input: [Vulnerabilities] physical loss or damage due to failure of hardware or storage medium malicious tampering by an attacker who has penetrated defenses error in application program logic (bug), e.g. due to improper synchronization of multi-user access, race conditions, etc. [Countermeasures] backup storage physical security effective access controls checksums and hashed message authentication codes safe coding practices: defense in depth, peer design review, diligent testing and quality assurance rigorous transaction processing techniques compliance with legislation safeguarding the accuracy of financial data, e.g. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). [Element / Threat] 
output: Integrity guaranteeing that information remains accurate and complete Threat: Data is missing or falsified, casting a shadow over the entire system's credibility.