input: [1] Maintain open access to the commercial and labor markets and facilitate low-cost transactions among participants [2] States may use business licensing rules to exclude some entrepreneurs, and may also charge high licensing fees that have the effect of drawing excessive rents from those who can afford the fees, and blocking participation of those who cannot. Both effects reduce investment and entrepreneurial participation, and slow the development of the ecosystem. Similarly, states may use taxation as a way to extract excessive rents from those who participate in the digital ecosystem, thus slowing investment and reducing participation. Lack of effective commercial courts and alternative dispute resolution may cause private parties to become ensnarled in conflicts that otherwise could be resolved, and/or to avoid such conflicts by vertical integration—thus creating excessive bureaucracy within the ecosystem. Lack of specialized enabling laws covering e-commerce, such as laws clarifying the status of digital signatures, may slow the adoption of commercial applications. An over-restrictive labor law regime, e.g. allowing extensive non-competition agreements and restrictive labor contracts, may be regarded as barriers to job mobility. Facing the rapid transformation of digital economy, it might be crucial to reduce such barriers, since job mobility contributes, among other things, to a competitive wage market for workers with ICT skills, and ensures the diffusion of high-tech knowledge between different groups and legal entities. [3] Lawyers can take action to assure that their clients are fairly treated in instances where existing law is consistent with client interests. Unfortunately commercial law often lags in developing countries, either because it simply has not been modernized, or because the ideology of the nation is unsupportive or confiscatory toward business. In other instances, ill-fitting commercial laws on topics such as e-commerce have been adopted without proper customization to the local ecosystem and require reform. There are a variety of international organizations, many funded by the US or European governments, that help nations improve their commercial laws and procedures. In addition, the US is currently negotiating a large number of bi-lateral trade agreements—and these agreements include requirements for commercial law reform. Local lawyers can get involved in these efforts, to help the process forward, to tailor laws effectively to the local ecosystem, and to learn how particular reforms might be used to support client interests. [0] 
output: Enterprise, Tax, e-commerce, and Labor law