input: [1] Establishment of telecommunications access as a public good [2] Monopoly or oligopoly telcos may maintain extortive prices, thus rendering many applications uneconomic, and “cream skimming” from those few businesses and individuals who can afford such prices; incumbent telcos prevent the emergence of rivals, either in the form of competitive telcos or in the form of “self-provisioning” by users through such means as VSAT (satellite) connections, cooperative Internet exchange points and peering agreements, and home-grown ISPs and WANs—including WIFI wireless WANS. [3] In developing countries that have privatized or partially privatized their telcos—which is most of them—the telecom laws on paper are quitethorough and well-conceived. This is because law reform was built into the World Bank/IFC process that most of the countries used. Unfortunately, in many cases these laws are not enforced. In such instances lawyers might consider actions to try to compel enforcement, particularly where these laws include a “private right of action” that allows parties to sue the government if harmed. In addition, there are some options for seeking relief outside counties. There are efforts for example in West Africa to create a legally binding telecom appeal process that is regional in nature and part of the ECOWAS treaty organization. In addition, in the case of foreign investment, sometimes the country of residence of the investors, such as the US, can be encouraged to complain to the developing country government. In some cases this may stimulate action, though in others it can be seen as inappropriate meddling by one nation in the affairs of another, and can harden resistance. [0] 
output: Communi-cations