input: [0] Early management approach [Strategy] Top down. Based upon largely theoretical models. Separation between design and execution of strategies. Iterative learning not handled well. Lengthy implementation cycle before learning and improvement can occur. Learning occurs at the execution level rather than the planning level. [Software Development] 
output: Waterfall method of development. Design based upon incomplete knowledge of requirements. Separation of design from implementation from testing. Lengthy development cycle before learning and improvement can occur. Learning typically occurs across project staff with different responsibilities with few mechanisms for integration of learning.