on the passing away of interrup- tion. They stood up in the time of Italy's glory, into the voiceless air, while all the life and light which she remembers now was working and moving at their feet, an animated cloud, which they did not feel, and do not miss. That region of life never reached up their flanks, and has left them no memorials of its being; they have no associations, no monuments, no memories; we look on them as we would on other hills : things of abstract and natural mag- nificence, which the presence of man could not increase, nor his departure sadden. They are, in consequence, destitute of all that renders the name of Ausonia thrilling, or her champaigns beautiful, beyond the mere splendour of climate ; and even that splendour is unshared by the mountain ; its cold atmosphere being undistinguished by any of that rich, purple, ethereal trans- parency, which gives the air of the plains its depth of feeling : we can find no better expression. Secondly. In all hill scenery, though there is increase of size, there is want of distance. We are not speaking of views from summits, but of the average aspect of valleys. Suppose the mountains be 10,000 ft. high, their sum- mit will not be more than six miles distant in a direct line ; and there is a general sense of confinement, induced by their wall-like boundaries, which is painful, contrasted with the wide expatiation of spirit induced by a distant view over plains. In ordinary countries, however, where the plain is an uninteresting mass of cultivation, the sublimity of distance is not to be com- pared to that of size : but, where every yard of the cultivated country has its tale to tell ; where it is perpetually intersected by rivers whose names are mean- ing music, and glancing with cities and villages, every one of which has its own halo round its head ; and where the eye is carried by the clearness of the air over the blue of the farthest horizon, without finding one wreath of mist, or one shadowy cloud, to check the distinctness of the impression ; the mental emotions excited are richer, and deeper, and swifter than could be awakened by the noblest hills of the earth, unconnected with the deeds of men. Tombs of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. 301 Lastly. The plain country of Italy has not even to choose between the glory of distance and of size, for it has both. I do not think there is a spot, from Venice to Messina, where two ranges of mountains, at the least, are not in sight at the same time. In Lombard)', the Alps are on one side, the Apen- nines on the other ; in the Venetian territory, the Alps, Apennines, and Euganean Hills ; going southwards, the Apennines always, their outworks running far towards the sea, and the coast itself frequently mountainous. Now, the aspect of a noble range of hills, at a considerable distance, is, in our opinion, far more imposing (considered in the abstract) than they are seen near ; their height is better told, their outlines softer and more melodious, their majesty more mysterious. But, in Italy, they gain more by distance than majesty : they gain life. They cease to be the cold forgetful things they were ; they hold the noble plains in their lap, and become venerable, as having looked down upon them, and watched over them for ever, unchanging ; they become part of the picture of associations: we endow them with memory, and then feel them to be possessed of all that is glorious on earth. For these three reasons, then, the plains of Italy possess far more elevation of character than her hill scenery. To the northward, this contrast is felt very strikingly, as the distinction is well marked, the Alps rising sharply and suddenly. To the southward, the plain is more mingled with low projecting promontories, and unites almost every kind of beauty. However, even among her northern lakes, the richness of the low climate, and the magnificence of form and colour presented by the distant Alps, raise the character of the scene immeasurably above that of most hill landscapes, even were those natural features entirely unassisted by associations which, though more spa- ringly scattered than in the south, are sufficient to give light to every leaf, and voice to every wave. The Avalanche brands the Mountain Top. (p. 24-4.) — There are two kinds of winter avalanches ; the one, sheets of frozen snow, sliding on the surface of others. The swiftness of these, as the clavendier of the Convent of St. Ber- nard told me, he could compare to nothing but that of a cannon ball of equal size. The other is a rolling mass of snow, accumulating in its descent. This, grazing the bare hill side, tears up its surface like dust, bringing away soil, rock, and vegetation, as a grazing ball tears flesh ; and leaving its withered path distinct on the green hill side, as if the mountain had been branded with red-hot iron. They generally keep to the same paths; but, when the snow accumulates, and sends down one the wrong way, it has been known to cut down a pine forest, as a scythe mows grass. The tale of its work is well told by the seared and branded marks on the hill summits and sides. Art. III. The sacred Tombs of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. By M. Raoul Rochette. (Translated from L'E'cho du Monde savant, Dec. 30. 1837, p. 207, 208.) Tomb of Helen. — At the distance of three stadii from Jeru- salem, once stood the tomb of a princess named Helen, wife and sister of Monabasus, king of the Adiabenians, which Pau- sanias compares to the celebrated tomb of Mausolus. From what Joseph us says of it in his Antiquities, it must have been formed of a large basement or platform (terre-plein) of marble, surmounted by three pyramids, which represent, no doubt, the three members of the royal family of Judah, interred in the tomb ; viz., Monabasus, Helen, and Isates. The bodies were placed in the solid part of the base, which for this purpose was 302 The sacred Tombs of divided into several compartments ; and with the bodies of the princes were deposited those of their servants, who, according to the manners of the East, accompanied them to their last abode; or, in other words, were sacrificed to their manes. The name of the Tomb of the Kings of Judah has been improperly given to this monument, by writers who could not believe that the real tombs of the kings were lost to us, and who thought they had discovered them in that of Helen. Tomb of the Maccabees. — Josephus gives us very curious and circumstantial details of this monument. (Ant., lib. i.) It was in every respect like that of Helen. The basement was of white marble, polished ; it was surmounted by six pyramids, placed in two rows ; and by a seventh, which rose in the middle, and which is supposed to have been consecrated to Judas Maccabeus. These pyramids, placed on the funeral monuments of the Jews, were, undoubtedly, as they were among the Egyptians and Phoe- nicians, the representation of the principle of life in the temples, and of death on the tombs. It is impossible not to be struck with the resemblance which exists between the two monuments just described, and the most famous tomb of antiquity, viz. that of Mausolus, which was also composed of a large base- ment surmounted by a pyramid, and the celebrity of which, as it is well known, caused the name of mausoleum to be given to the largest and most beautiful tombs that were made in after times. Tomb of Mausolus. — The intimate connexion which exists between the monuments of Helen, of the Maccabees, and of Mausolus, and the high reputation of the latter, has induced M. Raoul Rochette to dwell rather more at length on it, and to show its exterior and interior arrangement, in order to enable his readers to form a better judgment of the Jewish tombs, the ar- rangements of which were undoubtedly nearly the same. The tomb of Mausolus, which was considered by the an- cients as one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected to the memory of the king of Caria of that name, by Artemisia, his wife. This monument, which has served as a type and model for those of the Jews, was built, towards the hundredth Olympiad by the architects Satyrus and Phitaeus. It was decorated with statues and bas-reliefs in marble, and baked earth (terre cuke), covered with gold leaf (feuilles d'or), by the celebrated Scopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and Leochares ; and Praxiteles executed the interior bas-reliefs. Pliny, in his History (book xxxvi.), and M. Quatremere de Quincy, in his last archaeological dissertation, taking into consideration only the exterior of this monument, have mentioned the first four sculptors, and have not spoken of Praxiteles ; but Vitruvius informs us that the interior sculptures were from the chisel of that celebrated artist. The city of Halicarnassus, celebrated as the birthplace of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. 303 Herodotus, where this monument was erected, formed a sort of amphitheatre, sloping downwards from the summit of a hill, to the sea which washed its walls. The most elevated part was occupied by the citadel and the temple, dedicated to the god Mars ; the lower part, extending to the port, formed a public square. On the top of the hill was also a palace, the walls of which, built of brick, were covered with marble from Proconesus. It was in the lower part of the amphitheatre that the queen Artemisia, inconsolable for the loss of Mausolus, erected his magnificent tomb. According to Pliny, this building was 411 Roman feet in cir- cumference, and 25 cubits high. It was composed of two prin- cipal parts of equal height, formed by a massive square platform supporting an Ionic colonnade, and by a pyramidal building of 24 cubits high, surmounted by a quadriga, or chariot. In the restoration of the building, which has been made by M. Quatre- mere from the designs of M. Hugot, there is a large massive square platform, on which is raised the stylobate which bears the colonnade. The latter is surmounted by a frieze, a cornice, with statues on the crown-work (couronnement), and ornamented with the groups of Dioscures at the angles of the front of the monument, and with the trophies at those of the stylobate. About seventeen years after the consecration of this monument, the city was taken by Alexander, who only preserved the temple and other public monuments. The tomb of Mausolus, which was then just completed, was also spared by this prince; for Pausanias says, several centuries afterwards : " The monu- ment of Mausolus was so large, and so remarkable in all its parts, that the Romans, struck with admiration, called their most magnificent monuments mausoleums." From the age of Alex- ander to the eleventh century of the Christian era, the monument was exempt from the thefts that were often committed in ancient tombs. One hundred years later, Eustathius of Constantinople wrote : " Amongst the ancients, great attention was paid to the construction of tombs, and large sums were expended on them. That of Mausolus, a very magnificent work, and executed with infinite skill, was, and still is, an object of admiration." But, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, in 1404, the city of Halicarnassus was taken by the knights templars, who for- tified the place against the Turks by raising constructions on the ancient monuments; which afterwards caused the total de- struction of the tomb of Mausolus. Claude Guichard, an author of the sixteenth centurv, has left a very rare and curious work, entitled Funerailles et Manieres di- verscs densevclir les Anciens, in which he gives the history, and almost the proces verbal, of the destruction of this precious monument. M. de Sainte Croix, in an excellent memoir on 304- Hints on Construction. the tomb of Mausolus, inserted in vol. xi. of the Memoires de VAcademie des Inscriptions, elucidates and comments upon cer- tain passages of this work. Guichard, who wrote in 1573, and who was an eyewitness of what he relates, after having told that, in 1522, the knights, in order to fortify the castle of Hal i- carnassus, hollowed the ground (creuserent) near the tomb, adds the following curious and melancholy details which will com- plete the history and description of the tomb of Mausolus. .... "At the end of five or six days, they made a great dis- covery : one afternoon, they saw an opening, like the entrance to a cellar. They took a light, and descended into it, where they found a large beautiful square apartment, adorned all round with pillars of marble, with their bases, capitals, architraves, friezes, and cornices cut in bas-relief. This must have been the sepulchral chamber, all the sculptures in which were by Phidias. The spaces between the pillars were filled with panels ornamented with fillets and mouldings, and sculptures of different-coloured marbles, corresponding with the rest of the building; the panels being neatly inlaid on the white ground of the wall, where nothing was to be seen but histories and battles sculptured in bas-relief. |
github_open_source_100_8_20143 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
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kritischebeleuc00lwgoog_11 | German-PD | Public Domain | Und dennoch werden fast täglich solche Superarbitrien von den Gerichten gefordert, und — mit einer fast an Leichtsinn gritt'- zendcn Bestimmtheit, jal selbst dann noch abgegeben, wenn das Collegium auch gar noch die Mangelhaftigkeit und Unzuliaf- lichkeit der hierzu in den zu diesem Zwecke beigefbgten Acten erhobenen Thatumstände , sowie des Seelenzustandes , des Inenl- paten Characterschildcrung, wie unten im IL Falle ersididicl^ — 205 — erkennt und ausspricht. Nichts dcstoweniger aber werden diese Ober-Gutachten den, von den zuerst hinzugezogenen Gerichts- Aerzten abgegebenen, fast in jedem Falle vorgezogen und die Entscheidungen der Gerichtshöfe darauf basirt! Wir möchten das Misslingen des unten beurtheilten I. Ober- Ghitachtens der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal- Deputation, ausser der vom Beferenten verunglückten Speculation auf den schlech- ten Character des Inculpaten und die Selbstverschuldung seiner Lage, besonders dem Umstände zuschreiben, dass derselbe den Angeklagten nicht von Angesicht zu Angesicht, namentlich bald nach der That gesehen und gekannt hati Können wir nun schon aus dieser Ursache den Superarbit- rien nicht die ihnen sonst wohl vindicirte Untrüglichkeit beilegen, und dürfen wir hoffen, hierunter durch practische F&Ue den Nachweis zu fQhren, dass auch die coUegialischen Berathungen und Discussionen, wie sie heut zu Tage gepflogen werden, worin gemeinhin überhaupt nur ein Mitglied, welches sich mit der Psychiatrie vorzugsweise beschäftigt, Sitz zu haben pflegt, eben- falls nicht geeignet sind, den nöthigen Schutz gegen Irrthümer zu gewähren, auch schon deshalb nicht, weit das Plenum des Collegiums viel zu sehr durch die Autorität des Referenten beein- flusst wird, wogegen die Relation des Correferenten, wie sich unten ergeben wird, eben so wenig in allen Fällen schützend sich er- weist; so wollen wir hier noch eines tieferen Grundes erwäh- nen, weshalb die medicinisch-psychischen Gutachten und somit auch die Ober-Gutachten oft mangelhaft und in ihren Endur- theilen unsicher sein müssen : weil eben die ursprüngliche Unter- suchung über den zweifelhaften Seelenzustand eines Angeschul- digten, der anthropologische Thatbestand gemeinhin viel zu unvollkommen und nicht selten zu spät nach verübter That er- hoben wird, der sich aber oftmals weder durch die genaueste Kecherche in den Acten, wo er durch die Untersuchung des nicht sachverständigen Richters auch nicht hineinkommen kann, noch durch Rückfragen an die Behörden — wenn diese wirklich einmal geschehen — ja, nicht einmal in allen Fällen durch eine Reise des Referenten nach dem Wohnort des Inculpaten und zu diesem selbst, vervollständigen lässt. Denn jeder Sachverständige wird wissen, wie versteckt öficn ein Seelenleiden sein kann, und wie die daran Erkrankten mdit selten alles aufbieten^ um dasselbe zu verbergen: weil sie es oA gar wohl fühlen, dass ihre Denk- und Handlungsweise von der anderer Menschen abweicht, und sie daher nicht gern Preis gebei» um nicht in deren Augen als Gestorte oder Abgewichene n erscheinen. Ohnehin aber pflegen viele Seelengestörte an dck schon misstrauisch und verschlossen zu sein, Viele sich yerbifi und als Gegenstand der Abneigung und Missgunst zn wähneb und es gehOrt jedenfalls eine längere Bekanntschalt dazu, bevor man deren Zutrauen erwirbt, damit sie sich u&en und derAiK hinter ihr alicnirtes Gefühl, gemeinhin den Brennpunkt iliitf abweichenden Denkens, zu kommen, und so ihren kraaka Geistes- und Gemüthszustand richtig zu beurtheilen vermag. Zuweilen werden sich solche Kranke indess auch selbst ih» Zustandes nicht klar bewusst: sie simuliren trotz des '- 207 - ' eben so wenig, als sie lügen; sie wissen aber auch nach voll- f&hrtem Verbrechen in der That nicht, wie es mit ihnen bei Ver- übung desselben gestanden hat. Sie kommen nach begangenem Verbrechen, wie aus einem Traumzustande zu sich, erkennen mm das Schreckliche der von ihnen verübten That, gestehen alles, erdrückt von der Last des erwachten Gewissens, ein, fühlen daher auch die tiefste Reue und machen sich die bittersten Vorwürfe; sind aber dessenungeachtet zur Zeit der That und oft schon kurz vorher, wie eine genaue Nachforschung, wo diese aus- führbar, ergiebt, nicht bei vollem Vcmunftbewusstsein gewesen, sondern agirten in jenem halbbewussten, traumartigen, durch ihr alienirtes Gefühl bestimmten Zustand, das zu ihrem Unheil nicht selten egoistischer, leidenschaftlicher Natur ist, und daher als verbrecherisches Motiv er- und verkannt wird. Diese Leidenden sind hinterher nur durch das Erschütternde der vollführten That, namentlich eines verübten Mordes an ihnen nahestehenden Personen, durch den aufregenden Eindruck beim Festnehmen und durch die darauf folgende Ruhe und Einsamkeit im Kerker wieder gesammelt und zu sich gebracht, während sie jetzt aber noch selbst kaum wissen, was mit ihnen alles vorge- gangen imd wie sie zum Begehen eines so furchtbaren Verbrechens gelangt sind. Daher finden wir auch ihre später abgegebenen Aussagen über sich und die That, oftmals so sehr verschieden von den unmittelbar nach deren Verübung deponirten, dass man sie für erdichtet hält; dagegen man die gleich nach voU- führtem Verbrechen erfolgten Auslassungen , als noch im er- drückenden Bewusstsein der Schuld gemacht, auch allein als auf- richtig und wahr halten zu können glaubt. Noch jüngst bot sich mir die Gelegenheit, eine solche Beob- achtung zu machen; auch in dem unten mitgetheilten I. Fall, dürfte man sie mit einigen Modificationen erblicken, so wie sich dieser Zustand bei den meisten an sogenannten vorübergehenden Wahnsinn (mania transüoria) Leidenden darbietet, die in Wahr- heit im bewusstlosen Zustand die That vollziehen. Nur eine längere Bekanntschaft mit dem Kranken, oder doch eine höchst genaue Beobachtung desselben, und alle Umstände vor der incriminirtcn That, wo der Patient noch logisch denkt und spricht, auch wenig Abweichendes in seinem gewöhnlichen Leben, Beschäftigungen und Neigungen blicken lässt, sowie die körperlichen Functionen noch ziemlich regelmässig, den Schlaf etwa ausgenommen, von Statten gehen, und allenfalls die Be- rührung seiner Wahnvorstellung ihn zuweilen und auch oft nur zu seinem Nächsten zu gar nicht übertriebenen Aeuaserungen ' veranlasst, bis er oft plötzlich ohne besonderen Anlass auf den Höhepunkt gelangt und von seinem alicnirten GcfQhl angestachelt^ das Verbrechen widerstandslos vollbringt Wenn man unter solchen zweifelhaften Umständen ein ent- scheidendes Gewicht auf die Motive zur That legen zu können glaubt, so wird die Unterscheidung in den Fällen besonders schwierig sein, wo das, die alienirten Gefühle verursachende, Moment der Art ist, dass das Verbrechen ebensowohl im leiden- schaftlichen als maniacalischen Ausbruch herbeigeführt sein kann, und der Arzt den ihm völlig fremden Inculpaten vor der That zu beobachten nicht nur keine Gelegenheit hatte, sondern den- selben erst, nachdem mehrere Tage oder gar Wochen verstrichen sind, im Gefängniss zu sehen bekommt. Hier hüte sich der Ant ganz besonders, dass er sich nicht durch die oft grässliche Thal^ verbunden mit ihren schaudererregenden Nebenumständen, oder gar durch die Antccedcntien des Angeschuldigten präoccupiren und zu einem Vorurtheil bestimmen lasse, sondern beurüieile jedes Factum wie jeden Nebenumstand für sich und gesondert von dem Angeklagten, sodann wieder im Zusammenhange und in Bezug auf die Persönlichkeit des Thäters, und zwar nach beiden Eichtungen hin, sowohl nach Seite des Wahnsinns als der Lfasterhaftigkeit, vergesse dabei auch nicht, dass die im ge- sunden Zustande vorhanden gewesenen Leidenschafiten und Nei- gungen nicht durch den eingetretenen kranken Zustand aufgehört zu haben brauchen, sondern oft sogar noch im erhOhteren Gnde fortwirken können, weil die sonst mindestens vorhandene, wenn auch oft nicht gehorte, Vernunft nunmehr gänzlich die Herrschift verloren hat, und so wie lasterhaft Gesunde nur äusserst selten den Wahnsinn simuliren, der Wahnsinnige im Gegentheil weit eher Gesundheit dissimulirt, dass also mit dem Wahnsinn auch Simu- lation und üble Gewohnheiten gepaart sein können, bevor miB das verhängnissvolle Erachten über den freien oder gehemmten Willen im Momente der That ausspricht. Hat der untersuchende Arzt über jene zweifelhaften Seelenxo- stände vielleicht keine genügende Erfahnmg und ist daher mit semen Gegenstande nicht vollständig vertraut, erblickt er in dem gansea Benehmen -wie in den spätem Aussagen des Eingekerkerten nur Ikt und Heuchelei, sich von der ihn anscheinend verdient treflfendei Strafe loszulügen, und hält die Untersuchung, wie gemeinhin, nsd einigen Unterredungen von viertelstündiger Dauer mit dem, viitff der erdrückenden Last des Gewissens und der einengenden FMci — 209 — des Kerkers niedergebeugten, Angeklagten fOr ausreichend, weil ja sein eigenes, früher abgegebenes Geständniss, so wie sein bis- heriges Leben, zu dem man sich solcher That wohl versehen kann, das Verdammungsurtheü über ihn spricht; so wird die That freilich als prämeditirt und bei vollem Bewusstsein voll- bracht angesehen, die Zurechnungsf&higkeit des Inculpaten als festgesteUt angenommen und im E^durtheil ausgesprochen, und der dadurch nunmehr zum Verbrecher gestempelte Wahnsinnige zum Richtplatz geführt, wo derselbe sodann nur die aus Un- kenntniss begangenen Vergehen des Arztes sühnt. Um nun aber die vorhin gerügte Unvollständigkeit der bei zweifelhaften Seelenzust&nden unternommenen Implorationen so- wohl, als den aus der mangelnden Autopsie der Referenten der Ober - Gutachten entspringenden Nachtheil einleuchtender zu machen, verweise ich auf die Geschichtserzählungen der von der wissenschafitlichen Deputation veröffentlichten Ober -Gut- achten, worin auffallender Weise ausser der vom Referenten in einigen FftUen selbst bemängelten Unvollständigkeit, fast überall auch eine genaue Personsbeschreibung, namentlich der Kör per - beschaffenheit und der Anlagen zu Krankheiten, besonders der angeerbten, gänzlich fehlt. Jeder Psychiatriker weiss nun aber sehr wohl, wie viel hierauf zur Feststellung eines zweifel- haften Seelenzustandes ankommt. Gleichwohl aber werden Gnt- aohten und Ober-Gntachten aus so ungenügendem Material con- itniirtl Solche Vorgänge in Criminalverfahren sind aber wohl nicht geeignet, den ersten Anspruch an die Gesetzgebung zu recht- fertigen: oie Rechte eines jeden Individuums mit grösstmög- lichster und gleicher Sorgfalt zu beschützen! Hat der Richter die ersten sachverständigen Ghitachten, trotz der unmittelbaren Untersuchung des Inculpaten, aus irgend einem Ghnmde mangelhaft und ungenügend oder unter sich abweichend und widersprechend gefunden, und erscheint ihm deshalb oder we- gen mangelnder eigener Befähigung zurBeurtheilung das Gutachten einer höheren Medicinal-Behörde wünschenswerth, so sollte der Angeschuldigte, so lange die jetzige Einrichtung bedauerlicherweise noch fortbesteht, nebst den Acten zu einer neuen Untersuchung und Beurtheilung seines Seelenzustandes in die Nähe des Medi- <nnal-Collegiums, besser in eine Irrenanstalt gebracht werden, damit der beabsichtigte Zweck nicht verfehlt und ein vielleicht nie wieder zu änderndes Unheil verhütet werde. Denn ich muss €8 wiederholen, dass eine auf blosse Acten und selbst auf I 14 — 210 — erstattete Gutachten unternommene Untersuchung und hierauf fussende Beuilhcilung eines zweifelhaften und versteckten Seekn- zustandes nur einen höchst misslichen und unsicheren Anhalt gewährt, und einen grossen Theil der Schuld der «uns nicht sel- ten begegnenden zweifelhaften, obwohl nilt Bestimmtheit abgegebenen Ober-Gutachten bedingen. Zur weiteren Ausführung dieses nicht genug zu urgirenden Moments werd.c ich hierunter als Anhang zur Beleuchtung des zweiten Gutachtens selbst, nochmals darauf zurückkonunen und einige abändernde Vorschläge in Bezug hierauf zu machen mir gestatten. Aber schon hier muss ich darauf hinweisen, dass aach Fälle zweifelhafter Seelenzustände sonst wohl vorkommen, wo selbst sehr gefibte Irrenärzte trotz der mehrmonatlichen persöii- lichen Untersuchung des Angeklagten die categorisch gefUIte Entscheidung dennoch höchst zweifelhaft liessen, und auch wegen dergleichen Ei*eignisse (s. unten Reiner-Stockhausen &ß), die öfter vorkommen, als man gewöhnlich erwarten sollte, dfiifie sich die von mir unten gleichzeitig vorgeschlagene Abftnderazig: in solchen Fällen eines begangenen Mordes die Todesstrafe mit der Freiheitsstrafe zu vertauschen, empfehlen. Ein anderer, auch in Ileinroth's Anforderungen implidte enthaltener Umstand, auf den auch wir vorhin aufmerksam maek- ten, betrifit die Frage: ob es bei der Trflglichkeit der Meikmile einer beim Inculpaten etwa vorhandenen Seelenstörung nicht gt- fährlich sei, noch ferner die jetzige Anordnung beizubehaken, wonach es dem Ermessen des richterlichen Inquirenten anhon- gestellt bleibt, auf Grund eigener Wahrnehmung und Beorihö- lung, Zweifel gegen die normale psychische Beschaffenheit dtt Angeklagten zu erheben und den Gerichtsarzt zur Untersuchung des Geisteszustandes zu requiriren, oder ob und welche CautdflD dabei zu beobachten seien, damit in vorkommenden FftUen von psychischer Störung, welche sich nicht durch prägnante Symptoma zu erkennen giebt, diese Eeqidsition auch nicht unterbleibe? Bei genauer Erwägung der hier in Betracht kommsa- den Umstände können wir kaum anstehen, die jetzige ^nrioli- tung als mangelhaft zu bezeichnen und in derselben eiae f&r den Angeklagten leicht mögliche Gefahr zu erblicken; und der in Henke's Zeitschrift von mir aufgeführte Fall vob Brandstiftung giebt hierzu einen Belag. Auch kann die frühe Hinzuziehung eines Arztes zur Unter- suchung des Seelenzustandes zuweilen noch deshalb erspriesslich sein, weil sich bald nach der That noch am ehesten eine bei Verübung derselben möglicher Weise vorhanden gewesene, aber vorübergegangene Seelenstörung kundzugeben pflegt, und sich sodann auch am leichtesten noch ermitteln und beurtheilen lAsst Dass der geringste, dem Richter bei seiner Untersuchung aofstossende, Verdacht auf eine beim Inculpaten etwa vorhandene Geisteskrankheit ohnehin die sofortige Zuziehung eines Arztes erforderlich macht, darf wohl kaum hinzugefügt werden; weil *) Nach §. SSO nnierer Crimiiial-Ordnnng soll der Richter den Gemfltbs- ZiiMuid dee ▲Dgefohnldigten rnntersneben: ob der Thftter mit Bewnsstsem gehan- S«tt md wenn sich Spuren einer Verwirrang oder Schw&che des Verstander fladeii, so sott er den Ant rar Brfortchnng hiniuiehen. \0 — 212 - eine sieh vorfindende Geisteestörung den Gang des Prozesses ab- schneidet; ein zweifelhafter Seelenzustand aber andere Rücksich- ten in der Art der Haft, der Bewachung und selbst der richter- lichen Exploration erheischt, als der Verbrecher oder Simulant, wobei sich Arzt und ßichter nur hüten mögen, beide Zust&nde, nämlich Simulation und Geistesstörung als entgegengesetzt und einander ausschliesscnd zu denken, wovon wir hierunter nochn handeln haben werden. Heinroth hat nun in seiner Schrift: lieber das falsche Ver^ fahren bei criminal- ärztlichen Untersuchungen zweifelhafter Gre- müthszustände , welche von der Königl. wissenschaftlichen De- putation für das Medicinal - Wesen a. a. O. ihre WOrdignng erhalten hat, auf seine vierte Frage folgende Erwiderung er- fahren: „Das hier Gesagte ist zwar im Allgemeinen richtig, heiwt es daselbst S. 42 ff., aber auch allgemein bekannt, nur leider nicht überall ausführbar. Der ärztliche Inquirent soll zuvOrdent prüfen, ob auch der angeblich zweifelhafte Gemüthszustand walir- haft ein Grund für psychisch-ärztliche Untersuchung sein kdime und sei; der Zielpunkt der ärztlichen Untersuchung soll kein anderer sein, als die Beschaffenheit des bestimmten Impulses cor bestimmten That an das Licht zu bringen, deshalb sei nicht blos durch Nachlesen der Acten die Prüfung der That nach allen Umständen erforderlich, sondern auch ein vollständiges Bekanntmachen mit der Individualität des Thäters und mOglichit genaue Kunde von dessen Leben. Ohne eine vollständige Be- . kanntschaft mit der Person des Thäters, aus dessen Leben selbst, sei eine genaue und gründliche Kunde seines Gemftthszustandei zur Zeit der That nicht möglich. Jeder Mensch handele in td- nem Charakter, und der Charakter selbst sei etwas, durch das gut oder schlecht geführte Leben Gewordenes; — und es müsse deshalb ein normales Verfahren bei ärztlicher Exploraüon zweifelhafter Gemüthszustände nicht blos in der Gegenwart ver- weilen, sondern auch in die Vergangenheit zurückgehen und theils in der Beschaffenheif und den Umständen der That, theOs in der ganzen Persönlichkeit des Thäters, wie sie aus seinem Lehen hervortritt, eben so wohl die Spuren des freien, als die des unfreien Zustandes verfolgen, weil die Auffindung des erstem Zustandes den Erweis des letzteren nicht blos ünnöthig, senden sogar unmöglich mache. Dies Alles ist guten Aerzten längst bekannt und nnr'n bedauern, dass das Licht, wonach Jurist und Arzt hier forsdieB, — 218 — gememiglich nicht zu erlangen ist, dasff das frühere Leben des Inquisiten meistens unbekannt bleibt, dass alle Bemühungen einen tiefem Blick in die frühem menschlichen Verhältnisse des Inqui- siten zu thun, gewöhnlich fruchtlos sind. — Heinroth muss in der That noch nicht h&ufig in dem Falle gewesen sein, gewich- tige Grutachten über zweifelhafte Qemüthszustftnde selbst abzu- geben, sonst würde er es wissen, dass imgeachtet der allergründ- lichsten Untersuchungen vollständiger Criminalacten, die geistige und moralische Eigenthümlichkeit des Inculpaten, fast niemals vollständig — wie es hier verlangt wird — sich ermitteln lässt. Wie selten ist über den Lebenswandel des Thäters, über seine erste Erziehung und Ausbildung oder Verbildung irgend eine Auskunft zu erlangen, wie selten Mittheilungen von zuverlässigen Personen, welche Augenzeugen seines Lebenswandels waren! — Aber auch angenommen, dies Bestreben führte zu einem befriedigenden Resultate, so werden wir doch so häufig dadurch nicht in den Stand gesetzt werden, den Gemüthszustand, der kurz vor der That Statt gefunden, befriedigend zu würdigen. Was alles kann hier auf den Menschen eingewirkt haben, um sanen Seelenzustand umzuändern, oder seine organische Gesund- heit zu trüben und ihn dadurch seelenkrank zu machen? Mit seinem Charakter, mit seinem früheren Leben braucht dies nicht in Verbindung zu stehen, er kann ein anderer Mensch geworden sein, und nicht immer ein schlechterer, oft auch ein kränkerer. Heinroth hat auch die häufig bestätigte Erfahrung über- sehen, dass Individuen, deren geistige Gesundheit und Moralität bis dahin Niemand bezweifeln konnte, gar plötzlich imdohne 0tü>rmische oder auffallende Veranlassungen in Wahn- sinn und Tobsucht verfallen, die durch keine Vorläufer sich angekündigt hat, welche den Umgebungen des Kranken wahrnehmbar gewesen wären; ebenso wie auch manche körper- liche Krankheiten, Schlagflüsse, Edampsieen etc., plötzlich ein- treten, ohne durch gewöhnliche Vorboten angekündigt zu sein. — Wenn wir daher auch eine ganz vollständige Lebensgeschichte des Inculpaten, seiner Eltern, Erziehung, seiner Neigungen» seiner Jugendzeit, seines Charakters, seiner geistigen Eigenthümlichkeit, seiner Schicksale uns zu verschaffen im Stande wären, so würde es doch sehr problematisch bleiben, ob wir dadurch Licht be- kommen würden über die Natur und den eigentlichen Charakter eines solchen plötzlichen oft schnell vorübergehenden Furor und über die Zurechnungsfähigkeit hinsichtlich einea während desselben begangenen, Verbrechens. Ebenso möohti — 214 — auch In jenen Fallen von plötzlich eingetretenen schweren Krank- heiten, rein organischer Art, die genauesten Erkondigiingen über die anamnestischen Momente, nicht selten eben so wenig über deren Veranlassung und Beschaffenheit irgend ein Licht Ter- schaficn. Demnach kann denn auch dieser Abschnitt niclit be- friedigen und angehende Aerzte, die ihr Yerfiahren nur nach diesen Vorschriften einrichten zu kOnnen glauben, werden Iir- thümer begehen, die um so beklagenswerther erscheinen, je wich- tiger die Folgen sein können, die sie herbeiführen. Die hier von Seiten der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal-Depur tation den Heinroth'schen Anforderungen entgegengesetzte Zurechtweisung, mag sich in manchen Fällen rechtfertigen; nichts destoweniger aber sind sie im Allgemeinen f&r die ftrztliehe Untersuchung zweifelhafter Seelenzustände aufrecht zu erhaltSD und besonders für die Gutachten der zuerst hinzugezogenen Gerichtsärzte, welche den Inculpaten sehen und den Thatbestand der Seelenkräfte möglichst selbst erheben und oft» wo derselbe in den Acten mangelhaft ist, noch vervollständigen, oder dasselbe doch durch den inquirirenden Richter bewirken können, uner- lässlich; und dieser verschiedene Standpunkt, auf dem sidi hierbei die zuerst requirirten Gerichtsärzte und die Medioinal- Collcgien befinden, ist bei Beurtheilung des von Heinroth beanspruchten Verfahrens und desshalb auch bei der demselbea von Seiten der wissenschaftlichen Deputation ftlr das Medidnal- wesen widerfahrenen Replik, zum besseren Verständnisse, zum Theil mit Recht zu berücksichtigen. Wenn man nun zugeben muss, wie auch die hierunter be- lenohteten Fälle darthun, dass sich hierin seit jener Zeit durch- aus nichts geändert hat, die Geschichtserzählung die Basis des Gutachtens also ungeeignet ist, bei zweifelhaften Seelenzuständen des von Juristen und Aerzten gewünschte Licht über den vor- handenen Seelenzustand des Angeklagten zu liefern, dass sich mithin auch jetzt noch dieselben Ansprüche geltend machen; so müssen auch die von mir beanspruchten Abänderungen sowohl rftcksichtlich der Untersuchungs- als Berathungsmethode , bei den Medicinal-Collegien, als auch ausserdem Hinsichts der in EWittlelhftften Seelenzuständen der Angeklagten zu gewährenden Khisahiänkimg der Todesstrafe oder vielmehr Umwandlung der« — 216 — Beiben in Freiheitsstrafe, sobald auch nur ein sachyentändigei Gutachten die vorhandene Unzurechnungsfilhigkeit des Angeschnl- digten erkannt hat, gerechtfertigt erscheinen. Eben so ergiebt sich auch aus diesen, von der wissenschafk- lichen Medicinal-Deputation gegen das von Heinroth bei der Exploration beanspruchte Postulat aufgestellten schwachen und zum Theil unzutreffenden, Erwidrungsgründen doch auch der Vorzug: so lange die jetzige Einrichtung des quasi Instancen- zuges noch fortbesteht, den Medicinal-Collegien fortan ausser den Acten und den voraufgegangenen gerichts&rztlichen Ghitachten auch den Inculpaten zur Begutachtung seines Seelenzustandes mit- zuschicken. Denn der Justiz geschieht durch ein solches Ver- fahren kein Abbruch, und sollte selbst der Strafprocess dadurch ein wenig verlängert werden, so dürfte diese Verzögerung doch sicher mit dem dadurch erzielten Nutzen in keinem Verhältnisse stehen, und deshalb auch nicht in Anschlag zu bringen sein. Dass die vollständigst erhobene Anamnese in den seltenen Fällen von mania transüoria oftmals nicht die gewünschte Aus- kunft und Anhaltspunkte zur Beurtheilung zu geben vermag^ oder vielmehr in diesen Fällen keinen sichern Schluss auf doi zur Zeit der That vorhandenen Seelenzustand des Th&ters ge- stattet, ist sicher bei jeder Untersuchung eines zweifelhaften Seelenzustandes zu berücksichtigen; aber eben deshalb auch gerade um desto grössere Sorgsamkeit auf alle möglichen, und besonders auch auf die kurz vor, während und gleich nach der That vorhanden gewesenen Umstände nicht nur zu verwendesy sondern auch so weit als möglich die ganze Lfebensgeschichte im genetischen Zusammenhange, hereditäre Disposition, voraus- gegangene psychische Zustände und Charakter des Angeschul- digten, Motiv der That etc. vorzugsweise zu berücksichligeni. Auch dürften diese Fälle, wie gesagt, ganz besonders geeignet sein, die sofortige ßequisition des Gerichtsarztes wOnschens- werth zu machen. Die Exploration des zweifelhaften Seelenzustandes eines An- geschuldigten ist in jeder Beziehung eine äusserst schwierigSi aber auch heilige Sache, wobei der ärztliche Inquirent dindH aus keine Mühe und kein Opfer an Zeit und Kosten scheuen darf, um sein Ziel zu erlangen: sich über die Geistes- und Ge- müthsbeschaffenheit des incriminirten Individui ein sicheres Bs- sultat zu verschajSien, das freilich nicht inuner aus den allein, ohne den Angeklagten selbst gesehen, und ihn wie Angehörigen gesprochen zu haben, und auch d»nn nodi j — 217 — in aUen Ffillen zu erreichen sein wird. Aber dieser Aufwand an 2ieit und Mühe steht doch wahrlich in keinem VerhAltnisse mit dem möglichen Unheil eines dem Kichterspmche sonst viel- leicht unterbreiteten falschen medidnisch - psychischen Gut- achtens! Und wenn alle angestellten Nachforschungen von Seiten des ftntlichen Condpienten zur YervoUstftndigung des anthropolo- gischen Bildes dennoch nutzlos geblieben, und die Unzulänglich- keit des Thatbestandes von demselben anerkannt wird, so sollte in diesem Falle mindestens das Endurtheil des Gutachtens nie- mals mit ^ Gewissheit", sondern nur mit „Wahrscheinlich- keit" abgegeben werden. Denn es ist ein blosses Yorurtheil, dass dieser Ausspruch dem sachkundigen Richter nicht genüge; im Gkgentheil wird auch dadurch der richterliche Zweck der Unter- sachungy die Erforschung der Wahrheit, vollständig erreicht: indem der Kichter dadurch erfährt, dass der wahre Zustand hier nicht mit Gewissheit ermittelt werden kann! Allerdings wird sich in manchen Fällen, trotz der grössten Sorgsamkeit und angestrengtesten Thätigkeit von Seiten des Un- tenudfaungsrichters und des G^richtsarztes zur Herbeischafiung einer genügenden Lebensgeschichte des Inculpaten, dieselbe den- noch nicht ermöglichen lassen, besonders wenn der Ange- klagte, wie so häufig, ein vagabondirendes Leben geführt oder iich länger im Auslande aushalten hat; indess sollte man des- halb doch nicht schon auf die Erlangung derselben verzichten, wo die Herbeischafiung eines ausreichenden Materials zur Be- gntaditung, wie z. B. im ersten und vierten von mir aufge- fbhrten Fall nur mit Schwierigkeiten verknüpft ist. Aber auch bei dem Sfunmeln des nöthigen Materials zur «Fälfamg eines Urtheils über eines Inculpaten zweifelhaften Seelen- austand wird lange noch nicht sorgsam genug zu Werke gegangen. Wenn man bedenkt, wie versteckt oft die Symptome einer See- lenstürung liegen, wie schwierig selbst den sachverständigen und eilahrenen Aerzten zuweilen die ErlN^ntniss einer vorhandenen SeelenstOrung wird, so sollte man in Wahrheit in vielen Fällen weniger Gewicht auf den Ausspruch eines laienhaften Zeugen über vorhandene oder fehlende Seelenstörung eines Inculpaten legen: weil dies ein sehr schwer zu ftllendes Urtheii enthält, wonach aber überhaupt gar nicht zu fragen ist. Vielmehr sollte der Inquirem nur nach den Thatsachen und Thatumständen, wodurch sich dem Zeugen jene geistige Störung kundgegeben, sUlta SU forschen trachten, und eben so bei auffUligen Ereig- — 218 — nissen stets nach den nähern Umst&nden, unter denen ne tiA zugetragen» zu fragen nicht unterlassen: da die nackten Facta oft, wenn sie nicht in die richtige Beleuchtung gestellt Bind, ge- rade das Ekitgegengesetzte von dem, was sie eigentlich bedeuten, beweisen. Zumal da es ja bekannt ist, dass wirkliche Geistes- kranke bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung zu Zweiten gar nichts Auf- fallendes in ihrem Betragen und Reden zeigen, und weil die grosse Zahl der Unsachverständigen und selbst der Sachverstän- digen, wie Esquirol richtig bemerkt, nur in die Augen sprin- gende Zufälle als Merkmale einer SeelenstOrung anzusehen und sie nur in offenbarer Verkehrtheit ihrer Neigungen , Beden imd Handlungen zu erkennen pflegt Ueberdies haben die meisten Menschen bei Rechtsverletzun- gen, sei es aus dem Gefühle der Rechtsverletzung selbst, sei ei^ wie oftmals, aus einem egoistischen Grunde, sich selbst vor ähn- lichen Verletzungen zu salviren, eine grosse Neigung, aach die Strafe fOr das vermeintliche Verbrechen herbeizuffihren, und so den Thäter, dessen Vergehen und Schuld, ihrer Ansicht nach, klar zu Tage liegt, dem Arm der Gerechtigkeit zu Oberliefen. Auch mochte man Diebe und Mörder, wie leicht begreif Bcfa^ gern aus der Commune los sein. Abgesehen nun von diesen Motiven zur Herbeiführung eines Straferkenntnisses pflegen Lents niederen Standes, namentlich ungebildete Landleute, anch ohne weitere Absicht, sehr oft das Selbstgesehene und Erlebte snt dem über die Thatsachen von Andern Gehörten imd darüber Gefühlten und Gedachten in ihrem Bewusstsein so innig zn tcp- schmelzen, dass ihre Angaben über erlebte Facta in der Begd ein Amalgam von Gesehenem, Gehörtem, Gefühltem und Ge- dachtem zu sein pflegt, das nicht einmal einem geschicktem xidi- terlichen Inquirenten in allen Fällen gehörig zu sondern gelingv dürfte. Hierzu kommt noch der sich sowohl bei den Zengen di Inquirenten stets geltend machende Umstand, dass in einer jeden Darstellung immer sämmtliche unvollständig erlebte und midna auch unausgeftdlt gebliebene Thatumstände den Trieb in ia Einbildung des Zuschauers und Hörers erwecken, die denseUm noch fehlenden Merkmale für eine lebendige innere Ansohanong und somit zur Vervollständigung des Erlebten und VorgetragOBOi zu ergänzen. Abgesehen davon, dass der Inquirent, was kk ebenfalls einigemal erlebt habe, zuweilen die ihm unverst Ausdrücke des ungebildeten Zeugen, einen von diesem gw beabsichtigten ^nn unterleg Hierüber vergleiche man ( — 219 - WM Schneider: VoUständige Lehre vom reohtliohen Beweise; Ney: Die gerichtliche Arzneiwissenschaft in ihren Verhältnissen znr Bechtspflege Bd« I, S. 86 cf.; Ellinger: Ueber die anthro- polog. Momente der Zurechnungsfähigkeit, 1^. 70c£; Feuerbach: Lehrbnch des peinlichen Bechts; und Mittermaier: Die Lehre vom Beweise im deutschen Strafprocesse darüber mittheilen. „Wo schuldlose Opfer fielen", sagt letzterer u. A. S. 442 1. c. auch in diesem Sinne anwendbar, „war es vorzüglich da, wo die Gtewissheit der Existenz des Verbrechers selbst fehlte, und man daher etwas ohne gehörige Grundlage aus Nebenumst&nden ab- leitete, welches man irriger Weise als Nebenumstftnde eines Ver- brechens ansah, das gar nicht existirte." Besonders tadelnswerth aber scheint mir das, ebenfalls ein- mal erlebte Verfahren, wo dem Gerichtshof erst im Audienz- termin durch Beden und Benehmen des Angeklagten Zweifel über dessen Seelenzustand aufstiessen und derselbe den Beschluss f aaste^ einen gerade anwesenden Arzt zur Beschwichtigung dieser Bedenken zu requiriren, der sich sofort über den zweifelhafiten Zustand äussern sollte, der es indess, gleich einem zweiten her- beigeholten Sachverständigen, mit vollem Rechte ablehnte, ein sofortiges Urtheil zu fiülen. Wenn nun auch anzunehmen, dass der mit seinem Fache vertraute und gewissenhafte Arzt ein sol- ches Ansinnen stets von sich weisen werde; so kann es doch einem minder besonnenen Sachverständigen begegnen, sich der Aufiforderung des Gerichts zu fügen und nach kurzer Prüfung, zwaoal wenn er zufällig der öffentlichen Verhandlung beigewohnt, Bern Urtheil abzugeben; und deshalb sollte es auch zum Gesetz exboben werden: dass es dem Sachverständigen in keinem ein- igen zweifelhaften Falle gestattet sei, ein medicinisch-psychisches Brachten abzugeben, bevor derselbe nicht den Imploranden ge- iMHier kennen gelernt und ausreichend untersucht habe. Bei dieser Gelegenheit kann ich nicht unterlassen, auf zwei hOohsi wichtige Umstände aufmerksam zu machen: Erstens, wie besorgt die wissenschaftliche Deputation für da0 Medicinalwesen sich zur Zeit in Bezug auf die numia trän- mtoriß ausspricht, damit ja kein beklagenswerther Irrthum ent- stehe. Während dasselbe CoUegium oder die Professoren Ideler und Casper, wie sich im ersten Ober-Gutachten und in den Tendiiedenen Schriften dieser Gelehrten zeigt, die Ansichten Ikber diese Seelenstörungsform so gänzlich geändert hat, dass sie dnen Vorkommen so gut, als ganz in Abrede stellen; so dass es hiemaoh der Büthke, der m. E. hi einem solchen KTt«\W\giX3fcr — 220 — falle den Mord an Frau und Kindern beging, sehr zu beklagen haty seine That nicht 20 Jahre früher begangen su haben und zur Bechenschafit gezogen zu sein. Wiederum aber liefert auch diese, den allgemein durch so lange Erfahrung sich bestätigenden Thatsachen widersprechende^ Aufstellung Seitens des gedachten CoUegiums den sprechenden Beweis dafür, wie sehr die bei den Ober-Ghitachten fungirendcn Beferenten das Plenum beeinflussen: da Pro£ Ideler es ist, welcher gerade diese irrthümliche Erklärung, sowohl in der im I. Bd. Goltdammer's Archiv enthaltenen Abhandlung, als in der Einleitung zu der von der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal-Depo- tation herausgegebenen neuen Auswahl, medicinisch-gerichtÜGlier Gutachten, sowie Prof. Casper in der Correlation des I. Ober^ Gutachtens, als in seiner öfters angeführten Schrift, es wiederholt Der zweite Umstand, welcher von einer aufifallenden Sin- nesänderung desselben CoUegiums zeugt, besteht darin , diM hier noch sehr nachdrücklich, und gewiss mit Becht davor ge- warnt wird: nicht aus der bisherigen Lebens- und Handlongi- weise, aus dem Charakter des Angeschuldigten, auf die mit freiv Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit verübte, incriminirteThat zu schliessen: weil der Mensch eben nicht zu allen Zeiten derselbe ist, und seine Gesinnung, wie seine Gemüthsstimmung , aidi leidtt ändern und auch alienirt werden kann, während wir jetzt von der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal-Deputation, oder vielmehr von den Concipi&nten der Ober-Gutachten, Prof. Ideler und Casper überall wie nachgewiesen, gerade die entgegengesetzte Maziiie dringend empfohlen finden, und wie es scheint, schon deshalb^ um die eben so irrthümliche Lehre von der Selbstverschuldong für die in Affect und Leidenschaft begangenen rechtswidrigen Handlungen darauf gründen und ausführen zu kOnnen. Von dieser Lehre wollen wir im ersten Ober-Gutachten ein BospU anführen. Indess werden diese von der wissenschaftlichen Medicinat- Deputation, in jener Einleitung zur neuen Auswahl von medid- nisch-psychischen Ober-Gutachten empfohlene und in ihren Ober* Gutachten adhibirten Grundsätze deshalb so leicht unheilbringend^ weil der Angeklagte, dessen Leben ja selten fleckenlos zu seil pflegt, schon vorweg verurthcilt ist, sobald der G^richtsarzt doi sonst nur den Criminalrichtem eigene Maxime: „ der Angeklagte sei ein Mensch, zu dem man sich solcher That wohl yerselNi konnte*", festzuhalten sucht, und nicht vieknehr jeden, selbst dv I — 221 — geringsten Umstand bei seiner Exploration, nach allen Richtungen hin, zu erwftgen bestrebt ist Abgesehen hiervon hat die wissenschaftliche Medicinal- Deputation zur Zeit den von Heinroth gemachten Vorwurf nicht überall richtig aufgefasst, den aber die heutigen Mitglieder dieser wissenschaftlichen Körperschaft sicher besser zu würdigen im Stande sein dürften: weil Prof. Heinroth in der That a. m. O. nur eine völlige Uebereinstimmung seiner Postulate mit denen des Prof. Ideler und Casper, oder mit der wissenschaftlichen Deputation für das Medicinalwesen, implicite ausgesprochen hat. Die wissenschaftliche Medicinal-Deputation referirt a. a. O. S. 42: «Wenn aber Heinroth früher Vernunft, Freiheit und Heiligkeit etc. als gleichbedeutende Begriffe genommen hat, und hier alle Verbrechen als vernunftwidrig bezeich- net, die Spuren der Vemunftberaubtheit oder Unfreiheit aber dem seelengestörten Zustande beilegt und dann wieder (S. 36) im geistesgesunden Zustande begangene Verbrechen, fbr freie Handlungen erklärt, — so Hessen sich hier die auffallendsten "Widersprüche nachweisen, wie z. B. wo es bei Heinroth heisst: „Wenn ein Weibsbild, der ihr Elind zur Last ist, es ermordet, um es loss zu werden, begeht sie eine freie That!*^ — folglich auch eine vernünftige, — „folglich auch eine heilige etc., wäh- rend kurz zuvor alle Verbrechen als vemimftwidrig bezeich- net sind." — Wir glauben, dass der von der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal- Deputation dem Prof. Heinroth vorstehend gemachte Vorwurf auf keinem geringem Irrthume der Verwechselung und Identi- ficirung der moralischen und psychischen Freiheit beruht, als ihn heutzutage Herr Pro£ Ideler und Casper wie nach- gewiesen, durchgehend in ihren Schriften lehren und die wissen- schaftliche Medicinal-Deputation in den hierunter referirten Ober- Gkitachten, zu folgeschwerer Anwendung gebracht hat: der Mensch kann sehr wohl „frei% d. h. „psychisch gesund*" sein, nnd dennoch, oder vielmehr dann nur allein „unfreie^, d. h. unmoralische, d.h. eben unvernünftige Handlungen begehen, mithin fUlt von dieser Seite betrachtet, die dem Prof. Heinroth rar Last gelegte Jnconsequenz weg, mindestens durfte er sie von dieser Seite her nicht erfahren. Ausserdem aber stimmt auch die hier, von Heinroth hin- : gestellte, von der wissenschaftlichen Medicinal-Deputation geta- fdelte Ueberzeugung ebenfalls mit den Lehren jener Männer '. YöDig ftberein, dass der Mensch nämlich nur in seinem Charakt/ex handeln könne, war derselbe daher schlecht und lasterhaft, so kann er auch nur in diesem Sinne handeln, folglich eine ver- brecherische Handlung begehen, und zwar muss er dessludb and frei gewesen sein, und man hat nach einem unfreien Zuatande nicht weiter zu forschen, mithin gerade wie Prof. Ideler und Casper, oder die heutige wissenschaftliche Medicinal-Deputation, welche den Rath crtheilen, vom Charakter und der biBherigoi Lebensweise des Inculpaten, auf den zur Zeit der That Yoihfla- den gewesenen Seelenzustand, zu schliessen. Bevor wir uns jedoch zu unserer Aufgabe wenden, wolkn wir noch über einige medicinisch-psychische Gegenstände, nament- lich über Freiheit und Zurechnung zu klaren Begriffen zu, kom- men suchen, weil hierüber eben noch unter den Aerzten, wie wir gezeigt, so grosse Verschiedenheiten obwalten. Die gerichtliche Psychologie, welche die Anwendung psy- chologischer und psychisch - medicinischer Lehren zu Bedifi- zwecken zur Aufgabe hat, muss selbstverstilndlich wie das Stnf- recht von der Freiheit des Menschen, sich im gesunden wadm- den Zustande zum Begehen oder Unterlassen einer Handhng bestimmen zu können, ausgehen. Es scheint daher für die ge- richtlichen Zwecke auch besonders die Unterscheidung der etU- schen Freiheit von der psychischen und ein tieferes Eingehn in das Wesen derselben wegen der so häufig begangenen folge- schweren Verwechselung geboten. Die Freiheit ist dem Zwange entgegengesetzt und der mA bewusste Mensch ist frei, je mehr er sich von den Feaseln dtt sinnlichen Lebens befreit. Ueberall wo nicht bloss Natuigeselie wirksam sind, sondern solche in ihrer Allgemeinheit erkannt weh den, hört auch die Naturnothwendigkeit auf. Mit dem individudkn Bewusstsein ist auch die Naturnothwendigkeit, der Natnmraif unverträglich; denn hier beginnt die Freiheit. Die ganze Vitir kommt nie zum Bewusstsein dieser Gesetze, wiewohl sich m iff diese Gesetze wirksam zeigen, denen sie jedoch nothwendig aal unbewusst folgen muss. Aber eben so verkehrt wftre es, den Menschen das Bewusstsein zuzugestehen, dasselbe aber, soine die von ihm bewussten Gesetze, nach denen er handelt, der Nflbv zuzuschreiben. Daa ganze geistige Leben wird mithin venidiM, sobald man die Freiheit in Abrede stellt. Also im wnrselt der freie Wille. Das Bewusstsein umfasst des ganzes Ich, sein Denken und Fühlen und jeden Akt mit seinen Trieben und Begierden; aber diese können und d&rfen ihn, den mit Freiheit begabten Menschen nicht zum Handebi fort- reissen, sondern er hat zu fiberlegen, in wie weit denselben nach- sugeben oder zu widerstehen sei, und sein Handeln erhält, je nachdem er hierbei nach hohem, allgemein menschlichen Anfor- derungen oder nach individuellen Bücksichten und seinen eigenen Bedürfnissen angemessenen Zwecken wählt und verfllhrt, eine ver- nünftige, ideelle oder eine verständige, möglicherweise auch rechts- widrige Gestalt Unsere ganze Bildung läuft darauf hinaus, die Menschen von dem gleichsam instinctiven Thun und Treiben, von den Lebens- interessen, wozu sie von den Naturtrieben angeregt werden, wie es im kindlichen Alter und rohen Zustande geschieht, zum ver- ständigen Denken und Handeln und endlich zum hohem sittlichen Leben zu erheben, worin der Mensch erst frei wird; indem er, vom Zwange selbstsüchtiger Beweggründe befreit, nach tugend- haften, idealen Grundsätzen handelt Diese Freiheit muss daher ent im ernsten Kampfe mit der Natur errungen werden, und besteht nicht sowohl in der Vernichtung der natürlichen Triebe und Begierden, als in deren Idealisirung, Vergeistigung und Um- wandlung in sittliche Triebe, so dass der Trieb nach Tugend vor- herrschend, die Freiheit unser höchstes Ziel wird. Sowie die Freiheit nun aber nicht angeboren ist, sondern nur durch schweren Kampf errungen werden kann, und dieselbe mit dem Bewusstsein, mit der Fähigkeit zur VorsteUung und Be- fdlgong sittlicher Zwecke fortzugehen, erst eintritt, eben 'so wenig vermag die Freiheit zur bleibenden Verwirklichung zu gelangen, sondern besteht erwähntermaassen mehr in einem steten Process der Befreiuung: weil die sinnlichen Triebe imd neuen physischen Beize sich immer wieder mächtig in uns geltend machen, und wir ständig über uns zu wachen haben, denselben nicht zum Baabe zu werden. Ton dieser Freiheit gänzHch verschieden ist, wie erwähnt, die Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit, die WillkQr, in Foro aw die psychisclie oder psychologische Freiheit oder freier Wille genannt, das Vermögen des Menschen, thun und lassen zu können, was er will. Der freie Wille in dieser Besdehmig ge- dacht ist daher ohne nähern Inhalt und Interesse, bedeutet des- halb in Foro auch nur die psychische Integritftt und daher auch nicht mit der moralischen Freiheit oder dem moralisch freien Willen zu identifidren; weil dieser eben nur in dem Bewuastsein, moralische Zwecke zu verfolgen besteht, mithin nur seinen ethi- schen Inhalt betrifft, die Willkür hingegen überhaupt die Mög- lichkeit das Gute oder Schlechte zu wollen, begreift; daher sie auch natürlich der moralischen Freiheit nicht fehlt, aber sie bQ- det eben nur das eine Moment in derselben. Ohne Willkür, ohne freie Wahl wäre kein Kampf gegen die sinnlichen Triebe denk- bar, während deren Ueberwindung die Freiheit in dem Bewnsst- sein und der Anerkennung allgemeiner sittlicher Zwecke und deren Wahl bei der Ausübung beruht. Die Willkür ist also, um es zu wiederholen, die Freiheit sa wählen, die Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit und somit der Gregen- satz von Bestimmtwerden durch äussere Nothwendigkeit (Gewak, auch innere: Krankheit, Drohung u. s. w.), sie geht also der Selbstbestimmung vorauf, und darin oder vielmehr in jeder ein- zelnen Handlung unter, um sich zu jeder erneuerten wieder n erneuem , d. h. um über jede einzelne Handlung von Neuem m reflectiren, im Bewusstsein die Licht- und Schattenseiten rieh vw- her vorzuhalten, zu wählen, ehe der Entschluss dazu gefasst, Alt durch den Beschluss die Ausfülirung bestinmit wird* In forensischer Hinsicht ist die Trennung der moralischfla und der psychologischen Freiheit, wie erwähnt, ganz beaondm wichtig; denn so innig beide in einer Beziehung verschmolxen iob müssen, da die sittliche Freiheit ohne Willkür undenkbar sein würde, diese mithin die nothwendige Grundbedingung aller Ib- ralität ausmacht, und erst dadurch, dass jene in dieser ganz aof- gegangen und bei jeder Wahl von ihr überwunden wird, IiW der Wille ebensowohl auf blosses Vermögen zu bleiben, als doi Naturtrieben zu folgen; so sehr müssen doch beide im geridit» ärztlichen Gutachten berücksichtigt und auseinandergehalten «er den, da dasselbe nur das vorhandene Vermögen, also die Inte- grität des Geistes, des Bewusstseins, die gesunde psychische 0^ ganisation zur Aufgabe hat, nicht aber in wie weit die incriminiite That oder deren Motiv 'oder überhaupt die Handlungsweise dei Inculpaten, mit den ethischen Gesetzen, in Foro moraliscl* — 225 — ZurechnungsfUiigkeit übereinstimmt^ wozu ohnehin jeder richter- liche Inquirent mindestens ebenso befähigt als der Arzt ist. Die Reue besteht allerdings in dem Zerfallensein des sitt- lichen Bewusstseins mit. der verübten schlechten That, oder mit dem Erwachen des Gewissens und wird sich mithin nach der Ueberzeugung von der Unsittlichkeit der That richten, da nur das Bewusstsein, das Wissen der sittlichen Gebote im Contraste mit dem Unwerth der begangenen Handlung dieselbe hervorbringt Deshalb kommt auch die Reue, wie man zu sagen pflegt , nach der That: weil mit dem gesättigten Triebe auch die Lust und das Begehren dazu schwindet und in das entgegengesetzte Ge- fühl, in das sogenannte indirecte Unlustgefühl übergeht, nun aber auch das sittliche Bewusstsein desto ungetrübter eintreten kann. Daher hat die Beue an sich auch nur ein untergeordnetes sitt- liches Moment: was sich auch dadurch zeigt, dass sie bei den, nur den Klugheitsregeln zuwider laufenden Handlungen stattfindet, welche die Verletzung eigener Interessen — die aber fast durch jedes Verbrechen mit zerstört werden — zur Folge haben, mithin ebensowohl aus egoistischen Motiven entsteht Wenn es nun aber hiernach den Anschein hat, als sei aus dem Wesen der Reue mindestens der Schluss auf die, bei der That vorhanden gewesene, freie Willensbestimmung gerechtfertigt, weil sonst ein Erwachen des Gewissens unerklärlich wäre; so bedarf auch diese Annahme grosser Einschränkungen. Denn die Beue wird auch durch die, aus der That hervorgegangenen un- glftcklichen, Folgen herbeigeführt, deren sich auch der willenlose Thäter doch immer anklagen muss — wie dies die Schlafwachen- den und Mordmonomanen nach verübtem Morde bekunden — und giebt daher für sich allein durchaus noch kein Crite- rium für die zurZeit der That vorhanden gewesene freie Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit, ganz abgesehen davon, dass auch das Bewusstsein Seelengestörter im Allgemeinen nicht derartig ver- schwindet, dass sie sich nicht nach vollbrachter That noch der- selben und selbst der, sie zu derselben angeregt habenden, Motive noch erinnern sollten, um sich selbst als Urheber anklagen zu können. Zurechnung. Als die den Menschen vorzugsweise charakterisirende Aus- leichnung haben wir die Persönlichkeit desselben bezeichnet, oder dessen Fälligkeit sich frei, nach Vernunftgesetzen, asu 15 — 226 — einer Handlung bestimmen zu können, die freie Willensbestim- niung. Wir nennen den Willen dea Menschen frei, obwohl du ihn zur Handlung treibende Begehren (Verabscheuen) durch An- regungen unserer Geffihle und Vorstellungen bedingt wird, die nun wieder von unserer Ucberzeugung von dem dadurch zu er- wai'tendcn nOthigcn, nützlichen oder sittlichen, kurz angenehmen Zweck abhängig sind. Deshalb würde auch die Annahme iir- thümlich sein, dass wir bei unserer Freiheit, bei unsem selbst- bcwussten Willensakten die nothwendigen Wirkungen ausreichen- der Ursachen leugnen; im Gegentheil beruht vielmehr da8 ganze Moral- und Strafgesetz auf dem geraden Gegensatz: sich durch vcrnunftgemässe Motive zum Handeln zu entAchliessen, so wie man durch seine bessere Einsicht vom sittlichen Werth einer gebotenen und vollzogenen Handlung erst frei wird, wenn wir sie nur durch kein anderes Moment gezwungen begehen. Denn sittlich ist nur das Freie, und die freie böse That macht An- spruch an sittliches Urtheil, während die erzwimgene Tugend dei Sklaven so wenig in dies Gebiet gehurt, wie das BoUen dei Donners oder das Fallen des Steins, wie Schleuden bemerkt: es sei denn, liessc sich hinzufügen, dass er das Gebot in eines Entschluss umgewandelt hätte. Leugnet man die Sittlichkeit, £e Freiheit des Menschen in diesem Sinne, so ist es inconseqnenty wenn man dennoch von Zurechnungsfähigkeit redet. Das Selbil- bewusstsein spricht die Ucberzeugung aus, dass dasselbe vw Gehirn, Bückenmark und Nerven, kurz vom Organismus fc^ schieden ist; aber unerschütterlicher wird diese Ueberzengiog von der Existenz des Geistes durch das Bewusstsein unserer Freiheit, unserer Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit Wir können jeder Anreizung zum Trotz nicht wollen, jeder hemmenden Lik- mung, welche die trägere Blutwclle und der reizlose, erschlaffli Nerv uns entgegen stellt, zum Trotz wollen; und wenn wir uck überwältigt durch die übermässige Spannung der gereizten Ntf- ven, betäubt durch den raschern Strom des glühenderen Blnteik thun, was wir nicht wollten, so liegt schon in dem Gedanken tf den Widerstand die Ucberzeugung von dem wirklichen Dasdi eines des Widerstandes fähigen, d. h. freien Wesens. |
github_open_source_100_8_20144 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import psycopg2
import os
#import date
DATABASE_URL = os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL")
#Cliente: Filtrado de fechas
def select_date_go(context):
query = "SELECT Date_Hour_S FROM Flight "
#isEmply = select_all_booking()
if context.user_data['cant_pasajes'] != "":# and not isEmply:
command1 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM (SELECT ID_F, Total_Passenger FROM Flight INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment) INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING(Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante)) AS Total INNER JOIN (SELECT ID_F, Count(*) as asientos FROM Booking GROUP BY ID_F) AS total_asientos USING(ID_F) WHERE Total_Passenger - asientos >= {context.user_data['cant_pasajes']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command1 + ") AS cant_pasajeros USING(id_F) "
if context.user_data['origen'] != "":
command2 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Aeroport_S = {context.user_data['origen']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command2 + ") AS origen USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['destino'] != "":
command3 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Aeroport_L = {context.user_data['destino']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command3 + ") AS destino USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['aerolinea'] != "":
command4 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE ID_A = {context.user_data['aerolinea']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command4 + ") AS a USING(ID_F) "
query+= "WHERE Date_Hour_S > CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 hr' GROUP BY Date_Hour_S"
command = (query, )
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Filtrado para cantidad de pasajeros
def select_passengers_count(context, count):
query = f"SELECT ID_F FROM (SELECT ID_F, Total_Passenger FROM (SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Date_Hour_S > CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 hr')AS fechaS INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment) INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING(Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante)) AS Total INNER JOIN (SELECT ID_F, Count(*) as asientos FROM Booking GROUP BY ID_F) AS total_asientos USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['origen'] != "":
command2 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_S = {context.user_data['origen']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command2 + ") AS origen USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['destino'] != "":
command3 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_L = {context.user_data['destino']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command3 + ") AS destino USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['aerolinea'] != "":
command4 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.ID_A = {context.user_data['aerolinea']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command4 + ") AS a USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['fecha'] != "":
command5 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Date_Hour_S = \'{context.user_data['fecha']}\' "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command5 + ") AS fecha USING(ID_F) "
query += f"WHERE Total_Passenger - asientos > 0 "
command = (query, )
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Filtrado para el lugar de origen
def select_airport_source(context):
query = "SELECT ID_AeroP, Name_AeroP, Pos_Geog, Direction FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Flight.Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP "
if context.user_data['cant_pasajes'] != "":
command1 = f"SELECT ID_F, Total_Passenger FROM Flight INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment) INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING(Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante) INNER JOIN (SELECT ID_F, Count(*) as asientos FROM Booking GROUP BY ID_F) AS total_asientos USING(ID_F) WHERE Total_Passenger - asientos >= {context.user_data['cant_pasajes']}"
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command1 + ") AS cant_pasajeros USING(id_F) "
if context.user_data['fecha'] != "":
command5 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Date_Hour_S = \'{context.user_data['fecha']}\' "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command5 + ") AS fecha USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['destino'] != "":
command3 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_L = {context.user_data['destino']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command3 + ") AS destino USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['aerolinea'] != "":
command4 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.ID_A = {context.user_data['aerolinea']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command4 + ") AS a USING(ID_F) "
query+= "WHERE Date_Hour_S > CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '7 hr' GROUP BY ID_AeroP"
command = (query, )
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Filtrado para el lugar de destino
def select_airport_destination(context):
query = "SELECT ID_AeroP, Name_AeroP, Pos_Geog, Direction FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Flight.Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP "
if context.user_data['cant_pasajes'] != "":
command1 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM (SELECT ID_F, Total_Passenger FROM Flight INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment) INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING(Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante)) AS Total INNER JOIN (SELECT ID_F, Count(*) as asientos FROM Booking GROUP BY ID_F) AS total_asientos USING(ID_F) WHERE Total_Passenger - asientos >= {context.user_data['cant_pasajes']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command1 + ") AS cant_pasajeros USING(id_F) "
if context.user_data['fecha'] != "":
command5 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Date_Hour_S = \'{context.user_data['fecha']}\' "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command5 + ") AS fecha USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['origen'] != "":
command2 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_S = {context.user_data['origen']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command2 + ") AS origen USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['aerolinea'] != "":
command4 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.ID_A = {context.user_data['aerolinea']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command4 + ") AS a USING(ID_F) "
query+= "WHERE Date_Hour_S > CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '7 hr' GROUP BY ID_AeroP"
command = (query, )
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Filtrado para la aerolinea
def select_Aeroline(context):
query = "SELECT ID_A, Name_A, Country_NA FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A) "
if context.user_data['cant_pasajes'] != "":
command1 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM (SELECT ID_F, Total_Passenger FROM Flight INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment) INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING(Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante)) AS Total INNER JOIN (SELECT ID_F, Count(*) as asientos FROM Booking GROUP BY ID_F) AS total_asientos USING(ID_F) WHERE Total_Passenger - asientos > {context.user_data['cant_pasajes']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command1 + ") AS cant_pasajeros USING(id_F) "
if context.user_data['fecha'] != "":
command5 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Date_Hour_S = \'{context.user_data['fecha']}\' "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command5 + ") AS fecha USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['origen'] != "":
command2 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_S = {context.user_data['origen']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command2 + ") AS origen USING(ID_F) "
if context.user_data['destino'] != "":
command3 = f"SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE Flight.Aeroport_L = {context.user_data['destino']} "
query += "INNER JOIN (" + command3 + ") AS destino USING(ID_F) "
query+= "WHERE Date_Hour_S > CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '7 hr' GROUP BY (ID_A, Name_A, Country_NA)"
command = (query, )
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Obtener ID_P de la ultima prereserva hecha
def select_the_last_booking():
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_B FROM Booking ORDER BY ID_B DESC LIMIT 1
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Cliente: Ver prereservas
def select_client_booking(id_T):
print(id_T)
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, COUNT(ID_B), Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM (SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A, Aero_S, Name_AeroP as Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM (SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A , Name_AeroP as Aero_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT IS_paid, ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A , Aeroport_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT ID_B, ID_F, Date_booking, IS_paid
FROM Client INNER JOIN Booking USING(ID_C)
WHERE ID_Telegram_C = \'{id_T}\'
) as P1 INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F)
WHERE IS_paid = \'0\'
) as P2
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P3
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P4
INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
) as P5 INNER JOIN BookingTo USING(ID_B)
GROUP BY ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
ORDER BY Date_booking
""",)
conn = None
result1 = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1
# Cliente: Ver vuelos futuros
def select_client_future_flight(id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Cod_F, Name_A, Aero_S, Date_Hour_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT Cod_F, ID_A, Aero_S, Date_Hour_S, Name_AeroP as Aero_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT Cod_F, ID_A, Name_AeroP as Aero_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT Cod_F, ID_A, Aeroport_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT *
FROM Client INNER JOIN Airfare USING(ID_C)
WHERE ID_Telegram_C = \'{id_T}\'
) as P1
INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F)
) as P2
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P3
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P4
INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE Date_Hour_S >= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
ORDER BY Date_Hour_S
""",)
conn = None
result1 = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1
# Cliente: Ver reservar
def select_client_booking_flights(id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_A FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""",
"""
SELECT COUNT(*) as Tickets_Booking FROM Booking GROUP BY (Cod_F, ID_C, Fecha_R)
""",
"""
SELECT * FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Flight USING(Cod_F)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""",
"""
SELECT Seat FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Airfare USING(Cod_F, ID_CR)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""",)
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[3])
result4 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3, result4
#Cliente: Dado el ID_Aeropuerto de el nombre
def select_name_aeroport(ID_A):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_AeroP FROM Aeroport WHERE ID_AeroP = {ID_A}
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Cliente: Dado el ID_Aerolinea de el nombre
def select_name_aeroline(ID_A):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_A FROM Aeroline WHERE ID_A = {ID_A}
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Gerente: Ver prereservas
def select_employee_booking(id_P):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_A FROM Prebooking INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE ID_P = {id_P}
""",
"""
SELECT COUNT(*) as Tickets_Prebooking FROM Prebooking GROUP BY (Cod_F, Fecha_R)
""",
"""
SELECT * FROM Prebooking INNER JOIN Flight USING(Cod_F)
WHERE ID_P = {id_P}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3
# Gerente: Ver datos de la reservar (al pagar)
def select_employee_booking_flights(id_P):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_A FROM Booking INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE ID_P = {id_P}
""",
"""
SELECT COUNT(*) as Tickets_Booking FROM Booking GROUP BY (Cod_F, Fecha_R)
""",
"""
SELECT * FROM Booking INNER JOIN Flight USING(Cod_F)
WHERE ID_P = {id_P}
""",
"""
SELECT Seat, Cost_Passage FROM Booking INNER JOIN Airfare USING(Cod_F, ID_CR)
WHERE ID_P = {id_P}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[3])
result4 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3, result4
# Empleado de Mostrador: Verificar cliente (DUDAS)
def select_client_for_checking(id_T, cod_f):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_C, Last_name_C, Country_C, Visa FROM Client INNE JOIN Passenger_Flow USING(ID_C)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""",
"""
SELECT Name_A FROM Prebooking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""",
"""
SELECT Seat FROM Airfare (DUDA: ok)
""",
"""
SELECT * FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Flight USING(Cod_F)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T} (DUDA: igual)
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[3])
result4 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3, result4
# Empleado de Puerta de Salida: Todos los pasajeros
def select_all_passengers(id_F):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_C, Name_C, Last_name_C
FROM (SELECT ID_C FROM Booking INNER JOIN Flight USING(Cod_F))
INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C)
WHERE ID_Telegram = {id_T}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Operador de Vuelo: Ver naves segun su clasificacion
def select_all_nave_clasif(nave_clasif):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacitance, No_Tripulante, Name_A
FROM Nave INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
WHERE Clasif = {nave_clasif}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Operador de Vuelo: Vuelos que entran
def select_all_flight_in():
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Lugar_Origen, Fecha_Hora_L
FROM Nave INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_A)
WHERE Fecha_Hora_L IN (SELECT *
FROM Flight CONVERT(DATE, Fecha_Hora_L)
WHERE Fecha_Hora_L = GETDATE())
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Operador de Vuelo: Vuelos que salen
def select_all_flight_out():
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Lugar_Destino, Fecha_Hora_S
FROM Nave INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_A)
WHERE Fecha_Hora_S IN (SELECT *
FROM Flight CONVERT(DATE, Fecha_Hora_S)
WHERE Fecha_Hora_S = GETDATE())
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Jefe del Departamento de Recursos Humanos: Eliminar empleado
def select_employee_to_eliminate(id_E):
command = (
f"""
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE ID_E = {id_E}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Jefe del Departamento de Recursos Humanos: Listado de todos los empleados
def select_all_employee():
command = (
"""
SELECT * FROM Employee
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Jefe del Departamento de Recursos Humanos: Todos los cargos que hay
def select_all_jobs():
command = (
"""
SELECT Office FROM Office
""",
)
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Jefe de Mecanica: Nave que se reparo
def select_nave_repaired(nave_clasif):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacitance, No_Tripulante, Name_A, Tipo_R
FROM Nave INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A) INNER JOIN Repair USING(Enrollment)
WHERE Clasif = {nave_clasif}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Jefe de Almacen: Ver producto (DUDA): aunq tengan nombre iguales tendran ID distintos?
def select_product(id_Prod):
command = (
f"""
SELECT * FROM Product WHERE ID_Prod = {id_Prod}
""",
"""
SELECT COUNT(*) as Cant_Product FROM ID_Prod GROUP BY (Name_Prod) WHERE ID_Prod = {id_Prod}
""",
"""
SELECT Cost_Prod FROM Product INNER JOIN Product_Inst USING(ID_Prod) WHERE ID_Prod = {id_Prod}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3
# Supervisor de Instalaciones: Ver instalacion
def select_installation(name_i):
command = (
f"""
SELECT * FROM Installation WHERE Name_I = {name_i}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Empleado de Instalacion: Ver producto
def select_product(id_Prod):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_Prod, Name_Prod FROM Product WHERE ID_Prod = {id_Prod}
""",
"""
SELECT COUNT(*) as Cant_Product FROM ID_Prod GROUP BY (Name_Prod) WHERE ID_Prod = {id_Prod}
""")
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[2])
result3 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2, result3
# Obtener todos los aeropuertos
def select_all_aeroports():
command = (
f"""
SELECT * FROM Aeroport
""")
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Obtener pasaporte del cliente
def select_passport_client(id_C):
command = (
f"""
SELECT No_Passport FROM Client WHERE ID_C = {id_C}
""")
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Obtener id_c del cliente usando no_pasaporte
def select_ID_client_using_no_passport(no_passport):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_C FROM Client WHERE No_Passport = \'{no_passport}\'
""",)
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
# Obtener pasaporte del cliente
def select_ID_client_using_id_telegram(id_telegram):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_C FROM Client WHERE ID_Telegram_C = {id_telegram}
""", )
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_ID_Flight(lo, ld, id_a, fecha):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_F FROM Flight WHERE ID_A = {id_a} AND Aeroport_S = {lo} AND Aeroport_L = {ld} AND Date_Hour_S = \'{fecha}\'
""", )
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_all_clients():
command = (
"""
SELECT ID_C, No_Passport FROM Client
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_all_booking():
command = (
"""
SELECT * FROM Booking
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_flight_fo(Id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante, Total_Passenger FROM Flight INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Airplane USING(Enrollment)
INNER JOIN Total_Passenger USING (Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante) WHERE Aeroport_S = (SELECT ID_AeroP FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{Id_T}\') or
Aeroport_L = (SELECT ID_AeroP FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{Id_T}\') GROUP BY Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante, Total_Passenger
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_flight_departures(Id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Cod_F, Enrollment, Name_A, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A) INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F)
WHERE Aeroport_S = (SELECT ID_AeroP FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{Id_T}\') AND Date_Hour_S BETWEEN CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '1 hr' and CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 day'
ORDER BY Date_Hour_S;
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_flight_enters(Id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Cod_F, Enrollment, Name_A, Date_Hour_L, Aeroport_S
FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A) INNER JOIN Flight_Matric USING(ID_F) WHERE Aeroport_L = (SELECT ID_AeroP
FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{Id_T}\') AND Date_Hour_L BETWEEN CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '1 hr' and CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 day'
ORDER BY Date_Hour_L;
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_ID_A_employee_using_id_telegram(id_telegram):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_AeroP FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = {id_telegram}
""", )
result = None
conn = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchone()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#esta demanda tambien la utilizamos para el empleado de mostrador
def select_flight_departures_check_in_door(id_telegram):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Cod_F, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Name_A, a_s, Name_AeroP AS a_l, ID_F FROM
(SELECT Cod_F, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Name_A, Name_AeroP AS a_s, Aeroport_L, ID_F FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport.ID_AeroP = Aeroport_S WHERE Aeroport_S = (SELECT ID_AeroP FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{id_telegram}\') AND Date_Hour_S BETWEEN CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 hr' AND CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 day'
ORDER BY Date_Hour_S) AS a1 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport.ID_AeroP = Aeroport_L
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#esta demanda tambien la utilizamos para el empleado de mostrador
def select_all_passengers_in_flight(ID_F):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_C, Last_name_C, Country_C, No_Passport, ID_C FROM Airfare INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F) WHERE ID_F = {ID_F} AND Count_Baggage is NULL
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#empleado de migracion
def select_all_passengers_in(id_T):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_C, Last_name_C, Country_C, No_Passport, ID_C, ID_F FROM Flight INNER JOIN Airfare USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C)
INNER JOIN Passenger_Flow USING(ID_C, ID_F) WHERE Aeroport_L = (SELECT ID_AeroP
FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{id_T}\') AND Date_Hour_L BETWEEN CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '7 hr' and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '7 hr'
AND isAccepted_S = \'1\' AND isAccepted_E = NULL ORDER BY Date_Hour_L;
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_all_passengers_on(id_T): #QUE NO ESTE EN LA TABLA
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_C, Last_name_C, Country_C, No_Passport, ID_C, ID_F FROM Flight INNER JOIN Airfare USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) WHERE Aeroport_S = (SELECT ID_AeroP
FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{id_T}\') AND Date_Hour_S BETWEEN CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '7 hr' and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '7 hr' AND (ID_F, ID_C) NOT IN (SELECT ID_F, ID_C FROM Passenger_Flow)
ORDER BY Date_Hour_S;
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#empleado de mostrador
def select_client_data_and_his_flight(ID_F, ID_C):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_C, Last_name_C, Country_C, No_Passport, ID_C, Flight.ID_F, Flight.Cod_F, Flight.Date_Hour_S, Flight.Date_Hour_L, Name_A, a_s, a_l FROM
Flight INNER JOIN Airfare USING(ID_F) INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) INNER JOIN
(SELECT Cod_F, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Name_A, a_s, Name_AeroP AS a_l, ID_F FROM
(SELECT Cod_F, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Name_A, Name_AeroP AS a_s, Aeroport_L, ID_F FROM Flight INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport.ID_AeroP = Aeroport_S) AS a1 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport.ID_AeroP = Aeroport_L) AS a2 USING(ID_F)
WHERE ID_F = {ID_F} AND ID_C = {ID_C}
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Gerente: listado de todos los empleados del aeropuerto
def select_all_employee_in_aeroports(ID_A):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_E, Last_name_E, ID_E, Country_NE, DNI , Job FROM Employee WHERE ID_AeroP = \'{ID_A}\' GROUP BY ID_E
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_employee(id_E):
command = (
f"""
SELECT * Employee WHERE ID_E = {ID_E}
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Jefe de mecanica: Todas las naves
def select_all_airplanes(id_AeroP):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity
FROM Airplane INNER JOIN Apply_Repair USING(Enrollment)
WHERE Apply_Repair.ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\'
GROUP BY Enrollment
""",)
conn = None
result1 = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1
#Jefe de mecanica: Reparaciones de una nave
def select_airplane_repairs(enrollment, id_AeroP, id_I):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante, Name_C
FROM (SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante, ID_C
FROM(SELECT Enrollment, Clasif, Capacity, No_Tripulante
FROM Airplane INNER JOIN Apply_Repair USING(Enrollment)
WHERE Enrollment = \'{enrollment}\'
GROUP BY Enrollment
) as P1
INNER JOIN Client_Matric USING(Enrollment)
) as P2
INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C)
""",
f"""
SELECT Enrollment, Date_Begin, Date_End, Type_RR, P3.Cost_R, repair.Cost_R as Cost_R1 , Monto_Total + repair.Cost_R , ID_AeroP, Type_R as Typ_R1, Time, Cod_R1, ID_I
FROM(SELECT Enrollment, Date_Begin, Date_End, Type_R as Type_RR, Cost_R, SUM(Cost_R) as Monto_Total, ID_AeroP, Cod_R1, Time, ID_I
FROM(SELECT Enrollment, Date_Begin, Date_End, Type_R, Cost_R, Cod_R, ID_AeroP, Cod_R1, Time, ID_I
FROM(SELECT Cod_R, Cod_R1, Type_R, Cost_R
FROM Repair LEFT OUTER JOIN Need_Repair USING(Cod_R)
) as P1
INNER JOIN Apply_Repair USING(Cod_R)
) as P2
WHERE Enrollment = \'{enrollment}\' AND ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\' AND ID_I = \'{id_I}\'
GROUP BY Enrollment, Cod_R, Type_R, Cost_R, Cod_R1, Date_Begin, Date_End, Time, ID_AeroP, ID_I
) as P3
LEFT OUTER JOIN Repair ON repair.cod_r = Cod_R1
""",)
conn = None
result1 = None
result2 = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1, result2
#Empleado de recursos humanos: lista de todas las instalaciones de un aeropuerto
def select_all_installation_in_a_aeroport(ID_A):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_I, ID_AeroP, Name_I, Type FROM Installation WHERE ID_AeroP = \'{ID_A}\'
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Jefe de almacen: lista de todos los productos de una instalacion
def select_all_products(ID_A, ID_I):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_Prod, Name_Prod, Cost_Prod, Count_Prod
FROM Product_Installation INNER JOIN Product
USING(ID_AeroP, ID_I)
WHERE ID_AeroP = \'{ID_A}\' AND WHERE ID_I = \'{ID_I}\'
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_cant_product_inst(id_AeroP, id_I, id_Prod):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Count_Prod
FROM Product_Installation
WHERE ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\' AND ID_I = \'{id_I}\' AND ID_Prod = \'{id_Prod}\'
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchone()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
pass
def select_id_installation_employee(ID_Telegram_E):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_I FROM Employee WHERE ID_Telegram_E = \'{ID_Telegram_E}\'
""",
)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchone()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Supervisor de instalaciones: Todas las instalaciones dado un aeropuerto
def select_all_installation_in_Supervisor(id_AeroP):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_I, Type_I
FROM Installation
WHERE ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Supervisor de instalaciones: Todos los tipos de instalaciones
def select_all_type_installation_in_Supervisor():
command = (
f"""
SELECT Type
FROM InstallationType
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Supervisor de instalaciones: instalacion especifica
def select_installation(id_AeroP, id_I):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_I, Name_I, Type_I
FROM Installation
WHERE ID_I = \'{id_I}\' AND ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_the_last_product():
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_Prod FROM Product ORDER BY ID_Prod DESC LIMIT 1
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Empleado de instalacion: Todos los productos de la instalacion
def select_all_product_employee_inst(id_I, id_AeroP):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_Prod, Name_Prod, Cost_Prod, Count_Prod
FROM Product INNER JOIN Product_Installation USING(ID_Prod)
WHERE ID_I = \'{id_I}\' AND ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Empleado de instalacion: Obtener datos de un producto
def select_product(id_Prod, id_I):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_Prod, Name_Prod, Cost_Prod, Count_Prod
FROM Product INNER JOIN Product_Installation USING(ID_Prod)
WHERE ID_I = \'{id_I}\' AND ID_I = \'{id_I}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_the_last_buy():
command = (
"""
SELECT ID_Buy FROM Buy ORDER BY ID_Buy DESC LIMIT 1
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_installation_info(id_I, id_AeroP):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Name_I, Type FROM Installation WHERE ID_I = \'{id_I}\' AND ID_AeroP = \'{id_AeroP}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
#Gerente: Ver prereserva
def select_booking_gerente():
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, COUNT(ID_B), Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM (SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A, Aero_S, Name_AeroP as Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM (SELECT ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A , Name_AeroP as Aero_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT IS_paid, ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, ID_A , Aeroport_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price
FROM(SELECT ID_B, ID_F, Date_booking, IS_paid
FROM Client INNER JOIN Booking USING(ID_C)
) as P1 INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F)
WHERE IS_paid = '0'
) as P2
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P3
INNER JOIN Aeroport ON Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
) as P4
INNER JOIN Aeroline USING(ID_A)
) as P5 INNER JOIN BookingTo USING(ID_B)
WHERE Date_booking <= Date_booking + interval '1 hours'
GROUP BY ID_B, Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_A, Aero_S, Aero_L, Date_Hour_S, Date_Hour_L, Price
ORDER BY Date_booking
""",
f"""
DELETE
FROM Booking
WHERE Date_booking > Date_booking + interval '1 hours'
""",)
conn = None
result1 = None
result2 = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result1 = cur.fetchall()
cur.execute(command[1])
result2 = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result1
def select_no_passaport_the_all_booking():
command = (
f"""
SELECT No_Passport FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C)
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_all_booking_for_a_no_passaport(no_passaport):
command = (
f"""
SELECT No_Passport FROM Booking INNER JOIN Client USING(ID_C) WHERE IS_paid = \'0\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_Booking_not_paid():
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F, Date_booking, Cod_F, a_s, Date_Hour_S, Name_AeroP as a_l, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM
(SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F , Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_AeroP a_s, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM
(SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F , Date_booking, Cod_F, Aeroport_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM Booking INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F)
WHERE IS_paid = \'0\') AS p1 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON p1.Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP) as p2 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON p2.Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_Booking(id_B):
command = (
f"""
SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F, Date_booking, Cod_F, a_s, Date_Hour_S, Name_AeroP as a_l, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM
(SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F , Date_booking, Cod_F, Name_AeroP a_s, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM
(SELECT ID_B, ID_C, ID_F , Date_booking, Cod_F, Aeroport_S, Date_Hour_S, Aeroport_L, Date_Hour_L, Price FROM Booking INNER JOIN Flight USING(ID_F)
WHERE IS_paid = \'0\' AND ID_B = \'{id_B}\') AS p1 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON p1.Aeroport_S = Aeroport.ID_AeroP) as p2 INNER JOIN Aeroport ON p2.Aeroport_L = Aeroport.ID_AeroP
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_repair_type():
command = (
f"""
SELECT * FROM repair
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchall()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
def select_cant_prod(ID_A, ID_I, Cod_Prod):
command = (
f"""
SELECT Count_Prod
FROM Product INNER JOIN Product_Installation USING(ID_Prod)
WHERE ID_I = \'{ID_I}\' AND ID_AeroP = \'{ID_A}\' AND ID_Prod = \'{Cod_Prod}\'
""",)
conn = None
result = None
try:
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
conn = psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URL, sslmode='require')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(command[0])
result = cur.fetchone()
# close communication with the PostgreSQL database server
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
return result
|
orlandofurios03ario_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | Thus he ; and turning, as these words he said, The golden bridle o'er Frontino's head, Leapt in the seat, and sudden left behind Hippalca, weeping with distressful mind. 270 On Rodomont her threats and plaint she bends : He hears, regardless, and the hill ascends; Led by the dwarf, rage flushing on his cheeks, He Doralis and Mandricardo seeks ; While the sad maid his flight indignant views, 275 And from afar with railings vain pursues. Some other time shall speak what these befel : — Here Turpin, from whose page the tale I tell. Turns to the land, where bleeding on the plain Lies the foul traitor of Maganza slain. 280 When Amon's daughter from the place in haste Had turn'd her steed, and through the forest pass'd; Thither, by difterent ways arriving, came The good Zerbino, and her sex's shame*. * Gabiiua. Ver. 277. Some other time shall speak—] He returns to Rodomont, Book xxiv. ver. 695. and to Hippalca, Book xxvi. ver. 401. Ver. 2al. IVhen Amon's daughter—] See llie beginning of the pre- sent Book, ver. .'-l. Ver. 284. The good Zerbino, and her sex's shame.] See Book xxii. ver. 23. K 2 19(5 ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIIL He sees the body lifeless in the vale, 285 And tender tlioughts his noble breast assail. There Pinabello lay ; and, drench'd in blood, Pour'd from such numerous wound i the crimson flood, It seein'd a hundred foes, in cruel strife. Had join'd their swords to end his wretched life. 290 The knight of Scotland was not slow to trace The track of horses' feet that mark'd ttie place, In hope to fhid where from pursuit had fled Th' unknown assassin of the warrior dead : Meantime he bade Gabrina to remain, 295 And there expect his quick return again. Now near the scene of death Gabrina drew, Exploring all the corse with greedy view; For still to every other vice she join'd The deepest av'rice of a female mind : SOO And, but she knew not to conceal her theft, Her hands rapacious had the knight bereft Of every spoil ; the scarf embroider'd o'er With gold, and all the glittering arms he wore. A belt of costly work she safely plac'd 305 Beneath her vest, conceal'd around her waist : 'Twas all she covdd ; and, while of this possest, The beldame griev'd in heart to leave the rest. Zerbino now return'd, who, through the wood, With fruitless search had Bradamant pursu'd; 310 The day declining, swift his course address'd, With that dire hag, to find a place of rest. Two miles remote they to a castle came (Fam'd Altariva was the castle's name). And here they stay'd to pass th' approaching night 3l;5 That quench'd tlie splendor of departing light. B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 197 Here scarce airiv'd, on every side they hear The voice of loud laments invade their ear, And tears they sec froin every eye-lid fall, As if one-common woe had seiz'd on all, 320 Zerbino ask'd what cause their anguish wrought; And heard of tidings to Anselmo brought, How, 'twixt two mountains, in a shady dell. His son, his Pinabello, murdcr'd fell. Zerbino, doubtful of some evil nigh, 325 Withdjavvs apart from every prying eye : He deem'd their sorrows must his death bewail, Whom late he saw lie bleeding in the vale. Soon came the bier with Pinabello dead, While torches round their solemn splendor shed, 330 To where the thickest ranks lamenting stand. Raise the shrill cry, and wring the mournful hand; Where every eye is fill'd with gushing woe. And down the beard the trickling currents How. Above the rest, see, impotent in grief, S35 The wretched father mocks each vain relief; While all, as sacred custom each invites. Prepare, with pomp, the last funereal rites ; Sarh as of old were wont the dead to grace, But now forgot by this degenerate race. 310 The herald from the prince declares aloud The sovereign will, and to the murmuring crowd ProclaiiT' , li- ir vast rewards the man shall gain Who tells the wretch by whoih his son was slain. From tongue to tongue the spreading tidings flew, 34S From ear to ear, till all the city knew : At last they reach'd the hag, whose fury fell, Not bears or tigers of the woods excel ; K 3 } 198 ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIII. Who now Zerbino to destroy prepares; Whether through hatred that the knight she bears ; 350 Or that her impious soul aspir'd to show A human breast that mock'd at human woe ; Or whether greedy gain her purpose wrought; The presence of th' afflicted earl she sought; There first with plausive speech his ears amus'd, 365 And good Zerbino of the deed accus'd; Then from ti^r lap, to prove the story true, The costly belt produc'd in open view, Which, seen, too well the wretched parent knew. With tears, his hands uplifting to the skies, 360 Thou shall not perish unreveng'd — he cries; Then bids surround the house. With furious zeal The people, rouz'd, obey their ruler's will ; And while no danger near Zerbino knows, He finds himself a prisoner to his foes, 365 Giv'n to Anselmo's rage, when sunk to rest Refreshing sleep his heavy eyes depress'd. Him in a darksome cell that night detain'd, They kept in shackles and with bolts restrain'd, Condemn'd to suffer for imputed guilt, 370 In that sad valley where the blood was spilt. No further proof there needs the fact to try ; Their lord has sentenc'd, and th' accus'd must die. When from her couch Aurora made return, With niany-colour'd beams to paint the morn, 375 The populace, as with one voice, demand The prisoner's life, and press on every hand W^ith horse and foot; Zerbino thence they led To atone the blood another's hand had shed. B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 199 On a low steed the knight of Scotland rides, 380 His noble arms close pinion'd to his sides, And head cast down ; but God, who still defends The guiltless that for help on him depends, Already watchful o'er the warrior's state, Prepares to snatch him from the hand of fate. 285 Orlando thither comes, and comes to save The prince from shame and an untimely grave : Along the plain he vievv'd the swarming crew. That to his death the wretched champion drew, Galego's daughter, Isabella fair, 390 With him he brought, who from the watery war And bulging vessel sav'd, was doom'd, at land, Th' unhappy captive of a lawless band; She, whose lov'd form Zerbinc's heart possess'd, More dear than life that warm'd his failhful breast. 395 Orlando since he freed the gentle maid. Had watch'd beside her with a guardian's aid. When on the subject plain her eyes she bent, She ask'd Orlando what the concourse meant .- 'Tis mine to learn the cause, — the warrior said, 400 Then left his charge, and down the mountain sped. The throng he join'd ; when, from th' ignoble train, Zerbino soon he singled on the plain ; And by his outward looks, at first, divin'd The chief a baron of no vulgar kind. 405 Approaching near, he ask'd his cause of shame, And whither led in bands, and whence he came. At this, his head the mourning champion rear'd, And, when the Paladin's demand he heard, Ver. 386. Orlando thither comes—'] See Book xiii. K 1 '200 ORLANDO TURIOSO. B. XXITI. With brief reply his piteous tale disclos'd, 410 In truth sincere, that soon the earl dispos'd. For his defence, to combat on his side, Who, guiltless of the charge, unjustly dy'd. But when he found that Altariva's lord The sentence pass'd, the noble sufferer's word 41 S Stood more confirm'd ; for in Ansehno's breast He deem'd that justice ne'er her seat possess'd. Between Maganza's house, and Clarmont, reign'd A lineal hate, froiA sire to son maintain'd. Then to the herd he turn'd with threat'ning cry : 4:20 Ye caitiff bands ! release the knight, or die ! And who is he (said one to prove his zeal, In luckless hour) that thus with words would kill? Well was his menace, were our feeble frame Of wax or straw, and his consuming flame. 423 He said ; and ran against the knight of France ; And him Orlando met with rested lance. That glittering armour, which the knight before, The fierce Maganza from Zerbino tore. Now proudly worn, could not the death prevent, 430 Which from his spear Anglantes' warrior sent. On his right cheek was driv'n the pointed wood, And though the temper'd helm the point withstood. The neck refus'd the furious stroke to bear ; The bone snapt short, and life dissolv'd in air, 435 At once, while yet the spear remain'd in rest. He pierc'd another through the panting breast; There left the lance, and Durindana drew, And midst the thickest press resistless flew. Of this, the skull in equal parts he cleaves ; 440 That, of his head at one fierce stroke bereaves : B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 201 Some in the neck he thrust — a inoment's space Beholds a hundred dead, or held in chace. A third are slain, or fly with fear oppress'd; His thundering falchion knows nor pause nor rest. -145 This quits his helmet ; that his cumbrous shield ; And cast their useless weapons on the field. Some leap the fosse, some scour the broad-way side ; In forests some, and some in caverns hide : That day Orlando gave his wrath the rein, 450 And will'd that none should there alive remain : As Turpin writes, from whom the truth I tell, Full fourscore breathless by his weapon fell. The throng dispers'd, he to Zerbino press'd, Whose anxious heart yet trembled in his breast : 453 What words can speak Zerbino's alter'd cheer. Soon as he saw his brave deliverer near ? Low had he fall'n, and prostrate on the ground "^ Ador'd the knight, from whom such aid he found ; > But to the steed his feet with cords were bound. 460 J Orlando now his limbs from shackles freed. And help'd him to resume his warlike weed, Which late the captain of Maganza's train Had worn in battle, but had worn in vain. Meanwhile, Zerbino Isabella view'd, 465 Who on the neighbouring height attentive stood, Till peace succeeding now to war's alarms, She left the hill, and, bright in blooming charms, Approach'd the field, where, when she nearer drew, In her his best-belov'd Zerbino knew: 470 Her, whom from lying fame he mourn'd as loat In roaring billows on the rocky coast, K 5 202 ORLANDO FURIO.SO. B. XXIII. As with a bolt of ice, his heart became All freezing cold ; a trembling seiz'd his frame : But soon a feverish heat, succeeding, spread 475 Through every part, and dy'd his cheeks with red. Love bade him rush, and clasp her to his breast : But reverence for Anglantes' lord repress'd His eager wish and, ah ! too sure he thought Her virgin grace the stranger's soul had caught. 480 From sorrows thus to deeper sorrows cast, He finds how soon his mighty joys are past : And better could he bear to lose her charms By death, than sec her in another's arms : But most to find her in his power he griev'd, 485 Whose sword so late his threaten'd life repriev'd : No other knight (hovve'er in battle prcv'd) Had pass'd imquestion'd with the maid he lov'd. But what the earl had wrought that glorious day, Impell'd him every grateful meed to pay, 490 And at the champion's feet his head subjected lay. Thus journeying on, the knights and princely maid, At length dismounting, near a fountain stay'd : - The wearied earl releas'd his laden brows, And bade Zerbino there his helm unclose. 49.5 Soon as the fair her lover's face espies, From her soft cheek the rosy colour flics, Then swift returns so looks the humid flower When Sol's bright beams succeed the drizzling shower : Careless of aught, she runs with eager pace, 300 And clasps Zerbino with a dear embrace ; } "Ver. 500. — she runs with eager pace, 4c.] It may at first appear extraordinary, that this discovery siiould uot have happened before. B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURTOSO. 203 There, while in silence to his neck she grows, Tear following tear, his face and breast o'erflows. Orlando, by their side, attentive stands, Their meeting marks, nor other proof demands 505 That this unknown, who late his succour prov'd, Was prince Zerbino by the dame belov'd. Soon as the fair-one rais'd her voice to speak, (The drops yet hanging on her tender cheek) Her grateful lips no other could proclaim 510 Than the full praises of Orlando's name, His valorous succour for her sake bestow'd, And every courtesy the warrior show'd. Zerbino, who so lov'd the princely maid, Her good with his in equal scales he weigh'd : 515 Low at his knee the generous earl ador'd, Who in one day had twice his life restor'd. Thus they: when sudden from the neighbouring brake They heard, with rustling sound, the branches shake; Each to his naked head his helm apply'd : 520 Each seiz'd the reins; but, ere he could bestride His foaming courser, from the woodland came, Before their sight, a champion and a dame. The knight was Mandricardo, who pursu'd Orlando's track, till Doralis he view'd : 525 as, by the poet's words, Zerbino may be supposed to have declared his name to Orlando when tJ»e Paladin (irst accosted him; but, it must be observed, in defence of Ariosto, that Isabella was not then present, being left by Orlando on the hill during the battle. Ver. 523.~.-« champion and a dame ] See Book xiv. ver. 490. K 6 } 204 ORLANDO FURIOSO. E. XXIII But when the warrior from her numerous band Had won the damsel with his conquering hand, The zeal grew slack that urg'd him to obtain Revenge on him, who on the bloody plain Had Manilardo quell'd, and young Alzirdo slain. He knew not yet the sable chief, whose might 531 Had rais'd his envy, was Anglantes' knight; Though him his deeds and fair report proclaim A wandering-champion of no common fame. Him, (while beside unmark'd Zerbino stood) 535 From head to foot fierce Mandricardo view'd, And, finding every sign describ'd agree, Lo ! thou the man (he cry'd) I wish to see. Ten days my anxious search, from plain to plain. Has trac'd thy course, but trac'd till now in vain : 510 So have thy deeds, in all our camp confest, With rival envy fir'd my swelling breast. For hundreds sent by thee to Pluto's strand. Where scarcely one escap'd thy dreadful hand. To tell the numbers which thy weapon slew 545 Of Tremizen and Norway's valiant crew. I was not slow to follow, with thy sight To feast my eyes, and prove thy force in fight- Full well-inform'd I know thy table dress; Thy vest and armour him I seek confess. 550 But were not such external marks reveal'd. And didst thou with a thousand lurk conceal'd, Thy bold demeanour must too surely tell Tliat thou art he in battle prov'd so well. Thee too, no less, (Orlando thus rcply'd) 5.^5 All must pronounce a knight of valour try'd ; B. XXTII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 205 For thoughts so noble never shall we find The tenants of a base degenerate mind. If me thou com'st to view — indulge thj' will — Unloose my helmet, and behold thy fill ! 560 But having view'd me well, proceed to prove, (What most thy generous envy seem'd to move) How much in arms my prowess may compare With that demeanour thou hast held so fair, 'Tis there I fix my wish (the Pagan cry'd), 565 My first demand is fully satisfy'd. Meanwhile the earl from head to foot explor'd The Tartar round, but view'd nor axe nor sword ; Then ask'd what weapon must the fight maintain, Should his first onset with the lance be vain. 670 Heed not my want — (he said) this single spear Has often taught my bravest foes to fear: A solemn oath I took no sword to wear, 'Till Durindana from the earl I bear ; Him through the world I seek — for such my vow, 575 When first I plac'd this helmet o'er my brow : Which, with these arms, I conquer'd — all of yore, By Hector worn a thousand years before. This sword alone was wanting to the rest. How stol'n, I know not; but of this possest 580 'Tis said the Paladin subdues his foes, And hence his courage more undaunted grows: But let me once his arm in combat join, His ill-got spoils he quickly shall resign : Yet more — my bosom glows with fierce desire 585 To avenge the death of Agrican, my sire, Whom base Orlando slew in treacherous strife, Nor could he else have reach'd his noble life. 206 ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIII. The ear], no longer silent, stern replies : Thou ly'st, and each that dares affirm it, lies. 590 Chance gives thee what thou seek'st — Orlando view In rae, who Agrican with honour slew. Behold the sword thou long hast wish'd to gain, And, if thou seck'st, with glory niay'st obtain. Though justly mine, yet will I now contend 595 With thee my claim, and to a tree suspend The valu'd prize, which rightly thou shall take, If me thy force can slay, or prisoner make. He said ; and instant from his side unbrac'd, And Durindana on a sapling plac'd. 600 Already now they part to half the space. Sent from the bow a whizzing shaft can trace : Already each on each impels his steed. And gives the reins at freedom to his speed: Already each directs his spear aright, 605 Where the clos'd helmet but admits the light. The ash seems brittle ice, and to the sky With sudden crash a thousand splinters fly. The staves break short — yet neither knight would yield One foot, one inch — then wheeling round the field 610 Again they meet, and with the vant-plate rear, Firm in each grasp, the truncheon of the spear That yet reraain'd these chiefs that once engag'd With sword or lance, like rustics now engag'd, (Whose blows dispute the stream or meadow's right) 615 With shatter'd staves pursu'd a cruel fight. Four times they struck, the fourth the truncheon broke Close to the wrist, nor bore another stroke : Ver. 6ll. — the vant-plate ] The part by which the spear was held. B. XXIir. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 207 While either knight, as mutual fury reign'd, Alone with gauntlet arm'd the strife maintain'd : 620 Where'er they grapple, plate and steely scale They rend asunder, and disjoint the mail : Not ponderous hammers fall with weightier blows, Nor clasps of iron stronger can enclose With griping hold. — What now remains to save 625 The Pagan's honour who the challenge gave ? Or what in such a fruitless fight avail'd, Where more th' assailant suffer'd than th' assail'd ? Each nerve exerting, with Orlando clos'd The Pagan warrior, breast to breast oppos'd, 630 In hope with him the like success to prove, As with Antaeus once, the son of Jove. With both his arms he grasps the mighty foe, Tugs with full force, and draws him to and fro : He foams, he raves — he scarcely can contain 635 His rising rage, nor heeds his courser's rein. Collected in himself, Orlando tries Whate'er advantage Strength or skill supplies. His hand he to the Pagan's steed extends, And from his head by chance the bridle rends. 640 The Saracen with every art essays. In vain, his rival from the seat to raise : But, firm, with pressing knees, the earl preserves His saddle still, nor here nor there he swerves; Till, yieldmg to the Pagan's furious force, 645 The girth breaks short, and sudden firom his horse Orlando falls to earth ; but still his feet Th'e stirrups keep, and still, as in the seat, His thighs are strain'd, while with a clanking sound. His armour rattled as he touch'd the ground. 650 208 ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIII. The adverse courser, from the bridle freed, Across the champain bends with rapid speed H. j devious way : when thus the fair espy'd Her lover home from her unguarded side; Without his presence fearful to remain, 655 His flight to trace she turns her palfrey's rein. The haughty Pagan, as his courser flies. Now soothes, now strikes, and now with angry cries He threats tlie beast, as if with sense indu'd, Who, fiiinditss of his lord, his way pursu'd. 660 Three miles he bore, and still had borne the knight, But that a crossing ditch oppos'd their flight : There fell both man and horse : the Pagan struck Against the ground, but from the dangerous sLock Escap'd unhurt; and here concludes his speed: G6S But how unbridled shall Jie Luide the steed? Him by the ruffled mane, in furious mood. The Tartar seiz'd, and now debating stood What course to take. — To whom the damsel cry'd, Lo ! from my palfrey be your need supply'd ; 670 Bridled or loose, mine, patient of command, Obevs the voice, and answers to the hand. The Pagan deem'd it ill a knight became T' accept the proffer of a courteous dame, But Fortune, wont her kindly aid to give, 675 Found better means that might his wants relieve, And foul Gabrina to the place convey'd. Who, since her guile Zerbino had betray'd, Shunn'd every stranger, like the wolf that flies The hunters' voice, and dogs' pursuing cries. 680 This beldame now the youthful vestments wore, Which Pinabello's dame had worn before ; B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 209 She press'd the saddle (late her gorgeous seat) And unawares the Tartar chanc'd to meet. King Stordilano's daughter*, and her knight, 685 Beheld with laughter such an uncouth sight; The dtess ill-suiting her unseemly shape, And wither'd features like a grandam ape ! From her, his courser's bridle to supply. He takes the reins, then, with a shouting cry, 690 Her palfrey drives, that to the forest bears The trembling crone expiring with her fears. Through rough or even paths, o'er hills and dales, By hanging clitis, deep streams, or gloomy vales. But let us to pursue her tale forbear, 695 When brave Orlando better claims our care : His saddle now repair'd, and every need Supply'd, he mounted on his warlike steed : Awhile he staj'd, in hopes, ere long, to view "\ His foe return, the combat to renew; 700 > At length resolv'd the Tartar to pursue. j Yet, ere he went, as one whose deeds express'd The soft effusions of a courteous breast. With gentle speech, fair smiles, and open look. He friendly leave of both the lovers took. 705 Zerbino mourn'd to quit the generous chief; And Isabella wept with tender grief: The noble earl their earnest suit refus'd To .share his fortune, and to each excus'd • Doralw. Ver. 695. But let us to pursue, 4<-'.] Gabrina is again iutroduced. Book xxiv, ver. 2i4. 210 OIU.ANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIII. What honour must deny; for greater shame, 7 10 He urg'd, could never stain a warrior's name, Than, in the day of glorious strife, to make A friend his danger, and liis toils partake. He then besought them, if the Pagan knight (Ere him he met) should chance on them to light, 71 j To tell him that Orlando meant to wait Three days at hand to end the stern debate, So late begun ; and thence direct his course To where Imperial Charles encamp'd his force, Beneath the numerous banners rang'd, and where 720 The Tartar prince to seek him might repair. This done : as each his separate fortune guides, Zerbino here, and there Orlando rides : But ere the valiant earl the place forsook. His trusty falchion from the tree he took. 7*25 The winding course the Pagan's steed pursu'd Through the thick covert of th' entangled wood, Perplex'd Orlando, who, with fruitless pain. Two days had follow'd, nor his sight could gain; Then reach'd a stream that through a meadow led, 730 Whose vivid turf an emerald carpet spread. Spangled with flowers of many a dazzling hue, Where numerous trees in beauteous order grew, Whose shadowy branches gave a kind retreat To flocks, and naked swains from mid-day heat. 735 W^ith ponderous cuirass, shield, and helm, opprest, Orlando soon the welcome gales confess'd ; And entering here to seek a short repose. In evil chance a dreadful scat he chose ; Ver. 723. Zerbino here, and there Orlando rides.] Zerbino and Isabella appear again, Book xxiv. ver. 105. B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 211 A seat, where every hope must fade away 7-10 On that unhappy, that detested day. There, casting round a casual glance, he view'd Full many a tree, that trembling o'er the flood, Inscrib'd with words, in which, as near he drew. The hand of his Angelica he knew. 745 This place was one, of many a meed and bower, For which Medoro, at the sultry hour, Oft left the shepherd's cot, by love inspir'd, And with Cathay's unrivall'd queen retir'd. Angelica and her Medoro twin'd, 750 In amorous posies on the sylvan rind. He sees, while every letter proves a dart, Which love infixes in his bleeding heart. Fain would he, by a thousand ways deceive His cruel thoughts, fain would he not believe 755 What yet he must — then hopes some other fair The name of his Angelica may bear. But, ah ! (he cry'd) too surely can I tell These characters oft seen and known so well — Yet should this fiction but conceal her love, 760 Medoro then may blest Orlando prove. Thus, self-deceiv'd, forlorn Orlando strays Still far from truth, still wanders in the maze Of doubts and fears, while in his breast he tries To feed that hope his better sense denies. 765 So the poor bird, that from the fields of air Lights in the fraudful gin or viscous snare, The more he flutters, and the subtle wiles Attempts to 'scape, the faster makes the toils. Ver. 7i~. Medoro, at the sttltry hour—] See Book xix. ver. £51. 212 ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXfJI. Now came OrJaiulo where the pendent hill, 770 Curv'd in an arch, o'er-hiing the limpid rill: Around the cavern's mouth were seen to twine The creeping ivy and the curling vine. Oft here the happy pair were wont to waste The noontide heals, embracing and embrac'd; 775 And chiefly here, inscrib'd or carv'd, their names Innumerous, witness'd to their growing flames. Alighting here, the warrior pensive stood, And at the grotto's rustic entrance view'd Words, by the hand ot'young Medoro wrought; 780 And fresh they seem'd, as when his amorous thought For bliss enjoy'd, his grateful thanks express'd, And first in tuneful verse his passion dress'd. Such in his native tongue might siire excel. And thus, in ours transfus'd, the sense I tell. 785 Hail ! lovely plants, clenr streams, and meadows green; And thou, dear cave, whose cool sequeSter'd scene No sun molests ! where she, of royal strain, Angelica, by numbers woo'd in vain. Daughter of Galarihron, witli heavenly charms 790 Was oft enfolded in these happy arms ! O ! let me, poor Medoro, thus repay Such boundless rapture ; thus v.'ith every lay Of grateful praise the tender bosom move, Lords, knights, and dames, that know the sweets of love: Each traveller, or hind of low degree, 790 Whom choice or fortune leads the place to see ; Till all shall cry — Thou sun ! thou moon attend ! This fountain, groUo, mead, and shade defend ! Guard them, yc choir of nymphs ! nor let the swain 8(X' With Hocks or herds the sacred haunts profane ! B. XXIir. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 213 These verses, in Arabian written, drew Tiie knight's attention, who their idiom knew. To him full well was many a language known, But chiefly this, familiar to his own : 805 Such knowledge sav'd him oft, in distant lands, Trom wrong and shame amid the Pagan bands. But, ah ! no more th' advantage shall he boast, That in one fatal hour so dearly cost ! Three times he reads, as oft he reads again 810 The cruel lines; as oft he strives, in vain. To give each sense the lie, and fondly tries To disbelieve the witness of his eyes; While at each word he feels the jealous smart. And sudden coldness freezing at his heart. 81,') Fix'd on the stone, in stiffening gaze, that prov'd His secret pangs, he stood with looks unmov'd, A seeming statue ! while the godlike light Of reason nearly seem'd eclips'd in night. Confide in him, who by experience knows, 820 This is the woe surpassing other woes ! From his sad brow the wonted cheer is fled, Low on his breast declines his drooping head ; Nor can he find (while grief each sense o'erbears) Voice for his plaints, or moisture for his tears. 823 Impatient sorrow seeks its way to force, But with too eager haste retards the course. As when a fuU-brimm'd vase with ample waist And slender entrance form'd, is downward plac'd, And stands revers'd, the rushing waters pent, 830 All crowd at once to issue at the vent : The narrow vent the struggling tide restrains, Aiid scarcely drop by drop the bubbling liquor drains. 2U ORLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIII. He wishes — hopes— believes some foe might frame A falsehood to defile his fair-one's name; 835 Or with dire malice, by the tainting breath Of jealous rage, to work his certain death. Yet he, whoe'er the foe, his skill had pro v'd In feigning well the characters belov'd. When now the sun had to his sister's reign 840 Resign'd the skies, Orlando mounts again His Brigliadoro's back, and soon espies The curling smoke from neighbouring hamlets rise. The herds are heard to low, the dogs to hay ; And to the village now his lonely way 815 Orlando takes, there pale and languid leaves His Brigliadoro, where a youlh receives The generous courser; while, with ready haste. One from the champion has his mail unbrac'd : One takes his spurs of gold ; and one from rust 850 His armour scours and cleanses from the dust. Lo ! this the cot, where feeble with his wound, Medoro lay, where wondrous chance he found. No nourishment the warrior here desir'd. On grief he fed, nor other food requir'd. 855 He sought to rest, but ah ! the more he sought, New pangs were added to his troubled thought: Where'er he turn'd his sight, he still descry'd The hated words inscrib'd on every side. He would have spoke, but held his peace in fear 800 To know the truth he dreaded most to hear. The gentle swain, who mark'd his secret grief^ With cheerful speech to give his pains relief. Told all th' adventure that the pair befel, Which oft before his tonoue was wont to tell 865 } B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 215 To every guest that gave a willing ear, For many a guest was pleas'd the tale to hear. He told, how to his cot the virgin brought Medoro wounded : how his cure she wrought, While in her bosom, Love's impoison'd dart 870 With deeper wound trausfix'd her bleeding heart : Hence, mindless of her birth, a princess bred Rich India's heir, she deign'd, by passion led, A friendless youth of low estate to wed. In witness of his tale, the peasant show'd 875 The bracelet by Angelica beslow'd. Departing thence, her token of regard, His hospitable welcome to reward. This fatal proof, his well-known present, left Of every gleam of hope his soul bereft : 880 Love, that had tortur'd long his wretched thrall, With this concluding stroke determin'd all. At length from every view retir'd apart. He gives full vent to his o'erlabour'd heart: Now from his eyes the streaming shower releas'd, 885 Stains his pale cheek, and wanders down his breast ; Deeply he groans, and, staggering with his woes, On the lone bed his listless body throws. But rests no more than if in wilds forlorn, Stretch'd on the naked rock or pointed thorn. 890 While thus he lay, he sudden call'd to mind. That on the couch, where then his limbs reclin'd, His faithless mistress, and her paramour. Had oft with love begiiil'd the amorous hour: Stung with the thought, the hated down he flies : 895 Not swifter from the turf is seen to rise S16 ORLANDO FUlllOSO. B. XXIIf. The swain, who, courting grateful sleep, perceives A serpent darting tiirough the rustling leaves. Each object now is loathsome to his sight; The bed— the cot — the swain — he heeds no light 900 To guide his steps, not Dian's silver ray, Nor cheerful dawn, the harbinger of day. He takes his armour, and his steed he takes, And through surrounding gloom impatient makes His darkling way, there vents his woes alone, 90r» In many a dreadful plaint and dreary groan. Unceasing still he weeps, unceasing mourns ; Alike to him the night, the day returns; Cities and towns he slmns ; in woods he lies, His bed the earth, his canopy the skies. 910 He wonders oft what fountain can supply His flood of grief; how sigh succeeds to sigh. These are not tears (he cr^d) that ceaseless flow; Far other signs are these that speak my woe. Before the fire my vital moisture flies, 915 And now, exhaling, issues at my eyes : Lo ! thus it streams, and thus shall ever spend. Till with its course my life and sorrows end. These are not sighs that thus my torments show; Sights have a pause, but these no respite know. 926 Love burns my heart! these are the gales he makes. As round the flame his fanning wings he shakes. How canst thou, wondrous Love ! surrovmd with fire. Yet, unconsum'd, preserve my heart entire? Ver. 923. JI<nv canst thou, wondroiii Level 4;c.] It is much to be regretted, that the poet has disgraced this passage with sueli poor CUllCbitS. R. XXIII. ORL.\NDO IX'IIIOSO. 217 I am not he, the mJ.n my louks proclaim, 9,J5 The man that lately bore Orlando's nanie ; lie, by his fair one's cruel falsehood, (lies; And now, interr'd, her hapless victim lies. 1 am his spirit freed from mortal chains, Doom'd in this hell to rove with endless pains ; SCO A wretched warning here on earth to prove Tor all henceforth who put their trust in love. Through the still night, the earl from shade to shade Thus lonely rov'd, and when the day display'd Its twilight gleam, chance to the fountain led 935 His wandering course, where first his fate he read In fond Medoro's strains — the sight awakes His torpid sense, each patient thought forsakes His maddening breast, that rage and hatred breathes. And from his side he swift the sword unsheaths. 910 He hews the rock, he makes the letters fly ; The shatter'd fragments mount into the sky : Hapless the cave, w'nose stones, the trees, whose rind Bear with Angelica Medoro join'd ; From that curs'd day no longer to receive, 91.5 And flocks or swains with cooling shade relieve; While that fair fouiitain, late so silvery pure, Remain'd as little from his arm secure -. Together boughs and earthen tlods he drew, Crags, stones, and trunks, and in the waters threw; 9o0 Deep to its bed, with ooze and mud he spoil'd The murmuring current, and its spring defil'd. His limbs now moisten'd with a briny tide, AVhen strength no more his senseless wrath supply'd, Ver. 925. I am riot he,— ] Imitated iVoin OaluUun. Non ego seel ttauis vapulut umbru lucd- VOL. III. 1. 218 ORLANDO FUlilOSO. B. XXIII, Prone on the turf he sunk, unnerv'd and spent, 9r)5 AH motionless, his looks on heav'n intent, Strctch'd without food or sleep ; while thrice the sun Had stay'd, and thrice his daily course had run. The fourth dire morn, with frantic rage possest. He rends the armour from his back and breast : 960 Here lies the helmet, there the bossy shield, Cuishes and cuirass further spread the field; And all his other arms at random strow'd, In divers parts he scatters through the wood ; Then from his body strips the covering vest, 965 And bares his sinev.y limbs and hairy chest; And now begins such feats of boundless rage, As far and near th' astonish'd world engage. His sword he left, else had his dreadful hand With blood and horror fill'd each wasted land: 970 But little, pole-ax, sword, or mace he needs T' assist his strength, that every strength exceeds. First his huge grasp a lofty pine iip-tears Sheer by the roots, a' ike another fares Of equal growth; as easy round ?iim strow'd, 975 As lowly weeds, or shiaibs, or dwarfish wood. Vast oaks and elms before his fury fall ; The stately fir, tough ash, and cedar tall. As when a fowler for the field prepares His sylvan warfare; ere he spreads his snares, 930 From stubble, reeds, and furze, th' obstructed land Around he clears: no less Orlando's hand Levels the trees that long had tower'd above, For rolling years the glory of the grove ! The rustic sw'ams that mid the woodland shade 98.) Heard the loud crash, forsook their flocks that stray'd B. XXIII. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 31^ Without a shepherd, while their masters flew To learn the tumult and the wonder view. Thus far I've reach'd, but further to extend The present story might, perchance, offend ; 930 And rather would I here defer the rest. Than with a tedious tale your ear molest. Ver. 988. —the wonder tiea).--] This Book concludes vitli one of the finest incidents in tiie poem, which gives name to the whole ■work, the madness of Orlando. The narrative begins at ver. "26. Few passages, in any author, excel the remaining part of the book ; and it is surely needless to point out to the reader of taste and dis- cernment the pathos and fire of the poet, whether we contemplate his hero in the fii-st dawn of his jealousy, or through the s'radual progress of this passion, in which, while he seems to fly from conviction, he flnds, by a train of concurrent circumstances, most artfully brought together, the truth forced upon him, till at length he breaks out into a frenzy, tliat closes the book with wonderful sublimity! END OF THE TWENTY-THl RD BOOK. THE TWENTY-FOURTH BOOK OF ORLANDO FURIOSO 1,3 THE ARGUMENT. THE extravagant feats of Orlando in his madness. Zerbino and Isabella are met by Aliuonio and Corebo, who bring Odorico hound, to receive from Zerbino the punishment for his infidelity. Arri'-id of Gabrina, and the sentence passed on these two by Zerbino. Zerbino fights with Mandricardo i:i defence o( Orlando's sword : issue of the combat. Meeting of Mandricardo and Rodo- mont : A dreadful battle between them for Doralis, till, on the appearance of a messenger from the Pagan camp, and at the request of Doralis, they agree to break off the combat, and go to the assistance of Agramant. THE TWENTY-FOURTH BOOK ORLANDO FURIOSO. ^VlIOE'ER his feet on Cupid's snares shall set, Must seek t* escape, ere in th' entangling net His wings are caught ; for sage experience tells, In love's extreme, extreme of madness dwells. Though each may rage not with the wild excess 5 Orlando vag'd, their frenzy all express By different ways—what tnore our folly shows. Than while we others seek, ourselves to lose ? Various th' effects of this destructive liatne, The first dire cause of frenzy is the same : 10 Love is a forest, where the lover strays From path to path, bewilder'd in the maze; And he who leads his life in amorous pain, Deserves to feel the gyves and shackling chain. Here some may cry — Brother, thy words have shown \:y Another's faults, forgetful of thy own. Yes — in rny intervals of sense. I see My bosom's conflict with the charge agree:. Yet have I striv'n, and hope in time to cure The wounds I now from beauty's shafts endure. 20 %Ct ORLANDO IXTJOSO. B. XXIV. 1 told, how from his limbs Orlando drew Furious his arms, and o'er the forest threw The srattei'd harness; how his yest he rent. And to the ground his fatal falchion sent: How trees ho rooted, while the woods around U3 And cavcrn'd rocks rc-echo'd to the sound : Till rustic swains, to where the tumult spread, Their grievous sins, or cruel planets led. As nearer now the madman they beheld. Whose feats of strength all human strength excell'd ; 50 They turn'd to fly; but knew not where, nor whence, Such sudden fears distracted every sense. Swift he pursu'd, and one who vainly fled He seiz'd, and from the shoulders rent the head. Ver. 3i. lie sci:'d, and from the shoulders rent the head.] Here the description ol' itic extravagant and ludicrous feat- performed by Orlando ia liis m,<duess, which passages of our author, Cer\'anles seems t'j ridicule, when he represents Don Quixote in the sable mountain, debating whether he shall imitate the melancholy frenzy of Amadis de Gaul, or the more boi'Steniu' fury of Orlando. ■" Have I not told you," said Don (Jiiixole, " that I design to imitate Aniadi?, acting here the de'^perado, the senseless, and the madman: at the same time copying the valiant Don Orlando, when he found, by the side of a fouulHiu, some indications that Angelica the Fair had dishomnired herself with Medoro : at grief whereof he van mad, tore up trees by the roots, disturbed the waters of the crystal springs, slew the shepherds, destroyed flocks, fired cottages, demolished houses, dragged uiares on ttie ground, and did an hun- dred thousand other extravagancies, worthy to be recorded, and had in eternal remembrance. And supposing that I do not intend to, imitate Roldan, or Orlando, or Rotehmdo, (for l.e had all these three names) in evei-j' point, and in all the mad things he acted, said, and tliought, 1 will make a sketch of tlitm the best I can, in what I judge the most essential. And, perhaps, 1 may satisfy my- gClf with only copying Amadis, who, without playing any mis- chievous pranks, by weepings and tendernesses, arrived to as great a fume as the Lest of them all." Jariii's Don Quixote, Vol. 1. B. ii. C. H. B. XXIV. ORLANDO FURIOSO. 225 Easy, as from the stulk, or tender shoot, 3.5 A peasant crops the flower, or plucks the fruit : The hfelcss body by the legs he took, And, as a club, against his fellows shook. Two stretch'd on earth in lasting slumber lay, Perchance to rise not till the judgment day. 40 The rest were soon dispers'd on every side, So well advis'd their rapid feet they ply'd; Nor had the madman loiier'd to pursue. But on their herds with headlong speed he flew. The labouring hinds the peril near survey 'd, 4.5 And left their ploughs, with all the rural trade Of scythes and spades, while seiz'd with pale affright One climbs a roof, and one the temple's height, (Since elms and oaks avail not) trembling tliere. They view the dreadful havock from afar. .50 Before his fury steeds and oxen yield, And sv.'it't the courser that escapes the field. Now might ye hear in every village rise Tumultuous clamours, blending human cries With rustic horns and pipes; while echo'd round 55 The pealing bells from neighbouring steeples sound. All seize such weapons as the time provides. Bows, slings, and staves; and down the mountain's sides Though much of the satire in the above citation must be allowed to be just, and though most of t!ie actions recorded of Orlando in his madness may be given up to all the severity of criticism, yet no part of the description in the foregoing book, notwithstanding several of the circumsianoes are unfairly iofluded in the ridicule of Cer- vauies, can be censured by any discerning reader ; but let the whole of the passage be tried by the stauJard of truth and nature, and compared with whatever is excellent of the kind in ancient or modem poetry, and surely Ariosto will not lose by the comparison. L 5 226 OllLANDO FURIOSO. B. XXIV. A thousand rush ; while from the dells below, As many swarm against a single foe. 60 As when the tide appears the shore to lave, The southern wind impelling wave on wave, Scarce curls the first, the second deeper swells, And this, the third with rising force excels ; Till more and more the victor-ilood ascends, 65 And o'er the sands his liquid scourge extends. Th' increasing throngs Orlando thus assail. Pour down the hill, and issue from the vale. Ten wretches first, then other ten he slew. That near his hand in wild disorder drew, 70 None from his fated skin could draw tiie blood ; His skin unhurt each weapon's stroke withstood : To him such wondrous grace the King of Heaven To guard his faith and holy church had given. Could aught of mortal risk Orlando's life, 73 Great were his risk in this unequal strife : Then had he miss'd the mail he late unbrac'd, And miss'd the falchion which aside he cast. The crowds, that vievv'd each weapon aim'd in vain, With backward steps retreated from the plain ; 80 When mad Orlando, who no further thought. The rustic dwellings of a hamlet sought: Ail thence were tied ; yet there in plenteous store He found such food as suits the village poor, Of homely kind ; — but prest with pining fast 85 On roots or bread his eager hands he cast ; Greedy alike devour'd whate'er he saw. Or savoury viands bak'd, or morsels raw : Then through the country round, with rapid pace, To man and beast alike he «rave the chace -, 00 B. XXIV. OltLANDO FURIOSO: 227 Through the deep covert of the tangled wood The nimble goat or light-foot deer pursu'd. Oft on the bear and tusky boar he flew. And, with his single arm, in combat slew ; Then, with their ilesh, his savage spoils of fight 9J Insatiate gorg'd his ravenous appetite. Thus o'er the realm of France, from land to land,. He ran, till on a day a bridge he gain'd. Where swift (enclos'd in craggy banks and steep) A river pours its current broad and deep, 100 And built beside a stately castle stands. That far around the subject fields commands. What there ensu'd some future time shall tell ; Now turn to what Zerbino next befel. Orlando gone, awhile Zerbino stood, 105 Then took the path the Paladin pursu'd; Scarce past a mile, slow riding, when he spy'd A recreant kpight with hands behind him ty'd, Plac'd on an humble steed, and for his guard, On either side a knight in arms prepar'd. 110 Full soon Zerbino, as he nearer drew, Full soon the lovely Isabella knew False Odoricc, trusted late to keep Her virgin charms, like wolves to watch the sheep. Him had the prince preferr'd o'er every friend, 115 From ill or shame his mistress to defend ; Ver. 10*. Now turn to what Zerbino, &c.] Orlando appears agaia Book xxix. ver. 231. the last we heard of ZerbJuo was wiieu he parted from Orlando, Book xxiii. ver. 723. L 6 228 ORLANDO FURTOSO. B. XXIV. Nor could he think that faith, to him so prov'd, Would fail to her, whom more than life he lov'd. Then chanc'd fair Isahella to unfold Her past escape? ; and all the tale she told. 120 How, ere her vessel bulg'd beneath the wave, She sought the bark her sinking life to save : IIow Odorico had his faith betray'd ; And how the outlaws to their cave convey'd Her helpless youth, — and scarce these words she said, When, lo! she saw the traitor prisoner led. J26 TJie two, who thither brought the faithless knight, On Isabella ca^t their wondering sight. |
bpt6k1255725t_35 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 1. Les. bénéficiaires actuels d'avances peuvent opter ,süit pour le maintien des avances qui l)e'u)r ojnt été précédemment consenties, soit pour des avances déterminées d'après la présent instruction. Dans c-e! dernier cas, ils adresseront !LtLi. chef du service do la solde intéressé en vue de retabliesem'ent d'une nouvelle autorisation d'avance, l'autorisation qu ib detiennen-L Celle-ci après avoir été annuloo sera envoyée avec La demande modèle 1 ou 2 ou 3, selon le ca.s. à l'administrationi centrale (3° bureau de la liquidation, division marine, section Avances). La nouvelle autorisation d avances établie par ce, bureau ne sera valable qu'a dater de la dernière échéance payée sur ^ Tariicienn© autorisation. Elle se'ra retournée <-t l intéressé par llel chef du service de la, solde, .qui y fera porter lels. mandats élia bHs, ,a.u titre dQ' l'ancienne, cette derrière étant c.o.nservée au dossier financier. 2. Il y aura lieu de conseiller aux intéressés, en rars.on clés retards, qui pourraient se produire dans .1 établissement de leuir nouvelle! autorisation d avances, de nie. demander le changement de leurs droit© que si leur demande dei pe.nsiQn' a été produite depuis moins, de s'ix mois. Article1 20. — ADanlos droit de l'Afrique du Nord. 1. Les avances, seront oCOll1l$lealti0lSI suivant les pre.s,cri ptio.ns, de la présente instruction d après les taux forfaitaires annexés au décret du 10 décembre 1925. 2. La répartition des. avances aux ayants cause' dei militaires indig'èneis iio;[ii naturalisés, quand il y a partage de lia pension doit ,s'inls,.. ;, pii'eir de celle du montant de cette dernière établi par la commi'ssio'n! locale de répartition (voir, additif n° 0207/Ad. dui 2 avril 1927 à rinslructiomi du 15 octobre 1924). 3. Aucune majoration pour enfants (indemnité pour chargea de famiiLe, pensiolll8 temI)oi-air,e,s, d orphelin) ne peut être ajoutée, aux a WH1ce!S, Article 21. — Ayants droit résidant à l'étranger. 1. Les autorisations pl'ovi,soj["e,s. 'seront envoyées (par le chef du service de la solde qui les aura reçues) lau sous-intendant de© pensions de la Seine. 2. Ce fonctionnaire adressera l'autorisation d avances et les mandais d lances à la caisse , centrale du 'l're'&or, qui en fera effectuer le. i payement pa.r les agent© consulaires à l'étrangor dans les conditions fixées par l,e' ministère des finances. , Article 22. — L'instruction du 1er aocil 1924 est abrogée. Article 23. Les renseignements qui figurent sur les demandes nos 1, 2, 3 seront utilisés pour la détermination des ,a.lanccs à consentir en tenant compte des lois restrictives sur le cumul. En vue de permettre aux services re'vi'seurs dels finance© de communiquer les dits renseigneiiie,lit,s, au bure'au cIe. l'inscnlptioni (cumul), lels projets de, Liquidation de pensÏ.o,n,s fondées sur la durée des services, adressés, aux serviocls précités devront comporter, soit un duplicutum de la demande ct'ava.nices. soit une note indiquant qu'aucune avance n'a été: con'se.ntie'. Article 24. Les chois du '&ervic.e de la ISOIlcle des ports du Cherbourg, Brest, Kochefort et Toulondevront faire procéder à 1 impression clels modèles annexés il la présente Instruction "(à l'excepti.o;n des modèles nOS 4 lo't 5), ainsi que. de l'extrajt: d'autorisatLon visé par r'article 16. ARRÊTE fixant les tarifs des produits pharmaceut)e)ues au titre de l'article 64 de la loi du 31 mars 1919. (3 juin 1919) " Article premier. — Pour la blessure ou la ' maladie ayant motivé l'inscription sur les listes spéciales de soins gratuits, les bénéficiaires de l'article 64 de la loi du 3i mars ( 1919 droit à tous les produits pharnlaceutiques ^ grçumérés dans la nomenclature de l association générale des syndicats phar Partout où l'eau est rare exigez l'emploi des extincteurs, niaceul iqneis de kmm;o, sous Jos réserves iiKiiqttees. ci-après 1 U Cliap. S. — Accessoires (èe pharmacie et de [JIll/do!!!'';, — Soi 11 t'un cuis par les pharmaciens les objets sui <1 mIs qui itg'uIl(-,llt a Il chapitre A ; t)e)ites al )eHes, I. eu copia s les, suspensoirs, pinceaux pour teiulllre (I iode, ('UII ¡pl c-guulles, tes, serinettes en verte (pour ttrethre, ne/, Urci lies), œiJlères. Les autres objets du eiiapilre 'A auxquels IH'IIclIl j)re)(-!)<)re les bénéficiaires de l'article ()l¡ sonl fournis par les centres d'appareillage .!t) niulilés lilulaires d'un livret d'appai ejJJ;i<.',. ^ Chap, D. — Lunetterie et yeux artificiels. Les objejls (lu chapitre 5 sonl ff)))rnis par les centres d'ilppal'c¡I/<lg'c aux inutiles lilulaires d un livrel d appareillage ; Chap. (i. — Rccipicnts iticers. — Seuls le prenlier )'c(-ij)i(-<)t sera ]);ié aux. pharmaciens ; 1° V 11 »111e feuille d ordonnance, portant prescription d. eaux f))())C)'<)!('.s, au titre •de 1 article 6/j, doit être transmise à la ooni!'ti.ssio)) Il'i fi; 1/'1 i Il' départementale avec j'avis du ined.eeiji traitant indiquant les raisons <1 ordre médical qui )))o(io)) cette j))'('s(-rip)io!t. Seilles les feuilles di'ordonuauce de celle nalurc partant le (f u bon a délivrer » de la commission Iriparlite dép<)r(('nt)).dtc peinent èlri remboursées au fiLée de l 'a rticle (i. Lu ion| elal, de (-!)t)s< les autorisations délivrées par la coumiis'sioj, Iriparlite, dépfirtctnc'nl.dr sct'o))). lirnilées à i :> bouleilles d 't'1.111 minérale par trimoslrc et par bénéliciairc. Les eaux minérales ayant le caractère d eau de table ne peuvent pas èlre rem1Julil'sées ;)t! litre dudil. artic/e. Les dispositions procédé ni os ne -s appliquent pas aux eaux pUJ'g'itlives. B. -Ne peuvent èlre remboursés au lilre de !'<u')icic 6/) ; il) Les y j 11 S , en nature ou luélaugvs, à exception du vin de digitale composé mi A in de Troosse:)!) ou de I Iiôlol-l)ieu, du vin de Se il le composé ou m de la Charité, du vin aromatique ; b) Leis: elixirs, a l'exception de rctiir pi!i'égol'iqu(. ; c) Les :dcool<its.. en nature ou n)(''t:))tiH'(''s, a I exception de 1 alcoolat de cochléaria composé et. tic. l'aleo'olal de Lioravenli ; d) L'eau de Cologne, ca u-de-v Íe de lavUllde, eau denlilrice, les pùles, savons et, d une façon »vnorale, les pi'odxijs de )oilelle. Arl. — L. tarif à app.lifp.ier aux produits | > 11 a i1 i 11 ; i c e 111 1111 e s fournis au lilre de I article (H est celui conscnli par l associalion générale ides syndicats pharmaceutiques en faveur des œuy l'es (l'ass i s ta JI( '0 cl, de prévoyance sociales .avoie remise égale à celle uni est eoiiisentie au IiIrt; des :K'ci()c)))s (in travail ( i). Toutefois, flans les l'ocaliléïs ou il csL consenti par la moitié au moins des pharmaciens une remise supérieure à celle des accidents du )r!)!ut, eu faveur soif de l'assis fan ce médicale gTalllile, soit des grandes administrai ions cI. services pxbtics, c est la plus élevée de ces dernières remises qui sera appliquée au lilre de r:))'ti<-tc (i'|. La remise applicable flans chaque localité eu cri,u de ces dispositions sera arrêtée par le préfet. Les factures doivent, (1 n' établies (i,'<!;jT<'s le prix porte; au bulletin fie variation en eours à la date de la livraison des médicaments. Lu on Ire, sur le monta ni loi al du niémoire Irimeslriel établi par chaque pharmacie,, au titre de l'arlicle G'i. il sera fait une réduction proportionnelle à l'importance du mémoire cl calculée sur les bases ('i-.tpt'c-. : p. i oo sur le u o n ! a 111 des mémoires de .HH> à f>oo fr. '1 p. ÏOO sur le moulant des mémoires de •">oi ;'1 i .ooo fr. s |>. IOO sur le. 1110 III a III des mémoires de i ,( 10 i à .fioo fr. 10 p. 100 Slll. le IIIII/dalii des mémoires de, I.THH à '_>.ooo l'r. :> p. ïoo sur le monlaul des mémoires de i.ooi à 'i.ooo fr. 1:1 fi, 100 :-or le III()JI!tIIII tics mémoires a 11-dessus de .ooo fr, Celte réduel ion portera sur le 11I'(:lllald fie ensemble des fournitures faites trimcstriellement ;):)) chaque pharmacien JOl'sqlle ('(' n)o)U.!))t aura été ctc:u'i'c)c par la commission de eonlrole après vérification cl redressement, s'it y a !)(')), et âpres application fies remises prévues au paragraphe ,'81' dd présent article. (1) Article 2 de i':i)'ré[e du ministre du Irnvail (Ill .'il mars 1926 (« Journal officiel » dLt ( <Ll'il 1926) : « Le tarif ci dessus visé ne CDlllportel'a .111cun rabais dans les communes ne comptant pas plus (le 5.000 habilanls, il sera réduit de 4 p, tOO dans les villes comptant 5.000 à 25.000 habilanls, il se)':t réduit de (-> p. 100 dillis les villes e< ii pl a ut 25.000 à. 100.000 1 J1 tld lall ns, il. ser!t. re(iuit de 8 p. 100 dans les villes cotDpfat!) plus de 100.000 habitants et de 10 p. 100 ;ï, Paris et dans le département de la Seine. Déclarez la guerre aux mouches et aux rats propagateurs d'épidémies. Toutefois lorsque sei'unt adressées à l'l'sali wn de la commission de contrôle des mémoires trimestriels arriérés, les remises et réductions ci-desslls prévues porleronl: sur le montant totalisé des mémoil'es arriérés el du mémoire normalement présente. Le,s eaux minérales el les spécialités m.arquél's P. M. O. ne doivent; subir Ili K'n)[.sc, Jii rcdLtctuûi). Art. 3. -Les analyses chimiques ou biologiqiul's. et les examens bactériologiques ordonnes par les médecins sont payés au tarif de I associai ion générale de* svlmI'îchIs t'h.u'tjtaccutiqucs. Art. 4, — Les substances lo-xiques prévues au tableau Jî sont remboursées aux pharniaeie/ns sur pt'<xJuc;)ioj) <)'unc copie (,{,l'liliÚ.' conforme des ordonnances en prescrivant la th'-hvranc''. Art. r), Le présent arrêté annule les arrêtes des 1 janvier 1 ():».,H d. décembre ';) ' 1 • fi entrera en vigueur à partir du 1"1' juillet x)2 7. CIRCULAIRE relative à la répartition des subventions accordées aux communes pour les sapeurs-pompiers. (16 mars 19:27) Le Ministre de l'Inl(;,.i('lll' à 111, les ['rejets, La. repartil ion du crédit inscrit au blldget du ministère de Inléricur, pour l'exercice i():<(.), à titre de subventions aux communes pour les sapeurs-pompiers el le matériel <j incendie, vienl d'élre effectuée conformément aux prescriptions de ta loi du :'h juillet 1907 et dll décret du iPr février 1 !)lo La patf :d'fY're))ka votre département sera prochainement ordonnancée par imputation sur le chapitre mo du budget: de mon "n")stcr( Exercice i:<p(j. VOIIS mirez à procéder à la sous-répàrlilion du crédit mis à votre déposition cuire les communes de votre département d après les bases suivantes 10 Une somme fixe de .V) francs sera d'abord allouée à chaque communie possédant un corps de fca,pe 11 rs-p 0111 pi ers régulièrement organisé el; le total obtenu devra élre retranché de la somme globale ; :-° La somme restante sera 'divisée m 'V'ux parties égales qui devront être répar1 ¡.es p)'<)p()!rt)()))tK'Hcni('fd a) la première en. la divisant, par le cbiflie de l'a population totale dés communes posséda Lit un corps de, sitpem'.s-potHpicr.s et eu multipliant le pr'odui't par Je chiffre de la population de chacune de crs CUJlllllUlies ; b) la (icnxic,tt)C en la divisant pjar le lotit! de I effectif des .'s<tp:j)))'s-j)ut))j)ic). de votre département et en multipliant le produit obtenu par le nombre de sapeuts-pompîers (cffecl if J(;gti de chacune dcsdiles eotmnulIes, Lc;s c()u).mn)es, aux ternies de la loi du > 1 juillet J()Oj, doivent eu premier tien. prélever sur les sommes ainsi mises à leur disposition le montant des secours à douner auA: sapenr.s-poixphr.s pour l.oilIS médicaux el; interruption de travail rcshttant. d'accidents, en. service commandé Il'11'illit cause (j l'une incapacité teH)po''air<'; en see ( JlI d 1 j! . Il , le montant des allocations renoue)<d)!cs au. sap)eurs-poiupi.ers ayant soixanle ans d âge et, trente ans de .services. Le surplus pourra élre employé à t'acitaL et à t'entret;icn du matériel d'i))cen()ie. (A suivre.) INSTRUCTION relative à l'appel différé de certaines catégories de réservistes. (14 juin. 192?) Indépendamment detitulaires des emplois, touchons ou professions énuinérés !!" tableaux annexes au décret du i3 janvier )()''6 concerna utle ('!;)ss.t')!)('il t dans I alJeclahon spéciale, certaines catégories de militaires des réserves peuvent être, à Ja mobilisai ion, I .objet 'i')!!t maintien moine n Unie et e.r pl ici le me ni limité dans leur emploi du temps de pah" ()f! ils s<>nl indispensables ]>our la satisfaction des besoins de l'Iu'!lu:e. Leur appel cH, ainsi différé josfju'.))) moment ou le caractère indispensable de leur maintien a disparu. La décision concernant ces boumx's <'sf.. prise par le ministre qui tixe la date die leur l'appel. I — Réservistes pouvant faire /'II/¡jcl d'appels diffél'és, Le décret du i3 janvier 1 <);<() a, dans son énumeiation des emplois ou fonctions pouvant comporter des affectations spéciales,. prévu, ()'unc façon :!..n;u(}l'al(., toutes les catégories (j'cmptois dont les titulaires pellvent cire maintenus isur p)itc<. à la mobilisation, ();))))' la satisfaction d es besoins de armée ou dela Il a 1 i ou , La mise en appel diffère de militaires dies Les rats occasionnent des milliards de dégâts chaque année. Détruisez-les, réserves doit donc prendre ci, conserver un caractère exceptionnel. Tous les militaires hommes de troupe des réserves (y compris la disponibilité) peuvent être placés dans cette position, mais il coiiivïenl de ne de mander ta mise en appel différé de militaires de la disponibilité ou des plus jeunes classes 'de la première réserve qu'après utilisation complète des ressources en horrimes des classes plus an cien nes, Il. — Etablisse met}! des de mandes Les ■demandes de mise eu appel différé sont établies d 'âpre. les règles fixées par J instruction du /, octobre '!p6, sur le classe/ueut dans i'!'f'f('<-);)t ion sp(''(-!:dc. Le titre des de)))and(s, modèle I annexé i" l'inslrucl ion « us visée, est seulement modifié en (,oui-éq,w'J1('c'. Lu olllre, elles indiquent dans la colonne « Observai ions » la durée du . maintien demandé. Elles sont adressées, à toute époque de 1 année, au général coHnnanthrnt. la région qui les transmet, âpres evaincu et avis, au ministre (direction de J'infantc'rie, 2(J hrireau). Le ministre statue et fait connaître sa décision en généra] commandant la région qui la notifie au dc)nand'''nr el. le cas échéant, au. bureau de recrutement intéressé. Les demandes de radiation sont adressées directement par l'employeur au bureau de recrutement du lieu de domicile du réserviste en cause. Les demandes concernant les réservi si es de J'armée die mer sont établies dislincteIncnt, niais également adressées ëlU général commandant; la région. Cet officier général les I ra usine! a vec son avis au préfet matitime chef de la circonscription maritime de réserve dont relèvent les réservistes en cause. Les préfets maritimes avisent de la décision intervenue les commandants de recrutement et les généraux commandant les régions. Ces derniers notifient celle décision aux demandeurs et aux bureaux de l'ecrlltcrnent (guerre) intéressés,. III. Admillustration des hommes placés en appel différé. Les hOlnllles placés en appel différé sont administres d après les reglcls fixées par 1 insli uclj'on sur 1 administration des hommes de troupe des réserves pour les militaires places dans le droit con)))iun. Ibl continrent à compter a l'effectif de leur corps ou centre de mobilisation d'aff0ctntion et sont soumis, sauf '{)!rdre contraire du i))'))is)r(-, a foules les obligations militaires du temps die paix imposées aux lion nI les de leur classe de iiiobilisatioii. t n ordre pour le cas de mobilisation (du modèle Joint) est annexe à leur fascicule de mobilisation. Cet, oi,drp, n'est valable que si J'mtcressc occupe encore l'emploi avant ' motive sa mise en appel différé. La mise en appel différé ne donne lieu, CIL lemps de pai, à aucune inscription sur les livrets et sur les pièces d'archives, mais seulement a une annotation, au crayon, à la udie d affectai ion, à la lie lie luatriculaÍie de mobilisation et au contrôle nominatif de I unilé 1IIobilis,ée. A la rnobilisatiOJl, le maintien dans ie poste du temps de paix eist poi te de la façon suivante : « Placé en appet différé jusqu'au ,..° jour de la mobilisation » sur les fiches d affectation et de mot'dtsat ion et isur le livret matricule. Le réserviste replace clans le droit comniu nreçoit, aussitôt un nouveau fascicule de tuobiusation. Le corps ou le centre de mobilisation d'afleclatioii est prévenu de la mise en apfI('1 diffère ou du retour au droit commun par le commandant du bureau de recrutement du donieUp, au moyen d,'tiii avis de mutation (n/Odèlc nu rj de l'instruction sur I administration des hommes de troupe des réserves). IV, Contrôle des hommes placés en appel diffél'{ — Vérificalion. tout H'rvice, établissement adluinistralion ayant du personnel placé « en appel diffère )) tient un couIrôle de ce personnel. Le commandant du bureau de rccrutement du domicile des hommes placés clans celte position en lient également un contrôle (du modèle joint). Ce contrôle peut, au gre des intéresses, être remplacé par un fiel oc) Chaque année, dlans le courant du mois d'avril, le eon)man(hmt. du bureau de recrutement s assure, danis les conditions lixees IJ();lll' les affectés spéciaux, que chacun des hommes placés en appel différé occupe toujours la situation ayant justifié ce classement. Le cas ccfteant, il procède aux radiations et a 1 échange des fascicules des hommes ayant quitté leur emploi, sans cependant avoir fait I objet d'une demande de radiation. Le Gérant : J.-B. DAURE. Toulouse. — Imp. du Sud-Ouest, 6, rue Sainte-Ursule LA VIE MUNICIPALE REVUE HEBDOMADAIRE D'ADMINISTRATION COMMUNALE CHÈQUES POSTAUX : Paris 357-23 — Toulouse 114-48 SOMMAIRE Affaire Tacquard, Maire de La Chapelle-sousRougemont (Ikli'ort) 3 3 Association Nationale des Maires de France. Réunion du Bureau ............................. 3 3 Documents officiels : Les modifications il la loi municipale de 1884... 314 Travaux de Mairie. Mois de Juillet 1 q27 .................... 1........ 323 AFFAIRE TACQUART Maire de La Cliapelle-sous-FLougeinoiit (Belfort) Xos lecteurs se rappel lent que nous avions ouvert une 'souscription en vue de venir en îiitl'O a noire collègue, M. Tacquiarrl. successivement con<l;im 11 !K'; p;u' |e Tribunal civil de Bell or l et ki ('(1111' d appel de Be:-'illIIÇ<OJL il C CH loS Li Luc/' 1/ C/'su /11 LI'lIe 111.(' lit une rente viagère au profiL d'un ouvrier victime d/un (i.ccic!cmt du travail, parce (Ille. le 'Secrétaire de mairie ,a v ai t omis ci , (/11I"S'::;1' l' le dossier de dedaraLi(-).Il -cil tem.ps ulilo ail .luge de Paix, ils sa VU III également que Y As.s ocial io.l/ nationale des Maires dl; brance, après avoir ])I['i,s à Isa charge les Frais d'appel.! devnnt la Cour de Besançon a décidé de se pourvoir CIL cassation contre. ce dernier !:u')'uf. Nous avions dès lors <1 rrolé; la 'sou'sc''ipLion. 'LÜ::;. le pourvoi n'élant pas 'suspensif, l'ouvrier Stcullct exige le paiement des arrérages échus au 31 d'L'<'<')))Jjro ((crnier. C'est pourquoi /.<t Vie Municijxile a verse à son avoué. la somme dont voici l'ilCL'Ulsé de réception : ET IDE DE M.).-C. JOBIN Licencié en Droit Acouè agrée ail T6ùllnal de Commerce 3, rue Metz-Juteau, à Belfort Affaire Steullet contre Tacquard ; Accident du Travail f.e 21 juin 1927. Monsieur Daure, Directeur de La Vie Al.uniei>paie flaire d'All/n (Haute-Garonne) J'ai, riumneur de eous r/,CCll,..,cr réception dé votre chèque !)().-;[u! de trais cent frcnLe-ci.IlC{ francs S:) centimes (:>>r> [r. 80), montant cles IllTÙIi!jC,.., dus par M. Tacquard, maire de Lct ( 'f/(/fJ cllc-,..,o [/,3f t.c..u !p' III Ci nl, à M, Steullet. 1 euib'tez agréer, Monsieur le ])Ïi'edeUl', l'expression de nies sentiments très di.slÍnuwJ.s. Signé : J. C. JOlJiN. ASSOCIATION NATIONALE DES MAIRES DE FRANCE RÉUNION DU BUREAU Le Bureau (h; 1'.18SucialiolL s'est réuni le r) jui 11 1027 ail siège social..Vous publierons le procès-verbal de la séance dans noire numéro spécial, du mois de juillet. II 1* 3DoQumeiats Offlc^iel© 1. Les modifications à la loi municipale de 1884 Nous avons publié pti son temps (Vie Munk'ipulc, 1926,, p. 555) le décret du, 5 novembre 1926 qui modifie sur bien des pointa loi ^municipale du 5 avril ISSI. D'u:ne remarquable étude que vient de publier noire dtbihit/Uë ôûll&boràtéur. JJ:" LecyAlphandéry, dans le Bulletin officiel de l'A'&socmlion des Maireis. de la Haute-Miaiiie, nous sommes heureux de détacher les observations quoi présente sur les plus importantes modifications et de les signales à l'attention de nos lecteurs : CHAPITRE 1.1. — Fonctionnement des ConseiLs municipaux. ART. 46. — D?ite et durée des sessions 'ondin.aii-.eis. NOUVEAU TEXTE tes 'C011.S8its Municipaux se réunissent obligatoirement quatre fois l'année : en février, mai, août et novembre. Da durée de chaque session est de quinte jours ; elle peut être prolongée avec l'atl,loJ"isat'lon du sous-préfet. 'La session pendant, laquelle le budget est discuté peut durer six semaines. ANCIEN TEXTE Les Conseils Municipaux se remi.iss'e.iTtt, en sessl'on ordinaire, quatre fois lVuwée en lévrier, mai, août et novembre. La durée {¡.e chaque session est de quinze jours ; elle peut être prolongée avec l'autorisation du soius-prétet, La session pendant laquelle le budget est discuté peut d'user, six semaines. Pendant les sessions ordinaires le Conseil MÜ.nicipal peut s'occuper de toutes manières qui rentrent dians ses attributions. ARTJ 41. Sessions extii&oMin&ires. NOUVEAU TEXTE te Maire petit réunir le Conseil ]furdci,pal. chaque fois qW'U le juge utile. Il' est tenu de le convoquer quand demande lui eoi est faite par le tiers des membres en exercice Éli.& Conseil Municipal. Le Préfet 0tt te Sous-Préfet peuvent aussi prescrire la convocation du Conseil M1.I.nk¿pal. ANCIEN TEXTE Le Préfet 'OU le Sous-Préfet peut prescrire la. coLuvocatioa extraordinaire diu Conseil M'unic):.pul. Le Maire peut également réunir le Conseil M'uhlci'pal clmque fois qu'il le j'u'g'e utile. Il est tenu de le'convoquer quand une ,élJemanJd,e llloütÍivée lui 811 es'b laite par la majorité e,.ii exercice doi Conseil Municipal. Dans l'un et l'autre cas, en même temps qu'il coravoque le. Conseil, il donne avis ¡liLl Pir'éfet 'OU' a)ti,) Sous-Préfet de cetteréunion lef des motifs qui la rendent (nécessaire. La convocation contient a.lor.s l'indication des objets 'Spié[ClaluLx et déterminés pour lesquels le Conseil doit s'assembler, et le Conseil n,e peut s'oc"cuper que die 'Ces objets. On voit, par la comparaison des textes ancien et nouveau des articles 46 et 47, qu'est supprimée la distinctio.n des sessions ordinaires èit des sessi ons ,eX!tmoIiCLi>l1.1i:Lires. Sous l'ancienne législation, ce 'n.'é.ta.it que pendant les sessions ordinaires (q'ui -avaient lieu en février, anlai. uioûit et novemibre) que le Conseil Municipal pouvait s'occuper de tout oe qfliL entrait dans ses ia.ttïibu'tions. Au! contraire, pemdiaalit. les sessions extraordinaires, le Conseil Mutnicipal ne pouvait s'occuper que des objets spéciaux et déterminés qui ien avaient motivé la ICOlliVO:CtLtion : il Gin 1; commis uiM. illégalité Susceptible d'entraîner la nullité .de droit de ses ,cùélibérntim.ls¡ en s'écarlainit des affaires mentionnées à la convocation.. Le décret du 5 novembre 11906 supprime cette limitation des d:roi.ts d'u Conseil Municipal : il y II. /* sessioiis obligatoires, en fé'vrie'r, mai, août et novembre, mais le Conseil peut aussi se l'iéuuJr j à toute époque, soit sur la convocation du Mairie, soit sur la, demande du tiers des Conseillers La préoccupation constante des Municipalités doit être : LE RE BOIS.EM'E,N'I"! SL^pf? n1; ,ayt/ef<?is exigée), «ans ^ê®ae avoir à eJI1 ûtmmt avis ,all Préfet m au Pl .?U< •°0afS é c'es sessioïxs, le Conseil peut délibérer s'urr toutes les question ^ cwiidnt ?X,nrt^L 'dfuiab .n ses attributions, « sans antenne limitation.. ART-. 48. —. Délai et forme de lia, conjvocatioin. NOUVEAU TEXTE Toute convocation est faite par le Mo./v's. Elle est mentionnée a,.ti registre des ciMîMralions, affichée à la porte de la Mairie ou publiée Elle est adressée aux Conseillers Municipauc par écrit et ci domicile, trois fours francs au viutu* avant celui de la t,éitiiion. h h cas ct'-u-rge?ice, le délai peut être abrégé (par, le Allaire, sans pouvoir toutefois être inférieur el un jmr framc. Le Maire en rend compte des l'ourerturc de la séance du Conseil Municipal, qui se prononce définitivement sur l'urgence et peut décider le 'l'M,vat de M discussion, pour tout Ott partie, à l'ordre du jour d'une séance ultérieure. ANCIEN TEXTE Toute ,wllJVocmtion est faite par le Maine. Elle est mentionnée au registre des cMl/!bémtiOJlS, affiche à la porte d.e la Mairie et -ackfeôaèe ,p)arf ôcl'it et t), domicile, (trois jours fixi<ncs iâiu moins .avant eeM.i d.e la Té-union. ^En cas d'urgenee, le délai peut être abrégé par le Préfet ou le Sous-Préfet. A. m^fr. ^ue la P^kiicatioin de la convocation peut remplacer son afficha trp *i. ],-1. porte rio in ,, Mairie. Mais elle ldo!it toujours être mentionnée au registre des délibérations ^ w U a,'Íressée ÔI kl, pai inV eC:Ilt et à domicile, 3 j,oiuirs tes M moins lavant ce,lui de 'la Réunion Sous-Préfet touri,~,f(ji,g toa -du ,délai a m faite à to:rt, il décider le renlVIot de rÏiïa te à mw eri q~tie la rêduc ART. 50. — Le 26 PARAGRAPHE seul est modifié. NOUVEAU TEXTE Quand après une première convocation régutièrement faite seton les dispositions de l'article 48, le Conseil Municipal ne s'est pas réuni en nombre s'litlicant, la délibération prise après la seC(yii'fle comoc,ù'Lon à trois jours au moins d'intervalle est valable quel que soit le nombre des membres présents. ANCIEN TEXTE Quand, après deux convocations successives a trois jours ,au moin,s d,!.iiterv:alle. et dûment constatées, le Conseil Man-Lcipa.:). ne s'est pas réuni en nombre s'ufûsaajitj, la délibération prise après lia troisième convocation est valable, quel que soit le nombre des membres présents. c]1(?IS Anté:tjell:1Jrernerlft., 1n6J:tnljl'ies Pl1ésell1ts le q.ue s1, «Ul>él;e>' ÇIillel *,e soit le nombre des membres en exercice : Vutrernenf dit eJ in'éD^i* 'am u5l'va:it î*1 Péw»'ï' la majorité memibres en é'xeneèciei -ii,',était iplus exigée. ce ActueUement me??e réfua-ij.oii que la majorité des colle-ci ne pmt t,ou,jours IfVV,o.i1' Iplns Heu 3 dès 1:aJ deuxième rétllnlo¡lli, mais le délai ii-ei peut ni q:lÙ,lprès que soit Sgence C tlWl * 3 ,ow» franles = c'est -tili (les cas où GH APURE III. — Attribution des Conseils municipaux. Aiiî. 65. — Nullité de droit NOUVEAU TEXTE h a nullité de droit est déclarée par arrêté motivé du Pr-éf(,It. Elle peut être prononcée par le Préfet et proposée ou opposée par les parties intéressées a toute, époque. ANCIEN TEXTE La tliLtllitê de droit est déclarée par le Préfet en !;>rfeet,Llllle-.Elle peut. être prononcée }.L i le Pi etet .et proposée O'tl apposée par les Piall':' ties, interessees, à toute époque, pie ■SIX'de'M8™ dgSrtoSSSS. de 'PJ,1éÍecti1:1?e)) ART, 66. Délibérations annulables. NOUVEAU TEXTE Prêfe^U^a^an ^onon^e Par arfêtè motivé d'Li Elle peut être provoquée d'office par le Sou.s[J'l'él'et ou le Préfet dans un clétai de quinze jours a litti'tii[ht dépôt clu procès-verbal de la délibérafuw a la Sous-Préfecture ou à la Préfecture. Llle peut aussi cire demandée par toute ver«>ontu intéressée et par tout contribuable de la communié. ANCIEN TEXTE L'anniiktion essB prononcée par le Préfet eh Conseil de 'Préfecture. Elle peu,tM.re provoquée d'office patle Préifet ddiiis un ideloii de tren.te jours à partir «du .dépôt dit prooes-verbal .de lia, d.élibe.ratioM à la Sous-Prtëfeictuire ou à lia Mf.ectUM Elle PA,,I-lt iciiuiss i. ô'tre dieiiiuandiée jpiar toute i.JIGIt'. 801'1tn18 intéressée eti par tout contribuable de la oommune. teé «alteT'rouexllTi "If"'" ôu """ arbret fruitiers, h j8«g des r«|. ie ou eXigOz-lô, fié -sorâ uhe source de richesâë atilmontalirea Dans ce dernier cas, la demande en annulation doit être déposée, à peine de décliéance,, à la SousPréfecture ou à la Préfecture dans un délai de quinze jours à partir de Vaffichage à ta porte de la Mairie. Il en est donné récépissé. Le Préfet statuera dans un délai de quinze Jours ¡ Pa5sé le délai de quinze jours, mentionné cm palagtaphe 4 ci-dessus, sans qu'aucu,?,i(,, demande ait été, produite, le Préfet peut déclarer qu'il ne s'oppose pas à la délibération. D'aoïs ce dernier c,,,as, la; demande en lanau-lat-ion doit être déposée, à (peine ide déchéance, à-la.SousPiél'ectuire ")iu à la Prélecture, dans un délai 4e quii/uae jours à partir .de raffichiaige à la porte 4e la Mairie. Il eIJ. est donné récépissé. * Le Préfet statuera dans le diélai d'un mois. Passé ce délai de. quinze jours, sans qu/Viucunie demande fait été .produire, le Préfet peut déclarer qu''il ne s'oppose pns à la dtélibératl.o.n Même uhSet[vai'ÍoaJ que pour l'article précédent, en ce qui COill.ce:J?a1te1 le -premier pal1mgrwp:he. !Les autres module,ations constituent des réductions de délai : réduation lcl'(uni mois à Quinze délai dans lequel le Préfet (ou le Sous-Préfet IPlour les communes die son '.arrondissement) peut rom vaquai* d 'omce 1 annulation ; réduction égale idu délai dans lequel le Préfet doit'statuer ' en .cn c s d e démode en annulation ïonimudée par une personne mtéEessae les ART. 68. i)àglemeiltaires ne so.n.t exécutoires, ê'bre exôoutées qIU'a,p1,ès D,ëlaii 'P,assé 1(""qtiiel NOUVEAU TEXTE Ne sont exécutoires qu'après avoir été approuvées par l'autorité supérieure, les délibérations portant sur les objets suivants : 1° Les conditions des baux dont ta durée dépasse dix-huit ans ; 2° Les aliénations et échanges de propriétés communales 3° Les acquisitions d'immeubles, les constructions nouvelles, tes reconstructions entières ou partielles, quand il est pourvu à la dépense et l'aide d'emprunt ou de ressources extraordinai?'es soumis à L'app,-ro-bation ; 4° Le changement d,'affectatioii d'une propriété communale déjà affectée à un service public lorsque ce changement est soumis à autorisation par les lois et règlements en vigueur, ou lorsque l'affectation résulte d'un engagement pris par la com7nune ; 5° Le classement, le déclassement, le 7,ed7^essement, lie prolongement, l'élargissement, la suppression, la dénomination des rues et places publiques, l'établissement et la modification des plans d'alignement des voies publiques municipales, le tarif des droits cle t;oirie, te tarif des droits (le stationnement et de location sur les dépendances de la grande vairie et, généralement, les tarifs des droits divers à percevoir au profit des com,tnunes en vertu à6f l'article 133 de la présente loi et. de t'artictf,, premier de la loi du 13 août 1926 ; 6° Le budget communal ; _ 7°' Les crédits supplémentaires ; 8° Les 'cQntribttti'ons extraordinaires et les emprunts, sauf le cas prévu à l'article 141 de la présente toi ; 9° Les taxes locales dont la perception est autorisée pur les 'lois dans l'intérêt de la commune ; 10° Les octi@ois,, dans les cas prévus au.x articles 137 et 138 de ta présente loi, ; 11° L'établissement, la suppression ou les changements des foires et marchés autres que les simples marchés d'approvionnemcnls ; 12° L'intervention des communes, ' notamment par voie d',e,xpllo,i1. ANCIEN TEXTE NIES sont exécutoires qu'après avoir été approuvées par l'autorité supérieure les rc1élil4'e.r.ati.ÛlI1S portant sur les objets suivants : 1° Les .ûoriiditioïïia cLefs. baux dont la durée dépasse diX-'ll'lJJit ans ; 20 Les aliénations et échanges de propriétés coin,iiiiuiiales ; + ^ acquisitions d immeiuibles les oonstruictio,ns d immeubles, les reconstructins entières ou partielles, les projets, plains et devis des grosses réparations et d'entretien, quand la dépense totalisée '.aiv.ee les penses de même nature pendant 1 exercice coitiirant dépasse les limbes des nés sources ordinairs et extraordinaires que les communes peuvent se créer sans autorisation .spéciale 4° Les transactions ; 5° Les changements d'affectation d'une propriété communale déjà affectée à un service public ; 6° La vaine pâture ; le clécl,assement, le rediresse1 e 1:; l'oiL0l1.g,emeIl1lt, l'élargissement, la suppression ladénomination des rues et places ,uucimtlon et la suppression des pramenades, squares 10lU jardins publics, champs de foire, de tir ou ,de coursie, l'établissement des plans dahg.nement adoptés, le tarif des droits de voi„;® J des droits de sîtatioiiunemenit et de lodépendances die la grande voirie et, *tn.oralement, les tarifs des droits divers à Iper. plro't'Jt:des,00inimuiies en ..vertu ae l'article 133 de la présente loi-; .8,, L'acceptation des dons et legs faits à la comlTl!l1il1e, elles f8iJ:11:fi];es ; dTOnent à cles, Nattas 9° Le budget communal ; 10° Les crédits supplémentaires ; ir.™isLesSnn^ï?!Llf,0I]S f'xtra°rdmaires et les emîa! pïIseSe loi^ ; nas. 'P Plat V:aniclQ:1/^ de «PAïttesari5rtïus -Mes s~uppressi,o~i, simples marchés d'approvislonaemienits. Les délibération s qui ne sont pas soumises l approbation .préfeoloraie ne clevrilencl,rOllt à moins exécutoires q.1-1*ualf mois après le dénô? E ce délai. Le Préfet P ™' par Uill am!ié. «tréger d'un poste r écepteur municipal^de t!^™ m *U is nosiUnn 6«SGn,"!n' ''installation gtahd avantage moral de cette dernière.. disposition de la population au Les délibérations qui ne sont pas soumises à Vapprobation prèfctorale ne deviendront ,néanmoins exécutoires que quinze ;/OM?;-s après le dépôt qui aura été fait à la Préfecture ou à la 8'Ó'u.sPréfecture. Le Préfet ou le Soùs-Préfel,, dans les communes dont il' rèfjlî le budget, pourra abréger ce cvêlai.. Le prlnc:ipe est que les délibérations pris os par an Conseil Municipal sur les affaires de lai commune sont exécutoires (voir a>rt. 61 par eUes-mèmes. T.Vrt. 68 a pour objet de préciser celles qui contrairement iit ce principe, .devront recevoir la sam.c'tM!n cle l'apiproibiatijou (le l';.i.n.toTité suipiéri,eur. — Les modifications apportées par le décret dei décentralisation eoricei'iieiu les points suivants a) Les acquisitio.ns tl'im'meujbles, les ,c011¡s:tri'ucLloJ.1S nouvelles, les recon.structi.oais' entières on-]. partielles ne restent soumises à riaptpMbatio.îl que s'il est pourvu à lai dépense à, l'aide d'un emprunt ou tlaq re-ssouroeis extraordinaires. ires. soumis ,Ù i';.!pjp.Fot).ation. ; dams tous les JUItres-eas. le Conseil ilmiiciioàl décide sans iritervenri'Oii de l'.anr.ori;i:é SllIIH,1;rleUre. Si. donc il est pourvu a une acquis;ition, construction o,u,, reiooinstiruictioin .à l'aiae d'tm.e ressource ordiii(ai.re, ou même à 1 aide d''.a.ne ressource extraord.,Iiiai,ro ou d'iun-i emprunt que le Conseil Municipal peut voter sans autorisation (voir § 3 at 4 de l'.a:rticl.e. 141 de la loi "Liu 5 avril ?84), le Conseil prend une' délil'irafi.on exécutoire par elle.-mê:rne. A noter ;il'uiissi que les' projets, plans et 'devis des grosses réparations et .cl'elntre t' 11Ie nécessitent plus rapprofoïaitïoa ptt-'É!iectora.Ie. mais les plans et devis -de constructions nouvelles ourec,oin;struietions, restent soumis à l'ap¡pr,ohwUon quand la, construction ou la reconstruction, lelle.-même nécessitent cotte, sanction (Voir article 114) > b) Les transactions seront désormais définitivement arrêtées par l'Assemiblée municip.n.le sa.ns a.ptprolj.a.tion de l'autorité supérieure ; e) Le, changement d'affectation, d'une propriété communale d/éf.à affectée Ù, urn service publie donnait toujours lieu jusqu'ici, à iin.terv,eaition. du Préfet. Dés 0 Mutais, son approOîatloin me sera nécessaire que si le changement. d'affectation est soumis à autorisai;io.n par un texte législatif ou crregleimentalrie spécial QiU lorsque l'affeptati,,oii! a été ln. conséquence d'UTh engagement f,orm,el de la commune ; el) Les diéllbératiops portent siuir la vaine pâture flevieran-ant exécutoires plaT elles-mêmes ; e) Il est apporte peu de modification aux délibérations 4es :Consens Municipaux concernant la voune .et les taxes municipales'.. Toutefois, la création et la suppression de.s pïSSiS^ saulS ou jardins publics, eihamps de foira,-de tire Gill. die course, ainsi que l'établissement elles nlans do pléni,ti>ti~d,e L'aoceptatiioaii ide:s' (Ions et legs faits à la cominuine, même lorsqu'ils donnent lieu à des n la ions des limite, ne SOM plus sujettes à approtattau (Voir artMe Mles ra, Z une Jmo bation esitl encore nécessaire). une ;,appros ldont taxes elf,., cî-,~:tl)rès h) ;[,8 paragraphe 12 die la nomenclature dans lie' nouvel article 68 est une innovation mrtim, lieremeiit impoitante elle a pour but cLe (permettre à, l'action municipale de se porterur de uou" eaux Gl:;¡je¡CIf:.ifs" qui lui étaient jusqu'à ce jour inte:llCJ.its, On sait, CRI effe't" que es c n es ÏS dans des circonstances spéciales et pour des cas Jimitaiiverneut déterminésn'waieiTm^d™ t mod^^ mC'm° SaUS la fOTme c^«ive. Le .nouveau décret S,Oît le fonctiounement de services puJDliic;s, le ravitaillement, I;e! logement eTa ïoS'îkrL ÏÏn vres d assistance d'hygiène et de prévoyance sociales, Jja ^lisaiW X él 1(11e1<:l; 1illir1];¡la,ines, eï devenue l„cbei, et il y a lieu de penser que ces droits Pouwaux. exercés par on ~clô,maine, Le décret précise que ces sortes (cl,e .eEéliM'ra.tion.s. sont ®oum.fees. à; l'approibatœoaa' t) Il ajoute également que les idélibérations dispensées de cette approha'tîon ne deviendront pyp C'HI1:oir08' c{u e 15 jours (âiï-Iîeu die uai mois) après leur dépôt à la .P!iéff.ectu.re ou à la &us PrMp'r" ;ture): le Préfet ou le SiOilTS-Pa?IÉJ,f:et pouvaut d'ailleurs,abréger ce délai feous-Prefec ABT. 6.9. électrfc^Lt0US 168 m0Vet18 pre888z de vos .Ocuhm'Ulnes'pal 4» mM NOUVEAU TEXTE Les délibérations des Cou s fils Municipaux sur les objets énoncés à l'article précédent sont exécutoires sur l'If]Jproba1Îon fi Il, lIli/et sauf le cas o'li. l'appt obation, par le Ministre compétent, pl1r le Conseil Géné1'lt1, par la. Commission départementale, par un décret ou par une, loi esl prescrite par les lois Olt. Tèfllcments. Les délibérations ■prévues à Varticle précédent sons les .lls 1, 2, 6, 7 sont soumises ù l'upprtdiaNon (III Stms-I'rcfel ihuis les communes diml il règle le /mll'flel. Lerosque le Préfet ou le Sous-Préfet refuse d.'approuver une délibéra H on, le Conseil Municipal peut se l¡,)(I,rl'oir devant le Ministre de l'lnll'rir'lIl'. Si le Préfet ou le 'Sous-Préfet, saisi à fin d'approbation rl'llJW délibération r<'//./? Conseil Ml/ni(ipcil, n ci pas fait connaitre sa décision dans un délai de quarante jours ù dater du dépôt de la IUlibération, celle-ci est considérée comme approuvée. Les délibérations pour lesquelles une approbalion par le Ministre compétent, par un décret, ou ¡1ftr une loi est exif/ée par les lois et règlements deviennent également exécutoires de plein droit lorsque aucune décision n' e st intervenue à leur égard dans un délai, de trois mois à, partir de leur dépôt, à la Sous-Préfecture, ou à la Préfecture. Tonte fois, l'n ce qui concerne les traités portant concession, à titre exclusif ou, pour une durée, de plus de trente ans ries grands services mm/hi.paux, les délais de quarante jours cl de trois mois mentionnés ci-dessus sOnt portés respectivement Ii trois mois el ri, six mois. ANCIEN TEXTE Les délibérations des Conseils Mu.nic.ilp'aiux Sur les objets énoncés à l'article Tmécéd('nt Sionl exé(MKtojms, sur l'approbation du Préfet, sauf le ras on rapii>mt>al(ioii. par le Ministre compétent p:).r' le Con.seil général, par h. Commission .départennentale, ?:),)nu décret on PI,1II' nine loi est prescrit,? piir les lois et rèfïleim-ents. L(' Préfet, statue rll, Conseil de Prélecture, dans les oas prévus aux ;;o¡¡ 1. '2, fi do l/art iele ipréeédoit.. " " Lorsque ,.c 1)1'(1 f'(If refuse son :h)).j)rob;i!ion. on (l11 n'!l ']t,iIS l'nit, eon,naître sa, décision dans nu délai d'nii. mois à painir de la date dn récépissé, le Loiuseiil Municipal peut se pourvoir .(levaut le Minisiire de .l'Intérieur. sOtn1 soit ammUomm* JursqlllC lra d^ibnn,iin,,s 1 X™înuv 7TT7 '!c toi{ïii>e.iTf..jns 10 millions. (Voir il] l'na. article 145). inities () l lia i rps ji at Ii) Refus d'approbation ou absence de décisions. Si le Préfet on le Pr'M [l'llOilll'Pil" 1, Conseil Municipal ,„„SPlW ,,Bn SOlls-Pr('fet rie J'fJlllt'Tienr, ^ "" Conseil rip 40 jours est considérée comme une opproba.<ibn tacite.. fusion le ln ratifjcntinn en est ,rfniHeurs P;)l' Hn rlÓlcret <le lIurne o.U ;i .,'1. .'■qin-vnnill à approbation, est. -porté rte 10 iou-i-s 30 "S rnm. ini'in'iV1--'''''.'',1 "''«•'"•'f de ,iLt"cision * titre ex(-Iiisif 01111 PIM, une Lrée i i I F l!K III. nES M l m:s ET DES ,I),lOLTS. il Ili il i(. i.l~);l ART. 73. — Nombre (1',alrJ,j () i llitS. -déci-et, l,c~ ART. 75. — Adrjoints spéciaux, l~,] Le premier paragrHlp.llf1 est seul modifié. dl1127 ~1(ij(iiii~is SHI' (le 1()i. (1111, 4le, !1)()St('S voua ahaulf8r. &parlnez Votre bois. Partout où vous '""""" *" courant IU8Dtriqu. utilis8z-le pour Peuplier Suisse dit EUCALYPTUS SARCÉ âgé de 30 ans Valeur marchande 300 francs I PAS DE MEILLEUR PLACEMENT Grandes Pépinières de POHTVALLAIH les plus anciennes et les plus importantes d'l<,,'ul'ope M. MARION à PONT VA LLAIN (Sarthe) Les SIÈGES STELLA RÉSISTENT A TOUT PRIX DE Q-ROS Catalogue et Tarif sur demande LA VIE MUNICIPALE Service C. A. M. 94, rue St-Lazare, PARIS (9 ) 1 HOTEL DES SPORTS 69, Rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, 69 PARIS (V) ( Près du Panthéon) EN PLEIN QUARTIER LATIN Tout dernier confort Salon de Lecture PRIX MODÉRÉS nrz: Téléphone : DANTON 83-90 — Il faut lire et faire lire La Bourse Slassique MËrtM UN VoLuME : 7 fr. 50 F PAGE S, Cité Trévise :: PARIS il C. Chèques Postaux PARIS 167.72 Tribune Économique et Documentaire 1. — MARMITES AUTOCLAVES A. L. G. pour la cuisson de tous les aliments Nous signalons à. nos lecteurs la fabrication d'une marmite autoclave, marque « A. L. G. », (lui permet la cuisson rapide, économique, parfaite, propre, de tous les aliments. Cette marmite présente, comme principal avantage, la possibilité de réaliser une économie de combustible telle, qu'en un mois ou deux on a regagné le prix d'achat de la marmite, surtout si on utilise pour le chauffage, le gaz et les diverses formes de réchauds en usage dans le commerce. En effet, elle cuit en 5 à 15 minutes ce qui demande une demi-heure à 4 heures avec une marmite ordinaire ; de ce fait elle réalise une économie de. coinbuslible qui atteint NO % de la consommation ancienne. La construction de cette marmite présente de grands avantages sur tous les articles similaires, actuellement dans le commerce ; elle est notamment fabriquée d'une seule pièce, et sa conception a été l'objet d'une élude partisentièrement approfondie, cc. qui lui permet de posséder une supériorité incontestable sur ses concurrentes. Les antres avantages sont Sécurité absolue donnée. — Par le sifflet spécialement étudié qui avertit quand, lit cuis son est terminée. Par une soupapedesùreté fondant à une pression de 5 atmosphères, soit le double de la pression nécessaire à la cuisson normale. Par le récipient en tôle emboutie, ce qui lui donne uii(c -,-Paride sunério rite sur ceux soudés et lui permet de résister à .une pression de 12 atmosphères. Du resf.e, tant est grand le souci de bien fail'e, de la part du coustructcur, tous les appareils de ce genre sont essayés Ù. la pression avant et après étamage. Système automatique de fermeture du couvercle. — Le. couvercle, qui est rentrant, se place à l'intérieur sans l'incliner, ce (lui ne peut se faire avec les modèles similaires, qui obligent à tremper le couvercle dans les aliments pour le placer. Le couvercle est muni d'une queue qui évite de se brûler en le retirant, et sur laquelle est fixée la chape d'accrochage; Une disposition spéciale évite que le couvercle puisse tomber dans la, marmite, accident trop fréquent avec les marmites de ce genre. A titre d'indication, nous donnons quelques durées approximatives et comparatives de cuisson avec cette marmite et une marmite ordinaire : Pour légumes verts tendres, pommes de terre, poissons : 5 minutes, au lieu de :10 minutes. Pour .artichauts, choux, viandes tendres, haricots H à, 9 minutes, au lieu de 1 heure à 1 heure et demie. Pour pot-au-feu, viandes dures, gibier : 12 à 15 minutes au lieu de 3 à 4 heures. Son mode d'eJII[Jlui est extrêmement simple Remplissage. •—■ Préparer les aliments comme à l'or(f!naire, remplir la marmite jus<[u'aux deux tiers, ne pas dépasser ce niveau ; si le niveau était trop inférieur, le sifflet se ferait entendre avant la cuisson complète ; pour y remédier il faudrait graduer d'un dellli-nu méro en plus. Si le nivea/u était supérieur, -les aliments pourraient venir obstruer le sifflet. Fermeture. — Le couvercle étant en place dans l'o'a.)e, abaisser la queue sur le pivot et met Ire le crochet, la vapeur se chargera de la iermeliire. Iierméiiqne. Le joint qui est placé sous Je couvercle peut être remplace par un joint, découpé dans un carton (jupiconffue, celui qui est, placé par le consf)'ncfput' doit asslIl'or un usage de plusieurs années. Sifflet. --, Le sii'L)et doit être tenu dans un parfait état de propreté, nettoyer souvent le ressort et huiler pour éviter la rouille. . Ne jamais le lnodifiür. Cuisson. — Après avoir choisi la durée de cllissmJ, mettre sur le l'eu, le sifflet indiquera. qu'eUe est terminée lorsque celui-ci donnera son maximum, à, ce moment retirer la marmite du feu. Ne jamais laisser plus d'une demiheure sur le gaz ou chauffage normal. Ouverture. — La marmite étant retirée (ln feu, lever le levier pour la décrocheter et attendre que le couvercle tombe de lui-même. Ne jamais forcer pour ouvrir le couvercle. Jl faut compter un temps égal à la cuisson, avant l'ouverture, si l'on voulait précipiter, il y aurait lieu de dévisser très doucement la partie supérieure du sifflet-, mais nous conseillons d'attendre. Avis important. — Si le fusible de la soupape venait à fondre, demander un fusible de rechange chez votre fournisseur. Il serait très imprudent 'de faire réparer celui-ci et de le faire remplacer par de la soudure d'étain ou le supprimer, ce qui enlèverait toute sécurité a, la. marmite. Np. jamais changer le ressort du sifflet. Ces marmites subissent, deux essais à lapression, elles donnent une garantie absolue si aucune modification n'est LI ite an sifflet ou àla soupape. La marmite autoclave « A. L. G. » se recoin mande à ceux qui veulent faire des économies lie temps et de combustible. Sa conception est le résultat d'une étude approfondie et la place incontestablement beaucoup au-dessus de tous les modèles similaires. Sa fabrication est très soignée. LE FUR LTE UR. La Vie Municipale remercie M. Guillouard, avenue WaUignies, ù Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), des renseignements techniques qu'il a bien voulu lui fournir sur son invention. Il. Les accumulateurs électriques Un religieux espagnol, qui est en même temps — la chose est fréquente — 11 n sa.ant, et peut être aussi 1111 homme (rnff:]h'es, vient de faire une découverte sensationnelle permettant. les plus heaux espoirs. Ce savant, de 33 ans, le père Almeida, a invente un accu mulateur dont la capacité électrique est, à poids égal, supérieure de dix fois à celle des accumulateurs couramment, utilisés aujourd'hui sur les automobiles et sur les locomotives électriques. Une automobile électrique, qui ne peut parcourir aujourd'hui plus de 00 kilomètres sans procéder à la, l'ecilnrgge de ses accumulateurs, pourrait sans difficulté faire des trajets de plus de 500 kilomètres de ville à ville. Une revue hispano-américaine, publiée à Barcelone, « Actividad », donne à ce sujet, dans son numéro de juin, des renseignements intéressants ; des essais probants auraient été faits par une grosse fabrique d'accumulateurs et les Compagnies des chemins de fer françaises qui procèdent à. l'électritica.tion de leurs lignes prévoient, dit cette revue, l'utilisation prochaine de l'in'ention du prêtre espagnol. (« Le TempS » du S juin. lil. Statistique des animaux de ferme Le ministre de l'agriculture publie les renseiGnenienfs suivants sur le nombre des animaux des espèces cbevaline, bovine, porcine et caprine existant en France à. la fin de 1926, comparé au nombre de -925 et de 191 3 (non compris l'Alsace et la, Lorraine pour l'année antérieure à, la gllelTe) ; 192G 1925 191.1 Espèce chevaline 2.893.900 2.880.3K0 .'l.'-;2O.0S0 inulassière 184.S10 ISS.320 188.280 n' aiinc 203.630 272.970 :!5(>.31Q » bovine 14.482.440 :;72 980 14787,710 » ovine j0.77;'i.2(i0 ](),o,37,020 l(U:J1,:WO « porcine .'i.770.900 5.792.8G0 7.035.8150 Il caprine ........ 1.388.490 1.377.910 1.4:)4,070 Jj MATÉRIEL SCOLAIRE | E. 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hal-02411105-individual_experience_affects_host_choice_in_malaria_vector.txt_1 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | Individual experience affects host choice in malaria
vector mosquitoes
Amélie Vantaux, Thierry Lefèvre, Kounbrobr Dabiré, Anna Cohuet
To cite this version:
Amélie Vantaux, Thierry Lefèvre, Kounbrobr Dabiré, Anna Cohuet. Individual experience affects host
choice in malaria vector mosquitoes. Parasites & Vectors, 2014, 7 (1), pp.249. �10.1186/1756-3305-7249�. �hal-02411105�
HAL Id: hal-02411105
https://hal.science/hal-02411105
Submitted on 26 Dec 2019
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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/249
RESEARCH
Open Access
Individual experience affects host choice in
malaria vector mosquitoes
Amélie Vantaux1,2*, Thierry Lefèvre1,2, Kounbrobr Roch Dabiré2,3 and Anna Cohuet1,2
Abstract
Background: Despite epidemiological importance, few studies have explored whether individual experience and
learning could affect the vertebrate host choice of mosquito disease vectors. Here, we investigated whether a first
successful blood meal can modulate mosquito preference during a second blood meal.
Methods: In no-choice situations, females of the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, one of the primary African malaria
vectors, were first allowed to feed on either human, rabbit or guinea pig. Four days later in dual-choice situations,
the same mosquitoes were allowed to choose between the two uncommon hosts, rabbit and guinea pig, as a
source of blood. ELISA assays were then used to determine which host mosquitoes fed on.
Results: Our results indicate that, overall, mosquitoes preferred to feed on rabbit over guinea pig and that the
nature of the first blood meal had a significant impact on the mosquito host choice during the second blood meal.
Compared to mosquitoes that previously fed on guinea pigs or humans, mosquitoes that fed on rabbits were less
likely to choose this host species during a second exposition. The decreased preference for rabbit was observed
four days after mosquitoes were first exposed to this host, suggesting that the effect lasts at least the duration of a
gonotrophic cycle. Furthermore, this effect was observed after only one successful blood meal. Fitness
measurements on mosquitoes fed on the three different vertebrate hosts showed that the origin of the blood meal
affected mosquito longevity but not fecundity. In particular, human-fed mosquitoes lived longer than guinea pig-fed or
rabbit-fed mosquitoes.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that individual experience affects host choice in this mosquito species and
might have strong repercussions on biting patterns in natural conditions and hence on malaria transmission.
Keywords: Experience, Host choice, Feeding behaviour, Mosquitoes, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae M form,
Malaria, Vector, Transmission
Background
The decisions that animals make when selecting a resource
such as habitat, breeding sites, food or host affect both the
ecological interactions in which they participate and
the selective pressures that shape their life-history
traits. Consequently, the ability to change behaviour
after experience is adaptive to adjust to environmental
unpredictability [1]. The effects of individual experience in
insects can be observed in many situations, from natal
habitat preference induction [2], to foraging [3], mating [4],
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1
UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1 - UM2), 911 avenue Agropolis,
BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
2
Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, 01 BP 171 Bobo Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
oviposition [5], predator avoidance [6], medication against
parasites [7] or social interactions [8]. Learning can be
defined as one complex form of individual experience, in
which behavioural changes are linked to cognitive and
memorization processes e.g. conditioning, habituation or
sensitization; [1,9-11], while other individual experiences
can be the result of different physiological processes
(e.g. motor/sensory fatigue).
Despite their medical significance as vectors of dangerous
human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever,
and filariasis, few studies have examined the effect of
individual experience and learning in mosquitoes
[12,13]. Aside from a field study describing the tendency of
Culex mosquitoes to feed on vertebrate host species that
they had been previously attracted to [14], most current
© 2014 Vantaux et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain
Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article,
unless otherwise stated.
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/249
evidence for the occurrence of learning and memory in
mosquito vectors comes from recent laboratory controlledexperiments in which insects were conditioned to associate
colours or odours with sugar- or blood-meals [15-19].
These studies are an important step forward. They
not only highlight that mosquito disease-vectors possess
the cognitive machinery required to associate environmental cues and resources, they also suggest that they may
learn about stimuli emitted by their vertebrate hosts. This
possibility may have important implications.
First, the potential ability of mosquitoes to respond
adaptively to host choice in natural conditions would
increase our basic understanding of their blood-feeding
behaviour. Until now, the factors proposed to influence
mosquito host species choice have included mosquito
genetic background, host availability and accessibility,
blood nutritional value, energetic costs of digestion, and
host defensive behaviours [20]. Exploring the effects of
past experience on mosquito host choice may therefore
reveal that individual experience should be added to the
list of factors that modulate the contact rate between
mosquito vectors and their vertebrate hosts in the field.
Second and most importantly, individual experience
effects on host preference may have crucial epidemiological consequences. At the host inter-specific level, a
general expectation is that mosquito individual experience
will result in repeated feeding on the same host species,
thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission
among host individuals of the same species (assuming
the disease-causing agent is host-specific such as e.g.
the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, [12]).
The current study examined whether An. coluzzii
formerly Anopheles gambiae M molecular form, [21], a
major vector of the deadliest human malaria parasite
P. falciparum, can preferentially return to feed on host
species from which past blood-feeding was successful.
Although this species is considered a highly anthropophilic
mosquito [22-24], they can feed on a wide range of other
vertebrates in nature e.g. [25-31]. The learning and memory
capacities of this species have recently been uncovered [19].
Using membrane-feeding assays, the authors showed
that An. coluzzii females were able to rapidly associate a
visual or an olfactory stimulus with a positive or negative
reinforcing stimulus (blood meal quality), with a maximum
memory retention of 72 h [19]. This study generated a
significant body of knowledge on the learning and memory
capacities of this important malaria vector, but many
questions remain. In particular, could feeding completion
on a given host species result in reinforcement, such that
this becomes the preferred host at the next blood-meal?
To address this question, female An. coluzzii were first
given the opportunity to feed on two uncommon hosts,
either rabbits or guinea pigs. We used an experimental
setting designed to accommodate the whole host body
Page 2 of 7
odour as well as defensive behaviours as sources of stimuli.
Other mosquitoes were fed with human blood and used as
controls. Four-days later, at the next gonotrophic cycle, we
allowed the mosquitoes to choose between rabbit and
guinea pig. We predicted that mosquitoes should display
preference for the host species from which they previously
obtained a successful blood-meal. Because both individual
experience processes and/or genetic predisposition could
explain the predicted pattern, we also verified that
mosquito offspring did not display a similar level of host
preference to their mothers. Finally, to link mosquito
trophic preferences to fitness benefits, we measured
mosquito longevity and fecundity after feeding on the
three different vertebrate hosts used in this study. We
show that the first blood-meal source influences the
host species selected by An. coluzzii 4 days-later, but
in unexpected ways.
Methods
Mosquitoes
Anopheles mosquitoes were collected at larval stages in
the Vallée du Kou (Southwestern Burkina Faso) during
June-July 2012. The larvae were bred in the laboratory
using water from the collection sites and received ad
libitum Tetramin® food. After emergence adults had
access to a 5% glucose solution on cotton wool pads
until 3 to 5 days old. A representative sample of 118
adult females was identified by species diagnostic
PCR [32]. In agreement with previous studies in the
area [26,33-35], all genotyped individuals belonged to
the species An. coluzzii, suggesting that almost all, if not
all, mosquitoes included in this study belonged to this
species. To ensure their willingness to feed, mosquitoes
were provided only water for 24 h prior to access to a
blood meal.
Experimental design
Individual experience test
In no choice situations, 100 female mosquitoes were
exposed to their first host either consisting of a
rabbit, a guinea pig or a human (used as a control).
Rabbits and guinea pigs were placed in individual
cages of 60 × 40 × 40 cm covered with a mesh and
were provided with similar amounts of water and food.
Mosquitoes were then released in the cages overnight
such that total host body odour (breath, skin emanations,
animal excrements) as well as defensive behaviours were
used as a source of stimuli. Control mosquitoes were fed
using direct feeding assays, whereby the arm of one of the
experimenters is placed for one hour over a piece of
mesh covering a cup full of mosquitoes. In the morning,
blood-fed female mosquitoes were collected with a mouth
aspirator and transferred to cages (20×20×20 cm)
with ad libitum water and 5% glucose solution on
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/249
cotton pads. Unfed females were discarded. Oviposition
dishes consisting of water cups were placed in each cage.
Four days after their first blood meal, female mosquitoes
were coloured with one of three different coloured powders
(Luminous Powder Kit, BioQuip), corresponding to the
host species they had previously fed on. The matching
between host species and colours was switched between
replicates. The mosquitoes were then released overnight
in a cage containing one rabbit and one guinea pig. A
barrier of half the height of the cage was set-up in the
middle of the cage such that the rabbit and the guinea pig
were separated but the mosquitoes were free to fly from
one host to another. The animals received identical qualities
and quantities of food and water. In the morning, blood-fed
females were collected with a mouth aspirator and frozen
at −20°C. Unfed females were discarded.
The origin of mosquito blood-meals was determined
using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The protocol was adapted from previous blood meal
identification tests [36] by using 1/2000 dilutions of
anti-guinea pig and anti rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich).
The individual experience test (i.e. no-choice assay
followed by dual-choice assay) was repeated 12 times,
using three rabbits, three guinea pigs, and two different
human bloods and a total of 3600 mosquitoes. We tested
all possible combinations between each rabbit and guinea
pig (i.e. 9 combinations) at least once, and 3 combinations
were tested twice.
Offspring preference
Because increased mosquito preference for the host
species previously used as a source of blood-meal may result from effects of past experience (e.g., learned preference)
or from intrinsic behaviours (genetic preference) [13], we
also measured offspring host choice. The water cups
provided to the F0 females for oviposition were collected
and hatched larvae were bred in the same conditions as the
parental generation. Once they were 3 to 5 days old, female
mosquitoes were coloured with three different coloured
powders corresponding to the host species their mothers
fed on. They were then pooled together and released
overnight in a cage containing the same rabbit and guinea
pig their mothers fed on. In the morning, blood fed females
were collected with a mouth aspirator and frozen at −20°C.
The blood meal origin was determined using ELISA assays
as described above. We tested 6 different combinations
using 741 mosquitoes. The correspondence between hosts
and colours were changed between combinations.
Fitness experiment
In order to link host species preferences to fitness benefits,
we compared the longevity and fecundity of mosquitoes
fed on the three different vertebrate hosts. Field mosquitoes were reared as previously described. Three to five day
Page 3 of 7
old female mosquitoes were transferred in cups of 30
individuals covered by a piece of mesh. Mosquitoes
were fed using direct feeding assays. Rabbits and
guinea pigs were shaved on 5×5 cm area of their back
to facilitate feeding. The cups were maintained by the
experimenters to allow mosquito feeding on the respective
host for 30 minutes. All fed mosquitoes were transferred
into cages (20×20×20 cm). Mosquitoes were checked daily
for mortality. Mosquito fecundity was measured from
females that received a second blood meal from the
same host and in the same conditions 4 days later in
order to ensure sufficient egg-laying females [37-42].
Two days after their second blood meal, females were
placed in individual plastic cups with an oviposition
dish and followed until death. The presence and the
numbers of eggs were recorded. Four guinea pigs, five
rabbits, six humans and a total of 336 mosquitoes
(about 22 mosquitoes per individual host) were used for
the survivorship assay. Five guinea pigs, four rabbits,
six humans, and a total of 152 mosquitoes (about 10
per individual hosts) were used for the fecundity assay.
Statistical analyses
We observed only thirteen mixed blood meals (individuals
that fed on both rabbit and guinea pig) in both feeding
choice tests (individual experience test and offspring
preference), thus these samples were not included in
the analyses. We tested the effect of past experience
(i.e. the host species used in the no-choice assay for the
individual experience test, or the host species mothers fed
on for the offspring preference experiment) on mosquito
host species choice using a Generalized Linear Mixed
Model (GLMM) with a binomial error structure and
logit link function. A binomial GLMM was also used
to examine the effect of host species on the proportion of
engorged mosquitoes (feeding rate) during the no-choice
and dual-choice assays. In these GLMMs, host species
was coded as a fixed categorical factor, and the host
individual identity (no-choice assay), or the combination
of host individuals (dual-choice assay) was coded as a
random factor. We also verified whether the proportions
(p) of mosquitoes fed on rabbit (or guinea pig) during the
dual-choice assays were compatible with a random
choice (null hypothesis: p = 0.5) or whether mosquitoes
displayed a statistically significant preference (H1: p ≠ 0.5).
Chi-square post hoc tests were carried out to assess
differences between hosts, and Bonferroni corrections
were applied for multiple comparisons.
Survival curves of mosquitoes fed on the three different
vertebrate hosts were compared using a Cox proportional
hazards model, and fecundity was compared using a
GLM with a binomial distribution for the presence of
eggs and a quasipoisson distribution for the number
of eggs laid.
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
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Page 4 of 7
The significance of the explanatory variable was established using a likelihood ratio test (LRT). Analyses
used lme4, MASS, survival and multcomp packages in
R v. 2.15.0 [43-47].
Ethical notes
The rabbits and guinea pigs were used only to feed the
mosquitoes from the study. After the study, the rabbits
and guinea pigs were euthanized. All mosquitoes were
killed by putting them at −20°C for 30 min. All humans
provided informed written consent before participation.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Centre Muraz
Institutional Ethics Committee under the ethical clearance
number A003-2012/CE-CM, and all experiments carried
out at the IRSS are under the Animal Welfare Assurance
A5926-01.
Results
The overall proportion of engorged mosquitoes (feeding
rate) in the no-choice assay (first blood-meal) was 65.7
± 2% (proportion ± 95% Wald’s type confidence interval).
There was a significant effect of host species on feeding
rate, with higher proportions of human-fed (79.17 ± 2%)
and rabbit-fed mosquitoes (70.25 ± 2%) than guinea pigfed mosquitoes (47.58 ± 3%, GLMM, N = 3600, X22 = 7.01,
P = 0.03, Figure 1). The overall proportion of engorged
mosquitoes in the dual-choice assay (second blood-meal,
32.1 ± 2%) was lower than in the no-choice assay
(Chi square test, X21 = 597.3, P < 0.001, Figure 1 and
b
c
a
571
950
843
Guinea pig
Human
Rabbit
Figure 1 Feeding rates of Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes in the
no choice assay. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Different
letters indicate significant differences (Post hoc chi-square tests with a
Bonferroni correction, P < 0.05).
Figure 2a). The host species used for the first blood-meal
influenced mosquito feeding rate during the dual-choice
assay, with rabbit-fed and guinea pig-fed mosquitoes
being more likely to feed than human-fed mosquitoes
(35.07 ± 3%, 36.96 ± 4%, 28.03 ± 3%, respectively; GLMM,
N = 2095, X22 = 28.4, P < 0.001, Figure 2a). When compared
to the first blood-meal, the feeding rate of human-fed
mosquitoes during the dual-choice assay decreased by
almost 3 fold whereas that of rabbit- and guinea pig-fed
mosquitoes decreased by 2 and 1.25 fold, respectively.
Regardless of the host species on which they previously
fed, mosquitoes displayed an overall preference for rabbit
over guinea pig (GLM, N = 686, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.77,
95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.52-2.07, P < 0.001). This
attraction was not enhanced by previous experience. The
nature of the first blood meal influenced the host choice
at second gonotrophic cycle: compared to human-fed and
guinea pig-fed mosquitoes, rabbit-fed mosquitoes showed
a decreased preference for rabbit (GLMM, N = 686,
X22 = 13.5, P < 0.001, Figure 2b).
Offspring mosquitoes also displayed an overall preference for rabbit over guinea pig (GLM, N = 290, OR = 1.48,
CI = 1.87-1.69, P = 0.001). The origin of the blood meal
taken by the mothers did not significantly influence the
blood meal choice of their progeny (GLMM, N = 290,
X22 = 0.38, P = 0.83).
Mosquito survival was significantly affected by the blood
meal type (Cox model, N = 336, X22 = 32.15, P < 0.001). In
particular, human-fed mosquitoes lived longer than rabbitfed or guinea pig-fed mosquitoes (Figure 3, mean longevity ± SE: 20.26 ± 0.45, 17.33 ± 0.45 and 16.49 ± 0.66 days,
respectively). However, blood meal type had no effect
on either the probability of laying eggs (proportion of
egg-laying females = 51 ± 10%, 38 ± 15%, 42 ± 20% respectively for human-fed, rabbit-fed and guinea-pig-fed
mosquitoes, GLM, N = 152, X22 = 1.83, P = 0.4) nor the
number of eggs laid (mean ± SE: 74.71 ± 5.72, 66.5 ± 8.36
and 78.9 ± 11.2 eggs, respectively, GLM, N = 70, X22 = 15.2,
P = 0.66). Together, these findings suggest that mosquito
fecundity was not affected by the host species used for
blood-feeding.
Discussion
We found that the previous feeding experience encountered
by An. coluzzii influenced its vertebrate host preference but
in unpredicted ways. In particular, rabbit-fed mosquitoes
displayed a decreased preference for rabbit compared to
human-fed or guinea pig-fed mosquitoes. Since overall
mosquitoes preferred to feed on rabbit over guinea pig, this
implies that fewer rabbit-fed mosquitoes would try to feed
on it for the next blood meal even if the choice is with an
intrinsically less preferred host.
In experiments testing the effect of experience on
mosquito behaviour, care must be taken to not interpret
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/249
a
Page 5 of 7
b
Figure 2 Feeding rates (a) and preference (b) of Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes in the dual-choice assay. Grey scales indicate the host they
fed on during their first blood meal. Error bars show 95% confidence limits. Different letters indicate significant differences (a- Post hoc chi-square tests
with a Bonferroni correction, P < 0.05, b- Post hoc chi-square tests with a Bonferroni correction, P < 0.05).
selection of best genetically adapted individuals among a
polymorphic population as behavioural plasticity [13].
Here, we observed a decreased preference, which allows
excluding that we artificially selected for mosquitoes
having an innate preference for a given vertebrate
host, otherwise we would have observed the reverse
pattern (i. e. an increased preference for rabbit or
guinea pig for the mosquitoes that previously fed on
rabbit or guinea pig, respectively). In addition, we carried
out the same choice assay on mosquito progeny and, as
expected, did not find an increased preference for the host
their mothers fed on.
In no choice assays, mosquitoes displayed higher feeding
rates on humans and rabbits than on guinea pigs. Possible
Figure 3 Survival curves of Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes fed
on three different vertebrate hosts.
explanations include differences in size, defensive behaviours, or mosquito innate aversion due to repulsive odours
emitted by this host species. We also found that mosquitoes had the highest feeding rate on humans, which is
their natural preferred host [22-24]. However, this needs
to be taken with caution as the way mosquitoes were
exposed to a human host unlike rabbit- and guinea
pig-exposed mosquitoes prevented any defensive behaviour
and used an exposure time which could both have
influenced human-exposed mosquitoes feeding rate.
When looking at innate preferences, An. coluzzii
anthropophilic behaviour corresponded to a fitness benefit
to feed on humans, these mosquitoes having a better
survival than those feeding on rabbit or guinea pig, these
two last hosts having longevity within the same range. In
addition, no fecundity difference was found among
mosquitoes fed on the three host species. Therefore,
we did not find a positive relationship between fitness
performance and preference in our setup. Since we
did not allow defensive behaviours when mosquitoes were
fed for measuring fitness traits, the blood quality seemed
to play a minor role in fitness differences between
these hosts. Nonetheless, the physiological use of the
blood meals would need to be tested in other conditions
(e.g. flight activity) as blood quality might affect mosquito
fitness differently depending on the context [48,49]. In
addition, defensive behaviour-derived mortality or limited
feeding were not taken into account and may induce
substantial fitness costs.
Overall, mosquito feeding rate was lower in dual
choice situations than in no choice situations. Despite
allowing females to lay eggs, and waiting four days before
the subsequent blood meal, females might have been less
motivated to bite than for their first blood-meal, and might
Vantaux et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014, 7:249
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/249
have preferred to wait for a future and better opportunity.
A second possibility could lie in the fact that, in the dual
choice assays, animals were kept side by side within the
same cage. This could have increased their level of stress
compared to the no-choice assays and thereby increased
their level of defensive behaviours. A third explanation
might be that the vertebrate hosts learned to better defend
themselves after the first night spent with mosquitoes.
The feeding rate in the dual choice assay was also
influenced by the previous experience of the mosquito:
human-fed mosquitoes were less likely to feed than
rabbit- and guinea pig-fed mosquitoes when offered a
choice between guinea pig and rabbit. Indeed, human-fed
mosquitoes displayed the highest discrepancy in their
feeding rate between the no choice and the choice
assays. This suggests that, after a successful blood meal on
humans, mosquitoes postponed a blood meal on uncommon and possibly less preferred hosts, such as rabbit or
guinea pig in our case. The survival difference observed in
the fitness experiment suggests a better nutritive value of
human blood compared to guinea pig or rabbit blood,
which would corroborate this hypothesis. This is of
importance for the epidemiology of vector-transmitted
diseases as any effect of individual experience on biting
frequency may be expected to have a major impact on
parasite transmission [12].
In contrast to the few existing studies on the effects of
past experience on mosquito feeding behaviour [14-19],
our experimental design did not use exposition to one
specific odor but to the complete host’s odor as a source
of stimuli. Furthermore, our design encompassed a
longer behavioural sequence, from short-range location
and host choice to the realized blood meal. This way, we
were able to take into account host defensive behaviours,
which has been shown to lower feeding rate [50-52]
as well as host acceptance linked to innate host characteristics such as temperature or blood quality [20,23]. All
these factors have been shown to be involved in decision processes leading to host location, recognition
and acceptance [23,53].
By giving the choice to female mosquitoes four days
later, we followed natural mosquito rhythm allowing
completing a reproductive cycle and we were able to
show that effects of individual experience can last not only
for a long time but most importantly from one blood meal
to another. It is worth noting that one successful feeding
experience was sufficient to elicit a decreased preference
for rabbit.
Conclusions
We found that the previous feeding experience of An.
coluzzii influenced its vertebrate host preference with
rabbit-fed mosquitoes displaying a decreased preference
for rabbit compared to human-fed or guinea pig-fed
Page 6 of 7
mosquitoes. Despite using uncommon vertebrate hosts
for An. coluzzii mosquitoes, we demonstrated that individual experience affects its vertebrate host choice, and
thus can possibly affect malaria transmission risk. Future
studies, using ecologically relevant host species such as
humans and cattle, are required to better assess the
role that individual experience and learning may play
in malaria transmission.
Abbreviations
ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction;
GLMM: Generalized linear mixed model; GLM: Generalized linear model;
IRSS: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
AV, TL and AC conceived and designed the experiments. AV carried out the
experiments, performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript.
TL performed the statistical analyses. RD and AC coordinated the study. All
authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We thank Pr Claudio Lazzari and Dr Julien Foucaud for helpful comments.
We are grateful to Tamboula Souleymane, Diasso Arzouma, Bazié Jean,
Raymond Hien and Baudoin Dabiré for technical supports. We thank the
Laboratoire Mixte International LAMIVECT, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
This study was funded by the ANR grant 11-PDOC-006-01 to TL and the
European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) to AC
under grant agreements n°242095 and n°223736.
Author details
1
UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1 - UM2), 911 avenue Agropolis,
BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France. 2Institut de Recherche en
Sciences de la Santé, 01 BP 171 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 3Centre Muraz,
Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Received: 9 April 2014 Accepted: 25 May 2014
Published: 29 May 2014
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bpt6k563299d_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | ÉdTTTOl DE PARIS_ LE PETIT PARISIEN publiera a Jolie Midinette grand roman inédit Par Pierre SALES Le crime commis l'autre jour à l'Institut impérial de Londres sur la personne de l'aide de camp de lord Morley, -ministre des Indes, est une nouvelle manifestation du mouvement anarchiste qui. depuis plusieurs mois, agite l'empire hindou. Ce mouvement, les Anglais ont commencé par le nier. Aujourd'hui, ils s'en 'inquiétent et cherchent à le réprimer. Il est curieux d'en suivre, dans les faits Les Hindous n'ont jamais reculé devant l'action directe, et tout récemment, l'un d'entre eux, M. Krishnavarma, révolutionnaire millionnaire, installé à Paris, croyait devoir rappeler au Times' que Rama et Krishna, les incarnation nationales de la divinité, sont surtout célèbres pour avoir assassiné les tyrans. La propagande anarchiste a donc trouvé une,base toute prête dans la tradition nationale et dans la foi religieuse. Cette propagande est devenue particulièrement ardente en Déjà, à la tin de décembre un attentat avait été commis contre sir Andrew Fraser, gouverneur du Bengale. On avait tenté de faire sauter le train qui le menait, de Calcutta à Voragpun. La bombe avait creusé dans le sol un énorme trou. Mais le train n'avait pas quitté les rails. Ce devait ètre le début d'une série sanglante. Le 25 février 190S, des anarchistes, en quête d'argent pour alimenter la caisse du parti, pénétraient dans la gare de Pechawer, blessaient le chef de gare et le veilleur da nuit, forçaient le coffrefort et partaient avec 600 nupies. Jamais la police ne put les rattraper. Le i'r mal, à Mafïerpore, une dame, Mme Kennedy, paasait en voiture avec sa fille, quand une bombe éclata sous les roues. Le cocher, la mère et la fille furent tués. L'enquête établit que la bombe était destinée à un magistrat, M. Kingsford, qui, peu de temps auparavant, avait condamné au fouet des étudiants accusés due manifestations politiques. Elle découvrit aussi, dans deux Misons de Calcutta, un' véritable arsenal anarchiste. Les bombes liaient du dernier modèle, avec des batteries à contact électrique. On trouva également des papiers, des appels séditieux, révélant l'existence d'une bande fortement organisée et recrutée pour la plus .grande part parmi les personnes aisées. Il existait et Manicklola une école d'anarchisme, qui envoyait ses élèves apprendre en Eurnpe la chimie et leur assignait ensuite une circonscription a terroriser. La capture de cette bande, dont on esparait une amélioration durable, n'arrêta pas, d'ailleurs, les progrès du mouveinent. Le 16 mai, a Calcutta même. un engin éclatait sur la voie du tramway. Trois passants furent blessés. Les vitres de toutes les maisons voisines voltèrent en éclats. La police arrêta deux directeurs de journaux, mais ne découvrit pas le criminel. On se contenta donc d'élaborer une nouvelle loi sur les explosifs et de surveiller les ramifications du mouvement. Des détectives furent envoyés à NewYork pour filer des Hindous suspects en rapport avec des sociétés irlandaises. La réponse, du reste, ne se fit pas attendrie. Et le 21 juin, une bombe lancée sur le train-poste du Bengale oriental tua deux Anglais dans un compartiment de seconde classe. Entre temps, commençait le procès des assassins de Mme Kennedy. L'un d'eux, Narendro Nath Gossain, ayant fait des aveux, ses quatre codétenus et son père lui-même le maudirent et le renièrent en pleine audience. Peu de jours après, Gossain était assassiné dans sa prison, cependant que, sur différents points, continuaient les attentats, à Kankanara, a Shainnagan, Chandernagor, enfin a Calcutta contre sir Andrew Fraser, déjà menacé trois fois par les conspirateurs. C'était à une conférence du professeur Burton, de l'Université de Chicago. Le lieutenant-gouverneur Fra.-er ventut d'entrer dans la salle, accompagné du maharajah de Burdwan et d'un Américain, M. Barber. Il avait à peine mis le pied sur l'estrade qu'un Bengali se jeta sur lui, appuya sur sa poitrine le canon d'un revolver et pressa a deux reprises sur la gâchette, Fort heureusement, le .:Coup ne pariit pas. NI. Barber se jeta *ur le meurtrier qui le frappa à la tête £'un violeni coup de crosse. Le maharaah, taillé en hercule, saisit alors sir Andrew Fraser à bras le corps et le jeta hors de la salle, tandis que la police arrêtait l'asojRsin. Pendant la bagarre, un groupe de Bengalis, assis au premier rang, s'entuirent précipitamment. Nul ttoute qu'ils ne fussent venus pour aider le meurtrier. La foule, d'aiileurs, lui était sympathique, et a la fin de la con1 férence, elle voulut lapider le gouverr Le 9 novembre, le détective bengali! qui avait découvert les assassins de Mme Kennedy était trouvé mort à Calcutta dans le quartier le plus populeux de la ville. Quelques jours plus ta.rd, l'exécution d'un nommé Kanaï, assassin du dénonciateur Gossain, dont il a été question plus haut, servait d'occasion a une manifestation séditieuse. Le corps du suppl:cié avait été remis par les autorités a sa famille. Dès que le cadavre fut loin de la prison, un prêtre hindou vint le bénir. Le peuple s'assembla. Des guirlandes de fleurs furent disposéeautour du cou de Kanaï. La procession traversa tous les quartiers bengalis. A chaque instant, le cortège funèbre devait s'arrêter pour permettre à la foule de voir les traits du « martyr dont on portait solennellement le cadavre au bûcher. Quand on y parvint, on versa. entre les lèvres du mort un mélange de lait et d'eau de noix de coco, consacré à la déesse Kali, déesse de la destruction et de la mort. Puis on parcourut de nouveau la ville, en chantant Dussionsnous mourir! » Une souscription fut ouverte pour élever au condamné un monument en marbre, avec cette inscription «( Il esE mort pour son pays Pendant plusieurs jours l'agitation se prolongea. Depuis tors, les crimes ont succédé aux crimes avec une effrayante régularité Assassinat du chef de police de Shi karpur (22 novembre attentat contre le chef du parquet de Calcutta (24 novembrei, attentat à la gare de Barackpur (25 novembre) complot, heureusement découvert, contre sir Andrew Fraser (4 décembre) explosion d'une poudrière à Calcutta (7 décembre), assassinat d'un domestique indigène de lord Kitchener (24 janvier 1909), attentats contre l'avocat général d'Aliport (10 février) et contre celui de Calcutta (11 février), bombe lancée contre un train où voyageait le vice-roi (12 février) toutes ces violences préméditées, que couronne l'assassinat à Londres de sir LV. Curzon Willie, attestèrent la gravit? de la situation. Lord Minto disait, il y a. quelques mois « La conspiration actuelle a pour but d'assassiner les fonctionnaires angelais, de discréditer leur administration, d'amener le départ des Anglais de l'Inde. QuOkjuo tout cela soi.6 absurde, le gouvernement ne peut pas perdre de vue les dangers qui en résultent pour la sécurité publique et privée. Cette situation exige une procédure exceptionnelle. » Jusqu'ici, cette procédure n'a guère donné de résultat. Et plus que jamais l'anarchie menace la domination britannique. JEAN FROLLO UN PROGRES SOCIAL ^iw Après une attente de douze années, le Og* personnel des chemins de fer reçoit une légitime satisfaction par le vote de la foi qui fixe les retraites. C'est un progrès social accompli. Les âges déterminés pour obtenir la pension sont équitables et les cheminots seront certainement les premiers à le reconnaître. La discussion dans le Parlement a mis en lumière cette vérité qui nous parait incontestable la retraite n'est pas une faveur, mais un droit pour celui qui remplit ies conditions établies, d'autant plus qu'elle constitue, en réalité, partie du salaire, puisque des retenues sont faites dans ce but. It n'y a donc pas lieu d'envisager dans une loi les actes pouvant dépouiller de sa retraite l'homme qui y a droit. C'est une affaire que les tribunaux seuls ont qualité pour résoudre, dans les cas particuliers qui leur seraient soumis. D'ailleurs, ne voit-on pas, parfois, dans l'armée, la mise à la retraite d'un officier, s'il a plus de trente ans de service et si le ministre le juge blâmable pour des faits n'entraînant pas une condamnation judiciaire i Il n'y a aucune raison pour ne pas appliquer la même formule dans la vie civile aux retraités du travail et il n'y a pas Peu d'entrer dans l'examen des faits juridiques. On peut même dire qu'au point de vue de ia justice absolue, les versements faits, en vue de la retraite, par un homme devraient rester sa propriété, quoi qu'il arrive, et revenir à sa famille s'il meurt. Il est cruel de penser qu'une veuve de militaire, dont le mari meurt quelques jour» avant d'avoir droit à la retraite, n'a aucune pension et ne possède que la faculté de solliciter des secours annuels. LES TROUPES DUSSES ENTRENT_A TEHERAN lA POPULATION SE MONTRE Saint-Pétersbourg, 10 juillet. Un détachcment russe est entré à Téhéran. La populatiun a lait une dénaonstration fiostile en fermant les marcha. Les Bakhtiaris ont fait aujourd'hui leur jonction nnec les troupes de Kazarine. La uuit dernière le cipahdar u la tète d'un fort détachement, a tourné le canrp fortifié des cosaiiwes et s est apnroché d'un faubourn de la capitale en menaçant !a résidence du shah. NOUVELLES SECOUSSES EN PBÔVEKCE De nouvelles secousses de tremblement de terre ont été ressenties la nwt dernière et aujourd'hui à une heure trente de l'après-midi, à Rognes, Lambesc et Saint-Cannat, causant quelques dégâts matériels. La panique est très vive parmi les populations* ,> LES CHAUFFEURS DE LA DROME t David, Liottard, Berruyer sont condamnés à mort La taiale, pi le nitum Laiinw (DE NOTRE ENVOYE SPECIAL) Valence, 10 juillet. Le jury a rendu ce soir son verdict dans le procès qui passionna toute une région et dont les débats furent toujours suivis au cours des nombreuses audiences qui y furent consacrées par une foule nombreuse. La foule qui attendait le dénouement avec impatience a. vivement applaudi le verdict Le jury s'est montré impitoyable. 11 a condamne à mort ces trois bandits qui furent la terreur de piusieurs départements et dont le chatiment suprême expiera les nombreux crimes. Dès l'ouverture, de l'audience ce matin, après avoir écouté une lettre d'un mystificateur, le président dorme la parole au défenseur de Bemiyer. M" Pey. L'honorable avocat montre son client comme un vaincu du destin; Berruyer n'a jamais été condamné, il fut toujours un bon ouvrier mais la mauvaise fortune persistante l'a conduit au crime, en en faisant un' jouet dans les mains de David et de Liottard. M* Pey réclame en sa faveur l'indulgence qui devrait lui accorder les circanstances atténuantes. ,le Joulie, bâtonnier de l'ordre de Valence, ies demande aussi en faveur de David, abandonné des le berceau par des parents in:lignes, contaminé par la promiscuité des colonies pénitentiaires, victime de mauvais Ira LU?men*s à Biribi David, -fleur du mat, qui a du sang jusqu'au cou, est conduit {'a crime par la haine, par la révolte. Mais l'éloqucnoe des deux honorables avocats, si émue, si chaleureuse qu'elle soit, ne s auvera pas les bandit.:3; mais elle a touché David, qui rit, tout heureux. L'auditoire crie Il A l'échafaud à la guillotine » et c'est sur cette manifestation bruYante que l'audience est hvé-e. Elle est 'reprise à deux heures. M» Chabanon demandc l'acquittement du recéleur Brenier. Puis le président, s'adressant à David, lui demande Avez-vous quelque chose à ajouter pour votre défense ? R. Non, répond brusquement David, je trouve que ça va bien comme c.a. (Hilarité.) D. Et vous, Liottard ? H. Je demande pardon à MM. les jurés, répond celui-ci d'une voix pleurnichante. Interpellé à son tour, l'accusé Berruyer sa borne à faire. un signe négatif de la téte. Quant il Brenier, il dit n'avoir rien fait pour mériter le déshonneur d'être assis sur ces bancs. Le président déclare alors les débats clos L IMCEHDIE DE CHERBOURG Dix magasins de l'arsenal ont été anéantis Cherbourg, juillet. L'incendie qui s'est déclaré mer soir dans les casernements de la station des sous-marins et que je vous ai signalé a causé des dégâts considérables. Grâce aux efforts des pompiers on a pu préserver à temps l'usine électrique mais les magasins dans lesquels est remisé le maiériel des sous-marins a été la proie des flammes. Quant aux sous-marins, aucun accident ne leur est arrivé ils ont été en effet amenés pour la plupart au milieu du bassin Nupoléon III, hors de la portée des flammèches les autres ont pu être protégés par les pompes il. bras amenées sur les lieux. En résumé, dix magasins ont été complétement anéanties, ainsi que le matériel qu'ils contenaient Sept magasins n'ont pas été atteints, mais le matériel a considérableLa partie du bâtiment incendiée, qui avait été détruite le 11 mai, venait d'être reconstruite et avant-hier, pour la première fois, les submersibles Pluv.iàse et Ventôse y avaient remisé leur matériel. Les marins de la station ont été recueillis à bord des bâtiments en réserve, où on leur a préparé des couchettes. Le ministère de la Marine communique la note suivante Des renseignements paryorius de Cherbourg, il résulte que l'incendie de la nuit -dernière a détruit dix magasins particuliers de sous-marins, le magasin général de la flottille et le magasin des accumulateurs, ce dernier d'ailleurs était .vide. Les dégâts sont é-vataés à 200.000 francs au maximum. 'et il lit au jury les questions auxquelles il va avoir à répondre. Il y en a exactement deux cents. Le jury se retire à 3 h. 40 dans la chambre des délibérations. David et ses caaccusés ont été conduites dans une salle du tribunal transformée pour la circonstance en chambre de sûreté. Sans vergogne aucune, David a pris possession du fauteuil du président et s'y prélasse en fumant des cigarettes sous l'œil bienveillant des gendarmes qui le surveillent.. Liotlard et Berruyer ont pris place sur de simples bancs. LE VERDICT La délibération est très longue. Le jury revient enfin, mais quelques erreurs, dues la; multiplicité des questions, se sont produites, et. le président doit le renvoyer dans sa suite des délibérations pour faire les modification nécessaires. EWîiï lv verdict est prononcé. David, Liottard, Berruyer, sont condamnés à mort. Brenier est acquitté. L'attitude des condamnés Quand Brenier eut été libéré, et que les trois autres accusés furent amenés menottes atu mains, David jeta aux pe.rsonnes assemblées dans le couloir des témoins ces paroles Alors, est la distribution ce coup-là » puis pénétrant duns la salle « Bonjour tout le monde Lorsque les trois bandits furent consultés sur l'application de la peine, David dit encore « Je n'ai rien à dire, moi, ça me va Berruyer était ahuri il resta coi ainsi que Liottard. A huit heures et demie la cour lisait son arrêt prononçant une triple condamnation Boum! Au revoir et merci clama David. Quand tes trois chauffeurs furent reconduits dans la voilure cellulaire à la prison des cris de mort furent proférés, accompagné» de sifftefs stridents. Lamarque condamné à mort par contumace Après le prononcé de l'arrêt condamnant David, Berruyer et Liottard, à la peine capifale, la cour s'est occupée de Lamaruue qul est en fuite. Elle la condamné par contumace à la peine de mort. Le bruit court avec persistance que l'on serait sur la trace rie ce dernier et que son arrestation serait imminente. LES TERRASSIERS DE SE/AE-ET-O/SE Que nous réserve à Vigneux la joupsée^i'aujourd'hui? (DE NOTRE ENVOYÉ SPÉCIAL) Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, 10 juillet. Vigneux, sous la pluie diluvienne, qui ne cesse de tomber, est désespérément morne De-ci, de-la, sur lesroutes transformées en cloaques, déambulent tristement des terrassiers chômeurs. Partout, calme absolu. En sera-t-il de même demain ?. Les nouroarlers, entre NI. Lavollay, direcleur des Sablières de DraveiJ, et ses ouvriers, se iwirsuiverit normalement. Tout en refusant toujours d'accepter le tarif syndical, Ni. Iavollay offre de paver ptujournée, aux terrassiers travaillant chez lui, une heure supplémentaire, c'est-à-dire cinquaote-cinq centimes. Cela revient absolument au même. Néanmoins, le syndicat a cru .devoir jusqu'ici repousser cette proposition. Au cours de l'assemblée générale, qui aura lieu, demain dimanehe, salle Renard, à Mainville, les délégués rendront compte de l'état des négociations engagées. Je crois savoir que de part et d'autre, on a hâte d'aboutir. M. Lavollay a toujours évité d'employer les jaunes sur ses chantiers et les ouvriers lui en savent gré. Restent les Sablières de la Seine, où ne sont actuellement occupés tlue des non-syndiqués, des .< renards» comme les dénomment pittoresquement les grévistes. La situation y est tout autre On ne veut plus avoir, avec le svndicat, aucun"" rapport et chaque jour la direction embauche à Paris des ouvriers qui, tout doucement, comblent les vides c'est ainsi que, pour lundi matin, une nouvelle équipe de huit hommes est attendue. 'Dans ces conditions l'agitation peut se prolonger longtemps encore et les pires éventualités sont a. redouter. A la réunion de deruaiDi à.Mainville, prendront la parole des orateurs notoires, nolamment le militant Ricordeau. On y désignera le remplaçant provisoire de M. Jullian, secrétaire de la section, détenu a la prison de Corbeil, à la suite des incidents de lundi dernier. Il pourrait se faire qu'à l'issue de ce meeting, auquel sont conviés tous les adhérents, grévistes et non grévistes, de la section, les chômeurs, que surexcite l'attitude pasi sive de certains syndiqués, décident de descendre sur Vigneux. Dès aujourd hui, le capitaine de gendarmerie Perrin, chargé de la délicate mission d'assurer l'ordre, a arrêté des mesures sévères. Non seulement les bureaux et ateliers des sablières, mais encore les appareils extracteurs, drague5, élévateurs, seront l'objet d'une surveillance étroite. En outre, les roules conduisant à Vigneux sei ront gardées militairement. On ignore encore si. dans le but de faire aboutir plus rapidement les revendications des terrassiers, le comité de grève adressera un appel aux camarades parisiens. Dans la soirée d'hier, des rixes ont éclulé sur plusieurs points de la région. Un groupe de grévistes a fait une randonnée aux environs de Juyisy avec l'intention de débau[ cher des Italiens qui, pour la plupart, reçoil vent un salaire intérieur celui fixé par le syndicat; rnais, afin d'éviter une collision, les chefs d'équipe ont immédiatement donno à leurs hommes l'ordre de cesser le travail. Le bruit a coirru que, sur le territoire d'A1his, un charretier, service d'une maison de traïusiKrrts de Paris, avait été molesté par des manifestants je n'ai pu en avoir confirmation. Bref, la situation dans le bassin de Vi;,meus demeure stationnaire et oe n'est qu'au cours de la réunion de demain que des décisions fermes seront prises par les terrassiers. M. de Verhaëghe est remis en liberté 1t de Varhaéghe, dont nous avons annoncé l'arrestation à son château de NotreDame-du-Bcc, dans la Seine-Inférieure, n'est impliqué en lnen dans l'affaire Maris, contrairement à ce que l'on avait cru. Ce qui a pu permettre de supposer que M. de Verhaeghe était mêlé aux scandales des grâces, c'est que c'est sur la plainte de l'un des inculpés de l'affaire Marix, le bijoutier Leo Weil, qu'il a été poursuivi. NI. Leo Weil prétendu qu'il avait confié à M. de Vcrhaëpe une bague de francs en vue d'une vente et que celui-ci a conservé le bijou. Je l'ai conservé, répond M. de Verhaëghe, parce que je vous d'aï acheté. Il ne s'agit, on le voit, que d'un fait banal, se rapportant une opération commerciale. Au*si, s'étonne-t-oii au Palais que Ni. AVrnns, le juge d'InstriictifflOi'' saisi de la plainte en abui de confiance déposée par M. Weil, ait cru devoir lancer un mandat Le magistrat se justifie en disant que M. de Verhaëghe était parti de Paris sans laisser d'adresse. D'autre part, notre correspondant du Havrë, par un télégramme expédié dans la soirée, nous a appris que M. de Verhaëghe, après avoir été interrogé par NI. de Jaugeât, substitut, en présence de son avocat, '%le Ysnel, avait été remis en liberté. » « •«*•, Le chef de la police russe vient de quitter Bruxelles signalé à Bruxelles, est bien le nu-nie personnage que celui mis en cause à Paris par M. Bourtzef. Ce qui, d'autre part, donne toute vraisemblance d cette opinion, c'est le brusque changement de domicile, plutôt le départ précipité de toute la famille Harting de la capitale belge. Voici, d'ailleurs, le télégramme de notre correspondant HARTING A BRUXELLES Bruxelles, 10 juillet. L'enquête que je viens de faire sur le séjour dllarting dans notre ville m'a fourni les détails suivants C'est depuis le mois de septembre dernier que Harling, 8-a Cemat-e, née Madeleine Picrlot et originaire de Liège, et leurs quatre enfants, deux jeunes gens de 16 et 14 ans et Le général de Harting deux fiHettes, occupaient au de la rue Joseph-II un petit lMtel à deux étages. M. et Mme Harting sortaient rarement, mais lorsque Nlme Harting quittait son domicile, c'était toujours en voiture. Quant à Hartinj^ on. a Vu constater que LA MANCHE EN AÈROPLANE Tout est prêt (DE NOTRE ENVOYÉ SPÉCJAL) Calais, 10 juillet.. Au hangar de Sangatte, tout est maintenant prêt pour la tentative de Latham. Sur la côte, en a pris ce matin les dispositions utiles. Ladministration mais l'administration anglaise oh que non pas la nbtre.' a installé à Sangatte un posta de télégraphie sans fil. Cet après-midi sont arrivés à Calais les yachts^ les remorqueurs, les canots et le contre-torpilleur Harpon, convoyeurs d'aéroplane. Mais un gros mais est en cause à l'heure où j écris, le vent qui depuis hier soufflait en tempête tombe un peu. Par contre, l'orage gronde le Gris-Nez est dans la brume et, à l'horizon, sur la mer immense, des éclairs zèbrent le ciel bas et lourd. .le viens de rencontrer, au hangar de Sangatte, NI. Latham, pour demain V Je ne sais pas peut-être. si Je temps est beau. En tout cas, tout est prêt le Harpon se tient soua pression et le remorquer oaîaisien n'attend qne l'ordre d'appareiller que je lui donnerai. Tout dépend du temps. El:1. Latham, !ne tendant la main, s en fut -dîner. < Est-cc véritablement ce soir la veiUée des armas avant la grande tentative Pour moi, j'en doaîe L'anthouslasmo on Anglet. Ici, c'est évident. la ville se passionne pour la tentative de Latham mais, la-bas, de l'autre côté du « channel qu'en peuset-on ? J'ai voulu le savoir et, entre deux bateaux. j'ai poussé une pointe sur la côte anglaise. A Douvres, ce n'est plus de la passion, c'est cle l'exaspération, de l'enthousiasme, de la folio Tous les journaux anglais consacrent à Latham et à sa tentative des colonnes entières et, sur le bateau qui me ramenait en France, j'ai compté une quinzaine de journalistcs de Londres et de photographes venant à Sangatte où déjà une douzaine de leurs camarades attendent. Apwés la t fiant, de Lambert Ce n'est pas'seulement M. Latham qui rêve de traverser la Manch*; en aéroplane il y a aussi 11, de Lambert. M. Latham sera, pour cet exploit, le champion du monoplan.; M. de Lambert, ceiui du biplan. Lequel des deux triomphera»;' Sans doute Je saurons-nous bientôt En attendant, et cependant que M. Latha.n, a SangaUe,. a;tend l' accalmie pour commencer ses es.saia, je suis venu à Wissant. où s'insUiîic M. de Lambert-, La, à célit mètres de la plage, dani> une verte prairie, le hangar qui abriter l'aéroplar!e est prêt. (juaut à ce dernier,. -il&>t depuis deux jouis en rare de Marquise aujourd'hui dans la soirée, au plus tard demain, il sera transporté ici. Son pilote est attendu depuis avant-hier. Il devrait être là à l'hôtel, son courrier est en souffran.ce. Mais un deuil cruel l'a retenu à Paris peut-être' arrivera-t-il demain. C'est sur ces deux hardis conquérants de l'espace que va se concentrer l'attention du monde entier au cours des heures qui vont venir, car la tentative vaut tous les enthousiasmes. Mai AVENAT. <.ndcfue rois qu'il rentrait chez lui il était porteur de paquets assez voiummeux, ocellés de cachets rouges. C'est exactement jeudi, à 3 h. 1/4 de l'après-midi, que Harting a quitté son domicile il tenait à la main une énorme valise Depuis ce moment, les personnes de 'la maisort sont demeurées fermées Vendredi matin, les deux femmes de chambre .sont parties et ont été remplacées par un personnage inconnu à barbiche noire qui se chargea de répondre aux visiteurs. Ce même vendredi, ù trois heures et demie de l'après-midi, deux taxis ont emmené Aime Harting, ses quatre enfants et la cui6) niera, avec de nombreux bagages Depuis lors 1 inconnu à barbiche noire a disparu et les visiteurs sonnent en vain car on ne vient plus ouvrir. Dans le quartier, on avait obseroé Iea allures mystérieuses et surtout craintives des époux Harting, qui menaient un train de vie assez luxueux, mais qui ne donnaient jamais de réception. Il serait à Londres Londres, 10 juillet. La nouvelle que Harting se serait réfugié à Londres a causé un certain émoi dans les journaux londoniens. On s'est aussitôt mis en campagne pour essayer de'retrouver sa trace, mais toutes les recherches ont été A PROPOS DU PROCES DE 1890 Chez M» Jean Longuet Au cours d'un entretien, l'avocat de M. Bourtzeff nous expose les faits sur lesquels il se basera pour demander la revision du procès de 1890. Ainsi que nous l'avons annonce. .M" Jean Longuet et Charles Chanvin, tous deux avocats à la cour, ont résoluS d'adresser, prochuinemeri1, au garde des Sceaux, une demande on r évinion du procès de 1&90 dont tes dëlxils eurent lieu devant la. première enambre du tribunal coirectioanel de la Seine ci qui aboutit à la condamnation à trois mois de prison des nihilistes russe», compagnons de Landesen-Harting. Déjà M» Jean Longuet et Charles Chan. vin ont caarmencé l'étude des dossiers toncernant Reinstein, Lwoff, dit Tieploff, L» Les faits nouveaux qu'il nous faut in voguer pour justifier notre intervention auprès du ministre de la Justice, nous a dit, hier soir, M° Jean Longuet, seront basés sur certains « attendus » du jugement qui sont maintenant entachés de nullité depuis qu'il est démontré que Landesen, alors accusé* a été seul l'instigateur et l'auteur, par conséquent responsable, de cette odieuse SS&achination. Reinatein dénonça Landesen comme agent provocateur Il affirma que c'était lui qui avait apporté dans les chambres de ses camarades et dans la sienne les explosifs compromettants que les policiers français avaient découverts. Il demanda même un supplément d'enquête. Le tribunal ne voulut pas croire un mot de ce qu'il considérait, sans doute, comme une histoire inventée de toutes pièces et passa outre. Avant de venir à l'audience, Heinstein avait dit la me. me chose au juge d'instruction, qui, lui non plus, n'en avait tenu aucun compte, car, dans l'acte d'accusation que j'ai relu, aujourd'hui même, on qualifie d'invra.isernblable et comme dénué de fondement, la dénonciation de Reinstein concernant Landesen. C'élait la vérité cependant En outre, on a cherché en vain, soit un procès-verbal, soit un rapport d'agent mentionnant les expériences qui furent faites, par les jeunes terroristes dans le bois de Bondy. Comment la police a-t-elle donc été mise au courant de ces faits. si ce n'est par Landesen lui-mëme dont il est à peu près certain qu'elle a favorisé la fuite-ce qu'elle n'avouera d'ailleurs jamais. M" Charales Chanvin et moi estimons que nous avons là des éléments suffisants pour motiver un arrét de la cour de cassation, annulant le jugement du tribunal correctionnel, rendu sur des bases fausses. A l'expiration de leur peine, tous les condamnés, qui étaient au nombre de huit, Landesen non compris, furent reconduits à la frontière, un arrêté d'expulsion ayant été pris contre eux. Nous ferons tous nos efforts pour que cette mesure soit rapportée le plus tôt possible. Reinstein, Lwoff et ses compagnons d'infortune ont dû se réfugier à Londres et leur vœu le plus cher est de revenir à Paris. Ils ne voulaient commettre aucun acte répréhensible dans un pays qui leur donnait l'hospitalité. C'est Landesen qui a réussi il. vaincre leurs scrupules, en leur faisant des scènes terribles et en leur taisant honte de leur lâcheté. Et M" Jean Longuet conclut Ce procès reviendra, je l'espère. Et il changera de physionomie, je vous l'assure! Les lads ont p. pris le travail LA FÊTE blUJOURû'HUI A la suite du vote des garçons d'écurie décidant la cessalion de la grève à MaisonsLafhtte, tous les lads ont réintégré, hier matin, leurs établissements respectifs et le trarvail a repris ci la première heure sur les différentes routes d'entrainement. Toutefois, vingt-quatre lads occupés dans les écuries Bariller, Vash Turner, Sibourg, Lawrence, Duffourc et Lieux n'ont pas été repris. Il est juste d ajouter qu'une trentaine de chevaux ont quitté Maisons-Luftille. Peut-être est-ce là la cause de ces mises à pied. On espère que lundi matin il n'y aura plus de chômeurs. En même temps que ses adhérents reprenaient le travail, le syndicat des garçons d'écurie adressait aux délégués de l'association des propriétaires une longue lettre destinée à leur donner acte officiellement de l'acceptation de leurs proposition. Pour célébrer l'entente Dans la soirée d'hier, le syndicat des lads a décidé de se livrer à une petite manifestation, toute pacifique cette !ois afin de fêter l'entente si heureusement survenue. Ce matin, quand les chevaux se rendront de Maisons-Laffilte à Auteuil, les lads iront de nouveau arrêter les vans ies transportant, au lieu dit les Acacias n, près Bezons, non loin de l'endroit où se produisit, le jour du grand steeple, la scène que l'on sait. Mais ce sera cette fois pour fleurir les vans, et les pavoiser aux couleurs anglaises et françaises. Enfin le syndicat a également décidé d'organiser, par souscription, peur vendredi prochain, un grand banquet qui sera servi avenue Eglé, dans le local des soupes communistes, et suivi d'un grand concert. Fillette écrasée par un tramway Le boulevard Barbès a été le théâtre, hier après-midi, d'un épouvantable accident. Il était un peu plus de quatre heures; des enfants sortant des écoles voisines traversaient le boulevard. llans un groupe se trouvait une fillette de trois ans environ, qui suivait à grand'peine ses petites camarades. Au moment où l'enfant s'engageait sur la voie ferrée, un tramway se dirigeant sur la Bastille arrivait. Une clameur s'éleva aussitôt, plusieurs personnes se précipitèrent, mais, hélas il était trop tard Le lourd véhicule avait atteint et renversé la pauvre petite. Il fallut recourir aux pompiers pour soulever le tramway, où gisait, atrocement mutilé, le cadavre de la fillette. M. Dumas, commissaire du quartier Clignancourt, fit transporter le petit corps au poste de la mairie et ouvrit une enquête. L'enfant, dont les parents habitent 46, rue de la Goutte-d'Or, se nommait Paulette Crollior. Le wattman du tramway a été laissé en liberté. Il semble établi, d'ores et déjà, qu'il ne saurait être inculpé d'homicide par imprudence. N° 35. Feuilleton du Petit Parisien. 1<HENRY-PAULE> GRAND ROMAN 1NEUIÏ TROISIÈME PARTIE tI (suite) Les chiens suivaient en courant, et en aboyant, tout heureux de n avoir rien à tirer Le premier traîneau était conduit par l'exécuyer qui de sa propre autorité avait pris Juliette avec lui. Les canots filaient à toute vitesse. Tout alla bien d'abord Puis à la fin de la journée, la navigation devint plus difficile. Il fallut à plusieurs reprises remonter dans le vent en tirant les traîneaux. Plusieurs jours devaient se passer avec ces alternatives. Les lacs succédaient aux lacs, reliés entre eux par des trajets de quelques kilomètres sur des rivières gelées Le dernier, avant les rapides, allait être traversé Le vent fraîchit A la grande joie des voyageurs, les canotstralneaux filaient toujours. Suppy voulait prévenir chacun de diminuer tes voiles. Il était trop tard déjà. Une rafale culbuta celui de John Jiff, et de George Rochestein. On stoppa. Ir_3uctJuD m repruauctijo turtu eti6m?ni interdites. CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS Politique générale s Discours radeaux Les orateurs radicaux n'interpellent pas.0 gouvernement, mais attaquent l'opposition. M. Lafterre pro nonce un mté. essant discours. Nous verrons certainement, avant la séparation des Chambres, la clôture du débat ouvert sur la politique générale. Non seulement, en effet, M. Clemenceau doit répondre sans délai à MM. Charles Benoist et Joseph Reinach, au sujet de la réforme électorale, mais une déclaration de sa part s'impose après les discours prononcés, hier, par MM. Dalimier et Lafferre. M. Dalimier, au nom des radicaux socialistes qui reprochent au cabinet de faire trop fréquemment usage des bulletins de droite, exprima le vœu de voir reprendre, dèa la session prochaine, une politique ardemment réformiste, nécessairement socialisante une politique dont la conséquence serait de reconstituer l'union des gauches contre l'union des droites. L'expression de ce voeu ne fut accompagnée, hâtons-nous de le dire, d aucune acrimonie. NI. Dalimier parut penser, comme beaucoup de ses collègues, que les circonstances avaient peu favorisé un travail suivi. Et il s'en prend à la droite M. Dalimier. C'est toujours le même système que sous Waldeck-Rousseau et les autres ministères. On fait appei non pas aux nobles sentiments, mais au sentiment de la peur. On est allé jusqu'à faire campagne contre la sécurité des caisses d'épargiie. On a dit que la loi de séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat c'était la fin de la liberté de conscience que celle du service de deux ans était la ruine du pays. On a fait, comme toujours, de la demagegie. (Protestations à droite.) Aux socialistes ensuite. Les anciens alliés d'extrême gauche ont fait et font toujours de la surenchère. Ils n'ont pas de programme, puisqu'il leur faut, avant tout, la cité future », mais ils daubent avec plaisir sur le programme des radicaux. Ceux-ci n'en ont cure, forts du devoir accompli. Après le rachat de l'Ouest, l'impôt du revenu et les retraites des cheminots, ils feront la réforme électorale et rédigeront le statut des fonctionnaires. M. Dalimier Nous ferons les retraites ouvrières aussi M. Clemenceau les a promises pour 1010. (Bniit.) M. Clemenceau. Elles seront applicables en mai 1910 ou bien je ne serai plus au pouvoir. (Mouvement.) Ce dont s'inquiète le plus M. Dalimier, et nous revenons à l'objet réel de son interpellation, c'est l'attitude belliqueuse gardée par le cabinet Clemenceau à l'égard de toutes les manifestations prolétariennes. Celles-ci confondent la majorité avec le ministère. Il ne faudrait ,pas que ce fût dans la même réprobation. M. Clemenceau, ainsi invité à se montrer moins farouche dans sa fonction de gardien de l'ordre, avait acquiescé à plusieurs reprises. I: avait même applaudi 6t M. Rozier, unifié, s'en était étonné Qui donc interpelle-t-on ? L'étonnement de M. Rozier dut redoubler lorsqu'il entendit M. Lafferre demander la parole au nom des «radicaux de gouvernement». M. Lafferre s'attacha uniquement à justifier l'attitude et les actes du parti radical. Sans phrases, sans exalter ce qui avait été fait, il s'expliqua sur ce qui n'avait pas été fait Nous aussi, dit-il, nous sommes pour les réformes. Comme Dalimier, autant que lui, nous sommes radicaux et socialistes. Mais nous sommes avant tout pour le maintien de l'ordre xblic et nous avons eu le courage qu'il fallait pour approuver le gouvernement lorsqu'il a dû sévir contre les fonctionnaires en révolte. Daucuns ont éludé les responsabilités. Nous n'avons pas voulu y songer. (Applaudissements à gauche). Et cette responsabilité de la répression, nous la revendiquons. Bruits.) Le président du Conseil lul même chercherait à l'a.tfénuer que nous ne l'approuverions point.. M. Varenne. C'est brutal, mais c'est franc. 'M. Lafterre. C'est comme cela. M. Lafferre et ses amis sont naturellement partisans du statut des fonctionnaires. Mais, nettement, l'orateur affirme qu'il ne faudra rien exagérer. M. Lafferre. La liberté d'opinion pour tous. c'est entendu. Mais ncus ne lierons pas les mains aux ministres au profit de la sacro-sainte hiérarchie (Bruit, Nous exigerons que l'on continue à demander aux fonctionnaires des garanties républicaines. (Bruits prolongés.) Nous leur demanderons des garanties de loyalisme, car nous hensons que la République ne peut être bien servie que par des républicains. En somme. M. Lafferre et ses amis ne con.sentiront jamais à abandonner une sorte de contrôle officieux sur les opinions des fonctionnaires. Et si ces derniers obtiennent le droit syndical ils n auront point celui de s'affilier à la C G. T. Le député de l'Hérauit estime qu'il ne faut point se payer de mots. On doit parler franchemeut au pays et éviter les folles promesses. Le parti radical parlant et agissant avec franchise aura la victoire quand même. Il n'a qu'à s'unir, qu'à aller à la bataille comme un bloc, sans esoompter aucune alliance. Les socialistes sont admirablement disciplinés. Jaurès et Hervé qui se détestent, forcément, apparaissent unis dès qu'il y a lutte. Tant de tués que de blessés, personne de mort 1 On repartit du même train. On approchait des rapides La glace était fêlée par endroits. Bientôt on retrouverait l'eau libre La température au matin s adoucit. Il avail gelé durant les quatre ou cinq heures de nuit le dégel se produirait dans le courant de la journée. Le lac Loberge, le plus important et le dernier de ces bassins allongés, rivières géantes ou nappes d'eau étroites, se trouvait complètement libre de glace vers le milieu. Les canots-tralneaux devinrent réellement des bateaux, débarrassés de leurs patins. Il n'y a plus qu se laisser descendre avec le courant dit Suppy narquois. Vous vous moquez de nous, et les rapides dont vous nous parliez tant ? Oh dame sûrement qu'il y aura des endroits où ça ira plus vite que nous ne le voudrions. Bientôt ? Oui, bientôt. Dans la rivière du Big-Salmon, très difflcile pour la navigation,' les compagnons furent plus d'une lois obligés de se mettre 1 il l eau, soit pour renlloucr les bateaux, soit pour démolir des barrages improvisés par des troncs d'arbres.. L attention la plus soutenue devenait nécessaire. G fallait éviter les rochers cachés sous la nappe mouvante et indiqués seulement par un simple remous. Sur les rives des débris informes de chaloupes fracassées, de radl'aux abandonnés. M. Lafferre. Faisons comme eux Personne ne nous vaincra. (Mouvement.) Si les 'socialistes le veulent, lors de leur prochain congrès, nous reterons alliance. Sinon nous les laisserons en proie aux combinaisons électorales, aux pactes honteux que vous savez. Conclusion le gouvernement n'a qu'à aller de l'avant, qu'à réaliser les réformes, qu'à démontrer sa bonne volonté au pays. Et il triomphera avec les seuls républicains dans l'ordre public. Très doctement, 34. Groussau, député de droite, avait protesté auparavant contre la centralisation à outrance et les tyrannies' préfectorales. De façon très intéressante, M. Carnaud, socialiste indépendant, avait ensuite reproché aux camarades unifiés leur agitation stérile et Ipur politique constamment hostile à celle du parti républicain réformiste. La monopole du pavillon Dans la matinée, la Chambre avait adopté l'article unique du projet de toi qui autorise le gouvernement, en cas de grève injustifiée des inscrits maritimes, à suspendre par décret le monopole du pavillon. On sait que cela équivaudra;! assurer les transports avec des équipages non entièrement composés d'inscrits maritimes. Les dôpu'és socialistes ont vivement combattu cette loi que des circonstances récentes ont malheureusement imposée. EU© n'on a pas moins été votée par 460 voix contre 104. L'effet en sera néanmoins amorti par l'institution d'un conseil permanent d'arbitrage devant lequel armateurs et inscrits devront comparaître en cas de différend. Cela constituera un aricle 2 qui ne laissera jouer l'article premier que dans les cas extrêmement graves. Lucien VKILY. AU SÉNAT La réorganisation deJ'artUerie BATTERIES DE 4?. BATTERIES DE 6?.. Le Sénat a commencé, hier après midi, l'examen du projet portant réorganisation de l'artillerie. Actuellement, la France possède 1.900 pièces l'Altemagne 3.000. La situation, comparée à l'effectif, s'établit ainsi France, canons par 100.000 hommes Allemagne, 600 canons par 100.000 hommes. Le projet soumis à l'approbation de la Haute Assemblée remédie à cet état de choses il prévoit, en effet, la création de 158 batteries, ce qui nous donnera bouches à feu. L'augmentation proposée par le gouvernement, approuvée par la Chambre, est acceptée par le Sénat tout entier. Par contre, il n'en est pas de même du nombre de pièces à donner à chaque batterie. Les uns'se rangent à l'dvis du corseil supérieur de la guerre, avis partagé par le général Picquart et la majorité de la Chambre, et réclament la batterie de quatre. Les autres préconisent la batterie de six. C'est sur ce point important que porte la discussion qui s'est engagée hier. M. Waddington, rapporteur, est partisan convaincu de la batterre de quatre. Nous avons, depuis dix ans, la batterie à quatre qui fonctionne, et à laquelle nous ne devons pas apporter, s'il est possible, de perturbation, qui, en l'espèce, serait une véritable révolution 'dans l'organisation de l'artillerie. La batterie à quatre a pour elle J'immense majorité des officiers d'artillerie, elle a été adoptée par la commission de l'armée de la Chambre et votée par la Chambre. Le gouvernement attache une telle importance à la batterie à quatre, qu'il a posé la-dessus la question de cabinet. Nous avons estimé que nous devions tenir compte de cette décision. En effet, l'essentiel est de ne pas retarder une réforme urgente, qui, dans l'intérêt du pays, doit être réalisée le plus promptement possible Avec le projet un corps d'armée français aura 120 pièces à opposer aux 144 du corps d'armée allemand. Ce n'est pas suffisant. M. Waddmgton préférerait aux 206 batteries de renfort prévues quelques batteries de plus, de manière à nous rapprocher du chiffre fatidique de pièces par corps d'armée. Le rapporteur s'explique enfin sur les dispositions relatives aux effectifs et aux chevaux. Le général Mercier déclara ensuite qu'il voterait le projet du gouvernement et on entendit le général Langlois, adversaire du système soutenu par M. Waddington. Le sénateur de Meurthe-et-Moselle explosa la composition et le fonctionnement de la batterie à six pièces, telle qu'il la conçoit. Il la montra successivement à la caserne, sur ls champ de manœuvres, au polygone, en marche, sur le terrain de combat. A son avis, un groupement de ce gonre remplit toutes les conditions qu'on peut attendre et qu'on doit exiger de la batterie de campagne. Il compara ensuite les.deux batteries, celle de six et celle de quatre, en les supposant sur le champ de bataille. Il évoqua, à ce propos, ce qui s'était passé aux manœuvres du camp de Mailly. Et il conclut En adoptant le projet de la commission, vous engagiez une énorme dépense pour l'avenir, vous ne pourrez suivre le mouvement (fui tend à augmenter encore l'artillerie, vous vous condamnerez imne infériorité irrémédiable. Vous faites une loi injuste qui donne a une arme uue situation privilégiée. Vous porterez ainsi atteinte à la solidarité et à la camaraderie qui doivent régner dans l'armée. J'ai fait mon devoir; faites le vôtre en suivant la seule inspiration de votre conscience. Suite aujourd'hui dimanche à deux heures. Paul GREZ. Les canots saulaient comme des bouchons au milieu d'un remous écumant. N ayez pas peur, cria Suppy, tenez bien les barres, appuyez au milieu. Oh mon Dieu 1 vous allons couler, firent les jumelles. Non, nun. tenez ferme au large, ne vous laissez pas gagner. » Là, ça y est. Qu'est-il donc arrivé ? demandèrentelles, le calme revenu. Un morceau de la falaise qui, en dégringolant dans l'eau. nous a donné une petite secousse, expliqua Suppy. » Maintenant, laissons-nous aller, nous serons naturellement entrainés par le courant. En effet, les barques filaient avec vitesse, presque dix-huit kilomètres à l'heure. Après les rapides du Rink, on pouvait se croire sauvé. Suppy veillait à l'arrière. Il ordonna d'appuyer sur la rive. On obéit sans comprendre. Les barques entraient à peine dans une sorte de petite baie, qu'un amas de glaces monstrueux poussa au milieu de la rivière, là où les canots, tout à l'heure, se croyaient en sûreté Ils eussent été infailliblement brisés,, s'il n'avait pas vu venir de très loin cette énorme banquise On regagna le large. Bientôt, on descendit, le Stewart. Les bateaux s échouèrent sur un banc de gravier On eut toutes les peines du monde à les remettre à flot Du courage, nous arrivons. Nous allons entrer dans leJ^ukon.. A force d'eflorts, de volonté et d'énergie, les barques furent poussées vers le milieu de la rivière. Concours duonsemtoire C'est le dernier des grands jours ici se révèlent les Falcon ou Tee Patti de demain, les Faure ou les Duprez de l'avenir. L'assistance est nombreuse, brillante, solennellement distinguée elle a conscience de la mission qu'elle croit remplir. Le jury était composé de MM. Gabriel Fauré, Jprésidett Messager, Broussan, Adrien Bernheim, d'Estournelles de Constant. Hillemacher, Lalo, Gheusi, Gunsbourg, Renaud et Fernand Bourgeat, secrétaire. Il a décerné les récompenses suivantes HOMMES Pas de premier prix. Second prix. MM. Chah-Mouradian (classe Ienardon) et Dupré (bouvet)Premier accessit. MM. Combes (Isnardon), Carrié (Dupeyron). Laloye (Dupeyron), Népote (Dupeyron) et Qauzure (Isnardon). Deuxième accessit. M. Imbert (Bouvet). FEMMES Premier prix. Mlles Panis (Dupeyron), Kaiser (Bouvet, Bourdon (Bouvet). Deuxième prix. Mites WUtz (Bouvet) et Damnas (Melchissédec}. Premier acoessit. Mlles WillaumeLambert (Melchissédec), Guillemut (Isnardon), et Delisle (Dupeyron). Deuxième accessit. Mlles Gautier (Bouvet) et Courso (Melchissédec). Pour la première fois de l'année, les décisions du jury se sont trouvées d'accord avec l'opinion du public. L'expérience vient avec les séances. On a eu raison de ne pas donner de premier prix aux élèves hommes, qui ont été sensiblement inférieurs à leurs camarades femmes. M. Chah-Mouradian a personnifié Edgar de Lucie de Lammcrmoor c'est un ténor qui a de jolies intentions, mais n'est pas toujours sûr de lui-même. M. Dupré, dans Wotan de la Walkyrie, a été l'artiste consciencieux que nous avions signalé dans les précédents concours. Pluie de premiers accessits. MM. Combes et Carrié ont été tous deux très chaleureux dans l'Amonasro d'Aida MM. LaJoye et Népote ont concouru ensemble, en qualité d'Oreste et Pylade, dans l'Iphiyénie en Avlide de Gluck; le jury na pas voulu les désunir dans l'attribution des récompenses et il a bien fait. M. Clauzure a été, dans l'Œdipe à Colunc de Sacchini un Œdipe émouvant. Fiche de consolation, sous la forme de second accessit, à M. Imbert, qui interpréta, lui aussi, le rôle d'Qidipe. Parmi les femmes, les trois seconds prix de l'an dernier ont été élevés à la première récompenses, et ce fui justice. Mile Panis a été une Alce.ste pathétique et vibrante, parfois un peu trop. Cette jeune artiste, bien douée, cherche un peu le son aux dépens du style. Mlle Kaiser a interprété le rôle de Marguerite du Mefistofele de Boito, avec beaucoup d'intelligence et d'émotion dramatique Mlle Bourdon a été, dans le C'id, une touchante Lhimène. Les trois jeunes cantatrices sont prêtes pour le théâtre elles y seront bientôt rivales. Mlle Wiltz a eu de beaux accents dans la Desdémone de VOtello de Verdi c'est, sans doute, une artiste d'avenir, comme aussi Mlle Daumas, qui a chanté avec goût une des pages les plus connues de Salammbô, mais a joué le rôle avec trop de gestes. Mile Guillemot s'est montrée suffisante dans le rôle de Juliette de Homéo el Juliette; Mlles Vuillaume-Lambert et Delisle ont personnifié la Thaïs de MM. Analole France et Massenet. La première fut jolie, la seconde imposante. On a encouragé Mlle Gautier, une grande jeune femme oien faite, qui a fait preuve de bonne volonté dans la Walkyrie, et Mlle Courso, qui fut la plus acceptable des Dalila que l'on nous a montrées. aïONTCORNET. UN ENFANT PRODIGE Mlle Aline Van Barentzen chez. sa maman ChosE admirable à douze ans, à l'âge où, d'ordinaire, les petites filles mangent encore leurs confitures en tartines et s'amusent à la dînette avec leurs poupées, une fillette, Mlle Aline Van Barentzen, s'est vu décerner le premier prix de piano au concours du Conservatoire. Et la salle debout, ravie et enthousiasmée, a acclamé l'enfant prodige. |
github_open_source_100_8_20147 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | export * from './apigatewayv2.generated';
export * from './common';
export * from './http';
export * from './websocket';
|
github_open_source_100_8_20148 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.myretail.core.service;
import com.github.wnameless.json.flattener.JsonFlattener;
import com.myretail.core.Dao.PriceDao;
import com.myretail.core.Domain.FieldType;
import com.myretail.core.Domain.ProductPrice;
import com.myretail.core.Domain.Product;
import org.apache.commons.collections4.MapUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.reflect.FieldUtils;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.net.URL;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static com.myretail.core.Constants.Constants.*;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.reflect.FieldUtils.*;
@Service
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class ProductServiceImpl implements ProductService {
private static RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ProductServiceImpl.class);
private Map<String, String> fieldMappings;
@Autowired
private RedisTemplate redisTemplate;
@Autowired
PriceDao priceDao;
@Value("${product.url}")
private String productUrl;
@Override
public void saveOrUpdateProductPrice(String id, ProductPrice price) {
priceDao.saveOrUpdatePrice(id, price);
}
@Override
public Product getProductDetails(String id) {
Map<String, String> urlParams = new HashMap<>();
urlParams.put(PRODUCT_ID, id);
String resp = restTemplate.getForObject(productUrl, String.class, urlParams);
Product p = new Product();
try {
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(resp);
if (jsonObject.get(PRODUCT) != null) {
p = extractProduct((JSONObject) jsonObject.get(PRODUCT));
if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(p.getId())) {
p.setPrice(priceDao.findPriceByProductId(id));
}
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return p;
}
@Override
public ProductPrice getProductPrice(String id) {
return priceDao.findPriceByProductId(id);
}
private Product extractProduct(JSONObject jsonObject) {
Product product = new Product();
fieldMappings = (Map<String, String>) redisTemplate.opsForHash().get(FIELD_MAPPINGS, PRODUCT);
if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(fieldMappings)) {
setProductFields(product, jsonObject, fieldMappings);
}
return product;
}
private void setProductFields(Product product, JSONObject jsonObject, Map<String, String> fieldMap) {
if (jsonObject != null && product != null && MapUtils.isNotEmpty(fieldMap)) {
JsonFlattener flattener = new JsonFlattener(jsonObject.toString());
Map<String, Object> responseObjectMap = flattener.flattenAsMap();
Map<String, Object> result = responseObjectMap.entrySet()
.stream()
.filter(f -> fieldMap.containsKey(f.getKey().toLowerCase()))
.collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
Map<String, Object> unMapped = responseObjectMap.entrySet()
.stream()
.filter(f -> !fieldMap.containsKey(f.getKey().toLowerCase()))
.collect(
Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
for (Map.Entry<String, String> f : fieldMap.entrySet()) {
try {
String respVal = result.get(f.getKey()).toString();
String pdtFieldName = f.getValue();
product.setOtherInfo(unMapped);
Field field = FieldUtils.getField(product.getClass(), pdtFieldName, true);
if (field != null) {
Object value = null;
boolean writeValue = true;
switch (FieldType.fromName(field.getType().getName())) {
case INT:
value = Integer.parseInt(respVal);
break;
case LOCAL_DATE:
DateTimeFormatter
inputFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(DATE_READER_FORMAT, Locale.ENGLISH);
value = LocalDate.parse(respVal, inputFormatter);
break;
case URL:
value = new URL(respVal);
break;
case STRING:
value = respVal;
break;
default:
writeValue = false;
break;
}
if (value != null && writeValue) {
writeDeclaredField(product, pdtFieldName, value, true);
} else {
LOG.info(String.format("Field Type [%s], cannot be parsed.", field.getType().getName()));
}
} else {
LOG.warn(String.format("[%s], is not a valid field.", pdtFieldName));
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
|
6505975_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Nederländerna deltog med 110 deltagare vid de olympiska sommarspelen 1960 i Rom. Totalt vann de en silvermedalj och två bronsmedaljer.
Medaljer
Silver
Marianne Heemskerk - Simning, 100 m fjäril.
Brons
Wieger Mensonides - Simning, 200 m bröstsim.
Tineke Lagerberg - Simning, 400 m frisim.
Källor
1960 i Nederländerna
Nationer i olympiska sommarspelen 1960
1960.
|
07001941_2 | LoC-PD-Books | Public Domain | Question 20. — Are the lessons that you use satisfactory? If not, will you kindly give me the chief reasons why? One teacher says : '' The main lack is want of continuity in some emphasized prominent thought or idea." Another says : " There seems to me to be unnecessary repetition of topics and texts which are more closely related than they need to be." One teacher says: " I do not think it expedient or profit- able to break the series each quarter with either a temperance or a review lesson." Another says: " We need more frequent reviews." Others report : " I have never found just the course I wanted, so with a broad study I make out my own. No one can teach what he gets from another." " The continuity of the Bible history and geography is hard to keep before them." '' We use the lesson only as a text for talking on some subject that will ' grip men.' " Jf 3f )f LESSON PREPARATION. Question 21. — What proportion of the members of your class study their les- sons outside the Sunday-school hour? Thirty-two report that twenty per cent, study the lesson. Forty-nine report fifty per cent, study the lesson. Twenty- four report seventy-five per cent, study the lesson. Fourteen say nearly all prepare their lessons. M M M ASSIGNING TOPICS. Question 22. — Do you assign topics some time ahead on which the members of the class may prepare themselves? If so, how does this seem to work? One hundred and twenty-four claim to assign topics more or less frequently and report as follows : " It works well." ' It improves attendance." " It is productive of good results." One hundred and seventeen say that they do not assign topics and that they cannot use this method successfully in their classes. " They do not seem to want to take time to prepare these and the lessons, too." 17 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. " We meet with indifferent success." " For a while I used ' Look-up Ques- tions,' but soon the novelty wore off." " I have tried it, but with poor suc- cess." " We have tried it, but members would stay away." " The time for class work is too limited for such assignments." *' We are too old for it." " I thought it didn't work well and stopped it." ^ A- ^ HOW LESSON HELPS MAY BE IMPROVED. Question 23. — How do yon think les- son helps could be improved so that members of your class would be more interested in studying the lesson at home and discussing it in the class f (This question was asked for our own information as editors and publishers of lesson helps.) Seventy-nine suggest improvement. Ninety-eight say they have no sugges- tions to make. Twenty-two fail to make any com- ments. 3f 5f 3f TEACHERS' HELP NEEDED. Question 24. — As a Bible class teacher, of what help do you feel the need, which you do not -find in the Lesson Helps you have been using? Seventy- four give suggestions in an- swering this question. Others do not report. The following is the substance of suggestions given. " Library books bearing on the les- sons." '' A brief question book on the whole Bible to be used as supplemental work." " Suggestions for blackboard illustra- tion of the lessons." " A condensed synopsis dealing more fully with the application of the lesson." " A few suggested thoughts that would voice the felt need in the hearts of pres- ent-day men and women." " I would like to have more help along social lines so I could develop my class socially." " Practical application of lesson truth to the life of mature persons." " More practical ideas and good illus- trations." " Plain, terse, practical interpretations of the Bible that will help young men in business life and young women in the home." " Something to make Bible teaching more real and practical." -K -K -K BIBLE STUDY MEETINGS OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL. Question 25. — Have you had Bible study meetings with the class outside the school? If so, have they been success- ful? Forty-four report having such meet- ings. One hundred and eighty-eight report that they do not have any. Twenty-four do not report. As to the success met with by those having such meetings, the reports are as follows : " We have had a few at my home." " Yes, we have them at my home, the first Monday in every month." *' Yes, we have met, with good suc- cess." " Occasionally with excellent results." " Good success. We meet Monday evenings at my home." " Yes, good success, with the few who come." *' Yes, very successful, but not large enough attendance." " We tried them, but they were not very successful." " Splendid for a young men's class."V^ '' It is not practical with my class." " We have a mid-week Bible class 18 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. under the auspices of the * Class Secret Service ' committee, where we carry on a critical and practical and consecutive study of the Bible under the direction of the pastor. To this class belong all those who really wish to discuss and under- stand the Bible. It prevents that same discussion in the classroom on Sunday, and often before uninterested and incom- petent hearers. This may not be the best way, but we have had fair success. We work under this motto : ' Make us better first.' We lay stress on the ' simple gos- pel ' that has transformed so many of our boys from ' notorious toughs ' into stalwart Christians." )f )f Jf RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES OF THE CLASS OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL. Question 26. — Does your class itself do any work outside the Sunday-school, as, for instance, does it hold religions meetings of any kind? If so, what? Thirty-two report helping in religious meetings, mission work, etc. The following are class activities re- ported : '' We hold Bible readings and prayer meetings at the ' Anchorage Rescue Home ' for girls and at * The Old La- dies' Home.' " '' We have a praying band which goes to churches and missions and conducts services." " We are now planning to hold a big young men's meeting some evening this month with an out-of-town speaker." *' Quite often our class has charge of the evening church service." " Our class takes charge of the weekly prayer meeting of the church occasion- ally, and holds Sunday afternoon meet- ings at ' The Home for Aged Men.' " *' Our class holds religious meetings in jails and hospitals and conducts cottage prayer meetings." " Our class assists in cottage meetings and mission work." " We are responsible for officering one or two mission Sunday-schools." " We hold meetings at the county jail and county poorhouse." " We hold shop meetings." *' Our class maintains a ' Personal Workers' Band,' which meets Friday evenings at 6 : 30 for lunch at the church, and follows this with a ' spiritual ex- change.' Then they go into the Y. P. S. C. E. service at eight o'clock." " Once in a while our class goes in a body and takes full charge of the mid- week meeting." *' Yes, we have full charge of the evening service in a country church." '' Yes, we are a club and take charge of the evening service once a month." '' Sometimes we hold Sunday after- noon meetings for men only, with a spe- cial speaker." '' We hold outdoor meetings and cot- tage prayer meetings." '* Several times a year we take charge of the Rescue Mission meeting, furnish- ing speakers and orchestral music." " We have regular meetings at a mis- sion in the suburbs." " We hold a weekly men's prayer serv- ice in our classroom." ** About three times a year we hold an enthusiastic prayer and song service for men only." " We hold a religious meeting once a month in some part of the city remote from big churches." " We are planning for evangelistic shop meetings during noon hours." *' We hold a mass meeting of men Sunday afternoons for discussion of Liv- ing Problems in Religion and Social Science." " Our Glee Club has charge of the singing at the Young People's meetings on Sunday evenings." " We have what we call an ' Extension 19 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. Committee ' that looks after the services in churches when we are invited to con- duct meetings." " We have a ' Music Committee ' in the class which selects those who have such musical ability as can be used in the chorus choir. The chorus choir of the church is made up so far as the male voices are concerned, entirely of men from ' The Bereans.' " " We took hold of a church seven miles out on the car line, which had been broken up by a church quarrel. We started a Sunday-school there and had mid-week prayer service, and ran it for a year. The church now has a pastor, a good Sunday-school and a young people's organized class." " We have enlisted as Judge Lindsey's helpers on Sunday afternoon, helping him in connection with his juvenile court work." )f 3f )f MISSIONARY, CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT WORK. Question 27. — Is the class as such in- terested in any charity or benevolent cause? If so, what? Ninety-eight report being interested as a class in missions or charity work. Many say they give and work mostly through the regular channels of the church. The following reports are given by those who tell of special work under- taken by the class: " We have educated a deaconess, be- sides giving money to many other causes." " We support two native missionaries as a class, and individuals in the class support three others." '' We help the poor with coal and pro- visions, having now twenty families on our list." '/ We have just taken up the work of supporting a native worker in China." " We gave fifty blankets to the poor last year for Christmas." " We support a missionary in Japan." " Our class is supporting an Indian orphan." " We have a loan fund for sick and unemployed members." " We take care of all sick and destitute members." " We have a loan fund, which is man- aged by a Trustee Committee. The money is raised by concerts, entertain- ments, and such features. We charge no interest upon loans, neither do we de- mand security." " We help pay the way of indigents at the hospitals." " We help mission work in our own city and support a native worker in China." " We contribute especially toward the Deaconess Home." " We give our especial attention to the sick and poor of our own city." " All our offerings are given to the church. This year we have given $200 to the music fund, and have on hand $100." " We furnish cut flowers every Sun- day for the Sunday-school, and after- wards distribute them among the sick." " We support a child in an Indian mis- sion school and have given several din- ners to 250 poor children." " Each year we send money to the Fresh Air Fund in New York." " We support a scholarship in the col- lege of West Africa, at Monrovia, Liberia, Africa." " We try to make this class lead in the regular Sunday-school benevolences." " We have a benevolent fund to help sick members." " We are educating a native preacher in India." " We are educating a boy in a mission school in India." " We are interested in the Men's Re- 20 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. sort, Florence Crittenden Home, and help support two missionaries." " We pay for a scholarship in the Ingleside Seminary." " We have a class fund out of which we contribute to the poor and to mis- sions; buy flowers for the sick, etc." M M M PROPORTION OF CHURCH MEMBERS IN CLASS. Question 28. — What proportion of your class are members of the church f Eighty-six report that all are church members. Ninety-seven report that seventy-five per cent, are church members. Sixty report that fifty per cent, are church members. Twenty-four report that twenty-five per cent, are church members. Seven report that less than twenty-five per cent, are church members. Nine do not report. -K -K -K PROPORTION OF CONVERSIONS IN THE CLASS. Question 29. — How many members of your class have become professed Chris- tians since you became the teacher? One hundred and sixteen teachers re- port all the way from five to one hundred members who have become Christians. >f Jf 4 SEPARATE ROOMS FOR CLASSES. Question 30. — Does your class have a room by itself? Seventy-four report that they have their own classroom. Forty-one report that they do not. >f )f )f CLASS EXERCISES. Question 31. — If you have a separate classroom, do you confine yourself to the study of the lesson while in the room; or, do you have other exercises? One hundred and six report that the time in the room is used entirely for les- son study. Eighty-seven report that the exercises, while in the classroom, include other features. Question 32. — If you have other exer- cises, do you make music an attractive feature? Fifty-five answer "Yes." Eighty-nine answer '' No." One hundred and nineteen do not re- port. Question ZZ. — Does your class use a stereopticon for class work or special lectures? Ten answer " Yes." One hundred and seventy answer " No." Thirty-two do not report. M ¥ ¥ CLASS NAMES. Question 34. — Does your class have a class name? If so, what? One hundred and four report having a class name. Eighty-nine say they do not have a class name. The reports from a considerable num- ber of classes show them belonging to some general class organization such as Baraca, Philathea, Delta Alpha, Dan- forth Chevaliers, Yokefellows, St. Paul's Brotherhood, and Friendly Class. The following is a list of class names reported : Business Men's Class. Drop In Class. Boyd's Bible Class. The Earnest Club. Christian Soldiers. Joshuas. Wesley Class. The College Men's Class. Stewart Class Association. 21 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. The Corner Stone Club. Acorns. Gideon Club. We Brothers. Busy People's Class. The Men's League. The " X " Club. Genesee Brotherhood. Sunshine Band. Volunteers. Willing Workers. Ravena Brotherhood. Joyce Class. Volunteer Bible Study Class. Friendship Class. Helping Hands. "Win One." Loyal Sons. Knights of the Square Table. Living Links. Success Club. Lincoln Brotherhood. Emersonians. King's Sons League. M -^ M CLASS PINS. Question 35. — Do you have a class pin or hut ton? Sixty-seven answer " Yes." One hundred and ninety-one answer " No." Several speak of wearing badges of class colors instead of pins. Many of those using class pins or but- tons report that they encourage class loyalty and class spirit. " The pin has helped greatly in re- spect to both loyalty and class spirit." " The fellows are proud of their col- ors and their class." " Pins are placed on each member at enrollment, no matter when or where that takes place, and this is the surest way I know of getting them to fulfill their promise to attend. It is almost as binding as exacting an oath." " Every time we enroll a member we place a pin on him in the class." " The teacher places a pin on each new member, with a few remarks on its significance and on what will be ex- pected of him as a wearer of such a pin." " All members of our class wear pins and they have greatly encouraged a class spirit." " I believe that class pins are abso- lutely essential to the best results in working with young men." M M M LENGTH OF TIME CLASS HAS BEEN ORGANIZED. Question 36. — // your class is now organized, how long has it been so? One hundred and forty-seven classes report being organized less than two years. Forty-four classes report being organ- ized less than one year. Eighty-eight classes report being or- ganized over two years. Fifty-nine classes say they are not organized, though most of these appear to have class officers and committees. Question 37. — If your class has been organized and is not so now, I would like very much to know why organiza- tion was given up. Only four classes report having dropped organization, and give the fol- lowing reasons : " Members were too far advanced in years for successful class life." " Difficult to get committees to do defi- nite work." " The girls are all so busy and some indifferent. Hard to get them out to meetings." " A lack of stability on the part of the members. Could not be depended upon." 22 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. CLASS CONSTITUTION. Question 38. — Has your class a con- stitution f If so, I would be thankful if you would send me a copy. Seventy-eight report that they have a class constitution. One hundred and sixty-three report that they have not. (See page 68 for a model constitution.) Question 39. — // you cannot send me a copy of your constitution, could you tell me what oMcers and committees you have? The following officers and commit- tees are reported : President, Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, Captains, Section Leaders, Historian, Librarian, Reporter, Membership Committee, Social Commit- tee, Reception Committee, Grievance Committee, Visiting Committee, Relief Committee, Lookout Committee, Flower Committee, Devotional Committee, Music Committee, Hustlers Committee, House Committee, Athletic Committee, Boosting Committee, Extension Commit- tee, Employment Committee and Vesti- bule Pickets. -K -K -K SUCCESS OF COMMITTEES. Question 40. — Do you have trouble in getting members of your class to work on committees? One hundred and twenty-six report that they have no difficulty. Thirty-seven report to the contrary. Fifty-one do not report. ¥ M M CLASS ALUMNI. Question 4L — Do you have a class alumni composed of persons who can no longer attend? Thirty answer " Yes." Two hundred and twenty-six answer '' No." 23 RECENT OUTSIDE WORK DONE BY CLASSES. Question 42. — In my study of your work it will help me if you will write out a list of the things your class did last month outside the Sunday-school, as, for instance, did you hold a business meet- ing, a prayer-meeting, or have you given a social? The following are some of the special kinds of work reported for the month. " Class entertained at teacher's home." '' Social for members' parents and sis- ters." " Quarterly Devotional Service in place of review lesson." " Finished raising $100 pledge toward the church debt." '' Sent flowers to the funeral of a baby and also to a member of the class. Sent supply of groceries to a poor family." " A dinner conference at the teacher's house to consider new members." " Played five games indoor ball and had a class banquet." " Banquet, fifty-two men present, also special Sunday service." " Took charge of evening service at the church." " Got men's supper, together with an- other class of men of the church." " Gave regular monthly social meet- ing at the home of one of our members." " Held stag social in the Y. M. C. A." " Two business meetings in connection with the opening of our club room and reading-room ; also a debate." " Personal workers class met." " The committees all held separate business meetings. One committee gave a social and two more are planned." '' Held a great ' Secret Service ' prayer-meeting." M M M ANNUAL CLASS BANQUET. Question 43. — Do you have an annual banquet or some other regular, impor- Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. tant annual social event? If so, what? Eighty report that they have an annual banquet. Sixty report that they have other annual events. One hundred and sixty-three do not report. (See pages 90, 91, 92 for class ban- quet invitations, toasts, etc.) 5f jf * BESULTS OF CLASS ORGANIZATION. Question 44. — Has organization re- sulted in people coming to the class who did not attend before? One hundred and thirty-seven report that it has. Eighteen say that it has made no ma- terial difference. Fifty-seven do not report. Question 45. — As a result of organ- ization are members of your class at work who had been doing nothing be- fore? One hundred and thirty-seven report favorable results. Nine report that it has made no spe- cial difference. Sixty-six do not report. THE SECRET OF CLASS INTEREST. Question 46. — Outside your personal, distinctive, spiritual work with the mem- bers, what do you think is the one thing that keeps up the interest in your class more than anything else? The following are some of the an- swers given: I. Organization and Work oi^ Class Ofi^icers and Committees. " A constant getting after people by members of the class." " Personal work and zeal of devoted Christians on the committees. We have a devoted band of twenty or more who can be counted on for any sacrifice." " Class organization." " The Personal Workers Band." " Promptness and continual attend- ance of officers." " Efficiency and zeal of our class presi- dent." " Enthusiasm of the class officers." " Activity of committees, especially the membership committee." II. Class Spirit and Class Loyalty. " An uncommonly strong class feeling of mutual affection and loyalty." " Class loyalty to the work of the pas- tor and church." " The fact that the members feel the class is theirs." " A class spirit that makes them anx- ious to make a good showing." " Class spirit and the fact that no man is ever criticised for any attempt to say something in the class." *' Loyalty to the school and pleasant associations." " They are aware they are accomplish- ing something and are proud of it." " Friendly relations between teacher and scholars." " The feeling of the class, as a whole, that they are an important element in the Sunday-school and the church." " Personal responsibility on the part of each member for the success of the class." " A keen sense of Christian fellowship — no caste." " Members taking an interest in each other outside the Sunday-school." " Class spirit in the shape of healthy, good-natured rivalry." III. Sociability and Social Features. *' Social spirit of the class organiza- tion." " A genial, free spirit — no sanctimoni- ousness." " Our monthly socials held in the homes of the members." X 24 Summary of Reports from Successful Classes. " Spending occasional evenings at the teacher's home, remembering birthdays with some small, personal present or let- ter." '' The social featvire — the class presi- dent shakes hands with every member and stranger as they enter the class- room." " The spirit of sociability and helpful friendliness is a large factor." *' Fellowship and expressions of sym- pathy and help in times of trouble." " The ' glad hand ' to strangers. The class ' mixes ' well." '' We * boom ' the class and make every man feel at home." IV. Interest in Biblk Study. " Desire to gain definite knowledge of the Bible." '' Desire to know what the Bible really teaches." " The opportunity for Bible study." " The value of the lessons is the only attraction. They are sorry if they miss one." " Individual interest in Bible study." " Thorough teaching of the lesson and the practical application of it." " Bible study along rational lines and the general helpfulness of the meetings." " Bible study is the main thing, but treated practically rather than doc- trinally." " Getting them to study the Bible for themselves, and not take it second- hand." '' The fact that the course outlined is interesting and stimulates study." " Intense interest in the connected, progressive study of the Scripture." V. Giving the: Class Individual Work. " Giving everyone something to do." " Making everyone feel he is needed and appreciated, and must do his part for the general good." " Our strength lies in getting our members interested and to work, and in making the class work so interesting and profitable that a young man will want to come Backl" " One secret of class success has been that every officer and member in the class has had placed upon him some duty to perform, and we have guarded against giving members some little ' milksop ' thing to do. We have aimed instead to give each fellow some duty that would make him use all of his ability." VI. Miscellaneous Reasons. " Looking after the outcasts, especially dissipated men." " The athletic work and the fact that we are not satisfied with present conditions, but constantly looking for and talking of greater success to come." " Having the classroom cut off entirely from the rest of the school and a free and easy feeling while in the room." '' The opportunity for free expression of religious experience." " Attractive surroundings, convenient hour, good music, something doing in social affairs." " I think the evangelistic spirit, the constant striving for conversions, ear- nest seasons of prayer in the classroom, the teaching of cheerful, joyous religion, the upholding of the ' Manly Christ,' and the building of the social life around the class, have done most." -K -K -K DIFFICULTIES OF CLASS ORGANIZATION. Question 47. — What seem to be the great diMculties with which you have to contend as an organised class f In answer to this question reports given were similar to those under Ques- tion 10. No reports indicated special difficulties growing out of class organ- ization. 25 Summary of Eeports from SUPFRINTEi^^DENTS. LETTER TO SUPERINTENDENTS. Below we give letter of request sent to 10,000 Sunday-school superintendents scattered throughout the United States and Canada, representing both city and country schools. This letter was accom- panied by a Question Blank. The fol- lowing pages give questions asked and summary of reports received. Our reasons for making this call are indicated by the questions themselves. We particularly desired not only to se- cure names of any especially successful classes, but to learn from the superin- tendent's standpoint the present condi- tion of adult Bible class work, wavs in whtch the work might be improved, and difficulties met with in this connection. Dear Friend: We are planning to publish a small book containing helpful suggestions for adult Bible class work, telling of various ways of working, in- cluding latest and best methods. For this purpose I wish to learn all I can about present conditions, the difficulties to contend with, etc., also new and suc- cessful ways of working. I am sending the enclosed " Information Sheet " to a number of representative superintend- ents, East and West. I want in this way not only to learn all I can from superintendents, but to place myself in touch with a large number of adult Bible class teachers, and, later, to write to them. If you will kindly fill out and return me this " Information Sheet," I will, as soon as my new book is out, send you a copy of it free of charge. If, in addi- tion to filling out this sheet, you will write me your views regarding what can or ought to be done for adult classes, I will be much pleased. In most schools, aside from teachers, there are comparatively few adults, ex- cept it may be aged people and older boys and girls. If we could draw into the Sunday-school the great mass of young energetic men and women of the com- munity, it would of course give greater strength to our schools. It would insure our having an abundance of money for all needs and plenty of persons to draw from for teachers. From what has al- ready been done in some schools, I am led to believe that this is possible, and that, too, with little or no work on the part of the superintendent or school officers. It is in order to determine this that I wish a report from you. Hoping to hear from you soon, I re- main Yours sincerely, SUMMARY OF REPORTS. Reports received, 1095. AGE AND SEX OF ADULT CLASSES. Question 1. — Please give the name and address of the teacher of each adult class in your school; also indicate, by a cross, in one of the spaces that follozv, the kind of class that is taught. Nine hundred and forty-five report one or more classes of old people, the majority of these being mixed classes. One thousand and twenty-two report 26 Summary of Reports from Superintendents. one or more classes of young people. These are nearly equally divided between mixed and those which are of one sex, young ladies' classes predominating. -K -K -K CLASSES MEETING OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL. Question 2. — If any of these classes have regular meetings outside the school, for any purpose, at any time except at the Sunday-school hour, please put a cross (x) in front of the name of the teacher of the class that holds such meet- ings. One hundred and thirty-eight report classes having such meetings. Nine hundred and fifty-seven report no such meetings. )f 3f Jf TIME FOR LESSON DISCUSSION. Question 3. — Do your adult Bible classes have more time for lesson discus- \sion in the class than the rest of the school? One hundred and fiftv-eight answer '' Yes." Nine hundred and sixteen answer " No." Twenty-one do not report. M M M FURNISHED WITH LESSON HELPS. Question 4. — Are the members of your adult classes furnished zvith lesson helps of any kind? Nine hundred and twenty-eight an- swer *' Yes." One hundred and fortv-nine answer " No." Jf )f 3f CLASSES ASKED TO TEACHERS. SUPPLY Question 5. — Do you draw regular and substitute teachers from your adult Bible classes? 27 Eight hundred and ninety-eight report drawing both regulars and substitutes. Twelve report drawing only substi- tutes. Six report drawing only regular teach- ers. One hundred and seventy-nine report that adult classes are not drawn upon for teachers. M M M CLASSES TAUGHT BY PASTORS. Question 6. — Does your pastor teach one of your Bible classes? If so, which one? Three hundred and ninety-nine answer " Yes." Six hundred and eighty-six answer " No," except, occasionally, as substi- tute. Four report schools withotit pastors. Six do not report. M M M NEW PLANS OF WORK. Question 7. — Have you any new, up- to-date plans that you yourself have thought out or adopted, that are working unusually well among adidts in the Sun- day-school in securing larger attend- ance, or in increasing interest in the prep- aration of the lesson? If so, please tell us about them. Four hundred and fifty-four answer " No." Six hundred and forty-one tell of plans of work. The most promising of the plans given are as follows: The figures in parentheses indicate the number of similar replies received, where there was more than one. I. Assigning Definite Home Work. '' Special questions are given each Sunday to a certain number, to which written replies are requested for the fol- lowing Sunday." (28.) Summary of Reports from Superintendents. " Questions are assigned one Sunday to be answered orally the following Sun- day." (20.) ** Printed question slips are used." " Topics are assigned in advance ; dis- cussion questions are sometimes pre- pared. These are a great interest pro- ducer." (2.) " A question budget." " Written answers to questions are as- signed, graded and returned as per day school." (2.) " We offer a prize for the best essay on the lesson." II. The: Lksson Discussion Hour. " We use Lesson Contests." (8.) '' We take up the discussion of ques- tions that have to do with modern life." (5.) " The teacher calls for verses and fa- miliar quotations from Bible, and each tries to find them first." "Bible exercise drill." (4.) " A series of questions are planned, a few taken up and discussed each Sun- day." '* The teacher asks for a condensed les- son summary from some member at the beginning of the lesson study, calling for the same from another member at the close." " The teacher gives each member a chance to express an opinion on the les- son, timing all speakers to one minute." (9.) " We use a ' work record ' system which keeps a complete record of class work of every member." " A special word is assigned for the day, and all quote Bible verse containing the same." " The teacher tries to make the lesson study hour so helpful for everyday life, by the discussion of practical questions, that adults will feel it is worth while to come." (12.) " Class lesson discussion." (6.) '' Doing away with the lecture method of teaching." " Practical illustrations of the lesson, using lesson objects whenever possible." (2.) " Blackboard used freely." (6.) " Class debates . on some pertinent topic in the lesson, each speaker allowed one minute." " Members of class taking turns at teaching the class." " Quarterly written examinations." " Pupils take turns in teaching the re- view lesson." " Use of the stereopticon in the re- view." (3.) III. Increasing Membership. " Asking for a definite increase on a certain Sunday always brings good re- sults." '* Special Lookout Committees are ap- pointed to greet and invite to the class strangers present at the church serv- ices." '* We have an Honor Roll, the mem- ber who brings in a certain number of new members having his name placed thereon." (2.) " We have found the Red and Blue Contest a wonder worker in the way of bringing in new members." (8.) " Each member is assigned some spe- cial person to win into the class." (2.) " Special printed invitations are sent to parents through the children in the Intermediate and Primary Departments." " A personal visit is made on every member of the church congregation." (10.) " House-to-house canvass of the com- munity." (12.) '' Personal work committees." (6.) Note. — Nearly all who suggested plans under this heading speak of the value of personal visitation and invitation. A Summary of Reports from Superintendents. number used printed cards. Some send these out by mail, others by special mes- sengers. In many cases the members carry cards with them all the time and use them when occasion is presented. Some put them in hotels, railroad sta- tions, stores, factories, etc. IV. Securing RkguIvAR Atti:ndance. " We use the plan of giving a banner to the class having the largest attend- ance and collection." (16.) " Personal visitation of absentees." (10.) " The standing of each class is posted on bulletin board." (2.) " We have used an attendance con- test." (15.) " We have a supervisor to look after attendance." (3.) " We use printed absentee cards." (6.) " A rose or carnation is offered to every member of the class having best attendance for a month." " A follow-up system is conducted on business principles." "We use a credit system." (3.) " A group photo is made of class hav- ing the best attendance record for a cer- tain period of time, a photo given to every member of the winning class." V. Opening and Closing Exercises. '* Introducing some interesting facts about the Bible has proved interesting." " Competitive Bible exercises and drills have helped." (2.) *' Supplemental work for opening ex- ercises." (2.) " Promptness in beginning and clos- ing." (4.) " Special music." (5.) " Special days celebrated rousingly." (3.) " Definite new program each Sunday." (2.) " Sunday-school choir." (2.) " Class songs." (2.) " Each adult class takes turns In fur- nishing a special number on the pro- gram for the opening exercises." "Orchestra." (3.) Note. — Nearly everyone that sug- gested a plan at all speaks of the value of variety in the opening and closing exercises. VI. The Social Life oe the Class. " A personal acquaintance with every / member of the adult classes by the super- ' intendent helps." " Sunday-school socials." (8.) '- Suppers given to members of the school." (7.) " Special interest in times of marriage of members, etc." (3.) " Athletic club for young men." " A lecture course for the adult classes stimulates attendance." " Class dinners." (3.) -^ " A class in one school has regular meetings once a week from six to nine o'clock, time divided for lunch, writing of letters to absentees, study of the les- son, music, discussion of plans of work." VII. Organization. " Organization is the best means of " solving all adult class problems." (44.) " Brotherhood organization — supper ' once a month — big thing." " Organization has increased member- ship and attendance." " Organization — semi-monthly debates at club meetings." " Young men's ' Personal Workers ' class — meets every Friday night for lunch and to plan work." '' Organization — greatest help — monthly socials, specific work undertaken for church or missionary object." " Organized classes are proving won- der workers. They take care of them- selves and keep getting in new members. Have social gatherings, etc." 29 Summary of Reports from Superintendents. VIII. Miscellaneous. '' Our adult class use a monthly letter of general interest to every member. This is written with the aid of mimeo- graph." " We distribute among the church members and congregation a small tract on the duty and privilege of attending Sunday-school." '' Our church motto is : Every member of the church in the Sunday-school and every Sunday-school member an attend- ant at church." " We are careful to have persons with a common interest in one class. For ex- ample, young men, young married peo- ple, fathers' and mothers' class, older ladies, musicians, high-school seniors, etc." " Our most successful classes are com- posed entirely of young married people." (14.) " Conducting everythmg on a business basis, one that will appeal to men of business principles. (7.) *' A prayer circle." " Rewards offered for any good sug- gestion from members of the class on management, etc., of the class." " All work for the day in connection with program, class affairs, etc., planned four weeks ahead." (2.) " Red letter days." (4.) " The class supports a native mission- ary in the Philippines." " Adult classes take turns in furnish- ing flowers for Sunday-school — compete for finest display, flowers passed on to league and church, and next day sent to sick members of class furnishing them or to members of the school." *' Special interest in times of sickness, death in family of member, etc." (3.) 3f 5f 3f SUCCESSFUL TEACHERS. Question 8. — Have you that rare treas- ure — a specially successful Bible class teacher? If so, please tell us which one? In reply many superintendents indi- cated names of one or more teachers whom they considered were entitled to be called especially successful. Question 9. — Do you know of such a teacher in any other school? If so, please give name and address. In answer to this question quite a num- ber of successful adult Bible class teach- ers were reported. )f )f )f DIFFICULTIES. Question 10. — What do you feel are the greatest difficulties with which adult classes have to contend in your school? Nearly every superintendent reported some difficulty with which his adult classes had to contend, very few claim- ing they had none. Some of these diffi- culties were peculiar to a certain locality or a certain class of persons, but most of them were general. I. Public Sentimejnt Against Adults Attending Sunday-school. " The prevalent idea that the Sunday- school is for children." (487.) " The twentieth century idea that the Sunday-school is meant for children only." (3.) *' The modern but mistaken idea that the Sunday-school is a * children's ' school." (12.) " Fear ridicule for attending Sundav- school." (8.) II. Lack of Competent Teachers. " Lack of that rare treasure, a spe- cially successful Bible class teacher.'^ (8.) " Teachers that will prepare their les- sons." (224.) " Lack of systematic effort on the part of the teacher." (3.) " Teachers who are willing to step 30 Summary of Reports from Superintendents. * down and out ' when the class has out- grown them." (8.) '' Lack of ' magnetic ' teachers who have the faculty of teaching." '' Difficulty of securing teachers for men." (2.) " Difficulty of securing men teachers." (3.) "Can't get rid of old teacher." (4.) " Having to keep a poor teacher for fear of offending him." (3.) " Teachers who do not follow up work during the week." (3.) III. Dii^i^icuLTiEs During Le:sson Hour. " Shortness of the time allowed for the discussion of the lesson." (87.) '' Lack of systematic study." ** To get members to talk." (14.) " Class discussion left to a few." (8.) " Too much useless discussion." (10.) " Lack of spirituality in the class." (2-) " A tendency to visit and discuss cur- rent topics of the day." (8.) " Whispering and talking on every- thing but the lesson." " Timidity in speaking." (5.) " Getting members to think independ- ently." (3.) " People with set views wishing to argue." (8.) IV. Irrkgularity of Attendance:. " We are troubled because of removals from one place to another — shifting pop- ulation." (3.) " Young people leaving small towns to go to cities." (2.) '' They come one Sunday and stay home the next." (18.) '' The teacher is irregular, and class correspondingly so." (17.) " It is impossible to keep up a good attendance record." (35.) " Thev stay home for the slightest ex- cuse." (6.) 31 '' On rainy Sundays nobody comes." (2.) " Our young people go to college — home only during vacations." *' They come when they have nothing else to do." (8.) '' Too hot in summer and too cold in winter." (3.) " Get up too late in the morning." (10.) "Tardiness." (5.) V. DiiFi^icuivTY OF Building Up Me:m- BERSHIP. " It is difficult to get young men into the school." (7.) " Cannot get fathers and mothers to come." (6.) '' We lack the enthusiasm that goes with large numbers." (3.) " The brightest and best intellects of the church refuse to connect themselves with the Sunday-school." (2.) *' We haven't enough to invite new members to come for." (2.) " We have not enough persons of one kind to form a class." (2.) VI. WORLDUNESS. " Too much society and too many other entertainments to attract attention during the week." (6.) " Taking Saturday nights for amuse- ments so that they can rest the next day." (15.) " Love of pleasure." (27.) " Time and strength taken up with selfish entertainments." " The general atmosphere of worldli- ness which surrounds the young people of to-day." (4.) " The general interest of adults in fraternal societies." (6.) " Love of ease." (8.) VII. Busine:ss Cares. " Many of our young people work very late Saturday night and are not physically able to come Sunday." (18.) Summary of Reports from Superintendents. " * Self ' the ' paramount issue.' " " Desire for money and exertions to get it sap all their energy during the week." (14.) " That tired feeling — want to go home to eat and sleep — the one day in the week when they can eat leisurely and sleep as long as they please." (2.) "Rush to get rich." (14.) " Greed for gold." (7.) VIIL Indiffe:ri:nce and Ge:ne:ral Lack of Interest. " Indifference to need of Bible knowl- edge." " Indifference." (231.) "Indolence." (86.) " Carelessness." (23.) "Negligence." (6.) " Lack of interest in the study of the Bible." (27.) " No enthusiasm." (3.) " Cannot get church membership in- terested in the Sunday-school." (6.) " Depending upon teacher to give in- struction instead of studying the lesson themselves." (3.) " Lack of development of relish for genuine Bible study." (7.) " Parental indifference to the Sunday- school." (9.) " The home influences are not con- ducive to religious development." (12.) " The Sunday-school has made little effort along the line of attracting adults." (4.) " The pastor is indifferent to the Sun- day-school and does not urge adults to attend." (18.) " The pastor does not urge adults to attend Sunday-school for fear it will pre- vent them from attending church." " The pastor does not come to Sunday- school — how can we expect the congre- gation to do so ?" " Adults fail to realize the importance of the Sunday-school in the church and community." (5.) " Sunday-school not made enough of." (3.) " Indifference of church members to Bible study." (11.) " Parents say ' Go ' to their children instead of ' Come with us.' " (3.) IX. Need of Separate Classrooms. |
github_open_source_100_8_20149 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import sys
import filecmp
import difflib
import subprocess
champ1 = "champs/helltrain.cor"
champ2 = "champs/Bazou.cor"
class ProgressBar:
def __init__ (self, valmax, maxbar, title):
if valmax == 0: valmax = 1
if maxbar > 200: maxbar = 200
self.valmax = valmax
self.maxbar = maxbar
self.title = title
def update(self, val):
if val > self.valmax: val = self.valmax
perc = round((float(val) / float(self.valmax)) * 100)
scale = 100.0 / float(self.maxbar)
bar = int(perc / scale)
out = '\r%s [%s%s] %3d %%' % (self.title, '=' * bar, ' ' * (self.maxbar - bar), perc)
sys.stdout.write(out)
def set_ouputs(cycle):
with open("dumps/zaz.txt", 'w') as fzaz: # Pour output la version de zaz
subprocess.call([".././corewar_zaz", "-d", str(cycle), champ1, champ2], stdout=fzaz)
with open('dumps/zaz.txt', 'r') as fin: # Pour retirer les lignes de declaration des champions
data = fin.read().splitlines(True)
with open('dumps/zaz.txt', 'w') as fout: # Pour retirer les lignes de declaration des champions
fout.writelines(data[3:])
with open("dumps/nous.txt", 'w') as fnous: # Pour output notre version
subprocess.call([".././corewar", "-dump", str(cycle), champ1, champ2], stdout=fnous)
def get_diff():
file1 = open("dumps/zaz.txt", 'r')
file2 = open("dumps/nous.txt", 'r')
filecmp.clear_cache()
if filecmp.cmp("dumps/zaz.txt", "dumps/nous.txt", False) == False:
text1 = file1.readlines()
text2 = file2.readlines()
for line in difflib.unified_diff(text1, text2):
print(line)
file1.close()
file2.close()
return 1
file1.close()
file2.close()
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv[1:]) < 1 or len(sys.argv[1:]) > 2:
print("Usage 1 : python check.py [start] [end]\nstart et end sont des entiers correspondant aux cycles a tester\n")
print("Usage 2 : python check.py [cycle]\npour checker a un cycle precis s'il y a une diff")
exit(0)
if len(sys.argv[1:]) == 1:
cycle = int(sys.argv[1])
set_ouputs(cycle)
get_diff()
exit(0)
elif len(sys.argv[1:]) == 2:
start = int(sys.argv[1])
end = int(sys.argv[2])
Bar = ProgressBar(100, 60, 'Checking : ')
for i in range(start, end + 1):
Bar.update(round(((start + i) / (end + 1 - start)) * 100) + 1)
set_ouputs(i)
if get_diff():
print("\033[93m----- LA DIFFERENCE SE TROUVE AU CYCLE {} -----".format(i))
exit(0)
print("\033[92m\n✓✓✓ Tout est OK")
|
github_open_source_100_8_20150 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* PermissionsEx
* Copyright (C) zml and PermissionsEx contributors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package ca.stellardrift.permissionsex.minecraft.profile;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
public class ProfileTest {
@Test
@Disabled("Makes network requests")
void integrationTest() {
final ProfileApiResolver resolver = ProfileApiResolver.resolver(ForkJoinPool.commonPool());
final Map<String, MinecraftProfile> results = resolver.resolveByName(Arrays.asList("zml", "waylon531", "toolongsothiswontmatchanybody"))
.collect(Collectors.toMap(MinecraftProfile::name, Function.identity()));
assertEquals(2, results.size());
assertEquals(MinecraftProfile.of(UUID.fromString("2f224fdf-ca9a-4043-8166-0d673ba4c0b8"), "zml"), results.get("zml"));
assertEquals(MinecraftProfile.of(UUID.fromString("5e63604d-4fda-40d8-a21c-ccfea1e51315"), "waylon531"), results.get("waylon531"));
}
}
|
2017270500_1909-10-01_1_27_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | The prejudice of the future then will not be bound up with the degree of intellectual development and occupation. I personally believe that a little of the blood of the American Indian mingled with that of our own race would produce a strain of manhood which would be hard to equal. Prof. Rockwell P. Hunt of the department of sociology in the university of Southern California and a student of Indian life said that he agrees thoroughly with the Chicago Professor. "While there are wide variations in the different tribes," said Prof. Hunt, "by choosing the better Indians I believe that the intermarriage of Indians and members of our race would result in good. Some of the best families of Kentucky have a strain of Indian blood in their veins and in Oklahoma and South Dakota I know of marked examples of intermarriages." SUN PARLORS AND SLEEPING PORCHES AT CARLISLE. THERE have been completed during the summer three covered and protected porches for the Hospital. These additions not only enlarge the present building by affording additional ward room for at least twenty beds, but provide excellent accommodations for giving any of our students who may need it the benefits of the "sun treatment" Those students who have a tendency toward tuberculosis live in these wards to of which THE OGLALA LIGHT have been provided for boys and one for girls—all the year round and receive in its best form the open-air treatment. These wards are excellently built with metal roofs and wide, over-hanging eaves, and are protected from mosquitoes, flies, and other insects, by screens which cover all sides. Heavy canvas curtains, which can be raised and lowered by means of pulleys, shut out the rain during inclement weather, or the wind when it is considered too cold. Although it has been demonstrated by investigation made by the Indian Office that the health conditions at Carlisle are most superior, and that probably less tubercular trouble exists here in proportion to the number of students than at most other schools in the Service, it has been deemed advisable to add these additions for the furteer safeguarding of the health of those who attend this institution from the West. Their use will not be limited to students who are ill, but many young men and young women who need building up can thus obtain the best kind of treatment namely, lifting under the beneficent influences on Nature's great "out-of-doors". The Indian Craftsman. Dr. Carlos Montezuma, of Chicago, stopped at the school the first of the week on his way to San Carlos to visit his people. The doctor is an Apache. When a boy he was taken prisoner by the Pima, with whom his tribe were at war, and sold for thirty dollars. But the ways of peace suited the doctor better and he was found a few years later at Champagne, Illinois, where he graduated at the state university, and later finished the medical course in Chicago university. The Native American. |
257a6d5f2f31e9a1e69fc8e5e0f393ae_3 | French Open Data | Various open data | Cette augmentation traduit la dynamique constatée au cours de l’année sur la commercialisation des actifs livrés (huit actifs du pipeline)
et la gestion de l’activité locative.
Les prises à bail enregistrées en 2019 illustrent ce rythme soutenu avec plus de 168 000 m² entrées, assorties de 47,0 millions d’euros de
loyers faciaux annualisés.
Sur l’ensemble de ces prises à bail, plus de 75 600 m² sont relatives à des immeubles qui ont été livrés sur la période. Il s’agit notamment
de Gambetta (19 400 m²), Spring A (18 500 m²), Factor E (10 300 m²), et Le Brabant (8 400 m²).
Les prises à bail enregistrées sur le périmètre constant ont représenté plus de 64 000 m², principalement sur :
• Le parc de Rungis, avec près de 21 000 m² loués ;
• Des commercialisations de surfaces sur PB5 (La Défense) pour 5 500 m² et Spring B (Péri -Défense) pour 4 100 m².
Les libérations de surfaces sur la période ont atteint 141 300 m², représentant 57,6 millions d’euros de loyers faciaux annualisés dont :
• 47 348 m² ont vocation à être restructurées ;
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *34 • 41 641 m² ont été cédées sur l’exercice ;
• 52 286 m² liées à l’activité locative.
Le volume de signatures (125 baux) a atteint près de 12 8 000 m² sur l’exercice dont 76 018 m² à effet 2019, représentant un volume de
loyers faciaux annualisés de 33,0 millions d’euros.
Les principales signatures de l’exercice 2019 sont les suivantes :
• Pulse (Parc des Portes de Paris) : signature avec le Comité d’Organisation des Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques de Paris
2024 sur 28 860 m² avec prise d'effet en 2020 ;
• Orsud (Gentilly) : signature avec Orange sur 5 344 m² avec prise d'effet au 1er janvie r 2020 ;
• Le Beauvaisis (Pont de Flandre) : signature avec Dont Nod Entertainment sur 3 556 m² avec prise d'effet en 2020 ;
• Factor E livré en 2019 (Bordeaux) : signature avec Régus sur 5 651 m², 9 ans fermes avec prise d’effet à la livraison de
l'immeuble ;
• Le Castel livré en 2019 (Marseille): signatures avec Solimut (12 ans) et Deloitte (9 ans) portant sur la totalité de l'immeub le
(6 000 m²).
Les renouvellements de l’exercice totalisent 82 000 m² (54 baux), ce qui permet de sécuriser en année pleine 18,2 millions d’euros de
loyers faciaux. La durée ferme moyenne associée à ces baux s’établit à 6,9 années, contribuant ainsi positivement au maintien de la durée
moyenne des baux de l'ensemble du portefeuille.
Au 31 décembre 2019, les dix locatair es les plus importants représentent un total de loyers annualisés de 119,4 millions d’euros (31,9% des
loyers annualisés du patrimoine de la Foncière Tertiaire), hors regroupement public.
Enfin, à noter sur l’exercice, la livraison de huit actifs du pipel ine de développement (103 400 m²) représentant 31,0 millions d’euros de
loyers faciaux annualisés sécurisés à date (dont 9,5 millions avec un effet postérieur à l’exercice 2019).
Taux d’occupation financier et durée moyenne des baux
Classes d’actif Taux d'occupation financier Durée moyenne des baux
(en %)(b) (en années)(b)
31/12/2019 31/12/2018 Variation à
périmètre
constant (a) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018
Bureaux 96,4% 95,1% 0,4 pt 4,9 5,2
Parcs d’affaires 83,6% 89,1% 0,5 pt 3,0 2,9
BUREAUX ET PARCS D'AFFAIRES 92,6% 93,5% 0,4 pt 4,3 4,6
Autres Actifs 92,5% 92,9% -0,2 pt 6,5 6,7
FONCIÈRE TERTIAIRE 92,6% 93,4% 0,3 pt 4,5 4,7
(a) Variation entre le 31 décembre 2018 et le 31 décembre 2019, hors livraisons, acquisitions et cessions de la période.
(b) Données à 100%, sauf actifs mis en équivalence, en quote -part.
Au 31 décembre 2019, le Taux d’Occupation Financier (TOF) s’établit à 92,6%, en baisse de -0,8 point par rapport au 31 décembre 2018.
A périmètre constant, le TOF progresse de +0,3 point.
La prise à bail du Comité d'Organisation des Jeux Olympiques enregistrée sur l’immeuble Pulse et effective en 2020, améliore de 2,1 points
cet indicateur, le portant à 94,7 %.
La durée moyenne d'engagement ferme est de 4,5 années, en relative stabilité par rapport à 2018 (4,7 années).
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *35 Echéancier des baux par activité en loyers IFRS annualisés (en millions d’euros et détention à 100 %)
Bureaux
France Parcs
d’affaires Autres Total Part dans le total
2020 25,2 24,7 5,5 55,3 14,8%
2021 26,8 21,3 2,2 50,3 13,4%
2022 15,3 15,6 3,2 34,1 9,1%
2023 17,1 9,1 1,2 27,4 7,3%
2024 52,1 10,1 0,4 62,6 16,7%
2025 42,5 2,2 2,1 46,8 12,5%
2026 7,3 3,4 0,4 11,1 3,0%
2027 38,1 9,5 1,4 48,9 13,1%
2028 27,8 0,1 1,2 29,0 7,8%
2029 1,6 0,1 0,1 1,8 0,5%
2030 et + 1,2 0,8 4,7 6,6 1,8%
TOTAL 254,8 96,9 22,3 374,0 100,0%
En 2020, les loyers concernés par une option de sortie (option ou fin de bail) représentent 55,3 millions d’euros soit 14,8% des loyers IFRS
du portefeuille.
A noter qu’en 2019, sur un volume de 51,0 millions d’euros de loyers concernés par une option de sortie, 27% ont été exercés
(hors cessions/restructuration et garantie locative).
3.4. Pôle Foncière Santé
3.4.1. Evolution des valorisations du patrimoine de la Foncière Santé en quote -part
(données en QP) JV 31/12/2018 JV 31/12/2018
des actifs cédés Investissement
s et autres (a) Var. à
périmètre
constant (M€) Var. à
périmètre
constant (%) JV 31/12/2019
France 2 545,9 (11,4) 254,8 42,3 +1,7% 2 831,7
International - - 186,7 n/a n/a 186,7
Foncière Santé 2 545,9 (11,4) 441,6 42,3 +1,7% 3 018,4
(a) Comprend les CAPEX, les parts engagées en 2019 des acquisitions en VEFA, les acquisitions (en bloc et actifs dont la part de détention d'ICADE a augmenté
sur l'année). Comprend également le retraitement des droits et frais d’acquisitions, de la variation de valeur des actifs acquis sur l’exercice, des travaux sur
actifs cédés, des évolutions de droits de mutation et des variations de valeurs des actifs assimilés à des créances financièr es.
A fin décembre 2019, la valeur globale du portefeuille Santé, en quote -part Icade, progresse très significativement à 3 018,4 millions
d'euros hors droits, soit +472,5 millions d'euros de plus qu'au 31 décembre 2018 (+18,6%).
A 100%, la valeur du patrimoine de la foncière Santé s’élève à 5 286,2 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2019 contre 4 484,4 millions
d’euros à fin 2018 (soit + 801,8 millions d'euros).
Cette progression de valeur est principalement portée par les investissements sur la période (441,6 millions d'euros, dont 415,5 millions
d'euros pour les acquisitions, soit 706,4 millions d'euros à 100%). L'année 2019 a, en effet, été marquée par de nombreuses a cquisitions,
notamment à l'international avec l'acquisition d’un portefeuille d'immeub les significatif en Allemagne (voir paragraphe ci -dessous).
Sur la même période et à périmètre constant la valeur du portefeuille augmente de +42,3 millions d’euros en quote -part Icade, soit +1,7%.
Cette évolution positive, reflète une orientation favorabl e du marché de l'investissement, notamment pour les actifs prime.
3.4.2. Investissements
(en millions d'euros) (données à 100%) Acquisitions
d’actifs Opérations en
développement Autres
Capex Autres Total
France 401,6 37,0 27,4 0,9 467,0
International 304,8 - - - 304,8
FONCIÈRE SANTÉ 706,4 37,0 27,4 0,9 771,9
Les investissements réalisés au cours de l’exercice 2019 s’élèvent à 771,9 millions d’euros , en forte progression par rapport à 2018
(+460,4 millions d’euros), portée par la poursuite des acquisitions en France et l’accélération des investissements à l’int ernational.
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *36 • Investissements en France (à 100%) :
Le montant des investissements atteint 467,0 millions d’euros , dont 401,6 millions au titre des acquisitions, portées essentiellement sur les
transactions suivantes :
- L’acquisition au 31 Juillet 2019 d’un portefeuille de 12 établissements (7 EHPAD, 4 cliniques SSR et 1 établissement
psychiatrique) pour une valeur de 191,0 millions d’euros ;
- L’acquisition en Novembre 2019 du Groupe Confluent détenant l’hôpital Privé du Confluent situé à Nantes pour un m ontant de
194,0 millions d’euros.
A cela, s’ajoutent 37,0 millions d’euros d’investissements réalisés au titre du pipeline de développement sur l’exercice et rattachés aux
opérations suivantes :
- Le projet de construction de l’Hôpital privé du Grand Narbonn e dont la livraison est prévue au quatrième trimestre 2020 pour un
montant de 15,0 millions d’euros ;
- Deux livraisons intervenues en 2019 pour 9,8 millions d’euros d’investissements en 2019 : le pôle Santé Atlantique (Bromélia)
à Saint -Herblain et la tran che 1 du projet situé à Puilboreau.
Les autres projets du pipeline de développement totalisent quant à eux 12,2 millions d’euros.
Le solde (travaux et autres investissements) sur l’exercice s’est élevé à 28,4 millions d’euros.
• Investissements à l’international (à 100%) :
Le montant des investissements à l’international a atteint 304,8 millions d’euros sur l’exercice, avec notamment une première acquisition
significative en Allemagne au dernier trimestre 2019 (portefeuille de 19 maisons de retraites médicalisées pour 266,0 millions d’euros dont
256,7 millions d’euros engagés). Par ailleurs, après une première acquisition d’une maison de retraite médicalisée neuve pour 12,1 millions
d’euros en Italie, la Foncière Santé a poursuivi ses investissements avec l’acquisition de cinq maisons de retraite médicalisées
pour 25,1 millions d’euros et d’une maison de retraite médicalisée auprès du groupe KOS pour 11,0 millions d’euros.
Les acquisitions représentent un montant total de 753,2 mi llions d’euros sur l’exercice 2019 (dont quatre actifs sous promesse pour
38 millions d’euros).
Pipeline de développement à 100%
Projets (M€) Date de livraison
prévisionnelle Exploitant Nombre de
lits et
places Loyers Yield On
Cost (a) Total Coût
de revient Reste à
réaliser
> 2019
Hôpital privé du Grand Narbonne – Montredon -
des-Corbières T4 2020 Elsan 283 47,8 18,5
SSR Jonc Marins -Le Perreux -sur-Marne T3 2021 Korian 136 21,9 21,9
Clinique de l'Atlantique - Puilboreau T2 2020 Ramsay
Santé 100 20,0 0,4
Polyclinique du Parc – Caen T4 2021 Elsan 288 21,2 17,0
Clinique Saint -Charles – La Roche -sur-Yon T1 2022 Sisio 210 14,1 12,9
Pôle Santé Lunellois - Lunel T3 2021 Clinipôle 79 11,6 9,4
SSR Mornay - Saintes 2021 Korian 82 10,2 5,6
Pipeline France 1 178 146,8 85,6
Italie - Portefeuille Gheron 2020 -2021 Gheron 1020 113,0 113,0
Italie - Villalba T1 2021 KOS 80 12,8 12,8
Italie - Grosseto T1 2021 KOS 120 11,4 11,4
Allemagne - Tangerhütte T2 2020 Emvia
Living 66 7,6 0,1
Pipeline International 1 286 144,9 137,3
TOTAL PIPELINE 2 464 16,1 5,7% 291,7 222,9
(a) YOC= Loyers faciaux / Prix de revient du projet tel qu'approuvé par les instances de gouvernance d'Icade. Ce prix compren d la valeur comptable du foncier, le budget
de travaux (hors honoraires internes), le coût de portage financier et les éventuelles mesures d'accompagnemen t.
Le pôle Foncière Santé dispose d'un pipeline de développement avec un coût de revient estimé à 291,7 millions d’euros ( 16,1 millions
d’euros de loyers additionnels à terme ), dont 144,9 millions d’investissements relatifs à des développements à l’international.
Le rendement moyen attendu de ces opéra tions ressort à 5,7%.
Ce pipeline est intégralement pré -loué.
3.4.3. Arbitrages
Le volume des arbitrages réalisés au cours de l’exercice écoulé s’est élevé à 18,3 millions d’euros et concerne pour l’essent iel la clinique du
Ter à Ploemer et la clinique Pasteur à Vitry -sur-Seine.
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *37 3.4.4. Résultat net récurrent (RNR) de la Foncière Santé au 31 décembre 2019
(en millions d'euros) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018
Récurrent
Foncière Santé Non récurrent
(a) Total Foncière
Santé Récurrent
Foncière Santé Non récurrent
(a) Total Foncière
Santé
REVENUS LOCATIFS 264,7 - 264,7 241,0 - 241,0
LOYERS NETS 263,4 - 263,4 235,9 - 235,9
TAUX DE MARGE (LOYERS NETS/REVENUS
LOCATIFS) 99,5% 0,0% 99,5% 97,9% 0,0% 97,9%
Coûts de fonctionnement nets (16,2) - (16,2) (12,5) - (12,5)
Résultat des autres activités - - - - - -
EXCEDENT BRUT OPERATIONNEL 247,2 - 247,2 223,4 - 223,4
Amortissements et pertes de valeur - (118,4) (118,4) - (115,4) (115,4)
Résultat sur acquisitions - (7,2) (7,2) - (1,3) (1,3)
Résultat sur cessions - (2,4) (2,4) - (0,0) (0,0)
Part dans le résultat des sociétés mises en
équivalence - - - - - -
RÉSULTAT OPÉRATIONNEL 247,2 (128,0) 119,1 223,4 (116,8) 106,6
Coût de l'endettement net (32,4) - (32,4) (29,6) - (29,6)
Autres produits et charges financiers (1,0) (1,1) (2,1) (0,6) (10,1) (10,7)
RÉSULTAT FINANCIER (33,4) (1,1) (34,5) (30,2) (10,1) (40,3)
Charge d’impôt (2,7) - (2,7) (2,1) 0,6 (1,5)
RÉSULTAT NET 211,1 (129,1) 81,9 191,0 (126,2) 64,8
Résultat net - Part des participations ne
donnant pas le contrôle 91,2 (55,6) 35,6 82,8 (54,7) 28,1
RÉSULTAT NET - PART DU GROUPE 119,8 (73,5) 46,3 108,2 (71,5) 36,7
(a) La colonne "Non récurrent" regroupe les dotations aux amortissements des immeubles de placement, le résultat des cessions, la mise en juste valeur des
instruments financiers et d'autres éléments non récurrents.
Les revenus locatifs de la Foncière Santé s’établissent à 264,7 millions d’euros soit une progression sensible de 9,9 % par r apport au
31 décembre 2018.
L’augmentation des coûts de fonctionnement provient de l’accroissement des actifs en portefeuille et dans une moindre mesure, des coûts
engagés suite à l’accélération des investissements en Europe.
L’excédent brut opérationnel progresse en c onséquence de +23,8 millions d’euros dans un contexte d’évolution des coûts maîtrisée.
Le résultat financier récurrent du pôle Foncière Santé au 31 décembre 2019 s’élève à -33,4 millions d’euros en amélioration de 3,2 millions
d’euros par rapport au 31 dé cembre 2018 en lien avec la croissance des investissements et l’augmentation en volume de la dette
en conséquence, l’effet prix étant, quant à lui en baisse, le coût moyen de la dette de la Foncière Santé passant sous la barre des 2%.
En conséquence le Rés ultat net récurrent (RNR) part du Groupe de la Foncière Santé au 31 décembre 2019 s’élève à 119,8 millions d’euros
en progression de +10,7% par rapport au 31 décembre 2018.
Le résultat net part du Groupe, quant à lui, s’établit à 46,3 millions d’euros cont re 36,7 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2018.
Pour mémoire, il intègre notamment les dotations aux amortissements et pertes de valeur de l’exercice.
3.4.5. Evolution des revenus locatifs de la Foncière Santé au 31 décembre 2019
31/12/2018 Acquisitions
d'actifs Constructions
Restructurations
d'actifs Activité
locative et
indexations 31/12/2019 Variation
totale Variation à
périmètre
constant (en millions d’euros) Cessions
d'actifs
FONCIÈRE SANTÉ 241,0 10,6 (1,4) 9,3 5,2 264,7 23,8 2,6%
Porté par la croissance du portefeuille, les revenus locatifs réalisés par la Foncière Santé enregistrent une forte progressi on et atteignent
264,7 millions d’euros soit +9,9% à périmètre courant au 31 décembre 2019. Essentiellement sous l’effet de l’indexation, l’évolution
à périmètre constant ressort quant à elle à +2,6%.
A périmètre courant, la progression des loyers est soutenue par les livraisons à hauteur de +9,3 millions d’euros ainsi que l es acquisitions
en Fra nce et en Italie sur l’exercice (+10,6 millions d’euros).
(en millions d'euros) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018
Loyers nets Marge Loyers nets Marge
FONCIÈRE SANTÉ 263,4 99,5% 235,9 97,9%
Le loyer net du pôle Foncière Santé ressort pour l’année 2019 à 263,4 millions d’euros et bénéficie d’un taux de marge de 99,5%
en augmentation par rapport à 2018 (+ 1,6 point). Ce taux élevé résulte notamment d’indemnités de résiliation anticipée reçues a u cours
de l’exercice suite à la cession de la clinique du Ter à Ploemer et de la clinique Pasteur à Vitry -sur-Seine.
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *38 3.4.6. Activité locative du pôle Foncière Santé
Le taux d’occupation financier à 100 % au 31 décembre 2019 est identique au 31 décembre 2018.
La durée moyenne ferme des baux des actifs en France est stable par rapport au 31 décembre 2018, à 7,4 ans. Elle atteint 8,0 ans
sur l’ensemble du périmètre Santé avec l'intégration des actifs à l’international (17,9 ans en moyenne).
Au cours de l’exercice, 19 baux ont été renouvelés ou prorogés. Leur impact sur la d urée ferme de la Foncière Santé est de +0,9 année.
Le tableau ci -dessous représente l’échéancier des baux en loyers IFRS annualisés :
Santé
France Santé International Foncière
Santé
2020 16,0 - 16,0
2021 4,0 0,6 4,5
2022 5,5 - 5,5
2023 14,4 - 14,4
2024 18,6 - 18,6
2025 22,5 - 22,5
2026 30,2 - 30,2
2027 49,1 - 49,1
2028 48,4 - 48,4
2029 13,6 - 13,6
2030 et plus 59,2 14,9 74,1
TOTAL 281,6 15,5 297,1
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *39 4. Métier Promotion
4.1. Compte de résultat et indicateurs de performance
TABLEAU DE SYNTHESE
31/12/2019 31/12/2018
En millions d'euros Total
Promotion Courant Non
courant Total
Promotion Courant Non
courant
CHIFFRE D'AFFAIRES ÉCONOMIQUE 967,8 967,8 1 250,9 1 250,9
RÉSULTAT OPÉRATIONNEL ÉCONOMIQUE (a) 48,6 56,7 (8,1) 88,0 88,0
Taux de marge économique courant (ROEC/CA) 5,9% 7,0%
RÉSULTAT OPÉRATIONNEL 39,7 47,8 (8,1) 73,4 76,5 (3,1)
RÉSULTAT FINANCIER (5,2) (5,0) (0,2) (4,1) (4,1) 0,1
Impôt sur les sociétés (4,1) (6,8) 2,7 (24,5) (25,5) 1,0
RÉSULTAT NET 30,3 36,0 (5,7) 44,8 46,8 (2,0)
RÉSULTAT NET PART DU GROUPE 27,5 33,1 (5,7) 42,4 44,4 (2,0)
(a) Retraitement des charges de redevance de marque et de coûts de holding.
Activité du Pôle Promotion
Icade Promotion est un acteur généraliste de la promotion immobilière sur l’ensemble du territoire français de métropole et d ’outre -mer.
L’activité se répartit pour 80% dans le segment Résidentiel et pour 20% dans le segment Tertiaire et Equipements Public s (notamment les
établissements de santé).
Après un chiffre d’affaires record constaté sur l’année 2018, le chiffre d’affaires économique de l’année 2019 est en baisse de -22,6%
par rapport à l’année 2018, baisse résultant essentiellement du recul de l’ac tivité Tertiaire, dont le chiffre d’affaires a baissé de -42,7%
sous l’effet de nombreuses livraisons intervenues en 2018. Le chiffre d’affaires du Résidentiel est en retrait de -15,7% dans un contexte
de marché pré -électoral : les élections municipales attendues en mai 2020 se traduisent en effet toujours par un ralentissement marqué
des autorisations de PC.
Néanmoins, la dynamique déployée par les équipes opérationnelles du Résidentiel s’est traduite par une croissance des réserva tions
(5 067 lots en 2019 versus 4 938 lots en 2018, soit + 2,6%), alors que le marché dans son ensemble recule ( -2%). La baisse des réservations
pour les particuliers a été plus que compensée par une accélération des réservations réalisées par les investisseurs inst itutionnels sur le
second semestre de l’année.
Ainsi, la hausse du backlog avec une croissance de 8,1% (1 257,4 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2019, versus 1 162,8 millions d’euros
au 31 décembre 2018), donne une meilleure visibilité sur l’activité de l’a nnée 2020.
La rentabilité du pôle promotion, mesurée par le taux de marge économique courant (5,9% au 31 décembre 2019) s’explique par l a baisse
du volume d’activité et par la hausse marquée des coûts de construction.
Dans ce contexte, le Cash -flow net co urant (CFNC) s’établit à 33,1 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2019.
Le résultat net part du Groupe (RNPG) au 31 décembre 2019 du pôle Promotion s’élève, quant à lui, à 27,5 millions d’euros.
4.1.1. Rendement des capitaux propres
(en millions d'euros) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018
Résultat net - part du Groupe 27,9 42,4
Fonds propres alloués (a) 164,7 243,9
RENDEMENT DES CAPITAUX PROPRES 16,9% 17,4%
(a) Fonds propres alloués aux activités courantes de la promotion (hors réserves foncières à long terme et projets d'aménagement), hors résultat de l’exercice
; antérieurement valeur moyenne pondérée des fonds propres consolidés sur la période hors résultat / non comparable avec N -1.
Au 31 décembre 2019, le rendement des capitaux propres (ROE) engagés pour les activités de promotion c ourantes (hors réserves
foncières à long terme et projets d’aménagement) s’élève à 16,9%, en ligne avec les objectifs donnés par le groupe.
A titre d’information, le ROE du pôle promotion calculé sur la base des fonds propres comptables (intégrant notamment ces réserves
foncières et projets d’aménagement) s’établit à 12,7% au 31 décembre 2019.
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *40 4.1.2. Backlog Promotion et Carnet de commandes
Le backlog représente le chiffre d’affaires signé (hors taxes) non encore comptabilisé sur les opérations de promotion compte tenu de
l’avancement et des réservations signées (hors taxes).
Le carnet de commandes représente les contrats de service hors taxes signés e t non encore produits.
31/12/2019 31/12/2018
(en millions d’euros) Total Île-de-France
DOM -TOM Régions Total Île-de-France
DOM -TOM Régions
Promotion Logement 1 006,4 535,6 470,8 927,5 474,7 452,8
Promotion Tertiaire 140,6 30,0 110,6 126,2 54,4 71,8
Promotion Publique et Santé 85,0 58,9 26,1 76,8 22,8 54,0
Carnet de commandes MOD 25,3 24,7 0,6 32,4 31,6 0,7
TOTAL 1 257,4 649,3 608,1 1 162,8 583,5 579,3
Part dans le total 100,0% 51,6% 48,4% 100,0% 50,2% 49,8%
Le backlog total du pôle Promotion s’élève à 1 257,4 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2018 contre 1 162,8 millions d’euros au 31 décembre
2018, en augmentation de 8,1%.
Cette évolution s’analyse comme suit :
♦ Une augmentation de 8,5% du backlog « Promotion Logement » en lien avec un niveau élevé de réservations (+7,6% en valeur) ;
♦ Une augmentation de 11,2% du backlog « Promotion Tertiaire et Promotion Publique et Santé », conséquence de signatures sur 2019.
4.2. Promotion logement
(en millions d'eur os) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018 Evolution
Chiffre d'affaires économique 775,6 919,6 (15,7%)
Résultat opérationnel économique courant 46,4 66,3 (30,0%)
TAUX DE MARGE ÉCONOMIQUE COURANT (ROEC/CA) 6,0% 7,2% -1,2 pt
A la suite d’une année 2018 record en termes de ventes actées et de lancements de travaux, le chiffre d’affaires de l’activité Promotion
Résidentiel à la fin de l’année 2019 s’élève à 775,6 millions d’euros, en diminution de 15,7 %, en lien avec le ralentissemen t de l’offre de
logements neufs, impactée notamment par la baisse des permis de construire dans un contexte de période pré -électorale.
La baisse des mises en chantier ( -22,5%, soit 4 716 lots au 31 décembre 2019 contre 6 086 lots au 31 décembre 2018) et des ventes actées
(-28,4%, soit 4 545 lots au 31 décembre 2019 contre 6 346 lots au 31 décembre 2018) concourent à la diminution du chiffre d’affaires et
traduisent aussi le contexte de marché actuel, quelques mois avant les élections municipales prévues en 2020.
Le résultat opérationnel économique courant de l’activité promotion logement ressort en baisse à 46,4 millions d’euros au 31 décembre
2019, contre 66,3 millions d’euros au 31 décembre de l’année précédente, expliquée principalement par la diminution du vol ume de chiffre
d’affaires et la baisse de rentabilité des opérations, conséquente aux tensions sur le marché des entreprises de construction (hausse des
coûts et manque de disponibilité).
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *41 Principaux indicateurs physiques au 31 décembre 2019
31/12/2019 31/12/2018 Variation
Mise en commercialisation
Île-de-France DOM -TOM 2 459 2 230 10,3%
Régions 3 125 2 924 6,9%
TOTAL LOTS (en unités) (a) 5 584 5 154 8,3%
Île-de-France DOM TOM 661,3 588,4 12,4%
Régions 681,9 578,6 17,8%
TOTAL CHIFFRE D’AFFAIRES (potentiel en millions d'euros) 1 343,2 1 167,0 15,1%
Lancement d’opérations
Île-de-France DOM -TOM 2 161 3 064 (29,5%)
Régions 2 555 3 022 (15,5%)
TOTAL LOTS (en unités) 4 716 6 086 (22,5%)
Île-de-France DOM TOM 560,9 654,1 (14,3%)
Régions 570,6 575,0 (0,8%)
TOTAL CHIFFRE D’AFFAIRES (potentiel en millions d'euros) 1 131,5 1 229,1 (7,9%)
Réservations nettes
Réservations de logements (en unités) 5 067 4 938 2,6%
Réservations de logements (en millions d’euros, TTC) 1 120,6 1 041,3 7,6%
Taux de désistement logements (en %) 15% 16% -1,1 pt
Prix moyen de vente et surface moyenne sur la base des réservations
Prix moyen TTC au m2 habitable (en €/m²) 4 109 3 851 6,7%
Budget moyen TTC par logement (en k€) 221,5 211,2 4,9%
Surface moyenne par logement (en m²) 53,9 54,8 (1,6%)
(a) Les unités permettent de définir le nombre de logements ou d’équivalents logements (pour les programmes mixtes) d’un programm e donné. Le nombre
d’unités des équivalents logements se détermine en rapportant la surface par type (locaux d’activités, commerces, bureaux) à la surface mo yenne des
logements calculés à partir de la référence du 31 décembre de l’année précédente.
Répartition des réservations par typol ogie de client
31/12/2019 31/12/2018
Investisseurs institutionnels sociaux (ESH) – bailleurs sociaux 13,8% 17,1%
Investisseurs institutionnels 24,6% 16,9%
Investisseurs personnes physiques 33,1% 36,8%
Accédants 28,5% 29,2%
TOTAL 100,0% 100,0%
Bien que le contexte de marché soit en recul avec des difficultés pour obtenir les permis de construire (gel de nombreux projets dans la
perspective des élections municipales de 2020, adoption en cours des PLU intercommunaux dans les métropoles et recours contentieux qui
continuent à être importants), la dynamique opérationnelle d’Icade Promotion a permis de surperformer avec une hausse des mises en
commercialisation et particulièrement une accélération à partir du second semestre 2019 (+15,1% de plus en va leur entre 2019 et 2018).
Dans cette dynamique, les réservations nettes de logements réalisées par le pôle Promotion au 31 décembre 2019 progressent de 2,6%
en volume par rapport à l'année précédente (4 938), pour atteindre 5 067 réservations, et augmente nt de 7,6% en valeur, avec deux
tendances opposées :
- D’un côté, accompagnant le ralentissement du marché de l’immobilier de logements neufs, les réservations réalisées par les
particuliers investisseurs personnes physiques et accédants sont en retrait en p ourcentage et en volume par rapport à l’année
précédente ( - 4,4 points à 61,6%) ;
- De l’autre, profitant du retour des investisseurs Institutionnels sur le marché du Résidentiel, les réservations réalisées en bloc se
sont accélérées sur le second semestre d e l’année (1 469 lots), permettant une croissance de + 4,4 points à 38,4% pour cette
catégorie d’acquéreurs.
La hausse du prix moyen par logement (221,5 K€ en 2019 versus 211,2 K€ en 2018) s’explique à la fois par la hausse des prix d u marché,
et par un positionnement des opérations du pôle Promotion en commercialisation sur des zones à prix plus élevés, notamment en Ile de
France.
La baisse des mises en chantier ( -7,9% en valeur ), tant en Région qu’en Ile -de-France est liée aux retards sur les obtentio ns d’autorisations
administratives et aux délais plus longs de négociation des marchés de travaux compte tenu des tensions (prix et offre) sur l e secteur du
bâtiment.
Le montant du stock de produits finis n’est pas significatif (1,3% de l’offre totale) . Il s’élève à 15,2 millions d’euros au 31 décembre 2019,
en diminution par rapport au 31 décembre 2018 (16,2 millions d’euros).
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *42
Portefeuille foncier
Le portefeuille foncier des logements4 et lots à bâtir s’élève à 10 456 lots en quote -part pour un chiffre d’affaires potentiel de 2,0 milliards
d’euros5, et reste stable par rapport au 31 décembre 2018 (11 404 lots pour 2,0 milliards d’euros).
4.3. Promotion Tertiaire
(en millions d'euros) 31/12/2019 31/12/2018 Evolution
Chiffre d'affaires économique 189,7 331,3 -42,7%
Résultat opérationnel économique courant 10,6 21,7 -51,2%
TAUX DE MARGE ÉCONOMIQUE COURANT (ROEC/CA) 5,6% 6,6% -1,0 pt
Au 31 décembre 2019, le chiffre d’affaires de l’activité Promotion Tertiaire et Publique -Santé s’élève à 189,7 millions d’euros en baisse par
rapport au chiffre d’affaires constaté en fin d’année 2018 (331,3 millions d’euros), avec une contribution significative sur l’année de
l’opératio n de bureaux située à Villejuif pour une surface de 18 000 m².
Le résultat opérationnel économique courant de l’activité promotion Tertiaire et Publique -Santé ressort en baisse à 10,6 millions d’euros
au 31 décembre 2019, contre 21,7 millions d’euros au 31 décembre de l’année précédente, expliqué principalement par la baisse du chiffre
d’affaires et dans une moindre mesure, l’effritement des marges.
Promotion Publique et Santé
Au 31 décembre 2019, le portefeuille de projets dans le domaine de la Promotion Publique et Santé correspond à 131 762 m² (152 594 m²
au 31 décembre 2018) de projets, dont 60 721 m² en cours de travaux. Le portefeuille de projets pour cette activité est essen tiellement
situé en régions et dans les DOM -TOM. Les livraisons de l’année re présentent 14 136 m².
Promotion Bureaux, Hôtels et Commerces
Au 31 décembre 2019, le pôle Promotion dispose d’un portefeuille de projets dans le domaine de la Promotion Bureaux, Hôtels e t
Commerces d’environ 680 422 m² (contre 668 818 m² au 31 décembre 2 018), dont 64 691 m² de projets en cours de réalisation
(notamment l’immeuble situé à Toulouse (12 737 m²) pour l’équipementier aéronautique Latécoère et l’immeuble situé à Villejuif
(18 000 m²)). Sur l'année 2019, les livraisons représentent 75 626 m² don t les livraisons de l’immeuble de bureaux Twist (10 400 m²) sur la
ZAC Clichy Batignolles, l’immeuble EKLA Business (14 800 m2) à Lille, l’immeuble Sky -Line II (4 692 m²) à Toulouse, et un immeuble de
bureaux (10 385 m²) dans le quartier Carré de soie à Va ulx-en-Velin.
4.4. Grands Projets
Le volume de chiffre d’affaires potentiel6 total d’Icade Promotion s’élève à 7,1 milliards d’euros , représentant à moyen terme plus de
20 600 lots pour l’activité logement et plus de 454 800 m² pour l’activité tertiaire. Il intègre le portefeuille foncier de l’activité Promotion
logement, estimé à 2,0 milliards d’euros au 31 décembre 2019, stable par rapport au 31 décembre 2018.
Cette hausse de 23% par rapport à 2018, portée essentiellement par les concours gagnés (+1,0 milliard d’euros) , confirme la capacité
d’Icade Promotion à inscrire sa nouvelle feuille de route 2020 -2024 dans une perspective de croissance.
Principaux concour s gagnés sur l’exercice 2019 :
• Inventer Bruneseau – Projet Nouvel R
En mars 2019, le groupement de promoteurs composé de AG Real Estate, Icade, Les Nouveaux Constructeurs (mandataire) et Nexity ,
associé au spécialiste du commerce Frey, a été désigné lauré at de l’appel à projets « Inventer Bruneseau », appel à projets organisé par la
Ville de Paris et la SEMAPA. Le projet Nouvel R porte sur la réalisation d’un projet de près de 100 000 m² destiné à créer un véritable lien
entre Paris et Ivry -sur-Seine. Un p rojet ambitieux qui fera de Bruneseau le premier quartier décarboné de France.
Ce projet comprend 25 000 m² de bureaux, 50 000 m² de logements et 20 000 m² de commerces et activités. L’ensemble de l’opération se
déroulera de 2021 à 2025.
4 Valorisation du potentiel de nombre de lots et de chiffre d’affaires des opérations avec une promesse de vente de terrain signée, et non encore
mises en commercialisation.
5 Chiffre d’affaires hors taxes avec prise en compte de la quote -part des co -entreprises en contrôle conjoint.
6 CA hors taxes et en Quote -part intégrant le backlog , les opérations gagnées, le stock de lots en cours de commercialisation ainsi que le portefeuille
foncier .
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *43 • Îlot 8.12 à Bord eaux
Icade Promotion a été désignée lauréate par l’aménageur Bordeaux -Euratlantique pour la réalisation d’une opération immobilière mixte à
proximité de la gare Saint Jean.
Le projet comprend un parking silo de 450 places (10 000 m² environ), 64 logements (5 000 m² SDP environ) et 350 m² de commerces
(activités en RDC).
L’ensemble du projet aura la particularité d’avoir une structure majoritairement en bois.
De plus, dans la perspective future de créer la ville sur la ville, le parking silo sera conçu po ur permettre une réversibilité partielle de ses
surfaces en bureaux.
Le permis de construire sera déposé avant l’été avec l’objectif de démarrer les travaux en début d’année 2020.
• Site Air France à Valbonne
En Mai 2019, Icade Promotion a remporté la cons ultation lancée par Air France en novembre 2018 pour un terrain situé sur la ville de
Valbonne, au cœur de la technopole de SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS (06).
La programmation du projet permettra de développer 14 000 m² de surface plancher, dont 6 000 m² de logements et 8 000 m² de bureaux.
Compte tenu des enjeux environnementaux liés à la faune et la flore, le dépôt du permis de construire est prévu au 3ème trimestre 2020 et
la livraison en 2022.
• CHU de Caen – Les Grands Jardins de Calix
Le groupement composé d’Icade Promotion, de l’aménageur Shema ainsi que des promoteurs régionaux Pozzo et Flaviae a été désigné
lauréat de la consultation d'aménagement lancée par le CHU de Caen, en collaboration avec la ville, en vue de la cession d'un foncier de
près de 8 hec tares anciennement occupé par l'hôpital Clémenceau.
Icade et ses partenaires ont pour ambition de développer un nouveau quartier résidentiel "convivial et familial". Le projet, baptisé
"Les Grands Jardins de Calix", porte sur la réalisation de logements et bâtiments tertiaires pour plus de 44.000 m².
Le lancement des travaux est fixé à "horizon 2020".
• Nanterre Partagée
Icade, Crédit Agricole Immobilier et Novaxia ont été désignés lauréats pour le site de l’hôpital de Nanterre dans le cadre du concours
Inventons la Métropole du Grand Paris 2.
Dans le cadre de sa modernisation/restructuration, le Centre d’Accueil et de Soins Hospitaliers (CASH) de Nanterre libérera p lus de
2 hectares destinés à être réaménagés pour ouvrir l’hôpital sur son quartier, et offr ir aux habitants un nouveau lieu de destination.
Autour du bâtiment historique, conservé et réhabilité, le programme de 29 000 m² mixera logements, habitat partagé, résidence étudiante
et résidence mobilité, un café participatif et une école Montessori.
• Projet Réinventer Paris 2 - gare des Gobelins
Le 11 juillet, le groupement composé d’Icade & Segro a été désigné lauréat de l’appel à projet Réinventer Paris 2 pour le sit e de la gare des
Gobelins, organisé par la SNCF et la Ville de Paris. Le projet porte sur la construction à l'horizon 2024 d'un ensemble comprenant 14 800 m²
de bureaux, 4 600 m² dédiés au sport ainsi que la modernisation des 70 000 m² existants d'entrepôts situés en sous -sol.
• Chrysalide à Marseille
Icade et MAP Architecture ont été dési gnés lauréats pour piloter la recomposition immobilière du site de l'association UNAPEI Alpes
Provence dans le quartier de Montolivet (4e) à Marseille, au terme de l'appel à projets lancé au printemps 2018.
Le projet, conçu en partenariat avec CDC Habitat, ADOMA et la Banque des Territoires, prévoit la réalisation d'un ensemble de près de
12 600 m² (2 900 m² pour la reconstitution des équipements de l’association et la création de 44 logements dans le cadre de la création
d’un foyer de vie (logements inter médiaires et résidence jeunes actifs).
Les travaux devraient démarrer courant 2020 en vue d'une livraison de l'opération au second semestre 2022.
• Woop Up à Montpellier
Icade a été désigné lauréat le 20 septembre de la consultation Serm pour la réalisation d’une opération mixte bois/béton de 10 142 m2 sur
le lot E2 dans la ZAC République à Montpellier.
Cette opération, développée en co -promotion avec REI/Kaleithos, sera composée de 107 logements (81 logements libres + 26 logements
abordables), de 778 m² de commerces, de 756 m² de bureaux, de 488 m² de logements ateliers (Small Office Home Office) et d’un
équipement commun de 150 m². Le lancement des travaux est prévu pour fin 2020.
• Île Seguin à Boulogne Billancourt
Une promesse de vente pour ce terrain de 4,2 ha a été signée le 12 août dernier entre l'aménageur de la ville, la SPL Val de Seine
Aménagement, et Développement Boulogne Seguin, et un groupement de trois promoteurs immobiliers : Hines, Icade et Vinci immob ilier.
Sur cett e parcelle située au milieu de l’île, le groupement immobilier prévoit d'y bâtir 123 500 m² de bureaux et 6 500 m² d’activité s
comprenant des commerces, des restaurants, des équipements de loisirs qui assureront l’animation de l’île entre les deux poin tes
culturelles, soit un total de 130 000 m² de constructions. Le tout sera accompagné d'activités de loisirs et d'un parc public de 15 000 m² sur
la rive sud. Les dépôts de permis de construire devraient intervenir d’ici début 2020.
ICADE* ANNEXES 2019 *44 • Mont de Terre à Lille
Icade a signé le 11 juillet dernier la promesse d’aménagement d’une assiette foncière de 55 650 m², dans le secteur « Mont de Terre » de
Lille, suite à la consultation lancée par la SNCF en juillet 2018.
La programmation sera principalement du logement sur u ne surface de 28 200 m² soit environ 400 logements. Le dépôt du permis
d’aménager se fera en 2020 et les premiers lancements de travaux devraient intervenir en 2022/2023.
• Réinventer Le Havre :
Le 10 décembre dernier, la Ville du Havre et ses partenaires o nt désigné Icade, lauréat de l’appel à projet « Réinventer le Havre », pour les
sites :
- Ilot Flaubert : en partenariat avec le Groupe Hospitalier du Havre pour la réalisation de 210 logements en accession,
une résidence service sénior de 110 logements, une crèche et le nouveau siège social de l’association « La Ligue
Havraise » (aide aux personnes en situation de handicap) ;
- Ancien Centre Régional de la Jeunesse et des Sports : transformation en une résidence de 31 logements en co -living,
exploitée par la s ociété Sharies avec des espaces de services ouverts : espace de co -working, salle de fitness, espace
évènementiel, espace de restauration.
Les dépôts de PC devraient intervenir en 2020 pour un lancement des travaux fin 2021.
• Ilots Courbet Cerdan Républiqu e à Brest :
Icade, en co -promotion avec le groupe Duval, a été désigné lauréat pour la réalisation d’un programme mixte de 183 logements sur une
superficie de 19 545 m² comprenant des logements, une résidence pour personnes âgées, une résidence en co -living, une maison médicale,
des commerces et des bureaux.
Le dépôt de PC devrait intervenir au 1er semestre 2020 pour un lancement des travaux en 2021.
• Boul et Bill à Nantes :
Icade, en co -promotion avec REI Habitat, a été désigné lauréat du concours SAMOA « BOUL & BILL » pour la réalisation d’une opération
mixte habitat -bureaux de 10 000 m² sur l’Ile de Nantes dans le Quartier République. Ce projet comprendra 108 logements, 2 000 m² liée
au tertiaire, et 400 m² liée à l’activité. La livraison est prévue en 2 023.
• JO 2024 – St-Ouen
Au terme de la consultation lancée par la SOLIDEO (Société de Livraison des Ouvrages Olympiques), le projet porté par le Grou pement
formé par Icade, la Caisse des Dépôts (Banque des Territoires) et CDC Habitat, a été choisi par le Conseil d’administration de la SOLIDEO
pour réaliser l’ilot D du Village Olympique et Paralympique à Saint -Ouen -sur-Seine (« Les Quinconces »).
Proposant un parcours résidentiel complet et inclusif, « Les Quinconces » comprendront 652 logements pour tous : 245 logements en
accession, 93 logements locatifs sociaux familiaux, 99 logements locatifs intermédiaires, une résidence étudiante de 150 cham bres (Twenty
Campus) et une résidence sociale de 65 studios ciblant en priorité des personnes en situation de han dicap (ADOMA).
Cet ensemble comprendra également un immeuble « Les Gradins » de 9 300 m² de bureaux, conçu pour répondre aux nouveaux modes de
travail collaboratifs et flexibles.
Le dépôt de PC devrait intervenir sur le 1er semestre 2020 et le lancement de s travaux en 2021 pour une livraison au COJO (Comité des Jeux
Olympiques) au 1er trimestre 2024.
4.5. Besoin en fonds de roulement et endettement
31/12/2019 31/12/2018
(a) (b) (a) (b) Variation
(en millions d'euros) IFRS Reclassement
des
coentreprises Total IFRS Reclassement
des
coentreprises Total
Promotion Logement (293,3) (9,4) (302,7) (279,7) (9,1) (288,8) (13,9)
Promotion Tertiaire 6,3 13,7 20,0 4,4 (18,6) (14,2) 34,2
BESOIN EN FONDS DE ROULEMENT NET -
PROMOTION (287,0) 4,3 (282,7) (275,2) (27,8) (303,0) 20,3
ENDETTEMENT NET - PROMOTION 153,6 (20,8) 132,8 51,6 6,2 57,9 74,9
(a) Le signe négatif est un actif net, le signe positif est un passif net.
(b) Le BFR et l'endettement net excluent les projets d'aménagement et les réserves foncières à risque.
Le BFR net est en amélioration de +20,3 M€ au 31 décembre 2019 comparé au 31 décembre 2018.
La dette financière nette augmente de +74,9 millions d’euros par rapport à l’exercice 2018 notamment par la distribution du dividende de
51,2 millions d’euros, l’acquisition des titres de la société Sarvilep pour 8,8 millions d’euros, et des investissements corp orels (ex : OpenID
régions) pour 10 millions d’euros..
|
23/hal.univ-lorraine.fr-tel-01752677-document.txt_3 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | (3.22) b0 = Ψ b1 ; (c) Ψ m = m + 1; m c m = [w bK b 1m,..., w ]; W b c Ψ1 = Ψ(Wm ). c m. b0 − Ψ b 1 > ≥ 0, aller à l'étape 1, sinon retourner Ψ b 1 et W Etape 2 Si Ψ
Re
mar
qu
ons
que
l'étape 1(a)
correspond
à la condition du plus
proche voisin et
l'é
tape
1(
b) à la règle du centroïde, qui sont des conditions nécessaires pour qu'un quantificateur soit optimal : l'équation (3.21) donne en effet une estimation du centroïde de la cellule de cm ) si N est assez grand et les ξ1,..., ξN suffisamment indépendants.
Vor
onoï
Vk (W cm )]. b km+1'E[X|X ∈ Vk (W w (3.23
) Une étude de la convergence de cet algorithme est présentée dans [63], où il est en particulier démontré (cf. annexe B) que ce processus, applique un algorithme d'optimisation de Newton avec la règle d'adaptation (3.21). Le principal défaut de l'algorithme des K-moyennes est que le résultat obtenu est très dépendant des conditions initiales et peut correspondre à un minimum local et non global de la distorsion [59]. Par ailleurs, le nombre de prototypes K doit être défini à l'avance, ce qui peut être particulièrement délicat pour des distributions de forme complexe dans des espaces de grande dimension (cf. paragraphe 3.1.4 page 77).
Algorithme GNG-T
L'algorithme GNG-T est une variante du GNG classique [62], lui-même dérivé de l'algorithme de Neural Gas associé à une compétition selon la règle de Hebb [58]. Il n'existe pas, à notre connaissance, de preuve de convergence de cet algorithme, et il n'est pas prouvé non plus qu'il minimise la distorsion de l'équation (3.5). Des simulations peuvent cependant être trouvées dans [62]. Les résultats de cet algorithme consistent à la fois en un ensemble de prototypes encodant une variété et en un graphe reliant les neurones associés et qui forme une carte préservant la topologie de cette variété. Dans ce paragraphe, nous commencerons par présenter en quelques mots l'algorithme de Neural Gas, pour lequel les preuves de convergence sont établies, en insistant particulièrement sur la règle d'adaptation des prototypes puis nous rappellerons la règle d'apprentissage compétitif de Hebb qui permet, sous certaines conditions, de construire la triangulation de Delaunay des prototypes induite par la variété encodée. Nous expliquerons alors comment ces règles sont en quelque sorte combinées pour aboutir au GNG-T. Neural Gas Bien qu'une version batch de cet algorithme existe [64], c'est nécessairement la version en ligne qui est utilisée conjointement à la compétition selon la règle de Hebb : il y a ajustement des prototypes après la présentation de chaque donnée ξi et pas seulement après la présentation de l'ensemble de ces données. Les résultats exposés ci-dessous et la convergence de cet algorithme sont détaillés dans [58].
Règle d'adaptation pour l'algorithme de Neural Gas
Pour I = {1,..., K}, W = [w1,..., wk ] et ξ ∈ Rp donnés, on ordonne les prototypes selon leur distance à ξ. Soit la permutation σ ∈ Perm(I) telle que kξ − wσ(1) k ≤ kξ − wσ(2) k ≤... ≤ kξ − wσ(K) k. (3.24) Dans le cas d'égalité dans les inégalités (3.24), la permutation σ est choisie de telle sorte que, si kξ − wσ(i) k = kξ − wσ(i+1) k =... = kξ − wσ(i+k) k, alors σ(i) < σ(i + 1) <... < σ(i + k). Pour j ∈ I, on pose kj (ξ, W) = σ −1 (j) − 1. (3.25) Ainsi, pour j, k ∈ I, on a kj (ξ, W) = k − 1 quand wj est le k-ième prototype de W le plus proche de ξ avec la convention ci-dessus dans le cas où plusieurs prototypes sont à égale distance de ξ. Le prototype wj est appelé k-ième voisin de ξ. La règle d'adaptation est alors la suivante : c b j (t + 1) = w b j (t) + hλ [kj (ξ, W(t))](ξ b j (t)), w −w (3.26) ∈ [0, 1] étant un paramètre d'ajustement, hλ désignant une fonction telle que hλ [ki (ξ, W)] = 1 pour ki = 0 (3.27) et décroissant vers 0 quand ki augmente, avec une constante caractéristique λ.
Interprétation
Soit la fonction ΨNG : V −→ R+ définie par : " K # X ΨNG (W) = EX hλ [kj (X, W)]d(X, wj ). (3.28) j=1 La règle d'adaptation de l'équation (3.26) correspond à une descente stochastique de gradient sur la fonction ΨNG (voir annexe C.2). Remarquons que, lorsque hλ (1) = 0, la fonction minimisée est la même que celle minimisée par l'algorithme des K-moyennes. Conclusion Si on compare cet algorithme à la version en ligne des K-moyennes, où seul le prototype le plus proche de la donnée courante ξi est modifié [63], l'ensemble complet des prototypes est ajusté à chaque itération, l'ampleur de la modification étant plus petite pour les wj les plus éloignés de ξi. Ceci diminue le risque d'aboutir à un minimum local de la fonction minimisée ΨNG, laquelle tend, sous certaines conditions, vers la distorsion de l'équation (3.5).
Construction
d'une
carte pré
servant la
topologie
Conjointement à la construction de l'ensemble de prototypes W, il est possible, sous certaines conditions, de construire une carte préservant la topologie de la variété encodée. Pour d'autres algorithmes comme les cartes de Kohonen [65], une structure de graphe doit être choisie à l'avance, alors qu'on n'est pas sûr qu'elle convienne aux données traitées. Ici, aucune connaissance a priori sur la topologie de la distribution n'est nécessaire.
Règle d'adaptation de Hebb
La règle d'adaptation de Hebb, qui fait partie des modes d'apprentissage dits compétitifs, consiste à relier, pour chaque entrée ξi, les deux prototypes les plus proches au sens de la distance euclidienne.
Définition 3.17 (Polyhèdre de Voronoï du second ordre). Soit W
= {
w
1,
...
,
wk }
un ensemble de vecteurs wj ∈ Rp,
j
= 1,...
,
K
.
Le polyhèdre de Voronoï du second ordre (p) Vik (W ) des prototypes wi et wk est l'ensemble des points ξ ∈ Rp dont wi et wk sont les deux plus proches voisins dans W, c'est
-
à
-
dire
: (p) Vik (W ) = {ξ ∈ Rp : d(ξ, wi ) ≤ d(ξ, wj ) et d(ξ, wk ) ≤ d(ξ, wj ), ∀j 6= i, k}. (3.29) Elle permet de construire la triangulation de Delaunay complète de l'ensemble W (p) seulement si chaque polyhèdre de Voronoï du second ordre Vik (W ) est, au moins partiellement, recouvert par la variété V. Dans le cas contraire, moyennant les conditions décrites dans le théorème 3.2, on en obtient seulement une partie, appelée triangulation de Delaunay induite de W sur V, qui constitue une carte préservant parfaitement la topologie de V. Théorème 3.2. Soit
W = {w1,..., wK }
un ensemble de prototypes
ré
partis
sur
une
variété V
⊆ Rp. Si l'ensemble W est tel que, pour tout point ξ ∈ V, les segments [ξ, wi ] et [ξ, wk ] formés par ξ et ses deux plus proches voisins wi et wk dans W sont entièrement inclus dans V, alors le graphe G formé par la règle d'adaptation de Hebb est la triangulation (V ) de Delaunay induite Dw de V. Eléments de démonstration. D'après la règle de Hebb rappelée au début du paragraphe, deux prototypes wi et wk sont reliés si et seulement s'il existe ξ ∈ V dont wi et wk sont les deux plus proches voisins. La variété V étant le support de la loi de X, wi et wk sont donc reliés si et seulement si (p) Vik (W ) ∩ V 6= ∅. (3.30) Montrons alors que la condition 3.30 est équivalente à Vi ∩ Vk 6= ∅. 68 (3.31) Si Vi ∩ Vk 6= ∅, il existe ξ0 ∈ V tel que d(ξ0, wi ) = d(ξ0, wk ) et d(ξ0, wi ) ≤ d(ξ0 − wj ), ∀j ∈ [[1,., K]], (p) (p) (3.32) (p) donc ξ0 ∈ Vik (W ). Si Vik (W ) ∩ V 6= ∅, il existe ξ? ∈ Vik (W ) dont wi et wk sont les deux plus proches voisins, et tels que [ξ?, wi ] ⊆ V et [ξ?, wk ] ⊆ V. En supposant sans perte de généralité que wi est le plus proche voisin de ξ?, on montre qu'il existe un point ξ 0 ∈ [ξ?, wk ] tel que d(ξ 0, wi ) = d(ξ 0, wk ), donc que Vi ∩ Vk 6= ∅. La démonstration complète de ce théorème peut être trouvée dans [60]. Une de ses conséquences, d'après le théorème 3.1, est que le graphe G ainsi construit forme une carte préservant parfaitement la topologie de V. GNG-T GNG-T [61] est un algorithme au fil de l'eau (on line ou en ligne) qui traite des ensembles de données de taille N (échantillons) successifs, correspondant à différentes époques (epochs). Pendant une époque, N réalisations ξi sont présentées en tant qu'entrées. A chaque donnée ξi présentée, le wj le plus proche (appelé prototype gagnant, ou simplement gagnant) et tous ses voisins topologiques sont modifiés. Alors que dans Neural Gas, l'amplitude de l'ajustement d'un prototype dépend uniquement de sa distance à ξi, cette amplitude est liée à sa place dans le graphe topologique construit conjointement selon la règle de Hebb. Une variable d'accumulation ej est associée à chaque noeud wj : elle est égale à la somme des carrés des écarts entre la donnée courante et le prototype wj à chaque fois que ce dernier gagne, c'est-à-dire qu'après le traitement de ξn : ej = X d(ξk, wj ) avec Sj = {k ∈ [[1,., n]] : w(ξk ) = wj } (3.33) k∈Sj Lorsque la fonction coût définie par l'équation (3.6) est minimale, asymptotiquement, quand le nombre de prototypes tend vers l'infini, tous les Ψj tendent vers la même valeur [66, 67] ; cela reste vrai dans une certaine mesure quand le nombre de prototypes est fini [68]. A la fin d'une époque donnée, Ψj, définie dans l'équation (3.8) peut être estimée par : Ψj ≈ ej. N (3.34) Cette valeur commune des ej, que nous noterons T 0, permet de contrôler la précision de la quantification vectorielle et peut être comparée à une valeur cible désirée T : elle sert à adapter le nombre de noeuds à la fin de chaque époque. Si T 0 > T, la précision est insuffisante, donc de nouveaux noeuds seront ajoutés. Au contraire, si T 0 < T, la quantification est trop précise, il faut donc éliminer certains noeuds. Le nombre de noeuds est donc adapté itérativement pendant l'exécution de l'algorithme. Le paramètre T ne change pas au cours de l'algorithme, il est donc défini avant son commencement. Il est également nécessaire de supprimer les arcs qui ne font plus partie de la triangulation de Delaunay induite en raison du mouvement des prototypes qu'ils relient. Un âge est ainsi attribué à chaque arc : cet âge prend la valeur 0 lors de la création de l'arc, augmente de 1 à chaque itération, et est remis à 0 à chaque fois que les deux prototypes qu'il relie sont 69 les deux plus proches voisins de la donnée courante. Tous les arcs dont l'âge dépasse la valeur A sont supprimés. L'implantation est la suivante. Initialisation Commencement d'une nouvelle époque. Vérifier que le graphe comprend bien deux noeuds. Si ce n'est pas le cas et que des exemples sont disponibles, choisir deux prototypes w1 et w2 selon la loi PX.
n ← 0. Etape 1 Mettre ej à 0 pour tous les neurones j. Etape
2 Si n = N, l'époque est terminée, aller à l'étape 8. Sinon, aller à l'étape suivante. b j1 et le Etape 3 n ← n + 1, prendre l'entrée ξn et déterminer le prototype gagnant w b j2 parmi les w b j. second voisin w b j1 et w b j2 sont déjà connectés par un arc, mettre son âge à 0. Sinon, créer Etape 4 Si w b j1 et w b j2, d'âge 0. Incrémenter l'âge de tous les arcs issus de w b j1 et un arc entre w détruire ceux dont l'âge dépasse A. b j1 ). 70 Exemples comparatifs
De nombreux exemples peuvent être trouvés dans la littérature, en particulier dans [61] pour GNG-T. Sur les figures 3.8 et 3.9, un exemple de quantification vectorielle d'un même ensemble de données par un algorithme de K-moyennes ou de GNG-T est présenté, les paramètres étant réglés dans l'optique d'en déduire un clustering. Dans le paragraphe 3.1.4, nous exposerons d'autres résultats de quantification vectorielle avec les clusterings induits pour des données en dimension 2, afin d'illustrer ce qui peut être obtenu pour les données en grande dimension que nous utiliserons par la suite.
3.1.4 Clustering par quantification vectorielle
Dans ce paragraphe, nous montrons comment utiliser les résultats d'une quantification vectorielle pour obtenir un clustering des données, la philosophie étant différente suivant que l'un ou l'autre algorithme aura été utilisé pour effectuer la quantification.
Clustering et fonction de clustering
Soit une variété V ⊆ Rp [69]. Un ensemble X = {ξ1,..., ξN } est un ensemble fini d'éléments de V, que l'on supposera être la réalisation de N vecteurs aléatoires continus Xi : Ω −→ V identiquement distribués de loi PX. La définition habituellement adoptée pour le clustering d'une variété est la suivante. Définition 3.18 (Clustering d'une variété V ). Un clustering C d'une variété V est une partition finie de V. Les sous-ensembles C1, C2,..., CK qui la forment sont appelés clusters. C = {C1, C2,..., CK } tel que ∀k 6= l, Ck ∩ Cl = ∅ et ∪K k=1 Ck = V. (3.36) Le clustering peut aussi être considéré comme une relation d'équivalence sur V avec un nombre fini de classes d'équivalences appelées clusters. La même définition est valable pour le clustering d'un ensemble dénombrable X. L'ensemble des partitions de l'ensemble X est noté C(X), ou plus simplement C s'il n'y a pas d'ambiguïté sur X. Remarquons cependant que, dans ces définitions, la connotation relative à l'homogénéité des données au sein d'un cluster (cf. paragraphe 3.1 page 53), liée à la proximité dans l'espace des attributs, n'apparaît pas. La quantification vectorielle est une méthode de clustering qui prend cette hypothèse en compte. Définition 3.19 (Clustering uniformément centré (center-based )). Un clustering C = {C1, C2,..., CK } d'une variété V est dit uniformément centré s'il existe des points w1, w2,..., wK ∈ Rp tels que ∀i, ∀ξ ∈ Ci, ∀j 6= i, kξ − wi k ≤ kξ − wj k. Pour 1 ≤ i ≤ K, wi est alors le barycentre de Ci. 71 (3.37) (a) (b)
Fig. 3.8 – Exemples de quantification vectorielle d'un même ensemble de données par un algorithme de K-moyennes (a) ou de GNG-T (b) : les croix, les signes plus et les ronds représentent les échantillons de la distribution, les gros points sont les prototypes après quantification vectorielle, reliés par des arcs pour GNG-T. 72 y x y (a) x (b) Fig. 3.9 – Exemples de quantification vectorielle d'un même ensemble de données par un algorithme de K-moyennes (a) ou de
GNG-T (b) : les croix représentent les échantillons de la distribution, les gros points sont les prototypes après quantification vectorielle, reliés par des arcs pour GNG-T. Clustering induit par une quantification vectorielle
Que l'on utilise un algorithme de K-moyennes ou un GNG-T, on obtient à la fois une partition d'une variété, voire de l'espace Rp entier, et de l'ensemble des observations X. Dans ce paragraphe, nous montrons comment nous utilisons les résultats de la quantification vectorielle pour obtenir le clustering qui nous intéresse. Cas des K-moyennes Comme cela est fait de manière habituelle, nous supposerons que les données appartenant à une même cellule de Voronoï forment une classe de la partition (cf. figure 3.10a). Les clusterings ainsi obtenus sont uniformément centrés. Cette hypothèse peut se révéler inadéquate, par exemple dans le cas où la valeur de K n'est pas adaptée à la structure des données (cf. figure 3.12(b)) ou dans le cas d'un mauvais choix d'attributs pour les données à classifier. Cas du GNG-T Si l'on ne tient compte que des prototypes et non de la topologie du graphe, on peut procéder de la même manière que pour les K-moyennes. Cependant, nos hypothèses en impliqueront une autre utilisation, qui tient compte de la triangulation de Delaunay induite obtenue en appliquant la règle de Hebb. Soit une variété V comportant H composantes connexes, la triangulation de Delaunay induite est alors formée de H sous-graphes Gh, h = 1,., H de neurones connectés (cf. l'exemple de la figure 3.11, où cette triangulation comprend trois sous-graphes). Supposons que chaque composante connexe puisse être considérée comme une classe, tous les prototypes appartenant à une classe donnée sont alors les représentants de neurones éléments d'un des sous-graphes ; cette hypothèse prend en compte à la fois la proximité dans l'espace des attributs et la séparation des clusters. La partition finale est alors composée d'autant de clusters que de sous-graphes. Chaque cluster est constitué – de l'association des polyhèdres de Voronoï de tous les prototypes représentant les neurones d'un sous-graphe donné (pour une partition de Rp ). – de l'association des cellules de Voronoï de tous les prototypes représentant les neurones d'un sous-graphe donné (pour une partition de V ). – par les points de l'échantillon X appartenant à l'association des cellules de Voronoï de tous les prototypes représentant les neurones d'un sous-graphe donné (pour une partition de X ). Notons que de tels clusterings ne sont généralement pas uniformément centrés. 74 (a) (b) Fig. 3.10 – Clustering des mêmes données induit par un algorithme de K-moyennes (a) ou de GNG-T (b) : les deux clusterings obtenus pour l'échantillon X sont les mêmes, bien que les frontières de la partition soient légèrement différentes (les petits points, les croix et les signes plus représentent les observations ξi de l'échantillon X, les gros points sont les prototypes après quantification vectorielle, reliés par des arcs pour GNG-T). 75 (a) (b) Fig. 3.11 – Formation d'une partition dans R2 à partir de prototypes et d'une approximation de la triangulation de Delaunay induite sur une variété V formée de trois composantes connexes (en bleu) : tous les polyhèdres de Voronoï (frontières en lignes rouges épaisses) des prototypes (points rouges) sont représentés sur (a) ; la partition finale (frontières en lignes rouges épaisses) apparaît sur (b), chaque cluster étant l'union des polyhèdres de Voronoï des prototypes représentant des neurones appartenant à un même sous-graphe. 76 Quelques problèmes pouvant être rencontrés Choix a priori du nombre de classes non adapté à la distribution pour les K-moyennes
Dans l'algorithme des K-moyennes, le nombre de clusters K doit être prédéfini et un cluster est traditionnellement associée à chaque prototype. Dans l'exemple de la figure 3.12, nous pouvons considérer que l'échantillon est bien décrit par trois prototypes qui conduisent à une partition convenable des données, alors que la quantification vectorielle avec quatre prototypes aboutit à des résultats moins satisfaisants : des parties importantes des deux clusters de droite sont mélangées dans la cellule de Voronoï du prototype ajouté. Pour des données réelles de loi de probabilité inconnue, il peut être difficile de prédéfinir une valeur de K adéquate. Bien que des méthodes basées sur la stabilité des résultats soient proposées dans cette optique dans la littérature, elles peuvent être difficiles à mettre en oeuvre et des résultats récents peuvent mettre en doute leur validité [69].
Déséquilibre des représentants des classes
Supposons que l'un des clusters recherchés soit représenté par un pourcentage relativement faible de l'ensemble des données (ce qui, en IRM de perfusion, pourra être le cas pour les cavités, voir paragraphe 5.1.2). S'il est relativement proche des autres, dans une classification par K-moyennes, ce cluster risque d'être associé de manière erronée à l'un des autres clusters en raison du faible poids des erreurs associées à ses représentants dans la distorsion globale. Il n'apparaîtrait donc pas dans la classification finale, même pour une valeur de K adaptée au problème. Un premier exemple est présenté figure 3.13
:
le cluster central
est mélangé
à celui de
gauche, alors que celui de droite
représenté par 2 prototypes. Au contraire, avec GNG-T, qui s'adapte à la densité locale, on obtient trois sous-graphes indépendants permettant d'établir une partition séparant convenablement les trois clusters. Une autre manière de procéder est d'ajouter un quatrième prototype pour la quantification vectorielle par K-moyennes : sur la figure 3.14, en regroupant les cellules de Voronoï des deux prototypes de droite obtenus pour K = 4, on aboutit à une partition convenable, ce qui n'était pas le cas avec K = 3. Il faut cependant trouver une règle pour effectuer le regroupement. Un second exemple similaire est présenté sur la figure 3.15, où le déséquilibre entre classes est associé à un étalement encore plus marqué de l'un des nuages de points. 78 (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 3.13 – Clustering induit par quantification vectorielle dans le cas d'un déséquilibre des classes : l'échantillon X est représenté sur (a), les prototypes obtenus par K-moyennes et la partition induite le sont sur (b) ; le graphe obtenu par GNG-T et les frontières de la partition induite apparaissent sur (c), le clustering de X correspondant sur (d). 79 Y Y (a) (b) Y X Y X X X (c) (d) Fig. 3.14 – Clustering induit par quantification vectorielle dans le cas d'un déséquilibre des classes : l'échantillon X est représenté sur (a), les prototypes obtenus par K-moyennes et les polyhèdres de Voronoï le sont sur (b) pour K = 3 et sur (c) pour K = 4 ; sur (d), les cellules des deux prototypes de droite ont été regroupées. 80 Y X Y (b) Y (a) X X (c) (d) Fig. 3.15 – Clustering induit par quantification vectorielle dans le cas d'un déséquilibre des classes : l'échantillon X est représenté par des points ; sur les prototypes obtenus par K-moyennes et les polyhèdres de Voronoï apparaissent sur (a) pour K = 3 et sur (b) pour K = 4 ; les résultats du GNG-T sont représentés sur (c), les frontières induites sur (d). 81 Y X Y (a) X (b) Fig. 3.16 – Exemple de quantification vectorielle par GNG-T pour un mélange gaussien à trois composantes : résultats obtenus avec le graphe complet (a) et avec la partition finale (lignes épaisses) après cassure des arcs non significatifs (b) ; les petits points (.), les croix (×) et les signes plus (+) représentent l'échan
X, les gros points sont les prototypes reliés par des arcs. 82 séparation par hyperplan dans l'espace des attributs et la carte topologique obtenue par le GNG-T (cf. paragraphe 5.1.5 page 161) : une interprétation d'une telle séparation en dimension 2 est présentée ci-dessous. En tout cas, chaque classe correspond encore à une association de polyhèdres de Voronoï. Il se peut que, dans certains de ces cas, l'algorithme des K-moyennes donne directement des résultats satisfaisants : sur la figure 3.13(a), des données identiques à celles de la figure 3.16 sont classifiées en 3 clusters par un algorithme de K-moyennes, aboutissant à un clustering des données similaire à celui du GNG-T après cassure des arcs parasites.
Séparation des clusters par injection de connaissance : intérêt de la carte topologique
Supposons par exemple que l'on sache que la variété « idéale »(figure 3.17(a)) comprend trois composantes connexes correspondant à trois clusters, et que l'un d'entre eux contient les points d'abscisses les plus élevées (cluster inférieur droit, de couleur cyan). Suite à l'élargissement du support de cette variété en présence de bruit, un seul graphe entièrement connecté est obtenu par un algorithme de GNG-T (figure 3.17(b)), au lieu des trois sous-graphes attendus (figure 3.17(a)). Comment briser les arcs parasites, représentés en trait gras jaune sur la figure 3.17(c), pour obtenir un clustering qui serait une approximation convenable de celui obtenu sur la figure 3.17(a)? Une première idée serait d'attribuer à un même cluster tous les prototypes dont l'abscisse est supérieure à un seuil donné, matérialisé ici par la droite verte sur la figure 3.18(a) : ceci revient à réaliser une séparation de l'espace des attributs par un hyperplan. Ce critère est cependant insuffisant pour obtenir un clustering approchant l'idéal. En effet, si nous représentons en cyan les prototypes conservés pour différents niveaux décroissants de ce seuil (figure 3.18, première colonne), nous pouvons observer (figure 3.18(e)) qu'une grande partie du cluster supérieur est sélectionnée avant que l'inférieur droit ne soit convenablement séparé des autres. En revanche, prenons maintenant aussi en compte la topologie indiquée par le graphe. Appelons semence le prototype qui vérifie « au mieux »le critère retenu, à savoir ici le point d'abscisse la plus élevée (cf. figure 3.19). Seuls les prototypes qui vérifient le critère de seuil et et qui sont reliés à la semence par un chemin ne passant que par des prototypes vérifiant eux-mêmes le critère sont alors considérés comme appartenant au cluster cyan (figure 3.18, seconde colonne). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 3.18 – Séparation des clusters selon la méthode exposée dans le paragraphe 3.1.4 page 83 : coupure par hyperplan sans prise en compte de la topologie de la variété pour des seuils décroissants ((a), (c) et (e)) puis en tenant compte de la carte respectant la topologie de la variété ((b), (d) et (f)). 85 Fig. 3.19 – Prototype semence pour la méthode de séparation des clusters exposée dans le paragraphe 3.1.4 page 83.
prototypes obtenus, ce qui suppose de définir préalablement le nombre K adéquat grâce à des connaissances a priori. En revanche, pour celui du GNG-T, une classe correspond à l'association des cellules de Voronoï de chaque ensemble de prototypes appartenant à un même sous-graphe de la carte respectant la topologie. La validation quantitative des résultats est abordée au paragraphe suivant. 3.1.5 Analyse des résultats : comparaisons de clusterings
Dans les paragraphes précédents, nous avons exposé deux méthodes de clustering par quantification vectorielle. Comment pouvons-nous qualifier et quantifier la validité des clusterings obtenus, avant d'éventuellement étendre les résultats à d'autres données tirées suivant la même loi de probabilité? Nous soulignerons d'abord l'insuffisance de la mesure de performance du quantificateur vectoriel pour estimer la qualité des résultats. Nous examinerons ensuite les différentes approches proposées dans la littérature et verrons si elles sont utilisables dans le cadre de notre étude. Notons que nous ne nous préoccuperons pas ici des aspects algorithmiques.
Insuffisance de la mesure de performance d'un qua
ntificateur vector
iel pour estimer la qualité d
'
un
clustering Rappelons que la mesure de performance d'un quantificateur est directement la distorPN 1 sion globale (cf. paragraphe 3.1.1). L'estimateur N i=1 d(ξi, w(ξi )) tend vers la distorsion lorque N tend vers l'infini, d'après la loi des grands nombres. Cet estimateur est directement la fonction minimisée par l'algorithme des K-moyennes. Cette mesure est difficile à interpréter dans l'absolu pour juger de la qualité d'un clustering. En particulier, elle n'est pas invariante par changement d'échelle, et ne permet pas de comparer des clusterings d'un même ensemble de données comportant un nombre de clusters différent [70]. 86
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 3.20 – Séparation des clusters par la méthode exposée dans le paragraphe 3.1.4 page 83 : les arcs parasites à briser pour séparer le cluster cyan sont représentés en brun (a), les prototypes jaunes ont une abscisse supérieure au seuil retenu (droite verte) mais ne sont pas reliés à la semence par un chemin ne passant que
par des prototypes vérifiant eux-mêmes le critère ; sous-graphes obtenus après séparation du cluster cyan (b) ; clustering final (c). Par ailleurs, pour l'algorithme de GNG-T, la formule ne tient pas compte du regroupement correct ou non entre polyhèdres de Voronoï, alors que, pour certaines composantes connexes, le centroïde obtenu par K-moyennes n'est pas nécessairement très représentatif du cluster (cf. figure 3.9). Il nous faudra donc définir d'autres mesures de qualité. Deux grandes tendances se dégagent dans la littérature : 1. pour une application donnée, des comparaisons sont effectuées avec une véritéterrain. C'est sans conteste la méthode de validation la plus utilisée dans le domaine médical. 2. des mesures de la qualité du clustering, valables en soi sans comparaison avec une vérité-terrain, peuvent être définies. Dans les paragraphes suivants, nous développerons dans cet ordre ces différentes notions.
Comparaison de deux clusterings, indépendamment de l'espace des paramètres
Nous souhaitons en pratique comparer un clustering obtenu par nos méthodes de quantification vectorielle et une « pseudo vérité-terrain » établie par un radiologue (voir paragraphe 4.4.3). En d'autres termes, en reprenant les notations du paragraphe 3.1.4, il s'agit de mesurer la ressemblance entre deux partitions finies d'un ensemble X d'observations, et non d'une variété V ∈ Rp ou de Rp entier car la classification par un radiologue n'y donne pas accès, dans la mesure où elle n'est pas uniformément centrée. La manière dont les clusters ont été générés n'est pas prise en compte : nous ne nous préoccuperons pas de savoir si l'algorithme utilisé aboutit à un optimum ou non. Dans [71], l'auteur compare deux clusterings C et C 0 du même ensemble de données X de cardinal N, mais ayant éventuellement des nombres de classes K et K 0 différents. On définit une distance dans l'espace des partitions de cet ensemble X, et non dans l'espace des paramètres ayant permis la formation du clustering. Tous les critères cités peuvent être évalués à partir de la matrice de confusion M de C et C 0, de taille K × K 0. L'élément Mij est le nombre de points communs au cluster Ci de C et au cluster Cj0 de C0 : Mij = card(Ci ∩ Cj0 ). (3.38)
Comptage de paires
Une première série de critères se base sur le comptage des paires de points sur lesquelles deux clusterings sont en accord ou non. Toute paire de points de X entre dans l'une des quatre catégories suivantes : – {paires de points qui sont dans le même cluster tant dans C que dans C 0 }, dont le cardinal vaut N11. Cet ensemble est aussi appelé ensemble des bonnes paires. – {paires de points qui sont dans le même cluster dans C mais pas dans C 0 }, dont le cardinal vaut N10. – {paires de points qui sont dans le même cluster dans C 0 mais pas dans C}, dont le cardinal vaut N01. Son union avec l'ensemble précédent forme l'ensemble des mauvaises paires. – {paires de points qui sont dans des clusters différents tant dans C que dans C 0 }, dont le cardinal vaut N00. Cet ensemble est aussi appelé ensemble des paires neutres parce 88 que les paires qu'il contient n'indiquent pas vraiment un accord ou un désaccord entre les deux clusterings, par opposition aux trois autres ensembles. Remarquons que N (N − 1). (3.39) N11 + N00 + N10 + N01 = 2 N11 et N00 mesurent les classements cohérents, alors que N10 et N01 mesurent les désaccords [72]. Les Nij peuvent être calculés à partir de la matrice de confusion. Par exemple [73], X 2N11 = Mij2 − N. (3.40) i,j Divers coefficients faisant intervenir ces classements peuvent être définis. Quelques exemples sont donnés ci-dessous.
Indice de Rand
L'indice de Rand, noté R(C, C 0 ) est défini par [72] : R(C, C 0 ) = N11 + N00 N11 + N00 =.
N
11 +
N00
+
N10 + N01 N
(
N − 1)/2
(3.41) L'indice de Rand représente la proportion de paires qui ne sont pas mauvaises (c'est-à-dire qui sont bonnes ou neutres) par rapport au nombre total de paires. varie entre 0 et 1. Il vaut 0 si et seulement s'il n'y a aucune cohérence entre les deux segmentations (N11 = N00 = 0). Il vaut 1 si et seulement si les deux clusterings sont les mêmes (N10 = N01 = 0). Il s'agit d'un coefficient symétrique, il n'est pas nécessaire de préciser si C ou C 0 est le clustering de référence. Cependant, son espérance n'est pas nulle lorsque l'on compare des partitions aléatoires. En pratique, sa valeur varie sur [1 −, 1] avec petit [71]. Coefficient de Fowlkes et Mallows
Le coefficient de Fowlkes et Mallows, noté F (C, C 0 ) est la moyenne géométrique des coefficients de Wallace [73]. F (C, C 0 ) = p W1 (C, C 0 )W2 (C, C 0 ). (3.45) Ce coefficient représente un produit scalaire et peut être considéré comme une modification non linéaire du coefficient de Jaccard. Les performances de ces coefficients sont peu aisées à comparer (un exemple particulier est cité dans [72]). En plus, il est difficile de supposer une linéarité entre la valeur du coefficient et la qualité de la partition dans l'intervalle utile de ces coefficients. D'après [71], ces coefficients ne dépendent que relativement peu de N pour des faibles valeurs de N, alors qu'asymtotiquement, d'après la loi des grands nombres, ils en sont indépendants quand N devient grand. Correspondance d'ensembles (set matching ) Dans [71], des mesures de similarité entrant dans cette catégorie sont décrites, comme les coefficients de Larsen ou de Van Dongen, ou la variation d'information. Cependant, ces coefficients souffrent pour la plupart des mêmes inconvénients que ceux basés sur le comptage de paires. Un critère particulièrement intéressant est l'erreur de classification D : à chaque cluster de C, est associé le cluster qui lui correspond le mieux dans C 0. La grandeur D est alors la masse de probabilité totale qui ne correspond pas dans la matrice de confusion.
K D(C, C 0 ) = 1 − X 1 max Mk,π(k), N π∈Π k=1
(3.46) où Π est l'ensemble des applications injectives de {1, 2,., K} dans {1, 2,., K 0 }. Si K = K 0, Π est l'ensemble des permutations de {1, 2,., K}. En lien avec le paragraphe 4.4.1 du chapitre 4, où nous comparons également des segmentations, supposons que la permutation qui fait se recouvrir au mieux les clusters corresponde aux mêmes étiquettes que dans les segmentations (ou classifications) comparées. Nous pouvons remarquer que dans le cas où K = 2, on montre que D(C, C 0 ) = 1 − SC, où SC est le coefficient de correspondance simple (Simple matching coefficient). Dans les mêmes conditions, pour K = 3, D(C, C 0 ) = 1 − WCP, (3.47) où WCP est la proportion d'échantillons bien classés, et représente ainsi le nombre d'échantillons mal classés. Ces coefficients sont donc simples à interpréter. De plus, ce critère peut s'interpréter comme un risque empirique dans le cadre de la théorie de la généralisation de la classification (cf. chapitre 3.2). 3.1.6 Analyse des résultats : comparaisons de segmentations
Outre les comparaisons de clusterings, il est possible d'utiliser des critères de comparaison de segmentations, qui sont peut-être plus faciles à interpréter. En effet, dans le cas traité, on a accès indifféremment à l'un ou l'autre. Cependant, on comparera des clusterings ayant un nombre de clusters quelconque. En revanche, pour les segmentations, on cherchera à comparer, pour chaque compartiment, deux segmentations obtenues par des méthodes différentes, ce qui revient aussi à comparer deux images binaires. Un état de l'art sur les critères couramment utilisés dans le cas d'images médicales est dressé dans [76]. Les deux segmentations à comparer peuvent être considérées comme deux images binaires R (référence) et T (test), avec une étiquette égale à 1 à l'intérieur de la ROI, à 0 à l'extérieur. Quatre types de pixels peuvent alors être définis, d'après leurs étiquettes dans les deux images
3.21 :
Type de pixel Vrai Positif (VP) Faux Négatif (FN) Faux Positif (FP) Vrai Négatif (VN) Etiquette dans R 1 1 0 0 Etiquette dans T 1 0 1 0
Les mesures de ressemblance suivantes sont fréquemment utilisées.
Pourcentage de recouvrement
Le pourcentage de recouvrement est défini par : PR = 100 × VP. (VP + FN) 91 (3.48) VN VP FN FP
Fig. 3.21 – Les différents types de pixels intervenant dans les critères de similarité pour les comparaisons de segmentations : les pixels valant 1 dans la segmentation de référence R (respectivement test T) sont à l'intérieur de l'ellipse de gauche en trait continu noir (respectivement l'ellipse de droite en trait pointillé rouge). Il s'agit du pourcentage de pixels de la ROI de référence qui
également dans la ROI test. Pourcentage de dépassement
Le pourcentage de dépassement est défini par : PD = 100 × FP. (VP + FN) (3.49) Il s'agit du nombre de pixels se trouvant dans la ROI test mais hors de la ROI de référence, divisé par le nombre de pixels dans la ROI de référence. Une segmentation parfaite conduirait à un PR de 100 % et à un PD de 0%. Des valeurs élevées pour à la fois PR et PD pour une segmentation donnée peuvent traduire une sur-segmentation de la zone correspondante, au sens où cette zone dans la segmentation test recouvrirait quasiment celle de la segmentation de référence tout en étant beaucoup plus étendue. Distance de Hausdorff
La distance de Hausdorff DH est la distance maximale entre chaque pixel de bordure de la zone de test par rapport à la zone de référence ou vice-versa. Pour une segmentation idéale, DH = 0. Notons que cette distance est très sensible aux pixels aberrants, puisqu'il suffit d'un seul pixel éloigné de la bordure pour que DH prenne une valeur élevée.
Coefficient de correspondance simple
Le coefficient de correspondance simple est défini par : SC = VP + VN. VP + VN + FP + FN (3.50) SC représente la proportion de pixels bien classés, et vaut 1 en cas de segmentation parfaite.
Indice de similarité
L'indice de similarité, ou indice de Dice, est défini par : SI = 2 × VP. 2 × VP + FN + FP (3.51) Dans le cas d'une segmentation parfaite, SI vaudrait 1.
Coefficient de Tanimoto
Le coefficient de Tanimoto est défini par : CT = VP + VN. VP + VN + 2 × (FP + FN) (3.52) CT vaut 1 pour une segmentation parfaite.
Comparaison des coefficients de correspondance simple, de Tanimoto, et de l'indice de similarité
Pour comparer les trois derniers coefficients, qui sont sensibles à la fois aux différences en taille et en position [77], nous proposons de les évaluer pour les segmentations des figures 3.22, 3.23, 3.24 et 3.25. Les résultats apparaissent dans le tableau 3.1, où la taille de la ROI de référence est exprimée en pourcentage du nombre total de pixels. Les segmentations des figures 3.22 et 3.23 sont telles que les ROI de R et T sont de taille identique et partagent la moitié de leurs pixels, mais la ROI de R représente 32% du nombre total de pixels dans le premier cas et 16% dans le second. Dans les segmentations des figures 3.24 et 3.25, la ROI de T couvre complètement celle de R, qui est deux fois plus petite 'elle. Dans le premier cas, cette dernière représente 24% de l'ensemble des pixels, et 12% dans le second. Notons que l'indice SI prend les mêmes valeurs si on échange le rôle de R et de T, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour les deux autres coefficients. (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3.22 – Segmentation de référence R (a), segmentation test T (b) et comparaison des deux (c). (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3.23 – Segmentation de référence R (a), segmentation test T (b) et comparaison des deux (c).
3.1.7 Conclusion
Deux méthodes de clustering par quantification vectorielle destinées à être testées sur des données d'IRM de perfusion rénale simulées ou réelles ont été proposées : l'une utilise un algorithme de K-moyennes, l'autre un GNG-T. Des exemples comparatifs de résultats en dimension 2 montrent qualitativement que, selon les cas, l'une ou l'autre peut être mieux adaptée. Des mesures de distance entre clusterings permettent de comparer les 94 (a) (b) (c)
Fig. 3.24 – Segmentation de référence R (a), segmentation test T (b) et comparaison des deux (c). (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3.25 – Segmentation de référence R (a), segmentation test T (b) et comparaison des deux (c). 95 Taille de la ROI de référence (% du total) SC CT SI 32 0,68 0,52 0,50 16 0,84 0,72 0,50 (a) Segmentations des figures 3.22 et 3.23 Proportion de la ROI de référence (% du total) SC CT SI 24 0,76 0,61 0,67 12 0,88 0,79 0,67 (b) Segmentations des figures 3.24 et 3.25
Tab. 3.1 – Exemples de valeurs pour les critères de similarité SC, CT et SI. résultats obtenus à des pseudo vérités-terrain. Le choix des critères retenus
sera discut
é au paragraphe 4.4.1, d'après les spécificités de not
re application. Pour celle-ci, à ce stade, on aura construit plusieurs classificateurs permettant à la fois de classer les voxels de la coupe rénale principale en trois compartiments anatomiques à partir de leurs courbes temps-intensité. On aura pu tester leurs résultats pour chaque rein de la petite base de données dont nous disposons actuellement, par exemple en évaluant l'erreur de classement commise par rapport à la segmentation d'un radiologue sur la coupe rénale principale. Il reste cependant à segmenter les autres coupes ; ce que l'on peut faire avec n'importe lequel des classificateurs construits, puisqu'ils permettent tous d'attribuer un compartiment à tout voxel dont on connaîtrait la courbe temps-intensité. L'étude théorique de cette généralisation fait l'objet de la seconde partie de ce chapitre. 3.2 Théorie de la généralisation
Tout comme dans la première partie de ce chapitre, nous commençons par donner une explication intuitive de la démarche proposée, pour introduire l'exposé du cadre mathématique. Les correspondances précises avec notre problème seront exposées en détail au chapitre 4. Les acquisitions IRM dont nous disposons sont réalisées simultanément pour plusieurs coupes (on acquiert en réalité un volume, mais les voxels sont 5 à 10 fois plus allongés dans la direction perpendiculaire au plan de coupe). En d'autres termes, à chaque instant d'acquisition, une image de chacune de ces coupes est enregistrée. Les méthodes dont le cadre mathématique est défini dans le chapitre 3.1 sont utilisées pour segmenter la coupe rénale principale, qui est celle contenant le plus grand volume rénal, c'est-à-dire celle où le rein est représenté par le plus grand nombre de voxels. Elles permettent de construire des classificateurs qui, à chaque voxel de cette coupe, représenté par sa courbe tempsintensité, associent un compartiment rénal. Il reste alors à segmenter les autres coupes du même rein. Pour faire cette segmentation, nous pouvons a priori utiliser n'importe lequel des classificateurs précédemment construits. En effet, à chaque fois, une partition de Rp a 96 été réalisée, donc nous pouvons attribuer une classe à tout vecteur de Rp. Il est alors possible de classer les voxels des autres coupes à partir de leur courbe temps-intensité en généralisant les résultats obtenus pour la première. Notons cependant que, pour la suite, la manière dont ces classificateurs a été obtenue n'entre pas en considération. Le cadre mathématique dans lequel nous nous plaçons est celui de la théorie de la généralisation de Vapnik [78], qui se base sur la minimisation du risque empirique. Notre application est très différente de celle envisagée par Vap , mais les résultats peuvent s'appliquer à notre cas, comme nous le verrons au chapitre 5. D'autres points de vue sont possibles. Considérons le système de la figure 3.26. Pour les reins de notre base de tests, nous disposons, pour la coupe de référence, d'une segmentation faite par un radiologue5. A chaque voxel, dont l'attribut est sa courbe temps-intensité, on peut donc associer une classe correspondant à un compartiment anatomique en utilisant : – soit la segmentation faite par le radiologue, considérée comme la référence ; la classe résultat est représentée par la variable y. G Radiologue Compartiment anatomique y Choix du meilleur classificateur LM
Compartiment anatomique f , Fig. 3.26 – Généralisation : soit ξ le vecteur temps-intensité d'un voxel x et y le compartiment anatomique que lui associe un radiologue ; l'entité LM permet de choisir, parmi M classificateurs, le meilleur de ceux-ci pour les paires (ξ, y) de la base d'exemples tirés de la coupe rénale principale, c'est-à-dire celui qui minimise l'erreur de classement pour ces paires. Ce choix définitif étant effectué après la présentation de N exemples, la machine doit, pour toute entrée ξ, donner un compartiment anatomique ŷ = f (ξ, α). L'objectif est de retourner le plus souvent possible le même compartiment que le radiologue. L'objectif est que LM retourne le plus souvent possible le même compartiment yb = f (ξ, α) que le radiologue. Supposons que l'on présente les vecteurs ξ les uns après les autres. Au `ième vecteur ξ présenté, pour chacun des M classificateurs, il est possible de calculer l'erreur de classement commise sur les ` paires (ξ, y). A cette étape, le classificateur que l'on peut considérer comme étant le meilleur est celui dont l'erreur de classement 5 Pour l'application finale, sur les cas autres que ceux de la base de test, en réalité, nous n'aurons pas une telle segmentation, mais ce cas « fictif » permet de mettre en place les concepts. 97 est minimale ; l'entité LM rend alors le résultat f (ξ, α) correspondant. A chaque ξ supplémentaire, le classificateur optimum peut changer. A priori, nous allons garder comme classificateur celui qui donne la plus petite erreur de classification par rapport à la segmentation du radiologue pour la coupe de référence, une fois présentés les N vecteurs ξ des voxels de cette coupe. On peut alors utiliser ce classificateur pour classer les voxels des autres coupes. Cependant, deux questions se posent : le classificateur qui donne les meilleurs résultats pour la coupe de référence est-il vraiment le classificateur optimum, c'est-à-dire celui qui minimise la probabilité d'erreur de classification pour des voxels provenant d'autres coupes? Si le classificateur choisi n'est pas le classificateur optimum, leurs performances sont-elles très différentes? Par ailleurs, mêmes si elles sont bonnes sur la coupe de référence, restent-elles acceptables si on généralise la classification aux autres coupes? En effet, on peut par exemple imaginer qu'un classificateur donnant de bons résultats sur un « faible » nombre de voxels, qui ne seraient pas suffisamment représentatifs, voie ses performances se dégrader largement quand on l'essaie sur d'autres échantillons. Ceci peut être décrit dans le cadre de la théorie de la généralisation des résultats obtenus à partir des exemples de la première coupe pour un problème dit « de reconnaissance de forme », à condition que nous puissions considérer que les courbes temps-intensité des voxels des autres coupes soient des réalisations d'un vecteur aléatoire de même loi que pour la coupe de référence. Cette hypothèse est plausible dans la mesure où elles correspondent au passage du même traceur dans des tissus de nature identique. Il est alors possible de borner la probabilité d'erreur de classement lors de l'extension de la classification. Dans ce chapitre, nous présentons des résultats de la théorie de la généralisation valables dans un cadre général, et d'autres s'appliquant uniquement dans le cadre de la reconnaissance de forme (définie au paragraphe 3.2.2). Nous définirons d'abord un estimateur de risque moyen, qui correspondra dans notre cas à la probabilité d'erreur de classement, montrerons à quelles conditions il est consistant, puis étudierons sa vitesse de convergence afin d'évaluer si le nombre d'exemples utilisés pour choisir le classificateur optimum est suffisant pour obtenir des résultats convenables lors de la généralisation. 3.2.1 Théorie de la généralisation
Dans le schéma de la figure 3.27 [78], G est un générateur de vecteurs aléatoires identiquement distribués tirés suivant une loi de probabilité PX (ξ) inconnue6. Un oracle, ou superviseur S, renvoie, pour le vecteur d'entrée X, une valeur de sortie Y : Ω −→ I, où I = {1, 2,..., K} d'après une loi de probabilité conditionnelle F (y|ξ) fixe mais inconnue (cela inclut le cas où le superviseur utilise une fonction g(ξ)). On appelle machine (learning machine) et on note LM une entité capable d'implanter un ensemble de fonctions {f (ξ, α), α ∈ Λ}, où Λ est un ensemble de paramètres. Le paramètre α peut être totalement abstrait, de manière qu'on puisse considérer n'importe quel ensemble de fonctions. Il s'agit de choisir, parmi l'ensemble de fonctions {f (ξ, α), α ∈ Λ}, celle qui est la meilleure estimation de la réponse du superviseur. La sélection de la fonction désirée se 6 Le problème est donc différent de celui de l'estimation pure puisque les vraisemblances ne sont pas connues. y S LM f , Fig. 3.27 – Modèle d'apprentissage à partir d'exemples :
pendant la phase d'apprentissage, la machine LM (learning machine) « observe » les paires (ξ, y) de la base d'apprentissage. Cette phase étant achevée, la machine doit, pour toute entrée ξ, retourner une sortie ŷ = f (ξ, α). L'objectif est de retourner une valeur proche de celle de la réponse y du superviseur S. fait en utilisant une base d'apprentissage de N observations indépendantes et identiquement distribuées tirées selon la loi de probabilité jointe PX,Y (ξ, y) = PX (ξ)F (y|ξ). On peut mesurer la perte (loss) en définissant L[y, f (ξ, α)] qui quantifie le coût de la décision issue de LM « la réponse est f (ξ, α) » alors que sa vraie valeur, c'est-à-dire la réponse du superviseur, est y. La perte moyenne est donnée par la fonction risque moyen : Z R(α) = L[y, f (ξ, α)]dPX,Y (ξ, y). (3.53) Il s'agit de minimiser cette fonction dans le cas où la loi de probabilité jointe PX,Y (ξ, y) est inconnue et où toute l'information disponible est contenue dans la base d'apprentissage. Pour alléger les notations, on pose Z = (X, Y ), z = (ξ, y), PZ (z) = PX,Y (ξ, y) et Q(z, α) = L[y, f (ξ, α)]. L'objectif devient la minimisation de Z R(α) = Q(z, α)dPZ (z), (3.54) où la loi PZ (z) est inconnue mais où un échantillon d'observations z1, ..., zN est donné. 3.2.2 Problème de la reconnaissance de forme
Le problème de la reconnaissance de forme correspond au cas particulier où le superviseur associe à toute valeur d'entrée ξ la classe à laquelle elle appartient, selon la loi de probabilité conditionnelle F (y|ξ), avec y ∈ {1, 2,..., K} : y = k traduit le fait que le superviseur attribue la k ième classe à ξ. L'ensemble des fonctions {f (ξ, α), α ∈ Λ} ne contient que des fonctions à valeurs dans {1, 2,..., K}. Une fonction coût très simple est un coût d'erreur constant, qui ne prend que les valeurs 0 ou 1 : 0 si y = f, L(y, f ) = (3.55) 1 si y 6= f. 99 La fonction risque moyen R(α) représente alors la probabilité d'erreur de classification et les fonctions {Q(z, α), α ∈ Λ} sont des fonctions indicatrices (c'est-à-dire qui prennent les valeurs 0 ou 1 uniquement). Le processus d'extension de la segmentation d'une coupe aux coupes voisines entre dans ce cadre (cf. paragraphe 5.2 page 186). |
US-202016862158-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Object tracking animated figure systems and methods
ABSTRACT
An animation system includes an animated figure, multiple sensors, and an animation controller that includes a processor and a memory. The memory stores instructions executable by the processor. The instructions cause the animation controller to receive guest detection data from the multiple sensors, receive shiny object detection data from the multiple sensors, determine an animation sequence of the animated figure based on the guest detection data and shiny object detection data, and transmit a control signal indicative of the animation sequence to cause the animated figure to execute the animation sequence. The guest detection data is indicative of a presence of a guest near the animated figure. The animation sequence is responsive to a shiny object detected on or near the guest based on the guest detection data and the shiny object detection data.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 16/269,471, entitled “OBJECT TRACKING ANIMATED FIGURE SYSTEMS AND METHOD,” filed on Feb. 6, 2019, which claims priority from and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/779,373, entitled “OBJECT TRACKING ANIMATED FIGURE SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” filed Dec. 13, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of amusement parks. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods utilized to trigger animated figure actions to provide amusement park experiences.
Amusement parks and other entertainment venues contain, among many other attractions, video displays that may provide supplemental content and/or that enhance an immersive experiences for park guests. For example, such displays may include content delivered by animated and/or live-action characters and that relates to the ride or environment. While such pre-recorded content may be scripted to appear as if the characters are interacting with a live audience, e.g., the characters may say hello or ask questions and pause as if waiting for an audience answer, the scripted content does not provide for dynamic or one-on-one audience interactions with a character.
SUMMARY
Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the originally claimed subject matter are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of certain disclosed embodiments. Indeed, the present disclosure may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
Provided herein is an animation system. The animation system includes an animated figure, a plurality of sensors of the animation system, and an animation controller. The animation controller includes a processor and a memory, wherein the memory stores instructions executable by the processor. The instructions cause the animation controller to receive guest detection data from the plurality of sensors, wherein the guest detection data is indicative of a presence of a guest near the animated figure, receive shiny object detection data from the plurality of sensors of the animation system, determine an animation sequence of the animated figure based on the guest detection data and shiny object detection data, and transmit a control signal indicative of the animation sequence to cause the animated figured to execute the animation sequence. The animation sequence is responsive to a shiny object detected on or near the guest based on the guest detection data and the shiny object detection data. The animation sequence includes reactive responses in real-time, pre-programmed responses, or a combination thereof.
Also provided herein is a method that includes the steps of receiving guest detection data from a plurality of sensors, wherein the guest detection data is indicative of a presence of a guest near an animated figure, receiving shiny object detection data from a plurality of sensors configured to detect metal objects or shiny objects, determining a presence of a metal object or a shiny object on or near the guest based on the guest detection data and the shiny object detection data, and sending a control signal to cause the animated figure to execute an animation based on the presence of the metal object or the shiny object. The animation sequence includes reactive responses in real-time, pre-programmed responses, or a combination thereof.
Also provided herein is a displayed animated figure system including a display screen displaying an animated figure, one or more cameras, and a display controller. The display controller includes a processor and a memory, wherein the memory stores instructions executable by the processor. The instructions cause the display controller to receive guest detection data, wherein the guest detection data is indicative of a presence of a guest within a predetermined range of the animated figure, receive image data from the one or more cameras, determine a guest location relative to the display screen based on the guest detection data, identify a shiny object on or near the guest based on the image data, determine an animation sequence of the animated figure to display on the display screen based on the guest location and shiny object detection data, and transmit a control signal indicative of the animation sequence to cause the display screen to display the animation sequence. The animation sequence is responsive to a shiny object detected on or near the guest based on shiny object detection data and the guest location based on the guest detection data. The animation sequence includes reactive responses in real-time, pre-programmed responses, or a combination thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an amusement park with animated figures, in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an animated figure system including the animated figure and an animation controller, in accordance with an embodiment, in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the animated figure executing an animation in response to a particular shiny object detected, in accordance with an embodiment; and
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of executing an animation in the animation figure, in accordance with an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
The present techniques relate to dynamic interaction between an individual, e.g., an amusement park guest, and an animated figure, character, or object. An animated figure may be provided as a plurality of images displayed on one or more display surfaces or as an animated figure or robotic figure. The animation and/or animation sequence may further refer to generating (e.g., via display or physical movement) of facial and/or body movements by the animated figure that are recognizable as an act in response to guest presence and/or actions. In certain embodiments, the techniques facilitate identification of particular objects, such as shiny objects, detected as being worn by or positioned on a guest and that cause a response by the animated figure. In one embodiment, the animated figure may respond to the presence of a detected worn object by appearing to make eye contact, smiling, speaking, running, waving, etc. In certain embodiments, the objects may be shiny objects, e.g., formed from reflective materials that are shiny, reflective, or metallic, including objects found on a person, such as, but not limited to, rings, clothing, necklaces, knives, keys, watches, etc.
Typical guest interactions with an animated figure at an amusement park may be limited to a set of pre-recorded animations for any given interaction. For example, regardless of the guest, gestures made by guests, and/or unique features of the guests, such as their clothing or appearance, the animation provided by the animated figure may be the same. Thus, such interactions may not be perceived as responsive or personalized to the individual guest.
Provided herein are techniques that facilitate interactions between guests and animated figures that appear to be customized and personal. For example, responsive animations may be provided when items worn on the guests are identified, and an animated figure reacts to or responds to such objects. Generally, items guests wear may include one or more shiny objects on the body. For example, guests may wear rings, bracelets, keys, sunglasses, sequence clothing, belts, etc. One or more of these items may be detected by the system, e.g., by a reflection detector. Thus, animations may be customized to animate in response to a particular shiny object worn or carried by a guest. However, providing precise shiny detection, such as detecting where on the body the shiny object is found, and/or determining the exact nature of the shiny object may be complex. For example, while some metal objects are shiny/reflective, not all metal objects are shiny objects. In addition, not all shiny objects are metal or have high metal content. Other types of objects, such as reflective plastics or glass, can be considered shiny.
With the foregoing in mind, FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an amusement park 10 that may operate in conjunction with the disclosed interactive animation system in accordance with present embodiments. In particular, the amusement park 10 includes one or more animated FIG. 12 that may track and react to a detection of a shiny object on a guest, on or around various amusement park attractions. In the depicted embodiment, the amusement park 10 attractions may include a water attraction 14, a restaurant 16, a virtual game room 18, and a track-based ride 20. Different embodiments of the animated FIG. 12 may be found throughout the amusement park 10, and each of them may detect and track shiny objects and/or guests (e.g., guest gestures), and react in a manner that the guests perceive as a response to the detected object or guests. For example, the water attraction 14, restaurant 16, and a track-based ride 20 may include display screens 22 that display images of an animated FIG. 12. The screens 22 may depict an animated FIG. 12 that reacts to guests and/or a specific shiny object detected. Similarly, an animated FIG. 12 may also be a virtual embodiment or hologram in a virtual game experienced in the virtual gaming room 18.
It should be noted that although examples provided herein may describe a physical or robotic animated FIG. 12, the approaches disclosed may be used in other animations, such as displayed, virtual, or holographic animated figures, as described above. Accordingly, as provided herein, the disclosed animation or animation sequence may refer to animation rendered on a display or holographic figure or animation caused by physical movement of a robotic figure. Thus, the present examples should be understood to merely reflect a real-world example of an animated figure in order to provide useful context to facilitate discussion, and should not be viewed as limiting the applicability of the present approach. Moreover, although the present approach relates to detecting shiny objects on guests, approaches disclosed may be used in other contexts for other detectable features of interest. Thus, the present approach should be understood as being applicable to any situation in which animated figures capable of generating a reaction based on detectable feature of interest may be present.
As depicted, the animated FIG. 12 may be controlled to react or be animated via an animation controller 30. In one embodiment, the animation controller 30 may be centralized and synced to at least one or more animated FIG. 12 (e.g., physical animated FIG. 12a , displayed holographic or virtual animated FIG. 12b or displayed animated FIG. 12c via control of displays, e.g., hologram projector or display screens 22) located throughout the amusement park 10. When the animation controller 30 detects guest presence, guest gestures, shiny object, and/or gestures associated with the object, via one or more sensors located on or around the animated FIG. 12, an animation control signal may be sent to one or more systems controlling the animated FIG. 12. The communications (e.g., sensed data indicating guest and/or shiny objects) may also be sent to a monitoring system 31. The monitoring system 31 may be an administrative system that not only monitors the animation changes, such as animations sent from the animation controller 30 in response to shiny objects detected and tracked, but may also control or reconfigure the animation controller 30. In this manner, the monitoring system 31 may reset animation options or override automated animations determined by the animation controller 30. For example, the animation controller 30 may automatically send an animation to the animated FIG. 12 in response to detection of a particular shiny object. Similarly, an operator may manually stop an animation via a stopping mechanism (e.g., button) to override the animation if the operator finds any issues with the animated FIG. 12 beyond those determined by the animation controller 30. The monitoring system 31 may also be used to recalibrate sensors on or around the animated FIG. 12. In certain embodiments, the monitoring system 31 and the animation controller 30 may be implemented as a single controller.
As previously mentioned, the animation controller 30 may utilize a combination of sensor data received by sensors on or near the animated FIG. 12 to detect a shiny object and in response, control animation based on the detected shiny object. As shown, shiny object detectors 26 may be used as a sensor mechanism to detect the presence of a shiny object, which may indicate a shiny object on a guest. The shiny object detectors 26 (e.g., reflectivity sensors, metal object detectors, shiny object detectors, metal sensors) generate shiny object detection data. Although shiny object detectors 26 are shown and discussed herein to detect reflectivity of a material and/or object, the shiny object detectors 26 may include detection of any shiny object, reflective object, metal object, metallic material, including but not limited to, shiny or metal objects, such as gemstones, glass, sequences, rings, necklaces, knives, keys, sunglasses, watches, etc. The shiny object detectors 26, e.g., reflectivity sensors may assess a reflectivity of a material using optical sensors and, based on the reflectivity, determine that the object is shiny. Furthermore, the shiny object detectors 26 may include one or more optical, magnetic, infrared, or inductive metal detectors. Further, the shiny object detectors may be reflectivity sensors configured to assess a reflectivity of a material using optical sensors and, based on the reflectivity, determine that the object is shiny and likely to be a shiny object of interest. Certain types of shiny objects that are worn objects (e.g., jewelry) may be of more interest than others (e.g., bright white teeth). To differentiate between the reflectiveness of white teeth and jewelry, additional analysis (e.g., using camera data) may be used to estimate that the location of a shiny object on a finger, ear, neck, or wrist is likely to be a shiny object of interest, while a location on or in a mouth is less likely. While an approach weighting certain body locations may fail to capture individuals with metal braces, such an approach enriches the identified shiny objects for the types of object of interest (e.g., worn objects).
In one embodiment, a reflectivity sensor is an optical sensor configured to measure intensity of light reflected from a surface of the object of interest. The reflectivity sensor may be integrated with one or more cameras 32 such that camera image data is used as an input to determine if captured objects are reflective. The assessment may be performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis, such that reflectivity of an individual pixel is assessed. If a sufficient number of adjacent pixels identified as being from an individual object (e.g., having similar color properties, located at a likely object location, or within a predefined boundary) are above the reflectivity factor threshold, the object is categorized as shiny. In one embodiment, specular or diffuse reflective properties may be assessed. Diffuse reflectivity may be observed over a larger percentage of a surface area of an object, while specular reflectivity may be observed at a fixed range of angles depending on image capture position and a position of available light sources. A shiny object may include both types of reflective properties. Accordingly, the camera data may be used to identify small shiny regions of high reflectivity (specular reflection) within an object or that swamp other types of reflectivity (e.g., a flashing diamond appearing as a bright halo in a camera image). Because individuals are moving within the environment, camera data over a time window may be used to track specular reflectivity at isolated moments to identify a shiny object, even if the camera data is indicative of diminished reflectivity as the individual, and their worn object, moves away from the specular reflective angle. The controller may identify temporarily or intermittently shiny objects as being shiny objects if estimated reflection at one point in a time window is above a threshold, even in the context of lower reflectivity at adjacent time points.
Moreover, the shiny object detectors 26 may be placed on or around an animated FIG. 12 of an attraction at a predetermined proximity from the animated FIG. 12, such that the animation controller 30 may gauge signal strength. Thus, when a shiny object is detected within the proximity, the shiny object detectors 26 may transmit a signal pulse detectable by the animation controller 30. The signal may be generated in a manner that may allow the animation controller 30 to determine an accurate detection of a shiny object. Furthermore, the shiny object detectors 26 may allow detectability for moving objects. Thus, the signal may indicate that the shiny object detected may be on a guest. In this manner, stationary shiny objects (e.g., stationary rides made of metal) of amusement park 10, such as attractions 16, 14, 18, and 20, that may be near the animated FIG. 12 may not be detected to falsely indicate a shiny object of interest.
In some implementations, the shiny object detector 26 may be sensitive to different types of shiny objects. For example, the shiny object detector 26 may be an optical or photoelectric sensor that may determine a shiny object based on a user defined threshold for reflectivity of the object. In general, whenever light travels through a material or medium, part of the light is reflected from the surface, e.g., as described by a reflection percentage, and the remainder of the light is refracted. Thus, reflectivity may be measured by a reflection factor % or refractive index. The refractive index references a dimensionless number to describe how fast light propagates through material. It also determines how much a path of light is bent (e.g., refracted) when entering the material.
In some embodiments, the threshold for determining a shiny object may be based on the amount of light reflected or the reflection factor. By way of example, the amount of light reflected when passing through a non-shiny object, such as sandstone material, is 20-40% while the reflection factor of polished aluminum is 80-87%. Thus, in one embodiment, the threshold for reflectivity may be a reflection factor of at least 80% when light passes through the particular object. In another embodiment, the threshold may be a reflection factor of at least 70%, such that at least 70% of light is reflected from the object. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the threshold for determining a shiny object may be based on a range of light reflected, such as a reflection factor of 70%-100%.
Additionally or alternatively, the threshold may be based on the refractive index rather than the reflection factor or amount of light reflected. By way of example, the refractive index for aluminum is 1.373, such that light travels 1.373 times faster in vacuum than through metal. The refractive index for other shiny objects, such as but not limited to, silver is 0.266 and a diamond is 2.417. Accordingly, a shiny object determination may be made by the shiny object detector 26 based on a refractive index of the object of at least 0.2 or a range of 0.2-2.5. Some shiny objects, such as silver metal objects, may be significantly more refractive than the others, such as diamonds. Accordingly, determining a particular threshold for reflectivity based on either a reflection factor percentage or a refractive index may be difficult. Moreover, non-shiny objects that may not be of interest may also fall within the reflection factor % or refraction index threshold. For example, snow has a reflection factor of 80%, which may be categorized as shiny based on the threshold in some embodiments, causing inaccurate shiny object determinations. Furthermore, the amount of light reflected by an object and how it is reflected may be dependent upon the degrees of smoothness or texture of the surface of the object. For example, when imperfections are smaller than wavelength of the incident light, virtually all the light is reflected equally. To account for the varying materials and textures of shiny objects, along with the varying reflectivity of shiny objects, a shiny object may be determined using additional sensor methods as described herein, such as by mental sensors, cameras, etc.
For example, the shiny object detector 26 may include a metal detector to determine a shiny object, such as a very low frequency (VLF) detector or a pulse induction (PI) detector, or the like. The VLF detector may transmit an electrical current producing a magnetic field under and/or below a surface, and receive signals that interfere with the magnetic field. Depending on the type of metal, such as highly magnetic objects (e.g., steel or iron) or low magnetic objects (e.g., gold), the magnetic pulse interference may change to indicate type of metal detected. In another example, a PI detector may pulse current through a coil of wire to generate a brief magnetic field with each pulse and cause another current, a reflected pulse, to run through the coil. The reflected pulse is short (e.g., 30 microseconds). If a metal object is detected, the pulse creates an opposite magnetic field in the object, causing the reflected pulse or causing it to last for a longer duration, indicating a metal detected. Thus, the animation controller 30 may interpret the pulse signals for a specific class or category of metal objects, and thus, a shiny object. For example, necklaces, rings, and bracelets detected may belong to a classification group of jewelry that may be of interest when determining an appropriate animation. The characteristics that the metal detector may use to determine classification may include, but are not limited to, the amount of metal typically used for body jewelry, type of metal (e.g., gold), etc.
As depicted, the shiny object detectors 26 may be used to detect shiny objects on a guest wearing a necklace 34 and a child wearing a small ring 36. Thus, the animation controller 30 may send a signal for the animated FIG. 12 to react in a manner indicating the detection of jewelry, for example, by changing its facial expression to indicate that it is in awe of the jewelry (e.g., pointing to the detected jewelry, enlarged eyes, and excited smile). Although shiny object detectors 26 may be used to detect shiny objects and/or classification of a shiny object, it may be difficult to precisely classify the shiny object and/or track the location of the object on the guest. Continuing with the example with the child wearing a small metal ring 36, detecting a small shiny object may be especially difficult. Thus, determining a classification for a shiny object and/or tracking it on a guest to accurately animate the animated FIG. 12 may be difficult with the use of a reflectivity or metal sensors or detectors, such as shiny object detectors 26.
Accordingly, other sensor mechanisms may be used in combination with sensors configured to provide shiny detection data, i.e., the reflectivity sensors or metal detectors, such as a camera 32 or a series of cameras 32 that may be installed around the animated FIG. 12 and/or around the amusement park 10. The cameras 32 may be set up at a predetermined distance from the animated FIG. 12. The predetermined distance may be a distance that may allow a full view of a guest body image and areas that the guest may wear shiny objects. For example, the camera 32 may view a 20 ft. (e.g., 6 meter) circumference around the animated FIG. 12. In this manner, any guests near the animated FIG. 12 that may trigger an animation may be easily detected. Additionally or alternatively, the cameras 32 may be integrated into the body of the animated FIG. 12. The integration may be positioned such that there is a clear view of guests and/or shiny objects to be perceived, whether the guests are stationed in front of or behind the animated FIG. 12. For example, integrating a camera 32 in the eyes of the animated FIG. 12 may allow for detection of guests interacting in front of the animated FIG. 12.
The cameras 32 may also be used to capture data used as inputs to one or more processes of the system as provided herein. In one example, the camera 32 data may be used by the animation controller 30 to detect human presence. That is, the presence of a captured image of a person is used at least in part to trigger an animation. In another example, the camera data may be processed to identify a guest using skeletal tracking, facial recognition, and/or body recognition. The guest detection and/or facial recognition may also allow a triggering of other sensor mechanisms to subsequently detect shiny objects on the guest. For example, after detecting a face, and thus a guest, the camera 32 may initialize the shiny object detector 26 to report on or send an input of shiny object detected near the guest, which may then allow for the animated figure to track the shiny object and/or guest and provide a responsive animation. The skeletal tracking may include using real-time or captured images of guests by the cameras 32, and comparing the images to recognized skeletal models to indicate a human skeleton detection. For example, the skeletal model may include relative positioning of essential joints, bones, and limbs of a human skeleton. Thus, comparing captured images of guests and the skeletal model may allow for human face and body detection. The skeletal tracking data may be further processed to precisely identify a face or body using facial recognition and body recognition, and may also be used to identify shiny objects on preferred body parts or regions. The facial image detection may consider multiple facial features as a whole to determine that a face has been accurately detected. The features considered may be points of facial interest and their intersection (e.g., two eyes aligned along a horizontal line in close proximity to a nose along a vertical line, detected at or near a point between each eye). Furthermore, the cameras 32 may be used for full body detection, such that body features may be used to precisely identify a guest, and subsequently trigger detection of shiny objects. For example, the body detection features may consider body features and their intersection, such as face, arms, and legs. Additionally or alternatively, the camera 32 may be used for shape recognition to identify shiny objects of interest. The cameras 32 may be configured to specifically detect common pieces of shiny objects found on a guest. The shapes recognized may be circular rings, circular necklaces, belt buckles, key shapes, etc. The cameras 32 may be configured to perform the skeletal tracking, facial/body recognition, and shape recognition in sequence to allow for an accurate identification of a shiny object found on a guest. For example, after detecting a guest via facial/body recognition or body-heat recognition, the animated figure system may determine a body image and subsequently apply shape recognition to specific body areas that are considered to be likely to have a shiny object of interest. For example, a search for metal objects may be limited to the identified waist region for belts, identified hands or toes for rings, identified neck or face for necklace shapes, etc. Further, additional verification of detected metal may also incorporate camera data. If a shiny object is detected at an identified guest hand, camera data indicating an annular shape corresponding to the potential shiny object is indicative of a ring. Furthermore, in some implementations, the cameras 32 may also capture movements (e.g., gestures) of the guest and use those captured movements to further simulate an animation for the animated FIG. 12. Thus, the shiny objects detected may also be used to precisely detect and track a guest rather than providing an animation that may be perceived as a response to the shiny object itself.
Moreover, one or more additional sensors 28, e.g., proximity sensors, thermal sensors, optical sensors, may also be used to detect human presence. The additional sensors 28 may be installed on the physical body of a robotic or animated FIG. 12a or integrated near, into, or on the display screen 22 displaying the animated FIG. 12c . In this manner, if a guest touches the animated figure, the animation controller 30 may animate the animated FIG. 12 to react accordingly. For example, if a guest touches the back shoulder of the animated FIG. 12, the animated figure may be instructed to react as if it is afraid, such as by running away from the guest. The additional sensors 28 may also be used in conjunction with other sensor mechanisms, such as the cameras 32 or shiny object detectors 26, to trigger detection of a shiny object. Thus, based on the detection of guest presence detected by the thermal sensors, the cameras 32 may initiate a thermal imaging and shape recognition to detect shiny objects on guests. In certain embodiments, the additional sensors 28 may detect if the guest is within range of the animated FIG. 12. That is, if a sensed distance 33 is less than a threshold and/or if the guest is within a hypothetical field of view 29 of the animated FIG. 12, the animation may be triggered.
Other sensor mechanisms may include radio frequency identification (RFID) tags 38 incorporated into guest wearable devices (e.g., bracelets). The RFID tags 38 may communicate with an electronic reader incorporated into an attraction and/or around an animated FIG. 12 to indicate presence of the tag. The RFID data may be utilized to indicate a presence of the guest, such as to trigger shiny object recognition to detect and track a metal object.
It should be understood that the animated FIG. 12 may be at rest or operating under default instructions in the absence of the guest. For example, the displayed animated FIG. 12c may be active on the display screen 22. The animated FIG. 12 may be generally looking around for guests or performing other tasks until an interactive animation is triggered based on detection of the guest and concurrent detection of a metal object on or near the guest.
As previously mentioned, the combination of detected sensor signal indicative of detection of guest presence and/or shiny objects may be sent to an animation controller 30, which may then determine a corresponding animation sequence. To illustrate, FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an animated figure system 50 with an animation controller 30 and an animated FIG. 12 (e.g., animated FIG. 12a , virtual animated FIG. 12b , and/or displayed animated FIG. 12c ). The animation controller 30 (e.g., electronic controller) may include a memory 52, a processor 54, communication circuitry 56, and an input device 53. In certain embodiments, the memory 52 is configured to store instructions, data, and/or information, such as a library of animations (e.g., database or selectable available animation options). Additionally or alternatively, the memory 52 may include a user-defined algorithm for a responsive animation. For example, the algorithm may include tracking the detected shiny object using the animated FIG. 12 features, such as eyes. Thus, the algorithm may cause the eyes of the animated FIG. 12 to track and follow the detected shiny object. It should be noted that although examples provided herein may describe the animation library, the approaches disclosed may use other animations or algorithms, or both, such as algorithms that cause the animated FIG. 12 to track and react (e.g., follow) the shiny object rather than selecting animations from a stored library, such that the animation may be perceived as responsive to the tracked shiny object. Additionally or alternatively, the algorithm may track a shiny object as means to track a guest, and then provide animations that may be responsive to the guest and/or guest gestures. Furthermore, although examples provided herein describe the animated FIG. 12 as an animated FIG. 12a , the approaches disclosed may use other animated figures, such as but not limited to, a displayed virtual animated FIG. 12b , a displayed animated FIG. 12c , or the like.
As discussed in more detail below, in certain embodiments, the processor 54 is configured to receive input signals, from the input device 53, relating to detecting guests, and/or shiny objects, and/or guest gestures from one or more sensors previously described, to select an animation from the library of animations based on the received inputs, and subsequently provide control signals to a speaker 68, and/or an actuator 58 of the animated FIG. 12, based on the received inputs and/or in accordance with the selected animation. In this manner, the animation controller 30 may control the animations of the animated FIG. 12. The sensor data may be provided to the input device 53 by the camera 32, the shiny object detectors 26, additional sensors 28 (e.g., proximity sensors or thermal sensors), and/or RFID tags 38, as previously described. It should be understood that the illustrated system is merely intended to be exemplary, and that certain features and components may be omitted and various other features and components may be added to facilitate performance, in accordance with the disclosed embodiments.
After receiving the sensor data via the input device 53, the animation controller 30 may facilitate control of the animated FIG. 12 using the processor 54 to select an animation from the library of animations that may be stored in the memory 52, based on the sensor data. The animation library may include, for example, a list of available animations, such as a first animation option (e.g., smile), a second animation option (e.g., say greeting), a third animation option (e.g. laugh and wave), a fourth animation option (e.g., say goodbye), etc. In certain embodiments, the animation options may be stored in the memory 52. In some implementations, the processor 54 may be configured to select one or more animations to be performed in sequence (e.g., animation sequence).
In certain embodiments, the animation controller 30 may be used to control the various components of the animated FIG. 12 and it should be understood that any of the features, functions, and/or techniques disclosed herein may be distributed between the animated FIG. 12 and the animation controller 30 in any suitable manner, such as the animation controller 30 and the animated FIG. 12 may be integrated into the animated FIG. 12. In the depicted embodiment, the processor 54 of the animation controller 30 may execute instructions stored in the memory 52 to perform operations, such as selecting an animation (e.g. smile, speak, point to shiny object, run away from shiny object, etc.) to execute on the animated FIG. 12. As such, in some embodiments, the processor 54 may be one or more general purpose microprocessors, one or more application specific processors (ASICs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or any combination thereof. Additionally, the memory 52 may be a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium that stores instructions executable by and data to be processed by the processor 54. Thus, in some embodiments, the memory 52 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory, flash memory, hard drives, optical discs, and the like.
Furthermore, the animation controller 30 may enable the communication circuitry 56 to interface with various other electronic devices, such as the components illustrated in the animated FIG. 12. For example, the communication circuitry 56 may allow the animation controller 30 to communicatively couple to a network, such as a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), and/or a wide area network (WAN). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the animation controller 30 may process data from the input device 53 and communicate it to the animated FIG. 12 (e.g., animated FIG. 12a ) via the communication circuitry 56. For example, after processing sensor data inputs from the input device 53, the processor 54 may enable the communication circuitry 56 to wirelessly transmit data to the animated FIG. 12 to enable its face or body to output one or more animations (e.g. smile, speak, point to metal object, run away from metal object, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the processor 54 may enable the communication circuitry 56 to wirelessly transmit data to a virtual figure controller 21 of the virtual animated FIG. 12b to execute animations. Similarly, the sensor data may be wirelessly transmitted to a display screen controller 25 of the display screen 22 to control a displayed animated FIG. 12c . Although not explicitly shown, the display screen controller 25 and the virtual figure controller 21 may each include a memory similar to a figure memory 62 of the animated FIG. 12a to store animations or algorithms for performing animations and a processor similar to a figure processor 60 of the animated FIG. 12a to process and execute the animations on the respective animated FIGS. 12b, 12c . In further configurations, the communication circuitry 56 may be wirelessly connected, or may be connected via a wired connection, to the animated FIG. 12.
In some implementations, the animation controller 30 may also be configured to display an indication of available animations (e.g., a list of animations or algorithms stored in the library in the memory 52), as well as an indication of the selected movements, features, and/or animation on a display 27 (e.g., a display of text, images, graphics, or the like) of the animation controller 30 for visualization purposes. The display may also be available to the monitoring system 31 (see FIG. 1) for monitoring or making administrative changes to the animation controller 30 and/or the animated FIG. 12. Thus, an operator monitoring the monitoring system 31 may view the display 27 to have a visual indication of possible animations, and may subsequently modify the possible options, such as by expanding the animation option library to improve the interaction of the animated FIG. 12 with guests. Moreover, using the display 27, the operator may override and assign one or more available animations to one or more sensed guest interactions and/or shiny objects. Thus, in some embodiments, the multiple animations provided on the display 27 may be changed, modified, switched, delayed, or deleted by the operator, thereby enabling updated animations. In some embodiments, the processor 54 may be configured to instruct the display 27 to display a list of previously performed animations corresponding to sensor data to facilitate visualization and to facilitate selection of future animations.
The display 27 may be further utilized to provide various other information. For example, in some embodiments, the camera 32 may communicate with the display 27 to show images (e.g., still or real-time images, such as video) of guests and currently implemented animation (e.g., current movements of the animated FIG. 12), which may have been communicated to the animated FIG. 12 by the communication circuitry 56. Furthermore, the displayed images may be used by the operator to modify the animation library.
Once the animation signal is sent from the animation controller 30 to the animated FIG. 12 (or the display screen 22 displaying the animated FIG. 12), the animated FIG. 12 may implement the corresponding animation. As shown, the components used to implement the animation in the animated FIG. 12 may include the actuators 58, the figure processor 60, the figure memory 62, the communication device 64, and the speaker 68. The figure processor 60 may receive an animation signal from the animation controller 30, and the figure processor 60 may process the signal to provide instructions to modify the actuators 58, and/or speakers 68 accordingly. The figure processor 60 may execute instructions stored in the figure memory 62 to perform operations received from the animation controller 30, such as determining the complete motion profile (e.g., animations) to execute on the animated FIG. 12. As such, in some embodiments, the animated FIG. 12 may include one or more general purpose microprocessors, one or more application specific processors (ASICs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or any combination thereof. Additionally, the figure memory 62 may be a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium that stores instructions executable by, and data to be processed by, the figure processor 60. Thus, in some embodiments, the figure memory 62 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory, flash memory, hard drives, optical discs, and the like.
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526875_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Unión de Tula é um município do estado de Jalisco, no México.
Em 2005, o município possuía um total de 13.133 habitantes.
Cidades do México
Municípios de Jalisco.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20151 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "action_item.h"
#include "jstring.h"
#include "aes.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
using namespace handy::action_note;
using namespace handy::common;
bool action_item::save_as(string filename, uint8_t* key) {
string action_content = render_text();
if (key) {
struct AES_ctx ctx;
size_t len = action_content.length() + 1; //Figure out how much data I have
size_t delta = 16 - (len % 16); //figure out how much more data I need to get to X * 16
len += delta; //Round up buffer to nearest 16th
unsigned char* workingBuff = new unsigned char[len];
memset(workingBuff, 0, len);
memcpy(workingBuff, action_content.c_str(), action_content.length());
AES_init_ctx_iv(&ctx, key, handy::action_note::iv);
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Encrypting: " << len << endl;
#endif
AES_CBC_encrypt_buffer(&ctx, (uint8_t*)workingBuff, len);
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Writing to file: " << filename << endl;
#endif
std::ofstream file(filename, std::ios::binary);
file.write((const char*)workingBuff, len);
file.close();
delete[] workingBuff;
}
else {
ofstream diskfile;
diskfile.open(filename);
diskfile << action_content;
diskfile.close();
}
file = filename;
return true;
}
bool action_item::save(uint8_t* key) {
if (file.size() != 0) {
save_as(file, key);
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
action_item* action_item::get_action_item(string filename, uint8_t* key) {
string line;
action_item* ai = NULL;
istream* target_stream;
if (key == NULL) {
ifstream myfile(filename);
if (myfile.is_open())
{
target_stream = &myfile;
if (getline(*target_stream, line)) {
ai = get_action_item(line, target_stream, NULL);
}
}
else {
cout << "Unable to open action item file";
return NULL;
}
myfile.close();
}
else {
std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
std::streamsize size = file.tellg();
file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
char* buffer = new char[size];
//cout << "reading into buffer: " << size << endl;
if (file.read(buffer, size))
{
struct AES_ctx ctx;
AES_init_ctx_iv(&ctx, key, iv);
AES_CBC_decrypt_buffer(&ctx, (uint8_t*)buffer, size);
//cout << "Decrypted:" << size << endl;
std::stringbuf ret_buffer;
std::ostream r_os(&ret_buffer);
std::istream r_is(&ret_buffer);
r_os << buffer;
target_stream = &r_is;
if (getline(*target_stream, line)) {
ai = get_action_item(line, target_stream, NULL);
}
}
file.close();
delete[] buffer;
}
if (ai != NULL) {
ai->set_filename(filename);
}
return ai;
}
action_item* action_item::get_action_item(string line, istream* stream, meeting* parent) {
string curr_ai_assignee;
string curr_ai_start;
string curr_ai_due;
string curr_ai_text;
string curr_ai_enddate;
vector<string> ai_notes;
vector<jstring> action_data = jstring(line.c_str()).split(jstring(" "));
if (action_data.size() != 6 && action_data.size() != 4 && action_data.size() != 2) {
//return bad status showing inability to parse
}
if (!action_data.at(0).equals("@@AI")) {//TODO: cleanup and reconcile with previous constant
//return bad status showing invalid action
}
curr_ai_assignee = action_data.at(1).c_str();
if (action_data.size() >= 4) {
if (action_data.at(2).equals("@@start")) {
curr_ai_start = action_data.at(3).c_str();
}
else if (action_data.at(2).equals("@@due")) {
curr_ai_due = action_data.at(3).c_str();
}
}
if (action_data.size() == 6) { //TODO: account for double stating start or due dates
if (action_data.at(4).equals("@@start")) {
curr_ai_start = action_data.at(5).c_str();
}
else if (action_data.at(4).equals("@@due")) {
curr_ai_due = action_data.at(5).c_str();
}
}
bool in_action_text = true;
while (getline(*stream, line))
{
if (line.find(ACTION_CLOSED_TAG) != std::string::npos) {
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Pushing closed tag!" << endl;
#endif
curr_ai_enddate = line.substr(ACTION_CLOSED_TAG.size());
}
else if (line.find(ACTION_NOTE_TAG) != std::string::npos) {
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Pushing note!" << endl;
#endif
in_action_text = false;
ai_notes.push_back(line.substr(ACTION_NOTE_TAG.size()));
}
else if (line.find(ACTION_END_TAG) != std::string::npos) {
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "End action tag" << endl;
#endif
in_action_text = false;
action_item* ai = new action_item(curr_ai_assignee, curr_ai_start, curr_ai_due, curr_ai_text, curr_ai_enddate, parent);
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "AI: " << ai << endl;
#endif
for (int idx = 0; idx < ai_notes.size(); idx++) {
ai->add_note(ai_notes.at(idx));
}
return ai;
}
else if (in_action_text) {
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Line of action: " << line << endl;
#endif
if (curr_ai_text.size() != 0) {
curr_ai_text.append(LINE_RETURN);
}
curr_ai_text.append(line);
}
else {
//I need to have this for making notes multi-line. TODO, add support for multilines
#ifdef DEBUG
cout << "Adding note: " << line << endl;
#endif
ai_notes.push_back(line.substr(ACTION_NOTE_TAG.size()));
}
}
return NULL;
}
string action_item::render_text() {
stringstream output;
output << ACTION_TAG << assignee;
if (start_date.size() != 0) {
output << " " << ACTION_START_TAG << start_date;
}
if (due_date.size() != 0) {
output << " " << ACTION_DUE_TAG << due_date;
}
output << LINE_RETURN;
output << action_text << LINE_RETURN;
if (notes.size() != 0) {
for (list<string>::const_iterator i = notes.begin(); i != notes.end(); ++i)
{
output <<ACTION_NOTE_TAG << i->c_str() << LINE_RETURN;
}
}
if (closed_date.size() != 0) {
output << ACTION_CLOSED_TAG << closed_date << LINE_RETURN;
}
output << ACTION_END_TAG << LINE_RETURN;
return output.str();
} |
congressionalrec134lunit_480 | English-PD | Public Domain | Miller of Washln^on, Mr. Moakley, Mrs. Morella, Mr. Neal. Mr. Oberstar. Mr. Owens of New York. Ms. Pelosl, Mr. Pep- per, Mr. Perkins, Mr. Rodlno, Mr. Scheuer, Mr. Schumer, Mr. Shays. Mr. Smith of Florida. Mr. Torres, Mr. Towns, Mr Traxler. Mr. Weiss, and Mr. Wyden), 6010— Cosponsors added, 9791, 12286, 14373, 19227, 19861— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-718), 15721— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-718, part III, 16517— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-718. part HI), 19554— Made spe- cial order (H. Res. 506), 19860— Debated. 20227. 25988— Amendments, 20251, 20266. 20269. 20273. 20275. 25940. 25988— Amended and passed House. 20217— Referred to the Committee on Labor and Human Re- sources. 20842 — Amended and passed Sen- ate. 28012 — House dlsa^eed to Senate amendments and a«rreed to a conference. Conferees appointed, 28117 — Senate In- sisted on its amendments and asked for a conference. Conferees appointed. 28468— Conference report (H. Rept. 100-1069) submitted In House. 30564— Ex- planatory statement. 30583— Conference report debated. 31802— Conference report at^eed to In the House. 31861 — Conference report agreed to in the Senate, 32020— Examined and signed In the House. 33326— Elxamlned and signed In the Sen- ate. 33679— Presented to the President. 33328— Approved [Public Law 100-628]. 33331 H.R. 4353— A bill to esubllsh a limitation of S912.598.392 on the amount of funds which may be used for operating assistance under the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 In fiscal year 1968; Jointly, to the Committees on Public Works and Transportation; Appropriations. By Mr. VISCLOSKY. 6010— Cosponsors added. 9156. 11754. 1256% 13867 H.R. 4354— A bill to designate certain Na- tional Forest System lands In the State of Oklahoma for Inclusion In the Na- tional Wilderness Preservation System, create the Winding Stair Mountain Na- tional Recreation and Wilderness Area and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Interior and Insular Af- fairs; Agriculture. By Mr. WATKINS. 6010— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-792). 18924— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House. 20957— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-792 part U). 21028— Referred to the Conunlttee on Energy and Natural Resources, 21581— Amended and passed Senate (In lieu of S. 2571), 26943— De- bated, 27959— Rules suspended and the Senate amndment was concurred In. 28144— Examined and signed In the Sen- ate. 29363— Examined and signed In the House. 29234— Presented to the President, 30597— Approved [Public Law 100-499], 32806 2484 HOUSE BILLS H.R. 4355— A bill for the relief of William D. Benonl; to the Conunlttee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. CONTE, 6010 H.R. 4356— A bill for the relief of Elizabeth M. Hill; to the Committee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. STENHOLM, 6010 H.R. 4357— A bill to amend subtitle D of the Solid Waste Disposal Act to regulate mu- nicipal solid waste Incinerators and mu- nicipal solid waste Incinerator ash; to the Committee on Energy and Com- merce. By Mr. THOMAS A LUKEN (for himself and Mr. Whlttaker), 6343— Cosponsors added, 8092, 10658. 17108, 22752. 23676 H.R. 4358— A bill to amend title 28. United States Code, to provide for an exclusive remedy against the United States for suits based upon certain negligent or wrongful acts or omissions of U.S. em- ployees conunltted within the scope of their employment, and for other pur- poses; to the Committee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. FRANK (for himself. Mr. Fish, Mr. Shaw, and Mr. WolO. 6381— Cosponsors added, 8843 H.R. 4359— A bill to provide for a comprehen- sive analysis of Department of Defense capabilities to detect, prevent, and treat abuse and neglect of children on military installations and to provide for rec- ommendations for the improvement of such capabilities; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mrs. BOXER. 6381— Cosponsors added, 14743, 20332 H.R. 4360— A bill to amend title 5, United States Code, to Ffobibit reimbursement by the United States of costs Incurred by contractors In connection with pro- ceedings relating to violations of laws or regulations; Jointly, to the Committees on Government Operations; the Judici- ary. By Mrs. BOXER. 6381— Cosponsors added, 9791. 14743 H.R. 4361 -A bill to amend chapter &3 of title 5. United States Code, to provide that unless individuals who are entitled to civil service retirement benefits receive their initial annuity payments promptly, such individuals shall be entitled to re- ceive Interest on the delayed payments; to the Conunlttee on Post Office emd Civil Service. By Mr. RAY (for himself, Mr. Bateman. Mr. Bennett, Mr. Bevill, Mr. Blaggi, Mr. Blaz, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Cardln, Mr. Clay, Mr. DeFazio, Mr. de Lugo, Mr. Dellums, Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. Dymally, Mr. Dyson, Mr. Erdrelch, Mr. ?ascell, Mr. Fazio, Mr. Frost, Mr. Gonzalez, Mr. Gray of Illinois, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Horton, Mr. Jenkins. Mr. Jones of North Caro- lina. Mr. Lagomarsino. Mr. Lancaster, Mr. Lewis of Georgia, Mr. Montgomery, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nichols, Mr. Oberstar. Mr. Owens of New York. Ms. Pelosl, Mr. Pepper, Mr. Petri, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Si- korski, Mr. Sislsky, Mr. Solomon, Mr. Sunla, Mr. Tauke, Mr. Thomas of Geor- gia, Ivlr. Whltten, and Mr. Yates), 6381— Cosponsors added, 9250, 10369. 18087, 24714 H.R. 4362— A bill to amend section 3 of the act of June 14, 1926, as amended (43 U.S.C. 869-2). to authorize the issuance of pat- ents with a limited reverter provision of lands devoted to solid waste disposal, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. UDALL (for himself, Mr. Lehman of California, Mr. Richardson, Mr. Camp- bell, Mr. DeFazio, Mr. Young of Alaska, Mr. Marlenee, Mr. CJheney, Mr. Pash- ayan, Mr. Craig. Mr. Hansen, Mr. Rhodes, Mrs. Vucanovich, and Mr. Coelho), 6382— Cosponsors added, 18925, 21029, 22752— Re- ported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-934), 24336— Rules suspended. Amend- ed and passed House, 24681— Referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, 24808 — Ordered placed on cal- endar, 26876, 27032— Amendments, 28098, 32452, 32559— Amended and passed Senate, 32452 — House concurred in Senate amend- ment, 32860— Exiunined and signed In the House, 33326 — Examined and signed in the Senate, 32680— Presented to the Presi- dent, 33329— Approved [Public Law 100-648], 33331 H.R. 4363— A bill for the relief of Ivan Lendl; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. MORRISON of Connecticut, 6382— Reported (H. Rept. 100-596), 9900— Passed over, 13794, 19797, 24860— Objection heard. 28115 H.R. 4364— A bill to amend the Toxic Sub- stances Control Act to tequlre the Ad mlnlstrator of the Ekivironmental Pro- tection Agency to establish guidelines on priorities for local educational agencies to clean up asbestos in schools, to extend the deadlines for local educational agen- cies to comply with certain asbestos re- quirements, and to amend the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act of 1984 to authorize additional loans for such agen- cies to inspect for asbestos in schools and develop asbestos management plans; Jointly, to the Conmilttees on Energy and Commerce; Education aind Labor. By Mr. STAGGERS, 6785— Cosponsors added, 8092. 9156, 9976. 11754. 12286 H.R. 4365— A bill to designate the Sunderland National Salmon Station located In Sun- derland. MA; as the "Richard Cronln Na- tional Salmon Station"; to the Commit- , tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. CONTE, 6785— Reported (H. Rept. 100-671), 13368— Debated, 13500— Rules sus- pended. Passed House, 13801— Referred to the Committee on Environment and Pub- lic Works, 14018— Reported (no written report), 27464— Passed Senate, 28015— Ex- amined and signed in the Senate, 29363— Elxamlned and signed in the House, 29234— Presented to the President, 30597— Approved [Public Law 100-500], 32806 H.R. 4366— A bill to establish a Supreme 'I Court of the District of Columbia, and for other puri>oses; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. By Mr. FAUNTROY (for himself, Mr. Dym- ally, and Mr. Mazzoli), 6785 H.R. 4367— A bill to provide for Improved safety at railroad-highway crossings; to the Conunlttee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. BARTON of Texa.s, 6785 H.R. 4368— A bill to amend title 23, United States Code, relating to the toll road pilot program in the State of Texas; to the Conunlttee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. CHAPMAN, 6785 H.R. 4369— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to provide that a noncharltable gift by check shall be treated as made for estate tax purposes when the check is Issued; to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. By Mr. CRANE. 6785 H.R. 4370— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to postpone the imposi- tion of the Federal tobacco excise tax with respect to Imported, unpackaged to- bacco products: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. GIBBONS. 6785 H.R. 4371— A bill to amend the Revenue Act of 1987 to provide that the user fees im- posed under such act do not apply to cer- tain taxpayers, and for other punmses; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DONNELLY, 6785 H.R. 4372— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to Increase the excise tax on smokeless tobacco, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means; Energy and Conunerce. By Mr. Donnelly, stss— cosponsors added, 10868, 11754, 13306, 14743 H.R. 4373— A bill to establish the Lower Mis- sissippi Delta Development Commission; Jointly, to the Committees on Public Works and Transportation; Small Busi- ness; Banking, Finance and Urban Af- fairs. By Mr. ESPY (for himself. Mr. Whltten, Mr. Jonee of Tennessee, Mr. Dowdy of Mississippi, Mr. Montgomery, Mr. L<$tt, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Anthony, Mr. Ford of Tennessee, and Mr. Coelho). 6786— Co- sponsors added, 8306. 9600. 9901. 10546. 12563, 138^, 14743, 16518, 23035 H.R. 4374— A bill to suspend for a 3-year pe- riod the duty on dlphenollc acid; to the Conunlttee on Ways and Means. By Mr. JEMKINS. 6785 H.R. 4375— A till to Improve the numagement of certain public lands in the State of Michigan; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. KILDEE (for himself. Mr, Dingell. Mr. Schuette, Mr. Broomfleld, Mr. Henry, Mr. Traxler. Mr. Bonlor of Michi- gan, Mr. Upton, Mr. Carr. Mr. Hertel, Mr. Davis of Michigan, Mr. Fursell. Mr. Levin of Michigan. Mr. Wolpe. Mr. Ford of Michigan, Mr. Vander Ja«:t. Mr. Con- yers. and Mr. Crockett). 6785— Reported with amendments <H. Rept. 100-758). 17106— Rules Eusi>ended. Amended and passed House, 17399— Referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Re- sources, 17702— Reported (S. Rept. 100-537), 34809— Passed Senate, 29842— Ex- amined and signed in the Senate, 30667 — Examined and signed in the House. 30642— Presented to the President. 33323— Approved [Public Law 100-537]. 33330 HP.. 4376— A bill to require analyses and esti- mates of the likely Impact of Federal legislation and regulations upon the pri- vate sector and State and local govern- ments, to provide for deficit neutrality of new spending legislation, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Government Operations; Rules. By Mr. LATTA (for himself, Mr. QuUlen. Mr. LotU Mr. Taylor. Mr. Mack. Mr. Boulter, Mr. Thomas of California, Mr. Rogers, Mr. Sundqulst, Mrs. Johnson of Connectiout. Mr. Armey, and Mr. Hough- ton). 6785 H.R. 4377— A bill to sunend the Food Security Act of 1965 to expand the lands eligible for the Conservation Reserve Program; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. LIOHTFOOT (for himself. Mr. Hor- ton, Ml-. Grandy. Mr. Garcia. Mr. Penny, and Mr. Roberts), 678&— Cosponsors added. 8092. 16518 H.R. 4378— A bill to respond to tbe Long- standing press restrictions in South Afri- ca and the most recent emergency orders and pres* restrictions Imirased by the South African Government that have re- sulted In censorship ajd self-censorship of the media in South Africa, the United States, a*d other natlona throughout the HOUSE BILLS world; to the Conunlttee on Foreign Af- taira. By Mr. LOWRY of Washington (for himself, Mr. Dixon, Mr. Williams, Mr. Gray of Pennsylvania, Mr. Dellums, Mr. Towns, Mr. Fauntroy, and Mr. Downey of New York). 6786 H.R. 4379— A bill to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to provide to aliens who are nationals of certain foreign states In crises authorization to remain temporarily in the United States; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. MAZZOLI (for himself, Mr. Fish, and Mr. Swlndall), 6785— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-627), 11337— Co- sponsors added, 11339— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House, 28602— Re- ferred to the Committee on the Judici- ary. 32553 H.R. 4380— A bill to amend the Bank Holding Act of 1956 to limit certain acquisitions by grandfathered bank holding compa- nies and bank holding companies orga- nized under the laws of foreign countries; to the Conunlttee on Banking. Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. RIDGE (for himself and Mr. Wal- gren), 6785— Cosponsors added. 11754, 13185 H.R. 4381— A bill to amend title 10, United States Code, to require tbe Secretary of Defense to include in the annual weapons procurement report to Congress an expla- nation of why the minimum economic rate of production of weajwns Is or is not being adhered to; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. SCHUMER (for himself, Mr. Stark, Mr. Frank, Mr. Morrison of (Connecticut, Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Borski, Mr. Weiss, Mr. Blaggi, Mr. Brown of California, Mr. Green, Mr. Bustamante. Mr. Atkins, Mr. Fawell, Mr. Ackerman, and Mr. Rangel\ 6785 — Cosponsors added, 13306 H.R. 4382— A bill to direct the Secretary of the Army to carry out beach nourish- ment on the shoreline of the Gulf of Mex- ico in MaUgorda County, TX; to the Committee on Public Works and Trans- portation. By Mr. SWEENEY, 6785 H.R. 4383— A bill to rescind certain amounts of budget authority Eind to repeal certain I>rovlslons of law contained in an act making further continuing appropria- tions for the fiscal year 1988, and for other pun>oses; to the Committee on Ap- propriations. By Mr. WALKER (for himself, Mr.Dornan of California, Mr. Swlndall, Mr. Schaefer. and Mr. Hyde), 6785— Cosponsors added, 7503.8843 H.R. 4384— A bill to provide for the cleanup of dangerous chemicals at Illegal drug laboratories, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Energy and Conunerce; the Judlclsuy. By Mr. WYDEN (for himself and Mr. DeFazio), 6785 — Cosponsors added, 16518, 30332 H.R. 4385— A bill for the relief of the Wash- ington Welfare Association, Inc. of Wash- ington, DC, which operates the South- east Neighborhood House; to the Com- mittee on the Judiciary. By Mr. FAUNTROY, 6786 H.R. 4386— A bill for the relief of losef Omescu Glantzeln and Olga Averbush Omescu; to the Conunlttee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. LEHMAN of Florida, 6786 H.R. 4387— A bill to authorize appropriations . for fiscal year 1989 for Intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the U.S. Government, for the intelligence commu- nity staff, for the Ontral Intelligence Agency retirement and disability sys- tem, and for other purposes; to the Com- mittee on the Permanent Select Com- mittee on Intelligence. By Mr. STOKES, 6821— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-591), 9599— Re- ported (H. Rept. 100-591, part H), 11337— Committees discharged, 11337— Made spe- cial order (H. Res. 156), 12193— Debated, 12492— Amendments, 12500, 12503, 12504. 12527, 12528 — Amended and passed House, 12529— Ordered placed on calendar, 13447— Amended and psissed Senate (In lieu of S. 2366), 20750— Senate insisted on its amendments aind asked for a conference. Conferees appointed, 20753— House dis- agreed to Senate amendments and agreed to a conference. Conferees appointed, 21(>87— Conference report (H. Rept. 100-879) submitted in House, 22228— Ex- planatory statement, 22231 — Conference report submitted in the House and agreed to, 23804 — Conference report submitted in the Senate ?nd agreed to, 23897 — Exam- ined and signed in the Senate, 24537— Ex- amined and signed in the House, 24713— Presented to the President, 25020— Ap- proved [Public Law 100-453], 28550 H.R. 4388— A bill to establish a United States-Mexico Joint Development Bank; jointly, to the Committees on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs; Foreign Af- fairs. By Mr. GONZAIJIZ, 6821 H.R. 4389— A bill to amend the Demonstra- tion Cities Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 to provide relocation assist- ance to certain persons affected by clo- sures of Coast Guard bases and installa- tions; Jointly, to the Committees on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs; Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. YOUNG of Alaska, 6821— Rules sus- pended. Passed House, 7319— Referred to the Committee on Armed Services. 8370 H.R. 4390— A bill to amend title II of the So- cial Security Act to prohibit, after 2 years after the commencement of any person's period of entitlement to month- ly insurance benefits under such title, any adjustment in a person's monthly In- surance beneflcs under such title, or any recovery by the United States from such person, in connection with any overpay- ment of benefits under any prior entitle- ment; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DeFAZIO, 6821— Cosponsors added, 20522.23398 H.R. 4391— A bill to amend the Controlled Substances Act to suppress the diversion and trafficking of chemicals utilized in the Illicit manufacture of methamphet- amlne. and for other purposes; jointly, to the Committees on Energy and Com- merce; the Judiciary. By Mr. DeFAZIO (for himself and Mr. Wyden), 6821— Cosponsors added, 19227 H.R. 4392— A bill to amend title 39, United States Code, to make nonmailable any mail matter which is designed to resem- ble a bill or invoice but which in fact constitutes a solicitation of donations, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. FEIGHAN, 6822 H.R. 4393— A bill to amend provisions of title 28, United States Code, relating to Judi- cial discipline, and to establish a com- mission to study the constitutional is- sues involved in the Impeachment of an article HI Judge; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 2485 H.R. 4393— Contlnnxl By Mr. KA8TENMjuj£K (for hlmMlf and Mr. MoorhMtd). 6833— Cosponaors added. S3S34 HJL 43M— A bUl to amend the Toxic Sab- stances Control Act, and for other par- poses; to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. SCHULZE (for himself, Mr. Cough- lln. and Mr. Weldon), 6833 H.R. 4305 — A bill to continue the suspension of duties on m-zylenedlamlne and l,3-bl8 (amlnomethyl) cyclohexane: to the Com- mittee on Ways and Means. By Mr. WYUE. 6833 H.R. 43B6— A bill to amend the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 to exclude receipts and disburse- ments of the Social Security trast fonds from the calculation of Federal deficits and maximum deficit amounts under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985: to the Committee on (Government Operations. By Mr. DORGAN of North Dakota (for him- self and Ms. Oakar). 709(> — (Tosponsors added. 8306. 93S0. 11339. 13867, 15994. 18935. 19696, 19861. 22308. 23752. 26817, 28243— Re- moval of cosponsors. 20523 H.R. 4397— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to provide that a 15 per- cent Income tax rate shall apply to all Individuals and to repeal all deductions, credits, and exclusions for Individuals other than the standard deduction, the deduction for personal exemptions, and trade or business deductions: to the Com- mittee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DREIER of California. 7098 H.R. 4398— A bill to lift the trade and other economic sanctions Imposed on Nica- ragua by the President In 1985; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. By Mr. LOWRY of Washington. 7098— Co- sponsors added, 15732, 19237 H.R. 4399— A bill to facilitate commercial ac- cess to space, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. By Mr. NELSON of Florida (for himself. Mr. Roe. Mr. Lujan. Mr. Walker. Mr. Brown of California. Mr. Packard. Mr. Volkmer. Mr. Smith of New Hampshire. Mr. Mlneta. Mr. Slaughter of Virginia. Mr. Torrlcelll. Mr. Konnyu. Mr. Trafl- cant, Mr. Buechner, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Befley, Mr. Perkins, Mrs. Morella, Mr. McMlllen of Maryland, Mr. Lewis of Florida. Mr. Nagle, Mr. Hayes of Louisi- ana. Mr. Hall of Texas. Mr. MacKay. Mr. Skaggs. Mr. Nowak, Mr. Lagomarslno, Mr. Sensenbrenner, Mrs. Lloyd, and Mr. Scheuer). 7088— Reported (H. Rept. 100-639), 11753— Rales suspended. Passed House, 12110— Referred to the Committee on (^mmerce. Science, and Transpor- tation. 123S5— Reported with amend- ments (S. Rept. 100-^83). 29364— Amend- ments. 30979. 31127— Amended and passed Senate. 31124— Debated, 32736— Rules sus- pended and the Senate amendment was concurred In. 32771— Examined and signed In the House. 33336— Examined and signed In the Senate, 33680— Presented to the Prealdent. 33339— Approved [Public Law 100-667], 33331 H.R. 4400— A bill to amend section 307 of title 18. United States Code, to disqualify former Members, officers, and senior committee employees of Congress from engaging In certain activities with re- spect to the legislative branch: to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. SMITH of Texas. 7501— Cosponsors added, U339, 11754, 12196, 18470, 21781 S48e HOUSE BILLS H.R. 4401— A bill to amend the Communica- tions Act of 1934 with respect to Dlal- a-Pom. By Mr. HALL of Texas (for himself, Mr. Bllley, Mr. Moakley, and Mr. Derrick), 7501— Ordered placed on calendar, 7363— Debated. 7330— Rules suspended. Passed House, 7340— Indefinitely postponed, 7608 H.R. 4403— A bill to encourage cooperation with law enforcement authorities In the war against drugs by Increasing the max- imum rewards trom the Department of Justice Assets Forfeiture Fund and the Customs Forfeiture Fund for Information on controlled substances offenses; joint- ly, to the Conunlttees on the Judiciary; Ways and Means. By Mr. BENNETf . 7501— Cosponsors added. 9250. 10389, 11754, 12563, 14307, 16599 H.R. 4403— A bill providing that the Presi- dent shall terminate the sanctions Im- posed against Nicaragua under the Inter- national Emergency Economic Powers Act, and for other purposes: to the Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs. By Mr. BONKER (for himself, Mr. Crock- ett, Mr. Rangel. and Mr. Conyers). 7501— Cosponsors added. 8843. 9901. 11339, 14743, 18925 H.R. 4404— A bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to exempt sources of discbarges Into certain publicly owned treatment works from compliance with pretreatment requirements for pollut- ants that are adequately removed by such publicly owned treatment works: to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. CHAPMAN (for himself, Mr. An- drews. Mr. Archer, Mr. Brooks, Mr. Fields, and Mr. Leland), 7501 H.R. 4405— A bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1989 and 1990 for certain maritime programs of the Department of Transportation, and for other purposes: to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. DAVIS of Michigan (by request). 7501 H.R. 4406— A bin to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide for miandatory random drug testing for Federal proba- tioners: to the Committee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. DloOUARDI. 7501 H.R. 4407— A bill to amend title 10, United States Code, to require that a certain portion of naval vessel modernization, overhaul, repair, and maintenance be carried out at certain public shipyards: to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. DORNAN of California (for himself and Mr. Dymally). 7501— Cosponsors added. 9600. 12195 H.R. 4408— A bill to exclude foreign repara- tion payments from consideration as In- come In determining eligibility and bene- fits under Federal housing assistance programs; to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. FRANK. 7501 H.R. 4409— A bill to promote rural economic development, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Small Business. By Mr. HATCHER (for himself. Mr. Ray, and Mr. Lowry of Washington), 7501— Co- sponsors added, 8307, 9260, 9676, 10370, 11339. 12286 H.R. 4410— A bill to designate the Federal Building at Spring and High Streets In Columbus. OH, as the "John W. Brlcker Building": to the Committee on Public Works and Ttansportatlon. By Mr. McEWEN, 7501— Cosponsors added, 9360, 14373. 15470— Reported with amend- ments (H. Rept. 100-787). 18934— Amended and passed House, 19671— Title amended, 19671— Referred to the Committee Envi- ronment and Public Works. 19942— Re- ported (no written report), 25325— Passed Senate, 29928— Examined and signed In the Senate, 31725— Examined and signed In the House, 31973— Presented to the President, 33333— Approved [Public Law 100-638], 33330 H.R. 4411— A bill to reduce the duty on cer- tain fabrics for use in nnAklng flre-pro- tectlon garments for firefighters; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ROE, 7501 H.R. 4413— A bill to amend title 11 of the So- cial Security Act so as to remove the limitation upon the amount of outside Income which an Individual may earn while receiving benefits thereunder: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. ROTH. 7501 H.R. 4413— A bill to provide for Federal mon- etary awards payable to persons who pro- vide Information leading to the arrest and conviction of Individuals for the un- lawful sale, or possession for sale, of a controlled substance or controlled sub- stance analogue: and to provide for the retirement of all United States notes of the denomination of $100 and their re- placement with new notes In such de- nomination; Jointly, to the Committees on the Judiciary; Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. SCHULZE. 7501 H.R. 4414— A bill to amend title XVHI of the Social Security Act to assure appro- priate provision and coordination of emergency medical services under state- wide trauma and emergency medical services plans: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. STARK. 7501— Cosponsors added. 12195, 25170 H.R. 4415— A bin to extend until January 1, 1994, the existing suspension of duty on certain yttrium ores, materials, and compounds: to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. THOMAS of CallfomU, 7501 H.R. 4416— A bill to extend the authorisation of appropriations for titles V and VI of the Library Services and Construction Act through fiscal year 1989; to the Com- mittee on Education and Labor. By Mr. WILLIAMS (for himself, Mr. Ford of Michigan, Mr. Owens of New York, Mr. Hayes of Illinois, Mr. Perkins, Mr. Mar- tinez. Mr. Robinson, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Oaydos, Mr. Jeffords, Mr. Coleman of Missouri, and Mr. Tauke), 7501— Reported (H. Rept. 100-666), 13368— Rules sus- pended. Amended and passed House, 13493— Ordered placed on calendar, 13790— Amended and passed Senate, 28015 — Amendments, 38015, 28097— House con- curred In Senate amendments, 30473— EIx- amlned and signed in the Senate, 32115— Examined and signed In the House, 33356— Presented to the President. 33333— Approved [Public Law 100-569], 33330 H.R. 4417— A bill to authorize appropriations to the Secretary of Commerce for the programs of the National Bureau of Standards for fiscal year 1989, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology By Mr. WALQREN, 8090— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-673), 13368— Re- ferred to the Conunlttee on Energy and Commerce, 13865, 15731— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-673, part 11). 17433— Made special order (H. R«a. 532). 23304— Rules suspended. Amended and paraed House, 35603— Amendments, 2SG07, 35609, 35511- Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Tranapor- Ution, 36610— Passed Senate. 38489— Ex- amined and signed In the Senate, 29796— Examined and signed In the House. 29693— Presented to the President, 30697— Approved [Public Law 100-519], 33330 H.R. 4418— A bill to authorize approprUtlons for the National Science Foundation for fiscal years 1989 and 1990, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Science. Space, and Technology. By Mr. WALOREN. 8090— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-649). 12193— Made speelal order (H. Res. 459). 12385- Amendmects. 13186, 13907. 13906. 13909, 13911. 13912— Debated. 13896— Amended and passed House. 13915— Ordered placed on calendar. 14480— Amended and passed Senate, 18094— Senate concurred in House amendments to the Senate amendments. 30678— Examined and signed in the Sen- ate, 32115— Examined and signed in the House, 32366— Presented to the President, 33333— Approved [Public Law 100-670], 33330 H.R. 4419— A bill to authorize Appropriations for activities under the Federal Fire Pre- vention and Control Act of 1974; to the (Committee on Science. Space, and Tech- nology. By Mr. WALOREN. 8090-Reported (H. Rept. 100-689). 9154— Rules suspended. Passed House, 13117— Referred to the Committee on Commerce. Science, and Transportation, 12396— Reported with amendments (S. Rept. 100-435). 19063— Amended and passed Senate, 21676— Rules suspended and the Senate amendment was concurred in, 25565— Examined and signed In the House, 26816— Examined and signed in the Senate, 27031— Presented to the President. 27983— AM>roved [Public Law 100-476]. 32806 H.R. 4430— A bill to amend title 18. United States Code, to provide for mandatory imprisonment for using or carrying an imitation firearm to commit a Federal crime of violence or Federal drug traf- ficking crime; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. DREIER of (3allfomla. 8090— Co- sponsors added. 9901. 11946. 21781. 22752 H.R. 4421— A bill to require the Secretary of the Interior to rehabilitate the Canarsie Pier located in the Gateway National Recreational Area, to prepare a plan to rehabilitate the electrical systems at Floyd Bennett Field and Fort Tllden lo- cated in such area; and to make emer- gency repairs to such systems; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Af- fairs. By Mr. SCHUMER. 8090 H.R. 4423— A bill to amend the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1966 to in- clude Columbiana County. OH. as part of the Appidachlan region to the Commit- tee on Public Works and Transportation. By Mr. AFPLEOATE. 8000 H.R. 4423— A bUI to amend Utle 38. United States Code, to increase the rates of de- pendency and indemnity compensation [DIC] payable to surviving spouses of vet- erans who have died from service-con- nected disabilities; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. By Mr. APPLEOATE (by request). 8090 H.R. 4434— A bill to amend the Higher Edu- cation Act of 1965 to exclude the value of personal homes from the computation of need for student assistance progTams: HOUSE BILLS to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. DloGUARDI (for himself and Mr. Doman of California). 8090— Cosponsors added, 11339. 18087, 31975 H.R. 4438— A bill to amend title VIH of the Act commonly referred to as the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to provide the Sec- retary of Housing and Urban Develop- ment and the Attorney General of the United States with additional authority to enforce rights to fair housing, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. MICHEL (by request), 8090 H.R. 4436— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to create incentives for fair employment in Northern Ireland, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. DONNELLY (for himself. Mr. McGrath, Mr. Coyne, Mrs. Kennelly. Mr. Downey of New York. Mr. Anthony, Mr. Rangel. Mr. Russo, Mr. Guarlnl, Mr. Jen- kins, Mr. Flippo, Mr. Daub, and Mr. Ford of Tennessee). 8091— Cosponsors added. 9791, 10658, 11754, 13306, 21781 H.R. 4437— A bill to amend the Immigration and Nationality Act with respect to the grounds for exclusion and deportation of aliens; to the Committee on the Judici- ary. By Mr. FRANK (for himself, Mr. Mazzoli, Mr. Berman. and Mr. Morrison of Con- necticut), 8091— Cosponsors added. 15470, 16374, 17108, 18925— Reported with amend- ments (H. Rept. lOfr-882), 22751 H.R. 4428— A bUl to extend H-1 nursing visas for an additional year and to permit ad- ditional immigrant visas numbers to be Issued for nurses in nursing crisis areas; to the Committee on the Judiciary By Mr. GUARINI (for himself, Mr. Gibbons. Mr. Florlo. Mr. Fazio, Mr. Leland, Mr. Frank. Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. Shaw, Mr. TorrlceUl, Mr. Oallo, and Mr. Scheuer), 8091— Cosponsors added, 13306, 14373, 15722 H.R. 4429— A bill to direct the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a study to deter- mine methods of enhancing interstate and foreign commerce in New York City and northern New Jersey: Jointly to the Conunlttees on Public Works and Trans- portation: Energy and Commerce. By Mr. GUARINI (for himself, Mr. Florlo. Mr. Scheuer, Mr. Rodlno, Mr. Roe, Mr. Hughes, Mr. Dwyer of New Jersey, Mr. TorrlceUl, Mr. Rinaldo, Mr. Schumer. Mr. Mollnarl, Mr. Garcia, and Mr. Weiss), 8091— Cosponsors added, 10546 H.R. 4430— A bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1989 for intelligence snd Intelligence-related activities of the U.S. Government, the Intelligence community staff, and the Central Intelligence Agen- cy retirement and disability system, and for other purposes: to the Permanent Se- lect Committee on Intelligence. By Mr. HYDE (by request), 8091 HJl. 4431— A bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide civil and crimi- nal forfeitures for certain offenses; joint- ly to the Committees on the Judiciary: Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. McCOLliUM, 8091 H.R. 4432— A bill to amend title 13. United States Code, to require certain detailed tabulations relating to Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the decennial censuses of population; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. MAT8UI (for himself, Mr. Akaka, Mrs. Boxer. Mr. Dymally, Mr. Edwards of California. Mr. Lowry of Washington, Mr. Mlneta, Mr. Pashayan, and Ms. Pelosl), 8091— Cosponsors added, 10658, 11339, 11418, 12196, 13185, 30333— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-951), 25021— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House, 25495— Amended and passed Senate, 31514— Amendments, 31514, 31566— Rules suspended and the Senate amendment was agreed to, 31833— Exam- ined and signed in the House, 33326— Ex- amined and signed in the Senate, 32679— Presented to the President, 33328— Pock- et veto (11-8-88), D790 H.R. 4433— A biU to designate the U.S. Post Office Building in Jeanette, PA; as the "John Dent Post Office Building": to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Serv- ice. By Mr. MURTHA (for himself, Mr. McDade, Mr. Kanjorski, Mr. Gray of Pennsylva- nia, Mr. Gaydos, Mr. Coyne, Mr. Kolter, Mr. Schulze, Mr. Yatron, and Mr. Wal- gren), 8091— Cosponsors added, 9791, 9901— Rules suspended. Passed House. 10013— Referred to the Conmiittee on Govern- mental Affairs. 10257— Passed Senate, 28017— Exammed and signed in the Sen- ate, 28861— Examined and signed in the House, 29161— Presented to the President, 29693— Approved [Public Law 100-492], 32806 H.R. 4434— A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to provide a refundable credit to parents for dependents under age 6. that the earned income credit shall not apply to families having such a de- pendent, and that the dependent care credit shall not apply with respect to such dependents, to the Conmiittee on Ways and Means. By Mr. S(3HULZE (for himself. Mr. Hyde, and Mr. Brown of Colorado), 8091— Co- sponsors added, 9156, 9250, 9600, 9791, 9976, 11339, 13185, 13518. 18925 H.R. 4435— A bill to amend the Controlled Substances Act to provide for a manda- tory death penalty for certam serious drug offenses; jointly, to the Committees on Energy and Conwnerce: the Judiciary. By Mr. DENNY SMITH, 8091— Cosponsors added, 13867 H.R. 4436— A bill to authorize appropriations for the Federal Election Commission for fiscal year 1989; to the Committee on House Administration. By Mr. SWIFT (for himself and Mr. Thom- as of California), 8091— Reported (H. Rept. 100-640), 11752 H.R. 4437— A bill to provide additional en- forcement authority for the Forest Serv- ice to deal with the production of con- trolled substances on the national forest system, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Conunlttees on Interior and Insu- lar Affairs; Agriculture: the Judiciary. By Mr. WYDEN. 8091— Cosponsors added. 16518, 20332, 22308 H.R. 4438— A bill to enhance the operation of the National Credit Union Administra- tion Board: to the Committee on Bank- ing, Finance and Urban Affairs. By Mr. WYDEN (for himself, Mr. Flake, and Mrs. Salkl), 8091— Cosponsors added, 8569, 11946, 13185. 14373, 19555 H.R. 4439— A bill for the relief of Shen-Yen Kuan, cnieng-Shin Kuan, Yang Su-Chiii Kuan, and Chia-Wei Kuan; to the (Com- mittee on the Judiciary. By Ms. PELOSI. 8091 H.R. 4440— A bill for the relief of Prlti Rekha Chaudhury Juneja; to the (3ommlttee on the Judiciary. By Mr. WATKINS, 8091 2487 HOUSE BILLS HOUSE BELLS H.R. 4441— A bin to amend the Federal Food. Vmg. and Cosmetic Act to lequlre a health warning on the labels of bottles containing alcoholic beverages: to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. By Mr. CONYERS (for himself, Mr. Faunt- roy. Mr. Bates. Mr. Hayes of Illinois. Mr Valentine. Mr. Evans. Mr. Owens of Utah. Mr. Traflcant. Mr. Jones of North Caio- llna, Mr. Solarz. Mrs. Collins. Mr. Klldee. Mr. Garcia. Mrs. Roukema. Mr. Brown of California. Mr. Hawkins. Mr Levin of Michigan. Mr. Shays. Mr. Hansen. Mrs. Morella. M-- Courier, and Mr. Ford ot Tennessee). 8305 — Cosponsors added. 9791. 12563. 154-'0. 16518. 18925. 23398— Removal of cosponsors. 17109 H R. 4442 — A bill to assure due process and equal procfectlon of the law by permitting the use of statistical and other evidence to challenge the death penalty on the grounds of disproportionate jiatterns of Imposition with respect to racial groups, to prohibit such patterns, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judi- ciary. By Mr. CONYERS (for himself, Ms Pelosi, Mr. Bustamante. Mr. Leland. Mr. Lewis of Georgia. Mr. Torres, and Mr. Dym- ally). 8305— Cosponsors added. 14855. 171C8. 18925. 23676. 25022 H.R. 4443— A bill to make permanent the Martin Luther King. Jr . Federal Holiday Commission; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. CONYERS (for himself. Mr. Owens of New York. Mr. Courter. Mr. Mack. Mr Fauntroy. Mr. Gray of Pennsylvania. Mr Traflcant. Mr. Horton. Mr. Fuster. Mr. Roe. Mr. Lewis of Georgia. Mr. Hayes of Illinois. Mr. Wheat. Mrs. Boggs. Mrs. Boxer. Mr. Dymally. Ms. Kaptur. Mr. Garcia. Mrs. Colllr.s. Mr. Flak 3. Mr. Mfume. Ms. Pelosi. Mr Evans. Mr. Maz- zoll. Mr. Fazio. Mr. Weiss. Mr. Pepper. Mr. Bryant. Mr Levin of Michigan. Mr. Sabo, Mr. Wolpe. Mr. Dellums, Mr Crockett. Mr. Hughes, and Mr. Hawkins), 8305— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. lOO-SlC), 24107— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House. 25806— Re- ferred to the Committee on the Judici- ary. 29364 H.R. 4444 — A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1966 to permit tax-free sales of certain fuels, and for other purposes: to the Conmilttee on Ways and Means. By Mr. BRENNAN. 8305— Cosponsors added. 9673. 11339. 11754. l.'V306, 14373, 19227 H.R. 4445— A bill to amend title 18. United States Code, to prohibit certain firearms esi>ecially useful to terrorists; to the Committee en the Judiciary. By Mr. HUGHES (for himself. Mr. McCol- lum. Mr. Rodino. Mr. Mazzoll. Mr. Crock- ett. Mr, Felghan. Mr. Smith of Florida. Mr. Smith of Texas, Mr. Shaw. Mr. Gekas. Mr Blaggi. Mr. Weiss, and Mr. Bateman). 8305— Debated. 10329— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House. 10345— Reported with amendments (H Rept. 100-612). 10368— Cosponsors added. 1037'>— Referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. 10461— Amended and passed Senate (In lieu of S. 2180), 12312— Senate concurred In House amendments with an amendment. 3245<)— Amendments. 32460. 32560— House concurred In Senate amend- ment to the House amendment to the Senate amendment. G2887— Examined and signed In the House. 33326— Examined and signed in the Senate. 32680— Presented to the President. 33329— Approved [Public LaT 100-649], 33331 2488 H R. 4446— A bill to provide for a drug-free America: Jointly, to the Comntltteea on Energy and Commerce, the Judiciary, In- terior and Insular Affairs. Armed Serv- ices; Foreign Affairs; Merchant Marine and Fisheries: Banking. Finance and Urban Affairs: Education and lAbor; Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. SHAW (for himself. Mr. Badham. Mr. Ballenger. Mr. Bartlett. Mr. Barton of Texas. Mr. Bennett. Mrs. Bentley. Mr. Blllrakis. Mr. Bliley, Mr. Cheney. Mr. Coble. Mr. Combest. Mr Craig. Mr. Davis of Illinois. Mr DeLay. Mr. DloOuardl. Mr. Doman of California. Mr. Edwards of Oklahom.a. Mr. E^dreich. Mr. Fawell. Mr Gekas. Mi. Oilman. Mr. Gingrich. Mr. Grant. Mr. Gregg. Mr. Hammer- schmldt. Mr Herger. Mr. Hunter, Mr. Ire- land. Mr. Konnyu. Mr. Kyi. Mr. Leath of Texas. Mr. Lewis cf California, Mr. Lewis of Florida. Mr. Livingston. Mr. Lott. Mr Donald E. Lukens. Mr McCollum. Mi Mack. Mr. MacKay. Mr. Martin of New York. Mrs. Martin of Illinois. Mr. Miller of Ohio. Mr. Montgomery. Mr. Nielson ol Utah, Mr. Rltter, Mr. Rogers. Mr. Roth. Mr. Schuette. Mr. Skeen. Mr. Solomon, Mr. Smith of Texas, Mr. Smith of New Hampshire, Mr. Denny Smith. Mr. Swin- dall. Mr. Thomas of California. Mr. Vander Jagt. Mr. Walker. Mr. Whlttaker, Mr. Wortley. Mr. Young of Florida. Mr. Lagomarslno. Mr. Gallegly. Mr. Harris, Ms Kaptur, Mr Bereuter. and Mr McEwen). 8305— Cosponsors added. 9250. 10370. 12286. 13369. 14855. 17813 H.R 4447— A bill to require a fee. and the posting of a bond in certain cases. In order to appeal a decision to offer a tim- ber sale on a national forest or the public lands; Jointly, to the Commlttses on Ag- riculture; Insular Affairs. By Mr DENNY SMITH (for himself. Mr. Hansen. Mr Herger. Mr. Marlenee. and Mr. Young of Alaska), 8206— Cosponsors added. 9250. 13369 H.R. 4448— A bill to designate the Cleveland Ohio General Mail Facility and Main Of- fice in Cleveland. OH. as the 'John O. Holly Building of the United SUtes Post- ?1 Service": to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. STOKES. 8306— Cosponsors added. 8843— Rules suspended. Passed House, 10014— Read the first time, 10257— Ordered placed on calendar. 11)67— Amendments. 12441. 12458— Amended and passed Senate. 12458 — House concurred in Senate amend- ments. 13915— Examined and signed in the House. 14206— Ebcamined and signed In the Senate. 14262— Presented to the President, 15285— Approved [Public Law 100-345]. 20279 H R. 4449— A bill to authorize expenditures for fiscal year 1989 for the Panama Canal Commission to operate and maintain the Panama Canal, and for other purposes; to 'he Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. TAUZIN (for himself and Mr. Fields). 830&-Reported (H. Rept. 100-831). 21028 H.R. 4450— A bill to ensure that certain Rail- road Retirement benefits paid out of the Dual Benefits Payments Account are not reduced, and for other puri>oses; Jointly, to the Committees on Ways and Means: Energy and Commerce. By Mr. VENTO (for himself. Mr. Oberstar. Mr Sabo. Mr. SIkorskl. and Mr, Penny). 830d— Cosponsors added. 9791. 12286, 14373, 19227. 28243. 29693 H.R. 4451— A bill to promote measures to help prevent an arms race in antlsat- elMte weapons and help ensure the sur- vivability of U.S. military satellites; Jointly, to the Committees on Armed Services; Foreign Affairs. By Mr. BROWN of California, 8568— Cospon- sors added, 12286, 13867, 16274, 18087, 2230R H R. 4452— A bill to amend title 28. United States Code, with respect to the configu- ration of the middle and southern dis- tricts of Florida; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. LEWIS of Florida (for hlms<;lf and Mr. Mack), 8568 H.R. 4453— A bill to authorize certain ele- ments of the Yakima River basin water enhancement project, and for other pur- poses: to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr MORRISON of Washington. 8568 H.R. 4454— A bill to establish programs to promote recycling, and for other pur- poses: Jointly, "to the Committees or Science. Space, and Technology: Edu- cation and Labor: Energy and Commerce: Merchant Mar'ne and Fisheries. By Mr. COUP.TER (for himself. Mr. Smith of New Jersey Mr. Gallo. and Mr. Saxton). 8841— Cosponsors .idded. 1133S. 13185. 13518, HI")?. 18087. 19696. 19861. 21029, 22752, 23398. 24^37 H.R. 4455— A bill 'o amend the Social Secu- rity Act to e ta^!lsb a new program to provide for the te I'th care needs of the elderly, and fo.- ■ ther purposes. Jointly, to the Commltf'-s on Energy and Com- merce: Ways and Means. By Mr. ROSE. 8841— Cospon.sors added 10370. 12286. 14855, 21781, 28656 H.R. 4456— A oill to provide that anv Individ- ual who is the spouse of a Member oi Congress shall be Ineligible for any civil- ian office or position as to which ap- pointment is required to be made by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate; to the Committee on the Ju- diciary. By Mr. CRANE. 8841 H.R. 4457— A bill to create a national park at Natchez. MS: to the Committee on In- terior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. DOWDY ol Ml.sslssippl. 8841— Rules suspended. Amended and passed House. 18899— Reported with amendments (H. Rept. 100-793), 18468— Cosponsors added, 18925— Referred to the Committee on En- ergy and Natural Resources. 19942— Re- ported with amendments (S. Rept. 100-538). 24809— Passed Senate. 25717— Ex- amined and signed lij the Senate. 27032— Examined and signed in the House. 27327— Presented to the President. 27983— Approved [Public Law 100-479]. 32806 H.R. 445a-A bin to simplify the process of obtaining licensing by Sutes for partlcl • patlon In parlmutuel wagering by allow- ing consolidated requests to be made to the Federal Government for identifica- tion and criminal history records relat- ing to the applicant for such licensing: to the CoRimlttee on the Judiciary. By Mr. HOPKINS (for himself, Mr. Stag- gers, and Mr. Mazzoll). 8841— Rules sus- pended. Amended and passed House, 20907— Reported with amendments (H. Rept 100-832), 21028— Passed Senate. 22040— Examined and signed In the Sen- ate, 22461— Examined and signed In the House. 22747— Presented to the President. 2274*— Approved [Public Law 100-413]. 22927 H R. 4459— A bill to amend title 38. United States Code, to provide that the disease of transverse myelitis occurring in a vet- eran within 7 years from the date of the veteran's discharge or release from ac- tive duty Shall be considered tx) be serv- ice-connected; to the Committee on Vet- erans' Affairs. By Mr. HORtON. 8841 H.R. 4460— A bill to remove unnecessary re- strictions on the documentation of cer- tain vessels, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. JONES of North Carolina (for him- self, Mr. Davis of Michigan, and Mr. Lent). 8841 H.R. 4461— A till to prohibit operations by the Coast Guard In the Persian Gulf re- gion; Jointly, to the Committees on For- eign Affairs; Merchant Marine and Fish- eries. By Mr. LOWRY of Wajihlngton. 8841 H.R. 4462— A bill to require the use. In Fed- eral formula grant programs, of adjusted census data, and for other purposes; to the Commlttae on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. MACK. 8841— Cosponso s added, 10370. 13867. 18470 H R. 4463— A Dill to provide grants and tax Incentives for small businesses to estab- lish child care centers for children of em- ployees, atd for other purposes; Jointly, to the Committees on Small Business; Ways and Means; Education and Labor. By Mrs. MARTIN of Illinois ifor herself. Mr. Gunderson. Mr. Lujan, Mr. Sunla, Mr. Hller, Mr. Miller of Washington, Mr. Gregg. Mr. Nielson of Utah. Mr. de la Garaa. Mr. Lagomarslno, Mi. Gray of Illi- nois. Mrs. Johnson of Connecticut, Mr. Biaggl. Mk^. Boxer, Mr. Konnyu, Mr. Skelton, Mr. McCloskey, Mr. Bereuter, Mr. Davis of Illinois, Mrs. Colllas, and Mrs. Saikl). 8841— CosTwnsors added, 9600, 9976. 11339. 12563. 13359. 14373. 18470, 19555, 23035.30598 H R. 4461— A bill to amend the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure with respect to sanc- tions for tihe violation of rule 11; to the Commute* on the Judiciary. By Mr. OtIN. ' 8841— Cosponsors added, 11418. 13867 H.R. 4465— A bill to provide adequate funding levels for solar onergy research and de- velopmentk to encourage Federal pro- curement cf solar energy systems, to en- coui-age FVderal loans for solar energy equipment, to enhance the International competltlteness of the solar Industry, and for other purposes; Jointly, to the Conamlttees on Science, Space and Tech- nology; Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means; Armed Servlcss: Banking, Fl- aance and Urban Affairs; Small Business; Foreign Affairs; Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. OWENS of Utah (for himself, Mr. Jeffords. Mr. Berman, Mr. LuJan, Miss Schneider, Ms. Oakar, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Fauntroy. Mr. Dixon, Mr. Evans, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Garcia, Mr. Conte, Mr. FoglletU. Mr. Hochhrueckner, Mrs. Mey- ers of Kansas, and Mr. Sharp), 3841 H.R. 4466— A hill to repeal Increases made by the Revenue Act of 1987 In the occupa- tional taxes on dealers In beer, and for other puiTMses; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. STANGELAND, 8842 H.R. 4467— A bill to make ineligible for Fed- eral financial assistance and Government contracts any entity that does not main- tain a drag free workplace; Jointly, to the Committees on Energy and Com- merce; Government Operations. |
00084051-2024_1 | TEDEUTenders | Various open data | AS LVM MS MK 2023/157_Ak
Meža atjaunošanas, kopšanas un aizsardzības pakalpojumu sniegšana 2024. un 2025.gadā
Meža atjaunošanas, kopšanas un aizsardzības pakalpojumu sniegšana 2024. un 2025. gadā
services
77230000
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Saimnieciski visizdevīgākais piedāvājums
Saimnieciski visizdevīgākais piedāvājums, kuru nosaka, ņemot vērā tikai cenu
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AS LVM MS MK 2023/157_Ak
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Meža atjaunošanas, kopšanas un aizsardzības pakalpojumu sniegšana 2024. un 2025. gadā
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Saimnieciski visizdevīgākais piedāvājums
Saimnieciski visizdevīgākais piedāvājums, kuru nosaka, ņemot vērā tikai cenu
ORG-0001
Iesniegumu Iepirkumu uzraudzības birojam var iesniegt līdz iepirkuma līguma vai vispārīgās vienošanās noslēgšanas dienai šādos termiņos:1) 10 dienu laikā pēc dienas, kad Publisko iepirkumu likuma 37. pantā minētā informācija nosūtīta attiecīgajai personai elektroniski, izmantojot drošu elektronisko parakstu vai pievienojot elektroniskajam pastam skenētu dokumentu, vai pa faksu vai nodota personiski;2) 15 dienu laikā pēc dienas, kad Publisko iepirkumu likuma 37. pantā minētā informācija nosūtīta attiecīgajai personai pa pastu
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AS LVM MS MK 2023/157_Ak
14.daļa (AV 110 ha)
Meža atjaunošanas, kopšanas un aizsardzības pakalpojumu sniegšana 2024. un 2025. gadā
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4163476_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Натали́ Луи́з Мэнс (; 14 октября 1974, Лаббок, Техас, США) — американская , автор песен, и.
Биография
Натали Луиз Мэнс родилась 14 октября 1974 года в Лаббоке (штат Техас, США) в семье музыканта (род. 1951) и его жены Тины Мэй Мэнс. У Натали есть сестра — Ким Мэнс.
Карьера
Натали начала свою музыкальную карьеру в 1995 году, став участницей группы «Dixie Chicks», в состав которой она входит и по настоящее время.
Также снималась в кино.
Личная жизнь
В 1997—1999 годы Натали была замужем за музыкантом Майклом Тарабайем.
С 24 июня 2000 года Натали замужем во второй раз за актёром Эдрианом Пасдаром, с которым она встречалась 13 месяцев до их свадьбы. У супругов есть два сына — Джексон Слейд Пасдар (род. 15.03.2001) и Беккетт Финн Пасдар (род. 14.07.2004). 3 июля 2017 года стало известно, что Мэнс подала на развод с Пасдаром — вскоре после 17-й годовщины их свадьбы.
Примечания
Ссылки
Выпускники Западно-Техасского университета A&M
Выпускники Техасского технологического университета
Выпускники Музыкального колледжа Беркли
Исполнители Sony BMG
Исполнители Columbia Records
Лауреаты премии «Грэмми»
Киноактрисы США.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20152 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # Copyright 2011-2012 Rice University. Licensed under the Affero General Public
# License version 3 or later. See the COPYRIGHT file for details.
class AssignmentCoworker < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :student_assignment
belongs_to :student
validates :student_assignment_id, :presence => true
validates :student_id, :presence => true,
:uniqueness => {:scope => :student_assignment_id}
validate :same_cohort
validate :same_auditing_status
attr_accessible
def owned_by?(user)
!user.is_anonymous? && student_assignment.student.user_id == user.id
end
#############################################################################
# Access control methods
#############################################################################
def can_be_created_by?(user)
owned_by?(user) && student_assignment.student.active? && student_assignment.assignment.assignment_plan.is_group_work_allowed
end
def can_be_destroyed_by?(user)
owned_by?(user) && student_assignment.student.active?
end
protected
def same_cohort
return true if student_assignment.student.cohort_id == student.cohort_id
errors.add(:base, "Coworkers must be in the same cohort")
false
end
def same_auditing_status
return true if student_assignment.student.is_auditing == student.is_auditing
errors.add(:base, "Coworkers must have the same auditing status")
false
end
end
|
43796345_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | The constitution of Kenya approved by parliament unanimously on 1 April 2010 led to the formation of a Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution.
This commission was mandated to facilitate in the implementation process of the new constitution by monitoring it progress as well as note and report any hindrances in the implementations of the new constitution, and to promote constitutionalism among others.
References
Constitution of Kenya
CIC Kenya
Law of Kenya.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20153 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | .DS_Store
target
build
.idea
.project
.classpath
.settings
.factorypath
.springBeans
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bsb00001161_286 | German-PD | Public Domain | Volkswirtschaft, Handel und Verkehr. ^ Clckurg, 8. Oktober. Getreidepreise. Weizen 840, Roggen 760, Gerste 760, Hafer 720 Millionen. ^ Coburg, 8. Okt. Der Schweinemarkt war am Sonnabend wieder sehr gut beschickt. Es waren in 78 Körben insgesamt 405 Stück Saug- schweiue und 4 Läufer angefahren. Das Geschäft ging anfangs sehr flau, lebte aber im Verlauf des Marktes etwas auf. Die Preise gingen wiederum in die Höhe. Cs kosteten Saugschweine, geringe Ware, 180—250 Mill. M., bessere Ware 250—380 Mill..M.. Läuserschweine 1,5—2,5 Milliarden das Stück. Es verblieb ein geringer Ueberstand. — Auf dem Geflügel markt war die Gänsezusuhr wieder besser. Die Preise waren ebenfalls gestiegen; Gänse kosteten nach Qualität 240—400 Millionen M. das Stück. — Auf dem Hauptmarkt war von But ter wieder nicht viel zu sehen; sie wurde mit 80 bis 90 Millionen das Pfund verkauft. Eier waren nicht zu haben. Me Zufuhr von Zwetschen war gut; dieselben wurden durch die Großhändler mit 130—150 Mill. der Zentner verkauft. ^ Für die Zeit vom 10.—12. Oktober ein schließlich beträgt das Goldzollaufgeld 13 699 999 900 Prozent (eine Goldzollmark — 137 Millionen Pa- Picrmark) gegen bisherige 6 689 999 900 Proz. — Der Umrechnungssatz für die Landabgabe beträgt für die Zeit vom 10.-12. Oktober einschl. 137 Mil lionen für je eine Goldmark. ^ Die Schlüsselzahlen im Eisenbahntarif wer den ab 10. Oktober im Personenverkehr 60, im Gü terverkehr 70 Millionen betragen. Bei dieser Er höhung ist die außerordentliche Geldentwertung der letzten Tage, so erklärte man offiziös, noch nicht berücksichtigt! — Die Buchhändlerschlüsselzahl be trägt 75 Millionen. Rußland Übertrossen! So weit ist es nun mit dem Verfall unserer Währung bereits gekom men, daß seit nahezu einer Woche der Dollarkurs jeden Tag um etwa 100 Millionen Mark höher notiert. Noch vor nicht allzulanger Zeit, als der Dollar die ersten Millionenkurse erreichte, konnten wir tröstend darauf hinweisen, daß der Moskauer Kurs uns unendlich voraus sei. Er stand damals über eine halbe Milliarde. Und nun ... Der amt liche Berliner Dollarkurs hat diesen Rekord stand überschritten. Bei den gegenwärtigen in- nerpolitischen Verhältnissen ist eine derartige Be wegung der Devisenkurse allerdings nicht verwun derlich. Weder die versprochenen Wirtschaftsmatz nahmen, noch die angekündigte Währungsreform sind inzwischen zur Durchführung gelangt. So lange auf diesem Gebiete nur immer angekündigt-, nicht aber tatsächlich durchgeführt wird, ist an Bes serung nicht zu denken. — Taten, Taten! DoQQvrstaA, äsn 11. Oktodor 1923 im 6s8s1i8Lhskt8lisu8, abencks 8 Ilbr: ^us eigenen Werken. Volkshochschule Coburg. Beginn des 10. Lehrgangs Montag, 15. Okt. Arbeits pläne u. Bestellbogen i. d. Buchhandlungen Riemann und Rauschen, Vereinsbank u. Exped. d. Volksblatts. Alle erfordert. Mitteilungen auf den Arbeitsplänen. Ll-sslrteils, rstmi-ällöl-, 8pinl1vln, l.sgsi- , kabrimort ul8 Lpomalität AkenstLeug- unil IlilssvkirienCski-ist Kssvi* si di sucht in verkehrsreichster Lage Coburgs und Neustadls Paffagebüro. Bevorzugt wird Ladenlokal oder Parterreräume bei entsprechender zeitgemäßer Miete und ferner für unsere Beamten mehrere möblierte Zim mer. — Angebote unter 8. 2. 36000 an die Geschäftsstelle der „Coburger Zeitung" erbeten. In 5 IMnnIsn Mit Rückwirkung vom i. Oktbr. d. Js. an verzinsen wir WWe MWen lv Mögen M NIM sls M «aü Mk '///o vls lag Möge Ils z> M Minnen Matt lllit l"/° m ran. wobei wir sämtliche Rechnungen pro visionspflichtig führen. Gelder, die bis vormittags 11 Uhr an unseren Kassen eingezahlt werden, sowie bis io Uhr vormittags eingereichte Platzschecks schreiben wir noch am gleichen Tage gut. Coburg, den 8. Okt. 1323 Sank sllr Thüringen, vorm. V. Al. Strupp, Aktiengesellschaft, Filiale Coburg. Vayer. Hypotheken- u. Wechsel-Bank A.-G-, Filiale Coburg. Vayer. Vereinsbank, Filiale Coburg. Loburg-Gothaische Sank A.-G. Commerz- u. Privat-Vank, Aktien Gesellschaft, Filiale Coburg. Saeßler H Hülbig. Verelnsbank Coburg, Aktien-Gesellschaft. 1 1 Dl« neuen vorschriftsmäßigen Formulare -Antrag auf Erteilung der Erlaubnis zum Handel mit Lebens- oder Futtermitteln^ find wieder bei uns zu haben. Soruheim'sl-e Sofbuchdruckerel. > «NI» UHILNic nono-, rSttimzl-. IE srw- »»cum» USW. »INI,, S»tLr6»r>>i>, III>,,<I,»1»°>>«»n<I «>,, «»«,n.- N«rr»rr»S,»<>» III. XI,,«» mit 8p,I,,- ,,-I N,,i<-l>»,»I. er»tkI»»»Ii«8,Ioi>.>i.X»1I>t»i>e,mps»s ia»c», »ev vome oosunv- Otto fkvnkvl. Hsrlcl 16. UMKsll «oooo oooo» für leichte, saubere Fabrikation für 2-3 Mann geeignet, evtl, auch gröber, sofort oder später zu mieten gesackt. — Gest. Angebote unter 2. K. 400 an die Ge schäftsstelle dieser Zeitung. (Erstklassige Fabrikate ln § ) allen Holzarten am Lager. Mufikhaus Georg Hofmanu Für einen bürgerl. Haus halt wird per sofort ein an : Große Iohannisgasse 4 ^ 0 Telephon SOS. H .. Reinlichkeit gewöhntes 0 Skiinnieil li.AeMlttliren.0 «oooo oooo« ksbiilMteii VON Lordvsrkn. vürstkn. Llsbllkllrrvärbn. 8pl8l8sedsn noCklen- dkltsll vbräsll gkbktsn. Lslslogs sn äko nssrkiilkn slorarbnilbll. Lärerrs: „ös8liel«sre" Vn. kortsour L ko. 1st«rli8l»g Igelits. KIr8gim. Hausmädchen gesucht. Familienanschluß. Zu eifragen Riechers, Theatergasse 3, Laden. NeuHer S S ?8. Keiml-Wos Staat!, geprüfte Kindergärtnerin von 1921 noch wie neu, verkauft Arische Seefische Dienstag eintreffend empf vsnl SlvI-nen. Wusstest gesucht. G.fl. Offerten unt. A ! 2S an die Cobg. Ztg. 1 ».kr«««* zu verkaufen od. geg Lebens mittel zu tauschen. Z. erfrag, zn d»r Ge>chSst»st. dieser Z'g. Guterz k,. Kleii>krschr«»k tu kaut. gesucht. Gefl. Offert unt. OM SS. a. d. Cob.Z'g Kinderjackett für 4jähriges Mädchen, so wie Puppe zu kaufen gesucht. Angeb. unt. L D. K7V an die Coburger Zeitung Landeslheater Coburg. Rittergut Seldritt sucht Stellung zum 1 11. 1923 oder sofort in christl. Haus zn 1 oder 2 vorichul- pflichtigen K'nbern. Gest. Off. unter H. K. A. 950 an die Geschäftsstelle der Cob. Ztg Werkmeister der Korbw. - Branche sucht Vertrauensposten gleich welch. Art Off u. A R. 108 a.d. Geschäftsstelle der Cob. Ztg Verantwortlich für die Schriftleitung: N. Haenel. Druck und Verlag der Dornhejm'scheu Hofbuchdruckerei in Coburg. Montag, st Okt. 0 8. Die fünf Frankfurter. Lustspiel von Rößler. 7 3i-A.,5. Dienstag, 9. Okt. » S. Wiener Blut. Opt. v. Strauß. 7 bis 9 SO. Mittwoch, 10 Okt Auß Abo»». Symphonie-Konzert 7 90 bis nach 9. Donnerstag, 11. Oki. 8 9 Don Guevara. Oper von Höser 7-9.30. Fr-itag, 12. Oktbr. L 9. Das Wintermärchen. Schauspiel ».Shakespea-e. 7-1015. Freitag, IS. Okr Ausgabe der k-Dauerkarte« 11-15 sür Sperrsitz 9—10.30, für Ränge 10.30-12. Sonnabend, IS. Okt. k 10. Das kritische Jahr. Lustsp. von Lothar u Bachwitz. 7—9 30. Sonnabend, 13. Okt. Ausgabe der S-Dauerkarten il—15 sür Sperlltz 9 -10.30, für Ränge 10.30-12 Sonntao, 14 Okt. Auß-Abonn. Wiener Blut. Optl. von Strauß. 6-30-9. Verkauf für Coburg ab 8. Okt. 11 Uhr, vorerst 2 Karten. Karlenbest d. Fernr. 137, Werk tag- nur 9- 10.30, Sonntags 10-10.30 Uhr. Schriftliche Bestell. Rückporto I Nummer 304 29. Dezember 1923 WMMlW MWkMW. Gemäß Bekanntmachung des bayer. Staatsministeriums der Finanzen vom 21. 12.1923 No. 70885 Staatsanz. No. 297 1928 ist die Barauszahlung an vorläufiger Ge werbesteuer für 4. Vierteljahr 19i8 je mit der Hälfte am 4. 1. 1824 und 4. 2. 1824 zu entrichten. Grundlage bilsen die für 1822 geschuldeten Vor auszahlungen, falls noch kein Steuerbescheid für 1922 zugestellt ist, andernfalls die Gewerbesteuerschuld für 1922, wie sie im Steuerbescheid zu ersehen ist. Der Betrag der VorauSz hlung wurde auf 2 Pfennig für je 10 M. der G-werbesteuer-Jahrcsschuldigkeit für 1922 -- mithin je 1 Pfennig für je 10 M. am 4.1. 24. und 4. 2. 24 festgesetzt. Beispiel: Iahresschuldlgkeit für 1922: 5000 M. Vorauszahlung 5000:10X0,02---10Goldmark (^10 Bill). Hiervon find je 5 Goldmark am 4.1. 24. und 4. 2. 24. zu entrichten. Bet Verzögerung der Zahlung über 1 Woche sind Verzugszinsen in der Höhe v.on ö«/<, in Gold zu entrichten. Am 28. Dezbr. 1923. Finanzamt Eoburg. Koburger Zeitung Polizeistunde am Silvesterabend 1 Uhr nachts. Tanz darf nicht stattfinden. Kaminkchrgebühreu ab Montag, 24. Dezember das 33milliardtnfache. Der Stadtrat. Hirschfeld. Hotel 31. OsLsrabor Lilvsslsr-ksisr IckidrvirtrunA: Iruäl Nsinri LaiuriisroänAsr Hans Molk Lrrmo 8oirrö4sr k'rsä ^.isodrnrmn. Lsßivn 8'/, stldr. Lartgir 3.— SrMek AttiMtnt. SrkMM Cülmlg. Am 4. Januar, abends 8 Uhr in» Gesellschaftshause Wintersonnwendfeier ^ mlt Bortrag des Herrn Gtzmnufialprofesssr Richter, Essen a. R. Frl. Meinz: Feueispruch Kapellmeister Fichtner: Musikiätze von Beethoven. Opernsänger RamS: „Gralserzohlung" und Wintäistülme wichen dem Wonnemond. Mitglieder und Gäste eingeladen. Eintritt frei! Hosbrauhausbierhalle. Großem Kkstsaal. (Richard Röder). Sonntag, 30. Nez., Silvester 31. Nez.u.l. Jan. gastleit rägltch 8 Uhr abend-« VW WllM'S VlM Brillantes Festprogramm. Nur Künstler erster Vartötsbühnen. Vorverkauf in der Hofbiauhousbi-rhalle: Sperrsitz u. Balkon (numm.) M. 1 50, 1. Pl tz M. 1.20. 2. Platz M 1.-, Galerie M. 0.70 einschl. Steuer. Saal gut geheizt. Die „Mcke" -VL 1V j^rorent üsdait ^ suj Zpirituoren, Liköre llnö ?M5ck L55SN22N!! I'Ur ävQ 8I1.VH8ILK - ?0k^80U einpkobis in dokannl: sr8tk!a.s8i^sii t^nsIitSton: S aA Nee»«:- u. ku»n-V«e»«:I,ni«s di« sn Kstiii8tsu 0ri8.-t?iUinvLori n. lass -s -iE - I-i>rve« aUsr Lct --- M Neeso-, Nuni- unN LrrNntrvNsnpiZnsok-ksssnrsn, xar.snoirsrAtzgaLt ^ szW Hoi- unN Sllk««in« -« Desudsn- unN Peu«t,1-S«lr1 «> NsiNsIdsserwein - Apf«I«»«i», Hügseeen «, rigi«eett«n «, Dsbslr«. 8 iIv 0 5, r 01 erb.Llr j««I«e Nun»« «in« punsvklroslpesb« ^ r » ti 8 I Oosostkltssott: am 8ilvs8t«r von 8 Udr vormittags dis 7 I7dr «.bonäs! Ipericherclcht „Sie fiorclie", LoburI, Lleinmi, SI. ^ SÄwarz-, Kopier-und Buntdruck liefe t schnell L/» und sauber Dornheim'fche Hofvuchdruckerei. em/ikke/lkt A/'/se/re als H«a/itÄowane bekannt, At/iers ue/cen, ^llnäe/ck«e^en NaLwaen ete. 77 ^e^mäk^e/ren WMe/m Aisie/' Aar/er. chebkireken- unck Feingebäck-Fabrik- Jagdgewehre / Patronen empfiehlt p! eisweit Ansorg, Waffenmeisterei- gebäude, Rodach^rstiaße 2d. Telefon 559. kiavos Hsnmonium» ?!SV0ll3lI8 ItSvg. AlNei»I»«es, Harlsti. IS. Sauberes, nicht zu junges das schon tn b'sserem Haus halt schient, per sofort oder 15. 1. 24 für kleinen Haus halt gesucht Vorst.Uung 5—7 Uhr nachmittags. Zu crfr in d Geschst. d. Cob. Ztg. Einige i!m ISl . " Mw wli sküNilt. Mittwoch» 2. Januar, abends 8 Uhr im kleinen Saale der Hofbrauhausbierhalle Vortrag: Jtzberner-Haldane aus Berlin über: „Wissenschaftliche Handlesekunst". Eintritt frei für Mitglieder (Monattbeitrag 20 Pfg.)j; für Ntchimttglieder 50 Pfg. Einen Lehrgang kür Jede-mann halte ich ab vom 3. bis 7. Januar, abends 8 — 10 Uhr im Nebenzimmer ebenda. Preis 5 Mark. Jtzb. Haldaue. gesucht. Perfekt in Peddigrohrardciten. Hoher Lohn und gute Verpflegung im Hause. R >se wird vergütet. kdel, Hamm (Wests.) Nelkenstraße 12. Pokverrtcheruilg skr Selbslomramer Das Forst« und Domänenamt Coburg versteigert am Mittwoch, den 8. Januar 1824, mittags 12 Nhr beginnend tn der F e t ler'schen Gastwirtschaft tn Rögen gegen sofortige Barzahlung aus dem Distrikt Lahm und Bansenberg S km M'l-. km- M ViMWIZ 55« Sliill Mel-, Nt«- Mi MstlWk« W rm Aslllikll. Lobnvgev Leitung Januar Februar Mrz 1 ^Neujahr L^ttw ch Welches F.l od. Witwe v. Land gibt ordentl. strebs. Menschen G.legenheit, in Landwiltsch. etnzuheirat'N. Bin 35 I. alt, m tttlgr , ge sund, nicht unbemittelt, habe groß.Jnteiesse an Landwiltsch Mil allen A,bellen vertraut. Gest Zuschrift, unt. Z. 80V an die Geschäftsst. düs. Ztg. Usrum trat»«» »t« Itirvi^lvvlrt«» noost nrostt. naiti ^.poistestsr H ab 0 rI' s ksl>iurnseiife uniii ksitiumknem bstrLllUold? HsstvraU vrstäldliost! !r Mvut^is ^ 15 Dienst g ^S^Ultwoch LL Dienstag 23 Mittwo n^ ts^re tag S Dienstag M k Mit wach d 8,^vitag^ ^ >r Mantag^ t2 Dienstags ^3 ^ittwoch ^ IS Dwnstng^. ^ Mittwoch T M D ensNg 27 Mittwoch C Freit-g ^ t > Freit, g ^ 22 Sonnn>0 O -nntag A M,v,,tn>g, Juli 2 Mittwoch M 8 Donnerst"^ 4 Kreit g,^,,^, 15 Dienstags 16 Mit wach A 2t Montag* 22 Dtnis aq 28 Mütwoch C 28 Montag* 30 Mittwoch ZljDonnerstW August September tsFilitag 8 Frej^g^ 8 Sonnabd. !> M°on!ng* >2 Dienstag t3 Mittwoch !4 Dann rstd) >6 Freit ig 18 Montag* 20 Mittwoch !2 Freitag ^ 26 Di nstng 27 Mittwoch 12 Fre ta«^, ^ IS Montags I»!Di nstag l7^^!iltwoch _ S nntag 22 Montag ^ 24 Dienstag 74 L»!4twoch «Freitag ^ 2? Sonnt ig E SgsMonwg DornHeim'scHe Kofbuchövuckevei Lsburg Fernruf 48 Telegr. - Adresse: Zeitung 1924 Avuekcrrbeiterr- Anferligung ks Lager von Formularen Märkte-Verzeichnis der Stadt Eoburg für das Jahr 1924. Petrimarkt am 19. u 20 Februar: Bieh-, Schweine- und Krammarkt. Märzmarkt am 19. Mürz: Vieh- Aprilmarkt am 8. und 9. April : Vieh-, Schweine- und Krammarkt Maimarkt am 21. Mai: Vieh- und Schweinemarkt. Zuniinarkt am 18. Funi: Vieh- nnd Schweinemarkt. Augustmarkt am 6. August: Vieh- und Schweincmnrkt. Michaelismarkt (Zwiebelmarkt) am 16. und 17. Septemb : Vieh-, Schweine-, Kram- u. Zwiebelmarkt. Oktobermarkt am 8. Oktober: Vieh- und Schweinemarkt. Martinimarkt am 11. u. 12. Nov.: Vieh-, Schweine- und Krammarkt. April isDw stng 2!Mittwoch 4l Frei ng G K^Sonnaod.^ r^Montng** ^Mittwoch isFritng I : Sonnn Sd. 13 Sonntng I4>Montng !e> Mttiöoch >8 KarfrciU 22 D**nstng*' 23!Mit»voch 2t Donnerst 's 2,-r Fre tag ^ LK^Sonnnbd ^ igjDienstng 3ll Mittwoch Mi S Sonnnbd.W SMontog 6 Dienstng 7 Mätwoch 8 Donnersing ^g Freiing l2Mont g* 13 Dienstng^ 14 Mltvvoch 18 Monlng* ^ 21 Sonntag A 23>Mo»tog ^ 27 D^iei stog Juni 2Montng* H 4 MMnwch 6 Freitags 8 Pfingsts-st S Pfingstl». ^t ^fitwoch^ 16 Mont g 17 Dienstng r?) 18 Mittwoch ^ 20 Fre tag 24 D e'stngd LS Mittwoch ^ Oktober November Dezember IS Mittwoch 17 Freiing LS Montog* A 21 D e^siNL^ 2« Mit"w "1? E 3t! Freitag 4 Die sing ^ 5 Mittwoch 6 Donnerstag 7 Freiing 11 Dienstag 12 M ilwvch ^ IS Butziag^E 24 Montag 26 3 Mittwoch 4 Donnerst^ 12>Freitag ^ V.G.S.07 8onnlag, 30 >2., l/^7 Ustü ^6lttNavIll8f6i6l' im Ossvllscksflsbüus. Is. feste SW empf M 8vküppsvl», Stctngasse 18. Tests. 577. SlMMek SWseil empfiehlt Paul Schröck. Tel. 441. Glitt Tis-- ll. Weiß von G.-M. 1.1V M Rot von G.-M. 1.4» au die Flasche, ohne FI. u. höher. Ferner Arac-, Rum-, Wein-" Vrand-Liköre usw. empfiehlt billigst Lehrlinge für unsere Eisengießerei ».Maschinenfabrik unter günstig. Bedingungen gesucht. Iran; Sornburg Aktien-Geseüschaft. s. Steiß, WIM «ei zu kaufen gesucht, ev. Tausch gegen Scbensmittel. Zu erfr. in der Gkschß. d. Cob. Ztg. SltttskMr. Sonntag nach Weihnachten 30. Dezember. Haupikirche zu St. Moriz um V2IO Uhr Pred. Herr Pfarrer Weiß. Schloßkirche nm ^11 Uhr Kindergottesdienst. Montag, 31. Dezember Hauptkirche zu St. Moriz Sttoestergottesdienst , nachm. 4 Uhr. Pred.: Herr Pf. Wunderer Hierauf: Beichte u. hl. Abendmahl. Sammlung für kirchl. Zwecke. Kirchentaufen in dieser Woche vollzieht Herr Ktrchenrat Eberhardt. Landesibeater Coburg. Sonnabe-'d, 29. Dez. Auh. Abon Christinchens Märchenbuch Weihnochismäi cheil von v. d. Trenck. S-4.I». Abends 7 Ukr. 8 28. Der Herr und der Mann. Kom. von Eri st 7-9.46. Sonntag, 80. De,. » 28. Der fliegende Holländer. Op v. R. Wagner 6.80-9.30. Mm taa. 31. Dez. v 28. Die Frühlingsfee. Optt- v. Cor- zitius 6.30-9. Dienstag, 1. Jan. Anher Aborn Die Fledermaus. Ovtte. von Joh Strauß 6 9.15. Donnerst., 3. Jan. 8 28 Boris Godunow. Oper v. Mussorks- ky. 7-10 Uhr. Fieilag, 4. Januar. Ausgabe der ^-Dauerkarten, v bis 1 10.30 sür Sperr s., 10 30 bi- > 12 Uhr sür Ränge. Freitag, 4. Jan. »29 „Moral". Komödie von Thoma. 7 bis gegen 10 Uhr. Sonnabend. 5 Jan. Ausgabe i der »-Dauerkarten. 9 bis 10 30 sür Sperrst, 10 30 bi- j 12 Uhr sür Ränge. Sonnabd.^ 5. Jan. 8 29. »Die , geschiedene Frau". Optt- v. Fall. 7- 9.30 Uhr. Sonntag, 6. Jan V29. »Aida". Oper von Bei dt. 6—9 Uhr. Auswärtige Bestell, ab 31. Dezbr- Verkauf st Coburg ab 31. Dez. 11 Uhr. Verantwortlich für die Schristleitung: N. Haenel. Druck und Verlag der D o rn h e i m'fchen Hofbuchdruckerei in Coburg. Nummer 35 Coburger Zeituug 10. Februar 1823 lichen Zwischenverkehr hat Winsle Bill die Rückgabe eines Höchstbetrages von 10000 Dollar von je dem beschlagnahmten deutschen Ver mögen bewilligt. Ebenso auch die Rückgabe aller angesammelten Treuhandgelder und anderer Ein kommen, die sich zusammen auf nahezu 7 Millionen Dollar belaufen und aller noch unverkaufter oder durch Protest beanspruchter Patente. Aus Stadt und Land. ' CoVurg, 10. Februar 1923. — Aus der Kanzlei des Landestheaters. Um hingesehen auf die hohen Reise- und Aufenthalts kosten der auswärtigen Besucher unseres Landes- Theaters diesen die Möglichkeit zu geben, die zwei Veranstaltungen des Landestheaters am Sonntag, 18. Februar besuchen zu können, ist der Anfang der großen Kriegsopfer-Gedächtnisfeier in der Morizkirche auf 3.30, der Beginn von Schil lers „Räuber" auf 5.15 Uhr festgesetzt worden. Bei der knapp Inständigen Dauer der Aufführung von Brahms Nänie und deutschem Requiem liegt also etwa N Stunde Pause zwischen den beiden Ver anstaltungen. — Max Halbes „Iugen d", geschrie ben 1893 zur Blütezeit des Nationalismus, wird am 12. Februar zum ersten Male auf der Bühne des Landestheaters erscheinen. Die Rollen liegen in Händen von Frl. Meinz und den Herren Bauer, Ziegler, Hager und Renard. Bei der Erstauffüh rung wird jedoch Herr Kurt Erlich vom Stadt- Theater in Essen den Hans spielen, der an Stelle des scheidenden Herrn Ziegler in Aussicht genom men worden ist. — Die Coburger Unioersitätswoche in den Oster tagen des Vorjahres hat so zahlreichen Besuch und so allgemeinen Anklang gefunden, daß der dringende Wunsch besteht, auch dieses Jahr in der Osterwoche wieder Vorträge Erlanger Universitätsprofessoren zu hören. Der Werbeausschuß ist von neuem zusam mengetreten und hat Verbindungen mit der Fried- rich-Alcxandcrs-Universität angeknüpft. Es ist be absichtigt, auch diesmal 2 oder 3 je 3—4stündige Vorlesungen zu bieten; in Aussicht stehen eine solche des Historikers Professor Schm cidlcr über den „Geist der Freiheitskriege", des Zoologen Professor Fleischmann über „Ungelöste Lebensrätsel, dargelegt am Beispiel der Entstehung neuer Lebe wesen" und des Germanisten Professor Saran über „Deutsche Heldengedichte (Hildebrandslied, Ni belungenlied, Kudrunlied) und die geistigen Be wegungen ihrer Zeit". Für die auswärtigen Gäste sollen an den Tagen der Universitätswoche überdies durch die Sammlungen der Veste, durch Ehrenhurg, Morizkirche, städtisches Museum sachkundige Füh rungen veranstaltet werden. Da die Kosten dies Jahr erheblich höher sind. als im Vorjahr und andrerseits das Beleggeld möglichst niedrig beweisest werden soll, so kann die Univcrsitätswoche nur zu stande kommen, wenn sie zahlreich besucht wird und Zur Natwnalspende für das Ruhrgebiet find weiter bei uns eingegangen: Uebertrag: 3 094 987-« Turnverein Rottenbach Skatabend für die Ruhrspende bei Hermann Büttner L. I. Frau Rat Laubsch Grete Laubsch Sanitätsrat vr. Albert Florschütz E. Riemann'sche Hofbuchhandlung, 2. Rate 10000-« Sammlung in der Gemeinde Sulzdorf -11000-« Ernst Ryssel (Fa. Koch L Schmidt) 30 000 1650-« 15 218-« 100-« 1000-« 1000-« 3 000-« Summa: 3 167 955-« Weitere Gaben nehmen wir gerne entgegen. Geschäftsstelle der „Coburger Zeitung". die Ausstellung; desgl. die Hohenlohe'schen Herr schaften mit Töchtern; S. Kgl. H. Prinz Cyrill, sowie Herr und Frau Hausmarschall Weich. Auch andere Besucher machten Ankäufe. Unser Herzogs paar hat seinen Besuch in Aussicht gestellt. — Bom Sängerkranz war gestern ein gesel liger Abend veranstaltet worden zu Ehren der Herren aus Mürzzuschlag, die zu kurzem Aufenthalt als Gäste in Coburg waren. Die Aktiven waren in stattlicher Anzahl erschienen; erweckt doch der Name immer wieder schöne Erinnerungen Auch eine Anzabl Damen und einige Passive waren an wesend. Die Gäste, begrüßt vom Sänge-kranz mit einem kräftigen „Grüß Gctt, mit Hellem Klang" wurden vom Vorsitzenden, Herrn Kommissionsrat Albrecht, herzlich in der Milte d-S Sängerkran,' bewillkommnet Herr Pan Hofer dankte und schloß daran eine längere Ansprache, in d r er den Niedergang Deutschlands beklagte, aber auch die Hoffnung hinzufügte, daß Deutschland die schwere Prüfung überstehen werde, wenn alle fest zusammen stehen und sich lieb n. Er teilte auch mit, daß man in Mürzzuschlag eine Sammlung für die not leidenden Brüder und Schwestern im Rheinland veranstaltet habe, die 2^ Millionen Kronin er geben bat, eine Nachricht, die lebhaft begrüßt wurde. Der Dirigent Herr Weißenborn wies dann darauf hin, daß er ein kürzlich in der Tagespreise veröffentlichtes „Ruhrlied" von E. Herold vertont und in aller Eile durch Stimmen verv'eliältigt und eingeübt habe. Das geschickt komponierte Lied, in de« die Schlußworte der „Wacht am Rhein" verwebt und vertont sind, kam zum Vortrag und fand lebhaficn B-isall. Der Komponist überreichte fein jüngstes Werk Herrn Panhoser für den G«' sangverrin in Mürzzuschlag, dem es gewidmet ist. Mit DankeSworten an den Komponisten nahm es Herr P. e-tgegen. Der Abend verlies unter Die Einführung des 50 000-Mark-Typs gestattet eine weitere Steigerung um 15 Milliarden im Tage, sodaß in den nächsten Wochen 75 Milliarden her gestellt werden können. Für die Herstellung von Zahlungsmitteln werden von der Reichsbank 33 Druckereien und 12 Papierfabriken in Anspruch ge nommen. Durch die demnächst erfolgende Herstel lung von,20 000- und 100000-Markscheinen und die vermehrte Ausgabe yon 10 000-Marknoten klei-, neren Umfanges, die besonders für Löhnungszwecke sehr begehrt sind, wird die «tägliche Leistungsfähig-' , keit bis Ende des Monats auf 125 Milliarden Ta- ! gesproduktion gebracht werden können. Der Monat, > März dstrfte also mehr als drei Billionen neue Zah-, lungsmittel in den Verkehr bringen. — Für die Ruhrhilfe ergab eine Sammlung , unter den Arbeitern, die am Ausbau der Veste' Coburg beschäftigt sind, die Summe von 69000. Mark. — Von der 1. Spende des Beamten-, bundes, Gauverband Coburg, treffen auf das Gymnasium 73 000 °«, das Messungsamt 12 900 -«,' Forst- und Domänenamt 7300 -«, Landbauamt- 6500 -«, Gewerberat 4000 -«, die Oberrealschule 61 500 -«, Alexandrinenschule 17 000 -«, das Amts-' gericht 25 900 -«. - Als Ergebnis der Beamtenbesoldungsverhand lungen wird gemeldet: Teuerungszuschlag zu Grund-f Gehalt, Ortszuschlag und Kinderzulagen ab I.Febr. 1923: 942 A, Frauenzuschlag: 12 000 -«. Vor besprechungen über Aenderung der Besoldungsord-! nung sind innerhalb der Organisationen im Gange.! — Die Polizeistunde ist für den Stadtbezirk Co-! bürg auf 11 Uhr, Sonnabends auf 12 Uhr nachts' festgesetzt worden. — Die Teuerung. Der Laib (1835 Gr.) Mar-; kenbrot kostet ab 12. Februar 700 -«. — Die. Gas- und Strompreise erfahren im Februar eine abermalige Erhöhung. — Die Hundeab-^ gaben wurden in gestriger Sitzung des Stadtrats der Geldentwertung entsprechend ebenfalls erhöht.' -Preußisch-Süddeutsche Klassenlotterie. Die' Lotterieverwaltung erachtete es für angezeigt, die, durch die fortschreitende Geldentwertung cingetre-j tene Verschlechterung der Gewinnaussichten durch, eine namhafte Erhöhung der Gewinne ei-! nigermaßen auszugleichen. Der neue Plan steht in folgedessen für die 3. und 4. Klaffe an Gewinnen, vor: 2 Prämien zu je 50 Millionen, 2 Prämien zu ! je 20 Millionen, je 4 Gewinne zu je 30, 20 und! 10 Millionen, 6 Gewinne zu je 5 Millionen, je 10 Gewinne zu je 3 und 2 Millionen, 22 Gewinne zu je 1 Million, 40 Gewinne zu je 500 000 -«, ferner, eine größere Anzahl von Gewinnen zu 300 000 -«,! 250 000 -«, 150000 -«, 100 000 -« usw. Im gün-, die Hörer sich möglichst bald in die BelcglisM'eM dem Eindruck von Wort und Lied in schönster W-ise. zeichnen. Wenn das tägliche Brot auch knapper j — Fundsachen. In der Zeit vom 10. Januar wird, an der geistigen Nahrung wollen wir nicht > bis heute wurden im Polizei-Fundbüro folgende sparen! Wir Coburger haben noch überdies die. Gegenstände gemeldet bczw. abgegeben: 1 Korbdecke, Ehrenpflicht, den alten Ruhm unsrer Stadt auf-> rot-grau, 1 Brille mit Futteral, eine desgl. ohne, rechtzucrhalten, daß sic ein geistiger Mitteljkmkt > 2 Brieftaschen ohne Inhalt, 1 Schirmübcrzug, 1 bleibt für alles, was zwischen dem Wald und dem Brotsack mit roten Streifen, 1 Taschenmesser, 1 Main wohnt, lind dazu soll auch diese Universitäts- grauer Handschuh, 1 kleine Glocke, 1 Wischtuch, gez. Woche dienen. I. W., 1 brauner wollener Handschuh, 1 schwarzer, — Forstdienst. Befördert der mit dem Titel! gefütterter Damenhandschuh, 1 schwarzer Lacklcder- und Range eines Forstmeisters bekleidete Forstamt-! Gürtel, 1 grauer, gestricker Handschuh, 1 Paket mit mann Georg Schlecin Neustadt zum Forstmeister. Drahtstückchen, 1 weißes Taschentuch, 1 Brosche mir — Kunstoerein. Die neueröffnete Ausstellung i Engel, 1 Stück Leinenstoff, 1 Zollstock, 1 Porte- konnte sich letzten Sonntag eines regen Zuspruchs monnaie mit Inhalt. erfreuen. Die durch die Ankündigung beigelockten — Vaterländischer Abend zu Gunsten des Ruhr zahlreichen Besucher kamen voll auf ihre Rechnung.! gebiets. Durch den Erwerb einer Anzahl vorzüg- Kunstmaler Bcrbigs umfangreiche Aquarellserie aus. licher, hier noch nicht gezeigter Lichtbilder erhält der aller Welt, sowie seine Radierungen zeugen von vom Musikverein für heute Albend im gut- großem Können und vielem Fleiß. Blechschmidt-! geheizten Festsaal des Hofbrauhauses angesagte Eisfeld-München steht ihm nicht nach, übertrifft ihn'Lichtbildervortrag des Herrn Dr. Gru - aber an Vielseitigkeit in Zeichnung, Pastell, Oel- ner eine besondere Anziehungskraft. Da der gemälde, Radierung, Holz- und Bronzeplastik. P.! Ueberschuß zum Besten des Ruhrgebietes verwendet Johnen-München ist mit einem herrlichen Blumen- wird, ist ein Besuch nur bestens zu empfehlen. Kar- Stilleben vertreten; daneben M. Mönch-Großner rc. tenverkauf in der Riemann'schen Hofbuchhandlung. Ein Kunstgenuß seltenster Art ist der hochkünst-^ — Die Versorgung mit Zahlungsmitteln. Zur lerische Elfenbeinschmuck von Gust. Krech, welcher Befriedigung der Ansprüche auf Versorgung den verwöhntesten Kenner in Entzücken versetzen'mit Zahlungsmitteln sind folgende Maß- dürfte. Die Holzarbeiten von Karl Krech reihen sich nahmen getroffen worden: Die Tagesproduktion, die ihm würdig an. S. M. König Ferdinand machte in den letzten Tagen 35 Milliarden Papiermark be- mehrcre Ankäufe und äußerte sich sehr lobend über trug, ist jetzt auf 45 Milliarden gesteigert worden. stigsten Falle können auf ein Doppellos 200 Mil- ^ lionen Mark entfallen. Diese Verbesserung der Ge-. winnaussichten ließ sich aber nur dadurch ermög lichen, daß der Preis eines ganzen Loses für die 3. Klasse den veränderten wirtschaftlichen Verhält-, Nissen entsprechend, auf 4800 -« und für die 4. Kl.' auf 5800 erhöht wurde. In Abänderung der bisher veröffentlichten Ziehungstage beginnt die Ziehung für die 3. Klasse am 15. März, die Ziehung für die 4. Klasse am 17. April d. I. s Hohe Geldstrafe wegen Luxussteuerhinterzieh ung. Steuerpflichtigen, welche der Abgabe ihrer, Steuererklärungen nicht die notwendige Sorgfalt s oder Gewissenhaftigkeit widmen, möge cs zur War nung dienen, daß das Finanzamt München II, Um-, j satzsteueramt, wegen Luxussteuerhinterziehung neuer- dings in einem Falle eine Geldstrafe von vier Mil lionen Mark verhängt hat. — Berichtigung. In der Schlußzeile der Notiz aus-Oeslau (s. gestr. Nr.) hat es zu heißen: 100000 -« (nicht 1000 000 -«). G Weitramsdorf, 9. Febr. Ruhrhilfe. Meh rere hiesige Familien haben sich bereit erklärt, Kinder vertriebener Ruhrbewohner unentgeltlich ^ in Pflege zu nehmen. Die Sammlung in der ! hiesigen Gemeinde mit -Gersbach und Schlcttach er brachte 42 000 -«. Heubisch, 9. Febr. Fleischdtebstahl. In der Nacht auf Sonntag räumten Diebe in der Grundstraße eine Räucherkammer im Keller eines Hauses aus. Drei Nachbarn hatten das Fleisch von drei Schweinen gemeinsam in der Räucherkammer zum Räuchern aufgehängt. Alles war am Morgen verschwunden. ! München, 9. Febr. Kein Salvatoraus schank. Wie von der Paulanerbrauerei mitgeteilt Wer mit dem Leben spielt, Kommt nie zurecht; Wer sich nicht selbst befiehlt, Bleibt immer Knecht. Goethe. Verlorenes Paradies. Roman von B. Riedel-Ahrens. Copyright 1913 bh Greiner L Comp., Berlin W 30. 83 j (Nachdruck verboten.) (Schluß.) Die Linden blühen, es ist Sonntagmorgen. „Weine nicht, Anneliese", bittet Maria erschüt tert, als die junge Braut das Schreiben des deut schen Arztes an den Hauptmann gelesen hat, das ihnen die Nachricht von Simonas seligem Ende mel det, „nicht weinen bei dem Tode eines Menschen, der in seine Heimat eingegangen." „Es ist nicht allein das, Maria! Was mir jetzt so grenzenlos leid tut, ist das Bewußtsein, hart und schroff gegen Simona gewesen zu sein — und die traurige Gewißheit, nun nichts mehr ausgleichen zu können. O mein Gott, solche Erkenntnis macht uns ernst und alt, und kaum gibt es wohl etwas Schmerzlicheres, als die Reue, für die wir kein«? Sühne finden." „Es gibt eine Sühne, meine Anneliese, nämlich die Ueberzeugung, daß Simona längst die bösen Worte vergessen und Deiner in Liebe gedacht hat, dafür zeugen ihre letzten Briefe; also tröste Dich." Und Maria hatte recht; bei der Eröffnung des Testamentes der Verstorbenen erwies es sich, daß Anneliese reichlich bedacht worden war, ebenso An gela, Maria, der Hauptmann und Holger Storm; der bedeutende Rest fiel den Armen von Elmsbcck und Umgegend zu. Eine Stunde später an diesem Sonntage er scheint Holger in, Lindenheim, den letzten Brief Simonas in der Brusttasche; von Maria, die mit ihm in den Garten gegangen, hört er die Nachricht ihres Heimganges, den er vermutet hatte. „Ich bin! hier, Maria, nicht allein, um den Wunsch Simonas zu erfüllen, sondern auch, weil mein Herz mich zu Dir treibt, obgleich Du mich zweimal verschmähtest; ich kränkte Dich vielleicht zu sehr, um auf Verzeihung hoffen zu dürfen; ist es Dir möglich, mich heute wieder in Gnaden auf zunehmen?" Ihr Antlitz, das noch die Spuren herber Leiden trug, nahm einen tief gesammelten Ausdruck an. „Du kränktest mich nicht, Holger, — es ist nur gekommen, wie es kommen mußte; während ich in Husum war und Zeit zu ruhigem Nachdenken hatte, ist mir alles klar geworden und ich habe meine Bestimmung erkannt. Dein Wirkungskreis ist die große Welt, wo ich Dir nur eilt Hindernis sein, Dich am Entfalten hemmen würde; meine Welt aber ist der stille Winkel. Es gibt Frauen, wie ich einst schon zu Anneliese sagte, deren Herzen Gott für seine Armen haben will, die geboren sind zu der Mission einer barmherzigen Schwester, und zu ihnen gehöre ich. Und — mit dem Bilde Simonas in Deinem Herzen würde auch unsere Ehe keine sein, — es wäre sündhaft, wollten wir sie eingehen. Ich bleibe frei, um meine Mission hier unten zu er füllen; Gott helfe mir." Andachtsvoll hatte er ihren Worten zugehört, und was er in Marias Augen sah, war der Abglanz einer trauernden, doch mit sich selbst zum Frieden gelangen Heele. ZnWWt zum Sprechen, reichte er ihr die Hand zum Abschied; hatte sie mit der Entsagung das letzte große Opfer für ihn gebracht? „Ich ehre Deinen Entschluß; es geschehe, wie Du willst." Maria drückte ihm die Hand und ging still ins Haus zurück. Holger Storm aber verfolgte den bekannten Weg, der ihn so oft dem Tannenwäldchen mit den Dünen hügeln zugeführt, wo er, im Anschauen der fernen wird, wird mit Rücksicht auf die wirtschaftliche und politische Lage im heurigen Jahre kein Aus schank von Salvatorbier stattfinden. Es wird nur für den Export ins Ausland hergestellt. Stadtrat Coburg. Ordentliche Sitzung am 9. Februar 1923. Entschuldigt fehlen: Oberbürgermeister Hirsch feld, Rechtsrat Wagemann und die Stadträte Schaarschmidt und Voye. Die Verhandlun gen leitet Bürgermeister Altenstädter, der vor Eintritt in die Tagesordnung dem mit Tod ab gegangenen Mitglied des Stadtrats, Verleger R. Müller, der den städt. Kollegien während 20 Jahre angehörte, einen warmen Nachruf widmete unter Anerkennung der von dem Dahingeschiedenen der Stadt allzeit geleisteten ersprießlichen Dienste. Das Kollegium hatte sich zu Ehren des Verstorbe nen, dessen Stuhl zum Zeichen der Trauer schwarz drapiert war, von den Sitzen erhoben. — Weiter machte Bürgermeister Alten st ädter die erfreu liche Mitteilung, daß zwei Deutschamerikaner, die Herren W. Geuther und E. Otto der Stadt 35 000 -« zu Zwecken der Lungen- und der Säug lingsfürsorge übersandt haben. Namens des Stadt rats spricht er den freundlichen Spendern dessen Dank aus. — Eingegangen sind zwei Dringlichkeits Anträge, die am Schluffe der Tagesordnung zur Beratung kommen. Nach Eintritt in die Tagesordnung dienen ver schiedene Abrechnungen zur Kenntnis des Stadtrats, so 1. die Jahresrechnung pro 1921/22 der Dey- tzing-Stiftung, die in Einnahmen und Aus gaben mit 3 642,92 -« bei einem Aktivkapital von 148 765,19 ->« abschließt (Str. Fehler); 2. die Jah resrechnung der Stockmar-Stiftung. Hier betragen die Einnahmen 3461,34 die Ausgaben 3 447,88 -«, das Kapital 38 032 -«. Die Zinsen kommen 4 Damen aus den gebildeten Ständen zu gute (Str. Güntzel); 3. die Jahresrechnung der Riedinger-Dietz-Stiftung pro 1921/22^ deren Wwürfe 5 Schülern der Oberrealschule zu gute kommen und 4. die Rechnung der Stadt- pfarrer-, Schullehrer-Witwen- und Waisenkasse pro 1921/22, die bei einem Kapi tal von 52011 -F in Einnahmen und Ausgaben mit 31079,61 -« abschließt. (Str. Meyer.) Zugestimmt wird der neuerlichen Erhöhung der Schlachtgebühren nach den Beschlüssen des Finanz ausschusses. Cs werden u. a. erhöht die Gebühren für Bullen von 1700 -« auf 7000 -«, für Ochsen von 1020 auf 5500, für Kühe von 880 auf 4000 °«, für Jungrinder von 660 auf 8000 °«, für Schweine von 400 auf 2000 -«, für Pferde von 1320 auf 5500 -« usw. Ein Antrag der Bürgerl. Arbeits gemeinschaft, die Gebühren für Schweine von 400 auf 3000 -« zu erhöhen, wird nach kurzer Debatte, in welcher sich die Sozialdemokraten gegen die Er höhung aussprechen, weil sie dadurch eine Verteue rung der Hausschlachtungen befürchten, und nach aufklärenden Bemerkungen durch Bürgermeister Dr. Gebhardt, der eine Befreiung der Haus schlachtungen vom Schlachthauszwang event, eine Gewichtsgrenze befürwortet, durch den Berichterstat ter Str. Lorenz zurückgezogen. Für die Errichtung eines Gedenksteines für den im Jahre 1021 verstorbenen Prof. Sommer, der die Stadt zu seiner Nachlaßerbin einsetzte, werden zu den bewilligten 5000 -« weitere 3660 -« und für gärtn. Schmuck 12 000 .« nachbewilligt. (Stadtrat Güntzel.) Die Hundeabgaben werden für 1923 anders fest gesetzt. Es beträgt die Steuer für den ersten Hund 2000 bisher 200 -«, für jeden weiteren Hund 4000 -«, bisher 200 -«, Hunde in Einöden kosten 5Ö0 -« bisher 20 -«, jeder weitere Hund 4000 °«. Nach dem Berichte des Referenten Str. Mämpel gab es 1921 in der Stadt Coburg 680, im Jahre 1922 aber 870 Hunde. Es ist somit eine auffällige Zunahme der Hunde festzustellen. Der Referent be merkt, daß sich die Hundehaltung zur Hundeplage ausgewachsen habe, außerdem nehmen dadurch die Besudelung der Straßen und die Belästigung der Passanten zu. Die Polizei solle eine vermehrte Auf merksamkeit auf die umherstreuenden Hunde rich ten. — Das Kollegium stimmt den neuen Sätzen zu. An Teuerungszulagen für das Theaterpersonal werden nach dem Bericht des Str. Güntzel 4 569 965 Mark für Januar bewilligt. Jrvingsburg verloren, träumend die Stunden ver bracht hatte. Die Glocken läuteten zur Kirche; aus allen Rich tungen zogen die Andächtigen herbei, um zu beten; gegen einen der Stämme gelehnt, blickte er hinaus. Maria hatte ihn verstanden, und er dankt es ihr, — denn seine Gedanken, seine ganze Seele werden im mer der Erinnerung an Simona geweiht sein. Jetzt setzt die Orgel in der Kirche ein; feierlich tönen ihre ernsten Klänge durch die klare Luft zum blauen Frühlingshimmel. Holger Storm erfaßt es übermenschlich; er zieht den Hut ab, um zu beten, und es ist, als spüre er um seine Stirn ein leises Geisterwehen. „Hehre Göttin der Kunst, ich bin von neuem Dein; mein Leben, Können und Wollen soll wieder nur Deinem heiligen Dienst gewidmet sein. Bevor zugt vor Tausenden, durfte ich eine Stunde im Paradiese sein, und die Erinnerung daran läßt mich fortan in seinem Abglanz leben." Die wallenden Nebel weichen, und aus den duf tenden Gebilden erhebt sich drüben am Waldrand das Märchenschloß in goldigem Glanz, weiß, zau berisch und verschwiegen; über seine Augen zieht ein feuchter Schleier; Holger Storm wendet sich zum Gehen. „Lebe wohl, du mein verlorenes Paradies!".-, Nummer 169 Cobarger Zeitung 21. Juli 1923 WMWMS U-K-W.N.71 «stikigt «it HngcksW St! z!i!istk> >!NS Vl8..U>>.rlI.N.iMWlI»sei> I, A. Ein neuer Grasmäher (Fahr's Pat.) 4 Fuß Schnitt breite ist noch günstig abzu geben. KI. «üben, landw. Maschinen, Sonneseld. I! ' II Ein einfach, wunderb. Mittel teile gern jedem kostenlos mit. knsu KI. Polen«, Hannover, 0.152 Schließ, fach 106. Dienstag, 24. In« 1923 vormittags 9 Uhr Fnndsachenverftrich in der Polizeiwache. Die Fürsorgeleistungen an die Kapitalkleinrentner werden am Montag» 23. Juli 1923 und zwar Buch stabe K K 8-11 Uhr vorm.» Buchstabe I.-L 11 —1 Uhr nachm, in der Bolksausknnstei, Rosen- gaffe 1, ausgezahlt. Nachdem durch die ortspolizeilichen Vorschriften vom 16. 1. 1923 das Feuerlöschwesen in der Stadt Coburg neu geregelt worden ist, werden alle männlichen Einwohner der Stadt Coburg, die in den Jahren 1895 bis 1899 ge boren und die länger als 3 Monate hier aufhältlich sind, zum Pfltchtsenerwehrdienft aufgerufen. Soweit die selben nicht schon bisher der Pfltchtfeueiwehr angehören oder Mitglieder der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr find, werden dieselben gemäß 8 10 der Vorschriften hiermit aufgefordert, sich bis zum Sonnabend, de» 28. Juli ds. Js. auf der Polizeiwache (Rosengaffe) zu melden. Auch diejenigen bereits gemeldeten Dienstpflichtigen, welche noch keine Arm binden erhalten haben, haben sich zu melden. Nach 8 3 der Vorschriften von der Feuerwehrdleost- pflicht befreite Personen brauchen sich nicht zu melden, für körperlich Untaugliche und Geisteskranke ist jedoch das amtsärztliche Zeugnis in der gleichen Frist beizubringen. Die bisher der Pflichtfeuerwehr angehörigen Dienst- pflichtigen anderer Jahrgänge werden bis auf weiteres vom Feuerwehrdienst befreit und haben daher ihre Arm binden auf der Polizeiwache abzuliefern. — Michttge, welche die rechtzeitige Anmeldung oder ausscheidende Pflich tege, die die Ablieferung der Armbinden unerlasseu, werden nach § 25 der ortspolizeilichen Vorschriften unnachfichtlich bestraft. Außerdem erfolgt bei dienstpflichtigen Personen die zwangsweise Einreihung in die Feuerwehr. Coburg, den 21. Juli 1923. Der Stadtrat. Hirschfeld. Ks»sns1einleia«n«>e NnSigsIIin. In »Usn Lpottlsksn LN Lkdsn. Ihre heute vollzogene Vermählung beehren sich anzuzeigen Paul ^chreyner u. Frau Ästa geb. Bonsack Iserlohn 21. Juli 1923. Ketschendorf ii. MrMtzr nur skstklssslos blsrlisn unter Ksrautl« lu ssdr grosser Lusvstil ru Surrerst dlllloeii kreisen uni! eulsntsn Ssälngunoen emgüsdlt l-ullss lilslMr. lioburz. lumMMl« llSümssedloev- uns ksbrrsa-Ssnaiuno. Issäslll. 0els. ksvsrstorsll, Lrsstrtstle usv. MdiMklu.Udmeii i» Miz M Veiük kauft jede« Posten gegen Kasse KarlStamm, Weidhausen ,» «ite Uiiki ni> WoitSt" zu hohen Preisen gesucht Aavl F. Vvix, Berlin Kk vom 19 7. biS 25. 7. odei-e Klinge «. äieli gs8unli mit„vr.sisi'm8sn8 merlirinioetien ksöeruoätrsn"! Keine leui-6 kallek-eisv nötig! >1 s»u öSilk-, iilii- M liMNs» MM. älrskt ärrretr IßbNMSSN - tiVvnIse Vsrsloißts 6Usrats«Iis k's.kilks» Ssnlin - pnisNi-iokmUsgen. 6röüts I'sdiikation OsutsvUlancls in I'ioUtsmikeäslextrs.kb Uüä slläsrss cisr lul-rigsriosssrisetiLift 1661 Loburg SM 4., 5. uriä 6. August. Mir suvdsB Lava Durvisr nvod MM- Limnivi- "ML mit: rmä odus VsrpstsZiiuA. Dis dlitßlisclsr äsr luruxsuvsssnsstiLkr wsräsn tlökliodsd Asksösa, 2immsr, esvsit ss iu idrsn Lrs.kt.SQ stsdr, 2Qr VsrkÜßQQA LQ stvUvQ. OloiodLsirix bsgiuvt sb Vivnslsg, 6sn 24. 3u1i, äsr Ksnlvn- vonvvnlesus -um Garnier ^olunuißsmslcluvASL rurä Vorvsrks.uk i>si LLraMsr <d I'tsvli.or, Älob- . ronstraü« 24 Hie Vui-ni-pleitung. Ihre Vermählung beehren sich anzuzeigen Ernst Fischer u. Frau Irma geb. Starklvff. Coburg im Juli 1923. krsmmopkone — blatten — bisösln roitlanksnä Nvnb«1t«n Kitarron, l-suton, lstanclolinsn, Viollnvn, Konrsrt- uns /lklcorä-ritkorn, lisktiai-monikas, Lsitvn, k^rsstr- uns rudvtiörtvile - ^ kür all« iQstrnmsQi!». —. I^Iu8ikiiLtU8 6sorg f-iotmsmi. Isl. 689 Stimm«» u. Nrpsestue«». Ist. 669. 260 Lt. I>orko. Oeatern abenä ^6 Okr veraekieZ infolge HerrlLkmunZ naek kurzem Krank- 8kin meine inniA8lKeliedte, lierrenaZule frau, die liebe IVlutter ilirea 4 docken alten 8ökneken8, un8ere unverZebliebe ßute ?ocbter, LekwieKertoekter, 8ckvve8ter unä 8ekvä8erin krsll iFllist Lar! ged. iviullll im 2b. beben8jskre. >Ver 8ie gekannt, rvirZ un8eren 8ebmerr erme88en. 6obur§, Oailvlldvrßvrsti. 1, Kein8äorf, Orok8arn8tsät, 2l.ju!i 1923. In tiekter Trauer: Llwin Larl ^uxleiek im I^amen aller Hinterbliebenen. Dis DiuLsodsruvA orkolßt äoo 23. ä. b-lds., usodmittuAS 3 I7dr. klallvs «snnsoniuin» »Sv rmä Asdrunctit, au LuLsrst xktrlSttA. krstsso Volls 6srantls k!sood3li8 Lsvks. ZkNinNvrx, Lsrtstr. 1V. ASr sofort z« kaufen gesucht: 8?8.«.8.v. oder sonstiges schweres Motor rad. Angebot mitPreisaufgabe MkM SMM Post Oesla« b. Sobnrg. iL Jagdhunde, Deutsch-Kurzhaar(BrauntIger mit Platten) ab. Welpen ha ben Stammbaum und werden im St. K. Berlin eingetragen. Klein-Walbur, Sans Äl. 13. Margr, lüliedkr Awmki'ki' stellt auf den Neubauten Anna werk- und Goebel-Oeslau so wie den Vereinigten Porzellan fabriken Köppelsdorf ein p. Aaumann Spezialgeschäft für Industriebauten. Zuverlässiger, nüchterner Kutscher und Pferdepfleger, 28 I. alt, verh., sucht per bald Stel lung mit Wohnung. Off. unt. N. S. 15 an die Ge schäftsstelle der Cob. Ztg. erb. Fast neues Federbett zu verk. Off. u. F. N. 10 a. d. Geschäftsst. d. Cob. Ztg. Verantwortlich für die Schriftleitung (N. Haenel beurlaubt): A. Dorn heim. Druck und Verlag der D o r n h e i m'schen Hofbuchdruckerei in Coburg. Vetr.: Jehl- u. Vrotpreise. Mit Wirkung vom 23. Juli 1923 ab werden folgende Berkanfshöchstpreife vorgeschrieben: Weizenmehl 85°/oig W.2M je pfd.1 ausschließlich Roggenmehl 85°/olg „ 2700 „ / N«p°sung. Schvarzdrol „ 25vv „ der Laih von 1835 Gr. M. 9200. Coburg, den 21. Juli 1923.j Bereinigte Eoburgische Kommnnalvcrbände. in Schwarz-, Kopier-- und Buntdruck liefert v oi» nkvi m serk« «oGduvkiii'uvIeei'vi. Dank. Für alle die vielen Beweise treuen Gedenkens beim Heimgänge unserer lieben Entschlafenen Fräulein Therese Appmln danken wir herzlichst. Coburg, 21. Juli 1923. Anna Tolle geb. Appunn Eduard Appunn im Namen der Angehörigen. Gebildete, vertrauenswürdige junge Dame mit Stenographie und Schreibmaschine vertraut, für so- fort gesucht. Angebote unter B. 485 an Ala Eoburg, Sletnwcg 34, erbeten. 2-Z Mädchen Wl «MM M «MM bei Tariflohn gesucht Karl Stamm, Weidhausen. Nummer 72 Dienstag, de« 27. März 1023 82. Jahrgang Coburger Zeitung Vereinszeitung des Verbandes der Landwirtschaftlichen Vereine für den Bezirk Coburg. Erscheint außer Sonn- und Festtags täglich mittags. Bezugspreis: monatlich 2200 M., Zustellungsgebühr 100 M. Ausgabestellen: Fr. Schmidt. Bahnhofstraße 2, Max Opitz. .Mohrendrogerie", Mohrenstraße 31 und I. Aeblitz. Ketschengaffe 45. Verlag. Schriftleitung und Geschäftsstelle: -- . — 24. — Fernsprecher Nr. 48. Telegr -Adr-: Zeitung Coburg. Anzeigen werden für Coburg (Stadt und Land) mit 150.— M-, für aus wärts mit 200.—M. die ? gespaltene Borgis-Zetle oder deren Raum, NeLlamen mit 450.— M die Zeile berechnet. Mitglied des Vereins Deutscher Zeitungsverleger, Kreis Mitteldeutschland. Vismarck-Versailles-Ruhr. Rede, gehalten von Amtsgerichtsdirektor Dr. Stoll anläßlich der Bismarck-Geburtstagsfeier am 24. März 1923. Meine Damen und Herren! Deutsche Frauen und Männer! Mein Thema lautet: Bismarck — Ver sailles - Ruhr. Wir feiern heute Bismarcks Geburtstag. Wir haben ihn gefeiert alljährlich, wenn der Frühling kam, am 1. April, schon vor dem Krieg. Da loder ten die Feuer auf allüberall in deutschen Landen, und von Berg zu Berg kündeten die Flammen signale, daß Bismarcks Name in deutschen Herzen unsterblich ist. Wir feiern Bismarcks Geburtstag auch nach dem Krieg und jetzt in unserem Elend erst recht. Auch ich habe vor nunmehr zehn Jahren, am 1. April 1913, an dieser Stelle von Bismarck reden dürfen. Ich habe ihn geschildert in seiner Jugend zeit, wie er als „normales Produkt unseres staat lichen Unterrichtes", wie er selbst zu Beginn seiner „Gedanken und Erinnerungen" sagt, Ostern 1832 das Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Berlin verließ, durchaus nicht mit der besten Note. Er bezog dann die Universität und hier schon ließen manche Züge erkennen, was von dem jungen Stu denten zu hoffen war. Wer in Jena, Leipzig oder Halle studiert hat, erinnert sich gewiß gern der feuchtfröhlichen Stunden auf der Rudelsburg. „Hier Saalcck, dort dis Rudelsburg, Und drunten tief im Tale, Da rauschet zwischen Felsen durch Die alte, liebe Saale. Und Berge hier und Berge dort, Zur Rechten und zur Linken, — Die Rudelsburg, das ist ein Ort, Zum Schwärmen und zum Trinken." Dort hat der Kösener 8. 6. seinem größten Korpsbruder ein Denkmal errichtet, das Buben hände jetzt geschändet haben. Auf granitenem Sockel sieht man die Gestalt Bismarcks als Jung bursch, die Brust umzogen vom Burschenband, in der Hand den Schläger, zur Seite seine treue Dogge. Am Sockel aber sind angebracht der Zirkel der Han novera, die beiden Bismarck'schen Jugendwahl sprüche: Nunguam retrorsum (niemals zurück) und Olim memiiusss juavabit (einst wird die Erinne rung uns erfreuen), und die schlichten Verse: Das deutsche Volk in Einigkeit — ein neues Reich in neuer Zeit, — Millionen haben darüber nach gedacht — aber nur einer hat's fertig gebracht. — Einer der unsern, in Lieb und Zorn — ein Bursch von echtem Schrot und Korn — ein alter deutscher Korpsstudent, — den alle Welt Fürst Bismarck nennt. — Dies Bild stellt ihn als Jungbursch dar. - Dankt Gott, daß er der unsere war! Aus dem Jungbursch von Bismarck aber wurde der Mann der Weltgeschichte. Ich will sein ferneres Leben nicht schildern, nur drei Aussprüche von ihm möchte ich anführen, die wie kaum eawas anderes geeignet sind, uns die Eigenart dieses Allgewaltigen vor die Sele zu stellen: Einst war Bismarck im Reichstag überstimmt worden. Die Majorität hatte gegen ihn entschie den. Da sagte er: „Ich lasse mir von der Majo rität des Reichstages nicht imponieren, ich habe mir ja von ganz Europa nicht imponieren kaffen. Sie, meine Herren, werden nicht die Ersten sein." Hier sehen wir Fürst Bismarck ganz als den, der er war, als den Mann, der steht wie der Fels im Meer, der sich auch durch keine Majorität imponie ren läßt, der sich mit seiner ganzen Person und allem, was er hat und ist, einsetzt für das, was er für recht und gut erkannt hat. Mit einem Wort, als deutschen Mann. Wie ganz anders heute, wo die Summa der Weisheit darin besteht, sich feige hinter der Majorität zu verkriechen, sobald die Ver antwortlichkeit an die eigene Person herantritt! Einmal wurde Bismarck gefragt, wie er ge schlafen habe. Er erwiderte: „Ich habe die ganze Nacht nicht geschlafen, ich habe die ganze Nacht gehaßt." Was sagen dazu unsere Limonadenseelen? Wer die Feinde und Bedrücker unseres Vaterlandes nicht von ganzem Herzen und von ganzer Seele und mit allen Kräften Haffen kann, der hat auch kein Verständnis für die hellige große Vaterlands liebe, die allein uns noch zu retten vermag. Der dritte Ausspruch ist der berühmteste von allen, das Wort, das Fürst Bismarck am 6. Februar 1889 geprägt hat: „Wir Deutsche fürchten Gott, sonst nichts auf der Welt!" Frankreich hatte damals nach der Boulanger- Zeit eine Heeresvorlage angenommen, die allge meine Wehrpflicht proklamiert. Im Osten drohte Bulgariens wegen die orientalische Krise. In Ruß land hetzte die panslavistische Presse maßlos gegen Deutschland und die russische Regierung warf in aller Stille immer neue Truppen an die westliche Grenze. Da brachte Bismarck eine neue Wehrvor lage ein und am 6. Februar führte er zu ihrer Be-! gründung aus: Ein unmittelbarer Anlaß zum ^ Kriege besteht nicht, aber wir müssen gerüstet sein. : Einen Angriffskrieg wollen wir nicht führen, wer-' den wir aber angegriffen, dann wird das ganze Deutschland von der Memel bis zum Bodensee auf brennen wie eine Pulvermine und kein Feind wird diesen kuror teutonieus Stand halten können, und > er fährt fort: „Wer uns den Frieden bricht, der wird sich überzeugen, daß die kampfesfreudige Va terlandsliebe, die 1813 die gesamte Bevölkerung des schwachen, kleinen und ausgesogenen Preußen un ter die Fahnen rief, heutzutage ein Gemeingut der ganzen deutschen Nation ist. Wir können durch Liebe und Wohlwollen leicht bestochen werden, viel leicht zu leicht, aber durch Drohungen ganz gewiß nicht. Wir Deutsche fürchten.Gott, aber sonst nichts auf der Welt!" i Als Bismarck geendet, brach ein Jubel los, wie, ihn der Reichstag noch nicht erlebt. Das Wehr-' Gesetz wurde sn dloc ohne jede Beratung einstim mig — selbst die Sozialdemokraten wagten nicht zu widersprechen — angenommen. Wohl Habens uns alle, als ich im Jahre 1913 die Bismarck-^ Erinnerungen vortrug, die Ahnungen künftiger/ großer Ereignisse beschlichen und ich habe damals^ die Frage aufgeworfen: Wie wird es werden in, einem künftigen Krieg, weün nicht nur Manöver, gespielt wird, wenn die Kugeln nicht nur hinüber/ sondern auch herüber pfeifen? Ich habe mir die Antwort entnommen aus dem heldenmütigen Ver halten unserer Kämpfer in Deutsch-Südwestafrika und aus dem Heldentod der Besatzung des deutschen > Unterseebootes 17 3, das kurz vorher im Hafen von Kiel untergegangen war. Anknüpfend daran habe ich damals meinen Vortrag geschlossen mit den Worten: „Wohl fühlen wir es alle: es ist eine ernste Zeit". Bei einem künftigen Krieg handelt es sich! um alles, was uns lieb und teuer ist, um unsere ganze nationale Existenz. ist. Den einen hat es da gehascht mit der Kugn, i ! den dort mit dem Orden. Aber —: ich hatte einen ! Leutnant, der schoß durch den Sehschlitz im Schutz schild an der Düna. Gleichzeitig schoß der Russe und schoß ihm durch den Sehschlitz ein Auge aus. Er ging nach Hause, ließ sich ein Glasauge einsetzen, kam wieder und blieb an der Front, bis das andere Auge anging; da mußte er nach Hause. Es war in Hangest im Frühjahr 1918 an der Avre. Wir holten das Letzte zusammen, was wir hatten, die letzte Flasche Wein, und wollten Abschied feiern. Da raffelt das Telephon. Der Park von St. Grives- nes ist genommen. Das Bataillon wird sofort ein gesetzt. Ich alarmiere die Kompagnien und be fehle sofortigen Abmarsch. Da fällt mein Blick auf den Leutnant. Schnell greife ich nach der Flasche, gieße zwei Gläser ein und stoße mit ihm an: „Leb wohl auf Wiedersehen, vielleicht auch nicht". Auf einmal fängt er an zu drucksen und zu schlucken. So habe ich ihn noch nicht gesehen, und dann sagt er: „Herr Hauptmann, daß ich gerade jetzt gehen, muß, wo angegriffen wird; Herr Hauptman glau- ^ ben doch nicht?" Ich habe ihm nur stumm die Hand gedrückt. Ich habe mich immer besonderst begeistert an der Zeit von 1813, wie die Männer! ihr Letztes opferten und die Frauen sogar ihr Haar auf dem Altar des Vaterlandes niederlegten. Mein! Leutnant bot sein Augenlicht. — 1813 - 1914. |
github_open_source_100_8_20154 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
// DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated -*- c++ -*-
#ifndef __java_awt_im_spi_InputMethodDescriptor__
#define __java_awt_im_spi_InputMethodDescriptor__
#pragma interface
#include <java/lang/Object.h>
#include <gcj/array.h>
extern "Java"
{
namespace java
{
namespace awt
{
class Image;
namespace im
{
namespace spi
{
class InputMethod;
class InputMethodDescriptor;
}
}
}
}
}
class java::awt::im::spi::InputMethodDescriptor : public ::java::lang::Object
{
public:
virtual JArray< ::java::util::Locale * > * getAvailableLocales() = 0;
virtual jboolean hasDynamicLocaleList() = 0;
virtual ::java::lang::String * getInputMethodDisplayName(::java::util::Locale *, ::java::util::Locale *) = 0;
virtual ::java::awt::Image * getInputMethodIcon(::java::util::Locale *) = 0;
virtual ::java::awt::im::spi::InputMethod * createInputMethod() = 0;
static ::java::lang::Class class$;
} __attribute__ ((java_interface));
#endif // __java_awt_im_spi_InputMethodDescriptor__
|
github_open_source_100_8_20155 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.camming.mvp.ui.widget.recyclerview;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import com.camming.mvp.R;
import com.scwang.smartrefresh.layout.SmartRefreshLayout;
public class HeaderController {
private SmartRefreshLayout mSmartRefreshLayout;
private RecyclerViewController mRecyclerViewController;
HeaderController(@NonNull SmartRefreshLayout smartRefreshLayout, @NonNull RecyclerViewController recyclerViewController) {
this.mSmartRefreshLayout = smartRefreshLayout;
this.mRecyclerViewController = recyclerViewController;
}
public void setNailHeader(View view, int height) {
view.setLayoutParams(new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LinearLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, (int) (height * view.getContext().getResources().getDisplayMetrics().density)));
ViewGroup headerLayout = mSmartRefreshLayout.findViewById(R.id.nail_header_layout);
headerLayout.removeAllViews();
headerLayout.addView(view);
headerLayout.requestLayout();
}
public void removeNailHeader() {
ViewGroup headerLayout = mSmartRefreshLayout.findViewById(R.id.nail_header_layout);
headerLayout.removeAllViews();
}
public void addHeader(View view) {
mRecyclerViewController.getAdapter().addHeaderView(view);
}
public void addHeader(View view, int index) {
mRecyclerViewController.getAdapter().addHeaderView(view, index);
}
public void addHeader(View view, int index, int orientation) {
mRecyclerViewController.getAdapter().addHeaderView(view, index, orientation);
}
public void removeAllHeaderView() {
mRecyclerViewController.getAdapter().removeAllHeaderView();
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20156 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class TimeLogsController < ApplicationController
before_filter :authenticate_user!, :get_user
respond_to :js
def create
@time_log = TimeLog.new time_log_params
@time_log.clock_in = DateTime.now
if TimeLog.where(id: @time_log.id).any?
@message = {text: 'That ID already exists. Please try a different one.', type: 'danger'}
else
if @time_log.save
@message = {text: "Successfully clocked in at #{@time_log.display_clock_in}.", type: 'success'}
else
@message = {text: 'Unable to clock in.', type: 'danger'}
end
end
end
def update
@time_log = TimeLog.find params[:id]
@time_log.clock_out = DateTime.now
if @time_log.update_attributes time_log_params
@message = {text: "Successfully clocked out at #{@time_log.display_clock_out} with a duration of #{@time_log.display_duration}.", type: 'success'}
else
@message = {text: 'Unable to clock out.', type: 'danger'}
end
end
def get_time
@time_log = TimeLog.find params[:id]
render json: @time_log.to_json(methods: :display_duration)
end
private
def time_log_params
params.require(:time_log).permit(:id, :user_id)
end
end
|
github_open_source_100_8_20157 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="app-container" >
<div style="width:850px; margin:30px">
<el-table
:data="list"
border
style="width: 100%">
<el-table-column label="用户信息" align="center">
<el-table-column
prop="id"
label="id"
width="82px"/>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="名字"
width="100px"/>
<el-table-column
prop="password"
label="密码"
width=""/>
<el-table-column
prop="sex"
label="性别"
width="70px"/>
<el-table-column
prop="phone"
label="手机"
width="180px"/>
<el-table-column
prop="stateName"
label="状态"
width="100px"/>
<el-table-column
label="操作"
width="150px">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<el-button
size="mini"
@click="handleEdit(scope.$index, scope.row)">编辑</el-button>
<el-button
size="mini"
type="danger"
@click="handleDelete(scope.$index, scope.row)">删除</el-button>
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
</div>
<!-- 删除提示框 -->
<el-dialog :visible.sync="delVisible" title="提示" width="300px" center>
<div class="del-dialog-cnt">删除不可恢复，是否确定删除？</div>
<span slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button @click="delVisible = false">取 消</el-button>
<el-button type="primary" @click="deleteRow">确 定</el-button>
</span>
</el-dialog>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { getPersonList, deletePerson } from '@/api/person'
import { Message } from 'element-ui'
export default {
data() {
return {
list: [],
delVisible: false,
stateName: ['禁用', '正常'],
currentId: Number
}
},
mounted() {
this.GetPersonList()
},
methods: {
GetPersonList: function() {
new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
getPersonList(2).then(response => {
console.log(response.data.list)
this.list = response.data.list
for(var i = 0; i < this.list.length; i++){
this.list[i].stateName = this.stateName[this.list[i].state]
}
resolve()
}).catch(error => {
reject(error)
})
})
},
handleEdit: function(index, row) {
this.editForm = this.list[index]
console.log(this.editForm)
this.$router.push({
path: '/addPerson',
name: 'addPerson',
query: {
form: this.editForm
}
})
},
handleDelete: function(index, row) {
this.delVisible = true
this.currentId = row.id
},
deleteRow: function() {
console.log(this.currentId)
new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
deletePerson(this.currentId).then(response => {
Message.success('删除成功')
this.delVisible = false
this.GetPersonList()
resolve()
}).catch(error => {
Message.error('删除失败')
this.delVisible = false
this.GetPersonList()
reject(error)
})
})
}
}
}
</script>
|
bub_gb_dT5EAAAAcAAJ_84 | German-PD | Public Domain | Berlin, 4. März. Preuf. Gtaatsfgultfg: 85; feriw. 5 proj. Anichen —; RölmMindener EB, —. (A. 3) *279Paris, 2. März Baffage de POpera 5 pGt. zu 96.80 geſucht. Paris, 3 Mär. 5 pEt. 96.65, BpGt. — fpan. Inmre Squlb —. “London, 1. Mär. Konfols 96°, %,; Span. Mt. 19° ; By6. —; Coupon — ; Ball. —. VBerantwortliche Redaktion: Dr. 3. Waller, I. B. Pogl. ‚.r , Mönigl. tzof und Rational» Chrater. ) Donntrflap. den 6; Märg:. „Martfa*, Dper- vom Blolow., Fremden-inzeige. "BSH dr. Bee 9. Düten), von Sunssrud. S- Maulid, HH. Gutermann und Palais, Pris vätiers von Mugeburg ; Rösgen, k yon Geblenz ; Mayr, Bräumeifter von Inmenind ; Stigelmaler, Pfar⸗ rer von Thauuing; Gteſſe, Mfronem aus Gurland; @öeH, Kauf. aus Guglaud. ) ©. Hahn. HH. Guertier; Mentier von Paris; Wolf, Kfm. von Pferfee; ‚Dr. Meyer, von Angeburg, BL. Zraube. HH: Wahl, Auditer von Jugel ⸗ flapt ; Ratjene, Kaufm. von Hamburg; Train, Kaufm. von Köln. ©. Kreuz. HH. Hubfelb, Kim, ven Franffurt ; Brot, Priefter von Innsbeud; Kyhlmaler, Kfın. von Marktbrelt; Sieber, Kt. von Hagen; Blum, Kaufun. von Meida; Glasner, Vartifalier von Barmer; And wieler, Rftn. von Bremen; Meullsner, Privatier von Ghur. Stachusgarten. HH. Steiger und Henageller, Kaufleute von Zug; Gerfile, Haudelem. von Icdenhaus fen; Runreuther ‚ Diſtriti + Rabbiner von Burgebrad ; Bet, Kfın, von Hütbenz Wehr. Shüp; Gutedeſiher von Waid @lange ‚ Megociant von. Gerbalo; Krangony, Mrgeriant von Sendo ; Bobetti, Handelsn. wen Trient ; Meuburger, Lang und Säüleln, Pferkhänkler non Thal- mefflng ;. Geeberger, Ingenieur von Burgau; Mif,, Um ternerwalter von Würftenfelb. Amtliche Anzeigen. Bekanntmachung. 300. Berfci Termin auf * Breite, 21. Mär 1. 38. gerumg midt zugelaffen würden; '' , Nah be Moser. 2.38. . Xodederflärung. Da fih in Folgt des Grbsaufrufes vom 16. Re ⸗ vernber ©. 96, (Neue Mündener Geltung mb Neuefle Nacriten) werer Iofeph Prepi goch deſſen Deszen, benz gemelbet Hat, fo wurde derſelbe Dur Beſchluß sem 24. Webrnar I. Je. für tobt ertlärt und wird deffen MHüdlap an die gerihtöbelamnten Erben ausge, 71 J antwortet. . am 2y Rebruar 1661. - Euer, f., Lantrigier. — — —— —— — — 334.18). Bekanntmachung. Der Magifrat der Aal Hampte und Münden Hat beſchloſſen, die Tanbwirthfhaftlige Des nedung dee zum Heil. Seiftſoltale naher gehörigen Bauernhofes, des fegenantten Gebihofes, in Umterfende ling umwelt Münden vom 24. April d. Is. am wieber in Pacht zu geben, umb zu dem Ende dem Bihler en set 36 2250 1. die verhaudenen Wohn: und unter der Hausnummer ı2 welge fen _bauligen Juftande en; —c Flägent von 3 Tagwert [2 an R — Fine fr Wirthfchaftsgehäube : ſich ‚alle im dem deu © a, Bei an: % HUN. „Ietötern. Prozent für je 100 Thlt. Ichenslängfidrer: Berfiherung ala ur > für ‚den Beinin im 30 Yahıe von 2 Thlt. 49 for. — dl. auf 2 Thlt. — nel, wo." wi Tor @binad, 1min De 12 alarm Büle Inag Küsm ar#t we Fr van hehe write * . - ’” 45 [3 — 3 “ 28 - 10 — — 3 ” wir fi ".. ” . . #. 05,80 - Pure War“ 2 mim n..e,3 m. 17 “ Fan; Kir Sans tie He BwifäenRufen und Werhilnih srmäptg haben, Burg nie Yernatige Disihrane von 2 Drinden; — Konigliches Laudgericht Mijuchen. * * ekan tım ds 11 AP 7 Pe myis ‚ > md Yin end er — nm « mmmemang (anna 2 4 „a r rw , * 4 ——— un. cin anderer zu einem bessert Bad Fink. a Priwat · Auselgeini.i IM. tie dazu gehörigen Orunbftäde, und —* — in ⸗JN 1) in dem Beilste 8 einde —A— * 115 I3 c) Ragtem der Untergriäinete‘ vom Fämmts n. 156 Tagmat 79 ehlm.' Weder, melde far Ulchen Erbsintereffenten Des igl Mpsolaten Dr. Omanmel gute größere sufamknenhängente Fläden bilden; Y*® Ribler zur Gmpfangnagme aller zu leitenden B. HE Tagioert 23 Dtm. Wiefen, und en J achtiget werben it, fo zeige id dlefeh biemlt am und ade alle Di ir an den Verfierbihen Hablungen jd maden” —* Tagwert 27 Dep, Krauigärten il nur wu 2) Im ve Mieloen” Budbibungfrisden 40. a ·s Münden, am't8. Sandar 185f.” 0° 92 Dryim. Wiefen; | , IV. Die fämmtlicen Sau und Mirtöfhaftsgeräige ; und Simmer I, ’ V. die nöthige Ver „und Ginriätung zum Brauut ⸗ tal. Urveolet weilndteunen „unter ſolchen Beringungen zu übcrlaſſen. . Qeigerctränfing.) sl). Antündigung. Mittelt eines geringen Einſchuſſes von nur wenigen Zhalern dt man im Grande, ſich bel einem Umternehs men zu beiheiligen, welches dem daran Teilnehmenden Ar von biefem Jahre an eine jährliche Dividende melde die Bemirifäaftung tiefes @uted Tomeht, als auch befien Grhaltung im gulem Buflande ' möglidft er ⸗ Diefe Biringungen fönnen täglich dei der tieffeitigen Verwaltung der MWoptihätigleits + Stiftungen im ı bem Haufe am Thal unter der Mummer 1: über 1 Gticge rüdtwärts von 9 bis 12 Uhr Mittags, uud von, bis pre ee rg ae ee | nbeie, jebe nur. März ds: 34. entwerer farifitid üben m echt Taufend ———— auch zuer Prototedde erklärt vetden. Gourt. o f .. Den 21. Kebrwar 1851. Bierzebn Taufend Gulden Rheiniſch er. Magiſtrat elmtragen fan. Mien, melde dis Den'gh. Märy $. 2: ' der beshalb * De anfragen ; erhellt uncnt · igl. Haupte und Refivenzabt München, Ts IM " un - Bürgetmetiter ; Büreau von Jobanned Poppe Dr. 3: Hehe Argivienftrape 059. Im Lübed. nun nollmälfer, Get, Lüdedt, ven 15. Behtuar, 1ası. "77" J ‚nn 3» Lebensverſicherungsbank f. D. in Gotha, gut Dieſet Anſtalt find vorigen Jahre 1135 mene Mitglieder beigetreten, Sourch nad Kirug tes Ab» auf 16080 Perfonen mit 25,520000 Thir MWerfierungefunime und ber Bantı Erben von 323 gefterbenen Verfiderten wurden 558100 Eile. Prozent Relti fi der Nufmand nod niedriger. j Kufer den farifähigen Prämien find Teinerlel Mebrnfoften zu entridgtem, — ————— Zufappränmten tamn die Zablang ter Berfigerungsfunme ned bei Pebzeiten werben werten In 77° Zu fernerer Bethelligung ar den Borihellen obiger Anpalt Taper ein ı tale A m 1’ i Dob: Nuedorffer, Mymt In Münden Ha BEE 1 9,7 11758 Mit allerhöchſter Genehmigung des tönigl. Minifteriums des Innern. > 371. [2 a] "Der ädle, felt 16 Japren Im Ins und Muslande renommirte au rn Mailändische Haarbalsam, Hi Ya ion zn von Perfonen aus alen Ständen , großen Gbemifern und Aerzten beite Minel zur Erhaltung, dönerung ; WBacsthumsbeförberung ‚und Wie als yur Herverzufung kräftiger Schnur und Badenbärte In, ſchon Büle, „argeidmerften Beifalls uad der geößten Verbreitung. Preis.54 Pe. bag große Beript. . Niht. meniger vorteilhaft bekannt find: Eau d Atirona im get — E Bug m u flüfige Seife Rärkt, ven fähfigen aut 1 jügendtiger geiſche bu sinpfiehls, femie mit großer Guperlochtät ale, ankeren Zei ? ii ‚und d tr? das Nike je 6 * neo, We er ERTL Hr Sl An be mean Breis 15 Ei ne Idee, meinen Ramen tägl, @ } mg vu KR, T Die Ergebniffe des Zelegrapben: Betriebed in Bayern während des Jahres 1850, Beilage zu Nro. 55 der Meuen Münchener Zeitung. | | | \ I 6, März 1851. | Durtyichnists » Ergebnip für 1 Monat "Mir haben unter Anführung von Einzelheiten bereits mitgerfeilt, | Stationen naten Dftoe daß Die Totalfumme der Elnnahmen an Beiörterungsgebühren für öffent n j vo: dem |5.,, Novente liche wie Privatdepeſchen dur den eleftrifchen Telegraphen bie Summe \ um Schluß y 1. Oltober ber, Dezem⸗ von 12,017 fl. 11 kr. ergab. Bon biefen Zahlen fonımen: | I ber auf die geitneuf Pie Die» ünchen: | "- — nateöftober ' jad a. 378 198 380 | 23°, 126% 1. Dftober) Novemder .b 140 55 85 | 6 28', u. Degember | .e . 3951 1744 2207 205 736 1. Brivatdepeiden . . 2 2 ne. 455 733 .:1.d.. . .| 685f.42F.| 407 fl. - kr. - date a7fl.53fr.) 92fl. 84kr. Wortzahl derfeiben. . 12817 19183 1-8... 438 143 + 16°% 98/4 Durbichnittliche Wortzahl einer Depeſche 28. 26 I... 42283 16 7973 9— 938 4181 Ginnatme aus ten Privardepefhen . soızn. 12fr. EVILEETT I» FE .. taz 674fl. Br.) SICH.H7Fr.) 79. IHFE.| 208 59. Durtibnitiliter Ertrag einer ER ’ 6fl.37kr.]. RABEN. | |» 2286fl. A2tr. 1081fl. Be 1175f1. 2981) 127 Luitr. 391.538 2. Staatädepeiden . . i 344 872 il. Station) Wortzabl derielben.. . . 1 21571 52761 Kuggburg: Dur chichnitiliche Wortjahl einer Depefche 62°, so,’ jada. . | 211 ‚54 157 9% 52", a) Staatöbepefgen im internationalen ‘1. b 126 34 92 6 30", Verfebr Er ae ee Sa 200 456 „ec. 3358 1068 2290 189 763 Wortzahl terfelben Tr 11613 29276 „4. 4 435A.30fr.| 219f.I6Er.| 2554er) SA Tifl.säfe, Durchſchnittliche Wortzahl einer De „ee. 85 20 65 I 3% 21%, veiche 8 65Y%,,1-£ - 4.4019 831 3188 147 1068 Einnahme aus diefen Depefcen . 11540f1.4 1fr.]4248f1 4 %Er. „BE - 1 70ñ. 2akr. — 70fl. 24ktx. — 23fl 26kr. Durchſchniutlicher Crtrag einer Der “h. . | 50Sf.548r| 219fl abtr. 286f1. 18ku. 88f1. aßkr. 9Sfl.2CEr pefche 7f.42tr.) Biere. IIV. Station b) Staelterepeichen im Inneren Verfehre 144 416 Mürnberg: Wortzabl berfelben . . 9958 22985 dm... 117 39 7 10'% 26 Durch ſchnittliche Bau einer De . 46 8 38 2 12%, pide . . . 69 351, .e 1071 215 856 59 285 Ginnatme.. . — Pr „4. 1821.— fr.) 59.128] 12271. — 16. Skr.| a40fl. 56kr 3. Die obenewäßnten Einnahmen für auege 2. 71 31 8 13°, legte «le. 3185 1069 2116 292 705 a) ®oftporto.. . 2f1. ⸗kr.) Hide | Er 36f.—Ir. 7 sl 7 — 12fl.—fr b) Gflaffettengebühr 14fl.34Er.| 608. Stt. 3 218f1. ⸗ix.) vofl.12tx.) 188fl. aßktr.h 16fl. 8tr. 626 86r ©) Borenlohn . . nat] FM v. Station Bamberg: Die Betriebs- Ergebniffe bei ben einzelnen Stätiomen find ad x .. 153 2 138 | 4 46 — mit Beibehaltung ber 2 Perioben vor und nah bem 4. Dftober — — #3 9 1% 8 folgende : ee: 477 282 195 | 77 65 .d. 83f.24fr.| 50f.24fr. asn —E.} 1377.45 r Hr, j "Durbichnitte-Ergeknigl * 5 138 9 129 24 43 Geiammt - Ergebniß für { on I... | 7751 440 31 | 120 2437 Per 7 Da 31* — 228 Ste — 109. 38Fr. ‘.h.. 412.15 8 ü : Siationen naten Oteelvi Sattel fl- If. ‚361 54rd. 10fl. a4ßkr. 120f.388r of: ber. —— ada. 1i4 23 9; 7’, 30%, — —— . b. e 83 17 66 575 22 l Station 60.. 2932 670 2262 223 754 Salzburg: „u. 520f.15fr.| 1507.48.) 369.27.) Hof 16fr.| 129. 9er a. Gejammt« “©. a 6 25 | 2 84 zahl der dor es | 1357 161 1196 | 54 399 aufgegebe= Par -| 209. öft. — 209f. 6kr. — 69f1.42fr. nen Dept» -b . . | 7291.240r.) 1504888] BOB Bar) sofl. 10tr. 192.51Er. ten . . 871 470 401 551%, 133" vil. Station b. Zahl der Pri⸗ Würzburg: vatdepeſchen 377 835 242 39', 80% ,fad a... 41 — 41 — 17°, ec. Wortzahl «b. . 17 — 17 — 74 derſelben 14975 5838 6197 1040 2046 | „©. 405 — 405 — 174 d Ginnahme d4.. bafl 4kr — he — 27fl.46fr. aus ben Pris „%. 24 — 24 _ 10'/, vatbepefchen 9217.57. 212571.12 fr. 1092H.458r.! 250f.—fe.| 364.15Er| » & . - 1367 — 1367 — 586 e Zahl der ” E .. gıfl.12kr. — Sifl.12Er. — 89. 6kr. Staatodepe⸗ — 156fl.⸗ kr. — 1561.—fr — 66fl. 82kr. den . . 294 135 159 15°/, 53 VII. Station f. Wortzahl Afchaffens berjelben 23454 11097 12357 1306 4119> | Burg: g Einnahme 'Iada. 319 = 319 — 137 auß den . b.. 184 — 184 — 79 Staatodepe · 1.0. . 4831 — 4831 — 2070 ſchen im ins „4... „110381. 12Er. — 1038fl. 12kr — 444f1. 57kr. — uaus aat topsonl amt. . Dose | — oo | — 4150 VBerte Bar 50fr.\0866f1.38kr. . ‚Bär. Ar |.) Wo Bar — — h. —— * ar — f v 4 . :41292f1.578r. — 1292fl. 87tr. — 8b4f1. Tr. Ennahme 5407ft. 47f0. 2001f1l. sotr 24168f1 571601 38 1f 609fr. SOBR.19Fr. B.. Noai ſt. Ott. — 23311. Ir. _ 990fl. Atr. EL, ser — ‚u +13::529) 1911213 Wenn man bie durchſchnittliche Monatseinnahme im legten Duar- Aale zu Grunde legt, ſo zeigt fih folgente Reihe unter ben Stationen: 1. Aſchaffenburg 999 fl. Ar. 2. Salzburg 805 „ 19. 3. Münden 391 „ 53. 4. Sof 192.51. 5. Bamberg 120.38, 6. Augeburg 9.236, 7. Würzburg 66 „32. 8. Nürnberg 2.956. Legt man die monatliche Durchſchnittszahl der anfgegebenen Depes fen vom legten Quartal zu Grunde, fo ift die Meibenfolge: 1. Aſchaffenbutg 137 Depeſchen 2, Salzburg 133°, » 3. München 126%, 4. Augdburg BA. 5. Banıberg 46 " 6. Hof 30,. 7. Nümberg 26 " 8, Würzbur 17% » 3 3 Nach der monatlihen Durchſchnitiszahl ter aufgegebenen Privat: bepefchen in der gleichen Periode: 1. Salzburg 80%, Privatbepefchen 2. Aichaffenburg 79 ” 3. Yugeburg 30°, 4. Münden 28"/, » 5. Sof 22. 6. Nürnberg 12, pr 7. Würzburg 74 8. Bamberg 3. Endlich nach der Zahl der aufgegebenen Staatsdepeſchen: 1. Münden 98’, Staatdbepefchen 2. Aſchaffenburg 58. 3. Salzburg 53 ” 4. Bamberg 43. 5. Augsburg 21%, ” 6. Nürnberg 13°, pa 7. Würzburg 10°, ” 8. ‚Sof 8", * Aus den vorſtehenden Zablen laͤßt ſich übrigens kein ſicherer Schluf auf das abfolute ober relative Maß ziehen, in weldem die Geſchäftsthä- tigfeit der einzelnen Stationen in Anfprud genommen war, da jede Des peſche nur einmal, und zwar bei derjenigen Station vorgetragen ift, bei welcher fie aufgegeben wurde, mithin weder die empfangenen, nod bie umtelegraphirten Depeſchen mit in Anfag gebracht find, " So erſcheint z. ®. aus jenen Zuſammenſtellungen die Station Bam- berg ald eine von den minderbeſchäftigten, und doch war fie in der Wirk⸗ Tichfeit eine ter am meiften beichäftigten, weil dort bie Depefchen, dit - yon Morben, Süben und Meften ber, und umgekehrt in nördlicher, füde licher und weftlicher Richtung weiter gingen, in der Regel umtelegras pbirt wurden. Bemerkungen „zum Zandtage: A Hug Franken. Gin ſtebender Abfchnitt aller unferer Laudtags- Asichiede ift der: „Wünsche und Anträge” der Kammern. Im Lanbtagd- Abichiede von 1850 kommen nicht weniger als 44 einzelne dergleichen zur Sprache; fat alle betreffen fogenannte materielle Intereffen, d. h. Ge⸗ genflände von unmittelbarer Beziehung zu der Wohlfahrt des Landes. der Staatögenoffen. Aderbings können nicht alle und auf einmal Erfüllung finden, zumal wenn dazu befondere Geſthhe, alio Vorlagen von Entwür- fen berfelben erforderlich find. Aber e8 geht daraus am fchlagenbften herr vor, wie viele wirfliche Bebürfniffe bes Molfes dringend Abbilfe erbeifchen, und erwarten. Diefe von ben beiden Kammern felbit aufgeftellte Lifte bes rechtigt zu dem Mumfche und Antrage an fie, es möge ber feige Lande tag von ihnen auch zu einem materiellen gemacht, den nächſten Bedürf- niffen unjere3 eigenen Landes möglichſt volle Nehnung getragen, dafür Zeit und Geld mindeftens vorzugsweiſe verwendet werben, Gteige man endlich von dem hoben Paraderoffe der großen Politif der „dentichen Brage*, die fattfam befprochen iſt und jept im Stänbefaale von München nicht entihieden wird — morauf man in Zanzaden und Courvetten bem Lande zu Geſallen, vielmehr fich jelber zu Gefallen, ſich herumtummelt, befcheiden herab, und ſehe fich rubigen Echrittes im Lande um madı dem, was ihm Noth tut, man mird binreihend Stoff zu den verdienftvollſten bürgerfreundlichften, patriorifchften Meten und Thaten, und für dieſe leb⸗ baftefte Empfänglichkeit, freudigfte Zuſtimmung, wärmflen Danf finden. Sehr richtig Tagt der Landtags Abichied von 1850 am Schluffe: No find die Aufgaben nicht volftändig gelöft, welche die Zeit geftellt hat: — Die Neformen, welche in der Gejepgebung und Verwaltung fich als notfmwen- dig barftellen, find begonnen, und ed if ernftlicher Wille, daß fie unun— terbrochen gefördert werben. Sorge man nun auch von Seite ber Kam, mern bafür, daß biefer Wille in Erfüllung gebe, und vergeude — ber Austrufd mag flarf fein, aber er iſt ber richtige — bie koſtbare Zeit nicht wieder mit abfichtlihem Herumgieben, Herborrufen von Interpellatfonen, und Grörterungen, bie außer bem Kreife bed Nothwendigen für die Ver- befferung unferer innern Zuflände liegen. . c 8. mie Hull Arnim prabeenun 7 In ber Kammer ber Abgeorbneten iſt bereitö ſchon wieder einigemale die große Glocke ber. Interpellationen gezogen worden, un den Bartge- noſſen in und außerhalb dad Signal zum Zufammenläuten zu geben. Das „bayeriiche Episfopat”, die „Eurbeffiiche Frage“, bie „allgemeine pfälziſche Sündenvergebung“ find ſchon als der mächtige Dreiflang für biefes hohe politifche ‚Slocenfpiel mngeichlagen, und dem Lande droht theute Bezab- lung folder tagelang jhwirrenden Mufif,, die für, gewiſſe Ohren aller dings fühverlodend, bezaubernd flingen mag. Ginge das in ſolchem Zuge fort, fo würde abermals die Loͤſung bed größten, wichtigſten und beſten Theils der Landtagt-Aufgabe gehintert, und ſtatt diefer dem Lande und Volfe ganz eigentlich für fein ſchweres Geld erwas vorgelpielt, ober um im feinen Urbanitäts-Styl eines Herrn beralleräußerften Linken es außzu« brüden, etwas vorgegelgt und gepfiffen, wonach «8 wohl faum tanzen möchte. Elner der erſten Staatsmänner und parlamentarifchen Größen Bayernd, der verfiorbene Rudhart fügte einft im Ständefaale, ihm genügt bad Recht der Kammer, das Budger zu prüfen und fefljuftellen ; daran laffe fi jede Brage fnüpfen und damit erörtern, Gr hatte Medht; bie Kapitel bes Budgets umfaffen alle Theile, alle Berhältniffe tes äußem und innern Staatölchend, und. da mag. man denn ‚auch, wie anbermärtt parlamentarifche Sitte, die bei und fo oft angerufen wird, bergleidhen Interpellationen erheben, dadurch bad Thema, wenn man es nicht. über winden fann, davon abzulaffen, zur Beiprechung bringen. Dermal haben wir in Bayern Dringenderes, Näheres zu bejorgen, flatt bad Gpisfopat, welches zur Zeit michts weiter gethan, ald von der Meinungs“ und Bitt- Freiheit Gebrauch machend, Anſichten feiner Mitglieder fund gegeben und eine bittlidhe Vorſtellung danach eingereicht bat, vor bie Schranfen ber bo» ben Vebme laden zu wollen; fehe man ſich lieber. beffer in ben Amteftu- ben unferer Landgerichte und nach, bem Gange unferer Mechtd- und Wer waltungspflege um, und ſuche bie Hier fo unumgängliche Abhilfe mit zu beichleunigen, und jo @lauben, Liebe und Hoffnung für deren beſſert Bukunft zu fördern. Statt die „kurbeifiiche Frage”, die num einmal that ſächlich erledige it, noch einmal vom großen Anäuel abzumideln, beeile man fich, dem drohenden Zerfall unjerer eigenen Rechtszuſtände zu begeg- nen, unſere größte Lebendfrage, die Trennung der Juflig von der Adminiftration zur fhleunigften Löfung zu bringen. Diefe Schicht unferes Volkslebens bedarf der vollſten Ginmwirfung bed Hochlichtes Tant- taglidyer Prüfung, be# Iauteften Hochrufs vollsfreundlicher Mahnſtimme bier iſt ein frucht- und dankbares Feld für bürgerbeglüdenbe Beftrebungen. Barum richten die Häupter und Vorfechter ber „nur für dis Wolke Wohl kaͤmpfenden, audbarrenden, zeugenden einen Seite bed Hauſes oder nun mit befonberm Wohlgefallen jo flarf betont ſich neunenden „Minorität* ihre Anftrengungen nicht auf dad, was dem bayerifchen Volke zunächſt mirt. lich Norh thut? Warum nicht auf bie Verbeſſerung feiner Mechtöpflege, feiner Polizei» und fonfligen Berwaltung? Warum mollen. fie es vo Allem auf die ſchwindelnde Höhe ihrer ſtaatsmänniſchen Hochgebilde und großpolitiſchen Ideen ziehen und nicht vielmehr den Boten, in dem fein ſtaatabũrgerliches Dafein wurzelt, auf dem fein tägliched Lehen verkehrt rechtlich und firtlich fefigen, damit es fichere Unterlage Gabe, und nid alles Haltes baar, mit ihnen in ber Luft ſchwebe, und zulegt entfräfter mit ihnen herabfalle? Doh genug folder ſchwunghaften, bilderreichen Sprade! bezeichnen wir in ſchlichten Worten was wir mollen- Bir wollen; mir erwarten von dem jegigen Landtage, daß er im Berein mit ber Megierung, zu der wir Glelches vertrauen, zunächft mit unfern eigenen Ungelegenheiten ſich beſchäftigen, diefen feine volle Beit, Kraft und Einficht widme. Wir münfchen endlich die Gejege, die Ginrichtungen zu erhalten, welche Grundbedingungen ber Berbefferung unferer Öffentlichen Zuftänte, folglih auch der privaten Lebendverhältnifie find. Dabin rechnen keir vor Allem die Umgeftaltung unferes Gerichte weſent, bie vol: flindige Scheibung ber Rechtspflege von ber Wermaltung, bie Einführung eines allgemeinen Givilprogeßgefegesd, ein Poli. jeiftrafgefeg. Diefe find vor allen Gefegen, Einrichtungen und Berbefferungen, die wir noch brauchen, bie dringlichften, und auf deren Gewährung ftellt bad baheriſche Volk am feine Bertreter und an feine Megierung bie- aller» unabweislihften „Dringlichfeits » Anträge,“ aber - feinedmegs zu bem, von den einftigen Urhebern und Predigern folher, in und nah tem Mus fer der Paulsfirche, gemößnlich bezieĩten Zwecke der Ueberſtürzung ber deöfallfigen Geſezentwuͤrfe, ſondern zu dem End-, daß dieſe in umfichtige, gründliche, wirklich praktiſche Berathung genommen, von ben Ausſchüffen und Kommifftonen mit gehöriger Ruhe nnd Dteife bearbeitet, dann aber auch von den Kammern förderlichft beichieden, zur Annahme gebrack werden. Wir flimmen hiebei ganz überein mit den Neußerungen dei würdigen Kammerpräfidenten, ®rafen Hegnenberg, über bie Art unt Weife, wie man das „Beiegmahen“ in der Kammer ber Abgeorbneter 'felt Tange „au treiben” pflegte, finden aber biefe „Babrifationamerhote* ganz begreiflih, felbft unvermeidlich; denn da man fih alle Mühe gab, die meifte Fofibare Zeit mit Interpellationen und «Erpeftorationen über allerlei andere „große Bragen* aufzuzehren, fo fonnte man dem wichtig: ften, fchönften und wahrhaft verdienftvolften Theil des Kammerberufes, der Mitarbeit am der Geſetzgebung allerdings nur einen fpärlichen Mei der Sandtageperiode zumenden und mußte, um boch auch hierin minbeftens Etwas gethan zu haben, biefe Aufgabe wie mit Dampfmaſchinen jchnel abfertigen. Hoffen wir, daß dies nun anderd werde! Aus Heren vo. Fallourd: „Nepublifaner und Monarchiften jeit der Februarrevolution“, (Bertiegung.) Vom Gefichtöpuufte. der. Entſcheidung galı Frankreich mehr als bie Nationalverfammlung, die Natlonalverſammlung mehr als die Regierung; ein Zwieipalt, der. ſich -täglidhı mehr ermeitern: mußte, bis zum Sfrurinium des 10, Degemberd, einem Skfrutinium, in welchem man bie große Mar jorität der Nationalverfammiung und einen anfebnlichen Theil der Mo- nardiften den: General Gavaignac unterflügen jah, während die Depar- tements, die Majle, ihrer Stimmen einem Prinzen gaben, dem Sohne eis ned Königs, dem Neffen eines KRaifert. » - Ich fann es nach gang ſichern Daten bejeugen, daß bie Rechte mur bebufs ihrer Selbfivertbeivigung Oppofltion gegen den General Cavaignat machte und häufig die entgegenfommenden Schritte feiner Feinde zurüd« wies, Unter den ihm unangenehmften Boten war auch jenes, durch wel ches im Entſtehen das Projekt der in die Provinz zu entjendenden Koms« miffäre erftidt wurte, ein im feiner urſprünglichen Abficht unſchaͤdliches Plagiat, dad aber unter den Umſtaͤnden, unter denen etz vorgebradht murbe, ſehr gefährlich erſchien. Hr. Baze und. Endilch batte Gemeral, Cavaignac von der Mednerbühne zwei um Uluge, unüberlegte, ſchlechtverſtandene Worte fallen laffen, welche Franf- reich fchaudern machten und fortan über allen Unfirengungen ſchwebten. die man rüchſſlchtlich der Präſidentenwahl zu feinen Guuſten verſuchte. Seit dem 25. Februar, feitden man zwiſchen der Unterwerfung unier oder dem Widerſtand gegen bie Mepublif zw wählen hatte, mar feine ernfiere Berathung eröffnet morden, ober vielmehr war es diefelbe Ber rarbung, die von Neuem begann; Den General Cavaignac ermählen, hieß in der Gewalt bie Aushilismittel und tappenben Berſuche verewi · gen, über welche man Klage führte; den Prinzen Louis erwählen , hieß der Republit ein Ende machen, vonder man fich nicht Todfagen follte, Welch’ peinliche Lage für aufrihtige Männer! Welch' ſchöne Belegen- heit, ſorgſam verborgene Gedanken and Tageslicht zu bringen! Welch geeignete Rage, um der Gier und dem Ehrgeiz zu genügen! Hub doch fab man von einem Gnde Frankreichs bis zum andern Nichts, als bie lange und gewiffenhafte Angſt der Aufrichtigfeit, ber Geradſinnigkeit. Der erfle Vorſchlag war der natürlichſte; Jeder ſollte auf ſeinem Wahlzettel den Mamen eines der gemäßigten Partei genehmen, ſie identi- figirenden Mannes fchreiben. Man gedachte dieſe böchlich ehrende Ran- Dipatur auf den Marfchall Bugeaud, auf den General: Ghangarnier, auf Ha. Mole, auf Hrn. Thierd: zu übertragen... Der Reibe nach lehnten diefe Staatämänner. dieſe Ehre von ſich ab, indem jie Jeder auf feinen Kollegen übertrug; aber ihne Freunde fuhren lange in dem Beſtreben fort, fe ihnen aufzwingen zu wollen. Man hatte dieſer Idee in den wariſer Komités bereits entſagt, ald mau auf derfelben noch in den Pros vinziaffomit6s bebarrte. Als man es mit vieler Mühe endlich dabin gebracht hatte, im ben Departements ben Gebanfen-an einen; pritten Kandidaten gänzlich; zu be» ſeitigen; ber thatſãchlich, trog der beften entgegengefegten Abſichten, bie Krärte der gemäßigten Partei nicht nur nicht fongentrirt, fonbern völlig zeriplittert hätte, mußte eine‘ giweird, nicht weniger Fipliche Frage erledigt‘ „Ihr rathet und, wurde von allen Seiten nah Paris geichrie- | werben. N ben, Niemanben als den General Cavaignac oder den Prinzen Louis ale Kandidaten aufzuftellen; jagt und jegt, weldhen von Beiden ihr vorziehet.“ Die Angſt flieg bei ſeder neuen Berathung. Man hatte vom General Gavaignac Grflärungen und Garantien über das fünftige Berhalten be» gehrt, bad er, fobalb er einmal in einer vierfährigen Gewalt fonfolidirt ein würde, zu verfolgen gedenke. Mit rubigem, aber hartnädigem Stolze wied er dies Verlangen zurüd; er glaubte genug gethan zu ha- hen, um nicht noch mehr verfprechen zu müffen; man verließ ihm mit Stuttgatt, den 4 Wär. geiegt, die Grflärung zu geben, „Algemeine deutiche Zeitung” befannt gemachte, Volfövertretung am deutſchen Bunde Bezug habende Schreiben Seiner Majeflät des Königs an Seine Durchlaucht den Fürfen von Schwarzgen · berg ohne alles Vorwiſſen des Königs zur Deffentlicyfeit gebradyt wurde, daß gedachte Schreiben vor der Hand feinedwegsd zur Veröffentlichung beſtimmt war, nach in einer zu Dredden begangenen Intiöfretion ihren Grund findet.” vielleicht noch mätmerer. Shmpathie Für: ferien Gharakter, aber auch mit vielleicht noch größeren Zweifeln über die Richtung und bie Tragweite feiner politifchen ‚Ipeen; Mid man fh dem Bringen Louis‘ näherte (unb bier rede ich nicht aud eigener Wiſſenſchaft, jondern nach verläßlichen Merichten Anderer, ba ich erſt zwiſchen dem 10. und. 20. Dezember die Ehre hatte, den Prin⸗ zen zum erftenmale zu fprechen), gorifchiten Antmorten, Decentralifation , ung Derjenigen, welche ihn zu befragen gekommen waren und man war nur mehr verlegen, mie man biefer Sprache mit jener in Ginflang brins gen folte, welche einige Anbänger ded Prinzen in ber Preffe und ander« waͤrts führten. während die Ideen verlegten; bei dem Prinzen Louis, den man weder in foldyer Nähe, noch fo günftig zu beurtheilen gewöhnt war, fühlte man fid) veranlaft, dad, was an ihm verführte, ald ein. Traumbild zu bes trachten. erhielt man im Gegentheil bie: fate« Seine Ihren über Freiheit des Unterrichts, über die Höhe feiner Auſichten übertrafen noch bie Ermarts Bei aus ſicherſter Quelle in den Stand daß bad in den legten Tagen durch bie auf die Frage von der und daß bie Bekanntmachung desſelben allem Anſcheine Notthucit, 1. März (Sehtundzwanzigfte Sigung.) Die Schram berger haben fich heute wieder jo ſeht ald Schramberger gezeigt, daß ſich ber Staatdanwalt genöthigt ſah, benjelben audzujprechen, und den Hrn, Prüfldenten zu bitten, die mit ben frübern Ausſagen fo ganz tifferirenden jegigen Angaben der Zeugen Be« mebift Hild und Gvangelit Wolber (nicht Wolperr, weile bieß) zu Protofol nehmen zu laſſen. Sammeliche Zeugen ‚beinahe beriefen fi heute wieder auf bie auf Gewalt abzielenden Aeuferungen Held'a ald den zur Rückkehr beftinnmenten Hauptgrund,. obgleich von ben über biejen ®egenftand bisher vernommenen 16 Beugen vieleicht nicht vier in der NWorunterfuhung bed Held auch nur mit einer Sylbe erwähnt batten. Heiligfte fein yollte, fie doch bebenfen, in welch' fhlechtes Nenommee fie ſich vor ganz Deutich- land bringen, wie fehr welch' ſchlechten Dienft fie damit den Angeklagten leiften. einen Schramberger Zeugen Abends im Wirtböhaufe, fo ift er aufgewedt und heiter, und lebhaft wie ein Franzofe. Schranken bed Hofes, fo iſt man verfudt, zu glauben, er fei während ber Nacht wenigſtens des Geſichtes und Gehöres beraubt worden. Zeugen hatte gleih auf bie erfle Frage des Hrn. Pröfidenten ganz unbe» fangen geantwortet, man fei eben umgefehrt, weil fi Niemand dem Zuge angefchloffen habe. auch in ber Vorunterfuchung angegeben, felben zur Beftätigung noch einmal wiederholen laſſen. Unterdeffen muß im Seugen bie Vermuthung aufgeftiegen fein, er fönnte etwas die Unge- Hagten Gravirendes gelagt haben, den Merbacht eined Romplotted unter wie früber irriger- Ganz abgejehen davon, daf bie Leute mit dem, was ihnen das mit dem (ide, ein gottlofes Spiel treiben, follten welch ſchlechten Gindrud ſie auf die Geſchwornen machen, e bie Unterſuchung verlängern, die Vertbeidigung erichweren und Trifft man Eicht man benjelben vor ben Giner ber Der Hr, Präfitent erwibert, fo babe er — Beuge — und will fi die Ausſage des⸗ und ift durch feine Bemühung und Anitrengung bed Hofes zur Beftätigung jelner gemachten Angabe zu bringen, fondern er fangt an, fich dumm zu ftellen, und laͤßt nichts mehr aus ſich berausbringen, ald „er fei eben.au fo hinte noche g’gange,” und wie bie Vordern umfehrten, babe er dieb auch gethan. Gin Anderer gibt ald Grund ber Nüdfehr an, den alten Leuten haben die Füße wehe gethan, und Manchen fei dad Geld ausgegangen. Ein unbefangener Zu- ſchauer kommt ganz uamilfürlih auf die Vermuthung, ba Einzelne die Frechheit fo meit treiben, fih aus der Bernehmung einen Spaß zu machen, und das Gericht zu verhöhnen. Jegglin hat bei feiner erfien Berne» mung als Grund der Nüdlehr die Nachricht von. der Umkehr der Nott« weiler gegeben; dieß wird aber erft noch Gegenftand ter Unterfuchung in der nächſten Sipung werden. Schließlich fann ich Ihnen die gewiß ſehr troftlofe Nachricht geben, daß fchon wieder einer ber Geſchwornen unwohl wurde, und deshalb zu bezweifeln ift, ob nächſten Montag Sigung fein wird. (Staatd-An:. f. ©) ; Hottmeil, 3. März. (Siebenundzwanzigſte Sitzung.) Die heutige Eigung bietet wenig Interejfe; fie wurde auch wegen ber leidenden Ge« fundeit des Gefchwornen Schmid von Lombach, DU. Freudenſtadt abge» fürzt. Es wurde vorzüglich Lang um ben Grund befragt, warum er die Ruͤckkehr angetreten habe. Natürlich gibt er nicht zu, daß er deßhalb umgekehrt fei, weil der Zug feinen Unflang gefunden, fontern gibt bie ſchon befannten Gründe an; nur fihlebt er flatt bes Held den Mofer vor, den er im Verbachte gehabt, er habe bir Schramberger zu einem jo aufe fallenden Schritte verleiten wollen, daß fie nicht mehr hätten zurüdtreten önnen. Es if dieß nicht Gegenſtand der Auflage, fonbern bient blod zum Bes weiſe, daß Bollinger hodhverrätheriiche Abſichten begünftigte. Gin Verhör mit Uhl über den Drud bes Rauchen Büllerind führt zu feinem neuen Refultate. (Staatd-An. f. W.) A. Sahfen. — Dresden, 3. Fehr. Das Fönigl, Kultusmi - nifterium bat am die „Melteften* der jogenannten „freien Gemeinden“ folgenden Beſcheid erlaffen: „Bet dem Minifterium bes Kultus und Öffent lichen Linterrichts haben Sie, als angeblidrer Rath der Aelteſten einer chriſtlichen Gemeinde allbier, unter Beziehung auf eine frühere, von Herrn Friedrich Wicher umtergeicmete Gingabe gebeten: diefer Gemeinde als rifilicher Religionsgefellichaft Duldung angereiben zu laſſen. Das Di- nifterium fann fid aber zu einem, biefem Gefuche entſprechenden Beichluffe nicht veranlaft finden. Die fogenannten freien Gemeinden, wenn fie fi} auch Meligiondgefelfchaften, ſogar „hrifllide” nennen, find feine religid- fen Bereine. Ihre Führer erflären den Glauben an Bott ald etwas ganz . Imbifferentes. Sie anerfennen zwar eine alles ſchaffende und erhaltente Kraft, überlaffen aber jebem, melche Borflelung er ſich von tiefer Kraft machen, ob er ſich barımter einen bödhften vollfommenen Geiſt, oder eine bewußt» und millenfos mirfende Kraft denfen wolle. ®ie erflären den Ariftlichen Glauben bis auf den Tegten Meft besfelben als Irrthum und Aberglauben und wollen ihn durch eine philoſophiſche Anfhauung vers drängen, bie nur bad Diesſeite im Beiradytung zieht. Sie befehten alle Religiondgeiellihaften, melde fih mit dem Berbältniffe des Menſchen zu einem Gott beſchäftigen, weil eine vernünftige Religion nur mit dem Berhältniffe des Menfhen zu ben Menſchen fih zu beichäftigen habe. Sie verwerfen jeden religidfen Glauben und geben nur Andeutungen einer Eittenlehre, deren Summe die Begriffe: „Breibeit, Wahrheit und Brür berlichfeit” fein follen. Sie rühmen fi mar dem Aurufe bes Apoſtels zu folgen: „Prüfer alles und dad Beſte behaltet.“ Sie überfehen aber, daß ber Menſch biefe Prüfung fortiepen ſoll fein Leben lang bis and Ende. Nach einer kurzen Prüfungsfriit vermerfen file alles, mas mit den ‚Händen ſich micht greifen läßt, und finden dann in der felbfigejchaffenen Leete nichts, was ber Prüfung noch werth wäre. Sie wollen, was im Gvangelium verbeißen wird, and ber menſchlichen Geſellſchaft eine Heerde machen, aber nit eine Heerbe mit einem Hirten, ſondern eine Heerbe, die im der Irre geht, ohne Hirten. Ohne allen Glauben, ohne nur eine beftimmte Vorftellung von Bott gibt es aber feine Meligion, feinen reli« gidfen Kultus, feine religiöfe Gemeinſchaft. Das Minifterium kann bie freien Gemeinden nur nad ben Runbgebungen ihrer Mortführer beur« tbeilen. Und das Treiben ber biefigen freien Gemeinde flimmt mit biefen Rundgebungen überein, de Eingangs gedachten Bingaben beftätigen auch, daß fie ganz auf tem bier angemwiefenen Standpunkte ſteht. In der von Michel unterzeichneten Vorfteliung wird gefagt: „Die biefige friie Ge— meinbe verwerfe bie Grundlehren bes theologiſchen Proteflantismus; fie Haben feine Dogmen und könne feine zulaffen; für die Ideen, „Bon und Unfterblichfeit" bebürfte fie feined Glaubens, fie gingen aus ber Meisheit und ewigen Konfequenz ber Schöpfung hervor; die Weberein« flimmung bed Lebend mit dem Gittengefrge jei den freien Gemeinden bie Hauptfache; der Kultusformen bebürfen fie nur, um fih in Gemeinſchaft zu erbauen und die Idee der göttlichen Majeftät des Menſchen zu nähren.* Sie erflären fi bamit alles religiöfen Glauben® bar, und ber Kultus, welchen Sie nicht der Gottheit, fondern dem Menſchen widmen, fann ein religiöfer nicht genannt werben. Die biefige freie Gemeinde ift ſonach feine Meligiondgejellichaft, und das Minifterium fann weder eine Duldung derſelben ausfpreihen, mod überhaupt in Ausübung des meltlichen Ho— heitsrechtes über die Kirchen fig mit der freien Gemeinde befchäftigen, e8 wäre benn um bie beſtehenden Kirchen, bie fle umguftürzen fich zur Aufgabe machen, in Schup zu nehmen. IR das Miniftierium zur Zeit in diefem Sinne noch nit eingefhritten, fo unterlief man ed in der ge= wiſſen Goffnung, daß die Dittglieber ber freien Gemeinden, welche wirküch ein Vebürfnig religiöfer Erfenntnig und religiöfer Erbauung fühlen, am beiten und gründfichften durch ihre Bufammenkünfte und bie darin gehal« tenen Meden von dem Irrtkume, in melchem fie befangen nd, werden getheilt werben. ** Parid, 2. März. Es Täft ih denken, daß bad „Journal des Debate* jo wie bie übrigen orleaniftifhen Organe über die Verwerfung Ks Antrags Grrlohb; dei hir Voiberditund zur Ranbitamıs Brinjen von Zoinsille "für, die nãchſte Präfidentennsapl im dee ur Mieter bewerbung bed jegigen Mräfitenten, Ludtrig Napoleon, werten follte, fehr übel zu ſprechen find. Die Legitimiften behaupten, tie HS. Berryer und Guizot hatten biefer Tage ein Roeftivfchreiben ter Prinien des Hauies Orleand erhalten, worin biefelben ihre Zuflimmung zu dem Schrelben des Grafen von Chaubord erflärten, fie behaupten demnach, bie Fuſton beider Linien bes KHauſes Bourbon könne als eime vollbtachte Thatfache gelten. Undererfeitö beißt es aber, das befante Schreiben trage nicht bie Unterföhriiten fänmilicher Prinzen der Bamilie Orleans, md Me Herzo gin von Orleans werde Ad aus dlefem Anlaffe mit ihren Söhnen wie⸗ der nach Deutfchland begeben. Alle biefe Gerüchte feinen fehr wenig Glauben zu verdienen. — Morgen wird General Aupie auf feinen Botb« fhafterpoften nach London abgeben. Geftern gab der türfifche Botbichai- ter, Bürft Kallimaki, in feinem Hotel einen glängenten Wall, tem bie Elite der Gefellfchaft, das diplomatiſche Korps, Marſchall Narvarz, zahle reiche Fremde von Nutzeihnung, viele Mepräientanten, @enerale, Künf- Ver, Literaten beimohnten. Heute fand ber erfte glänzende Umzug des Faſtnachtsochſen flat. Wefonders nad den Champé Elbſees hatte fich eine umüberjehbare Dienfehenmaffe geträngt, um das altbergebracte Scaufpiel dieſes Umzuge mitanzufeben, Geſtern begann der Dienſt der eleftrifhen Telegrapben von bier mat Mowen, Amient, Arrad, Lille, Ga- fait, Nalenciennes, Dünfirden, Orleans, Bloit, Fours, Pourget, Me verd, Ghateaureur und Gbalond. Eiwa bdreifig Depefchen wurden an dieiem Tage befördert. Grofbritannien. Die beiden Barlamentö-Häufer hatten fid am 28, Febr, verfamntelt, um bie Erflärungen der Minifter entgegenzunehraen. Tiefe wurden nochmals von den beiden Chefs des alten Kabiners, den Lords Landedowne und Sohn Muffel gegeben, und hatten nur einen rüdblidenten Anhalt, da die minie fterielle Krife noch nicht zu Ende iſt. Lord Stanley hat definitin auf die Bildung eines Kabine verzichtet, Korb Mberbeen hatte bereits abgelehnt, und in biefer anormalen Lage hat die Königin ben Math besjenigen Engländers verlangt, defien Autorisät die geachtetfte umd unbeftrittenite ift, den des greijen Herzogs von Wellington. — Lord John Muffel mußte am Schluffe feiner Grflärungen eine neue Vertagung bed Saufes bis zu dem Angenblid, wo das Minifterium refonftituirt fein würde, verlangen. — Aus den von Lord Landsdowne, Lord Aberbeen und Lord Jobn Ruſſel gegebenen Nufklärungen erhellt, daß bas unüberſteigliche Hindernifi, vor demalle Kombinationen fheiterten, bieübel angebrachte gegen bie Fatholifchen Biſchofe vorgeſchlagene Mafregel war. Lord Aberdeen bat beflimmt err Hört, daf er und Sir J. Grabam in allen Fragen,| mit Ausnahme biejer einzigen ſich bitten einigen tönnen, und baßer, was feine Perfon hetreffe, eine unbefiegbare Abneigung fühle über Dinge, melde in bad Gebiet der Meligion gehören, Gtrafgefege vorzuſchlagen. — Auf welden Baier wird fh gegenwärtig das Minifterium wieder bilden? Wird Lord Muffel felbft daran Theil nehmen? Man könnte dies alauben, wenn man flebt, wie er ſich bereits anſchiat zu fapituliren über die biſchöfliche Frage Er bat in der That erflärt, daf er Angeſichts ber Schwierigkeiten, auf welche feine Mafregel foße, geneigt fei, biefe zu morifigiren und auf be Mors flellungen der iriſchen Biſchöͤfe Rückſiczt zu nehmen. Diefed Auge» fländniß bat ohne Zweifel den med, ſich der Hilfe Lord Elarentons zu verfichern, der aus Irland fomme und weiß, dafi die Bil Lord John Mur« ſels dort micht audführbar wäre. Allein, menn Lord Glarenton in das Kabinet träte, jo könnte er da nur Minifter der auswärtigen Angelegen. beiten fein, und was wollte man in biefem Falle mit Lord Palmerfion machen? Als Gollege bringt er nur Merlegenheiten, und ald Gegner mürbe dies noch mehr der Kal jein, wenn Lord John Auffel ih gegen ibn menden zu wollen beabſichtigte. Eir James Grabam feinerjeits — bürfte er bie Jugeftändniffe genügend finden, welche Lord John Muſſel be- züglich der religiöien Brage zu machen ſich anerbietet? und wirb er an» dererſeitz ner der Zweite im Unterbaufe fein wollen, nachdem er als unentbehrlich amerfannt worden if? Dieje Zweifel werden bald gelöft werben, denn mach dem Mufe, ber an ben Herzog von Wellington ergangen ift, gibt es feinen andern Rekurs mehr. — Man verflcherte am 1. März, Korb Nuffel ſei entichloffen, im Miniferkum zu bleiben, Mac dem famoſen Briefe an den Biſchef von Durbam, nach der großen Mede zur Ginführ« ung ber BIT gegen bie Katholiken, nach all kiefem Pärm genötbigt fein zu fapituliren, fidy für überwunden zu befennen, und alles zurüdgte nehmen, mas man gelagt, geſchrieben und ausführen gewollt, bad wäre in Wahrheit eine bundertmal härtere Strafe für Lord John Muſſel, als irgend ein Sturz von der Gewalt. Wird er ſich entichliegen, ſich ihr zu unterziehen? Wir fönnen bied kaum glauben. (9. d, ©.) Börfen: und Handeld:Machrichten. Mten, 5. März, Sprog. Met. 96'4; A'aprog. 85; Potterie-Mnlchensloofe vom 1834 —— ; belto vom 1839 296'/,,; Banfaftlen 1356 ; RorrbahmMftien 13071. — Wecfelturs: Munsbarg uso 129°/,; Pomton 12.49. — Golbfurs: f. f. Mämduſaten — Proz. Mgio, Merantwortlihe Rebaftion: Dr. I. Baller. 9. B. Vogl. Druf der Dr. 6. Wolf'ſchen Buchdruckerei. ae Hene Mündyener Zeitung. Wbonnemenisprel beferarı für Coglaat —A—i au Be Na an eat . . er Bea Ir h , om, — om bie — Bänder u. f, w. ab hier in Münden: |öromenndesiag Mro. 14, aa —— Freitag den 7. März 1851. AH — ae Mre. 28 in Gırafbura, end rue oder deren Mium 4 fr. $ Dams de Nasarech Mro. 23 In Barls, = werben potioirei endeten, weichet auch Ynierase umb Ungelaen jeder Aer Gang der Zemperatur und des Luftdruces in München. März 1851 Temperatur in Mesumur’ichen Mraben. Auf ven Eiopaimts rehugfrier Baro-f Dunherut in Bar meterftane In Barker Pinten rifer_ Sinien Himmeld- Schau und Bemerkungen, Morgens. |’ Ditttans, Abende, ' 6 Uhr | 12 Ube,| 6 libr 6 Ubr 12 Ukr 6b Uhr | Morgens | Mittazse Meraens | Mittass | Wbendb, B +0°5 | +0 | —2U3 ittel aue ſeche Driitiere Teuwetatur Miıtlerer Baremeterſtand. 90 310,54 München, 7. Mir: Königlich Allerboͤchſte Beroronung, die Befoltungd » und Hangver- bältniffe, dann die Amröfleidung der Staatkanwälte betreffen. Maris milian I, von Sorte Gnaden König von Badern, Pfalzaraf bei Mbein, Herzog von Bayern, Franken und in Schwaben ı. x. Wir baben bee ihloffen, in Ausführung ber -Urtifel 55 und 76 des Gkejeges vom 25, Juli 1850, die Gerichteverfaſſung betreffend, die flaatdanmalticaftlichen Stellen nunmehr zu beiegen, und verortnen deshalb nad Vernehmung Unjeres Staatöratbd bezüglich ter Beſoldungs- und Rangverbältniffe, dann der Amtékleidung der Staatdanmälte, was folgt: 1. Die Staatsanwälte find Verwaltungsbeamte. Auf biefelben finten die allgemeinen Vorſchrif- ten über bie MWerbältniffe der nice mit dem Richteramte befleiteren Staatöriener Anwendung. Den and dem Richteramte zu der Etaatdane waltſchaft überiretenden Staatöbienern bleiben jedoch die von ihnen zur Deutf: d. Beit des Uebertrittes erworbenen Rechte bezüglich ber Veioltungsr umd Bayern. — Speher 1. Mir. Das könlal. Staattminiflerium Penfiondverbältnifie vorbebalten. U. Ter Seneralftaatdanwalt au Obere | ter Alnanzen, des Aeuſern und des Handels und der üffentlidien Arbeis landes - (gegemwärtig Oberappellationd.) Gerichte erhält eine jaͤbrliche | ten bar wurd eine Gntichliefung vom 23. Februar I. 94. den Tabaksfa- Beioltung von viertaujenb Gulden, Derjelbe bar gleichen ang mit vem | brifinten in VBamberg auf eine gegen die Ginführung des Tabalmonopold eriten Direktor dieicd Gierichtähofese Der Vortritt unter beiten beſtimmt J gerichtete Eingabe eröffnen laſſen, daß daß bei Gelegenheit der Beitungs« ih nach dem Dienftalter. IM. Bür jeden der Oberſtaatsanwälte an den J disfuffionen Über eine Bolleinigung mit Defterreit aufgetauchte Gerücht, Kreis» (jur Zeit Uppellations») Gerichten werden dreitauſend Bulden als J es handle ſich für Batern oder für den Zollverein von der Adeption bes jägrlihe Beſeldung beftimmt. Der Oberſtaatsamwalt bat den Rang der | Yahafmencpols, ſoweit die offisielen Nachrichten reiben, ganz ımbegrüns Kreis» (jegt Appellationdgerichts⸗) Tireftoren und der Vortritt beftimmt | det, und Deshalb gar fein Anlaf gegeben fel, die Bevollmächt igten mit fidh nach dem Tienftalter. IV. Die an ben Vezirfö» (jur Beit Kreis J Inftrufrionen au verſehen. Wir find ermächtigt, dieſe für die Berölferung und Stabt«) Gerichten zu beitellenden Staatsanwaͤlte tbeilen ſich in drei | der Pfalz vollfommen beruhigende Nachricht aus quverläffiger Quelle mite Klaffen mit einer jährliben Reſoldung von je 1400, 1600 und 1500 F zuthellen (Bi. 3.) * Gulden. Dieſelben haben den Rang mac den Direftoren und vor dem Aug ber Pfalz, 1. März. Wenn id; Ihnen bezüglich ber bevor⸗ Närben der Bezirls «- (jegt Kreid- und Etabt«) Gerichte, V. Infomweit | ftebenden Eıhwurgerihtsverbantlungen abermals eine fleine Berichtigung tie Uniellung von Stellvertretern ber Staatdanmälte (zwelte, dritte u. J meiner früheren Mirtheilungen zugeben laflen muß, fo bat bied feinen f. w. Staatdanmwälte) bei einzelnen ‚Gerichten ſich wod vor der Ginführ: | Grund nicht etwa darin, dag ich vorber weniger genau unterrichtet gemen ung ter neuen Givilprozchortmmg als erforderlich barftellt, erhalten dieſe | fen märe, ſondern in einer machtiäglich beichloffenen Abünderung des Stellvertreter zur jährlichen Befoltung: 1) am Oberlande®> (gegenwärtig | Gangs der Verhandlungen. Wollte der Aſſiſenbof der übermorgen be- Dberappellationd ») Gerichte 2500 Gulden; 2) an ben Kreide (gegemvär« J ginnenten ordentlichen Eipung anfänglid nur zwei außerordentliche fol« tig Appellationd«) Gerichten nach drei Klafſen je 1400, 1600 und 1800 | nen Taffen, fo flebt er ſich jegt genöthigt, deren drei zu beflimmen. Der Gulden; 3) an ben Bezirfds (gegenwärtig Kreis- und Etadte) Gerichten | Stoff bat ſich weſentlich dadurch vermehrt, dag mehrere ber flüchtigen Une nach drei Klaffen je OO, 1000 und 1200 Gulden. Die Stellvertreter | aeflagten, darunter nenerli au Bierbrauer Gelbert von Kailerdlautern, der Stasttamvälte haben am oberſten Gerichtöhofe ben Rang der dermas | fich geftelt haben, andere noch nadıfolgen dürften. So werden alio vier ligen Oberappellationdgerichtöräthe, und an ben übrigen Gerichten den J Abtbellungen von Geſchwornen fipen müfen unb die kontradiltorifchen Rang der Affefforen bes Gerichtes, bei welchem fie angeftellt fins, info» | Verhandlungen fid voraueſichtlich Bid in den September d. 38. binein- ferne nicht Gingelnen derfelben ber Rang der Räthe beſonderd verliehen wird. J ziehen. "Darauf erft wird ed an das Kontumazialverfabren geben. Gine VI, Nach vollftänniger erſtmaliger Beſetzung der ſtaatsanwaltſwaftlichen | der Texten, aber auch der Intereffanteften Werbandtungen wird die genen Stellen werben wir Me Meibeniolge im den einzelnen Maffen mit Rüde | den aus ber freiwilligen Verbannung zurüctgeehrten Schreiber Zinn fein- fihtnahme auf die frühere Dienſtedeigenſchaft jedes Ginzelmen ferfegen. | Er war Metakteur des Kalferslauterer Worhentfatts, Anführer der Weft- An biejelben reihen fich die ſpäter ernannten Staatsanwälte nach dem Tage | richer Senienmänneridhaar und überhaupt einer der wärbentfien Nuyolur- bed Anftellung&defretes in der einzelnen Nangflaffe. VIE Die Staard» | tionäire und Xerroriften. Was die Verhendlung gegen ibn befonderd ine Anmälte tragen die für bie Direftoren der betreffenden Gerichte vorge- | terefiant machen wird, if die Fabel vorkonmente Zuredinungsiäbigfelt® = friebene Mmtörleitung. Die Stellvertreter der Staatsanwälte tragen bie | Frage. Zinn mar nemlich in früheren Jahren ſchon ‚zweimal fbrmlich näimliche Amtsfleitung, wie diejenigen richterlichen Beamten, welchen fie J mahnflınig und befand ſich deshalb im Ierenbaufe za Frankenthal. Auch im Range gleich geteilt find. Die Stiferei if jedoch nicht auf fchwar- | während feines Aufenthaltes in Branfreich wurde er wiederholt w ſei⸗ zen Sammt, ſondern auf Tuch von der Farbe des Modes anzubringen. | nen Uebel befallen und dieſer Zuſtand fon ihn auf den vaterantiſchen Münden, den 27. Februar 1861. Mar vd. Kleinſchrod. lien und weltlichen Behörden der heiten Staaten angewleſen werden tollen, von nun an fänmtliche Taufe, Trau⸗ und Todedfcheine, welche ges genſeitig von einer Behörde im Wege der bezüglichen Geſandtſchaft wer» den nachgejucht werben, frei vom Stempel und jeder andern Gebühr auge zuiertigen, obne jedoch, dafı dadurch für die Parteien bie Berechtigung ermwachie, von dieſen ber auslänbifchen Behörde flempelfrei erfolgten Ur— kunden im flempefpflichtigen Infande Betraub zu machen. — Zu Urkunde deſſen it dieſe köntgl. baderiſche Minifterialerflirung ausgeflellt worden, welche gegen eine entiprediende Erklärung des kaiſerl königl. öfterreichi« ſchen Minifteriums ausgerwechfelt wird. München, den 18. Fehr. 1851. Königl. Bayer, Staatöminifterium des königl. Hauſes und des Aeufern. (L. $.) Rrbr. v. Pellhoven, Staatsratbh Mappel. : tath v. Hauck. Minifterial»Erflärung, bie Uebereinkunft mit Oeſterreich über Ne koſtenfreie Behandlung der im Liplomatifchen Wege nachgeſuchten Kraus, Tore» und Tauifcheine betreftend. Die fal. bader. und bie faljerl. tal. öfterreichifche Megierung haben Ah zur Erleichterung bed gegenieitis gen Gefchäftänerfehre ihrer Staatsangebörigen darüber vereinigt, bie Bits ber für die dipfomatiihen Wege nachaeſuchte Ausfertigung von Taufe Tau⸗ umb Tobesicheinen beobachtete Hehlibrenbefreiung durch bie gegen» Wärtige foͤrmliche Uebereinkunft gu regeln, wornach bie einfclägigen geifte Huf dad über ihn zu verhängende Urtheil in man beſonders geſpannt. |
github_open_source_100_8_20158 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "constantes.h"
constantes::constantes()
{
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20159 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import ast
import binascii
import errno
import os
import re
import struct
import time
from abc import ABC
from logging import getLogger
from textwrap import dedent
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
from pipkin import UserError
from pipkin.adapters import BaseAdapter
from pipkin.common import CommunicationError, ManagementError, ProtocolError
from pipkin.connection import MicroPythonConnection, ReadingTimeoutError
from pipkin.serial_connection import SerialConnection
from pipkin.util import starts_with_continuation_byte
logger = getLogger(__name__)
RAW_MODE_CMD = b"\x01"
NORMAL_MODE_CMD = b"\x02"
INTERRUPT_CMD = b"\x03"
SOFT_REBOOT_CMD = b"\x04"
PASTE_MODE_CMD = b"\x05"
PASTE_MODE_LINE_PREFIX = b"=== "
PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE = "paste"
RAW_PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE = "raw_paste"
RAW_SUBMIT_MODE = "raw"
RAW_PASTE_COMMAND = b"\x05A\x01"
RAW_PASTE_CONFIRMATION = b"R\x01"
RAW_PASTE_CONTINUE = b"\x01"
MGMT_VALUE_START = b"<pipkin>"
MGMT_VALUE_END = b"</pipkin>"
# How many seconds to wait for something that should appear quickly.
# In other words -- how long to wait with reporting a protocol error
# (hoping that the required piece is still coming)
WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT = 5
FIRST_RAW_PROMPT = b"raw REPL; CTRL-B to exit\r\n>"
RAW_PROMPT = b">"
WEBREPL_REQ_S = "<2sBBQLH64s"
WEBREPL_PUT_FILE = 1
WEBREPL_GET_FILE = 2
EOT = b"\x04"
NORMAL_PROMPT = b">>> "
LF = b"\n"
OK = b"OK"
ENCODING = "utf-8"
TRACEBACK_MARKER = b"Traceback (most recent call last):"
OutputConsumer = Callable[[str, str], None]
class BareMetalAdapter(BaseAdapter, ABC):
def __init__(
self,
connection: MicroPythonConnection,
submit_mode: Optional[str] = None,
write_block_size: Optional[int] = None,
write_block_delay: Optional[float] = None,
):
super().__init__()
self._connection = connection
(
self._submit_mode,
self._write_block_size,
self._write_block_delay,
) = self._infer_submit_parameters(submit_mode, write_block_size, write_block_delay)
self._last_prompt: Optional[bytes] = None
self._interrupt_to_prompt()
self._prepare_helper()
self._builtin_modules = self._fetch_builtin_modules()
logger.debug("Builtin modules: %r", self._builtin_modules)
def get_dir_sep(self) -> str:
return "/"
def _infer_submit_parameters(
self,
submit_mode: Optional[str] = None,
write_block_size: Optional[int] = None,
write_block_delay: Optional[float] = None,
) -> Tuple[str, int, float]:
if submit_mode is None:
submit_mode = RAW_PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE
if write_block_size is None:
write_block_size = 255
if write_block_delay is None:
if submit_mode == RAW_SUBMIT_MODE:
write_block_delay = 0.01
else:
write_block_delay = 0.0
return submit_mode, write_block_size, write_block_delay
def _fetch_builtin_modules(self) -> List[str]:
script = "__pipkin_helper.builtins.help('modules')"
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(script)
if err or not out:
logger.warning("Could not query builtin modules")
return []
modules_str_lines = out.strip().splitlines()
last_line = modules_str_lines[-1].strip()
if last_line.count(" ") > 0 and " " not in last_line and "\t" not in last_line:
# probably something like "plus any modules on the filesystem"
# (can be in different languages)
modules_str_lines = modules_str_lines[:-1]
modules_str = (
" ".join(modules_str_lines)
.replace("/__init__", "")
.replace("__main__", "")
.replace("/", ".")
)
return modules_str.split()
def _interrupt_to_prompt(self) -> None:
# It's safer to thoroughly interrupt before poking with RAW_MODE_CMD
# as Pico may get stuck otherwise
# https://github.com/micropython/micropython/issues/7867
interventions = [(INTERRUPT_CMD, 0.1), (INTERRUPT_CMD, 0.1), (RAW_MODE_CMD, 0.1)]
for cmd, timeout in interventions:
self._write(cmd)
try:
self._log_output_until_active_prompt(timeout=timeout)
break
except TimeoutError as e:
logger.debug(
"Could not get prompt with intervention %r and timeout %r. Read bytes: %r",
cmd,
timeout,
getattr(e, "read_bytes", "?"),
)
# Try again as long as there are interventions left
else:
raise CommunicationError("Could not get raw REPL")
def _log_output(self, data: bytes, stream: str = "stdout") -> None:
logger.debug("read %s: %r", stream, data)
def _prepare_helper(self) -> None:
script = (
dedent(
"""
class __pipkin_helper:
import builtins
try:
import uos as os
except builtins.ImportError:
import os
import sys
@builtins.classmethod
def print_mgmt_value(cls, obj):
cls.builtins.print({mgmt_start!r}, cls.builtins.repr(obj), {mgmt_end!r}, sep='', end='')
"""
).format(
mgmt_start=MGMT_VALUE_START.decode(ENCODING),
mgmt_end=MGMT_VALUE_END.decode(ENCODING),
)
+ "\n"
).lstrip()
self._execute_without_output(script)
def fetch_sys_path(self) -> List[str]:
return self._evaluate("__pipkin_helper.sys.path")
def fetch_sys_implementation(self) -> Tuple[str, str, int]:
return self._evaluate("__pipkin_helper.builtins.tuple(__pipkin_helper.sys.implementation)")
def get_user_packages_path(self) -> Optional[str]:
return None
def read_file(self, path: str) -> bytes:
hex_mode = self._should_hexlify(path)
open_script = f"__pipkin_fp = __pipkin_helper.builtins.open({path!r}, 'rb')"
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(open_script)
if (out + err).strip():
if any(str(nr) in out + err for nr in [errno.ENOENT, errno.ENODEV]):
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Can't find {path} on target")
else:
raise ManagementError(
f"Could not open file {path} for reading", script=open_script, out=out, err=err
)
if hex_mode:
self._execute_without_output("from binascii import hexlify as __temp_hexlify")
block_size = 1024
num_bytes_read = 0
blocks = []
while True:
if hex_mode:
block = binascii.unhexlify(
self._evaluate("__temp_hexlify(__pipkin_fp.read(%s))" % block_size)
)
else:
block = self._evaluate("__pipkin_fp.read(%s)" % block_size)
if block:
blocks.append(block)
num_bytes_read += len(block)
if len(block) < block_size:
break
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
"""
__pipkin_fp.close()
del __pipkin_fp
try:
del __temp_hexlify
except:
pass
"""
)
)
return b"".join(blocks)
def remove_file_if_exists(self, path: str) -> None:
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
f"""
try:
__pipkin_helper.os.stat({path!r})
except __pipkin_helper.builtins.OSError:
pass
else:
__pipkin_helper.os.remove({path!r})
"""
)
)
def remove_dir_if_empty(self, path: str) -> bool:
return self._evaluate(
dedent(
f"""
if __pipkin_helper.os.listdir({path!r}):
__pipkin_helper.print_mgmt_value(False)
else:
__pipkin_helper.os.remove({path!r})
__pipkin_helper.print_mgmt_value(True)
"""
)
)
def mkdir_in_existing_parent_exists_ok(self, path: str) -> None:
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
f"""
try:
__pipkin_helper.os.stat({path!r})
except __pipkin_helper.builtins.OSError:
__pipkin_helper.os.mkdir({path!r})
"""
)
)
def list_meta_dir_names(self, path: str, dist_name: Optional[str] = None) -> List[str]:
if dist_name:
dist_name_condition = f"and name.startswith({dist_name+'-'!r})"
else:
dist_name_condition = ""
return self._evaluate(
dedent(
f"""
try:
__pipkin_helper.print_mgmt_value([
name for name
in __pipkin_helper.os.listdir({path!r})
if name.endswith('.dist-info') {dist_name_condition}
])
except __pipkin_helper.builtins.OSError as e:
__pipkin_helper.print_mgmt_value([])
"""
)
)
def _submit_code(self, script: str) -> None:
assert script
to_be_sent = script.encode("UTF-8")
logger.debug("Submitting via %s: %r", self._submit_mode, to_be_sent[:1000])
# assuming we are already at a prompt, but threads may have produced something extra
discarded_bytes = self._connection.read_all()
if discarded_bytes:
logger.info("Discarding %r", discarded_bytes)
if self._submit_mode == PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE:
self._submit_code_via_paste_mode(to_be_sent)
elif self._submit_mode == RAW_PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE:
try:
self._submit_code_via_raw_paste_mode(to_be_sent)
except RawPasteNotSupportedError:
logger.warning("Could not use expected raw paste, falling back to paste mode")
self._submit_mode = PASTE_SUBMIT_MODE
self._submit_code_via_paste_mode(to_be_sent)
else:
self._submit_code_via_raw_mode(to_be_sent)
def _submit_code_via_paste_mode(self, script_bytes: bytes) -> None:
# Go to paste mode
self._ensure_normal_mode()
self._write(PASTE_MODE_CMD)
discarded = self._connection.read_until(PASTE_MODE_LINE_PREFIX)
logger.debug("Discarding %r", discarded)
# Send script
while script_bytes:
block = script_bytes[: self._write_block_size]
script_bytes = script_bytes[self._write_block_size :]
# find proper block boundary
while True:
expected_echo = block.replace(b"\r\n", b"\r\n" + PASTE_MODE_LINE_PREFIX)
if (
len(expected_echo) > self._write_block_size
or block.endswith(b"\r")
or len(block) > 2
and starts_with_continuation_byte(script_bytes)
):
# move last byte to the next block
script_bytes = block[-1:] + script_bytes
block = block[:-1]
continue
else:
break
self._write(block)
self._connection.read_all_expected(expected_echo, timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT)
# push and read confirmation
self._write(EOT)
expected_confirmation = b"\r\n"
actual_confirmation = self._connection.read(
len(expected_confirmation), timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT
)
assert actual_confirmation == expected_confirmation, "Expected %r, got %r" % (
expected_confirmation,
actual_confirmation,
)
def _submit_code_via_raw_mode(self, script_bytes: bytes) -> None:
self._ensure_raw_mode()
to_be_written = script_bytes + EOT
while to_be_written:
block = to_be_written[self._write_block_size :]
self._write(block)
to_be_written = to_be_written[len(block) :]
if to_be_written:
time.sleep(self._write_block_delay)
# fetch command confirmation
confirmation = self._connection.soft_read(2, timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT)
if confirmation != OK:
data = confirmation + self._connection.read_all()
data += self._connection.read(1, timeout=1, timeout_is_soft=True)
data += self._connection.read_all()
logger.error(
"Could not read command confirmation for script\n\n: %s\n\n" "Got: %r",
script_bytes,
data,
)
raise ProtocolError("Could not read command confirmation")
def _submit_code_via_raw_paste_mode(self, script_bytes: bytes) -> None:
self._ensure_raw_mode()
self._connection.set_text_mode(False)
self._write(RAW_PASTE_COMMAND)
response = self._connection.soft_read(2, timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT)
if response != RAW_PASTE_CONFIRMATION:
# Occasionally, the device initially supports raw paste but later doesn't allow it
# https://github.com/thonny/thonny/issues/1545
time.sleep(0.01)
response += self._connection.read_all()
if response == FIRST_RAW_PROMPT:
self._last_prompt = FIRST_RAW_PROMPT
raise RawPasteNotSupportedError()
else:
logger.error("Got %r instead of raw-paste confirmation", response)
raise ProtocolError("Could not get raw-paste confirmation")
self._raw_paste_write(script_bytes)
self._connection.set_text_mode(True)
def _raw_paste_write(self, command_bytes):
# Adapted from https://github.com/micropython/micropython/commit/a59282b9bfb6928cd68b696258c0dd2280244eb3#diff-cf10d3c1fe676599a983c0ec85b78c56c9a6f21b2d896c69b3e13f34d454153e
# Read initial header, with window size.
data = self._connection.soft_read(2, timeout=2)
assert len(data) == 2, "Could not read initial header, got %r" % (
data + self._connection.read_all()
)
window_size = data[0] | data[1] << 8
window_remain = window_size
# Write out the command_bytes data.
i = 0
while i < len(command_bytes):
while window_remain == 0 or not self._connection.incoming_is_empty():
data = self._connection.soft_read(1, timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT)
if data == b"\x01":
# Device indicated that a new window of data can be sent.
window_remain += window_size
elif data == b"\x04":
# Device indicated abrupt end, most likely a syntax error.
# Acknowledge it and finish.
self._write(b"\x04")
logger.debug(
"Abrupt end of raw paste submit after submitting %s bytes out of %s",
i,
len(command_bytes),
)
return
else:
# Unexpected data from device.
logger.error("Unexpected read during raw paste: %r", data)
raise ProtocolError("Unexpected read during raw paste")
# Send out as much data as possible that fits within the allowed window.
b = command_bytes[i : min(i + window_remain, len(command_bytes))]
self._write(b)
window_remain -= len(b)
i += len(b)
# Indicate end of data.
self._write(b"\x04")
# Wait for device to acknowledge end of data.
data = self._connection.soft_read_until(b"\x04", timeout=WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT)
if not data.endswith(b"\x04"):
logger.error("Could not complete raw paste. Ack: %r", data)
raise ProtocolError("Could not complete raw paste")
def _ensure_raw_mode(self):
if self._last_prompt in [
RAW_PROMPT,
EOT + RAW_PROMPT,
FIRST_RAW_PROMPT,
]:
return
logger.debug("requesting raw mode at %r", self._last_prompt)
# assuming we are currently on a normal prompt
self._write(RAW_MODE_CMD)
self._log_output_until_active_prompt()
if self._last_prompt == NORMAL_PROMPT:
# Don't know why this happens sometimes (e.g. when interrupting a Ctrl+D or restarted
# program, which is outputting text on ESP32)
logger.info("Found normal prompt instead of expected raw prompt. Trying again.")
self._write(RAW_MODE_CMD)
time.sleep(0.5)
self._log_output_until_active_prompt()
if self._last_prompt != FIRST_RAW_PROMPT:
logger.error(
"Could not enter raw prompt, got %r",
self._last_prompt,
)
raise ProtocolError("Could not enter raw prompt")
def _ensure_normal_mode(self, force=False):
if self._last_prompt == NORMAL_PROMPT and not force:
return
logger.debug("requesting normal mode at %r", self._last_prompt)
self._write(NORMAL_MODE_CMD)
self._log_output_until_active_prompt()
assert self._last_prompt == NORMAL_PROMPT, (
"Could not get normal prompt, got %s" % self._last_prompt
)
def _log_output_until_active_prompt(self, timeout: float = WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT) -> None:
def collect_output(data, stream):
if data:
logger.info("Discarding %s: %r", stream, data)
self._process_output_until_active_prompt(collect_output, timeout=timeout)
def _capture_output_until_active_prompt(self, timeout: float) -> Tuple[str, str]:
output = {"stdout": "", "stderr": ""}
def collect_output(data, stream):
output[stream] += data
self._process_output_until_active_prompt(collect_output, timeout=timeout)
return output["stdout"], output["stderr"]
def _process_output_until_active_prompt(
self,
output_consumer: OutputConsumer,
timeout: float,
):
PROMPT_MARKERS = [NORMAL_PROMPT, EOT + RAW_PROMPT, FIRST_RAW_PROMPT]
PROMPT_MARKERS_RE = re.compile(
b"|".join(
map(
re.escape,
PROMPT_MARKERS,
)
)
)
start_time = time.time()
while True:
spent_time = time.time() - start_time
time_left = max(timeout - spent_time, 0.0)
data = self._connection.read_until(PROMPT_MARKERS_RE, timeout=time_left)
assert any(data.endswith(marker) for marker in PROMPT_MARKERS)
for prompt in PROMPT_MARKERS:
if data.endswith(prompt):
self._last_prompt = prompt
content = data[: -len(self._last_prompt)]
if EOT in content:
out, err = content.split(EOT, maxsplit=1)
elif TRACEBACK_MARKER in content:
out, err = content.split(TRACEBACK_MARKER, maxsplit=1)
err = TRACEBACK_MARKER + err
else:
out = content
err = b""
output_consumer(out.decode(ENCODING), "stdout")
if err:
output_consumer(err.decode(ENCODING), "stderr")
break
# Check if it's really active prompt
follow_up = self._connection.soft_read(1, timeout=0.01)
if follow_up:
# Nope, the prompt is not active.
# (Actually it may be that a background thread has produced this follow up,
# but this would be too hard to consider.)
# Don't output yet, because the follow-up may turn into another prompt,
# and they can be captured all together.
self._connection.unread(follow_up)
output_consumer(self._last_prompt.decode(ENCODING), "stdout")
else:
break
def _evaluate(self, script: str) -> Any:
"""Evaluate the output of the script or raise error, if anything looks wrong.
Adds printing code if the script contains single expression and doesn't
already contain printing code"""
try:
ast.parse(script, mode="eval")
prefix = "__pipkin_helper.print_mgmt_value("
suffix = ")"
if not script.strip().startswith(prefix):
script = prefix + script + suffix
except SyntaxError:
pass
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(script)
if err:
raise ManagementError("Script produced errors", script, out, err)
elif (
MGMT_VALUE_START.decode(ENCODING) not in out
or MGMT_VALUE_END.decode(ENCODING) not in out
):
raise ManagementError("Management markers missing", script, out, err)
start_token_pos = out.index(MGMT_VALUE_START.decode(ENCODING))
end_token_pos = out.index(MGMT_VALUE_END.decode(ENCODING))
# a thread or IRQ handler may have written something before or after mgmt value
prefix = out[:start_token_pos]
value_str = out[start_token_pos + len(MGMT_VALUE_START) : end_token_pos]
suffix = out[end_token_pos + len(MGMT_VALUE_END) :]
try:
value = ast.literal_eval(value_str)
except Exception as e:
raise ManagementError("Could not parse management response", script, out, err) from e
if prefix:
logger.warning("Eval output had unexpected prefix: %r", prefix)
if suffix:
logger.warning("Eval output had unexpected suffix: %r", suffix)
return value
def _write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
if (
RAW_MODE_CMD in data
or NORMAL_MODE_CMD in data
or INTERRUPT_CMD in data
or EOT in data
or PASTE_MODE_CMD in data
):
logger.debug("Sending ctrl chars: %r", data)
num_bytes = self._connection.write(data)
assert num_bytes == len(data)
def _should_hexlify(self, path):
if "binascii" not in self._builtin_modules and "ubinascii" not in self._builtin_modules:
return False
for ext in (".py", ".txt", ".csv", "METADATA", "RECORD"):
if path.lower().endswith(ext):
return False
return True
def _execute_without_output(self, script: str, timeout: float = WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT) -> None:
"""Meant for management tasks."""
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(script, timeout=timeout)
if out or err:
raise ManagementError("Command output was not empty", script, out, err)
def _execute_and_capture_output(
self, script: str, timeout: float = WAIT_OR_CRASH_TIMEOUT
) -> Tuple[str, str]:
output_lists: Dict[str, List[str]] = {"stdout": [], "stderr": []}
def consume_output(data, stream_name):
assert isinstance(data, str)
output_lists[stream_name].append(data)
self._execute_with_consumer(script, consume_output, timeout=timeout)
result = ["".join(output_lists[name]) for name in ["stdout", "stderr"]]
return result[0], result[1]
def _execute_with_consumer(
self, script, output_consumer: OutputConsumer, timeout: float
) -> None:
self._submit_code(script)
self._process_output_until_active_prompt(output_consumer, timeout=timeout)
class SerialPortAdapter(BareMetalAdapter):
def __init__(
self,
connection: SerialConnection,
submit_mode: Optional[str] = None,
write_block_size: Optional[int] = None,
write_block_delay: Optional[float] = None,
mount_path: Optional[str] = None,
):
super().__init__(
connection,
submit_mode=submit_mode,
write_block_size=write_block_size,
write_block_delay=write_block_delay,
)
self._mount_path = mount_path
self._read_only_filesystem = False
def _internal_path_to_mounted_path(self, target_path: str) -> str:
assert self._mount_path
assert target_path.startswith("/")
return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self._mount_path, target_path[1:]))
def write_file_in_existing_dir(self, path: str, content: bytes) -> None:
start_time = time.time()
if self._read_only_filesystem:
self._write_file_via_mount(path, content)
try:
self._write_file_via_serial(path, content)
except ReadOnlyFilesystemError:
self._read_only_filesystem = True
self._write_file_via_mount(path, content)
logger.info("Wrote %s in %.1f seconds", path, time.time() - start_time)
def _write_file_via_mount(
self,
target_path: str,
content: bytes,
) -> None:
mounted_target_path = self._internal_path_to_mounted_path(target_path)
with open(mounted_target_path, "wb") as f:
bytes_written = 0
block_size = 4 * 1024
to_be_written = content
while to_be_written:
block = to_be_written[:block_size]
bytes_written += f.write(block)
assert bytes_written
f.flush()
os.fsync(f)
to_be_written = to_be_written[block_size:]
assert bytes_written == len(content)
def _write_file_via_serial(
self, target_path: str, content: bytes, can_hexlify: bool = True
) -> None:
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(
dedent(
"""
__pipkin_path = '{path}'
__pipkin_written = 0
__pipkin_fp = __pipkin_helper.builtins.open(__pipkin_path, 'wb')
"""
).format(path=target_path),
)
if self._contains_read_only_error(out + err):
raise ReadOnlyFilesystemError()
elif out + err:
raise OSError(
"Could not open file %s for writing, output:\n%s" % (target_path, out + err)
)
# Define function to allow shorter write commands
hex_mode = self._should_hexlify(target_path)
if hex_mode:
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
"""
from binascii import unhexlify as __pipkin_unhex
def __W(x):
global __pipkin_written
__pipkin_written += __pipkin_fp.write(__pipkin_unhex(x))
__pipkin_fp.flush()
if __pipkin_helper.builtins.hasattr(__pipkin_helper.os, "sync"):
__pipkin_helper.os.sync()
"""
)
)
else:
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
"""
def __W(x):
global __pipkin_written
__pipkin_written += __pipkin_fp.write(x)
__pipkin_fp.flush()
if __pipkin_helper.builtins.hasattr(__pipkin_helper.os, "sync"):
__pipkin_helper.os.sync()
"""
)
)
bytes_sent = 0
block_size = 1024
to_be_written = content
while to_be_written:
block = to_be_written[:block_size]
if hex_mode:
script = "__W(%r)" % binascii.hexlify(block)
else:
script = "__W(%r)" % block
out, err = self._execute_and_capture_output(script)
if out or err:
logger.error("Writing file produced unexpected output (%r) or error (%r)", out, err)
raise UserError(
"Could not write next block after having written %d bytes to %s"
% (bytes_sent, target_path)
)
bytes_sent += len(block)
to_be_written = to_be_written[block_size:]
bytes_received = self._evaluate("__pipkin_written")
if bytes_received != bytes_sent:
raise OSError("Expected %d written bytes but wrote %d" % (bytes_sent, bytes_received))
# clean up
self._execute_without_output(
dedent(
"""
try:
del __W
del __pipkin_written
del __pipkin_path
__pipkin_fp.close()
del __pipkin_fp
del __pipkin_result
del __pipkin_unhex
except:
pass
"""
)
)
def remove_file_if_exists(self, path: str) -> None:
if self._read_only_filesystem:
self._remove_file_via_mount(path)
return
try:
super().remove_file_if_exists(path)
except ManagementError as e:
if self._contains_read_only_error(e.out + e.err):
self._read_only_filesystem = True
self._remove_file_via_mount(path)
else:
raise
def _remove_file_via_mount(self, target_path: str) -> None:
logger.info("Removing %s via mount", target_path)
mounted_target_path = self._internal_path_to_mounted_path(target_path)
assert os.path.isfile(mounted_target_path)
os.remove(mounted_target_path)
def _contains_read_only_error(self, s: str) -> bool:
canonic_out = s.replace("-", "").lower()
return (
"readonly" in canonic_out
or f"errno {errno.EROFS}" in canonic_out
or f"oserror: {errno.EROFS}" in canonic_out
)
def mkdir_in_existing_parent_exists_ok(self, path: str) -> None:
if self._read_only_filesystem:
self._mkdir_via_mount(path)
return
try:
super().mkdir_in_existing_parent_exists_ok(path)
except ManagementError as e:
if self._contains_read_only_error(e.out + e.err):
self._read_only_filesystem = True
self._mkdir_via_mount(path)
else:
raise
def _mkdir_via_mount(self, path: str) -> bool:
mounted_path = self._internal_path_to_mounted_path(path)
if not os.path.isdir(mounted_path):
assert not os.path.exists(mounted_path)
os.mkdir(mounted_path, 0o755)
return True
else:
return False
def remove_dir_if_empty(self, path: str) -> bool:
if self._read_only_filesystem:
return self._remove_dir_if_empty_via_mount(path)
try:
return super().remove_dir_if_empty(path)
except ManagementError as e:
if self._contains_read_only_error(e.out + e.err):
self._read_only_filesystem = True
return self._remove_dir_if_empty_via_mount(path)
else:
raise
def _remove_dir_if_empty_via_mount(self, path: str) -> bool:
mounted_path = self._internal_path_to_mounted_path(path)
if os.listdir(mounted_path):
return False
else:
os.rmdir(mounted_path)
return True
class WebReplAdapter(BareMetalAdapter):
def write_file_in_existing_dir(self, path: str, content: bytes) -> None:
"""
Adapted from https://github.com/micropython/webrepl/blob/master/webrepl_cli.py
"""
dest_fname = path.encode("utf-8")
rec = struct.pack(
WEBREPL_REQ_S, b"WA", WEBREPL_PUT_FILE, 0, 0, len(content), len(dest_fname), dest_fname
)
self._connection.set_text_mode(False)
try:
self._write(rec[:10])
self._write(rec[10:])
assert self._read_websocket_response() == 0
to_be_written = content
block_size = 1024
while to_be_written:
block = to_be_written[:block_size]
self._write(block)
to_be_written = to_be_written[block_size:]
assert self._read_websocket_response() == 0
finally:
self._connection.set_text_mode(True)
def _read_websocket_response(self):
data = self._connection.read(4)
sig, code = struct.unpack("<2sH", data)
assert sig == b"WB"
return code
class RawPasteNotSupportedError(RuntimeError):
pass
class ReadOnlyFilesystemError(OSError):
pass
|
6707061_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Petition by plaintiff for writ of certiorari to the North Carolina Court of Appeals denied 2 April 1985.
|
US-90547807-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method and apparatus for preparing and verifying documents
ABSTRACT
A method for preparing and verifying a document, comprising the steps of: presenting the document to a document-registering office in a machine-readable format; editing the document to add an identification code associated with a non-copiable object; signing the edited document using a private key of the document-registering office; printing the digitally signed document in a machine-readable form; presenting the document and the object to an inspecting authority; recovering the digitally signed document from the machine-readable form of the printed document; verifying the digital signature of the document-registering office; and verifying that the identification code in the document corresponds to that of the presented object.
This application claims priority from Indian patent application 1982/CHE/2006, filed on Oct. 30, 2006. The entire content of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Seals were once used to verify the authenticity of documents on clay tablets in Mesopotamia. Even with the invention of paper, they continued to be used along with a wax impression to authenticate the approval of a signatory to a document. Subsequently, with the advent of handwriting, signatures became the most popular and common mode of authentication of paper documents. Even today, government departments in many countries authenticate paper documents merely by using a rubber stamp along with an official's signature. Paper documents form the basis of today's business transactions and will continue to occupy an important place in commercial life. Unfortunately, forgery and paper documents go hand in hand.
Forgery of paper documents is becoming easier than ever before with the advancement being made in the technology of computers, scanners, printers and copiers. It is increasingly becoming possible to tamper with all kinds of valuable paper documents like checks, gift certificates, transcripts and legal documents. Documents can be counterfeited or the content, value, or ownership may be altered by forgery of the documents. Similarly, information could be altered so that rights and privileges are awarded to the wrong individual. In such scenarios, security practices for paper documents are required in order to:
- - a) Authenticate the document source - b) Verify integrity of the information on the document, and - c) Distinguish copies from originals.
Advanced digital devices can be of assistance in this regard and various approaches have been proposed, see for instance US 2004/0100363 A1.
This invention reported here provides a simple, convenient and cost-effective method for carrying out all the operations described above without necessarily requiring major changes in operating procedures at an organization level and/or major investments in infrastructure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates a method for preparing a document.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates a method for verifying the authenticity of a document.
FIG. 3 is an exemplary apparatus for preparation and authentication of a document.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The anti-counterfeiting technique for documents described in this invention is based on the concept of linking the paper document with an object, such as a digital device, which cannot easily be duplicated to create a “non-copiable object pair” (NCOP), which cannot be duplicated. The paper document is defined as any precise copy of the original document which carries machine readable information helping link the document to the digital device; the non-copiability of the NCOP arises from the fact that one part of it, the unique object, is not copiable. The system described can effectively reduce the risk of forgery, traditionally associated with paper documents. The document and object together certify the ownership or the privilege of the person producing the NCOP for verification. The integrity and authenticity of the information content in the document is ensured by the digital signature of a human signatory, which is a part of the document.
The present implementation reduces the risk of forgery and fraud by employing digital devices, such as smart cards, to verify the reliability of the document in question; and, after establishing the reliability of the document, it verifies that the NCOP has been presented. Faithful photocopying of the document alone for passing it off as the original or forging of a document from scratch becomes useless in the face of the protection described.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates a method 100 for preparing a document for authentication. The present embodiment is described with reference to a real life application of registering a document with a document-registering office. The embodiment described herein employs a smart card as the digital device. However, it is to be understood that other digital devices or other objects, such as, but not limited to, bank notes, etc., that cannot easily be forged can be equally employed. The key feature of the object concerned is that it has a unique descriptor and it cannot be copied.
A smart card is defined as any pocket-sized card that contains one or more semiconductor chips, such as, but not limited to, a contact card, a contactless smart card, a combi card, a hybrid card, a proximity card, a memory card, a processor card, a magnetic card or an optical card. It is generally similar to a credit card in size and shape and may, for instance, contain information about the individual authorized to use it. The information, which may include access codes, account numbers, electronic cash etc, is usually accessed by using a card reader, which may or may not be contactless.
As digital identification cards, the smart cards can be used for providing a non-copiable identity. One way of doing it is in conjunction with a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).
A PKI is a system which includes companies, people and technologies that verify and authenticate the validity of each party involved in a digital transaction. The key to PKI is a technology called asymmetric cryptography. The asymmetric cryptography relies on two separate keys: a private key and a public key, to both lock and unlock a message. A private key is a number generated by a special mathematical function and is the main tool used to create a digital signature. It is known only to the person who generates it, and should be kept secret.
A public key is a number that allows another person to “unlock” a signature in order to validate both the document and the signer's identity. The public key is generated with the private key and the two are mathematically related. Because of the nature of the key generation algorithms, it is virtually impossible to deduce the private key from the public key or its signature. Together, a private key and a public key constitute a key pair. The public key need not be kept secret and is typically published in the form of a digital certificate.
A digital certificate is like a digital identity card that can contain an assortment of information such as the name and address of the certificate holder, the holder's public key, the certificate's date of issue and expiration, a validation stamp by the agency issuing the certificate etc. It is issued by a certification authority (CA) which may use a variety of sources such as identifications cards, driving license, electoral cards, ration cards, passports, etc. to vouch for a person's identity before issuing a certificate. Once a certificate is issued, the certificate holder can sign a digital document by using their private key. The digital signature is embedded within the original document and can be verified by using the public key of the user who locked it.
For any data to be digitally signed, a cryptographic function is used to create a hash that is signed by the card using the private signature key also stored inside the card. Although only the cardholder can sign a document, anyone can check the signature using the corresponding public key. A smart card can be used to store a digital certificate issued by the concerned PKI authority, usually called a Certifying Authority or CA, carrying relevant or needed information about the card holder in a tamper-resistant manner. This is achieved by the CA digitally signing the digital certificate.
In the embodiment described here, the digital certificate of the document-registering authority can be stored in the smart card forming part of the NCOP.
Referring now to FIG. 1, at step 102, the content of a document to be authenticated or registered is made available to a document-registering office (or authority) in a machine-readable format stored on a storage medium.
The term “content”, as used herein, may refer to text, compressed text, graphics, images, compressed images or any combination of them.
The term “document-registering office”, as used herein, refers to any office, authority (governmental or non-governmental), merchant establishment, business organization, firm, company or corporate house. The term is meant to encompass any organization, which is capable of authenticating a document.
The term machine-readable, as used herein, means any information encoded in a form which can be read by a machine, including through the use of technologies such as, but not limited to, optical character recognition. A suitable scanner may be employed to obtain the machine-readable format of a paper document.
The storage media may include any memory device, such as, but not limited to, a hard drive, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), a floppy disc, pen drive, a magnetic tape, a memory drive, a read only memory (ROM) or a random access memory (RAM).
At step 104, an authorized staff member of the document-registering office, who is going to authenticate, register and issue the protected document, takes out a smart card, and determines the identification code (ID) associated with the smart card.
The smart cards used in this embodiment each are associated with a unique private-key that is stored in the card. This private key is in addition to any digital certificate carried by that smart card. Each smart card is also associated with an identification code (ID) that is contained in the digital certificate associated with the smart card. Additionally, it may be printed or embossed on the outside of the card. The identification code may consist of numbers, alphabets, special symbols or characters, or a combination thereof. It will be appreciated that such smart cards can readily be fabricated in large quantities in a batch process. The key pairs and ID codes can be created in advance and do not have to be created or issued on individual application. Therefore, it is envisaged that a document-registering office can simply order stocks of the cards in advance from a central authority or manufacturer.
The associated digital certificate can be provided both by the smart card and an accompanying paper document which carries the certificate in the form of a human readable text along with an accurately machine-readable version.
In the present embodiment, the digital certificate associated with each smart card is provided as a machine-readable version in the form of a 2D barcode with error correction information. However, it should be understood that the other forms of barcodes such as a linear barcode or stacked barcode may equally be employed.
At step 106, the authorized staff member edits the content of the document to add a note to the effect that the document provides a proof of ownership or entitlement only when it is presented for inspection along with the smart card which has the specified ID. He may also add registration details such as a Registration Number to the document's content. The authorized staff member then uses the private key of the document-registering office to digitally sign the edited content of the document.
The process of using a private key to digitally sign a document is well known in the art. The following lines describe one version of the process of digitally signing a document. The process begins with an unsigned document. Once a digital document is ready to be signed, the document's numerical code (digitally, a document is essentially a series of ones and zeroes) is processed through mathematical algorithm called a hash function (or hash algorithm). This action results in a piece of data, which acts like a document fingerprint, which is unique to the document. Once the document fingerprint has been created, a private key is used to encrypt the document fingerprint, resulting in a digital signature. The digital signature is embedded within, or appended to, the content of the original document to create a digitally signed document. As stated above, in the present embodiment, the private key of the document-registering office is used to digitally sign the text of the document.
At step 108, the authorized staff member prints the signed digital document in a machine-readable format, such as, but not limited to, a 2D barcode, linear barcode or stacked barcode, with error correction information. A human readable version of the signed document may also be printed along with the machine-readable version.
At step 110, the print out of the document is hand signed by the parties concerned, and processed as per the official procedure of the registering authority. It typically may involve registering the document and attesting the document by affixing a handwritten signature and a rubber stamp of the registering authority, for instance.
At step 112, the recipient is given the printed document along with the smart card and a copy of its digital certificate.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates a method 200 for verifying the authenticity of a document prepared in the above described manner.
At step 202, on demand by an inspecting authority, the recipient presents the printed document for verification along with the smart card and digital certificate.
The term “inspecting authority”, as used herein, may be used to refer to any office, authority (governmental or non-governmental), merchant establishment, business organization, firm, company or corporate house. The term is meant to encompass any organization, which is capable of verifying a document.
At step 204, an officer of the inspecting authority uses a scanner to read the machine-readable format of the printed document. The scanning leads to the recovery of the digitally signed document along with the digital signature of the document-registering office.
The scanner used to read the machine-readable format of the printed document may include a barcode scanner, a flatbed scanner, a hand-held scanner, a drum scanner, a rotary scanner, or any other suitable scanning device.
At step 206, the officer of the inspecting authority verifies the digital signature of the document-registering office by using the public key of the document-registering office. The officer also verifies the smart card ID present in the document.
The process of using a public key to verify a digital signature embedded in a document is again well known in the art. Briefly, but not limited to, the process begins with the separation of the original document from the digital signature. The content of the original document is processed using the same hash algorithm that was used when the document was signed. This creates a document fingerprint. Next, the signer's public key is obtained, for instance from a database of the certificate-issuing authorities. The digital certificate contains the signer's public key and is required to unlock a document that has been locked by the signer's corresponding private key. Once the public key has been obtained, it is used to decrypt the digital signature. This results in unlocking of the document fingerprint hidden inside the locked document. The two document fingerprints are then compared. If they match, it proves that the digital signature is valid and the document to which it (digital signature) was attached has not been tampered with in any way. This verifies the authenticity of a digitally signed document.
In the present embodiment, as stated above, the inspecting authority uses the public key of the document-registering office to verify its (document-registering office) digital signature and to validate the document presented to it for verification.
Once the authenticity of the document has been verified, the officer of the inspecting authority compares the smart card ID present in the authenticated document with the ID of the smart card presented by the holder of the document. One would recall that the smart card was presented to the inspecting authority along with the document, at step 202. If the smart card ID in the document corresponds with the ID of the smart card, it proves that the smart card was issued by the document-registering office along with the authenticated document. The presence of a unique common ID in the smart card and the document inextricably links the two components (document and smart card) together, and since it requires an impractical level of effort to duplicate a smart card, it provides a unique way of verifying a document, when both of them are presented together for verification.
Steps 208 and 210 provide additional levels of security to the present method.
At step 208, the inspecting authority may verify the ability of the smart card to affix a digital signature. This is verified by feeding the smart card with bit strings, including random bit strings. It would be recalled that the smart card has a private key loaded into it. If the private key is able to digitally sign these bit strings, the resulting digital signature could be verified by using the corresponding public key, present in the digital certificate accompanying the smart card.
At step 210, if desired, the inspecting authority may also verify the validity of the digital certificate accompanying the smart card by verifying the digital signature of the concerned certification authority who issued it.
As stated above, steps 208 and 210 provide mechanisms to effectively verify the authenticity of a document and its associated smart card.
At step 212, if desired, the inspecting authority may log the verification results and display and/or print them for inspection at a later date.
It will be appreciated that the above described method may be implemented in the form of a computer program, software or computer code, which may be run in any suitable computing environment such as, but not limited to, personal computers, server computers, network computers, hand-held devices or any other computing device, in conjunction with or without an operating system, such as, Microsoft Windows©, Linux and Unix. It can also be performed by a stand alone device such as a Multi Function Printer Scanner combination (MFP), or all-in-one, with firmware designed to carry out all the operations described.
FIG. 3 shows an example of an apparatus 300 for preparation and authentication of a document.
The apparatus 300 may include a computer system 302, a pointing device 304, a keyboard 306, a display device 308, a printer 310, and a scanner 312.
The computer system 302 may include a processing unit, a system memory, a system bus, a removable storage, a non-removable storage and a network interface card. These components are not shown for the sake of simplicity, but would be readily understandable by those skilled in the art. It would be appreciated that the computer system may include a personal computer, a server, a network computer, a peer device and/or any computing device, and it may operate in a networked environment connected to one or more other computer systems. Alternately, it maybe one integrated tamper proof stand alone device akin to an MFP.
A user may enter commands into the computer system 302 through a pointing device 304, keyboard 306 or other input devices. The keyboard and the pointing devise are connected to the computer system through a serial port, a parallel port, a universal serial bus, or through a wireless connection. The pointing device 304 may include a mouse, a game pad, a joy stick and/or any device that controls the movement of the cursor on a display screen.
The display device 308, printer 310 and scanner 312 are also connected to the computer system through an interface. The printer 310 may include a line printer, a dot matrix printer, a daisy wheel printer, an ink jet printer, a laser printer, a thermal printer and/or any printing device. The scanner 312 may include a barcode scanner, a flatbed scanner, a hand-held scanner, a drum scanner, a rotary scanner, a planetary scanner and/or any scanning device.
It would be appreciated that the above described techniques provide a simple, convenient and cost-effective method of verifying paper documents. The method does not require a major change in the present operating procedures at an organization level. No major investment in infrastructure is required since the method can be implemented using simple IT tools such as a PC, scanner, printer etc.
The key pair associated with each smart card requires very little management, as they are created in a batch process, which could even be done at the time of manufacture, and do not have to be created and issued on individual application. The verification work can be done by a dedicated stand alone device such as a modified MFP or a personal computer equipped with a scanner. No complex equipment is necessary. The method can be implemented even with poor or negligible network connectivity, thus providing an effective solution to the problem of document verification in countries or locations where even today network connectivity is not widely available.
Although the description of the preferred embodiment has been presented, different embodiments can be created without deviating from the spirit of the present invention. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art of the subject matter. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be dictated by the appended claims, along with its equivalents, rather than by the description of the preferred embodiment.
The invention claimed is:
1. A method for preparing a verifiable document containing content, said method comprising: accessing an identification code and a private key of a smart card of an authenticating agent, wherein the smart card is to be supplied to a user with the verifiable document; adding, by the authenticating agent, the identification code of the smart card to an electronic version of the verifiable document that contains the content of the verifiable document to require that the identification code of the smart be accessed to authenticate the verifiable document by an inspecting authority; digitally signing the electronic version of the verifiable document using the private key of the smart card; editing the content of the verifiable document contained in the electronic version of the document to add a note that the verifiable document provides a proof of ownership or entitlement only when the verifiable document is presented for inspection along with the smart card; printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document in a machine-readable format onto a print medium; and supplying the print medium and the smart card to the user.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document further comprises printing the content of the verifiable document with the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: editing the content of the verifiable document contained in the electronic version of the document to add a note that the verifiable document provides a proof of ownership or entitlement only when the verifiable document is presented for inspection along with the smart card.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document comprises printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document as a barcode.
5. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium on which is embedded a computer program, said computer program implementing the method of claim
1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a digital certificate of the authenticating agent is stored on the smart card.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the smart card is under a direct control by the authenticating agent.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the smart card is not supplied to the user until after the electronic version of the verifiable document is edited to add the identification code associated with the smart card.
9. Apparatus for preparing a verifiable document coupled to a smart card, said apparatus comprising: a memory storing: code for accessing an identification code and a private key of a smart card of an authenticating agent, wherein the smart card is to be supplied to a user with the verifiable document; code for adding, by the authenticating agent, the identification code of the smart card to an electronic version of the verifiable document that contains the content of the verifiable document to require that the identification code of the smart be accessed to authenticate the verifiable document by an inspecting authority; code for digitally signing the electronic version of the verifiable document using the private key of the smart card; code for editing the content of the verifiable document contained in the electronic version of the document to add a note that the verifiable document provides a proof of ownership or entitlement only when the verifiable document is presented for inspection along with the smart card; code for printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document in a machine-readable form onto a paper verifiable document; and a processing unit to implement the code for adding, the code for digitally signing, and the code for printing.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising code for editing the content of the verifiable document to add a note that the verifiable document provides a proof of ownership or entitlement only when the verifiable document is presented for inspection along with the object having the smart card.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the code for printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document in a machine-readable form comprises printing the digitally signed electronic version of the verifiable document as a barcode..
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US-201817046448-A_4 | USPTO | Public Domain | 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the interaction data comprises data associated with at least one interaction, each interaction comprising at least one of a payment transaction or a communication.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the at least one interaction comprises at least one of an interaction between the second device and the remote computer system, an interaction between the second device and a second remote computer system, an interaction between a third device coupled to the interaction database and the remote computer system, an interaction between the third device and the second remote computer system, or a fictional interaction between a fictional device and a fictional remote computer system.
14. The system of claim 11, wherein: the first device is configured to determine the challenge data and the response data based on the interaction data in the interaction database before transmitting the first message; and in response to receiving the second message, the second device is configured to determine the response data based on the challenge data from the second message and the interaction data in the interaction database before transmitting the third message.
15. The system of claim 11, wherein the interaction database, the first device, and the second device are each coupled to a first network.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the first device, the second device, and the remote computer system are each coupled to a second network separate from the first network, and further wherein the first message is transmitted to the remote computer system from the first device over the second network, the second message is received at the second device from the remote computer system over the second network, and the third message is transmitted to the remote computer system from the second device over the second network.
17. The system of claim 11, wherein the remote computer system authenticates the first device based on a comparison of the response data from the first message and the response data from the third message.
18. The system of claim 11, wherein the interaction database is configured to store the challenge data in response to the second device receiving the second message with the challenge data. 19.-30. (canceled)
31. The system of claim 11, wherein, in response to receiving an authentication message from the remote computer system indicating that the first device has not been authenticated by the remote computer system, the first device is configured to prevent interaction between the first device and the remote computer system..
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github_open_source_100_8_20160 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { drawQuadtree } from '../canvas';
const apiRevealQuadtree = state => ({
revealQuadtree(color = '#1f97e7') {
if (!state.hasOwnProperty(state, '_quadtree')) {
console.error('quadtree is not enabled in chart');
return;
}
drawQuadtree(state._frontContext, state._quadtree, color);
},
});
export default apiRevealQuadtree;
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sn85066408_1913-08-31_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | La Pagina delle Donne CORRIERE DELLA MODA Non so se sia indispensabile di vive a Parigi per discorrere con competenza e di bellezza femminile, ma è certo che in detta città si acquista assai facilmente non solo la nozione, ma anche il gusto per vestire secondo le mutabi leggi dell’eleganza, ed è altres ìvero che ognuno diventa, quasi in volontariamente, consapevole della importanza che l'est etica del viso e la leggiadria della persona hanno nella ivita della donna. Come, del resto, potrebbe essere diversa niente, se ogni parigina sente di "dover” piacere? Qui voler essere bellezza, graziose, eleganti, non è come in altri paesi, soltanto un sino o un vano desiderio, oppure un lusso che pochi soltanto possono per mettersi, ma è l'aspirazione di tutte le donne di qualsiasi condizione e di butte lo età. Le parigine "vogliono essere gracia". Che importa se l'intrête del viso non sono regolari, se le l'une della persona non sono perfette, se me comma la natura non fu un'artista imprime allorché modellò il corpo femminile? Per tutti codesti in convenienti essenti e sistono rimedi e speci fici artifici e corretti. Non ci sino forse le direttrici dogli "Institutos de la beaute", coi loro massaggi od i loro apparecchi; i profumieri coli loro cosmetici e i loro belletti non ci sono I grandi sarti e le grandi Coni-polli il inumi blue Kienilin il fan. Ini a LA PAROLA AL MEDICO (ili EI ex ir Parolina araba di tinta misterio si (el eksir" vuol dire Itesseuza), il significato superbo, che vuol essenti urna promessa, una speranza, una trozza, urna incitazione, un eccitatemento una qualche cosa che esorbiti dalle facoltà unane e die venga a n il ')er vie segrete e soprannaturali. Questi elilxir vogliono essere la vi, la forza. Il rigolo, il rigolo; vo glión donar tutto senza sottrarre sironte, vogliono farcì un mondo di bene: chi prepara <m liquore dalle qualità preziose ristoratrici delle libre fievolezno. Non sa trovare un gili o nome. Quella (birchina di chimica, irrirente, sfrondatriche di molti allori ln diastriall dice che sono ezzo facile e imsoverchiamente complessa: zuc chero, alcool, sostanze coloranti, so diunze aromatiche. Uno sclroppetlo condito! Ma l’arte? Che diavolo fìcanno dentro a quelle traf fiime, a quegli ore tuoi 1. a quelle anfore vanitose, lustagatrlci, i prepiratori della facile inviacela? Che co ni 'è che stimola la gola, che seduce il si nasconde a vincere l’avarizia, ad imperare sulla tempe l’avarizia, a far stringere patti di aunii di sola, di sedeltà col bicchierino ga lante. minuto, sedutore più di quel filtro indù striale? Iva vera arte non deve fair scoprire i suoi mezzi, e l'arte degli elisir non l’imno di officina. Ili latioratorio familiare emette, si, dagli elisir, ima come magri, conile empiici, come scoloriti! Essi si trangugiano più che non si gustino, cosi sono uno scheletro; nel pal. Si sensazione di qualche cosa di dissociato, di dissociato, di deficiente. Colorari è poco: ti giallo si dà colo zafferano a cui il vapor d’acqua teatro in antecedenza l'aroma; il sso gi dà colo cocciniglia mista al l'allume, o col "kermes”, il bleu colo giadomo puro, il verde colo chero chero e colo, o colo clorofilla: formare il substrato a breve: lo sciroppo a zuc chero bollito per un quarto d'ora in metà del suo, pecco di acqua; l'ulcoolù in vendita da ogni droghiere ed mitra nell'elisir in parti quasi uguali litio sciroppo; la densità soverchia si corregge con acqua in quantità parialla metà dello sciroppo; l'essenza si diessigli, cosi come la dà il droghiere, nell’alcool prima di unirla a igli altri ingredienti. Parebbe fatto l'elisir; ma, lo ri patriamento, esso è un minuscolo tentato tivo. Comunque, anche che no abbia i aeduoenti allettamenti dei liquori telle. è un preparato simpatico alla medicina. Non ne avrei parlato se esso non avesse avuta anche questa qualità. modiste, e più celebri costruttori di busti e i più famosi fabbricanti di "postiches?". Tutti costoro sono artisti nel ve ro senso della parola: artisti che fanno manovrare eserciti di impiega ti, di disengatori, di chimici, di ope raie, all unico scoilo di creare continuamente nuovi artifizi di bellezza. Un presenza del miracoli che que gli artisti sanno compiere, le pari gine sentono continuamente lo sti molo di affinare il proprio gusto e di rendere la propria "sihouette” il più possibile somigliante a quella dell’ultimo figurino, lanciato dai grandi creatori di novità; polchà es se vogliono affascinare non soltan to con la loro civetteria, con la toro grazia e con la loro eleganza, ma an Che con la bellezza che si sono stu diosamente composta davanti allo specchio. Qui a Parigi la donna bruta non esiste. Nei teatri, nei ricevimenti, net ritrovi eleganti di tutti generi, s'incontrano talvolta certe donne che In qualunque paese del mondo sì direbtiero francamente brutte: qui diventano interessanti. PoichA la scelta della acconciatura, del vestito, delle tinte, del cappellino A tanto appropriata al tipo della donna, sia pura assolutamente priva di attrat tive fisiche, da comporre un insie me armonico di squisito buon gusto. Il grande segnato delle è che è speranza questa questa questa questa conseguire che i creatori della moda lancia no in un dato momento, convenga maggiormente alla propria persona. La Moda quest'anno ha messo in uso i cappellini piccoli ed anche piccolissimi; ma queste forme benché molto carine, non si possono adatta re a tutti là visi, nè a tutte le "silhouette". Un cappellino minuscolo pud incorniciare graziosamente un piccolo viso e stare benìssimo ad una donna più alta, ma diventerà grottesco, se inal berato sul largo faccione di una donna alta e grossa. Benché questa esta cappellini piccoli sieno i preferiti, la moda non esclude affatto le forme più ampie a tese larghe elanche largissime, specialmente per la campagna e le splaggie. Ma lo stesso effetto disastroso prodetto da un cappellino minuscolo su di una donna colossale, sarà dato da un e norme cappello su di una donna colossale, sarà dato da un e norme cappello su di una colossale, o magra. Le guarnizioni del cappelli sono sariate come le loro forme; ma predominano i fiori, il "tulle" ed inastri di velluto, o annodati o pas sati semplicemente sotto il mento come la cinigietta del berretti da soldati, oppure svolazzanti da un luto o di dietro. Sui cappelli La maniera più acconciò, più in sinuante di somministrare principi! Medicamentosi, per far ingoiar l'amara pillola curativa. E’ simpatico pel suo colore, per la sua limpidezza, per la sua limpidezza, per la carezza urite che l’alcool dà al palato, e che supera il graffio che vorrebbe dare la medicina; A simpatico jierché lo stoma co ne rimane in una condizione di salutare preparazione al pasto, preparazione che il poco alcool o il poco zucchero compiono senza frette e senza superfluità. Questa è la ragione per cui gli eli sir anche curativi si assumono in genere un quarto d’ora priora di andar a tavola. E vi sono medicine che molte boc che coraggiose riuterebbero se fos sero presentate sotto altra veste; ri cordo il creosoto, la china, ricordo i purganti, la pepsina, i preparati di ferro. Se alla schifiltosa bocca di una signorina imbarazzata iti stoma co e nemica acerrima il ogni prosai co purgante presentate un bicchieri no di elisir Leroy essa non lo rifuto; se al suo stomaco lasso offrite un cucchiaio di elisir di peptoue ve ne sarà grata; se al suo sangue date un cucchiaio al giorno di elisir di iodoro di ferro ella non avrà più nessuna simpatia per le pillole, per le polveri, per le triache farmaceutiche di altra speciosa. I bambini ne sono sempre sedotti. E non imi pare male che le signo re, le quali hanno mille abilità culiarie, si escercitino in questa spedali tà per cui possono ornare le loro credenze lietamente, brillantemente e far dono gradito alle amiche e tener pronto il veicolo più simpatico di molti ostici medicamenti. Lo Scuoio alla aporto. Sono esse una geniali modificazio. Nel delie comuni aule, ohe in molti siti meritano il nome di stammerghe, dove i fetori, le esalazioni si somma no a insidiare il sangue delle povere creature andate a pagare con la salute. La prima sapienza elementare. Voi, signore, che avete sui vostri imllioni la generosa tassa della cari tà.molteplice, date al mondo del fanciulli pallidi, grami, tristi, un lembo del vostro giardino; e sia il soie del la vostra beneficenza là a baciare col sole fulgido del cielo le testoline bionde intente ad assumere l'alimen to iniziale dall'anima. Ella la voce delle maestre una le tizia che va coi profilium della l'aura libera a meteore le durezze di quelle estenze macere, e scenda giù dai cieli l'alito benefico che vivifichi l'i dea. Una tettola ricca di grondale a prevenire le sorprese del tempo, banchi disposti liberamente senza avanza di spazio e senza imposizioni tirano di spazio e di sopra e di lato, e tutta una magnifica onda di effluvi e di suoni e di echi che la natura manda a destare gli assopimenti, i torpori; e tutta una novella voluttà di vita, un novello invito ad amare, a susci l'ATALTA DELLA DOMENICA, SAN FRANCISCO, 31 AGOSTO 1913 Si portano molte “fantasie’’ di tutta generale, quasi sempre della stessa tinta della paglia o del “tulle"; le piume in generale sono quasi cadute in disuso e le famose "pleu reuses" sono scomparse affatto. Non le rimpiangiamo: ora, come del resto. WmIIio por fliovamettn in i Mi plebiscito. Corpetto Kimono di ricano o più n rote. Cintura e più coli nuovo di Meta n./.iirrn. ancihe negli anni passati, un cappel lino può essere elegantissimo anche senza queste piume tanto costose. Che dire del vestili? Si usa tutto. Purché scelto con buon gusto ed n datto alla propria persona, tutto A di moda. La "silhouette”, fortunatamente, A diventata più naturale, la cintura 6 più luco larga e le anche abbastanza ampie. Le donne non hanno più bisogno di patire la fame per avere la linea elegante. L'ampiezza della gonna si restringe verso, piedi, ma. unopportuno apertura, oppore qualche pieza dis simulata. Permetto la libertà del movimenti nel camminare. Sarà bone non esagerare l'apertura nel basso della gonna, perché mostrare la gamba fino al ginocchio, non ò nò corretto, né di buon gusto. Taro una favilla di quel gran fuoco immenso che Splende d’intorno: ecco la scuola all'aierto. La sapienza, la houli!, la pazienza delle maestre traggo da quella dolcezza consentente una potenza di penotraz l'irreeisiihile. Non fi nelle prigioni, non ù nel prigionieri della vita c della materia che.prospera la prioche. La scuola devossore salute. E se salute è sapienza. Doti. Giuseppe Antolielli. LE DONNE BIBLIOTELABIE La “Kevue Internationale de l’Euseignoment” domanda perché non si ara maggiormente all e donne la carriera del bibliotecario. In loomo bibliotecario non ò al suo posto: questo posto conviene male ad unomo di cultura che de ve servire altri uomini di cultura Oli studiosi vogliono essere servi rapidamente dal bibliotecari che considerano corno semplici Implegati: mentre a loro volta 1 bibliotecari cre dono che il pubblico studioso debba avere la dovuta considerazione per il valore scuenlifico del loro lavoro. Da ciò nascono certi screzi nel ser vizio bibliotecario, che potrebbero e vilarsl se a questo servizio fossero a dibite le donne. Il bibliotecario tende a giovarsi della wua condizione per studi propri, e in certo qual modo geloso della sua piccola parte di au torità. La donna invece non può ave re questi sentimenti di alterezza. Questo è tanto logico ed ovvio che A permesso stupirsi che non si sia prima di ora pensato ad affidare ad un personale femminile il servizio delle pubbliche biblioteche. Un tempo si poteva dire che era impossibile reclutare tra le donne un lersouate sufficientemente l'intruito; ma oggi questo non si può più dire, tanto ipiù che la conoscenza delle linne straniere. A oggi diffusa tra le donne quanto tra gli uomini. Qualche cosa si è già fatto in proposito in Francia e fuori. Son già di quella di questa istruzione, hanno ammesso le donne pel servizio bibliotecario. Il ministero del commercio ha posto una signora alla testa della biologica del servizio della statistica generale francese. E questa biblioteca ca è tenuta benissimo, tutti 1 docti non francesi o stranieri relativi alia statistica vi sono mirabilmente clasificati nonostante la difficoltà di classificare un tal genere di pubblica zioni. GUGLIELMO II E LE BELLI TE Tempo fa l'imperatore Guglielmo si recò a visitare una caserma di Spanio e in quell'incontro entrò in uno stanzone, dove si stava appunto impar tendo l’istruzione alle reclute. Egli ascoltò con mol To interesse le vivi domande e risposte e quindi voi le egli stesso fare qualche domanda al soldati. — Chi vi promuovo nell'esercito? — egli chiese. — Vostra Maestà — risposero in coro le reclute. — Bene! — disse l’imperatore, e quindi soggiunse: — Come firmo gli atti? — Guglielmo di — rispose pron tamene amo degli inorpellai. — E’ giusto, ma vi manca qualche cosa — osserva il sovrano. Dopo una breve pausa si alza un altro soldato e dice: — Manca la I e la R. — Benissimo! Ma cosa significa la Migli Vestiti di Autunno VESTITI \ $25 U TUOVERKTH Al, GOMNIE GATK Molti modelli di questi Vestiti da $25.00 sono copie dirette di modelli importati per $5 e $75 manufatur to rati esclusivamente per noi e con stoffe che sono le migliiori che si possono avere. <111 eleganti vestiti cut-a-way con sottane semi drap peggiate ed eleganti giacche di SS inches sono hen rappresentate, nelle migliori stoffe della stagione co me Broadcloth. Kough Óheviots. Ma (aliasse, Government Serge e Velour de Laino. Vi invitiamo a visitare il nostro negozio ed accei)t pitu (questi falli, fate un paragone tra 1 nostri prezzi e modelli per $25. Golden Gate Cioak and Suit House Market St., Vichi a.lones SE. W.VWV.V.V.W.VW.W.W.AW.V.W.W.AW.W.AW.W.AW.W.AW.W.AW.W.AW.AW.W.AW.AW.W.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW.AW. IBASSO DEL 25 PER 100 CONTINUA SEMPRE Abbinino deciso di vendere tulio i|iiano concerne a mo biglie jier dimora da tetto, camera da pranzo, cucina a questo fenomenale ribasso. I NOSTIU CLIENTI NE VITIÓI I M INO Prima di andare altrove a fare i vostri acquisti fair ima visita nei nostri negozi o vi convincerete che realmen te risparmierete il per cento so lutto il mobilio ette coni preterte da noi. Fi è arrivato in questi giorni un grande assortimento di tappeti, ruga, stufe, tavoli* rotonde, seggioli*, letti in ot tone e di ferro. RISPARMIATE $11.50 per i|i icsld magnifico arreda mento di siila iin |iriin/« ed mele un anno di tempo per panare. 1 W & 90HI «Si m. '/y. .v > m 5 r .a $3<t° DOWN * Bill Completo arredamento vi vien spedito a easa per $3.00 in contanti e dietro II piccolo versamento di $1.00 la settimana. Guardate questa Illustrazione, osaervute le belle linee della tavola e delle sedie, osservatene In qualità e vi meraviglierete a pensare come sia possibile che diamo questo arredamento ad un presso cosi Irrisorio. Il piedestallo della tavola è elegantissimo ed ha piedi lai.- mb,mi. riedle stile "full bxo” • con gambe fortificalo o te lili di cuoio. 11 tutto di solido legno di quercia con finlture di osso e a fuoco. TAVOLA HA INGRANDIRSI *17.60; SE DTK $-.65 ARRKDAMKNTO COMPLKTO, PRKZZO SPKC. &13.50 Prezzo regolare $48.00 Nuova pausa più lunga, Finalmente s’alza un'altra reclu ta e dice: — Significa imperator. — Bravo — rlsiHiude l’Imperatore soddisfatto — e che cosa vuol dire Imperatore? Per un paio di minuti nessuno osa fiatare. Poi improvvisamente si vedo al zarsi un tiel pezzo di eonladino della Pomeranla, il quale mettendosi sul l’attenti e con un'aria di contentez. ,zn, come se non el fosse alcun dubbio riguardo all’esattezza delle sue pa role, dice: — Imperator si chiama una patata primaticcia. LOTTI ADIACENTI AL PORTO DI AlVISO lf punto di approdo della ricca vallata di Santa Clara l.'opiiorlimild buona vi si presenta — Sta n voi il sa perne approfittare a tempo C.hl desidera ipiada;piare moneta deve saper bene Investire i propri risparmi COMPERATE ADESSO lino a tanto ohe il prezzo ì> basso — $100 e più FACILI CONDIZIONI Nessun Interesse Nessuna Tassa DOMANDATE INFOIO!AZIONI Sono grati», [tasta spedirvi il Coupon rpii aitamelo eoi vostro nome od indirizzo Indirizzatovi o scrivete a Bay Shore Land Company lUonadnoek Ituildinji SAN FI! WCISCO, CAI. Favorito! Particular attention to detail Information Invariable to the Have a direct access to porto Nume Inimitable S a a Ì^inalaT f f I 11 12 a Osanna I t |l 9 * tf C o. O « £ £ •«--3 s? imi!» amili Alimento ideal pei bmiibini e convalescenti. La Parilla Lallea Alpina Puntatala detta riimnmtii cium Mlkn Alpina ili Liwitnim è indiai'litibiliicnto In miglioro dulie turiiie lattee, perchè fatta col Inde purisKliiiO ilello Alpi il piti ricco in crema, e peri lui con tiene i lottali che anno i piu i intenti rigeneratori del nlidcnin im-cu La Purina Lataa Alpina pintalala rutta col moderni proci ami A di gnu lunga preferita a tutte le altre anche per il «nato miniaito e gradiivnllaaiino, ed c riieeoinandutii caldamente da tutte le celebrità mediche mondiali. In vendita prendo tutte lo Parmacle e dagli agenti cucinai vi THE ALPS DRUG CO., INC 360 west 40TH STREET, NEW YORK. VESUVIÓ A PIEDMONT PASTE Co. fabrica di Pasto alimentari, uso Oenova • Napoli Protiusißiß torna lléra di 1C.600 libra FABRICÁVITI VITRÁNIA; «lfr-41ft Broadway, Ha Praadaaa, Col.— Tal.; Wafia* FABRICÁVITI VITRÁNIA; «lfr-41ft Broadway, Ha Praadaaa, Col.— IVI.» futi* tilt FABRICÁVITI VITRÁNIA: «lfr-41ft Broadway, Ha Praadaaa, Col.— T#i«fa»*- mia» **'* Seri veloci per il nostro catalogo (IIIATIS di miii’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’i’ |
github_open_source_100_8_20161 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long
#define pb push_back
#define vi vector<long long>
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define ff first
#define ss second
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define mod 10000000007
int32_t main() {
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
cin.tie(0);
int t;
cin>>t;
while(t--){
int n;
cin>>n;
vi v(n),arr(n+1,0);
for(auto &x:v){
cin>>x;
}
sort(all(v));
for(auto x:v){
while(x>0){
if(x<=n)arr[x]++;
x=x/2;
}
}
int ans=1;
for(int i=n;i>=1;i--){
if(arr[i]==0){
ans=0;
break;
}
int temp=i;
while(temp>0){
arr[temp]--;
temp/=2;
}
}
if(ans==1)cout<<"YES\n";
else cout<<"NO\n";
}
return 0;
} |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20230011_01256.txt_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | e 155 année. - N°11 Mardi 14 mars 2023 JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE D.I.L.A serialNumber=S17140003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE DILA,OU=0002 13000918600011,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR 75015 Paris
2023-03-14 09:01:53
Associations et fondations d'entreprise
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE 26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15 www.dila.premier-ministre.gouv.fr www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Annonce n° 1256 47 - Lot-et-Garonne ASSOCIATIONS Créations Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Villeneuve-sur-Lot S.
EVENEMENTS. Objet : proposer des services à la personne tel que le repassage, baby-sitting, aide au ménage, aide au rangement, aux familles, personnes handicapées, personnes âgées, afin de les soulager dans leur quotidien
Siège social : Résidence Esperou, 39, rue Baronne, 47110 Sainte-Livrade-sur-Lot.
Date
de
la déclaration : 7 mars 2023
. La Directrice de l’information légale et administrative : Anne DUCLOS-GRISIER. |
github_open_source_100_8_20162 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// AnalyticalHTML.h
// EasyConfig
//
// Created by weimac on 15/1/14.
// Copyright (c) 2015年 cz. All rights reserved.
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface AnalyticalHTML : NSObject
@property (nonatomic) NSMutableArray* SSID;
@property (nonatomic) NSMutableArray* BSSID;
@property (nonatomic) NSMutableArray* CHAN;
@property (nonatomic) NSMutableArray* RSSI;
+(AnalyticalHTML*)AnalyticalHTMLWithData:(NSData *)htmlData andPath:(NSString*)Path;
@end
|
github_open_source_100_8_20163 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <div class="page-title-area">
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="breadcrumbs-area clearfix">
<h4 class="page-title pull-left">Dashboard</h4>
<ul class="breadcrumbs pull-left">
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li><span>Table Basic</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-content-inner">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="card mt-5">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="single-table">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table text-center table-bordered table-hover">
<thead class="bg-light">
<tr>
<th scope="col">No</th>
<th scope="col">No Tiket</th>
<th scope="col">Transportasi</th>
<th scope="col">Asal</th>
<th scope="col">Tujuan</th>
<th scope="col">Jadwal Keberangkatan</th>
<th scope="col">Orang diajak</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php $no = 1; foreach($perjalanan_dipilih as $row): ?>
<tr>
<td class="text-center"><?= $no++ ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->tiket) ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->moda_transportasi) ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->asal) ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->tujuan) ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->jadwal) ?></td>
<td class="text-center"><?= cetak($row->jum_orang) ?> Orang</td>
<td class="text-center">
<?php
if ($row->status == 0) {
echo '<span class="badge badge-pill badge-primary">Belum Diverifikasi Admin</span>';
} elseif ($row->status == 1) {
echo '<span class="badge badge-pill badge-success"><span class="ti-check"></span> Disetujui</span>';
} else {
echo '<span class="badge badge-pill badge-danger"><span class="ti-close"></span> Tidak Disetujui</span>';
}
?>
</td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
|
github_open_source_100_8_20164 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
// THE HELPER
/*
* @Function_name : Generate_Css
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Samirah Rahayu /085723211904
*/
if (!function_exists('generate_css'))
{
function generate_css($_CSS = NULL)
{
if(!isset($_CSS) or $_CSS == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
if(is_array($_CSS)) {
$str = "";
foreach ($_CSS as $key => $value) {
$str .= '<link href="'.base_url('assets').'/'.$value.'" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">';
}
return $str;
} else if(is_string($_CSS)) {
return '<link href="'.base_url('assets').'/'.$_CSS.'" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">';
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : Generate_Js
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Samirah Rahayu /085723211904
*/
if (!function_exists('generate_js'))
{
function generate_js($JS = NULL)
{
if(!isset($JS) or $JS == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
if(is_array($JS)) {
$str = "";
foreach ($JS as $key => $value) {
$str .= '<script src="'.base_url('assets').'/'.$value.'" type="text/javascript"></script>';
}
return $str;
} else if(is_string($JS)) {
return '<script src="'.base_url('assets').'/'.$JS.'" type="text/javascript"></script>';
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : getActiveCtlr
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('getActiveCtlr'))
{
function getActiveCtlr($ctlr = null)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$aktif = $CI->uri->segment(1);
if (in_array($aktif, $ctlr)) {
return "active open";
}else{
return false;
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : getArrowCtlr
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('getArrowCtlr'))
{
function getArrowCtlr($ctlr = null)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$aktif = $CI->uri->segment(1);
if (in_array($aktif, $ctlr)) {
return "open";
}else{
return false;
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : getActiveFunc
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('getActiveFunc'))
{
function getActiveFunc($funct = null)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$ctlr = $CI->uri->segment(1);
$func = $CI->uri->segment(2);
if (empty($func)){
$func = "index";
}
if ($funct == $ctlr."/".$func) {
return 'active';
}else{
return false;
}
}
}
if (!function_exists('getActiveFunction'))
{
function getActiveFunction($funct = null)
{
$CI =& get_instance();
$ctlr = $CI->uri->segment(1);
$func = $CI->uri->segment(2);
$func3 = $CI->uri->segment(3);
if (empty($func)){
$func = "index";
}
if ($funct == $ctlr."/".$func."/".$func3) {
return "class='active'";
}else{
return false;
}
echo $funct;
}
}
if (!function_exists('getFlag'))
{
function getFlag($semester)
{
$ganjil = array(1,3,5);
if (in_array($semester, $ganjil)) {
return "Ganjil";
}else{
return "Genap";
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : showLevel
* @Return_type : String
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if ( ! function_exists('showLevel'))
{
function showLevel($level)
{
$currentLevel = $_SESSION['userlog']['sess_role'];
if (in_array($currentLevel, $level)) {
return "";
}else{
return "display: none;";
}
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : uploadPic
* @Return_type : Array
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('uploadPic'))
{
function uploadPic($File, $location, $format)
{
$aExt = array("jpeg", "jpg", "png");
$t = explode(".", $File["name"]);
$ext = end($t);
if ((($File["type"] == "image/png") || ($File["type"] == "image/jpg") || ($File["type"] == "image/jpeg")) && ($File["size"] < 2000000)&& in_array($ext, $aExt))
{
if ($File["error"] > 0){
$data = array('code' => 500, 'message' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada file yang di upload');
}else{
$sPath = $File['tmp_name'];
$nPic = $format.".".$ext;
$tPath = "./assets/global/".$location."/".$nPic;
move_uploaded_file($sPath,$tPath);
$data = array('code' => 200, 'upload_data' => $nPic);
}
}else{
$data = array('code' => 500, 'message' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada file yang di upload');
}
return $data;
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : deletePic
* @Return_type : Array
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('deletePic'))
{
function deletePic($File, $location)
{
if (file_exists("./assets/global/".$location."/". $File)) {
unlink("./assets/global/".$location."/". $File);
$data = array('code' => 200, 'message' => 'Gambar berhasil di hapus');
}else{
$data = array('code' => 505, 'message' => 'File not found');
}
return $data;
}
}
/*
* @Function_name : uploadFile
* @Return_type : Array
* @Author : Restu Adtywarman /085797090845
*/
if (!function_exists('uploadFile'))
{
function uploadFile($File, $location,$format)
{
$aExt = array("jpeg", "jpg", "png");
$t = explode(".", $File["name"]);
$ext = end($t);
if (($File["size"] < 50000000))
{
if ($File["error"] > 0){
$data = array('code' => 500, 'message' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada file yang di upload');
}else{
$lokasi = "./assets/global/".$location;
if (!file_exists($lokasi)) {
mkdir($lokasi, 0777, true);
}
$sPath = $File['tmp_name'];
$nPic = "file_".$format.".".$ext;
$tPath = $lokasi.$nPic;
move_uploaded_file($sPath,$tPath);
$data = array('code' => 200, 'upload_data' => $nPic, 'lokasi_data' => $lokasi);
}
}else{
$data = array('code' => 500, 'message' => 'file terlalu besar');
}
return $data;
}
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
}
|
sn89053729_1912-11-21_3_13_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | THE OREGONIAN'S MAGAZINE, PAGE BROADWAY JONES Ed on George M. Cohan's Play A' ow Running in New York Thriving Story of “The Great White Way.” By BERTRAND BABCOCK. TODAY'S INSTALLMENT. It's a talk in that way, Higgins. You are a position to quiet the men. Nothing said about the plant’s closing, and are as they’ve always been. Just men not to burn their bridges when they come to them." As raised his tone as he returned: "In your idea is to protect these two men while they're making a deal against you. Is it? Not by a long time. We’re entitled to know what’s going on." "You're on their side, are you? I was aroused at last. " Higgins, you know my interest—my interest—in every man and boy in this plant. You know what I’ve tried to do very well and mother in Jonesville." she said. "You know that conditions in this plant have been better up to the present than in any of the others. You know the wage scale—" But Higgins did not allow himself to be influenced. For a moment by the girl's reminder. I never did believe in you," he said, his hands working and his face darker than ever, if possible. "I told the men that this morning. For all I know, you’ve been working for the interest of the trust all the time." "Get out of this office, Higgins," said Josie evenly, though there was a red spot on either cheek. But Higgins stood still, as he retorted: "I'd like to see anyone put me out until I get ready to go." As though his words had been a signal, the door to the outer corridor opened abruptly, and Broadway Jones entered. He was shaved "up to the handle"—a Jonesville expression—and the care with which he had donned his blue suit was apparent. He carried a cane, and his manner was stern. "Oh, good morning, Mr. Jones," said Josie, in a conversational tone. Broadway was walking straight up to Higgins, who towered above him, and he did to interrupt his progress across the room at the girl’s salutation. "Good morning, Miss Richards," he said quietly, apparently at perfect ease before the girl and not at all afraid of her eyes this morning. The manner of Higgins altered and the earne softer. "Hello, Mr. Jones... I didn’t know you were in town," he said. Almost into the very face of Higgins above him, Broadway thrust his own features, like a small and very game dog about to attack one immeasurably larger than himself. . “Yes, you did,” he retorted. "Miss Richards just told you. I’ve been stand 's: oij there listening to what you had ' ; I remember you, Higgins. You always were a grouch, and forever nos- ■s in other people's affairs. This plant belongs to me md it’s nobody’s business whether I keep '■- seH it, or give it awa; I>o you unut.. '?” “'Veil, the men askeu «... come here iu> g-t the information,” fain..'. 1 Hig gins. • BROADWAY’S ANSWER. Broadway shook his fist in the other's face. “They didn't come here and ask you to insult this girl, did they?” he demand- EXPER'ENCE OF TRAINED NURSE Vho Had Troubles of Her Own to Contend With, As Told By Mrs. Ruth erford. ■'harlestown, W. Va.—ln an Inter ring letter from this plaee, Mrs. Cal vin Rutherford writes as follows: "At ■ I suffered terribly from worn roubles. Some of my symptoms 1 ot flashes through the face, pains ■>’ sides and back, headache, dizzy ‘ is and pain low down. taking Cardui, the woman's I am well and enjoying good > ' l and I want to thank you kindly 1 n ur advice. It certainly has prov. ■ssing to me. Cardui has done other medicines failed to do. ’ a trained nurse, and have just I " 1 "ned from a case where I recoin 'd Cardui to a lady and she is now taking it." the face of such strong recom ation from users of Cardui —the ’ who know best just what this reparation will do for weak, ailing 'en no wonder we do not have to ‘kite extravagant claims for it. A we can add to the above statement is that Cardui is prepared from perfectly harmless, vegetable ingredients, which act gently, yet directly, on womanly organs. It helps to build up womanly strength. It helped thousands of women in last 50 years. Why not you? Druggist sells it. Write to: Ladies’ Advisory Dept., nooga Medicine Co., Chattanooga, or, Special Instructions, and 64-book "Home Treatment for Women" in plain wrapper, on request. "Now, I’ll put you out of the office—and throw you out of the plant—and drive you out of the town if I hear any more red fire talk out of you. I suppose you’ve been gabbing so much you've got them all excited over nothing. The trust isn't going to buy this plant. It isn’t for sale, and you go and tell the men I said so." Twirling his hat in his hands, Higgins humbly apologized to Josie. Then he exclaimed: "I’ll tell the boys what you say, Mr. Jones. What a relief it will be to them all. It’s made a different man out of me already." Tears were in Higgins’ eyes and began to roll down his cheeks. "Well, what are you crying about?" asked Jones, gruffly but kindly at heart. "Because I'm happy. It’s the first time I’ve been happy in twenty years," blubbered. Higgins, and went out the door. Broadway grinned. “Can you beat that?” said he. "He cries when he’s happy. I wonder when he laughs. He's a nice, cheerful little party. I'd like to be around him a whole lot.” "Did you have a good night’s rest?" asked the girl. With a groan Broadway replied: “My back is broken. Who named that hotel the Grand? There are men in prison for doing less than running a hotel like that." Broadway grew bolder as he found that the girl's eyes did not produce that dazed state of mind and heart in which he had spent the latter part of the previous evening. Now there seemed in her face nothing hostile, nothing bitter, only a real friendliness and a desire to be helpful. After a time Josie asked quietly: "Have you thought of what we talked over last night?” Broadway laughed. “Have I thought of it?” he returned. Then, becoming grave in a moment, “All I dreamed about was poverty-stricken families crying out for food. Thousands of men, women and children passed me through the streets, out of the town and into a wild forest where there were nothing but chewing gum trees. I could have slept this morning, but the Elks started to rehearse for their minstrel show in the parlor: so I got up and ordered breakfast. Oh, a breakfast at the Grand!” Josie laughed and offered the new owner her financial statement. He didn't want it, he said, as Wallace had promised to look after that part of the business. Wallace would be in very shortly, but he had gone to the barber shop. "Thank heaven, I shave myself," concluded Broadway. The girl asked about the presence in the town of Pembroke, and Broadway explained that Wallace had given him until 11 o'clock and had named a price of a million and a half. Almost the Old look came into the girl’s eyes. “But you sent word to the men—” she began. Broadway reassured her: "Don't you be afraid, I meant just what I said to Higgins. I don't mind telling you when I came here yesterday my intention was to sell this business and get it off my hands at any price or sacrifice, but Carnegie couldn't buy it this morning if he offered me every dollar he's got in the world. Wallace and I sat up talking about it till 2 in the morning. I told him all you said, and you've convinced not only me but Wallace, too, and he's some business man. He thinks with you—and me—" Broadway almost blushed at this juxtaposition of the two personal pronouns—“that the right thing for me to do is to stick right here and put up a fight for these people the same as my uncle did." There was a warmth of feeling in Josie's low tone as she said: "SHE SMILES. "I knew you would, Mr. Jones." And then she smiled. Broadway was almost dumfounded. Her smile of the previous evening had aroused a very definite remorse in him. Now it seemed a different smile — a promise that the girl would believe in him, did believe in him, and at the same time an intuition that she felt that he was acting solely from his own better nature, without outside pressure of any sort. But it was not entirely the effect of that new smile that made Broadway stammer and hesitate as he floundered on: "I don't know anything about business—and I don't know anything—I never did a thing." Day's work in my life, for the simple reason that I never had to. The only thing that I’ve entered into in the last five years is a contest to see who could stay up the latest. I never did anything good, because I never had anything good to do. What I’ve needed all along was a—what I’ve needed was—” Broadway was now frantically fumbling at one of the side pockets of his coat, the pocket which bulged out a little. "What I’ve needed all along was an incentive—something to spur me on—to force me to a realization that an incentive was needed to bring about a realization —that an incentive would realize—” Josie was now watching him in wonder, for it was apparent that embarrassment had not caused this strange wallowing verbally. “I’ve needed”— Broadway stopped abruptly, then added: "What the duce have I needed? Can you beat that! I knew that thing by heart when I left the hotel. Won’t you read the rest of it?” And he threw upon the table before the girl's paper which he had been struggling to draw from his packet. For a moment both laughed, and then suddenly the girl's face became grave as she realized Broadway’s anxiety to make an impression upon her had gone so far that he had committed it to memory. She blushed, and then put the thought from her. “It took me three hours to write that thing,” said Broadway, who apparently did not realize what his act had signified, “and I knew I’d forget it.” Then a moment later he himself blushed. He was still staring at the girl, and the imperious eyes of the night before had dropped under his gaze when a tremendous burst of cheering came from the plant. The man and the girl stared guiltily, as though the men outside had surmised what was passing through the minds of these two and were showing a strong liking for it. GOOD NEWS. Before either of the young people had fully recovered their accustomed mental states, the door was flung open and Judge Spotswood, who had come down to the plant, with his wife and Clara, entered. He was followed by his wife and daughter. “Great Scott!" exclaimed the Judge. "Talk about excitement! The whole plant’s in an uproar!" Continued In Next Issue. Beauty and Personal Magnetism Make Elsie Ferguson Charming By Margaret Hubbard Ayer. WHEN a girl is asked whether she’d rather be beautiful or have a magnetic personality, unless she’s sixteen or a perfect gump, she decides at once for the magnetic personality. The combination of both beauty and personal magnetism with brains added, spells feminine genius. Nobody will deny that Miss Elsie Ferguson has beauty, brains and personal magnetism, and as we all hope and believe that the first of these can be had for work or money, I asked her to say whether it was possible to attain the quality that we call "magnetic," the thing that draws us instinctively and unconsciously to another’s personality. “Is it possible to define what magnetism is?” said Miss Ferguson. "The thing that attracts us to other women is their personal charm, and no one has given a better description of charm, that most illusive quality, than Barrie in 'What Every Woman Knows.' 'Charm is the bloom on a woman,' he says. When They Fail. “Many people deliberately try to be magnetic, to fascinate or attract. Girls and young society women often make a stupendous effort at exerting this power, and it would seem as if the more effort they make, the less result they obtain. "The noticeable effort that is made to attract another person instead of showing real personal magnetism generally irritates or confuses the person who is to be attracted. "There can be nothing forced or artificial about the magnetic person. "Some people have refined personal magnetism as perfect health, but I should say that was vitality rather than magnetism. Vitality attracts one unless it is too overpowering. You have seen persons with tremendous health and strength who give of these qualities to every one about them, and others with the same characteristics who take the vitality from other people and almost sap the air of its life-giving qualities. "I should say that personal magnetism was a kind of an electric current through which the person gives to others the best of his mental and spiritual powers. "If you have no reserve fund of your own, nothing in your heart or brain that is worth giving, the electric current is and no matter how strong the person's vitality, there is no real magnetism there. Without Effort. "The magnetic person gives and gives of herself or of himself, but without effort, or at least without noticeable effort, though as in the case of an actress, for instance, there is a conscious endeavor to charm an audience by sending along those electric currents, the very best one has to give." "Rather exhausting. I should think," said the writer, as she looked at Miss Ferguson’s slender, almost delicate physique, the small oval face, with the earnest far-seeing blue eyes, shaded by a mask of reddish-blonde hair, carelessly twisted up in a big knot. Miss Ferguson had come in from a long rehearsal, and clad in a black tea gown, that accentuated her youth and elegance. Do YOU Know? According to scientists, nature’s coal-forming process took eight million years to complete. Trying a case over the telephone is the novel method adopted by a New York coroner in order to save time. Mr. Hellenstein, a coroner, took the evidence of witnesses, listened to arguments, and gave his decision without leaving his study chair. In Lisbon, the straw coat has become very fashionable. It is a rather cumbersome garment, but the Portuguese find that it serves excellently the purpose of a mackintosh. It is made entirely of straw, and the wet runs down the individual straws, and so drops to the ground. A free grant of 100 to 200 acres of forest land is made by the Canadian government, on the simple conditions of residence and cultivation, to any settler over eighteen years of age, in the provinces of New Guinea. Brunswick and Ontario, and 160 acres of land in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and some parts of British Columbia. An umbrella made thief-proof by being locked in such a manner that it cannot be opened has been invented by a London cloak room attendant. The locking device consists of a metal collar, one end of which may be slipped down over the rib tips, and is securely locked to them by revolving the three metal rings. These rings bear the letters and numerals of the secret combination. In future, all Australia’s soldiers will wear the same uniform, irrespective of the branch of the service they represent. The only distinction between the different corps will be found in the color of the hat band. For instance, the light horse will have a white hat band; artillery, scarlet; infantry, green; engineers, dark blue; signallers, royal purple; intelligence, light blue; army service, blue and white; medical, chocolate; veterinary, maroon, and the automobile, brown. Miss Elsie Ferguson, a Kla w & Erlanger star, who talks entertainingly of attractiveness in women, real beauty, she sat crumpled up in the corner of a huge sofa. “Indeed, it's terribly exhausting,” asserted the young star. "But so are other things. I often wonder how the saleswomen in shops for instance, keep their amiable and often magnetic, suave manners after a terrible day, in the unventilated atmosphere of the big shops constantly surrounded by thousands of harassed women. Shopping is most demagnetizing to me. I return from it a complete wreck.” “What do you do, then, to replenish The exhausted fountain, of personal magnetism?” Recuperating. "I think you will laugh when I tell you," said Miss Ferguson, somewhat shyly. "These help me to recuperate; to charge the electric battery." Miss Ferguson waved her hand around the room, pointing to the quantity of lovely flowers that seem to grow in every available spot. There were flowers in all the vases, sturdy white chrysanthemums in the window, the small kind that are hardy; there were big ones in jars and hanging from glass vases in the walls. Then Miss Ferguson pointed to the spaghetti night. "You cannot show your friends more generous hospitality than to invite them to join the family circle the night you serve." FAUST BRAND SPAGMETTI It’s a delightful dish — and so full of wholesome nourishment. Made from glutinous Durum wheat, in clean, bright, sunny kitchens. Make Faust Spaghetti the chief dish for dinner once a week and invite your friends to enjoy it. All good grocers sell Faust Spaghetti—50c and 10c a package. Write for free book of recipes. Maull Bros., St. Louis, Mo. window overlooking the park, beautiful in the last days of its autumn splendor. "Nature, the woods, if you could have it; if not, the park and flowers and quiet. Those are the fountain, the storage batteries of that electric current." ALL THE SAME.. A gentle tat-tat and a feeble "mule" sounded at the door. The mistress of The house hurried to open it and there stood a small boy of five, struggling with a desperate little kitten. "Please, I've got your little kitten!" "What do you say, dear?" asked the woman, amused. "I really don't know what you mean," said the woman again. Then the little fellow got exasperated. Drawing in his breath, he got red in the face, he yelled loudly: "Please, I’ve brought you great big tomcat!" TWO SIDES TO IT. Artist: "Have you noticed that long hair makes a man look intellectual?" Friend: "Well, it all depends. I’ve seen wives pick them off their husbands’ coats, and then it makes them look foolish." Daysey Mayme and Her Folks A VICTIM OF INSTINCTS. HAVING read, and heard in lecture and sermon, that the world has no use for a drone. Daysey Mayme Appleton decided to quit the butterfly life she was leading. She would become an ant, that being the insect emblem of industry. She would get a position as clerk in a department store and study Human Nature. (Daysey Mayme laws uses capitals in Studying Human Nature.) She got a position in the linen department, and her first customer asked for napkins. Daysey Mayme showed her stock, trying her best to entertain as she displayed the goods. "At my home," she said, "our napkins are so large that when the neighbors borrow them, we find out afterward that they use them for table cloths." The woman didn’t buy. "Perhaps," thought Daysey Mayme, "I wasn’t cordial enough." A few minutes later another shopper asked for towels. "I am so glad to see you," said Daysey Mayme. I was hoping you would come. I know, seeing the woman's look of surprise, "that we are not acquainted, but are we not all of one family? Are we not sisters? Let me show you our newest thing in guest towels." She powdered her nose with one hand, spreading the towels on the counter with the other. "The very smallest towels are called guest towels; they are that size to match the size of the welcome." She laughed, but the shopper didn't smile. "Perhaps you don’t laugh," said Daysey Mayme, "because you are a guest." The woman turned to leave the store, but before she had reached the door, up-to-date jokes. "Can that prima donna reach a high note?" asked the man who didn’t know much about music. "A high note!" exclaimed the enthusiastic manager. "I should say so. A thousand-dollar note every song." The Son-Mother, I’m going to have a little sister some day, ain't I? The Mother—Why do you want one? The Son Well, it gets kind of tiresome always teasing the cat. A doctor and his friend were out walking together one day, and they passed by some houses which the doctor had built and owned, and which he could seldom let. The doctor remarked to his friend: "I lost money when I built these houses." "Yes," said his friend, "what you gained in the pestle you lost in the mortar." "An unhappy woman," writes: "What can I do to reduce my weight? I weigh entirely too much for my own comfort. It is also very embarrassing at times I would like a reply." Answer: The safest, quickest, and best remedy that I know for reducing flesh, and one that I know to Be harmless is Aromatic elixir. 5 ozs.; glycol arboiene 1 oz. Mix, shake well and take a teaspoonful after each meal for three days, and then double the dose. Continue until your weight is reduced properly. “Howard” writes: “What can I take for headache, dark spots before my eyes, dizzy spells and also constipation?” Answer: Constipation is the cause of all your trouble, but I can cure you if you will follow my directions. Get at the drug store three grain sulfur tablets (not sulphur). These are packed in sealed tubes and contain full directions. These little tablets purify the blood, the bowels and liver are stimulated into healthy action and will gradually cure your trouble. “Little Girl”—To cure your child of bedwetting, get tincture cubebs. 1 dram; compound fluid balm, 1 oz., and tincture rheum, 2 drams. Give 10 to 15 drops in water about one hour before meals. Doctor: “I have been a sufferer of catarrh of the head for many years. It has also affected my stomach, bowels and blood. I suffer greatly and would appreciate an immediate answer.” Louise: I should recommend the following local treatment for you: Get two ounces of Vilane powder and to a pint of warm water add one-half teaspoonful and snuff from the palm of the hand through the nostrils two or three times daily. In connection with this, make a catarrh balm of one ounce of vaseline or lard and a level teaspoonful of Vilane powder, apply this balm to the nostrils as far up as possible. Also obtain the following ingredients, mix, shake well and take a teaspoonful four times daily. Syrup sarsaparilla comp., 4 ozs.; comp., fluid balm, 1 oz.; fluid extract buchu, 1 oz. “Kathryn” writes: “If you know of anything that will stop premature baldness, cure dandruff and itching scalp, I should appreciate a reply.” Answer: The following simple remedy will cure dandruff and promote a luxurious growth of hair. Ask for plain yellow minyol, which can be had in 4 oz. jars and use regularly according to directions. I have seen the most astonishing results from its use that I heartily recommend it. By Frances L. Garside Daysey Mayme was at her side. Laying a restraining hand on the shop, she said: “Don’t go so soon. I wish you would stay a little longer, or at least promise you will come again. And do write!” The floorwalker, the bogey man of every girl clerk's dreams, saw her, arising that night. Daysey Mayme was discharged. She didn’t want to be a drone; she was tired of being a butterfly; she had failed as an ant. “Why not,” suggested Lysander John, “become a worm, like your father?” FREE ADVICE TO SICK WOMEN Thousands Have Been Helped By Common Sense Suggestions. Women suffering from any form of female ills are invited to communicate promptly with the woman’s private correspondence department of the Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co., Lynn, Mass. Your letter will be opened, read, and answered by a woman and held in strict confidence. A woman can freely talk of her private illness to a woman; thus has been established a confidential correspondence which has extended over many years and which has never been broken. Never have they published a testimonial or used a letter without the written consent of the writer, and never has the Company allowed these confidential letters to get out of their possession, as the hundreds of thousands of them in their files will attest. Out of the vast volume of experience which they have to draw from, it is more than possible that they possess the very knowledge needed in your case. Nothing is asked in return except your good will, and their advice has helped thousands. Surely any woman, rich or poor, should be glad to take advantage of this generous offer of assistance. Address Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co., (confidential) Lynn, Mass. Every woman ought to have Lydia E. Pinkham's 80-page Text Book. It is not a book for general distribution, as it is too expensive. It is free and only obtainable by mail. Write for it today. The questions answered below are general in character, the symptoms or diseases are given and the answers will apply to any case of similar nature. Those wishing further advice free, may address Dr. Lewis Baker, College building, College-Ellwood streets, Dayton, Ohio, enclosing self-addressed stamped envelope for reply. Full name and address must be given, but only initials or fictitious name will be used in my answers. The prescriptions can be filled at any well-stocked drug store. Any druggist can order of wholesale. Mrs. A. F. writes: “Really, if I could find a true remedy to increase my weight, I should be the happiest woman alive. I am so thin and scrawny, it is a shame. Why cannot I be like other women? I do not work hard and have pretty good health." Answer: You can “be like other women if you will follow my advice, which is to use three grain hypo-nuclane tablets packed in sealed cartons with directions, and most widely prescribed by intelligent physicians everywhere. They improve the nutrition, add red blood corpuscles to the blood, improve the complexion, but thorough and regular use must follow to get these good results. Mr. Ben writes: "My joints are becoming so stiff from rheumatism that I can scarcely walk. Is there any help for me?" Answer: Of course there is help for you and for all others who suffer from rheumatism. Take the following and you will be entirely cured. Lode of potassium, 3 drams; sodium salicylate, 4 drams; wine of colchicum, oz.; comp, essence cardiol, 1 oz.; comp, fluid balmwort, 1 oz.; and syrup sarsaparilla, 5 ozs. Mix and take a teaspoonful at meal time and again at bed time. Mary J. says; "Every winter I have a cold which lasts till spring. I have tried several doctors’ prescriptions, but they do no good, so I ask you what to do." Answer: The best medicine to relieve colds and coughs is made by mixing the contents of a 3/4 oz. bottle of essence menthola laxene with honey or home-made sugar syrup. Full directions for making are given on the bottle and also how to take. You will find this will cure you: cough in a very few days and it is perfectly harmless and pleasant to take. Miss A. writes: "I have a very bad case of dyspepsia. I am afraid to eat a hearty meal. My breath is bad and I am cross and irritable most of the time." Answer: If you will get the following tablets and take according to directions which accompany the package, you will soon be cured. Be rid of all distress in your stomach. It will also help your constipation. They are called tablets triopeptine and are packed in sealed cartons. If this trouble is allowed to stand, it will cause appendicitis, so begin taking at once. “Helen” writes: “Please tell me what to do to gain an appetite. I can not eat and am thin and nervous." Answer: You need a good system tonic and the best one that I could tell you of is: Syrup of hypophosphites comp. 5 ozs., tincture cadomene comp., 1 oz. Mix and always shake well before using. Take a teaspoonful before meals for several weeks and you will gain an appetite and your whole nervous system will be restored to its natural state. Send for Dr. Baker's book on “Health and Beauty” (Advt.). |