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Posts Tagged ‘BAOT’
In my first post I commented on the BAOT quote from Octavia Hill which stated;
“‘The poor should never be denied beauty.’
I ranted there about the judgments and relationships that such a comment represents, although I recognise that socially altruistic benefactors could get away with that kind of thing back then.
I want to look now at the choice of the word “Beauty” and what that means to the profession. It is clear that the BAOT feel it applies or else they would not have chosen this quote.
The word “Beauty” itself can usher in subjective judgments, the eye of the beholder and all that, but I think that if we reduce it down to a very base meaning then it becomes more universal.
Let me give an example. When I was speaking to colleagues here at Harrison Training about this, we felt that beauty could apply to several areas of what we do, including beauty of movement. We are not necessarily talking about high-art concepts of balletic motion, but simply movement with function.
There is a request, for example, on the BAOT page on Facebook, for help on one handed hairwashing. Now, the act of hairwashing itself is of course utterly urbane, but the enabling and delivery of this functional movement would be a beautiful thing for that client.
Beauty can also apply to the central notion of occupation, that sense of experiencing time as being useful or with meaning.
I suspect it was originally used in an artistic sense also, namely that beauty and art are synonymous.
While Octavia Hill was talking about access to beauty and art as being the end goal the profession has moved forward. Art is an integral part of our intervention tool kit, enabling our clients to create meaning and expression.
I am mindful of the use of various art mediums as intervention;
writing both, journalling and creative;
visual art;
physical art; and
musical and percussive art.
That creation of meaning and expression is central to our condition. Just look to today’s news of the ongoing research into using scans of brain activity to enable communication with coma patients. Consider, in particular, this excerpt;
“It is lawful to allow patients in a permanent vegetative state to die by withdrawing all treatment, but if a patient showed they could respond it would not be, even if they made it clear that was what they wanted.”
So, beauty, art and the creation of meaning and expression.
On the other hand, we might all be so busy that the concept of beauty bears no relation to our day to day work? Your thoughts? | 36,700,289 |
Category Archives: Articles
There is no place more exciting, more romantic, and more cosmopolitan than the city of Paris. Paris has thousands of places to explore, dozens of museums, theaters, monuments, bars, clubs, sports centers, and more. Paris is culture, entertainment and diversity all rolled into one. A city that welcomes a multitude of tourists each year, eager…
Every entrepreneur wants to know the secrets to kicking their sales up a notch. The key is doing so quickly and easily. How do you do that? The more visitors you have, the more likely you are to make sales. The key is attracting good prospects. These are people visiting you site with their credit…
Canadians are still chalking up debt, but there is some encouraging news on the credit front. Canadians are starting to pay down their credit cards. This is according to a recent report from Equifax Canada. The report states that the average Canadian cut back 3.4 percent from their credit card debt this past year (2011).…
Basics Mortgage lenders offer many different loan types for people with bad credit. These loan types include: 30 year fixed loans interest only loans minimum payment option loans other mortgage loans 30 Year Fixed Loans This is the traditional mortgage loan. It has a loan term of 30 years and is fixed for 30 years.…
The only way you can become an expert at picking the best candidates suitable for any post is by taking up a course in industrial psychology. It will give you more knowledge on how to deal with the problems that limit the well being of the work place. This skill can be utilized in very…
In the past, building contractors and engineers have been constructing commercial buildings using precast concrete walls, which are now increasingly used in residential housing projects too. Main advantage of precast concrete walls over beloved concrete walls is that precast walls can be built in less time. When a builder uses beloved concert walls, the biggest…
Much has been written about the poverty of the Appalachian mountaineers that make up the Kentucky Highlands. Visitors like to point out the backwardness of the area, the crime, the hopeless of its citizens and the unhappy layout of the unfortunate. Few discuss the reasons for this cultural disease that has afflicted the entire region.…
Winter is coming (no, that is not a Game of Thrones reference) and it is time to start getting that lovely log cabin of yours ready for the bad weather around the corner. Wooden houses are awesome as they are high value, beautiful, sturdy and a dream home for many. Unfortunately they require a bit…
Did you know you can combine two loves: of cooking and nature, by investing in the best, most durable and all-weather outdoor cooking equipment? Well, it's true; many people love the thought of summer approaching simply because it gives them a chance to head out the doors and whip up some great family meals because…
I don’t understand this one. Well, actually I do understand it. Which is why it’s such a hard perception to tackle. People want the bodies of the models they see on TV. Some guys want to be big, but just about all women who train want that elusive “tone” where muscles are long and smooth…
Have you wanted to try painting with watercolors but don’t know how to get started? If you have seen different watercolor paintings, you might have noticed the many varied types and techniques used. It might make it seem as if watercolors might be too complicated, but do not fear. The key is to find lessons…
Knuckleboom trucks versatility and efficiency have made such pieces of equipment popular in the commercial vehicle market especially when compared to the traditional stiff-boom types. Also, when compared to the stiff-boom versions, knuckleboom trucks are much lighter yet function very efficiently loading and unloading heavy material from one location to another. The astonishing proficiency of…
A recent survey revealed that approximately 30 percent of homeowners intend to sell without a real estate agent. I bet more would if they didn’t fear the contract side of the process. It is undisputed that you can save tens of thousands of dollars by selling your home without an agent. Typical commission fees charged…
Have you been thinking that drinking water containers are a good choice for simple and inexpensive way to take your water with you? A drinking water container can provide you with a measure of convenience. There are a few things that you should know before buying one; though. I'm naturally going on the assumption that… | 36,700,367 |
With iPhone and custom apps developed with the SAP Cloud Platform SDK for iOS, SKF has simplified core business processes, increased employee productivity, and eliminated production errors in the channel. Factory workers are more mobile and enjoy a user experience that simply wasn’t possible before with seamless access to SAP systems. | 36,700,386 |
iAMerican
In the first episode of the second season of British television show, The Hour its protagonist, Freddie Lyon upon returning from America explains why he was intoxicated by the new world:
“Being nobody in a country where everybody thinks they can be somebody…”
That one utterance by a fictional character sums up why every immigrant wants to come to America and that does include me. This is the country where Albert Einstein and Nicola Tesla were somebody. This is the place where Kim Kardashian and Alex Rodriguez are somebody. Kanye West and Steve Jobs, they are somebody. At one point they were nobodies. This quirky, burger munching, frappuccino swigging, football loving, gas-guzzling cross between utopia and Disney Land is a nation of nobodies who are on their way to be somebody.
And that is the beauty of America.
On a globe, America is a landmass, a country. In an immigrant’s heart it is a belief that future is almost always better. It may not be perfect and it is certainly not equal, but it still is one of a kind — the only place where an absolute stranger with a funny name and a funny accent with no friends or contacts can show up, work hard and actually get to do what he was destined to do.
That America is the place, I can now officially call home.
Today, in a ceremony at the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California, I was sworn in along with 1224 others and we became Americans. I am still memorizing the Star Spangled Banner and trying to imprint the oath of allegiance on my heart, but I have always known that I was an American.
Long before I left my parents home, in those hot summer nights when I read American magazines and dreamed of New York, I knew where I belonged. That America was brought alive by pulp fiction and noir writers. America was Michael Jackson. America was Wall Street. America was Tom Wolfe’s Electric Acid Kool Aid Test and his Bonfire of Vanities. America was Bell Labs. It was Bruce Springsteen.
The America I found was a kaleidoscope of all those fictions and many more realities. Random acts of kindness from absolute strangers, failures that taught more than successes, disappointments that taught the meaning of joy, but most importantly the America I found was a place where my mind could finally roam free. It was a place where I learned that tomorrow is another opportunity.
I didn’t come here for some canned version of an American dream — a two car garage and a house in the suburbs. It certainly wasn’t about getting rich. And it wasn’t about snapping a selfie with Scarlett Johansen (though it would be supercool). Instead, it was about the promise that people should have a chance to attain their hopes and dreams.
In most places in the world, outsiders like me don’t have that chance. That simple truth is what makes America so special. A chance – to be somebody even if you are nobody. America is a state of mind and I have opted-in! | 36,700,618 |
724 S.E.2d 699 (2012)
283 Va. 594
Lisa LAWS
v.
Calvin McILROY, Jr.
Carmen Tinker
v.
Calvin McIlroy, Jr.
Record Nos. 110485, 110646.
Supreme Court of Virginia.
April 20, 2012.
*700 Jeffrey M. Summons for appellants.
B. Craig Dunkum (Stark, Dunkum & Stark, on brief), for appellee.
Present: All the Justices.
Opinion by Justice DONALD W. LEMONS.
In these appeals, we consider whether the Circuit Court of Buckingham County (the "circuit court") erred when it granted motions to dismiss filed by the individual defendant Calvin McIlroy, Jr. ("McIlroy"), the plea in bar filed by Government Employees Insurance Company ("GEICO"), and the motion to dismiss lodged by State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company ("State Farm"), all relying on Code § 8.01-229(E)(3).
I. Facts and Proceedings Below
On May 21, 2008, Lisa Laws ("Laws") and Carmen Tinker ("Tinker") each filed a complaint against McIlroy and Calvin McIlroy, Sr. ("McIlroy Sr.") in the circuit court for damages arising out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on June 8, 2007. The complaints alleged that Laws was a passenger in a vehicle operated by Tinker and that McIlroy "negligently and carelessly" operated a vehicle that struck the rear of Tinker's vehicle. The complaints further alleged that McIlroy Sr., who owned the vehicle operated by McIlroy, negligently entrusted his vehicle to McIlroy. GEICO and State Farm, the potential uninsured/underinsured motorist carriers, were served with a copy of Laws' *701 complaint and State Farm was served with a copy of Tinker's complaint.[1]
Laws and Tinker each submitted an order of nonsuit to the circuit court on January 8, 2010, but these orders were not entered. Both Laws and Tinker indicated in their respective written statement of facts, filed in the circuit court pursuant to Rule 5:11(e), that the nonsuit orders were required to be resubmitted. McIlroy stated in his objections to the statements of facts that the nonsuit orders forwarded to him "and presumably to the Court, on or about January 8, 2010 were not endorsed by counsel for the plaintiff or by defense counsel." The nonsuit orders were resubmitted on January 28, 2010, with the endorsements of all counsel. The circuit court entered the nonsuit orders on February 4, 2010.
Significantly, Laws and Tinker filed second, identical lawsuits in the circuit court on January 19, 2010, before the nonsuit orders were entered by the circuit court.[2] Thereafter, McIlroy filed answers to both Laws' and Tinker's second complaints. GEICO and State Farm also filed answers to the second complaints pursuant to Code § 38.2-2206(F).
State Farm subsequently filed a motion for leave to amend its answer to include the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. Although the circuit court did not rule on State Farm's motion to amend, State Farm filed an amended answer. The only difference between State Farm's answer and its amended answer was that the amended answer stated "[t]he Company specifically asserts the defense of statute of limitations."
McIlroy then filed motions to dismiss the complaints, arguing that both cases were "barred by the applicable [two year] statute of limitations and must be dismissed" and that Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)'s tolling provision did not apply in either case because it "clearly states that a plaintiff has six months to refile after the Court has entered a nonsuit order." (Emphasis added.) McIlroy also argued in his motions to dismiss that because "no nonsuit order[s] w[ere] entered at the time the Second Action[s were] filed, [Laws and Tinker] cannot take advantage of the tolling provisions." Additionally, GEICO filed a plea in bar and State Farm filed a motion to dismiss, and both insurance companies raised the same arguments made by McIlroy in his motions to dismiss.
Thereafter, the circuit court held that Laws' and Tinker's January 19, 2010 complaints were not timely filed pursuant to Code §§ 8.01-229(E)(3) and 8.01-243. Consequently, the circuit court granted McIlroy's motions to dismiss and entered final orders dismissing the actions with prejudice.
Laws and Tinker timely filed their notices of appeal, and we granted these appeals on the following assignments of error: For Lisa Laws v. Calvin McIlroy, Jr., Record No. 110485:
1. The trial court erroneously interpreted Code § 8.01-229 and Virginia law when considering McIlroy's motion to dismiss and GEICO's plea in bar. As a result, it improperly dismissed the case.
For Carmen Tinker v. Calvin McIlroy, Jr., Record No. 110646:
1. The trial court erroneously interpreted Code § 8.01-229 and Virginia law when considering McIlroy's and State Farm's motions to dismiss. As a result, it improperly dismissed the case.
2. The trial court erroneously considered State Farm's motion to dismiss without first allowing the amendment of the company's answer to include the affirmative defense of the statute of limitations.
II. Analysis
A. Standard of Review
Well-settled principles of statutory review guide our analysis in this case.
*702 [A]n issue of statutory interpretation is a pure question of law which we review de novo. When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language. Furthermore, we must give effect to the legislature's intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity. If a statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.
Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007) (citations omitted). Moreover, "[t]he plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained construction." Meeks v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 798, 802, 651 S.E.2d 637, 639 (2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Interpretation of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)
Laws' and Tinker's negligence actions are governed by the two-year statute of limitations for personal injuries. Code § 8.01-243(A). The statute of limitations begins to run when the cause of action accrues, which, here, is "the date the injury is sustained in the case of injury to the person." Code § 8.01-230. Laws and Tinker each sued McIlroy for personal injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident that occurred on June 8, 2007. Because Laws' and Tinker's causes of actions "accrued" on June 8, 2007, they had until June 8, 2009, to file their respective complaints absent an event tolling the statute of limitations. Code §§ 8.01-230 and -243(A); Code § 1-210(A).
Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) deals generally with the subject of tolling statutes of limitations and provides, in relevant part,
If a plaintiff suffers a voluntary nonsuit as prescribed in § 8.01-380, the statute of limitations with respect to such action shall be tolled by the commencement of the nonsuited action, and the plaintiff may recommence his action within six months from the date of the order entered by the court, or within the original period of limitation,... whichever period is longer.
(Emphasis added.)
Pursuant to Code § 8.01-380(A), a plaintiff is permitted one nonsuit as a matter of right if "he does so before a motion to strike the evidence has been sustained or before the jury retires from the bar or before the action has been submitted to the court for a decision." Laws and Tinker each filed their second complaints against McIlroy and the other defendants named in their initial complaints on January 19, 2010; however, the nonsuit orders in their original cases were not entered by the circuit court until February 4, 2010, after Laws and Tinker refiled their respective complaints.
On appeal, Laws and Tinker argue in their briefs that the "tolling statute does not say within the six months following or after the date of the order; it simply says within six months of the order." (Emphasis in original.) As a result, Laws and Tinker also argue that the circuit court erred in granting McIlroy's motions to dismiss, GEICO's plea in bar, and State Farm's motion to dismiss because they refiled their respective complaints on January 19, 2010, which was within six months of the date the circuit court entered the nonsuit orders, February 4, 2010. We agree.
Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) states that a "plaintiff may recommence [an] action within six months from the date of the order entered by the court." Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) (emphasis added). "Recommence" means "to undergo a new beginning" or to "start up again." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1897 (1993). "From" is "used as a function word to indicate a starting point." Id. at 913. We have always characterized an action filed in relation to a nonsuit as a "new" action. A "new action stands independently of any prior nonsuited action." Antisdel v. Ashby, 279 Va. 42, 47, 688 S.E.2d 163, 166 (2010).
Additionally, we have recognized the permissibility of two identical suits pending in different venues in Moore v. Gillis, 239 Va. 239, 389 S.E.2d 453 (1990). In Moore, an inmate (Moore) sued a correctional officer for personal injuries. The first suit was brought *703 in the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond. Id. at 240, 389 S.E.2d at 453. The trial court granted the correctional officer's (Gillis') motion to transfer venue of the action to the Circuit Court of Brunswick County. Before the transfer order was entered, Moore filed another motion for judgment on the same claim in the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond. Id. Both actions remained pending, one in the City of Richmond and the other in Brunswick County, for almost one year. Moore then nonsuited the first action which had been transferred and was then pending in Brunswick County. Id. Several months later, the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond, "acting on its own motion," held that it lacked jurisdiction to "hear the new proceeding," which was the second suit filed in Richmond, and dismissed Moore's second action. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Moore argued on appeal that he had the right to file the second action because the first one, which had been transferred to Brunswick County, had not yet been nonsuited. Id. at 241, 389 S.E.2d at 453. In this respect, the Moore case is identical to the facts of the two cases before us today. Significantly, we held in Moore, "In this case, the second proceeding was an existing proceeding, not a new one, brought before, not after, the nonsuit was taken in the action previously filed." Id. at 242, 389 S.E.2d at 454 (emphasis in original). We reversed the judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond and remanded the case for the second action to proceed. In the process, we made it clear that it was not necessary for the first action to have been dismissed or nonsuited in order for the second action to retain its validity:
The narrow question in this case ... is whether the General Assembly intended the limitation [of the nonsuit statute] to be so sweeping in effect that it would prohibit the prosecution of a proceeding filed before a nonsuit is taken in a pending action covering the same claim.
....
[W]e hold that the limitation in question was not intended to apply to the sort of situation presented here.
Id. at 241-42, 389 S.E.2d at 454.
Additionally, the word "from" in Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) is a "starting point," but nothing in the statute requires that movement from this point has to be forward in time rather than backward. We need only look at case law to determine that the word "from" has been frequently used to measure time before a specific event:
On the day of the hearing, Jack was 36 days away from his fourteenth birthday. Deahl v. Winchester Dept. Soc. Servs., 224 Va. 664, 669, 299 S.E.2d 863, 865 (1983).
It is true that two other inmates have been on death row for several years. The fact remains, however, that a death sentence may be imposed within 30 days after conviction and as the record indicated, one inmate, Earl Washington, was fourteen days away from execution when an attorney was provided to him through the efforts of Ms. Deans and Giarratano. It is reasonable to believe that if they had not found an attorney, the inmate would have been executed on the date originally set. Giarratano v. Murray, 836 F.2d 1421, 1430 (4th Cir.1988) (Hall, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
At the time of marriage, husband was one month away from mandatory retirement with United Airlines (United), where he was a pilot for approximately thirty-five years. Ghods v. Musick [2005 WL 588338, at *1], 2005 Va.App. LEXIS 103, at *3 (Va.Ct.App. March 15, 2005).
S.G. has moved to Florida [and] is now only months away from her 18th birthday and, presumably, from her high school graduation. Camreta v. Greene, 563 U.S. ___, 130 [131] S.Ct. 2020, 2034 [179 L.Ed.2d 1118] (2011).
At the time of the transfer in April 2002, AW was just months away from graduating from sixth grade and moving on to the seventh grade at another school. AW ex rel. Wilson v. Fairfax Cnty. Sch. Bd., 372 F.3d 674, 684 n. 11 (4th Cir.2004).
When Lily tried to file her claim, the case was at a preliminary standstillit had *704 been stayed in its infancy pending resolution of the criminal charges and was months away from trial. United States v. Borromeo, 945 F.2d 750, 754 (4th Cir. 1991).
She was only months away from turning twelve, the lawful age for paper carriers in Virginia. Howarth v. Rockingham Pub. Co., 20 F.Supp.2d 959, 968 (W.D.Va.1998).
At the time of the April 2001 trial, two of Smitley's dependents were 17 years old just one year away from majorityand another was also a teenager, leaving only one child under the age of 10. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Servs. v. Smitley, 347 F.3d 109, 124 (4th Cir.2003).
Henson was notified on May 14, 1992, that her job would be eliminated and her department outsourced, i.e., contracted to an independent contractor. Plaintiff was fifty years old at the time, five years away from being able to retire with full benefits. Henson v. Liggett Group, Inc., 61 F.3d 270, 273 (4th Cir.1995).
Arthur Walker replied that he could provide information concerning when a Navy ship was approximately one year away from a scheduled overhaul. United States v. Walker, 796 F.2d 43, 45-46 (4th Cir. 1986).
GEICO, State Farm, and McIlroy rely upon the memorandum opinion from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia ("District Court") in Payne v. Brake, 337 F.Supp.2d 800 (W.D.Va. 2004), which stated, "Virginia Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) clearly states that a plaintiff has six months to refile after the Court has entered a nonsuit order." Id. at 803 (emphasis in original). However, the statute clearly states that the new action must be filed "within six months from the date of the order" not "after" the date of the order. Code § 8.01-229(E)(3).
The suits filed by Laws and Tinker on January 19, 2010, were commenced "within" 6 months from the date of the order of nonsuit and therefore were governed by the plain and express language in the provisions of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3). Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting the motions to dismiss and the plea based upon the statute of limitations.
As a result of our holding, it is unnecessary to address Tinker's second assignment of error.
III. Conclusion
We hold that the circuit court erred when it granted McIlroy's motions to dismiss, State Farm's motion to dismiss, and GEICO's plea in bar. Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
Justice MILLETTE, with whom Chief Justice KINSER and Justice McCLANAHAN join, dissenting.
Today the majority holds that a plaintiff may avail himself of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)'s tolling provision so long as he files his second action no sooner than six months before, and no later than six months after, the order nonsuiting his first action is entered. In doing so, the majority ignores the very principle of statutory construction that it claims to apply, namely, that "[t]he plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained construction." Meeks v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 798, 802, 651 S.E.2d 637, 639 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). I respectfully dissent.
I.
A.
Lisa Laws and Carmen Tinker (collectively, Plaintiffs) contend, and the majority agrees, that the circuit court erred in holding that their second actions were time-barred because Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) does not say that a second action must be filed "within the six months following or after the date of the [nonsuit] order." That statute, they maintain, "simply does not say that filing of the second [action] must follow the nonsuit order."
The Plaintiffs and the majority ignore the plain language enacted by the General Assembly in Code § 8.01-229(E)(3). That statute, in relevant part, provides:
*705 If a plaintiff suffers a voluntary nonsuit as prescribed in § 8.01-380, the statute of limitations with respect to such action shall be tolled by the commencement of the nonsuited action, and the plaintiff may recommence his action within six months from the date of the order entered by the court, or within the original period of limitation... whichever period is longer.
Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) (emphasis added). By using "recommence" and "from," I believe that the General Assembly made its intention clear that a plaintiff must file his second action after the order nonsuiting his first action is entered by the trial court, in order to take advantage of the statute's tolling provision.
Neither "recommence" nor "from" is defined in Code § 8.01-229. Pursuant to the rules of statutory construction, then, they must be read in accordance with their "ordinary meaning." Ruby v. Cashnet, Inc., 281 Va. 604, 609, 708 S.E.2d 871, 874 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Hubbard v. Henrico Ltd. P'ship, 255 Va. 335, 340, 497 S.E.2d 335, 338 (1998) ("When ... a statute contains no express definition of a term, the general rule of statutory construction is to infer the legislature's intent from the plain meaning of the language used."). "Recommence" means "to undergo a new beginning," to "start up again," or to "commence again." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1897 (1993). And "from" is "used as a function word to indicate a starting point." Id. at 913.
Although the majority recites these definitions of "recommence" and "from," it interprets each word in a way that is at odds with its ordinary meaning. First, the majority reads "recommence" as meaning nothing more than "commence" because, as it reads our case law, "an action filed in relation to a nonsuit [is] a `new' action." While it is true that a second action "stands independently of any prior nonsuited action" insofar as new claims and defenses may be asserted, Antisdel v. Ashby, 279 Va. 42, 47, 688 S.E.2d 163, 166 (2010), it does not follow that a plaintiff may gain the benefit of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)'s tolling provision by filing his second action before his first action is actually nonsuited.
On the contrary, Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) speaks only of the "recommence[ment]" of an action. Logically, a plaintiff may not "start up again" or "commence again" an action that has not yet ended. Webster's, at 1897. And an action does not end until the trial court enters an order nonsuiting (or otherwise terminating) it. Nash v. Jewell, 227 Va. 230, 237, 315 S.E.2d 825, 829 (1984) ("There is no termination of litigation until the court enters [a nonsuit] order."). Thus, the Plaintiffs here could not have "recommence[d]" their actions within the meaning of the statute when they filed their second actions, since the orders nonsuiting their first actions had not yet been entered by the trial court.
In support of its position that a plaintiff may file his second action before nonsuiting his first action, the majority relies on Moore v. Gillis, 239 Va. 239, 389 S.E.2d 453 (1990). In that case, however, the plaintiff filed his second action within the applicable two-year statute of limitations, and thus did not need the benefit of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)'s tolling provision. Id. at 240, 389 S.E.2d at 453. As a result, the only question before the Court was whether the nonsuit statute, Code § 8.01-380(A), limited the plaintiff's choice of venue for his second action. Id. And the Court held that it did not because the plaintiff filed his second action before, not after, nonsuiting his first action. Id. at 241, 389 S.E.2d at 454. Our holding in Moore, then, has no bearing on the question presented in these caseswhether a plaintiff may avail himself of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)'s tolling provision if he files his second action before the order nonsuiting his first action is entered.
The majority next construes "from." Although the majority acknowledges that the word marks a "starting point," it goes on to say that for purposes of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) movement from that point may be forward or backward in time. This reading of "from" is curious, in my view, for it runs contrary to common usage. One simply does not use the word to count backward in time. For instance, it would be odd for one to say, "George W. Bush served as president of the *706 United States from 2009 to 2001." Further, if one wanted to refer to an event that occurred six months in the past, he would not say, "six months from today," but rather, "six months ago."
The majority attempts to justify its use of "from" as a basis for counting backward in time by citing several cases from this and other courts in which "away from" is used to calculate time. Not one of those cases, however, supports the majority's construction of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3). To begin with, the statute does not say "away from"; it says "from." Nevertheless, as demonstrated by each case cited by the majority, "away from" is used to count forward, not backward, in time. In one of the cited cases, for instance, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit writes, "Arthur Walker replied that he could provide information concerning when a Navy ship was approximately one year away from a scheduled overhaul." United States v. Walker, 796 F.2d 43, 45-46 (4th Cir.1986). Read in context, it is clear that the Fourth Circuit was using "away from" to refer to a future, not a past, event. It is no different from one saying, "the country is roughly three months away from its annual July 4th celebration of independence." As in Walker, there is no question that "away from" is being used in this example to look forward, rather than backward, in time.
The majority's construction of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3), moreover, fails to account for the language of the nonsuit statute itself. Code § 8.01-380(A) provides in relevant part: "After a nonsuit no new proceeding on the same cause of action or against the same party shall be had in any court other than that in which the nonsuit was taken." (Emphasis added.) This language clearly contemplates that the "new proceeding" or second action is filed after, not before, the order nonsuiting the first action is entered.
Finally, the majority criticizes the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia for concluding, in Payne v. Brake, 337 F.Supp.2d 800 (W.D.Va.2004), that "Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) clearly states that a plaintiff has six months to refile after the Court has entered a nonsuit order." Id. at 803. Yet every court that has construed the statute or addressed it before today has read it in this manner, including this one. See, e.g., Janvier v. Arminio, 272 Va. 353, 364, 634 S.E.2d 754, 759 (2006) ("Upon suffering the first nonsuit, Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) permitted Janvier to recommence her malpractice action within six months from June 3, 2002, the date of the entry of that nonsuit order."). And for good reason: that interpretation is in accord with common usage, whereas the majority's is not.
B.
The whole point of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) is to revive actions that would otherwise be barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Why then would the General Assembly want to give a plaintiff up to six months before his first action is nonsuited, to file his second action? Further, as a practical matter, how would a plaintiff even know that he is filing his second action no sooner than six months before his first action is nonsuited when the starting point for that time calculation (the entry of the nonsuit order) has yet to be fixed? It is hard for me to believe that this is what the General Assembly intended when it enacted the statute, and I am concerned about the mischief that may result from such an interpretation. Because our responsibility in interpreting any statute "is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent," Conger v. Barrett, 280 Va. 627, 630, 702 S.E.2d 117, 118 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), I find the majority's holding untenable.
C.
I recognize that reading Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) to mean what it saysthat a plaintiff must file his second action after the order nonsuiting his first action is enteredleads to a harsh result in these cases, namely, dismissal, especially considering that there is no evidence that the other parties involved were prejudiced by the Plaintiffs' filing of their second actions before the entry of the orders nonsuiting their first actions. But it is not this Court's place to amend the statute under the guise of statutory construction, in order to avoid what appears to be an unfair result. See Beck v. Shelton, 267 Va. 482, 488, *707 593 S.E.2d 195, 198 (2004). Time and again, the Court has decided cases that led to similar results because the unambiguous language of a statute commanded that it do so. As in these cases, relief from such results rests not in our hands, but in the hands of the General Assemblythe only branch of government empowered to change the language of statutes. See, e.g., J.W. Woolard Mechanical & Plumbing, Inc. v. Jones Dev. Corp., 235 Va. 333, 339, 367 S.E.2d 501, 505 (1988) (discussing amendments that the General Assembly made to a licensing statute, in order to "avoid the harsh result dictated by the original form of the statute and reflected" in the cases construing it).
In sum, I believe that the plain language of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) indicates that the General Assembly intended that a plaintiff file his second action after, not before, the order nonsuiting his first action is entered by the trial court. Had the General Assembly intended otherwise, it could have very easily included language in the statute so providing. For instance, it could have included language similar to that found in Rule 5:9, which states that a notice of appeal filed before the entry of final judgment "is treated as filed on the date of and after the entry." But it did not. The language of the statute simply does not support the majority's holding that a plaintiff may file his second action up to six months before his first action is nonsuited.
Thus, because the Plaintiffs in these cases filed their second actions before the orders nonsuiting their first actions were entered, I find no error in the circuit court's judgments dismissing the second actions as time-barred.
II.
Since I do not believe that the circuit court's interpretation of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) was in error, I must address Tinker's second assignment of error. Tinker asserts that the circuit court erred in granting State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company's motion to dismiss without first granting its motion to amend its pleadings to add the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. Calvin McIlroy, Jr., a defendant below and appellee here, responds that any issues relating to State Farm's defenses were rendered moot when the claims against him were dismissed.
I agree with McIlroy. Tinker had no claim against State Farm, the uninsured/underinsured carrier, unless and until she obtained a judgment against McIlroy. So once Tinker's claims against McIlroy were dismissed, State Farm's contingent liability was eliminated. Consequently, any error that the circuit court committed in granting State Farm's motion to dismiss without first granting its motion to amend was harmless, for there simply could not have been any prejudice to Tinker.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the circuit court's judgments in these consolidated cases dismissing the Plaintiffs' second actions as time-barred.
NOTES
[1] On February 2, 2009, the circuit court entered nonsuit orders and dismissed the actions without prejudice as to defendant McIlroy Sr. These orders are not the subject of these appeals.
[2] McIlroy Sr. filed special pleas of the statute of limitations in the second lawsuits. The circuit court entered orders dismissing the actions against McIlroy Sr. with prejudice. No appeals from these orders were noted.
| 36,700,746 |
Safeguarding the quality and safety of reproductive services for human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults.
Throughout the world, adults with HIV are living longer, and many are assessing their options for reproduction. The growing body of scientific evidence and commentary concerning the outcomes of infertility services provided to these adults demands systematic summary and long-term surveillance if safety, quality, and benefit are to be assured. | 36,700,830 |
Story highlights Bioluminescence turns Australia town's shores florescent blue
The phenomenon is created by billions of marine organisms that are lighting up in the dark
(CNN) The shores of Hobart, Tasmania, have been twinkling a bright, neon blue the past few days, turning the water's surface into a scene that looks out of this world.
Photographers have flocked to the glowing waters to witness the bioluminescent phenomenon firsthand.
Jo Malcomson, owner of Blackpaw Photography , splashed in the water Monday while capturing the bright display at South Arm, a town on the outskirts of Hobart.
"It was very much like entering into a magical wonderland. It's a childlike wondrous experience, which completely absorbs one's attention and captures one's imagination," she said.
The bioluminescence is caused by blooms of large single-cell organisms called dinoflagellates. The particular dinoflagellate glowing in the Australian waters is the Noctiluca scintillans species.
Read More | 36,700,953 |
People sometimes forget things. John Kerry admitted in 1971 that he threw his combat medals over the fence of the U.S. capitol building in protest of the Vietnam war. He later recanted this in 1984 when he ran for Senate claiming he threw another veterans medals over the fence instead and still has his. | 36,701,572 |
Q:
Array transformation in JS
I have array transformation required as below in JS.
Source Array
var numbers =
[
[0,0,4],
[0,1,9],
[0,2,16] ,
[0,2,7] ,
[0,2,5] ,
[1,0,1],
[1,1,2],
[1,1,4],
[1,2,3]
];
Here first value in the source array represents row of target array, second value represents column of target array.
So the expected result array looks like
var result = [
[4, 9, [16, 7, 5]],
[1, [2, 4], 3]
];
Note:
1.Source/Target array can contain N number of rows & columns.
A:
You could reduce the array and check the target element and assign the value or take an array.
var numbers = [[0, 0, 4], [0, 1, 9], [0, 2, 16], [0, 2, 7], [0, 2, 5], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 4], [1, 2, 3]],
result = numbers.reduce((r, [i, j, v]) => {
r[i] = r[i] || [];
r[i][j] = r[i][j] === undefined
? v
: [].concat(r[i][j], v);
return r;
}, []);
console.log(result);
.as-console-wrapper { max-height: 100% !important; top: 0; }
| 36,701,842 |
Respiratory
Sub-Theme: Lung infection
Sub-Theme Leaders: Najib Rahman
Key Researchers: Nikolaos Kanellakis
While the clinical entity of pneumonia is well established and easy to diagnose, the underlying cause is rarely established. Microbiological proof from blood culture or bronchoalveolar lavage is available in as few as 10% of cases and treatment is, in most cases, empirical. We want to better characterise the inflammatory and microbiological process associated with pneumonia.
In patients with pneumonia, fluid accumulates around the infected lung in 40% of cases (uninfected exudate), and in around 10% frankly infected pleural fluid develops (empyema). This requires chest tube drainage or surgery and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. We aim to investigate the mechanisms and pathways responsible for progression from uninfected exudate to frank empyema.
This subtheme aims to investigate the mechanisms of lung parenchymal and pleural infection and to identify new targets for treatment by:
Establishing a highly characterised cohort of patients in whom we will define the true microbiological burden of this disease.
Investigating the pathway from uninfected exudate to frank empyema by comparing the genetic and protein profile, carrying out a full molecular microbiological assessment, evaluating anatomical factors using CT and ultrasound and determining inflammatory and genetic factors associated with the host response. | 36,701,929 |
PSYCHOLOGY
A MADMAN WITH A BOX
edited by
Travis Langley, PhD
#PsychGeeks #DWpsych
www.sterlingpublishing.com
STERLING and the distinctive Sterling logo are registered trademarks of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
Text © 2016 by Travis Langley
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission from the publisher.
This book is an independent publication and is not associated with or authorized, licensed, sponsored or endorsed by any person or entity affiliated with the well-known _Doctor Who_ publications or TV show or movie. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Such trademarks are used for editorial purposes only, and the publisher makes no claim of ownership and shall acquire no right, title, or interest in such trademarks by virtue of this publication.
ISBN 978-1-4549-2002-1
For information about custom editions, special sales, and premium and corporate purchases, please contact Sterling Special Sales at 800-805-5489 or [email protected].
www.sterlingpublishing.com
Image Credits
**Cover:** Shutterstock: © Shelby Allison (box); © AstroStar (supernova); © DrHitch (abstract graph); © Guingm (man); © khun nay zaw (metal); © korabkova (flare); © pixelparticle (universe)
**Dover:** 55
**iStock:** © Anastasiya_Yatchenko: ; © David Crooks: throughout (gears); © DavidBukack: ; © diumo: , , , ; © duncan1890: , ; © ilbusca: , , , , ; © KeithBishop: ; © Nikola Nastasic:, ; © Ner1: throughtout (gears); © nicoolay: , ; © Aleksei Oslopov: ; © Roberto A Sanchez: ; © Tairy: ; © traveler1116: ; © tsaplia:
**Shutterstock:** © javarman: throughout (parchment); © Llama: throughout (gears); © Lorelyn Medina: throughout (gears)
DEDICATION
_to Nicholas_
He introduced me to comic cons,
I introduced him to _Doctor Who_ ,
and we've lived in a different
timeline ever since.
# CONTENTS
Acknowledgments: Our Companions
Foreword: The How, Not Why, of Who | KATY MANNING
Introduction: Madness in Who We Are | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**PART ONE: The Hearts of Who We Are**
1. Who's Who: Interview with Four Doctors and a River on the Core of Personality | TRAVIS LANGLEY AND AARON SAGERS
2. The Compassionate Doctor: Caring for Self by Caring for Others | JANINA SCARLET AND ALAN KISTLER
3. The Moral Foundations of _Doctor Who_ | DEIRDRE KELLY AND JIM DAVIES
**Factor File One:** The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**PART TWO: Deep Breadth**
4. The Unconscious: What, When, Where, Why, and of Course Who | WILLIAM SHARP
5. Id, Superego, Egoless: Where Is the I in Who? | WILLIAM SHARP
6. Weeping Angels, Archetypes, and the Male Gaze | MIRANDA POLLOCK AND WIND GOODFRIEND
7. New Face, New Man: A Personality Perspective | ERIN CURRIE
8. Dream Lords: Would the Doctor Run with Freud, Jung, Myers and Briggs? | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**Factor File Two:** The Three Factors—Add Psychoticism or Openness? | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**PART THREE: Hands to Hold**
9. Who Makes a Good Companion? | SARITA J. ROBINSON
10. By Any Other Name: Evolution, Excitation, and Expansion | WIND GOODFRIEND
11. A Companion's Choice: Do Opposites Attract? | ERIN CURRIE
**Factor File Three:** The Five Factors—Adventures in the OCEAN | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**PART FOUR: Lost Things**
12. Death and the Doctor: Interview on How Immortals Face Mortality | JANINA SCARLET AND AARON SAGERS
13. Post-Time War Stress Disorder | KRISTEN ERICKSON AND MATT MUNSON, WITH STEPHEN PRESCOTT AND TRAVIS LANGLEY
14. Behind Two Hearts: Grief and Vulnerability | JENNA BUSCH AND JANINA SCARLET
15. Boys to Cybermen: Social Narratives and Metaphors for Masculinity | BILLY SAN JUAN
16. From Human to Machine: At What Point Do You Lose Your Soul? | JIM DAVIES AND DANIEL SAUNDERS
**Factor File Four:** The Six Factors—A Good Man? | TRAVIS LANGLEY
**PART FIVE: Natures**
17. Getting to the Hearts of Time Lord Personality Change: Regeneration on the Brain | SARITA J. ROBINSON
18. A New Doctor? The Behavioral Genetics of Regeneration | MARTIN LLOYD
19. The Time Lord's Brain: Regeneration, Determinism, and Free Will | DAVID KYLE JOHNSON AND TRAVIS LANGLEY
**Factor File Five:** The Further Factors—Aren't There Limits? | TRAVIS LANGLEY
File Word: Run! | TRAVIS LANGLEY
About the Editor
About the Contributors
# ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: OUR COMPANIONS
Tim Cogburn and Harlan Ellison introduced me to _Doctor Who_ , whether they know it or not. When we were kids, Tim told me about this British science fiction program that science fiction author Ellison had praised as "the greatest science fiction series of all time"1 when relatively few Americans knew it existed. Intrigued, I sought out _Doctor Who_ novelizations before I ever saw the show. Who was your first Doctor? For some of this book's writers it was a classic Doctor such as Tom Baker (Fourth Doctor) or Colin Baker (Sixth), while for others it was a twenty-first century Doctor such as Christopher Eccleston (Ninth) or David Tennant (Tenth). Mine was my mental version based on novels that did not indicate which Doctor they featured.
All of us who wrote this book thank the folks at Sterling for letting us explore our relative dimensions in mind on page. My Sterling editors Connie Santisteban and Kate Zimmermann are bright, conscientious, fun people. Each is such a joy to work with. I thank them for all their hard work, wisdom, support, insight, cheesecake, and hot tea. Great people back them up and get these books to print: Ardi Alspach, Toula Ballas, Michael Cea, Marilyn Kretzer, Sari Lampert, Lauren Tambini, and too many more to name them all every time. I want to add a special "thank you" to publicist Blanca Oliviery.
This ambitious book series would be impossible without our writers. Different conventions created opportunities for many of us to meet and share ideas: the Comics Arts Conference (Peter Coogan, Randy Duncan, Kate McClancy), San Diego Comic-Con International (Eddie Ibrahim, Laura Jones, Sue Lord, Karen Mayugba, Adam Neese, Gary Sassaman), New York Comic Con (Lance Fensterman), many Wizard World cons (Christopher Jansen, Peter Katz, Donna Chin, Shelby Engquist, Danny Fingeroth, Tony Kim, Mo Lighning, Madeleine McManus, Jerry Milani, Alex Rae, Katie Ruark, Brittany Walloch), and more. The best part of any convention is making new friends and visiting with friends I don't normally see elsewhere, including many of our writers and my editorial assistants on this volume (Jenna Busch, Mara Whiteside Wood). I couldn't cosplay as John Hurt's War Doctor without the right coat, which I got from chapter co-author Matt Munson (who wore a TARDIS jersey when I met him at Adam S.'s Comic-Con party). Because I also discovered some of our writers through their blogs, mostly at PsychologyToday.com, I thank my _Psychology Today_ editor, Kaja Perina.
I am truly fortunate to teach at Henderson State University where administrators like President Glen Jones, Provost Steve Adkison, and Dean John Hardee encourage creative ways of teaching. Our faculty writers group (Angela Boswell, Matthew Bowman, Vernon Miles, David Sesser, Suzanne Tartamella, Michael Taylor) reviewed portions of the manuscript. Librarian Lea Ann Alexander and the Huie Library staff keep our shelves full of unusual resources. David Bateman, Lecia Franklin, Carolyn Hatley, and Ermatine Johnston help me and my students go all the places we need to go. Millie Bowden, Renee Davis, Sandra D. Johnson, Salina Smith, Connie Testa, Flora Weeks, and other fine staff members help us all make sure things can get done. My fellow psychology faculty members show great support and encouragement: Rafael Bejarano, Emilie Beltzer, Rebecca Langley, Paul Williamson, and our chair, Aneeq Ahmad—most of all Rebecca as my best friend and so much more in this life.
Through specific classes and clubs, our students helped me merge the academic and nerdy sides of my life into becoming the same thing. Without leaders like Robert O'Nale, Nicholas Langley, Tiffany Pitcock, Dax Guilliams, and Randy Perry, we would have no Comic Arts Club and I would not have attended my first San Diego Comic-Con. Without founders Ashley Bles, Dillon Hall, Coley Henson, and Bobby Rutledge, we would not have one of our largest and liveliest campus organizations, the Legion of Nerds, which leaders Olivia Bean, Steven Jacobs, and John McManus keep going strong. And while I cannot begin to name the many leaders of our student psychology organizations (the Psychology Club and Psi Chi), I applaud them all.
Phil Collingwood, Kristen McHugh, Chris Murrin, and many others weighed in on social media to help point me in the right direction when I've needed to confirm quotes. (Just because a lot of websites attribute a quote to a specific person doesn't prove the person really said it. Cite sources, people!) While we always check original sources as best we can, online databases like TARDIS Data Core (tardis.wikia.com) sometimes help us find the right episode, movie, audio play, comic book, or novel in the first place. The folks at OuterPlaces.com (Kieran Dickson, Louis Monoyudis, Janey Tracey) join us in our excursions, and everybody at NerdSpan.com (Dan Yun, Ian Carter, Ashley Darling, Keith Hendricks, Iain McNally, Alex Langley, Lou Reyna, Garrett Steele, and more) deserves a salute.
My literary agent Evan Gregory from the Ethan Ellenberg Literary Agency handles more details than readers probably want to know. Sons Nicholas and Alex each played roles in paving the path that led to this series of books. Family-not-by-blood Renee Couey, Marko Head, and Katrina Hill helped pave it, too. We thank Daniel Thompson, FirstGlance's Bill Ostroff, and others for our author photos. Vic Frazao, Jeffrey Henderson, Chris Hesselbein, Jim and Kate Lloyd, Sharon Manning, Dustin McGinnis, Ed O'Neil, Nick Robinson, Bethany San Juan, Fermina San Juan, Niki Wortman, and "more Dax" serve as our writers' muses, mentors, devil's advocates, founts of knowledge, and ground support. Eric Bailey, Austin and Hunter Biegert, Christine Boylan, Lawrence Brenner, Peter Capaldi, Carrie Goldman, Grant Imahara, Maurice Lamarche, Matt Langston, Paul McGann, Naoko Mori, Adam Savage, and Ross Taylor deserve mention for reasons diverse and sometimes paradoxical.
More than half a century ago, Sydney Newman and Verity Lambert gave us _Doctor Who_ (created with C. E. Webber and Donald Wilson), and showrunners Russell T. Davies and Steven Moffat have hurled it into the current millennium for new generations to enjoy. Ron Grainer composed the original _Doctor Who_ theme, but it was Delia Derbyshire (assisted by Dick Mills) whose arrangement transformed the music into something eerie, haunting, and unforgettable. We owe a great debt to the thousands of people who have worked on _Doctor Who_ over the years—so many actors, writers, directors, producers, designers, and more. _Doctor Who_ audio play star Chase Masterson is a fine friend. We cannot say enough to thank television stars Peter Davison, Michelle Gomez, Alex Kingston, Sylvester McCoy, Matt Smith, and David Tennant for speaking with Jenna Busch and Aaron Sagers while we were writing this timey wimey book.
The world met the Doctor in the form of actor William Hartnell (First Doctor), but it was Patrick Troughton (Second) who showed us how greatly the character could change and then Jon Pertwee (Third) who brought the Doctor to our contemporary world. This book's foreword by Pertwee's companion Katy Manning, who worked with all of the first three and several who came later, is a special treasure. Thank you, Katy.
Thank you, all.
Let the madness begin.
_Reference_
Ellison H. (1979). Introducing Doctor Who. In T. Dicks (Author), _Doctor Who and the Day of the Daleks_. New York, NY: Pinnacle.
# FOREWORD: THE HOW, NOT WHY, OF WHO
# KATY MANNING
I have never been a "why" questioner—there lies a path to unanswerable conjecture—but rather a "how" questioner. "How" takes you down the path of logic, learning, and understanding.
Being involved in television in the late '60s/early '70s as a young actress was a stimulating and exciting path of technological experimentation, especially in a program like _Doctor Who_ that I had watched from its conception in front of and from behind the sofa! It required space travel to other planets, aliens, electronic music, and "otherworldly" sound effects. The hero was a nomadic two-thousand-year-old man with two hearts who traveled in time and space via a blue police box! A genius concept, allowing limitless adventures and possibilities into the world of fantasy and imagination. Computers were in their infancy, entire rooms of massive machines looking somewhat like Boss in _The Green Death_.1 Cameras were big and cumbersome, so to achieve what they did during the '60s in black and white was all due to the remarkable creativity of the enthusiastic, dedicated technical teams with a great deal of trial and error and a very small budget—often with little time and difficult, barren winter locations. Last-minute lines like "freak weather conditions in Dungerness" covered the problem of two days of snow, rain, thick fog, and bright sun! I even had hot water poured around my thin suede boots to unfreeze them from the ground. Once we were in the studio for recording, there was a very strict 10 p.m. curfew, and, with special effects to be done in the studio, it was always a tense time where actors had to be sure of achieving performances in one take. When Barry Letts took over as producer in 1970, he fought relentlessly with the powers that be to obtain a little extra money to experiment with the development of special effects and really take this unique program forward. Alien masks were given from the makeup department over to the special effects department, using anything and everything to achieve this end.
## **The Earthbound Doctor**
When I joined _DW_ in 1971,2 it was the beginning of many new things but very importantly the first year of _Doctor Who_ in color. Color separation overlay, too (now green screen), was in its infancy and would add so much possibility. (I was put in front of three different-colored screens while it was being perfected.) Barry also wanted to open up _Doctor Who_ to a wider audience and age group, which he did with resounding success, building a cult following and soaring ratings. Barry Letts and his right-hand man, the incorrigible scriptwriter/editor Terrence Dicks, introduced the Doctor's Moriarty in the shape of the Master, played to perfection by Roger Delgado. Real members of the army and navy were used in several episodes. Richard Franklin was introduced as Captain Mike Yates to strengthen the UNIT team led by Nicholas Courtney as the quintessential Brigadier ("chap with wings, five rounds rapid"),3 and John Levene as Sergeant Benton. It was a risk to banish the Doctor to the planet Earth by the Time Lords. However, it really gave UNIT a solid part to play. After all, in our limitless imaginations, aliens are to be expected on other planets, but it takes a whole new twist when a policeman rips off masks to reveal faceless Autons, troll dolls come to life and kill, or a man is even devoured by a blowup black plastic chair.4 Completely nonhuman Daleks lurking beneath our cities5 or the summoning up of the Devil in a picturesque country village church6 is perhaps more frightening and unexpected on the planet we inhabit. Story lines followed subjects like the slow destruction of the planet Earth through chemicals and financial greed.7 Interesting to me and indeed perhaps the Doctor was that all the scientific progress we make is useless without moral progress on any planet.
## **Jo Grant and Her Doctor**
The casting of Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor was inspired—an actor known mostly through radio and light entertainment, a master of character voices, and a real adventurer in his private life. All these talents added to the depths of character Jon brought to "his" Doctor, his first truly dramatic role: a swashbuckling dandy with a wonderful ethereal quality, a dark secret side, and a desire for justice and peace, but always an otherworldly twinkle in his eye. A man we could trust. It was an honor to be cast alongside him, as I had grown up admiring his work. We instantly became fast friends and I learned so much about everything from this wise and wonderful man. This played out onscreen. I was working on a series (my first role out of drama school) for ITV and I was not available during the original auditions, so by the time I appeared, the role of Jo Grant had been shortlisted to three. After a lone improvised scene, I was cast! A nineteen- or twenty-year-old niece of a high-up member of UNIT, who was hired not because of her ability but because of nepotism, she had done a short training course with UNIT, escapology, Sanskrit, and some very dubious GCE (HSC)* results! Jo could ask the questions on behalf of the younger viewers and non–sci-fi boffins, and appeal to the teenagers as a trendy miniskirted, platform-booted, beringed girl of the '70s. She was foisted onto the Doctor. She was resourceful, brave, cheeky, disobedient, and a little clumsy; didn't scream much; did not always agree with the Doctor, but (as in _The Daemons_ ) was prepared to lay down her life for the man she learned to love and respect. In turn, she brought out the nurturing side of the Doctor's character and she grew up onscreen in our living rooms, ending her tenure by marrying a Nobel Peace Prize–winning echo warrior—a younger version of the Doctor, a professor played excellently by my then-real-life-fiancé Stewart Bevan. In a beautifully crafted script, her meeting with her professor mirrored Jo's first clumsy meeting with her Doctor.8 There was no other part I could have played where my powers of imagination were so deeply tested, where I could have learned so much from both the technical teams and my fellow actors, or where I could have done stunts in the safe hands of the incredible and patient boys from Havoc, led by Derek Ware. Jon insisted on doing the majority of his own stunts and I was never far behind! He was an absolute joy to spend every day with and was a strong, committed team leader.
## **The First Three**
When _The Three Doctors_ 9 came about, a first in bringing their past regenerations together, I felt extremely privileged to be working with the Doctors I had grown up watching. Sadly, William Hartnell, who set the bar very high as the First Doctor and who I believe created some of the traits given to the future Doctors, was very ill and his filming was done without us. Patrick Troughton as the Second Doctor was a very different actor than Jon. Pat was what we used to call a classical actor, with a huge career in theater behind him and a wonderfully naughty sense of humor. He liked to improvise around the script, whereas Jon liked to know exactly what was going to be said and what he was going to respond to. Their differences were soon overcome with respect for each other's choices in playing the Doctor. Watching these two very contrasting but great actors weave their magic was a master class. Pat's Doctor may have seemed discombobulated, but this cleverly concealed the twinkling genius beneath the surface. The clothes that each actor wears as the Doctor help define his take on the character.
## **New Doctors**
This pioneering show prompted so many to enter the world of acting, producing, writing, and directing—way too many to name. For others, _Doctor Who_ brought a magical, trustworthy hero into their lives and living rooms. The genius Russell T. Davies, a massively keen boy fan, was the champion who regenerated _Doctor Who_ back onto our screens after a well-deserved rest—bringing with him all the modern technology, along with brilliant scripts and casting. Amongst this, he also created marvelous spin-offs, including _The Sarah Jane Adventures_ with the unrivaled Liz Sladen. So, after forty years, I had the privilege of working with a young Matt Smith's Eleventh Doctor, yet again putting a totally unique and delightfully physical stamp on the character of the Doctor. Though a younger actor, there was something extremely comforting and familiar about him as my Doctor. He was so warm and generous, and allowed me great freedom in our emotional scenes together. An unforgettable time shared with Liz and a script that encompassed Jo's life forty years on—perfection.
On audio I have played Jo Grant with Sylvester McCoy's Seventh Doctor, a lighter and enjoyably clownish take on the character. I played Iris Wildthyme with Peter Davison's Fifth Doctor—a younger, more gentle Doctor—and Colin Baker's more bombastic Sixth Doctor, and talked with Peter Capaldi, the Twelfth Doctor, about his inspired performance and layering of the Doctor. More recently, I have worked with the incomparable Tom Baker, the Fourth Doctor. I could not ask for more! It seems to me, watching all the actors who have brought their innovative expertise to our screens, that one of the Doctor's two hearts belongs to the character and the other to all the brilliant actors who brought the Doctor so strongly and believably into the hearts of the viewers, now seen and loved in more than one hundred countries around the world.
So the question of why _Doctor Who_ is still so popular after all these years is impossible to answer. All _Doctor Who_ fans will have their own take on that and indeed who their favorites are. But, for me, "why" or even "who" matters not at all. I shall just continue to watch, enjoy, and marvel at the phenomenon of the _Doctor Who_ kiss, the love that everyone who has ever been involved or watched _Doctor Who_ has.
**Katy Manning** 's career has spanned nearly fifty years and three countries. Her extensive television work began with John Braines's groundbreaking series _Man at the Top_. During this time, Katy was given the role of Jo Grant in _Doctor Who_ alongside the unforgettable Third Doctor, Jon Pertwee, a role she revisited some forty years later in _The Sarah Jane Adventures_ , starring Elisabeth Sladen with Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor. Katy's theater credits extend from London's West End to Sydney's Opera House. She returned to the UK with her critically acclaimed one-woman show about Bette Davis, _Meand Jezebel_. Katy has voiced numerous cartoons, including the award-winning _Gloria's House_ as the ten-year-old Gloria. She has hosted her own interview show and directed two major musicals and several other plays. For over a decade, she has recorded for Big Finish as Jo Grant in _The Companion Chronicles_ and as Iris Wildethyme in her own series, and guested on _The Confessions of Dorian Gray, Doctor Who Short Trips, Dracula_ , and _The Lives of Captain Jack Harkness_. Katy wrote and performed _Not a Well Woman_ in New York and LA, now recorded by Big Finish. More recently, Katy appeared on _Casualty_ and for Bafflegab recorded _Baker's End_ with Tom Baker.
_Notes_
1. Classic serial 10–5, _The Green Death_ (May 19–June 23, 1973).
2. Classic serial 8–1, _Terror of the Autons_ (January 1–23, 1971).
3. Classic serial 8–5, _The Daemons_ , pt. 5 (June 19, 1971).
4. All in the classic serial 8–1, _Terror of the Autons_ (January 1–23, 1971).
5. Classic serial 9–1, _Day of the Daleks_ (January 1–22, 1972).
6. Classic serial 8–5, _The Daemons_ (May 22–June 19, 1971).
7. Classic serial 10–5, _The Green Death_ (May 19–June 23, 1973).
8. Classic serial 10–5, _The Green Death_ (May 19–June 23, 1973).
9. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973).
*General Certificate of Education (Health & Social Care).
# INTRODUCTION: MADNESS IN WHO WE ARE
# TRAVIS LANGLEY
_"I thought—well, I started to think—that maybe you were just, like, a madman with a box."_
—AMY POND1
_"A possible link between madness and genius is one of the oldest and most persistent of cultural notions; it is also one of the most controversial."_
—psychologist Kay Redfield Jamison2
Think outside the box. No matter how deceptively large your box might be, no matter how many swimming pools and libraries and strikingly similar corridors it might hold, and no matter where it might take you or when, be ready to step outside and look around. This kind of thinking takes the Doctor away from Gallifrey3 and carries him from one adventure to another instead of merely observing history and the universe from a place of greater safety inside. Rather than stick with the tried-and-true, the Doctor tries something new. Copernicus, Galileo, Mozart, and countless others down through the millennia have been called "mad" for making novel claims, challenging established ideas, and trying something new. When the TARDIS (embodied in a woman) calls the Doctor the only Time Lord "mad enough"4 to run away from Gallifrey with her, is she calling him insane or is she talking about his unconventionality?
What is madness? Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has repeatedly accused the mental health profession of perpetuating myths about mental illness by describing any aberrant, disconcerting, outrageous, or otherwise unconventional behavior as "illness" or "disease."5 Diagnosticians evaluating whether clients' behavior is bizarre or unhealthy must take into account what is considered normal for each client's environment, social class, or culture.6 The Doctor's supposed madness does not refer to regeneration-induced chaos in his memories and personality because that's normal for Time Lords; he's even thought to be "mad" by their standards.7 The qualities deemed inappropriate by their standards, however, may be heroic by ours. Scientific and artistic originality are not the only forms of unconventionality to get someone slapped with a label of madness. Standing up for what's right can, too, and the Doctor's fellow Time Lords are not known for doing what's right for others.
By any standards, the Doctor is an unconventional hero. His thinking may be divergent, convergent, deductive, inductive, logical, and illogical—or at least unconstrained by anyone else's rules of how to follow a logical train of thought. He engages in a lot of _heuristic_ thinking, taking mental shortcuts because he often lacks the patience for more methodical, meticulous, _algorithmic_ analysis.8 Taking shortcuts in decision making leads to more mistakes but, to be fair, his heuristics are based on foundations more solid than ours tend to be. He charges in with little or no plan,9 tries something, tries something else, and continually adapts to circumstances because he has the sheer ability and experience to make it all work out in the end (most of the time) and a personality that simply lacks patience.
What _is_ the Doctor's personality? Given how many different incarnations he has taken, can we even say he has "a" personality? Throughout this book, that question keeps coming up. Every book in this _Popular Culture Psychology_ series covers a wide range of topics, whichever areas in psychology seem appropriate and interesting to nearly two dozen authors each time, and yet some specific subject emerges as the most prominent every time. _Star Wars Psychology: Dark Side of the Mind_ stresses the importance of looking past the surface when considering the complexities of good and evil; _The Walking Dead Psychology: Psych of the Living_ —trauma; _Game of Thrones Psychology: The Mind Is Dark and Full of Terrors_ —motivation; _Captain America vs. Iron Man: Freedom, Security, Psychology_ —heroism; _Star Trek Psychology: The Mental Frontier—_ the growth of the human race. As it turns out, _Doctor Who Psychology: A Madman with a Box_ looks repeatedly at the nature of personality, the _Who_ in it all.
How can an unconventional hero with an unconventional personality (or personalities) help us look at human psychology, and can we really use our own psychology to look at him? The Doctor, of course, is not just any ancient, time-traveling alien. He is an ancient, time-traveling alien who finds himself fascinated with us. We can use our sense of psychology to look at this character and we can use this character to look at our psychology, because this character judges himself by looking at us. If there's a bit of bedlam in us all, then letting it out can sometimes be creative, constructive, and good for us—a kind of madness or passion that is not a mental disease at all.
_"There's something you better understand about me, 'cause it's important and one day your life may depend on it: I am definitely a madman with a box."_
—Eleventh Doctor10
_"The madman is a waking dreamer."_
—philosopher Immanuel Kant11
_References_
Eshun, S., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2009). _Culture and mental health: Sociocultural influences, theory, and practice_. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell.
Freud, S. (1900/1965). _The interpretation of dreams._ New York, NY: Avon.
Jamison, K. R. (1993). _Touched with fire: Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament._ New York, NY: Free Press.
Kant, I. (1764/2011). Essay on the maladies of the head. In P. Frierson & P. Guyer (Eds.), _Observations on the feeling of the beautiful and sublime and other writings_. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, L., & Anderson, C. A. (1982). Shortcomings in the attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), _Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases_ (pp. 268-283). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). _Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice_ (6th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Szasz, T. (1960). The myth of mental illness. _American Psychologist, 15_ (2), 113–118.
Szasz, T. (1973). _Ideology and insanity: Essays on the psychiatric dehumanization of man._ Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Szasz, T. (2007). _The medicalization of everyday life._ New York, NY: Syracuse University Press.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
2. Jamison (1993), p. 50.
3. Classic serial 6–7, _The War Games_ , pt. 10 (June 21, 1969); modern episode 9–11, "Heaven Sent" (November 28, 2015).
4. Modern episode 6–4, "The Doctor's Wife" (May 14, 2011).
5. Szasz (1960, 1973, 2007).
6. Eshun & Gurung (2009); Sue & Sue (2016).
7. See, for example, anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013); modern episode 9–12, "Hell Bent" (December 5, 2015).
8. Ross & Anderson (1982).
9. "Talk very fast, hope something good happens, take the credit. That's generally how it happens."—Eleventh Doctor in Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
10. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
11. Kant (1764/2011), quoted by—and often misattributed to—Freud (1900/1965), pp. 121–122.
On the Air: _Doctor Who_ Television History
Classic series debuted November 23, 1963. First classic serial: _An Unearthly Child_ (originally the title of the first episode in the four-part serial, retroactively assigned as the title of the complete serial), introducing the First Doctor. Classic series ended December 6, 1989. Final classic serial: _Survival_ , featuring the Seventh Doctor. Television movie (1996): _Doctor Who_ , introducing the Eighth Doctor. Modern series debuted March 26, 2005. First modern episode: "Rose," introducing the Ninth Doctor.
# PART ONE
# The Hearts of
Who We Are
**We identify ourselves in many ways—among them, how we care for others and whether we'll help them out.**
While other areas of psychology might stress how and why we do what we do, personality psychology builds a foundation upon the first question: Who are we?
# CHAPTER ONE
Who's Who: Interview with Four Doctors and a River on the Core of Personality
TRAVIS LANGLEY AND AARON SAGERS
_"Doctor who? What's he talking about?"_
—First Doctor1
_"Things do not change; we change."_
—author Henry David Thoreau2
S _tability versus change_ , one of the classic debates in the psychology of human development, concerns the permanence of "who" we are.3 Do basic personality traits formed early in life persist through an entire lifetime, or are they all flexible? The person you are at age thirty may be very different from who you were at thirteen, and yet you still seem likely to have more in common with who you were back then than with some other individual then or now. The Doctor changes more extremely and more abruptly than most of us might, but as the Eleventh Doctor points out to Clara Oswald right before he becomes the Twelfth, we all change.4 His changes reflect ours. The debate is not over whether change occurs at all; instead it is more about whether a person has core traits that will remain deeply ingrained despite all other fluctuations over time.
## **What Is the Who of You?**
Gordon Allport, known as the founder of personality psychology,5 described individuals in terms of _personality traits_ , specific predispositions to react in consistent ways.6 He observed that some traits tend to go together ( _trait clusters_ , a.k.a. _personality factors_ , covered in this book's Factor Files).7 He concluded that traits can be what he called cardinal, central, or secondary, depending on how _pervasive_ (infiltrating most aspects of life) and persistent they might be.8
**_Cardinal Traits_**
A _cardinal trait_ is pervasive and powerful. Most people do not have this kind of ruling passion that guides everything. Even a particularly friendly person, for whom friendliness is a defining characteristic, probably does not worry daily about finding the friendliest way to brush teeth or eat ice cream. Allport offered sadism as an example of a cardinal trait. Nearly everything the Dominators9 and Angel Bob10 do seems aimed at hurting others, so in their cases, the cruelty seems cardinal. Fiction often depicts villains as having cardinal traits such as sadism or lust for power, but even they tend to pale in comparison to the single-minded Daleks, driven as they usually are by sheer, murderous hate.11 When a single trait is all-consuming, the individual with that trait may have a personality disorder because it may interfere with functioning in key areas of life.12
**_Central Traits_**
Even if most people do not have one trait that affects almost all behavior, each person has a handful of characteristics that each affect a lot of behavior—that person's _central traits_.
In the 2014 documentary _The Ultimate Time Lord_ , psychologist Mike Aitken told actor Peter Davison (the Fifth Doctor) that even though the Doctor has a dozen "well-established personalities," he also shows characteristics that carry over from one regeneration to another: steadiness under pressure, risk-taking, extraversion (covered in Factor File One: "The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism"), agreeableness (covered in Factor File Three: "The Five Factors—Adventures in the OCEAN"), and possession of an ego that "emerges when a leader is really required" even when he is a more reserved version of himself. According to that assessment, these consistent qualities would be the most central traits.
**_Secondary Traits_**
Less stable than central traits are the many characteristics that each affect only a little bit of each person's life—the _secondary traits_. Even if someone's love of chocolate is very stable, it would be unusual for that preference to affect much of what that person does. The Doctor's love of Jelly Babies candy—first shown by the Second Doctor13 and most associated with the Fourth14—does not show up in every Doctor and does not shape his major decisions. It is a quirk, not characterization. These secondary traits are not at the crux of the stability versus change debate. That has more to do with cardinal and central traits, the ones that answer the first question of who we each truly are.
## **Who on Who**
Journalist Aaron Sagers has interviewed many _Doctor Who_ writers and performers.15 Among his achievements, he broke the news that Tom Baker would appear in the _Doctor Who_ fiftieth anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor," thanks to a revelation from the actor who played the Fourth Doctor himself.16 At various fan conventions, Sagers has moderated question-and-answer sessions for different _Doctor Who_ stars. To help us get to the hearts of "who," he asked five of them about Time Lord identity issues, starting with how they get inside the head of someone so unlike any real human beings.
**David Tennant (Tenth Doctor)** : I think the process is the same, whatever it is. Every character is a different set of circumstances. Some of them may be based on historical fact or some of them may just come from a script or some might come from your imagination or other people's imagination. With anything, you start with a script and see what else is out there, and hopefully it coalesces into something that makes a recognizable human being/alien time traveler.
**Matt Smith (Eleventh Doctor)** : Weirdly, with the Doctor, you have got a real person to go on because of fifty years of people doing it and fifty years of stories and fifty years of events. There's a lot of material there.
**Sagers** : What are the core personality traits of the Doctor? What are the key traits that are shared across regenerations?
**Peter Davison (Fifth Doctor)** : I always thought I wanted to bring a certain naïve recklessness back to the Doctor, a certain vulnerability. I grew up watching _Doctor Who_. My Doctor was Patrick Troughton, and I think he had that. I think it disappeared slightly with Jon Pertwee and Tom Baker. It was something I liked in Patrick Troughton's character, and I wanted to bring that back.
**Sylvester McCoy (Seventh Doctor)** : Funny enough, Patrick Troughton was the first Doctor I saw, but then I lost touch with it because I became an actor. There were no VCRs or ways to record it and keep up with it, and it was never repeated. My distant memory when I arrived in the TARDIS was of Patrick Troughton. Then, I suppose Peter and I are exactly the same!
**Matt Smith (Eleventh Doctor)** : I think we're all slightly mental, really. That is what's nice about it when you look across the board. He's always kind of mad. That was, I think for me anyway, one of the great virtues of playing him. With most other characters—if you're thinking of him as an alphabet—if you're playing a character and something happens to him, you have to go through A, B, C, D, and then you have to go through F and eventually you get to Z. You go through this whole story. Whereas with the Doctor, can leap from A without explaining any other letter. The great thing about playing him is he's always generally the most intelligent person in the room. He's always the cleverest. He knows the most, which allows him to be the silliest.
**Alex Kingston (River Song/Melody Pond)** : I wouldn't call the Doctor a madman.
**Tennant** : What I always used to love about the Doctor when I played him were the moments where he'd stop and go, "This is brilliant." There was a sort of joy he felt in facing the little unexplored corners of existence—like the fact that he could stop and celebrate the extraordinariness of a werewolf before it bit his head off. Those moments where he would catch himself and be overcome by the marvelous stuff—there was something in that. I guess what appealed to the Doctor in his companions was a sort of passion similar to that.
**Smith** : And courage, as well. [The companions] were all quite courageous and defiant. And he needs the antithesis, the balance. He needs someone to tell him, "No, stay away from the werewolf."
**Kingston** : And also, he loves humankind. He doesn't know exactly why he has this affinity with human beings, but he does. He wants to save them, and that's very powerful.
**Smith** : A central character that is essentially the kind of superhero of the piece, that fixes the world with a toaster and a ball of string. That's how he saves the day: through being mad. That's sort of brilliant.
**Kingston** : He does it with his smarts, not his guns.
**Smith** : He is a pacifist, really.
Roll Call
**Peter Davison (Fifth Doctor)**
First appearance: Classic serial 17–7, _Logopolis_ , pt. 4 (March 21, 1981).
**Sylvester McCoy (Seventh Doctor)**
First appearance: Classic serial 24–1, _Time and the Rani_ , pt. 1 (September 7, 1987).
**David Tennant (Tenth Doctor)**
First appearance: Modern episode 1–13, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005).
**Matt Smith (Eleventh Doctor)**
First appearance: New Year's special, "The End of Time" pt. 2 (January 1, 2010).
**Alex Kingston (River Song/Melody Pond)**
First appearance: Modern episode 4–8, "Silence in the Library" (May 31, 2008).
Final appearances might be indeterminable. Time Lords never really go away.
## **The Doctor Defined?**
Who does the better job of pegging a character's essence—actors who played the part or professionals looking on as both psychologists and fans? The more experts actor Peter Davison spoke with during his attempt to pinpoint who Who really is, the more complicated the answer became.17 All of these answers are about central personality traits, but they're all complicated by the issue of stability versus change. The Doctor changes more dramatically than we do, but we change, too. As several of this book's chapters explain, drastic personality change can occur due to changes to our brains18 with no regeneration required. Even without traumatic brain injuries, though, we grow and learn throughout our lives. In this book, we'll explore these issues of who we are from a variety of perspectives. We'll even contradict each other at times because some of our most human qualities are the most abstract and the most difficult to pin down—none of which means we should not try. The abilities to imagine abstraction and complexity and also to ask who we really are may be the most human qualities of all.
As a couple of our Doctors shared, imagination and sheer humanness lie at the hearts of why _Doctor Who_ endures.
**Davison** : It's the endless possibilities, I suppose. I think it appeals to the creative mind, which is why so many people who grew up watching it grew up to work on the show. Showrunners Russell T. Davies, Steven Moffat—huge _Doctor Who_ fans. David Tennant—huge _Doctor Who_ nerd. It is almost self-perpetuating now. It fires the imagination.
**McCoy** : They say there are only five stories under the sun, and that mankind's genius is to take these five stories and rewrite them. The story of someone coming from outside Earth, down to Earth, taking on human form, and trying to help in the best way possible, being heroic but at the same time being small and human—that is a very, very attractive story. It has been told over centuries and centuries, going way back.
_"But identity... is the foundation of all rights and obligations, and of all accountableness...."_
—philosopher Thomas Reid19
_References_
Allport, G. W. (1937). _Personality: A psychological interpretation._ New York, NY: Holt.
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. _Psychological Monographs, 47_ (1), i–171.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). _Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)_. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Carducci, B. J. (2009). _The psychology of personality: Viewpoints, research, and applications_ (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Grafman, J., Schwab, K., Warden, D., Pridgen, A., Brown, H. R., & Salazar, A. M. (1996). Frontal lobe injuries, violence and aggression: A report of the Vietnam head injury study. _Neurology, 46_ (5), 1231–1238.
Reid, T. (1785). _Essays on the intellectual powers of man._ London, UK: John Bell and G. G. J. & J. Robinson.
Sagers, A. (2012, October 4). _'He doesn't like endings,' but ultimately Whovians don't mind._ CNN: <http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/04/he-doesnt-like-endings-but-ultimately-whovians-dont-mind/>.
Sagers, A. (2013, November 19). _Exclusive: Tom Baker to appear in 'Doctor Who' 50th anniversary special._ Huffington Post: <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aaron-sagers/exclusive-tom-baker-to-ap_b_4295773.html>.
Sagers, A. (2014, August 14). _Doctor Who in NYC: Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Steven Moffat talking Time Lord._ Blastr: <http://www.blastr.com/2014-8-14/doctor-who-nyc-peter-capaldi-jenna-coleman-steven-moffat-talking-time-lord>.
Sagers, A. (2015a, October 9). Exclusive: _Doctor Who writer Toby Whithouse on sonic sunglasses and the bootstrap paradox._ Blastr: <http://www.blastr.com/2015-10-9/exclusive-doctor-who-writer-toby-whithouse-sonic-sunglasses-and-bootstrap-paradox>.
Sagers, A. (2015b, November 12). _Doctor Who's Mark Gatis teases 'Sleep No More,' his most terrifying episode yet._ Blastr: <http://www.blastr.com/2015-11-12/doctor-whos-mark-gatiss-teases-sleep-no-more-his-most-terrifying-episode-yet>.
Thoreau, H. D. (1854). _Walden; or, life in the woods._ Boston, MA: Ticknor & Fields.
Watson, D. (2004). Stability versus change, dependability versus error: Issues in the assessment of personality over time. _Journal of Research in Personality, 38_ (4), 319–350.
Whitbourne, S. K. (2001). Stability and change in adult personality: Contributions of process-oriented perspectives. _Psychology Inquiry, 12_ (2), 101–103.
Young, L., Camprodon, J. A., Hauser, M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2010). Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107_ (15), 6753–6758.
_Notes_
1. Classic serial 1–1. _An Unearthly Child_ , pt. 1, "An Unearthly Child" (November 23, 1963).
2. Thoreau (1854), p. 244.
3. Watson (2004); Whitbourne (2001).
4. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
5. e.g., Carducci (2009).
6. Allport (1937).
7. Allport & Odbert (1936).
8. Allport (1937).
9. Classic serial 6–1, _The Dominators_ (August 10–September 7, 1968).
10. Modern episodes 5–4, "The Time of Angels" (April 24, 2010); 5–5, "Flesh and Stone" (May 1, 2010).
11. e.g., classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
12. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
13. Beginning in classic serial 6–1, _The Dominators_ (August 10–September 7, 1968).
14. Beginning in classic serial 12–1, _Robot_ (December 28, 1974–January 18, 1975).
15. e.g., Sagers (2012a, 2012b, 2014, 2015a, 2015b).
16. Sagers (2013).
17. _The Ultimate Time Lord_ (2014 documentary).
18. e.g., Grafman et al. (1996); Young et al. (2010).
19. Reid (1785), p. 113.
Compassion offers advantages for its recipient, but what about the one who shows it? What does science reveal about benefits for the compassionate person?
# CHAPTER TWO
The Compassionate Doctor: Caring for Self by Caring for Others
JANINA SCARLET AND ALAN KISTLER
_"I'm not sure any of that matters—friends, enemies—so long as there's mercy. Always mercy."_
—Twelfth Doctor1
_"Compassion may have ensured our survival because of its tremendous benefits for both physical and mental health and overall well-being."_
—psychology researcher Emma Seppälä2
C _ompassion_ is witnessing the suffering of another being, feeling empathy toward that being, and experiencing the desire to alleviate that suffering.3 Throughout his life and his many incarnations, the Doctor displays endless compassion toward his companions and those he is trying to save. The Doctor's many enemies—in particular Davros, creator of the Daleks4—argue that compassion makes him weak. Are they blinded by their own cynicism or might they sometimes be right? Is compassion a human flaw or a source of strength? What role does compassion play in people's physical and emotional health?
## **Compassion and Survival**
_"Communities, which included the greatest number of the most sympathetic members, would flourish best, and rear the greatest number of offspring."_
—evolution theorist Charles Darwin5
From an evolutionary standpoint, compassion seems to be necessary for survival. Specifically, compassionate parenting will result in the best care for the offspring, ensuring the best chances of survival for the child. Compassionate caregiving provides physical and emotional stability for the child, ensuring that he or she will grow up and reach the age of reproductive maturity.6 Compassion is also necessary for marital satisfaction, as well as overall survival of others. When she travels to 1938, River Song intends to kill both Hitler and the Doctor, but is then impressed by the Time Lord's compassion. Convinced to be compassionate herself, she saves the Doctor's life even though she only recently met him (from her perspective) and in doing so sacrifices her ability to regenerate.7 This is a powerful act of _altruism_ on River Song's part, helping another person despite losing something in the process.
When people see strangers suffering, they are less likely to display compassion than they would toward people they care about, like family members and friends.8 This can be especially problematic if the observers, such as Davros's people, the Kaleds, do not view those who are suffering as human beings or as similar to them. The Kaleds reject and banish any who are biologically and physically "inferior," arguing that they "must keep the Kaled race pure."9 In fact, the less people view others as similar to themselves, the less likely they are to help them.10
However, by recognizing similarities between the observer and the sufferer, such as shared food or music preferences, the observers are more likely to cultivate compassion for the sufferers. The Eleventh Doctor teaches wealthy mogul Kazran Sardick compassion for people of lower classes partly by using time travel to alter the man's childhood, adding experiences that teach Sardick to see them as fellow human beings rather than replaceable resources.11 These added experiences by themselves do not change Sardick's mind and behavior, but they provide a strong push in that direction. The rest is up to him.
**_Compassion and Health_**
Compassion practice helps individuals manage their physical and mental health.12 Practicing compassion can involve reaching out to others as well as engaging in meditation, such as _loving-kindness meditation_ (LKM).13 Such compassion practice can lower symptoms of depression,14 anxiety,15 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),16 and chronic pain.17 In addition, compassion practice can improve the quality of social interactions,18 increase positive emotions,19 and reduce inflammation.20
People who experience as much loss and trauma as the Doctor has may sometimes develop mental health disorders, such as PTSD, anxiety, or depression. Unsure how to cope, some of these people engage in avoidance behaviors by not talking, dwelling on the traumatic event, or connecting with their emotions.21 When Rose tries to get any answers about who the Ninth Doctor is or where he comes from, he becomes defensive, angrily shouting, "This is who I am! Right here, right now! All right? All that counts is here and now, and this is me!"22
When the Doctor experiences that rage and avoids talking about his experiences, he may be struggling with at least some symptoms of PTSD. His experiences are similar to what many combat veterans undergo after exposure to battle. This is especially true when it comes to anger and aggression when encountering a reminder of the war (a Dalek, for example).23 In addition to PTSD, many veterans and other war survivors experience depression.24 However, when veterans who struggled with these disorders received a twelve-week compassion training course, they demonstrated significant reductions in PTSD and depression symptoms. During the compassion training, the veterans were taught loving-kindness meditation, which assisted the veterans in cultivating compassionate wishes for themselves, for their loved ones, for strangers, and eventually, even for their enemies.25
After the Ninth Doctor is first introduced, he willingly watches Lady Cassandra die, evidently thinking this a just punishment for her crimes. However, after he spends time connecting with Rose, who shows compassion toward friends and enemies alike, he changes. When the Dalek Emperor later threatens all of Earth, this Doctor chooses instead to risk death at the hands of several Daleks (regeneration is unlikely from multiple hits by Dalek weapons) rather than defeat them by committing genocide. This effectively indicates that, through Rose's compassion toward him and others, he grows from the person who ended the Time War.26
## **Compassion Fatigue or Emphatic Distress**
Witnessing or experiencing death and destruction, such as the events of 9/11 or what the Doctor witnesses during the Last Great Time War, could negatively affect anyone. After enduring such tragedies, even the most compassionate people might occasionally find themselves incapable of empathizing with others ( _compassion fatigue_ ). This usually occurs when someone's mental health or physical resources are depleted, leaving them unable to care for others.30 By his seventh incarnation, the Doctor decides that too many good people have died and continue to die at the hands of evil forces, and so he becomes proactive, now hunting monsters and setting up traps to destroy or imprison them. These traps sometimes involve lying to his companions or hurting them emotionally.31 Though scolded for becoming too harsh and manipulative during this time, he believes he is doing what's best. He even voices a fear that his next incarnation won't be willing to do everything necessary to stop evil, even if it means alienating himself from his core principles and companions who once trusted him.32 By his eighth incarnation, he realizes that he has lost his principles during this time, as well as his compassion, and he eventually gives up master plans and schemes in order to embrace compassion and fun once more.
Hedonic versus Eudaimonic Happiness
Many people are able to find happiness even in the most difficult of circumstances, provided that they are following their core values.27 The Doctor may be going through many difficult lives, enduring much pain and heartache, but he ultimately stays true to the core value of what it means to be the Doctor—helping people.
Although happiness resulting from _instant gratification_ (immediate fulfillment of needs and desires), such as the Daleks gain from destructive actions, may bring some pleasure-based satisfaction ( _hedonic happiness_ ) to a person like their creator Davros, the effects would only be temporary. On the other hand, meaning-based happiness ( _eudaimonic happiness_ ), which the Doctor experiences when he achieves a moral victory and spends time with his friends, has long-term benefits. Pursuing eudaimonic happiness is physiologically and psychologically healthier than seeking hedonic happiness. When companions such as Jo Grant and Sarah Jane Smith end their travels with the Doctor and leave, he is sad to see them go but also proud that they have grown into heroes. Jo and Sarah Jane may feel somewhat abandoned when the Doctor does not continue to visit or check on them, but he explains to each of them (and others) that this is partly because he simply has faith that they will continue to do good work on their own, no longer needing his help, and he sometimes even admires their achievements from afar.28 Whereas people actively pursuing hedonic happiness may have higher inflammation rates, people leading a meaning-based life (eudaimonic happiness) are more likely to have lower inflammation.29 Meaning means more to us.
_"I knew a man... a man who became obsessed with the future, with predicting and planning for every variable, who lost himself in the big picture. But the more he planned, the more he gained, the more he realized that he was losing the one thing most precious to him... He only wanted to be more human."_
—Eighth Doctor, recalling the Seventh33
There are many reasons why someone might experience compassion fatigue—like a stressful job, personal trauma, a difficult work or home environment, or lack of self-compassion.34 Studies that focus on teaching participants to cultivate compassion for themselves or others find that, after developing and practicing compassion skills, participants are less likely to experience compassion fatigue, as well as demonstrate less stress, less worry, and more resilience against work-related burnout.35 Some compassion researchers suggest that the term _compassion fatigue_ is not accurate and should instead be called _empathic distress_ because compassion appears to build resilience while empathy without self-support can lead to burnout.36
_Empathy_ , the ability to experience someone else's emotional state, may diminish when an individual is in distress and lacks resources to cope with his or her own struggles. On the other hand, actively practicing compassion for oneself and others might actually aid the observer in coping with his or her own suffering as well as the suffering of others.37 Soon after the Last Great Time War, the Ninth Doctor is reluctant to speak about the loss of his people and even struggles to talk about this loss with Chem, who is aware that the Time Lords are gone. But after Rose witnesses the Earth's destruction in the far future and explains what that means to her, this Doctor sees that they now have some common ground. They have each lost a home and know their species is gone, so he is finally able to say for the first time out loud to anyone, "My planet's gone. It's dead.... I'm the last of the Time Lords. They're all gone."38 Thus begins his journey toward healing and acceptance.
**_Alleviating Emphatic Distress_**
Active compassion practice may reduce compassion fatigue for multiple reasons. First, active compassion practice lowers the distress that occurs when individuals see their loved ones suffer. Specifically, compassion practice activates the empathy centers of the brain. Although the Nestene Consciousness is his enemy, the Ninth Doctor apologizes with great remorse that he couldn't save the creature's home planet during the Time War.39 When the Tenth Doctor realizes that he has inadvertently caused a Cyberman to experience human memory and pain again, he apologizes for causing the Cyberman any suffering.40
Second, this practice reduces the negative effect of stress on the body, typically present when seeing another person suffer. Some negative effects of stress include an increase in the stress hormone _cortisol_. Prolonged exposure to this hormone can lead to poor health,41 weight gain,42 and heart disease.43 Active compassion practice allows the observer to experience both empathy and soothing for the sufferer, reversing the negative effects of stress.44 For instance, after finding different ways to cheat her death, the villainous Lady Cassandra inhabits the body of a person who has accepted that he will die soon and she finds herself finally understanding such a perspective and making peace with her own mortality. The Tenth Doctor then shows compassion to his dying enemy by bringing Cassandra into her own past so she can see her younger self one last time, an experience that brings her happiness before she dies.45
## **The Compassionate Way**
Ultimately, compassion seems to be necessary for survival, allowing for better care of the young, as well as social support.46 In addition, compassion practices that encourage social connection and meditation promote better physiological and psychological functioning.47 Specifically, compassion practice can help improve people's mood, reduce inflammation, as well as reduce symptoms of depression and potentially help them recover from traumatic events,48 such as some of those the Doctor experiences. Although Davros has repeatedly told the Doctor that compassion is a weakness, compassion is one of the Time Lord's greatest strengths. Throughout his adventures and incarnations, he has found that acting compassionately means more to him in the long run than failing to act with compassion, distinguishing him from his enemies and providing the peace of mind that genocidal maniacs will likely never find. In fact, helping people and living life according to one's own moral code is more likely to result in eudaimonic happiness, leading to more life-meaning and satisfaction, compared to a life based on immediate gratification and hatred.49 It is not an easy path, but it is the right one.
_References_
Asmundson, G. J., Stapleton, J. A., & Taylor, S. (2004). Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters? _Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17_ (6), 467–475.
Boscarino, J. A., Figley, C. R., & Adams, R. E. (2004). Compassion fatigue following the September 11 terrorist attacks: A study of secondary trauma among New York City social workers. _International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 6_ (2), 57–66.
Chandola, T., Britton, A., Brunner, E., Hemingway, H., Malik, M., Kumari, M., Badrick, E., Kivimaki, M., & Marmot, M. (2008). Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? _European Heart Journal, 29_ (5), 640–648.
Chapin, H. L., Darnall, B. D., Seppälä, E. M., Doty, J. R., Hah, J. M., & Mackey, S. C. (2014). Pilot study of a compassion meditation intervention in chronic pain. _Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 1_ (1), 1–12.
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. _Genome Biology, 8_ (9), R189.
Darwin, C. (1871/1987). _The descent of man._ London, UK: Penguin.
Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K. (2001). Stress may add bite to appetite in women: A laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. _Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26_ (1), 37–49.
Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. _Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58_ (11), 1433–1441.
Fiske, S. T. (2009). From dehumanization and objectification to rehumanization. _Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167_ (1), 31–34.
Fogarty, L. A., Curbow, B. A., Wingard, J. R., McDonnell, K., & Somerfield, M. R. (1999). Can 40 seconds of compassion reduce patient anxiety? _Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17_ (1), 371–379.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 95_(5), 1045–1062.
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. _Psychological Bulletin, 136_ (3), 351–374.
Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. _Clinical Psychology Review, 31_ (7), 1126–1132.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppälä, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. _Emotion, 8_ (5), 720–724.
Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L., Hunt, S., Holmes, H. A., Felker, B., Klevens, M., & McFall, M. E. (2007). Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. _Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20_ (6), 945–954.
Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. _Motivation & Emotion, 38_(1), 23–35.
Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., McManus, C., Martinez, M. E., Felleman, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. _Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26_ (4), 426–434.
Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2012). Functional neural plasticity and associated changes in positive affect after compassion training. _Cerebral Cortex, 23_ (7), 1552–1561.
Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2012). Empathic distress fatigue rather than compassion fatigue? Integrating findings from empathy research in psychology and social neuroscience. In B. Oakley. A. Knafo, G. Madhavan, & D. S. Wilson (Eds.), _Pathological altruism_ (pp. 368–383). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Meyer, M. L., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N. I., & Han, S. (2013). Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation. _Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience, 4_(8), 446–454.
Ringenbach, R. T. (2009). _A comparison between counselors who practice meditation and those who do not on compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and self-compassion_ [doctoral dissertation]. OhioLINK: <https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:akron1239650446>.
Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion -focused imagery. _Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5_ (3), 132–139.
Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. _Journal of Happiness Studies, 9_ (1), 139–170.
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. _Psychological Bulletin, 130_ (4), 601–630.
Seppälä, E. (2013). The compassionate mind: Science shows why it's healthy and how it spreads. _APS Observer, 26_ (5). Psychological Science: <http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2013/may-june-13/the-compassionate-mind.html>.
Seppälä, E. M., Hutcherson, C. A., Nguyen, D. T., Doty, J. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Loving-kindness meditation: A tool to improve healthcare provider compassion, resilience, and patient care. _Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 1_ (1), 1–5.
Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. _International Journal of Stress Management, 12_ (2), 164–176.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 9–2, "The Witch's Familiar" (September 26, 2015).
2. Seppälä (2013).
3. Goetz (2010).
4. e.g., classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
5. Darwin (1987), p. 130.
6. Goetz et al. (2010).
7. Modern episode 6–8, "Let's Kill Hitler" (August 27, 2011).
8. Fiske (2009); Meyer et al. (2013).
9. Classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
10. Fiske (2009); Meyer et al. (2013).
11. Christmas special, "A Christmas Carol" (December 25, 2010).
12. Seppälä (2013).
13. Cole et al. (2007); Kearney et al. (2013).
14. Ryan et al. (2008).
15. Fogarty et al. (1999).
16. Kearney et al. (2013).
17. Chapin et al. (2014).
18. Hutcherson et al. (2008).
19. Klimecki et al. (2012); Ryan et al. (2008).
20. Cole et al. (2007).
21. Asmundson et al. (2004).
22. Modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
23. Jakupcak et al. (2007).
24. Kearney et al. (2013).
25. Kearney et al. (2013).
26. Modern episode 1–3, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005).
27. Ryan et al. (2008).
28. _The Sarah Jane Adventures_ episode, "Death of the Doctor Part 2" (October 26, 2010).
29. Cole et al. (2007); Ryan et al. (2008).
30. Figley (2002).
31. Classic serial 25–1, _Remembrance of the Daleks_ (October 5–26, 1988).
32. Persuasion (2013 audio play).
33. _Time Works_ (2006 audio play).
34. Boscarino et al. (2004); Ringenbach (2009).
35. Jazaieri et al. (2014); Seppälä et al. (2014); Shapiro et al. (2005).
36. Klimecki & Singer (2012).
37. Jazaieri et al. (2014); Klimecki & Singer (2012).
38. Modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
39. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
40. Modern episode 2–6, "The Age of Steel" (May 20, 2006).
41. Segerstrom & Miller (2004).
42. Epel et al. (2001).
43. Chandola et al. (2008).
44. Klimecki et al. (2012); Rockliff et al. (2008).
45. Modern episode 2–1, "New Earth" (April 15, 2006).
46. Goetz et al. (2010).
47. Seppälä (2013).
48. Cole et al. (2007); Kearney et al. (2013).
49. Ryan et al. (2008).
Moral foundations underlie a wide range of behavior, sometimes even the acts other people see as villainous.
# CHAPTER THREE
The Moral Foundations of _Doctor Who_
DEIRDRE KELLY AND JIM DAVIES
_"Evil?! No! No, I will not accept that. They are conditioned simply to survive. They can survive only by becoming the dominant species."_
—Davros1
_"Moral systems are interlocking sets of values, virtues, norms, practices, identities, institutions, technologies, and evolved psychological mechanisms that work together to suppress or regulate self- interest and make cooperative societies possible."_
—psychologist Jonathan Haidt2
Social psychologist Jonathan Haidt proposed a theory of moral psychology3 that helps us make sense of the nature of evil, if that even exists, both in fiction and in our world. His theory holds that people are born with the capacity to develop six foundations that each of us cares about to some degree: harm, oppression, subversion, cheating, betrayal, and degradation. The foundations evolved as a result of various adaptive social challenges that humans encountered. For Haidt, a region's history, traditions, and other socioeconomic factors contribute to the moral development of the moral foundations in those groups.
Each person's level of care for these foundations is like an equalizer that determines his or her moral profile, and the various groups within _Doctor Who_ exemplify moral profiles as varied as the cultures themselves. When one or more of these moral intuitions goes too high or too low, a creature can start to believe things to be right that most others will find morally repugnant—it's true for humans, and it's true for the villains of _Doctor Who_.
_Doctor Who_ is full of fascinating villains who vary not only in species but in their fundamental moral outlook on the universe. Rather than being black-hatted, hand-wringing evildoers, bent on spreading chaos and destruction, many of them think they are actually doing the right thing. Their morals just conflict with the Doctor's—and ours.
## **Care and Harm**
The foundation of care/harm supposedly developed as a response to our need to care for children and protect them from being harmed.4 This foundation was originally triggered in response to suffering or distress in children, but can now be triggered in the presence of harm to things we perceive as less powerful being attacked by something more powerful. For example, seeing an innocent being hurt would generate a response from this foundation.
The human condition is rife with emotion. Many Cybermen believe that they are helping humans by "upgrading" them to Cybermen,5 reasoning that there could be no better life than one free of suffering. By this logic, the best and morally right thing to do is to remove people from these emotional bonds. Offering someone a life of logic, free from pain and more or less free from death, can be seen as the purest form of altruism, in the context of Cybermen's underlying moral foundations.6 Such a care/harm foundation may be the basis for a willingness to sacrifice all other moral foundations, such as liberty, fairness, and sanctity.
In contrast, Sontaran morality is characterized by its complete _lack_ of moral harm/care—at least to those who are not Sontaran: They do not mind causing harm to others, and they have a high disregard for those in their society who have to care for the sick or injured. The Sontarans inflict a lot of harm and are, from our current human perspective, acting immorally. Some human cultures have exhibited similar militaristic values. For example, the Greek Spartans believed that being a good citizen required being a good soldier.7 Based on the Sontarans' moral underpinnings, their actions not only make sense, but are morally appropriate to some degree.
## **Liberty and Oppression**
The liberty/oppression foundation is concerned with how much freedom people have and can exercise. Viewing bullying or people trying to be dominant over others can trigger this foundation. It is the moral center for those with Libertarian political leanings who want the state to have very little authority over their lives.8
The Cybermen completely lack the liberty foundation—they are examples of quintessential paternalists. They believe they know what is best for all other species and will upgrade all others for their own benefit. This has also been shown to be the main motivation of the Cybermen in the new _Doctor Who_ series.
Missy, the Good Little Psychopath: A Moment with Michelle Gomez
JENNA BUSCH AND TRAVIS LANGLEY
Actress Michelle Gomez, who plays Missy (the Master regenerated as a woman), told us she doesn't think deceptive, destructive Missy is necessarily a villain. "She has no boundaries. It's just various shades of darkness to Missy. It can get into a sort of morass of blackness. There's a weird sort of perverse justice coming from her. Like any good little psychopath, she believes she's doing the right thing and, for her, the right thing is to annihilate the universe."9
_Psychopathy_ is a condition characterized by a lifelong lack of empathy or remorse, missing emotional foundations of morality. Despite its exclusion from the _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders_ as a separate diagnosis,10 numerous professionals consider the concept clinically more useful than _antisocial personality disorder_.11 Whereas antisocial personality disorder's diagnostic criteria depend mainly on antisocial actions, psychopathy is more about the internal qualities that might lead to such actions.
Gomez said that the Doctor and Missy are really the same, except that Missy doesn't mind killing for the greater good, and her greater good is to make the universe disappear. According to her, the Doctor and the Master/Missy are sort of "frenemies." The Third Doctor himself introduces the Master to Sarah Jane Smith as "my best enemy."12
## **Authority and Subversion**
The authority/subversion foundation holds that it is morally good to obey those who have authority over you. This foundation developed in the face of having to form societal relationships within a hierarchical group. Interactions with bosses and other superiors, or watching others interact with them, may trigger this foundation. We can see signs of authority among nonhuman animals, too, such as chickens, chimpanzees, and dogs, and many other animals that live in groups. Being subversive is often punished in groups of animals, human and otherwise.13 Our leaders demand things of us, but we also expect benefits from them (such as protection) in return. We are creatures innately predisposed to hierarchical power arrangements.
When Davros creates the Daleks, mutations of his own species, he removes all traits that he perceives as potential weaknesses, such as compassion and love, and gives his Daleks an incredible loyalty to their cause, that of exterminating outsiders.14 Human beings have been found to be very obedient, too—the shocking experiments of Stanley Milgram in the 1960s showed that a surprising number of people were willing to deliver severe electric shocks simply because they were told to do so by someone in a white lab coat.15 This suggests that the authority foundation is present and can be activated in all of us, to some degree.
Davros fails to see the Daleks' desires as evil and insists, "When all other life-forms are suppressed, when the Daleks are the supreme rulers of the universe, then you will have peace. Wars will end. They are the power not of evil, but of good." As psychologist Erich Fromm noted, many people will tolerate great atrocities for the sake of security, stability, and order.16 The Daleks never question the order or whether becoming the dominant species is the right thing to do, but instead arrange their lives to conform to it.
The Sontarans, too, adhere to the authority foundation. As in all militaristic cultures, the Sontaran Empire presents with a high respect for hierarchy and authority. We see this in human military culture as well. For example, people who join the military tend to be more obedient to authority and more inclined to follow rules.17 The Sontaran High Command issue orders downward to the rest of the Empire. All Sontarans have a rank and act accordingly. When authority figures call for harm to be done, those who don't have enough of the care/harm foundation may not stop and question the ethics of what they're doing.
## **Fairness and Cheating**
The fairness/cheating foundation (based on justness and equitable rewards without taking undue advantage of others18) developed out of a need for people to get what they deserve—good things as well as bad. It may have been triggered by instances of cheating and cooperation. Violation of this foundation leads to people feeling morally outraged at perceived injustice and unfair benefits. This feeling can be triggered by someone free-riding, where they are getting some benefit they are not entitled to, or when someone doesn't get the credit they deserve, or when someone is unfairly punished.
The person who is cheating on a test is deriving an unfair benefit that those who choose to abide by the rules are not. This kind of free-riding undermines group cooperation and cohesiveness. Additionally, if the cheater is not punished, this can lead to further feelings of resentment and breakdown of group cohesion.19
The Judoon, a species who strictly enforce justice (for hire), are so focused on adherence to their goals and rules that at one point they are willing to blow up a whole hospital to punish a criminal.20 Such a focus on punishing cheaters and disregarding the well-being of those who get in their way demonstrates the danger of having an overly sensitive fairness/cheating foundation.
## **Loyalty and Betrayal**
Loyalty is about being true to others that you have a coalition with. Because human beings are a social species who rely on each other for survival and reproduction, we can see how loyalty would have been an asset for our ancestors. Loyalty can be inspired in single persons (more common among females) or in groups and teams (more common among males).21 Groups of humans have always competed with groups of other humans, putting an adaptive pressure on preferential treatment to in-group members.22
Identifying with an in-group and seeing other groups as outsiders may be inherent to this foundation.23 An example of this kind of loyalty to one's group is seen in the Sontarans' willingness to only fight for their own species. Those who would fight for others are seen as traitors. This moral foundation underpins a strong sense of loyalty to those they serve with and to the species as a whole. Contributing to this militaristic culture is their high respect for in-group loyalty. The loyalty/betrayal moral foundation developed to promote group support and can currently be seen among fans of sports teams when they rally behind their team. This kind of loyalty is also evinced in humans' choices to serve their country through military and other public service.24
While they are not an overly aggressive species, the Silurians have entered into combat with humans on a few occasions when threatened, including when they first appear in _Doctor Who_.25 When they are revived through underground drilling,26 they interpret that as an attack and retaliate. The violence comes to a head when Alaya, the sister of the military leader of the Silurians, Restac, is murdered by humans. In revenge, Restac wants to wipe out all humans. This demonstrates the close nature of the loyalty foundation the Silurians feel to their own species. As a group, they are fiercely loyal to one another to the point of being willing to wipe out another species to avenge a fallen sister.
## **Sanctity and Degradation**
The sanctity/degradation foundation evolved out of feeling disgust in the presence of dangerous pathogens in people or objects, such as corpses, excrement, and visible disease.27 But now cultures can differ in what triggers disgust, and often find out-groups disgusting for one reason or another. (For example, bloody injuries tend to evoke greater disgust in some cultures than in others.28) The opposite is purity and sanctity, which is what makes people feel moral outrage when something sacred to them (e.g., a Bible, a flag, a picture of the Dalai Lama) is treated poorly—such as being burned as a part of an art project or political statement.29 (Many atrocities have been committed in the history of our world in the name of racial purity, including forced sterilization30 and acts of genocide.31)
Daleks use species purity to set themselves apart from impure Daleks and from other species: The way in which the Daleks view their species as superior to others can be seen as a form of speciesism.
## **Understanding the Morality of the Master**
How then do we as viewers interpret the motivations of someone who does not demonstrate a developed moral sense, a person who seems to place no importance whatsoever on moral foundations? Is the Master, later known as Missy, devoid of any moral sense or is there another explanation for her amorality? In the purest sense, Missy is an ethical egoist. _Ethical egoism_ is the view that the right thing to do is whatever promotes one's self-interest.32 She can act good when it is in her best interest to do so, but when villainy better suits her ends (and she tends to believe it does), that is the path she takes.33
At one point the Master plans to reduce the human population by 10 percent so as to make them more pliant to his will.34 The massive amount of harm he is causing does not deter the most extreme ethical egoist.
## **The Moral Foundations of Villainy Explained**
The full spectrum of moral foundations can be found in the various villains of _Doctor Who_. Moral development involves a range of views, and morality itself becomes increasingly complex for many individuals. Some of the most heinous acts are committed on the grounds of moral superiority. By understanding moral psychology, we can see how the goals of villains, whether fictional or real, make sense in light of their disparate moral foundations—or, as in the case of the Master/Mistress, lack of any moral foundation beyond self-interest.
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Busch, J. (2015, July 9). _Doctor Who: 13 things to know about season 9._ Collider: <http://collider.com/doctor-who-13-things-to-know-about-season-9/>.
Carruthers, S. L., Lawrence, S., & Stich, S. (Eds.) (2007). _The innate mind_ (Vol. 3, pp. 367–391). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Connolly, P. (2006). _Greece and Rome at war_. Barnsley, MI: Greenhill.
Courtland, L. (2011) Cybermen evil? I don't think so. In C. Lewis & P. Smithka (Eds.), _Doctor Who and philosophy: bigger on the inside_ (pp. 199–210). Chicago, IL: Carus.
Daniels, T. (2011, May 1). _Why the BBC tried to... Exterminate Nazi Daleks! As Doctor Who's most notorious enemies return to our screens, we reveal what inspired their creator._ Mail Online: <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1382252/Daleks-Doctor-Whos-notorious-enemies-return-screens.html#ixzz3v52cz2t1>.
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Fromm, E. (1973 _). The anatomy of human destructiveness_. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gal, R. (1985). Commitment and obedience in the military: An Israeli case study. _Armed Forces & Society, 11_(4), 553–564.
Gibson, S., & Condor, S. (2009). State institutions and social identity: National representation in soldiers' and civilians' interview talk concerning military service _. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48_ (2), 313–336.
Greene, J. (2009). The cognitive neuroscience of moral judgment. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.) _The cognitive neurosciences_ (4th ed., pp. 987–1002). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. _Psychological Review, 108_ (4), 814–834.
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004) Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. _Daedalus, 133_ (4) 55–66.
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2007). The moral mind: How five sets of innate moral intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In P. Carruthers, S. Lawrence, & S. Stich (Eds.) _The innate mind_ (Vol. 3, pp. 367–392). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, J. (2012). _The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion._ New York, NY: Pantheon.
Haidt, J., Koller, S., & Dias, M. (1993). Affect, culture and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65_(4), 613–628.
Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. _Criminal Justice & Behavior, 23_(1), 25–54.
Helwig, C. C., & Prencipe, A. (1999). Children's judgments of flags and flag-burning. _Child Development, 70_ (1), 132–143.
Hirai, M., & Vernon, L. (2011). The role of disgust propensity in blood-injection-injury phobia: Comparisons between Asian Americans and Caucasian members. _Cognition & Emotion, 25_(8), 1500–1509.
Pierro, A., Sheveland, A., Livi, S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2015). Person-group fit on the need for cognitive closure as predictor of job performance, and the mediating role of group identification. _Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, & Practice, 19_(2), 77–90.
Puurtinen, M., Heap, S., & Mappes, T. (2015). The joint emergence of group competition and within-group cooperation. _Evolution & Human Behavior, 36_(3), 211–217.
Rachels, J. (1995). _Elements of moral philosophy_. London, UK: McGraw Hill.
Richter, E. D. (2008). Genocide: Can we predict, prevent, and protect? _Journal of Public Health Policy, 29_ (3), 265–274.
Shelton, J., & Hill, J. P. (1969). Effects of cheating on achievement anxiety and knowledge of peer performance. _Developmental Psychology, 1_ (5), 449–455.
Simpson, A., & Laham, S. M. (2015). Different relational models underlie prototypical left and right positions on social issues. _European Journal of Social Psychology, 45_ (2), 204–217.
_Notes_
1. Classic episode 12–15, _Genesis of the Daleks_ , pt. 5 (April 5, 1975).
2. Haidt (2012).
3. Haidt (2012).
4. Haidt (2012).
5. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen" (May 13, 2006).
6. Courtland (2011).
7. Connolly (2006).
8. Haidt (2012).
9. Busch (2015).
10. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
11. Hare (1996).
12. Anniversary special, _The Five Doctors_ (November 23, 1983).
13. Haidt (2012), p. 166.
14. Classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
15. Milgram (1974).
16. Fromm (1941, 1973).
17. Gal (1985).
18. Buccafusco & Fagundes (2016); Haidt (2012).
19. Shelton & Hill (1969).
20. Modern episode 3–1, "Smith and Jones" (March 31, 2007).
21. Baumeister & Sommer (1997).
22. Boos et al. (2015); Puurtinen et al. (2015).
23. Delvauz et al. (2015); Pierro et al. (2015).
24. Gibson & Condor (2009).
25. Classic serial 7–2, _Doctor Who and the Silurians_ , pt. 1 (January 31, 1970).
26. Modern episodes 5–8, "The Hungry Earth" (May 22, 2010); 5–9, "Cold Blood" (May 29, 2010).
27. Haidt (2012), p, 173.
28. Hirai & Vernon (2011).
29. Helwig & Prencipe (1999); Simpson & Laham (2015).
30. Black (2012).
31. Richter (2008).
32. Rachels (1995).
33. All of which the Master demonstrates in classic serial 18–7, _Logopolis_ (February 28–March 21, 1981), and Missy in modern episode 9–2, "The Witch's Familiar" (September 26, 2015).
34. Modern episode 3–12, "The Sound of Drums" (June 23, 2007).
The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism
TRAVIS LANGLEY
We have traits of many kinds. As opposed to _physical traits_ , our specific bodily characteristics, _personality traits_ are specific psychological characteristics or predispositions to behave in certain ways. Because the Doctor is regularly curious, for example, strong curiosity is one of his enduring personality traits, not simply a momentary state. _Trait theorists_ are primarily interested in studying human personality by measuring habitual patterns of actions, thoughts, and feelings—in other words, by measuring personality traits. Gordon Allport, often called the father of personality psychology, identified thousands of terms to describe personality.1 Personality psychologists trying to detect some order in that chaos observed that certain traits tend to group together in _trait clusters_ 2—constellations of characteristics that are commonly correlated with each other among many people. Sometimes, though, we are simply "seeing patterns in things that aren't there,"3 as the Eighth Doctor put it— _illusorycorrelations_, variables we mistakenly perceive as related even though they really are not.4 The Doctor, who looks for "the threads that join the universe together,"5 would likely appreciate psychologists' search for these coinciding characteristics, up to a point: "Never ignore a coincidence—unless, of course, you're busy. In which case, always ignore coincidence."6
## **Coincidental Characteristics**
One reason to ignore some coincidences is because _correlation_ (the statistic identifying that variables are related) does not reveal _why_ they are related. Even though outgoing people tend to be less fearful than others, that could mean that developing an outgoing nature reduces fear, but the reverse—that fearfulness makes a person less outgoing—is possible, too. In many cases, some other variable (say, brain cell activity levels) causes both with no causal relationship between the things we see as correlated. The Doctor often falls under suspicion for murder, espionage, and a long list of other crimes simply because the TARDIS tends to make him appear at times of crisis. Just as there is a _positive correlation_ between outgoing and fearless traits, there is a positive correlation between the Doctor's arrival and states of crisis: As one becomes more likely, so does the other. From a different point of view, though, a _negative correlation_ exists between outgoing and fear _ful_ traits or between the Doctor's arrival and levels of tranquility while he is around: As one becomes more likely, the other becomes less likely.
Trait clusters are whole groups of characteristics that correlate together in both positive and negative directions, better known as _personality factors_ because _factor analysis_ identifies the groupings. Sometimes these clusters only show up in certain research samples; that is, the group of people surveyed in those cases show a lot of correlations that other people don't. Just because the Doctor's companions tend to be curious and assertive, that doesn't mean curiosity and assertiveness will consistently correlate among all other people. Personality researchers sought to identify which personality factors are fairly _universal_ (meaning the traits will cluster together in any group of people measured) and _orthogonal_ (statistically unrelated to each other). Two of the earliest to emerge as universal and orthogonal were the dimensions of extraversion/introversion and neuroticism/emotional stability.
**_Extraversion_**
The dimension of extraversion-introversion was first identified and popularized by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung,7 although he viewed it a little differently from the modern perspective. He saw _extraversion_ as a focus on the external world, attending to the environment outside oneself, and _introversion_ as an inward focus, paying more attention to one's own internal mental life. Unlike some views that treat people as being either extraverts or introverts, Jung believed that we all have both traits within ourselves, even if we tend to emphasize one more often than the other. Despite the Doctor's amazing awareness of details, he can also become oblivious to his surroundings when lost in his own thoughts. He shows a particular inability to recognize social or subjective aspects of external appearance, like when he tries to compliment River Song's dress but she replies, "Doctor, you have no idea whether I look amazing or not."8 Factor analyses have shown that many other traits tend to accompany the kind of qualities Jung observed.9
**Examples of Extraversion Traits**
Assertiveness
Boldness
Boredom If Alone
External Focus
Gregariousness
Low Arousal
Outgoing Nature
Risk-Taking
Social Interaction
Talkativeness
We express mixtures of extraverted and introverted traits, depending on the situation, even among those of us who are more prone to one extreme or the other. Some people, _ambiverts_ , simply don't tend to go to either extreme.10 The Doctor and his companions demonstrate many extraverted traits (especially those that lead to adventure), but not all. In his more introverted incarnations, the Doctor needs others to help him come out of his own head, and sometimes—such as when he's the War Doctor—he prefers to be alone.11
**_Neuroticism_**
Psychologist Hans Eysenck, one of the earliest researchers to study trait clusters, proposed a _two-factor theory_ of personality, looking at extraversion and neuroticism as the key personality factors for explaining human behavior.12 People with characteristic _neuroticism_ handle stress poorly, find minor frustrations hopelessly difficult, feel threatened in everyday situations, and are at risk for many nonpsychotic mental illnesses.13 Named after Freud's term _neurosis_ , which refers to nonpsychotic mental illness, this is the personality factor most consistently associated with having unpleasant, negative feelings.14 However neurotic the Doctor might seem at times, he normally functions well under pressure and does not let lesser frustrations get in the way of focusing on higher priorities.
**Examples of Neuroticism Traits**
Anger Proneness
Angst
Characteristic Depression
Emotional Expressiveness
Envy
Insecurity
Instability
Negative Emotion
Obsessiveness
Poor Emotion Regulation
Vulnerability to Stress
Professionals who focus on the more positive-sounding aspects of these personality factors often call this one by the dimension's less neurotic end, _emotional stability_.15 Emotionally stable people are healthier both physically and mentally, and yet it is possible to be too stable. Other Time Lords try to make themselves and their society stable to the point of stagnation, resisting change and suppressing emotional life. Given their history of suffering when an unstable tyrant like Rassilon takes charge, wreaking such chaos as to endanger all of reality,16 their reluctance to indulge in a bit of chaos makes some sense.
## **Theory Regeneration**
As different researchers keep proposing their own personality factor theories, some version of extraversion and neuroticism keeps showing up in theory after theory. Despite their persistence, these factors, named after Jungian and Freudian concepts, are not enough. Eventually, even Eysenck agreed that his theory left out a substantial number of personality traits.17 When he saw the need to add a third factor, the time came for his theory to regenerate into a form both familiar and new, as we'll see in Factor File Two, "The Three Factors: Add Psychoticism or Openness?"
_References_
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. _Psychological Monographs, 47_ (1), i–171.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. _Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38_ (4), 476–506.
Cohen, D., & Schmidt, J. P. (1979). Ambiversion: Characteristics of midrange responders on the introversion-extraversion continuum. _Journal of Personality Assessment, 43_ (5), 513–516.
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). _Dimensions of personality._ London, UK: Trubner.
Eysenck, H. J. (1966). Personality and experimental psychology. _Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 19_ (1), 1–28
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., Myers, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2006). A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing. _American Journal of Psychiatry, 163_ (5), 857–864.
Jung, C. G. (1921). _Psycholgische Typen_ _[Psychological types]._ Zurich, Switzerland: Rascher Verlag.
Langley, T. (2015). Force files: An OCEAN far away I. Openness and closedness. In T. Langley (Ed.), _Star Wars psychology: Dark side of the mind_ (pp. 51–55). New York, NY: Sterling.
Loo, R. (1979). A psychometric investigation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. _Journal of Personality Assessment, 43_ (1), 54–58.
Marcus, B., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2007). Personality dimensions explaining relationships between integrity tests and counterproductive behavior: Big five, or one in addition? _Personnel Psychology, 60_ (1), 1–34.
Spinhoven, P., Penelo, E., de Rooij, M., Penninx, B. W., & Ormel, J. (2014). Reciprocal effects of stable and temporary components of neuroticism and affective disorders: Results of a longitudinal cohort study. _Psychological Medicine, 44_ (2), 337–348.
Tmka, R., Balcar, K., Kuška, M., & Hnilca, K. (2012). Neuroticism and valence of negative emotional concepts. _Social Behavior and Personality, 40_ (5), 843–844.
Wang, L., Shi, Z., & Li, H. (2009). Neuroticism, extraversion, emotion regulation, negative affect and positive affect: The mediating role of reappraisal and suppression. _Social Behavior and Personality, 37_ (2), 193–194.
_Notes_
1. Allport & Odbert (1936).
2. Cattell (1943).
3. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
4. Previously described in Langley (2015).
5. Classic serial 18–2, _Meglos_ , pt. 1 (September 27, 1980).
6. Modern episode 5–12, "The Pandorica Opens" (June 19, 2010).
7. Jung (1921).
8. Christmas special, "The Husbands of River Song" (December 25, 2015).
9. Loo (1979).
10. Cohen & Schmidt (1979).
11. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013); _The War Doctor_ , Vol. 1, "Only the Monstrous," (2015 audio plays).
12. Eysenck (1947).
13. Hettema et al. (2006); Spinhoven et al. (2014).
14. Wang et al. (2009); Tmka et al. (2012).
15. e.g., Marcus et al. (2007).
16. Anniversary special, "The Five Doctors" (November 23, 1983); Christmas and New Year specials, "The End of Time," pt. 1 (December 25, 2009) and pt. 2 (January 1, 2010).
17. Eysenck (1966).
# Part Two
# Deep Breadth
**To those who believe we hide the most powerful pieces of our minds, even from ourselves, the unconscious seems deep and vast and difficult to explore.**
One of the most famous and most controversial figures in the history of psychology and psychiatry popularized the idea that each of us has a side we do not know, a vast region of our minds hidden away from our own conscious minds.
# CHAPTER FOUR
The Unconscious: What, When, Where, Why, and of Course Who
WILLIAM SHARP
_"How does anything get there? I have given up asking."_
—Eleventh Doctor1
_"... analysis has accomplished its purpose if it imparts to the novice a sincere conviction of the existence of the unconscious...."_
—psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud2
The most significant contribution of Freud's psychoanalysis was his exploration of the unconscious. Freud sought answers to the questions of what dreams signify, what might motivate accidents, and why symptoms present in the way they do. Hard science was not concerned with the significance of a slip of the tongue or a bungled action.3 Dreams were left to be interpreted by mystics. Freud, however, posited that these occurrences were not merely mental misfires: They had a point, there was a message, and that message came from the unconscious. Who or what is in the unconscious? Without examining the unconscious, we may be left to believe that forces outside of ourselves, such as luck, are to blame for our history and future.
Madman and Wild Analyst
Psychoanalysis is wrongly thought to be something that blames your mother for all your woes. Freudian slips in everyday usage are "when you say one thing but mean your mother." This is more of a wild analysis. To some, this is the Doctor as madman and wild analyst. When his companion Donna Noble's mother insists that Donna is always important to her as a daughter, the Doctor drops his usual big-picture view of the world to deliver some sound but wild therapeutic advice: "Then maybe you should tell her once in a while."4 He is blaming Donna's mother for Donna's lackadaisical attitude and fun-loving lifestyle, and he seems to be trying to say that if the mother wants Donna to be different, she herself may need to be different. Real psychoanalytic treatment proceeds much more slowly.5
"The laws of unconscious activity differ widely from those of the conscious," Freud said.6 There is more in the unconscious than in the conscious. There is no linear sense of time, there is no "no," and paradoxes abound. Enter the Doctor and his blue box, where paradoxes also abound. An invitation into the world of Who can be disorienting, to say the least. The main character seems mad (or at least both brilliant and a complete fool), time and space are relative, and there is nothing he seems unable to do, and yet he talks about rules that he then proceeds to break and deals with paradoxes that create almost impossible situations. Who is this man exploring the universe?
It takes years to become an analyst and learn the language of the unconscious, but the Doctor, his companions, and his blue box illustrate some of the basic ideas. All analysts in training start the same way as do new Who fans: ordinary humans who cross over into another person's world. In exploring this, I found that the Doctor's box and my analyst couch are not that different.
## **Cracks in the Universe and the Unconscious**
Young Amelia Pond has a crack in her bedroom wall. That crack, however, has more significance than it would if it appeared only in a single episode; it appears repetitively through several seasons. Like the Doctor's explorations of that crack, psychoanalysts try to explore the significance of the behaviors of a patient in treatment beyond the reason a behavior emerges in any one session. Like the crack in the skin of the universe, patients' struggles can be seen in much of what they do in their personal universes. The same issues can emerge in all work and play. The Doctor tries to explain the crack to Amelia, but like any interpretation it has to be given at the right time, in the right way, and with the right feeling. If it is not, the interpretation can be narcissistically wounding to the patient and useless for treatment and understanding. The artistry of when to make an intervention is part of what makes psychoanalytic treatment different from other forms of treatment. Most non-insight-oriented approaches to therapy are less concerned with the meanings and significances of problems and more focused on treating symptoms and removing behaviors. A behaviorist might try to control the behavior with rewards and punishments. A cognitive therapist might try to change the way a patient is thinking about something. Both behavioral and cognitive approaches, however, can leave the unconscious and the feeling world untouched. Exploration is the key.7 What the patient says is unpacked in psychoanalytic technique to reveal the deeper layers of meaning. The Doctor/psychoanalyst invites his companions to join him, and they do. Together they explore cracks and their many manifestations, eventually getting to the apparent cause.
Why don't more people choose this exploratory and insight-oriented type of psychoanalysis as a course of treatment then? Like many of the Doctor's companions, people often have an overpowering curiosity about what makes things tick in the blue box of their unconscious, but there is a cost to pay. Ignorance is bliss, and analysis is anti-ignorance. Socrates said that the unexamined life is not worth living, but it certainly doesn't lead to a happily ever after. Consider the lives of the Doctor's companions after they leave him. People don't choose psychoanalysis out of fear. The freedom from the unconscious enactments we engage in can be overwhelming and too much for many. A lot of people would prefer the quick fix of a pill to cover emotions over the slow fix of a maturational intervention on the couch to deal with them head on.
Freud looked at the common repetitive ways we act to avoid suffering and defend against that which we don't want to know. We get a hint about Amy's repetition: She is always the girl who waits and is let down by others. The Doctor encourages Amelia to look for things she is not noticing "from the corner of your eye."8 He wants her to see what she has been ignoring, but we analysts can't rush the process just because we are in a hurry. If we do, we can get ourselves caught in a patient's repetitions. The Doctor ends up falling into the transference narrative of Amy. What does he do to let her down? He makes a promise and doesn't keep it. This happens twice at least, and he isn't aware of it either time. He tells Amy he will be back in five minutes but takes twelve years instead. He then does it again even after learning a little about the oh-so-patient Amy, leaving for another two years. A good supervisor might have helped the Doctor avoid that trap.
**_The Doctor as Psychoanalyst_**
British analyst Christopher Bollas writes, "In my view, the analyst plays both figures in the transference... the wise figure who sustains illusions and thereby encourages the patient to speak, and the fool who does not know what is being said to him...."9 This is a tough line to walk. How many times does the Doctor straddle those roles? He is famous for saying he has a plan even when he does not. While preventing the crack in the town called Christmas from falling into the wrong hands, he tells Clara, "I haven't got a plan, but people love it when I say that."10 He knows his audience loves believing that when he says it. A good analyst does not necessarily know the plan at the start of treatment. Each patient is unique. In their own therapy and supervision (psychoanalysis requires each analyst be in therapy as well), analysts can keep their own neuroses in check. The structure of a treatment can contain both patient and analyst, as does the TARDIS for the Doctor and his companion. The blue box and the analyst's couch are the same in that respect.
**_The First Session_**
_"If you are a doctor, why does your box say POLICE?"_
—Amelia11
The first session of an analysis starts with the analyst asking some variation of "What brings you here?" In asking this, the analyst is inviting the patient to tell the story of his or her life: the past, present, future, dreams, and even day-to-day happenings. They all reveal something about the character of the person the analyst is with for that hour. Both patient and analyst, when meeting for the first time, need to get their bearings straight and establish a common language.
When we meet the young Amelia (Amy) Pond, she is praying to Santa at Easter because of a worrisome crack in her wall.12 That scene is rich with paradoxes as are most first sessions with patients on the couch, but the analyst doesn't know all the meanings yet. The initial presenting concern is the crack (the obvious manifestation or _manifest content_ of her concern as opposed to the deeper, unconscious meaning or _latent content_ of the matter). The Doctor tells Amy that there can be some immediate relief, but he is going to invite her to a greater character-changing journey aboard his TARDIS/couch.
In a great example of the common ironies analysts ask patients to face at first, we learn that to close the crack, the Doctor first has to open it up. Analytic work is replete with evidence of these paradoxes. Many patients come to me and want to be less depressed or less anxious. I need to get them to open up and tell me about their depression and what is making them anxious. They resist. When patients resist, the problem persists. I have to work on their resistance until they are ready to share more. Only after we open the crack can we work on closing it, just as the Doctor does with Amy.
Closing it doesn't always solve the problem. It takes the whole course of a treatment (or multiple seasons of a show!) to find all the significances of the crack. And so the work continues.
**_Paradoxes: Making a Better Analyst of the Doctor_**
_"... psychoanalysis provides a place for self-exploration for those who are in the midst of cultural shifts, conflicts, and contradictions."_
—psychoanalyst Neil Altman13
Is the Doctor an analyst or a madman? I think both. The resurgence in popularity with the modern episodes of the BBC series might speak to a larger cultural trend of thinking of heroes as a mixed bag. Villains likewise (think of the Master) have backstories that cause us to pity them. Things are not all black and white. Psychoanalysis "provides a place for self-exploration for those who are in the midst of cultural shifts, conflicts, and contradictions."14 I believe the Doctor's tendency to do "wild analysis" results from his lack of personal analysis and supervision.15 He travels without a more experienced Time Lord to mentor him (and, in his days as a student, listens too little to any mentor he has16). He has no discernible "professional" ego of the sort that is required for this kind of work. He has issues around keeping companions as he hates endings and avoids them, even ripping the last pages out of books without reading them.17 This is why it is hard to know if he is an analyst or a madman with a box. The Doctor uses his companions as egos to stabilize him so that he doesn't have to develop one himself. This causes blind spots, and the Doctor is lost in that way. But again, there is hope.
The Eleventh Doctor says that there is one place a Time Lord must never go: the site of his death.18 But when he finally starts to address his own "most feared place,"19 he is able to transform and become more than any previous incarnation of the Doctor that we are aware of. By bravely going and facing what is there, he becomes able to regenerate a thirteenth time even though we have been told that Time Lords regenerate only twelve times.20 He is able to continue his work. In our Doctor as analyst metaphor, now that he is not resisting a place and feelings, he should be able to work with more of his patients' feelings.
## **The Issue with Time Travel and the Unconscious**
Psychoanalysis is the method we use to get a glimpse of the dynamics of the unconscious ( _psychodynamics_ ). _Doctor Who_ provides us with a great metaphor of just how uncomfortable yet tantalizing it is to delve into the unknown. It shows us that it is also dangerous work but can be life-changing and the best adventure to undertake. The companions jump in with both feet.
The unconscious is messy and uncomfortable. Psychoanalysis reveals material in the unconscious that people do not want to know about. Political theorist Joseph Schwartz uses the myth of Cassandra to make his point:
Apollo gave Cassandra, a princess of Troy, the power of prophecy. When Cassandra spurned Apollo, he decreed she would never be believed.... Science gave psychoanalysis the power of prophecy. And, as it is told, psychoanalysis has spurned the discipline that gave it birth and has not been believed....21
Studying _Doctor Who_ is a great way to begin to think and play with the unconscious world as revealed in psychoanalysis. He is neither someone to write off as a madman nor is he always the consummate professional analyst. With the right support, he can do remarkable things that change the course of the universe while changing lives along the way. I am not ready to trade in my couch for a TARDIS yet, but maybe one day I will be.
_References_
Altman, N. (2015). _Psychoanalysis in an age of accelerated cultural change: Spiritual globalization._ New York, NY: Routledge.
Bollas, C. (1995). _Cracking up: The work of unconscious experience._ New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Freud, S. (1900/1965). _The interpretation of dreams._ New York, NY: Avon.
Freud, S. (1901/1966). The psychopathology of everyday life. _The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud_ (Vol. VI, pp. 8–12), Vol. VI (1901): _The psychopathology of everyday life._ London, UK: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1912/1958). A note on the unconscious in psychoanalysis. _The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud_ (Vol. XII, pp. 255–266). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable. _International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 18_ (4), 373–405.
Safran, J. D. (2012). _Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapies._ Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Schwartz, J. (1999). _Cassandra's daughter: A history of psychoanalysis._ New York, NY: Viking.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
2. Freud (1937), p. 401.
3. Freud (1901/1966).
4. Modern episode 4–11, "Turn Left" (June 21, 2008).
5. Safran (2012).
6. Freud (1912/1958).
7. Freud (1900).
8. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
9. Bollas (1995), p. 20.
10. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
11. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
12. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
13. Altman (2015).
14. Altman (2015), p. 5.
15. Editor's note: When the Time Lords send the Doctor on missions, they do not accompany him or maintain contact, as can be seen in classic serials 8–4, _Colony in Space_ (April 10–May 15, 1971); 9–2, _The_ _Curse of Peladon_ (January 29–February 18, 1972); 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973); 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975); 22–1, _Attack of the Cybermen_ (January 5–12, 1985); and 22–4, _The Two Doctors_ (February 16–March 2, 1985). The one Time Lord who assists him for a while, Romana, becomes less rigidly Gallifreyan in her ways after the completion of their original mission—classic serial 17–1, _Destiny of the Daleks_ (September 1–22, 1979).
16. As Kanpo Rinpoche reported in the classic serial _Planet of the Spiders_ (May 4–June 8, 1974).
17. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
18. Modern episode 7–13, "The Name of the Doctor" (May 18, 2013).
19. Minisode, _The Night of the Doctor_ (November 14, 2013); anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" November 23, 2013).
20. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
21. Schwartz (2003), p. i.
According to the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective, the part of personality that we consciously think of as ourselves unconsciously feels pulled between instinctive selfishness and learned morality. Is it possible to be too overwhelmed by both to know who we "really" are?
# CHAPTER FIVE
Id, Superego, Egoless: Where Is the I in Who?
WILLIAM SHARP
_"It won't be safe, it won't be quiet, and it won't be calm. But I'll tell you what it will be: The trip of a lifetime!"_
—Ninth Doctor1
_"The laws of unconscious activity differ widely from those of the conscious."_
—psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud2
Psychoanalysis, the discipline Sigmund Freud created just over one hundred years ago, was a way of thinking and theorizing about the mind, studying it, and ultimately attempting to help people understand it. In addition to the obvious conscious part, Freud postulated an unconscious part to the mind that included an id, superego, and ego.3 These Latin words translate roughly as the "it," "super-I," and "I." For Freud, _character_ is the unique combination of these personality structures.
Applied to _Doctor Who_ , the id can be seen in the Doctor's more impulsive, rash, and self-involved states. His superego, which fiercely identifies itself with the protection of others, balances out the id. In the ego, the psyche's mediator between those two extremes, however, the Doctor may be lacking.
## **What Is the Unconscious?**
The unconscious is all we are unaware of, however it might influence everything in our lives. In the Freudian view, every choice or accident is tinted by each person's unique individual unconscious. Is our unconscious sending us a message to slow down if we trip while running? If we "accidentally" leave our cell phones at home one day, is the unconscious saying we need a break from people, especially those who might call us on the phone? If we forget to set the alarm at night, does the unconscious want us to sleep later?
The unconscious has two _drives_ that serve as motivating forces, according to Freud. One is libidinal (a _life drive_ ), attempting to unify things and bring them together. It raises tension. The other is a _death drive_ that strives to return us to a less tense and ultimately inert state.4 The death drive disconnects us. The ways in which our drives take aim at objects in the external world and are fused become our character or personality. It is who we are. It is how you answer when someone asks, "Who are you?" and you answer by starting with " _I_ am...."
How does the unconscious work? What are its qualities and laws? And how does _Who_ fit in with this? Three important elements of the unconscious are reminiscent of the Time Lord's own reality:
• It really is bigger (on the inside) than the conscious mind. Rose Tyler and so many others marvel and say the same thing about the Doctor's TARDIS when entering it for the first time.5
• The unconscious doesn't follow laws of time and space. Elton, the Doctor-obsessed fan whose group studies the Doctor through history, discovers that "the world is so much stranger than that. It's so much darker. And so much madder. And so much better."6
• There is no "no" in the unconscious. Paradoxes abound, and the way something manifests is only one level of its meaning. As the Fifth Doctor says, "There's always something to look at if you open your eyes!"7
**_Size: Greater on the Inside_**
Freud believed that the unconscious is infinite and thus far bigger than consciousness. The unconscious affects us far more than we are aware. He considered all the funny and embarrassing errors we make and what message from the unconscious they might contain. Its reach is greater than that of the conscious mind—like the TARDIS, larger on the inside.
Similarly, much like the Doctor's box, what happens in the vortex is affecting all of our daily lives, and most people never know this. Small choices here and there may seem inconsequential but have a ripple effect on our life events. This concept is important psychoanalytically as analysts work on helping patients see just how much of their experience of the world is created by their own choices. Certainly things happen "to us," but we have to take responsibility for the things we can control. For example, if you find you are dating a cheater and you leave that person, shame on them. If you keep dating people who turn out to be cheaters, shame on you: How are you always finding these people? If you don't ask questions about your choices, you live a life that can seem random and impulsive and without any clear connection between cause and effect. Something as simple as the direction in which the companion Donna Noble turns, either left or right, impacts the future and leads to hugely different outcomes.8 Consider Donna before, during, and after the Doctor. Before and after adventuring with the Doctor, Donna lives a lighthearted but tumultuous life. She is impulsive. She blames family and friends when things don't go her way. She argues and seems immature for her age. During her time with the Doctor, however, she slowly begins to see what her choices have led to, and with that knowledge she decides to start doing things differently. In these ways, Donna before she meets the Doctor is like the unanalyzed patient, as is the post-Doctor Donna once she forgets it all. While she is with the Doctor, however, Donna feels and thinks in new ways, especially about herself and her importance in her world.
**_Nonlinear Nature_**
The unconscious does not operate linearly but rather outside (inside and around) time—much as the Doctor says of time itself, "from a nonlinear, non-subjective viewpoint, it's more like a big ball of wibbly wobbly, timey wimey stuff."9 Many patients speak from my version of the TARDIS, the psychoanalytic couch where patients (like the Doctor and his companions) explore events from their past although their feelings are in the here and now. Traumas from childhood can range from being abused or neglected to being overlooked by a teacher or breaking a candy cane that Santa Claus gave you. The feelings are alive and well in the present. The affect is not locked in the past. It is like a bootstrap paradox or a self-fulfilling prophecy. Often it comes to represent some personal story arc that you are locked into, of being mistreated, neglected, alone, or sad. Like the Doctor in his TARDIS, the analyst with a couch is propelled into a strange world often beyond time and space with its own laws and rules that have to be explored.
**_Layers of Meaning_**
Freud felt that that no "no" can exist: Everything has layers of meaning. The unconscious is always at work; that is, it is always "on." In _Doctor Who_ , we are left to consider: Does the Doctor even sleep? What manifests itself to the conscious eye ( _manifest content_ ) has deeper symbolic meanings ( _latent content_ ). Nothing is a throwaway. This is what led Freud to conclude that dreams are the "royal road" to knowing the unconscious.10
Take, for instance, "the crack" in Amelia Pond's wall.11 It is a crack but is not from the settling of a house. Rather, we find that it is crack in the skin of the universe. The Doctor admits that even if they knock down the wall, the crack will remain. This is true of images in the unconscious as well. Dreams look like something to us, but they are often far more significant than we assume and we do not take the time to explore them. If ignored, they come back in other places and in other significant ways until they are understood, exactly like Amy's crack.
British analyst Christopher Bollas writes that "unconscious thinking knows no contradictions and opposing ideas easily coexist.... The analyst is time-warped... recurrently confused, wandering in the strange county of even suspension."12
**_The Id, Ego, and Superego of Who_**
The id is primarily unconscious. It works on the _primary process_ , which is irrational and interested in immediate gratification of impulses. It functions in accordance with what is called the _pleasure principle_ (seeking immediate satisfaction of needs and desires). Think of an infant as the embodiment of the primary process and the pleasure principle: "Feed me, burp me, hold me NOW!" It could be argued that the newly regenerated Eleventh Doctor is initially id. When Amelia Pond first meets the newly regenerated Doctor and asks who he is, he says, "I don't know yet, I am not done cooking."13 Like an infant, he arrives and causes upheaval, not fully conscious of the needs of others until his basic needs are met. Amelia, as is true of many of the Doctor's companions, has to guide him and take care of him. She offers him every food he asks for, and he "hates" it all until he gets the fish fingers and custard. The id operates on the pleasure principle: It wants what it wants, and it wants it now.14 At the end of that process, once his needs have been satisfied and a language between the two established, the Doctor pulls out the brilliant interpretation that if all the events that have unfolded in that first night meeting have not scared Amelia, that "must be a hell of a scary crack in your wall."15 The Doctor is no longer id. He shows another part of himself that is more heroic, the part guided by morality.
The Doctor has a strong desire to help. He is a defender of worlds. In this light, he can be viewed as Freud's superego: the super-I. The superego is the impingement of the social world (rules, mores, our parents' attitudes, etc.) that oppose the id. It is the antithesis to the pleasure principle that guides the id. The superego is ruled by the principle of the ego ideal. The _ego ideal_ is basically what has been incorporated into personality as the perfect way of behaving and living. The ideal is culturally bound and learned early in life and is full of rules and mores that most of us take for granted as the way we are supposed to behave. Very often, it is heard in the back of the mind as a critical voice saying "do this" or "don't do that." This ego ideal16 and the superego may help explain what drives the Doctor to defend humans and why he saves the Earth over and over. It is what tortures him for his part in the supposed destruction of his own race of Time Lords. The superego is mostly in the unconscious part of the mind, but some of it is in the conscious mind. Think of any time you hear the past words of your parents or teachers telling you how to behave in a current situation. That is the superego.
_The good things don't always soften the bad things, but vice-versa, the bad things don't necessarily spoil the good things and make them unimportant._
—Eleventh Doctor17
_"The group grants the leader superhuman powers. His words are given more weight and imbued with more wisdom than they possess."_
—psychiatrist Irvin Yalom18
Freud's ego is a mediator that emerges to deal with the frustrating conflicts that ensue between the id and the superego. It is our "character" or "personality"—neither all good nor all bad. According to Freud's theory, we need all three: the id, ego, and superego. The various Doctors present as generally (as well as literally) all over the place. They have degrees of impulsive, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-ridden behaviors that are signs of the id, alternating with self-sacrificing and morally driven behaviors indicative of the superego. There is little evidence of a functional ego working on the reality principle. There is little consistent awareness of self. In fact, the guy regenerates every now and then into someone who is considerably different! That would make Freud's head spin.
Is the Doctor egoless, then? We can find evidence for the id and superego of the Doctor but arguably not evidence for an autonomous ego, at least not within himself. For that, we need to look at his companions. It is when the Doctor and his companions are working as a group that things really click for them. The companions in this way function as the Doctor's ego. It is an externalized ego—which sounds strange, but what doesn't in the _Who_ universe? Perhaps an externalized ego is the side effect of too much time in the vortex. Perhaps all the regenerations lead to difficulty forming an ego. Companions repeatedly tell the Doctor that he should not be alone because he does not do well by himself.19 The Twelfth Doctor actually experiences some inability to recognize faces and is perplexed by his own.20 The companions as externalized ego are what keep the Doctor from destroying himself while encouraging him to let the good times roll. Each companion balances him in some way. It is with the team—companions and Doctor—holding hands and supporting one another that there is strength and power to overcome the obstacles before them.
_References_
Bollas, C. (1995). _Cracking up: The work of unconscious experience._ New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Freud, S. (1900/1965). _The interpretation of dreams._ New York, NY: Avon.
Freud, S. (1901). _The psychopathology of everyday life_. _The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud_ , Vol. VI (1901): _The psychopathology of everyday life_ , vii–296.
Freud, S. (1912). _A note on the unconscious in psycho-analysis_. _The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud_ , Vol. XII (1911–1913): _The case of Schreber_ , Papers on Technique and Other Works, 255–266.
Freud, S. (1920). _Beyond the pleasure principle._ London, UK: Norton.
Freud, S. (1923). _The ego and the id._ London, UK: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1933). _New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis_. _The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud_ , Vol. XXII (1932–1936): _New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis and other works_ , 1–182.
Hijazi, A. M., Keith, J. A., & O'Brien, C. (2015). Predictors of posttraumatic growth in a multiwar sample of U. S. combat veterans. _Journal of Peace Psychology, 21_ (3), 395–408.
McCormack, L., & McKellar, L. (2015). Adaptive growth following terrorism: Vigilance and anger as facilitators of posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of the Bali bombings. _Traumatology, 21_ (2), 71–81.
Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. _Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28_ (2), 223–229.
Yalom, I. (1970). _Theory and practice of group psychotherapy._ New York, NY: Basic.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 17, 2006).
2. Freud (1912).
3. Freud (1920).
4. Freud (1923).
5. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 17, 2006).
6. Modern episode 2–10, "Love and Monsters" (December 8, 2006).
7. Classic serial 19–3, _Kinda_ , part 1 (February 1, 1982).
8. Modern episode 4–11, "Turn Left" (June 12, 2008).
9. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
10. Freud (1900/1965), p. 608.
11. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
12. Bollas (1995), pp. 12–13.
13. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
14. Freud (1920).
15. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
16. Freud (1923).
17. Modern episode 5–10, "Vincent and the Doctor" (June 5, 2010).
18. Yalom (1970), p. 198.
19. See, for example, modern episode 2–3, "School Reunion" (April 29, 2006); Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride" (December 25, 2006); modern episode 7–5, "Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
20. Modern episode 8–1, "Deep Breath." (August 23, 2014).
One well known, though difficult to test, theory holds that deep in the inherited portion of the unconscious dwell archetypes, universal themes that shape our stories, dreams, and expectations. Could these be part of the reason why some things scare anyone anywhere?
# CHAPTER SIX
Weeping Angels, Archetypes, and the Male Gaze
MIRANDA POLLOCK AND WIND GOODFRIEND
_"Don't blink. Blink and you're dead. They are fast. Faster than you can believe. Don't turn your back. Don't look away. And don't blink. Good luck."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"Not for a moment dare we succumb to the illusion that an archetype can be finally explained and disposed of... The most we can do is dream the myth onwards and give it a modern dress."_
—psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung2
A hero is born from humble beginnings, finds guidance from a nurturing mentor, discovers special talents, falls in love, and overcomes almost insurmountable challenges to fight evil. If this story sounds familiar, it should; it's been told thousands of times in hundreds of cultures, ranging from King Arthur to Robin Hood to Katniss Everdeen. All that changes are the details—the names of the characters, the gender of the mentor, and the nature of evil. Psychologists have noted that throughout literature and legend around the world, there are basic story lines and personas that arise in pervasive and ubiquitous ways. These persistent characters fit _archetypes_ , universal patterns that some psychologists argue come from a common and primordial origin of humanity that binds each of us together in a fundamental, but unconscious, manner.
Every story—including _Doctor Who_ —provides examples of these archetypes in the fictional characters created for the plotlines and in the ways they interact with each other. Clearly, the Doctor is the hero or protagonist of this story, and there are seemingly endless enemies he must confront. One of the most intriguing groups of villains is the Weeping Angels. How do the Angels represent psychological concepts, including archetypes and the psychoanalytic perspective of the unconscious mind?
## **Angels and Archetypes**
In the dark and rain, a lone woman with a camera climbs a wrought-iron fence and breaks into an abandoned, run-down house. She notices the letter "B" peeking from behind the fragments of wallpaper and eventually reveals the message, "Beware the Weeping Angels."3 Why is this first exposure to the idea of Weeping Angels so terror inducing? Why are the Weeping Angels such an iconic enemy, from a psychological standpoint?
Angels are a common visual in contemporary culture, from decorating a holiday tree to collectibles and even in our television shows and movies. These heavenly beings often appear as caring, sympathetic, and beautiful.4 The pervasive visual depictions of angels in art have shaped our ideas of the appearance and behavior of angels and, in turn, have shaped the portrayal of angels in popular media. Over time, angels have become a cultural symbol of the doer of good deeds, the helper, the advisor, and the personal guardian. However, the common heavenly depiction of angels is completely upended in _Doctor Who_ , which moves away from the original biblical characterization and instead portrays the Weeping Angels in the series as, according to the Doctor, "the deadliest, most powerful, most malevolent life-form ever produced."5
The word _angel_ derives from the Greek term _angelos_ , meaning "messenger." In the Christian, Islamic, and Kabbalistic traditions, the _angelos_ take on roles such as "messenger," "guardian," and "attendant" to God's throne.6 In the 273 times the Christian Bible references angels, they are never mentioned as being winged, they are given male names (Gabriel, Michael, and Lucifer), and they are at least sometimes portrayed as weapon-wielding warriors. These images are a far cry from the blond and smiling guardian or the diaper-wearing cherubic archer of love. The original biblical angels are not our friends; they are God's soldiers.
The _Warrior_ or _Hero_ is one of the most well-known archetypes coming from the original conceptualization by Carl Jung,7 the famous psychoanalyst and associate of Freud. Jung believed that humans all share a _collective unconscious_ , a "storehouse of archaic remnants from humankind's evolutionary past."8 This collective unconscious accounts for the common themes and characters—archetypes—that continually pop up in religious traditions and stories, in cultural legends, and in newly created fiction.
If angels fit the Warrior archetype in some of their biblical depictions,9 how did they morph into the cute and nurturing mother or guardian figures more likely to be seen in children's toys and precious figurines? The early Christian church controlled the various facets of religious art. It was in 787 CE that the Second Council of Nicaea decided that it was lawful to depict angels in painting and sculpture. This decision allowed artists freedom to explore and alter the visual depictions of angels.10 By the twelfth century, depictions of angels were popular in religious art and their appearance had gradually changed. Although the Bible mentions male angels, most angels now appeared androgynous, with long flowing hair and soft feminized features.
It was around the Victorian era (mid to late eighteenth century) that the images and roles of angels proliferated in popular culture, including everything from mourning angel statues in cemeteries to literary references. Angels no longer solely appeared in religious scenes; they now also represented the moral and idealistic roles of the women in the household. The "ideal" middle-class woman was compared to an angel in appearance and morality; she was referred to as the "angel in the house."11 This modern view of an angel fits into a second Jungian archetype called the _Great Mother._ The mother character embodies nurturance, caregiving, empathy, and beauty.12 Examples of the Great Mother archetype throughout history and various cultures include Mother Nature, the Greek goddess Gaea, the Virgin Mary, and even contemporary mother figures such as Mrs. Weasley from _Harry Potter._
Angels have thus represented, over time, the two very distinct Jungian archetypes—the Warrior and the Great Mother. Perhaps the supernatural aspect of angels allows them to be more subjective and flexible, open to interpretation based on the modern zeitgeist of one's region and era. However, neither of these depictions applies to the terrifying Weeping Angels that confront the Doctor time and time again. In order to truly understand the Weeping Angels, we need a third Jungian archetype: the _Shadow._ According to Jung in some of his writings, the Shadow is the worst, most terrible, darkest form of evil in all of existence. Summarized as "the devil within,"14 "the embodiment of the unacceptable,"15 and "the evil side of humankind,"16 the Weeping Angels represent the most powerfully fearful beings imaginable. The Shadow is Satan; the Shadow is pure evil.
Other Archetypes
Jung proposed several different archetypes he believed were pervasive in stories across cultures and time periods.13 Some of the others he suggested include these:
• _Anima_ : Our "feminine" side, even as it exists in all men, encompassing beauty, creativity, and demure sexuality. Examples of Anima through history are Helen of Troy, Juliet, and Cinderella.
• _Animus_ : Masculinity, even as it exists in all women, encompassing aggression, a sense of adventure, and physical strength. Examples of Animus include Hercules, Don Juan, and Thor.
• _Trickster_ : A more relatable and amusing version of an antagonist, the Trickster exemplifies intelligence and mischief. Tricksters are characters such as Loki, Brer Rabbit, clowns, and Shakespeare's Puck.
• _Child-God_ : A combination of innocence, humility, and a fantastic destiny, the Child-God typically has supernatural powers but not physical strength (until possibly later in life or through magic). Examples include leprechauns, dwarves, and the Christ child.
• _Wise old man_ : The embodiment of age and wisdom, the Wise Old Man is unassuming and humble, but provides essential guidance and can often predict the future. Classic representations of this archetype are seen in Teiresias (from Oedipus Rex), Merlin, and Gandalf.
It can be argued that the Weeping Angels strike fear deep in our hearts and minds (Jung would say in our collective unconscious) for many reasons. First, we are afraid because we have gotten used to the idea of angels as guardians, as gentle feminine beings who want us to be safe. The jarring realization that the Weeping Angels are not the Great Mother, but instead are the Shadow, makes their betrayal of our implicit trust in angelic figures worse. Their entire appearance fools us; they seem to be beautiful and in mourning, which brings out human empathy—but this simply makes us lower our guard and approach them, making it easier for them to destroy us.
Finally, we are forced not to look away. This again tears at our unconscious instincts to run and hide from that which we fear. The psychological concept of staring at your enemy requires us to confront it, going against all human tendencies to seek safety and shelter. Carl Jung would be impressed with how the Weeping Angels seem specifically designed to conjure up our unconscious conceptions of evil and force us to confront the evil all around us—even, potentially, the evil in our own Shadow.
## **Angels and the Male Gaze**
Although their appearance is somewhat ambiguous (indeed, they are alien), the Weeping Angels are female. River Song clarifies this when she is grabbed by one of them and then asks the Doctor, "Well, I need a hand back. So which is it going to be? Are you going to break my wrist or hers?"17 The only way to survive a Weeping Angel is to stare at its female form, unblinkingly. We _must_ look at it.18
Throughout the history of art, the female form, as depicted in paintings and sculpture, is constructed almost exclusively for the male viewer; the eye may linger on a hip, breast, or curve. As she is depicted in art, the female's eyes are typically turned away demurely. She is frozen in a vulnerable moment and unable to respond to the viewer. This act of viewing a piece of art becomes a voyeuristic activity for the viewer and is one type of _scopophilia_ , a term for the sexual pleasure of looking at an object or person in an erotic fashion.19 The idea that most visual arts are centered around a male view or perspective and that they objectify and sexualize female targets is the so-called "male gaze."20
The Weeping Angels are only seen in their frozen state. As we are initially introduced to them (before we realize what they are), the Angels appear as a statue—a piece of art—with their eyes covered by their hands. They do not move, they do not respond, and our gaze lingers upon them as much as it pleases us. We become voyeurs, enjoying the power of knowing they are harmless, stone, and submissive to our needs as the viewer. However, this assumption of the male gaze is another reason the Weeping Angels are terrifying: They turn the tables on their prey. We no longer receive pleasure from looking at them once we realize we _cannot_ look away. They suddenly make us utterly powerless.
The Doctor explains these monsters: "They don't exist when they are being observed. The moment they are seen by any other living creature they freeze into rock... And you can't kill a stone. Of course, a stone can't kill you, either, but then you turn your head away. Then you blink. Then, oh yes, it can."21 We are forced to keep our eyes upon her. We are no longer the consumers, the arrogant observers, the ones receiving pleasure by gazing upon a harmless object. We are no longer voyeurs; the Weeping Angel is the one in control. She tortures us with the realization that if we stop looking at her, we will no longer exist. We must do everything we can to try not to close our eyes.
The Weeping Angels become even more frightening when we learn that the Angels can harm us even when viewed through a television screen. River Song explains, "Whatever holds the image of an Angel, is an Angel."22 Not only can they cause harm when we look away or blink, but any image of a Weeping Angel—whether it is a drawing, a photograph, or on a screen—can also allow that Angel access to us. The realization dawns on us that we cannot be safe, whether the Angel is in a room or even if we are watching a Weeping Angel on a screen. The lack of any ability to protect ourselves strikes fear in our deepest unconsciousness, as the root of anxiety is lack of control.23 Cognitive psychologist George Kelly, a practicing psychotherapist, pointed this out when he theorized that we try to have _constructs_ or logical frameworks to explain and predict the world, but that fear and anxiety result from failed constructs.24 The Weeping Angels break all of our ideas about how stone things of beauty cannot hurt us; they prey on our overconfidence.
We must, however, not look _too_ closely. The Doctor warns Amy Pond, "Look at the Angel, but don't look at the eyes. The eyes are not the windows of the soul. They are the doors. Beware what may enter there."25 Amy is now caught in the agonizing trap of being forced to look at her attacker instead of fleeing from it; any voyeuristic or visually oriented pleasure is turned on its head. As the encounter progresses, we learn that in entering Amy's vision, the screen of her sight allows the Angel access to her and has allowed the Angel to enter her mind.26 This is perhaps our deepest fear: complete loss of control and identity. Suddenly we realize that the Angels can harm us not only if we look away or blink, but also if we look into the eyes of an Angel, thus allowing it control of our minds and souls. If we look away, we will be transported to another time. If we look an Angel in the eyes, we will become an Angel. If we cannot look away and cannot look into its eyes, where is it safe for us to look? Where can we be safe? The only reasonable response is sheer panic.
## **To Be "Angelic"**
A Weeping Angel is a frightening monster because it challenges our notions of safety and trust, removes any control, and represents a deep-seated archetype of evil. The kind and gentle angels that have graced our lives as guardians, caretakers, and mother figures are now something to be feared; the Great Mother archetype has transformed into the Warrior and the Shadow. Faced with this primordial fear from our collective unconscious, the Angels represent a foundational concept of fear in psychology. Even more terrifying, we cannot hide from the Shadow archetype, as we would from other monsters, for we must return her gaze. We cannot even look her in the eyes in a moment of brave confrontation or we will become her. The art that we so willingly consumed with voyeuristic pleasure from the "male gaze" perspective is now unsafe. There is no escape from the Weeping Angel; only the Doctor can help us.
The Weeping Angels and PTSD
Our past may seem to be locked in stone and harmless, just as the Weeping Angels27 are quantum locked in the Who universe. Experiences with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, show otherwise. We may close our eyes and "wish" things into the past, but when we do not keep our eyes on those things, they attack us and we end up living in the past. Intrusive memories plague us. We get mad and displace anger that might be appropriate elsewhere onto the people currently in our lives. We stop up and block certain feelings, and this leads to stunted social and emotional growth. _Doctor Who_ 's Weeping Angels can be metaphors for PTSD: If we don't watch them, if we blink and stop paying attention, they can leave us trapped in the past instead of our taking the experience as a chance to grow. The flip side of PTSD is _posttraumatic growth_ , in which coping with trauma causes some individuals to find purpose and improve as people.28 The psychoanalyst's work from behind the couch is to help patients put all their thoughts and feelings into words so that they do not have to be relived and go on impacting the patients in unknown ways. Psychoanalysis teaches us to keep our eyes open, especially in the realm of the unconscious.
— William Sharp
_References_
Burger, J. M. (2015). _Personality_ (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage.
Engler, B. (2009). _Personality theories_ (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Godwin, M. (1990). _Angels: An endangered species._ New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Jung, C. G. (1936/1969). The archetypes and the collective unconscious. In R. F. C. Hull (Ed.), _The collected words of C. G. Jung_ (Vol. 9, pp. 87–110). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kelly, G. A. (1955). _The psychology of personal constructs._ New York, NY: Norton.
Lacan, J. (1981). _The four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis._ New York, NY: Norton.
Langlinais, C. (2005). Framing the Victorian heroine: Representations of the ideal woman in art and fiction. _Interdisciplinary Humanities Journal, 22_ (2), 73–87.
Longhurst, C. E. (2012, September/October). The science of angelology in the modern world: The revival of angels in contemporary culture. _The Catholic Response_ , 32–36.
McAdams, D. P. (1994). _The person: An introduction to personality psychology_ (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. _Screen, 16_ (3), 6–18.
Rees, V. (2015). _From Gabriel to Lucifer: A cultural history of angels._ London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
2. Jung (1936/1969), p. 160.
3. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
4. Rees (2015).
5. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
6. Longhurst (2012), p. 33.
7. Jung (1936/1969).
8. McAdams (1994), p. 103.
9. e.g., Matthew 13:49–50; Revelation 12:7.
10. Godwin (1990), p. 155
11. Langlinais (2005).
12. McAdams (1994).
13. Jung (1936/1969).
14. Engler (2009), p. 78.
15. McAdams (1994), p. 105.
16. Burger (2015), p. 102.
17. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
18. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
19. Lacan (1981).
20. Mulvey (1975).
21. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
22. Modern episode 5–4, "The Time of Angels" (April 24, 2010).
23. Kelly (1955).
24. Kelly (1955).
25. Modern episode 5–4, "The Time of Angels" (April 24, 2010).
26. Modern episode 5–5, "Flesh and Stone" (May 1, 2010).
27. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
28. Hijazi et al. (2015); McCormack & McKellar (2015); Shakespeare-Finch & Lurie-Beck (2014).
A popular yet controversial personality test offers a framework for discussing and comparing personalities along specific dimensions.
# CHAPTER SEVEN
New Face, New Man: A Personality Perspective
ERIN CURRIE
_"We all change when you think about it. We're all different people all through our lives. And that's okay.... So long as you remember all the people that you used to be."_
—Eleventh Doctor1
_"Personality is less a finished product than a transitive process. While it has some stable features, it is at the same time continually undergoing change."_
—psychologist Gordon Allport2
What if you could change your personality? What would you change? How would your life be different as a result? Each time the Doctor regenerates, he gets to try on a new personality and find out. _Personality_ is essentially a pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions considered typical of an individual.3 It is more than a culmination of patterns learned through life experiences. Otherwise, the Doctor's personality would remain the same after each regeneration. This suggests that there is something essential to his personality that exists outside of his experiences.
Going a step further, what if each new personality is influenced by the needs of the Doctor? As the Doctor experiences the benefits and drawbacks of a personality style, he may, like many of us, think about what he wants to be different. One theory that emphasizes built-in tendencies that incline us to certain personality patterns while leaving space for growth is Carl Jung's theory of psychological types. He and his intellectual successors Katharine Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, proposed that we have essential orientations toward the world around us that influence our thought, feeling, and behavior patterns4 and therefore our personalities.5 Their ideas provide a useful model for looking at the personality variations of the twelve Doctors featured as the lead characters in the _Doctor Who_ TV series and how the experience of each personality could influence the next.
## **Controversy**
Within the field of psychology, there is a history of controversy around Jung and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a personality assessment based on Jung's personality theory.6 Jung's practice of psychoanalysis, his views on the collective unconscious, and the inclusion of spiritual elements in his writings alienated him from many in the scientific community.7 This has overshadowed his contributions, such as the development of the concepts of introversion and extraversion, which are prevalent in modern personality research.8
Katharine Briggs was unwelcome in academia for creating an assessment based an extensive study of psychology literature without having a PhD.9 Regardless, there is half a century of research on the MBTI by Briggs and her daughter, the company that purchased the rights from them, and independent academic researchers. Independent and allied research shows some evidence for the reliability and validity of the assessment, but studies also show areas in which the test needs improvement.10 For instance, some recent research has called into question the validity of the hierarchical arrangement of Jung's factors,11 and therefore that arrangement will not be used here to address the Doctor. In sum, there is a need for more objective, independent research and less rhetoric from both those who hate the MBTI and those who love it.
Consultants and psychologists worldwide use the MBTI as a tool in their practices because it provides a systematic way to think about differences in normal human behavior using nonstigmatizing language.12 That is what could make it useful for examining the different psychological regenerations of the Doctor.
## **Personality According to Jung and His Companions**
According to Jung's theory, people use two essential processes to manage their lives: decision making and processing information about the world. Two additional factors—energy focus and environment management style—fine-tune those processes according to Jung. The result is four factors, each with two orientations. Similar to handedness, people may use both orientations but one comes more naturally and is therefore used more often. People who are prevented from using their preferred orientations will supposedly have a harder time functioning.13
**_Information Processing_**
The two orientations for processing information are labeled Sensing and Intuition. People who prefer Sensing (indicated by the letter _S_ ), by definition, are those who focus on experiences from the five senses and the experiences of people they trust to figure out how the world works. A focus on the senses usually involves being close to the information, and so awareness of the immediate consequences for one's actions is common in this group. People who prefer Intuition (N) focus on relationships and patterns to understand the world or indeed the universe. This creates a big-picture view of the world and the larger impact of one's actions.14 After he has spent centuries traveling through space and time, it could be assumed that the Doctor would automatically show an Intuitive style. That is a huge picture, after all. However, both information-processing styles are represented.
**_Decision Making_**
The orientation for decision making is based on the information a person focuses on most when deciding how to act. One type of person focuses foremost on subjective factors such as needs, values, and feelings of self and others; it's called Feeling (F). The other, Thinking (T), focuses on objective factors such as data, logic, and analysis. Each Doctor demonstrates both care for others and clever analysis, but the weights they hold for him differ.15
**_Energy_**
Jung suggested that there are two orientations for directing energy: Introversion (I) and Extraversion (E). Jung's ideas on these orientations overlap with but are not identical to modern ideas regarding the personality factors of Introversion and Extraversion. (For more on those see Factor File One, "The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism.") A person with a preference for Extraversion, as originally defined by Jung, gets the bulk of inspiration and energy from engaging with the environment and the beings in it. Those with a preference for Introversion, on the other hand, get the bulk of their inspiration and energy from their internal world of thoughts, feelings, and reflections.16 Both introverted and extraverted Doctors need companions. The difference is that extraverted doctors get more energy from being around their companions.17
**_Environment Management_**
Briggs and Myers added a fourth factor, pointing out how they personally thought people prefer to approach the world. The orientation they labeled Perceiving (P) favors taking in information about the world and what it has to offer before drawing conclusions. Alternatively, some people prefer to use preexisting structures to navigate the world. These structures can take the form of plans, theories, and deeply held values. This preference is labeled Judging (J).18
The four factors interact, creating a personality system by which Briggs and Myers believed that each person manages himself or herself and the world. The resulting sixteen possible personality styles are denoted by the primary letter for each preferred orientation (e.g., Introversion, iNtuition, Feeling, and Perceiving combine as INFP).19 Each personality style provides a different foundational framework from which each person can grow through life experience. The Doctor is no different.
It's My Party, and All of Me Is Invited
SUZANNE M. TARTAMELLA
Critics of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator often cite its tendency to pigeonhole, to compartmentalize, to reduce complex people to one-dimensional categories. Yet, personality systems such as the Myers-Briggs offer a useful vocabulary for communicating insights about people and, in the case of _Doctor Who_ , for exploring one of the most multifaceted fictional characters ever created for television. The long lineup of actors who have played the Doctor has perhaps made psychological analysis even more valuable given the stark contrast between the different versions. When used as a tool for understanding a person or character, the Myers-Briggs encourages us to consider not only reserved and outgoing behavior but also introverted and extraverted _functions_ —Intuition and Sensing, Feeling and Thinking—and the degree of organization (judging vs. perceiving) a person needs to operate comfortably in his or her universe. This typing system, in other words, provides a language for exploring each person, character, or character version's unique personality quirks—examining motivations and behavioral patterns, assessing shifting attitudes toward others, and understanding the Doctor's interactions with his companions. More than that, it invites us to empathize with and even appreciate personality changes as they occur over time. Ultimately, the Myers-Briggs offers protection _against_ pigeonholing—against dismissing the First or Twelfth Doctor as "grumpy" or adoring the Second or Eleventh only because he seems "wacky" and "fun-loving."
## **The Doctors**
**_First Doctor: INTJ_**
Individuals with combined preferences for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging come in many psychological shapes and sizes, as is true of every combination of characteristics. However, advocates of the Myers-Briggs test see a few common essential personality patterns within that diversity. One notable pattern is the tendency toward having strong internalized ideas about how the world should work that drive almost everything people do and how they do it.20 People who follow a _judicial thinking style_ (focused more on analysis than on abstract possibilities or rules) prefer activities that require evaluation, analysis, comparison, and judgment.21 This fits several versions of the Doctor, beginning with the gruff and intellectual First Doctor. His use of objective facts to define his environment and his attempts to contain the behavior of his companions within that framework are clues to his preference for Thinking and Judging.22 Take, for instance, his reaction when he encounters ancient Aztecs. His companion Barbara is dismayed by the impending human sacrifice, but the Doctor demands that she not interfere lest it alter human history.23
People with a combined preference for Introversion and Intuition may be seen as intelligent and insightful, with a far-reaching internal conceptual map they use for insight into the complex workings of the universe.24 Combine a universe-sized big picture with a strong value placed on objective facts, and the logical result is impossibly high intellectual standards. In times of stress, the First Doctor treats those who fall short of his standards with impatience and even condescension.25 If not guarded against, this may be a tendency among those with a combined judicial and thinking style.26 However, toward the end of this incarnation, the Doctor shows increasing sensitivity to the emotional needs of the people around him,27 a change that continues to progress into his next incarnation.
**_Second Doctor: ISFP_**
People with a combined preference for Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving supposedly tend to be ready and willing to provide quiet support, often in the background, according to Myers.28 The extent of help they provide with everyday practical details frequently goes unrecognized until their presence is missed. A focus on details, especially as it relates to prior experience, is a theoretical hallmark for a Sensing preference.29 Upon initial regeneration, the Second Doctor demonstrates the Sensing preference as he recovers his understanding of himself and the universe by touching mementos and reading the diary of the experiences of his former self.30 His use of a recorder to play music to help him calm down and think supports an Introverted and Sensing combination.31
The Second Doctor is especially sensitive to the needs of his closest companions, experiencing great distress when he is separated from them.32 He is punished by the Time Lords for meddling in the affairs of Earth on their behalf without regard for the larger structure of the time stream. This supports a preference for Feeling and runs counter to a Judging approach.33 In the end, the Time Lords force him to regenerate and exile him to Earth, leaving him stranded there by disabling his TARDIS.34 This could explain why the next personality is more likely to get energy and fulfillment from interactions with others.
**_Third Doctor: ENFP_**
One key pattern for those with preferences for Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Perceiving may be the large amount of energy they get from and give to other people, friends and strangers alike.35 Myers believed that the high degree of attention sought from and directed toward many people is the hallmark of a combined preference for Extraversion and Feeling,36 and the Third Doctor enjoys attention. He is flamboyantly yet carefully dressed, and his choice of a car is a vivid yellow Edwardian roadster. He enjoys impressing others with his intelligence and uses charm to convince others to help him save the day.37
Individuals with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, and Perceiving appear to be known for their wit and humor. This Doctor's penchant for amusing non sequiturs is a great example.38 It makes theoretical sense. A big picture of the world means greater awareness of the ways in which everything is related. A Perceiving preference means the Doctor is less likely to exclude information as irrelevant.39 Add the tendency of an Extravert to think out loud, and voilà: non sequitur.
Being emotionally intertwined with people it isn't all fun and games. This incarnation of the Doctor experiences guilt for the people he cannot save, even when it's the villain.40 It is possible that connection to these negative feelings drives him to a more objective and directive personality style.
**_Fourth Doctor: ENTJ_**
Look around a room full of executives and politicians and you might find quite a few people with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging.41 This is not surprising considering their penchant for decisive leadership founded on a logical analysis of the bigger picture.42 When this type of person is not in a position of power, there is a tendency to flout rules not seen as necessary, which could be common for those with a preference for Intuition, Thinking, and Judging.43 The Fourth Doctor has little patience for ineffective people and arbitrary rules.44
Take-charge behavior, as well as a tendency to think out loud, indicates a preference for Extraversion.45 The Doctor is strident, taking charge of difficult situations almost immediately whether he is invited or not.46 Another example is his response to measured praise by a companion: "I do dislike faint praise. It was astoundingly clever, wasn't it?"47
Extraverted Judging brings a lot of intense, dominant energy to each situation.48 It may be for that reason that the Doctor's next self has a personality style generally known for being a bit more detached.
**_Fifth Doctor: INTP_**
According to Jung's theory, clues to personality style come from the way a person functions both when at his or her best and when under stress.49 Perhaps because the Fifth Doctor's tenure starts as his physical and psychological regeneration is being sabotaged by the Master,50 much of the Fifth Doctor's personality in his first season51 seems characteristic of what the INTP personality style may be like under major stress.52 Myers believed that people with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Feeling exhibit a personality style that features heightened and erratic emotionality during times of chronic or acute stress.53 For someone with a preference for Introversion and Thinking, high levels of external stress would hinder development of his or her strongest place for psychological regeneration and decision making, that internal think tank.54
When at their best, people with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving may thrive in complex situations, quickly perceiving and processing vast amounts of information. Unfortunately for the Doctor, the scope of his understanding is often too big for him to communicate effectively with others.55 This is shown in the frequency with which his companions say things such as "Why do you always have an incomprehensible answer for everything?"56 Maybe it's time to get back in touch with the tangible world.
**_Sixth Doctor: ESTP_**
People with a combined preference for Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Perceiving may be seen by others as having an insatiable curiosity about the world and the people around them, sitting still only when required to do so by others—or so Myers believed.57 It has been noted that social learning and cultural rules temper inborn personality traits, and so we rarely see a "pure" example of any psychological type.58 The Sixth Doctor may be the exception. He is a caricature of the theoretical ESTP personality type. His demeanor is often highly jovial, and he assumes that others enjoy him as much as he enjoys being himself, indicating a combined preference for Extraversion and Perceiving.59 Joviality becomes irritability when anyone slows down his pursuit of his schemes and curiosity, and this is a caricature of the Thinking and Perceiving combination.60 A voracious joie de vivre is typical of those with combined Extroversion, Sensing, and Perceiving processes.61 The Doctor's preference for clothing with many bright primary colors and patterns that he designs by stitching together pieces of old clothes is an expression of his personality.62
Toward the end, the over-the-top personality of this Doctor does start to be tempered. Maybe it starts to exhaust him. That could explain why his next personality is more somber.
**_Seventh Doctor: INFJ_**
Individuals who identify with a combined preference for Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Judging often report a desire for deep understanding of others and are supposedly fiercely loyal to those they care about.63 The combined preference for Introversion and Feeling directs interpersonal energy inward, taking time to consider situations quietly in the context of his or her values and other people's needs.64 This preference makes the Seventh Doctor different from his predecessor in many ways. First, he is much more subdued. Second, he seems to have an intuitive sense of what motivates people, saving the day by using adversaries' desires against them.65 This is thought to be a special skill among people with an Intuitive and Feeling orientation.66 Even though he cares about others, the Doctor has a tendency to be gruff with people who don't live up to his standards, just like his predecessor with preferences for Introversion and Judging.67
**_Ninth Doctor: ISTP_**
According to type theory, people with a combined preference for Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Perceiving are likely to be highly creative problem solvers due to their open and imaginative approach to information that is oriented toward practical solutions. They supposedly seek new data about the physical world in response to the problems at hand.68 You can see this in the Ninth Doctor's practical yet mischievous response to crisis.69
Jungian theory holds that extraverts draw energy from interacting with other people whereas introverts get energy from their internal world. When the Ninth Doctor first appears, he has been traveling without a companion.70 Regardless, he has a grin on his face as he runs around saving the day by himself. This suggests that he doesn't lose energy in prolonged solitude, indicating a preference for Introversion.71
When he meets Rose, he finds someone whose drive and bravery he admires.72 Her bravery is rooted in deep caring for others, and that puts the Doctor's Thinking and Perceiving into stark relief. In the end, the Doctor regenerates after saving Rose from the consequences of her bravery.73 After that scene, it's no surprise that his next self takes on many of her characteristics.
**_Tenth Doctor: ENFJ_**
People with a combination of Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Judging preferences are said to be attentive to the needs and feelings of others and can be fierce champions of human rights.74 A combined preference for Intuition and Feeling is hypothesized to create a big picture of the world that is focused on the needs of others.75 The decisions the Tenth Doctor makes center on a need to alleviate suffering.76 His habit of rushing into a dangerous situation, taking charge, and rallying the people to save the day indicates a preference for Extraversion and Judging.77 _Allons-y!_ (Let us go!)
Despite an intense concern for the welfare of people, a key to this combined preference for big-picture Intuition and Judging becomes apparent in situations in which the person doesn't save the day. When the Doctor refuses to save the people of Pompeii from the explosion of Mount Vesuvius, he explains to his companion Donna Noble that he cannot interfere because the destruction of Pompeii is a fixed point in time, a necessary event in the time stream that is sacrosanct to Time Lords.78 His feeling preference is still there, though, creating inner conflict that is visible in the self-hatred on his face as he leaves people to die.79 Toward the end, the Tenth Doctor has lost many people he loves deeply for the sake of humanity. That may explain the shift to lightheartedness in his next incarnation.
**_Eleventh Doctor: ENTP_**
Individuals with a combined preference for Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving seem to thrive on new challenges.80 For this reason, they are allegedly drawn to entrepreneurship and consulting, specializing in finding new solutions to problems while leaving the drudgery of "dotting _i_ 's and crossing _t_ 's" to others. In theory, when you combine Intuition, Thinking, and Perceiving and focus it on the external world, you can get an open doorway to all the information that the world has to offer and put it together in new ways.81 The Eleventh Doctor has a universe of information and resources at hand.82 As a result, he is able to find nearly impossible solutions to mostly impossible situations.83
The extravert's need for stimulus from the world, with awareness of the countless possibilities available in a large world, can make it difficult to take day-to-day problems seriously.84 This Doctor is goofy and lighthearted until there is a problem to solve. Dealing with a crisis in the environment brings out his ability to focus, something that seems common among individuals with a preference for Extraversion and Perceiving.85 He also doesn't sit still for long. With all of space and time available to him to explore, a person with an ENTP preference would want to see and learn everything.86 With all the goofiness, it can be easy to overlook the moments in which the Eleventh Doctor shows that he is haunted by past mistakes; his regrets are clearly at the front of his mind.87
**_Twelfth Doctor: INTJ_**
A second key pattern noted in people with preferences for Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging may be the awareness and analysis of the potential pitfalls of plans, people, and systems.88 Myers hypothesized that a judicial approach to analyzing a very big picture requires a high level of discernment.89 This Doctor brings us back to the INTJ personality style as he takes on a face from a man he saved in Pompeii90 and the accent of a friend he couldn't save from Weeping Angels.91 The INTJ personality style is well suited for scrutiny of self and others. It's all connected to the question on his mind: "Am I a good man?"92 It seems that the Doctor finally is willing to face his past, and he chooses a personality style well suited to make that judgment.
Placing value on facts seems common in those with a combined preference for Introversion and Thinking.93 The Twelfth Doctor tells it like it is, focusing on the objective facts of the situation without any sugarcoating.94 He often is surprised when people react negatively to his approach. This may be something he needs to work on now that Clara isn't there to do the feeling for him.
## **Regeneration and Evolution**
Although humans do not have the same ability to regenerate, we have the ability to learn from the consequences of our behavior and make changes. According to Jung, each of us goes through a midlife crisis in which we are faced with the limitations of the natural strengths of our personalities. We then have to choose whether to grow by incorporating the skills and strengths of other personality styles or to cling to what comes naturally and stagnate.95 Hopefully like the Doctor, we will take the opportunity to evolve.
The Doctor has had thousands of years to learn from a range of different personality styles, including the consequences of the behaviors that stemmed from them. Every iteration has given the Doctor the opportunity to try a new approach. Each has new strengths and weaknesses and a new series of lessons to learn.
_"My different personalities leave me in peace now."_
—Anna Freud96
_References_
Allport, G. (1955). _Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality._ New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bashtavenko, A. (2008). _Principles of typology._ Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
Beckham, M. H. (2012). Building momentum: The unconventional strengths of perceiving college students. _Journal of Psychological Type, 72_ (2), 27–40.
Bishop, P. (2014). _Carl Jung._ London, UK: Reaktion.
Brown, F. W., & Reilly, M. D. (2009). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicators and transformational leadership. _Journal of Management Development, 28_ (10), 916–832.
Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2002). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator score reliability across studies: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study. _Educational & Psychological Measurement, 62_(4), 590–602.
Carey, J. C., Fleming, S. D., & Roberts, D. Y. (1989). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of aspects of cognitive style. _Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 22_(2), 94–99.
Carlyn, M. (1977). An assessment of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. _Journal of Personality Assessment, 41_ (5), 461–173.
Cohen, D., Cohen, M., & Cross, H. (1981). A construct validity study of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. _Educational & Psychological Measurement, 44_(3), 883–891.
Fishman, I., & Ng, R. (2013). Error-related brain activity in extraverts: Evidence for altered response monitoring in social context. _Biological Psychology, 93_ (1), 225–230.
Gardner, W. I., & Martinko, M. J. (1996). Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to study managers: A literature review and research agenda. _Journal of Management Theory, 22_ (1), 45–83.
Harvey, R. J., Murry, W. D., & Stamoulis, D. T. (1995). Unresolved issues in the dimensionality of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. _Education & Psychological Measurement, 55_(4), 535–544.
Jin, B., & Austin, D. R. (2000). Personality types of therapeutic recreation students based on the MBTI. _Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 34_ (1), 33–41.
Keirsey, D. (1998). _Please understand me II: Temperament, character, intelligence._ Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
Little, B. R. (2014). _Me, myself, and us: The science of personality and the art of wellbeing._ New York, NY: Public Affairs.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the five-factor model in counseling. _Journal of Counseling & Development, 69_(4), 367–372.
Michael, J. (2003). Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a tool for leadership development? Apply with caution. _Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10_(1), 68–81.
Myers, D. G. (2015). _Psychology_ (11th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
Myers, I. B. (1998). _Introduction to type_ (6th ed.). Mountain View, CA: CPP.
Myers, I. B., & Myers, P. B. (1995). _Gifts differing:_ _Understanding personality type._ Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
OPP (n.d.). _INTP: MBTI personality profile._ OPP: <https://www.opp.com/tools/mbti/mbti-personality-types/intp>.
Percival, T. Q., Smitheram, V., & Kelly, M. (1992). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and conflict-handling intention: An interactive approach. _Journal of Psychological Type, 23_ (1), 10–16.
Personality Growth (n.d.). _Here's why being in an INFJ's inner circle makes you truly blessed._ Personality Growth: <http://personalitygrowth.com/heres-why-being-in-an-infjs-inner-circle-makes-you-truly-blessed/>.
Pretz, J. E., & Totz, K. S (2007). Measuring individual differences in affective, heuristic, and holistic intuition. _Personality & Individual Differences, 43_(5), 1247–1257.
Reynierse, J. H., & Harker, J. B. (2008a). Preference multidimensionality and the fallacy of type dynamics: Part 1 (Studies 1–3). _Journal of Psychological Type, 68_ (10), 90–112.
Reynierse, J. H., & Harker, J. B. (2008b). Preference multidimensionality and the fallacy of type dynamics: Part 2 (Studies 4–6). _Journal of Psychological Type, 68_ (11), 113–138.
Saggino, A., Cooper, C., & Kline, P. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. _Personality & Individual Differences 30_(1), 3–9.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). _Thinking styles._ New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Wacker, J., Chavanon, M., & Stemmler, G. (2006). Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 91_(1), 171–187.
Young-Bruehl, E. (2008). _Anna Freud: A biography_ (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
_Notes_
1. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
2. Allport (1955).
3. Myers & Myers (1995).
4. Myers & Myers (1995).
5. Myers (2015).
6. Carey et al. (1989).
7. Bishop (2014).
8. McCrae & Costa (1991); Wacker et al. (2006).
9. Myers & Myers (1995).
10. Capraro & Capraro (2002); Carey et al. (1989); Carlyn (1977); Cohen et al. (1981); Saggino et al. (2001).
11. Reynierse & Harker (2008).
12. Myers (1998).
13. Myers (1998).
14. Myers & Myers (1995).
15. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973); Myers & Myers (1995).
16. Myers & Myers (1995); Wacker et al. (2006).
17. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
18. Myers & Myers (1995).
19. Saggino et al. (2001).
20. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
21. Sternberg (1997).
22. Myers (1998).
23. Classic serial 1–6, _The Aztecs_ , part 1, "The Temple of Evil" (May 23, 1964).
24. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
25. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ , part 1, (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973).
26. Myers & Myers (1995); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
27. Classic serial 4–2, _The Tenth Planet_ , part 4 (October 29, 1966).
28. Myers (1998).
29. Myers & Myers (1995).
30. Classic serial 4–3, _The Power of the Daleks_ , part 1 (November 5, 1966).
31. Classic serial 4–3, _The Power of the Daleks_ , part 5 (December 3, 1966); Wacker (2006).
32. Classic serial 6–2, _The Mind Robber_ , part 2 (September 21, 1968).
33. Myers (1998).
34. Classic serial 6–7, _The War Games_ , part 10 (June 21, 1969).
35. Jin & Austin (2000).
36. Myers (1995).
37. Classic serial 7–1, _Spearhead from Space_ (January 3–24, 1970); Myers (1995).
38. Classic serial 7–1, _Spearhead from Space_ (January 3–24, 1970); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
39. Beckham (2012).
40. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ , part 4 (January 20, 1973).
41. Brown & Reilly (2009); Gardner & Marinko (1996); Michael (2003).
42. Myers & Myers (1995).
43. Percival et al. (1992).
44. Classic serial 17–3, _The Creature from the Pit_ (October 27–November 17, 1979).
45. Fishman & Ng (2013).
46. Classic serial 12–2, _The Ark in Space_ , part 2 (February 8, 1975).
47. Classic serial 16–2, _The Ribos Operation_ , part 4 (September 23, 1978).
48. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
49. Myers & Myers (1995).
50. Classic serial 19–1, _Castrovalva_ (January 4–12, 1982).
51. e.g., classic serial 19–4, _The Visitation_ (February 15–23, 1982).
52. OPP (n.d.).
53. Myers & Myers (1995).
54. Myers (1998).
55. Beckham (2012); Pretz & Totz (2007).
56. Classic serial 19–4, _The Visitation_ , part 1 (February 15, 1982).
57. Myers (1998).
58. Little (2014).
59. Classic episode 21–1, _The Twin Dilemma_ , part 1. (March 22, 1984); Myers (1998).
60. Myers & Myers (1995).
61. Myers (1998).
62. Classic episode 21–1, _The Twin Dilemma_ , part 1 (March 22, 1984); Myers (1998).
63. Personality Growth (n.d.).
64. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b); Wacker et al. (2006).
65. Classic serial 25–2, _The Happiness Patrol_ (November 2–16, 1988).
66. Myers (1998).
67. Myers (1998).
68. Myers (1998).
69. Modern episode 1–3, "The Unquiet Dead" (April 9, 2005). Myers (1998).
70. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
71. Myers & Myers (1995).
72. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
73. Modern episode 1–13, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005).
74. Keirsey (1998).
75. Myers & Myers (1995).
76. Modern episode 2–4, "The Girl in the Fireplace" (May 6, 2006).
77. Percival et al. (1992).
78. Modern episode 4–2, "The Fires of Pompeii" (April 12, 2008).
79. Modern episode 4–2, "The Fires of Pompeii" (April 12, 2008); Myers (1998).
80. Keirsey (1998).
81. Myers & Myers (1995).
82. Modern episode, 6–7 "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
83. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
84. Wacker et al. (2006).
85. Myers & Myers (1995).
86. Modern episode 7–4, "The Power of Three" (September 22, 2012); Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
87. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
88. Bashtavenko (2008).
89. Myers & Myers (1995).
90. Modern episode 4–2, "The Fires of Pompeii" (April 12, 2008).
91. Modern episode 7–5, "Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
92. Modern episode 8–2, "Into the Dalek" (August 30, 2014).
93. Reynierse & Harker (2008a; 2008b).
94. Modern episode 8–7, "Kill the Moon" (October 4, 2014).
95. Myers & Myers (1995).
96. Freud (1919) in a letter to her father, reprinted by Young-Bruehl (2008), p. 86.
The unconscious mind, archetypes, and a personality test based on related assumptions—do they have any place in the science of psychology? What value could a true scientist find in any of them?
# CHAPTER EIGHT
Dream Lords: Would the Doctor Run with Freud, Jung, Myers and Briggs?
TRAVIS LANGLEY
_"Funny thing, the unconscious. Takes all sorts of shapes."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes."_
—psychiatrist Carl Jung2
Before trait theorists began to define personality psychology in terms of specific characteristics and personality factors, early personality theory mainly came out of _depth psychology_ (as the approaches that look _deep_ into the unconscious to explain why we live as we do are collectively known). Sigmund Freud's _psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) approach_ remains the best known of these areas, with Carl Gustav Jung's closely related _analytical psychology_ achieving fame of its own. Their talk-based methods aimed reveal what's in the unconscious mind, include hypnosis, free association, and interpretation of dreams. Freud considered dream analysis a royal road to understanding the unconscious.3 Other professionals would later develop psychological tests based on depth psychologists' ideas, from _projective tests_ (like Rorschach's inkblot test4), whose developers assume people will project unconscious desires, needs, and values into ambiguous stimuli5 to _personality tests_ like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,6 which sorts people into types based on how Jung viewed human nature.7
Controversy surrounds depth psychology. Its harshest critics call it all unscientific, unsupported, and unworthy of serious consideration.8 So wouldn't a man of science like the Doctor, with his many centuries of experience and wisdom, reject it all outright? Maybe. Maybe not.
## **Freud**
Many who refute Freud's theories still recognize his creativity and genius, although some go as far as personality psychologist Hans Eysenck did in asserting that Freud was "a genius, not of science but of propaganda, not of rigorous proof but of persuasion, not of the design of experiments but of literary art."9 While the Doctor values personal qualities like genius and creativity, he also eschews dogmatic assertion of poor science. Why, then, does the Doctor say that when he and Freud met, they "got on very well"?10
**_Unconscious_**
The foundation of Sigmund Freud's theory and all depth psychology is the idea that the unconscious mind exerts powerful influence upon us.11 Although the term _subconscious_ litters popular culture, Freud usually spoke of it as the _unconscious_ , the vast portion of the mind outside consciousness. (Chapter Nineteen, "The Time Lord's Brain: Regeneration, Determinism, and Free Will," offers a few of the neurological explanations for mental activity often attributed to the unconscious mind.) Strax, the Sontaran nurse-warrior-butler, reports that his medical device lets him view Clara Oswald's subconscious mind, revealing "deflected narcissism, traces of passive aggressive, and lots of muscular young men doing sport,"12 but keep in mind that Strax may be no better at describing mental phenomena than he is at identifying human organs or gender. Still, the Doctor shows himself to have a many-layered mind that fits key aspects of Freud's theory of the unconscious.
One area where Freud's views receive more favorable reception in psychology is that of the _defense mechanisms_ , coping behaviors we use to protect ourselves from stress. These behaviors vary and may be healthy (e.g., altruism), unhealthy (e.g., withdrawing from others), immature (e.g., _regression_ , reverting to behavior the person has outgrown), or pathological (e.g., _denial_ , refusing to recognize an unnerving truth).13 Daughter Anna Freud catalogued the defense mechanisms he had described, named most of them, and identified even more.14 Sigmund Freud considered the most important defense mechanism to be repression,15 and yet it remains the most controversial with the least solid evidence to support it, according to many professionals.16
**Tenth Doctor (to War Doctor)** : "All those years, burying you in my memory."
**Eleventh Doctor** : "Pretending you didn't exist. Keeping you a secret, even from myself."17
The Doctor seems to have repressed memories, most notably when he makes himself forget about his incarnation as the War Doctor so thoroughly that the so-called Eleventh Doctor on several occasions thinks he can still regenerate.18 Only after they save Gallifrey instead of destroying it does the Eleventh Doctor come to terms with the War Doctor and know he has run out of regenerations.19 Whether this is truly _repression_ (in which the conscious mind simply cannot summon a thought that's locked away in the unconscious) or _thought suppression_ (consciously blocking a thought that would be unpleasant or distracting20), either would fit into Freud's view that we play tricks on ourselves in order to reduce potential anxiety.
Extended lifespan will also alter the brain's potential memory capacity, making memories harder to retrieve. The longer a person lives, the more files there are in the memory cabinet. The Second Doctor can remember his family but only with effort: "I can when I want to, and that's the point, really. I have to really want to, to bring them back in front of my eyes. The rest of the time they sleep in my mind, and I forget."21 Whereas physiological psychologists might attribute this to the brain's sheer memory capacity, Freud would more likely credit repression or suppression for the Doctor's removal of these memories from easy conscious access.
**_Methods_**
Among his earliest methods for delving into the unconscious, Freud used hypnosis. Eventually he came to distrust it, though, suspecting that suggestible, hypnotized patients were sometimes reporting dreams and fantasies as if they had really happened.22 The Doctor uses hypnosis at times (e.g., to make his friend Dodo sleep and forget,23 to help Sarah Jane recover information,24 or to free various people from mind control25). He also shows that hypnosis can fail26 and knows it has limits: "You can hypnotize someone to walk like a chicken or sing like Elvis; you can't hypnotize them to death. Survival instinct's too strong."27
Early depth psychologists often used dream analysis to seek clues as to what lurks in the unconscious. They disagreed on what specific dreams could mean and sometimes about how to study them, and yet they agreed that dreams hold great value and reveal much about the unconscious.28 The Doctor sees significance in dreams as well: "Dreams are important, Nyssa. Never underestimate them."29
**_Science_**
"If Freud had been more of a scientist, he would have pressed no claims to be one. Dogmatism is anti-scientific; and there are reasons to distrust a 'truth' that forms a sect,"30 psychologist Henry Murray wrote. Despite Freud's influence on him, Murray saw a need for empirical study. He also argued that psychology needed to develop a better understanding of human nature by studying the experiences of normal, everyday people instead of the clinical patients Freud and other therapists often emphasized. The Doctor values science and helps others appreciate it, even the savage Leela, who says she used to believe in magic, "but the Doctor has taught me about science. It is better to believe in science."31
The Doctor, though, looks at all of our science from a point of view millennia more advanced than our own. To some contemporary psychologists, evidence suggests that Freudian theory is wrong far more often than it is right; however, history shows that much of science has been wrong more often than it's been right. The hope is to accumulate ideas that work, weed others out, review, revise, review, revise again, and keep going even though new paradigms may turn it all on its head. To one scientist who cites Einstein, Newton, and other great minds, the Doctor says simply, "You've got a lot to unlearn."32 He does not treat the scientist like a fool for being wrong, only for clinging to that which is wrong and failing to keep pursuing scientific truth. "A scientist's job is to ask questions," the Fourth Doctor says,33 and Freudians ask questions aplenty.
**_Dogma_**
Existential psychologist Rollo May criticized the psychodynamic ideas spread by both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung as being too rigid and unable to adapt to different situations.34 Accusations that Freud and Jung began to force facts to fit their theories instead of adapting theories to fit the facts raise questions as to whether either one's views meet the scientific standard of _falsifiability_ , meaning testability.35 The Fourth Doctor observed, "You know the very powerful and the very stupid have one thing in common: They don't alter their views to fit the facts. They alter the facts to fit their views—which can be uncomfortable if you happen to be one of the facts that needs altering."36 Even Jung criticized Freud for being too inflexible, calling him dogmatic for rigidly defending his views on how sexuality and the unconscious shape actions and personalities.37 And yet, the Eighth Doctor later says to someone who does not believe he is a time traveler, "At least Sigmund Freud would have taken me seriously."38
Even if Freud's views eventually became dogmatic, psychoanalytic theory did not spring into being as doctrine. Perhaps, then, the Sigmund Freud with whom the Doctor "got on very well" is a younger Freud, exploring the unconscious and piecing together new ideas before he grew set in his ways.
## **Jung**
Many criticisms of Freud apply to others in depth psychology as well, including Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, so we won't rehash those here. Jung, who by degrees bitterly broke away from Freud intellectually, made his own lasting contributions to psychiatry and psychology. Notable among them were the concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and extraversion/introversion.
**_The Shadow_**
Chapter Six, "Weeping Angels, Archetypes, and the Male Gaze" describes _archetypes_ , themes, and patterns that Jung believed we are unconsciously prepared for by heredity, not experience. Among them is one he called the _Shadow_ , a representation of one's own hidden qualities, the dark and unrevealed side of each person's nature.39 To grow as an individual (a process he called _individuation_ ), Jung believed the person should learn to understand the _Persona_ (the outward mask, public face) and other archetypes to descend into the depths of the unconscious and confront the Shadow. Heroic fiction abounds with heroes facing their own dark sides or fighting enemies who are somehow mirror images of themselves. The Doctor confronts his own Shadow a bit literally when he faces the Valeyard, a mysterious Time Lord who has somehow been created as a manifestation of every dark thought or impulse the Doctor has ever had.40 The Doctor later faces his Shadow again in the form of the Dream Lord, the part of the Doctor that taunts, ridicules, and hates himself the most.41
**_The Collective Unconscious_**
Beyond the conscious and unconscious mind that Freud popularized, Jung added an additional level to his model of mind: the _collective unconscious_ , portions of the unconscious that all people inherit and share as members of the same species. Archetypes and instincts occupy the unconscious mind, as he saw it.42 The Sixth Doctor has to face his Shadow in the Time Lord's sci-fi form of collective unconscious called the Matrix of Time, a computerized reservoir storing the knowledge and personalities of past Time Lords and even living Time Lords' previous incarnations. Just as Jung felt that the collective unconscious, as a deep pool of the past, could predict humanity's future path, so too can the Time Lords' Matrix predict future events.
**_Extraversion/Introversion_**
Carl Jung introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion. Chapter Seven, "New Face, New Man: A Personality Perspective," describes these as Jung originally conceived them in terms of which situations a person draws energy from. Are you energized by being with others (extraverted) or do they make you feel drained (introverted)?43 Factor File One, "The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism," and Chapter Nine, "Who Makes a Good Companion?" look at these terms as psychologists more commonly mean them today: personality factors, groups of traits that tend to go together.44 The Doctor feels alone in many ways, perhaps because he is unlike everyone else, including his fellow Time Lords, and yet he repeatedly welcomes new companions. In most incarnations, he seeks the company of others while still showing that, as Jung expected of each person, he has both extraverted and introverted qualities within himself.
## **Myers and Briggs**
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is both popular and controversial. Its creators' assertions that ESFPs are like this or INTJs are like that may be assertions with poor, if any, support from methodical empirical research. Dichotomizing people as Es or Is (extraverts or introverts) oversimplifies analysis and makes it harder to recognize the complexities of human behavior. Jung said that no one is purely extraverted or introverted. Each person shows a mix of both extraverted and introverted traits, possibly mingled to the point that _ambivert_ (both extravert and introvert) can a more accurate description.45 But people who identify themselves by strings of Myers-Briggs letters leave ambiversion out. Seeing all of its problems, would the Doctor, like so many of our world's professionals, reject Myers-Briggs outright? Perhaps, but he might very well scoff at all earthly personality tests and the confidence people place in them. An ancient extraterrestrial might consider one personality test's creators as no better or worse than he would consider anybody else who created a test of something as difficult to define as personality, and might praise any who at least try. Should a crayon-wielding child be discouraged for drawing a person less realistically than a peer does? The one with more creative vision might reveal things the more realistic one might miss. There may be more art than science to how we view people in the first place.
Modern Astrology
WIND GOODFRIEND
In spite of its corporate popularity, many psychologists find the Myers-Briggs to be the equivalent of modern astrology. The official survey's website46 provides descriptions of each personality type—for example, ENTJs pursue improvement and achievement while ESTPs are realistic but adaptable. The difficulty is that this type of vague description can apply to anyone. If your horoscope says, "Your day will be full of opportunity, but watch out for challenges," doesn't this apply to everyone?
Critics have raised many concerns, including these:47
• The test forces people into binary categories, ignoring subtle differences that should be measured on a continuum instead.
• People's answers to the questions may change from day to day; we all feel sometimes competitive, sometimes cooperative, sometimes optimistic, sometimes pessimistic.
• Almost no research studies have successfully linked one's theoretical "type" to any real outcomes or behaviors.
Why, then, is the test so popular? One reason may simply be that it's easy. Unfortunately, another answer may be the _Barnum effect_ : When people are given vague descriptions of themselves that could apply to anyone, the descriptions are rated as highly accurate by the individuals themselves.48 The effect's name comes from a remark about the customers for P. T. Barnum's famous sideshows of "aliens" or "mermaids," when a competitor supposedly said, "There's a sucker born every minute." Many psychologists would agree, and may even say that companies that rely solely on the Myers-Briggs are helping to prove this statement true.
Perhaps the Doctor, when told about the usage of Myers-Briggs, would be skeptical. He might even describe it as "a big ball of wibbly wobbly, psychy-wikey... stuff."49
## **Up from the Depths**
Science is flawed—that is a fact. Whether the views of Freud and Jung are more flawed than the views of others remains the subject of ongoing debate, as does the value of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator which grew out of Jungian ideas. We do not always know why we do the things we do—that is a fact. To many, psychoanalytic ideas about the unconscious mind feel like the right way to explain these things. Clearly, the Doctor's personal experiences reveal to him that the unconscious mind has power, such as when he wonders why he unconsciously chose to regenerate with a specific, frowny face50 and later decides it was to send himself a message.51
A person thousands of years more advanced than we are might look at our science the way we look at witch doctors casting spells and ancient physicians draining sick people of blood to try to make them better. The Doctor looks at us all the same way: "We were just wondering if there were any other scientists.... You know, witch-wiggler, wangateur. Fortune teller?"52 Through trial and error, the ancients learned. Superstition could impede progress, but it could also play an important role in bringing progress closer. We're all primitive from an immortal's point of view.
For all the nonsense that fills our dreams, some of the greatest stories and even some amazing scientific achievements come out of them from time to time. That doesn't mean we need to confuse sense with nonsense. It means we need to evaluate and reevaluate the things we call sense and learn sometimes from the nonsense. As the First Doctor put it, "Yes, superstition is a strange thing, my dear, but sometimes it tells the truth."53
_References_
Adler, A. (1927/1963). _Understanding human nature._ New York, NY: Premier.
Adler, G., & Jaffé, A. (Eds.) (1973). _C. G. Jung letters, Vol. 1: 1906–1950._ Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
American Psychological Association (1998). Final conclusions of the American Psychological Association Working Group on the Investigation of Child Abuse. _Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 4_(4), 933–940.
Bernstein, Z. (2015, September 3). The Valeyard and the stolen Earth. Doctor Who TV: <http://www.doctorwhotv.co.uk/the-valeyard-and-the-stolen-earth-75606.htm>.
Cohen, D., & Schmidt, J. P. (1979). Ambiversion: Characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum. _Journal of Personality Assessment, 43_ (5), 514–516.
Dickson, D. H., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). The 'Barnum effect' in personality assessment: A review of the literature. _Psychological Reports, 57_ (1), 367–382.
Eveleth, R. (2013, March 26). The Myers-Briggs personality test is pretty much meaningless. Smithsonian: <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-myers-briggs-personality-test-is-pretty-much-meaningless-9359770/?no-ist>.
Eysenck, H. J. (1947). _Dimensions of personality._ London, UK: Trubner.
Eysenck, H. J. (1985). _Decline and fall of the Freudian empire._ New York, NY: Viking.
Frankel, V. E. (2016). _Doctor Who and the Hero's Journey: The Doctor and companions as chosen ones._ North Charleston, SC.
Freud, A. (1936). _The ego and defense mechanisms._ London, UK: Imago.
Freud, S. (1900/1965). _The interpretation of dreams._ New York, NY: Avon.
Freud, S. (1915/1963). Repression. In P. Rieff (Ed.), _General psychological theory_ (pp. 104–115). New York, NY: Collier.
Freud, S. (1917/1963). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis: Part III. General theory of the neurosis. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), _The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud_ (Vol. 16, pp. 241–477). London, UK: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. In _The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud_ (Vol. 23, pp. 141–207). London, UK: Hogarth.
Hayne, H., Garry, M., & Loftus, E. F. (2006). On the continuing lack of evidence for repression. _Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 29_(5), 521–522.
Horney, K. (1939). _New ways in psychoanalysis._ New York, NY: Norton.
Jung, C. G. (1907/1909). _The psychology of dementia praecox_. New York, NY: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing.
Jung, C. G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. In R. F. C. Hull (Trans.), _Collected works_ (Vol. 7). London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jung, C. G. (1921/1976). _Psychological types._ Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jung, C. G. (1963). _Memories, dreams, reflections._ New York, NY: Pantheon.
Jung, C. (1966). _Two essays on analytical psychology_ (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kramer, P. D. (2006). _Freud: Inventor of the modern mind._ New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Krauss Whitbourne, S. (2010, August 10). When it comes to personality tests, a dose of skepticism is a good thing. Psychology Today: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201008/when-it-comes-personality-tests-dose-skepticism-is-good-thing>.
Langley, T. (2013, December 27). _Doctor Who: The man who regrets and the man who forgets._ Psychology Today: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beyond-heroes-and-villains/201312/doctor-who-the-man-who-regrets-and-the-man-who-forgets>.
Langley, T. (2015, March 7). _Would "Doctor Who" call Freud, Jung, Myers & Briggs stupid?_ Psychology Today: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beyond-heroes-and-villains/201603/would-doctor-who-call-freud-jung-myers-briggs-stupid>.
May, R. (1983). _The discovery of being: Writings in existential psychology._ New York, NY: Norton.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52_(1), 81–90.
McGowan, D. (1994). _What is wrong with Jung?_ Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.
McNally, R. J. (2005). Debunking myths about trauma and memory. _Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50_ (13), 817–822.
Murray, H. A. (1940). Sigmund Freud: 1856–1939. _American Journal of Psychology, 53_ (1), 134–138.
Myers & Briggs Foundation (n.d.). _MBTI basics._ Myers & Briggs Foundation: <http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/>.
Myers, I. B., & Myers, P. B. (1995). _Gifts differing: Understanding personality type._ Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
North, A. (2014, July 18). Why Myers-Briggs is totally useless—but wildly popular. New York Times: <http://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/18/why-myers-briggs-is-totally-useless-but-wildly-popular/>.
Popper, K. R. (1963). _Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge._ London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Rorschach, H. (1921). _Psychodiagnostics._ New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
Stromberg, J., & Caswell, E. (2015, October 8). _Why the Myers-Briggs test is totally meaningless._ Vox: <http://www.vox.com/2014/7/15/5881947/myers-briggs-personality-test-meaningless>.
Vaillant, G. E. (1977). _Adaptation to life._ Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
Webster, R. (1995). _Why Freud was wrong: Sin, science, and psychoanalysis._ Halesworth, Suffolk, UK: Orwell.
Wegner, D. M. (1989). _White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control._ London, UK: Guilford.
Woodworth, R. S. (1917). Some criticisms of the Freudian psychology. _Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12_ (3), 174–194.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 4–3, "Planet of the Ood" (April 29, 2008).
2. In Adler & Jaffé (1973), p. 33.
3. Freud (1900/1965), p. 608.
4. Rorschach (1921).
5. A. Freud (1936).
6. Myers & Myers (1980).
7. Jung (1921/1976).
8. e.g., Kramer (2006); McGowan (1994); North (2014); Popper (1963); Stromberg & Caswell (2015); Webster (1995); Woodworth (1917).
9. Eysenck (1985), p. 208.
10. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
11. S. Freud (1940).
12. Modern episode 8–1, "Deep Breath" (August 23, 2014).
13. Vaillant (1977).
14. A. Freud (1936).
15. S. Freud (1915/1963).
16. American Psychological Association (1998); Hayne et al. (2006); McNally (2005).
17. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
18. Most notably in modern episode 6–8, "Let's Kill Hitler" (August 27, 2011).
19. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013); for more elaborate analysis, see Langley (2013).
20. Wegner (1989).
21. Classic serial 5–1, _The Tomb of the Cybermen_ , pt. 3 (September 16, 1967).
22. S. Freud (1915/1963; 1917/1963).
23. Classic serial 3–9, _The War Machines_ (June 25—July 16, 1966).
24. Classic serial 14–2, _The Hand of Fear_ (October 2–23, 1976).
25. Classic serial 8–1, _Terror of the Autons_ (January 2–23, 1971).
26. Classic serial 22–6, _Revelation of the Daleks_ (March 23–30, 1985).
27. Christmas special, "The Christmas Invasion" (December 25, 2005).
28. Adler (1927/1963); Freud (1900/1965); Horney (1939); Jung (1963).
29. Classic serial 20–2, _Snakedance_ , pt. 1 (January 18, 2013).
30. Murray (1940), p. 138.
31. Classic serial 1–15, _The Horror of Fang Rock_ , pt. 4 (September 24, 1977).
32. Classic serial, _Shada_ , unfinished due to a technicians' strike (scheduled for January–February, 1980); eventually produced as Eighth Doctor audio play (December 10, 2005).
33. Classic serial 17–2, _City of Death_ , pt. 2 (October 6, 1979).
34. May (1983).
35. Langley (2015).
36. Classic serial 14–4, _The Face of Evil_ , pt. 4 (January 22, 1977).
37. Jung (1907/1909).
38. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
39. Jung (1966).
40. Classic serial 23–4, _The Trial of a Time Lord: The Ultimate Foe_ (November 29–December 6, 1986); Bernstein (2015).
41. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010); Frankel (2016).
42. Jung (1917).
43. Jung (1921/1976).
44. Eysenck (1985); McCrae & Costa (1987).
45. Cohen & Schmidt (1979).
46. Myers & Briggs Foundation (n.d.).
47. Eveleth (2013).
48. Dickson & Kelly (1985); Krauss Whitbourne (2010).
49. "People assume that time is a strict progression of cause to effect, but actually from a non-linear, non-subjective viewpoint, it's more like a big ball of wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey stuff."—Tenth Doctor in modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
50. Modern episode 8–1, "Deep Breath" (August 23, 2014).
51. Modern episode 9–5, "The Girl Who Died" (October 17, 2015).
52. Classic serial 18–4, _State of Decay_ , pt. 1 (November 22, 1980).
53. Classic serial 4–1, _The Smugglers_ , pt. 4 (October 1, 1966).
The Three Factors—Add Psychoticism or Openness?
TRAVIS LANGLEY
Stars do not float through the galaxy independently of one another. Gravity tugs stars into groups and galaxies into clusters, forming relationships we barely see because we cannot watch them through all of time and space. From our sliver of time and our viewpoint bound to one planet's location, we gaze. Detecting relationships among such large numbers of anything—whether interstellar bodies or personality traits—can take a long time, and understanding the relationships we observe even longer.
## **Renewal**
When psychologist Hans Eysenck's two-factor theory fell short of describing personality thoroughly enough, personality psychologists persisted in trying to identify which constellations of traits would best sum us up. Eysenck's own view underwent renewal and became his _three-factor theory_.1 Simply identifying that some traits go together does not reveal what ties them together, and therefore different researchers will look at the same personality factors, interpreting them differently and giving them different names. Compare it to people creating a club: They already share something that brought them together, and they can disagree on the meaning of whatever ties them together and what name the club should have. How long does it take the handful of people investigating the mysterious Doctor to name their group the London Investigation 'N' Detective Agency, a.k.a. LINDA?2 Scrutinizing the third collection of traits he detected through factor analysis, Eysenck came to interpret it as a set that suggested proneness to developing a _psychosis_ , severe detachment from reality, and so he named the cluster _psychoticism_. Other researchers who looked at the same findings, though, would view them in other ways.
**_Psychoticism_**
Once he expanded his views to make room for another major personality factor, Eysenck equated the third factor with psychotic potential because the factor included a number of traits involving creativity and he believed creativity and madness went hand in hand. "Creativity has from the earliest times been thought to be related to psychosis or 'madness,'" he noted.3 The Doctor and Amy see the artist Vincent van Gogh suffer from his inner demons,4 and the real Vincent's multiple maladies remain the subject of diagnostic debate to this day.5 The Doctor's own creative, divergent way of thinking and his tendency to question the status quo likely figure into why some Time Lords call him "a madman."6
**Examples of Psychoticism Traits** 7
Aggressiveness
Antisociality
Creativity
Egocentrism
Impersonal Nature
Impulsivity
Lack of Empathy
Tough-mindedness
**_Openness_**
Other three-factor theories emerged as different researchers ran their own factor analyses and inferred different meanings from what they found. Among the best known was the _NEO_ model proposed by personality researchers Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: neuroticism, extraversion, openness. _Openness_ (also called _openness to experience_ ) involves curiosity, ingenuity, analysis, intellectual pursuit, appreciation of things others deem impractical, and readiness for new and unusual experiences.8 Few fictional characters are more up for new experience than the Doctor, who leaves Gallifrey and rarely slows down as he rushes from one adventure to the next.
**Examples of Openness Traits**
Abstract Thinking
Active Imagination
Appreciation of Culture and Intelligence
Challenging Norms
Curiosity
Independent Thinking
Intellectual Flexibility
Interest in Adventure
Originality
Preference for Variety
Unconventional Beliefs
## **Counting Constellations**
Though the Doctor wears many faces and behaves in many different ways, common features connect all of his incarnations and distinguish who he is from who everyone else he can ever encounter. Despite the differences between different theorists' personality factor models, some common features connect them and distinguish them from other theories of who we are. One way or another, each view describes personality in terms of traits, each combines traits into broad dimensions, and the extraversion/introversion dimension runs through them all.
So Eysenck had his three factors while McCrae and Costa had theirs. Should psychoticism or openness be added to the list? Psychoticism included numerous traits that openness omitted. After conducting an extensive review of all personality factor research, looking at the many personality disorder lists identified by different researchers,9 McCrae and Costa added two plus two and got five.10 Factor File Three, "The Five Factors—Adventures in the OCEAN," shares how.
_References_
Chowdhury, A. N. (2008). Vincent van Gogh and mental illness. _British Journal of Psychiatry, 193_ (2), 167–168.
Eysenck, H. J. (1966). Personality and experimental psychology. _Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 19_ (1), 1–28.
Eysenck, H. J. (1993). Creativity and personality: Suggestions for a theory. _Psychological Inquiry, 4_ (3), 147–178.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). _Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach._ New York, NY: Plenum.
Goldberg, L. R. (1982). From Ace to Zombie: Some explorations in the language of personality. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), _Advances in personality assessment_ (Vol. 1, pp. 203–234). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1985). Openness to experience. In R. Hogan & W. H. Jones (Eds.), _Perspectives in personality_ (Vol. 1, pp. 145–172).
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52_(1), 81–90.
Ter Borg, M., & Trenité, D. K. (2012). The cultural context of diagnosis: The case of Vincent van Gogh. _Epilepsy & Behavior, 25_(3), 431–439.
Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. _USAF ASD Technical Report_ (No. 61–97). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U. S. Air Force.
Voskuil, P. (2013). Diagnosing Vincent van Gogh, an expedition from the sources to the present "mer à boire." _Epilepsy & Behavior, 28_(2), 177–180.
_Notes_
1. Eysenck (1966).
2. Episode 2–10, "Love & Monsters" (June 17, 2006).
3. Eysenck (1993), p. 155.
4. Episode 5–10, "Vincent and the Doctor" (June 5, 2010).
5. Chowdhury (2008); Ter Borg & Trenité (2012); Viskuil (2013).
6. e.g., anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
7. Eysenck & Eysenck (1985).
8. McCrae & Costa (1985).
9. e.g., Tupes & Christal (1961).
10. McCrae & Costa (1987).
# Part Three
# Hands to Hold
**Social animals that we are, we often identify ourselves by the company we keep.**
Physical qualities and personality can both be attractive. Circumstances can also heighten a person's appeal. Danger excites us and can make other feelings more exciting as well.
# CHAPTER NINE
Who Makes a Good Companion?
SARITA J. ROBINSON
_"There's a lot of things you need to get across this universe. Warp drive, wormhole refractors. You know the thing you need most of all? You need a hand to hold."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"Through others we become ourselves."_
—psychologist Lev S. Vygotsky2
Psychologists, especially occupational psychologists, have often wondered whether it would be possible to identify if a person would be a good fit for a job role. For example, is it possible from an interview or an observation to identify someone who has the resilience to be a teacher or the compassion to be a nurse? Identifying selection criterion for different occupational roles is big business because choosing the wrong person can be costly and in some cases dangerous. The Doctor, from his granddaughter Susan Foreman and her teachers Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton through many dozens of others who follow, has shown the need for companionship. However, it is clear that selecting a companion is a difficult task as a good companion will need to have a certain psychological makeup to enjoy traveling with the Doctor.
We know that the Doctor has had many companions. Some have been aliens (such as Romana from Gallifrey, Adric from Alzarian in E-Space, Nyssa from Tracken, and Vislor Turlough from Trion). Other companions have been robotic (such as K-9, the shape-changing robot Kamelion, and the Cyberman head called Handles). However, the Doctor often chooses an Earthling, although not all of them make the grade. For example, both Captain Jack Harkness and Ashildr (also known as "Me") are rejected by the Doctor because they are immortal. The Doctor tells Ashildr that his companions have to be like "mayflies" to remind him of what is important in life.3 So how does the Doctor select his companions, and what other characteristics is he looking for?
## **Who Makes a Good Traveling Companion?**
Sometimes companions are thrust upon the Doctor. Romana (or Romanadvoratrelundar, to give her full name) is sent by the Time Lords to help the Fourth Doctor fulfill the White Guardian's mission to find the Key to Time.4 Some companions, such as Dodo Chaplet and Tegan Jovanka, appear to stumble into the TARDIS, believing it to be a genuine police box.5 Others, such as Amy Pond, wait patiently for the Doctor to take them traveling. No matter how a potential companion gets on board the TARDIS, the Doctor has the ultimate power to decide if he or she is worthy of a TARDIS key.
Although modern selection processes for adventurers can have a psychological basis, historically selection has been a little more hit and miss. Ernest Shackleton, the famous polar explorer, recruited men for his 1914 Nimrod Expedition. The story goes that he placed an advertisement in a London newspaper asking for volunteers for a hazardous journey: "Low wages, bitter cold, long hours of complete darkness. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in event of success." Shackleton received five thousand applications, which he divided into three piles labeled _Mad_ , _Hopeless_ , and _Possible_.6 Shackleton's selection criteria for fellow adventurers appeared to include optimism, patience, physical endurance, idealism, and courage. These qualities are also seen in many of the Doctor's companions, and so it is possible that the Doctor takes some advice from Shackleton.
Today, the selection criteria for adventurers are thought to be more robust, but it is only recently that detailed psychological screening has been included in astronaut selection procedures.7 Before psychological screening was commonplace, it was assumed that one could spot who had the "right stuff." People with the right stuff were thought to be easy to spot as they would be independent, expressive, and driven to work hard, whereas people with the "wrong stuff" tended to be competitive, impatient, and irritable. Selectors also wanted to screen out people with "no stuff," people who are unassertive with low levels of motivation.8 It is clear that the Doctor does not want to select people with the wrong stuff or no stuff.
## **The Doctor's Selection Process**
The Doctor does, on the majority of occasions, select companions who have the right stuff. All of his companions tend to be independent and expressive with a strong work ethic. However, the Doctor's selection process is quite messy. What other factors does he take into account?
The Doctor often selects companions who have either medical or academic qualifications. For example, both Martha Jones (who is a medical student when she first meets the Doctor) and Harry Sullivan (a lieutenant surgeon in the Royal Navy) are medically trained. In fact, one of the Doctor's companions, Dr. Grace Holloway, is an accomplished cardiologist who actually triggers the Doctor's regeneration after subjecting him to an ill-judged heart operation.9
Perhaps the Doctor is selecting companions on the basis of their intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ is determined by a set of tests that are designed to measure human intelligence. High IQ levels are thought to be associated with occupations such as medicine and academic jobs. It is likely that if River Song (a.k.a. Melody Pond) with her doctorate in archaeology, Zoe Heriot the astrophysicist, and Dr. Elizabeth Shaw the UNIT science officer recruited from Cambridge University took an IQ test, they would score highly. However, psychologists are starting to think that IQ alone is not the best predictor of success in occupations such as medicine. Recent research suggests that traits of self-discipline and motivation are also important.10 In fact, not all of the Doctor's companions would have scored well on traditional IQ tests. Jo Grant, for example, who is hired by UNIT to be the Doctor's lab assistant, says she actually failed her science exams.11 Many of the Doctor's companions have not had high-powered jobs, with Ace working as a waitress, Rose Tyler working in a department store, and Donna Noble working as a temp. Indeed, when Romana boasts to the Doctor that she graduated from the Time Lord Academy on Gallifrey with top honors, the Doctor is not impressed.12 He points out that she lacks experience. Therefore, it is clear that the Doctor, like occupational psychologists, knows that academic smarts do not automatically mean that someone is the right fit for a job role.
## **Intelligence**
In fact, some psychologists today suggest that the traditional IQ view of intelligence is limited and that there is more than one way in which to be clever. The multiple intelligences model that was introduced by developmental psychologist Howard Gardner suggests that people can be smart in different ways:13
• _Linguistic intelligence_ —good oral communication skills, including the ability to express yourself and your point of view. Investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith would perform well on tests of linguistic intelligence.
• _Logical-mathematical intelligence_ —having the ability to think logically, see patterns, and deduce solutions from the evidence presented. Adric, the mathematics genius from the planet Alzarius in E-Space, is likely to score highly on tests that measure this.
• _Musical intelligence_ —having the ability to make music. There is very limited evidence of musical intelligence in the Doctor's companions; maybe this is a trait the Doctor does not value in them.
• _Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence_ —the ability to control your body carefully in the physical world. Leela demonstrates this quality as a warrior of the Sevateem.
• _Spatial intelligence_ —the ability to recognize and use the space around you. Harry Sullivan, who works with the Doctor at UNIT, is likely to score quite low on this trait as he is well known for being clumsy.
• _Intrapersonal intelligence_ —the ability to understand your own thoughts and feelings and the ways they affect your behavior. Many of the Doctor's companions have high levels of this type of intelligence. Clara Oswald has helped the Doctor understand how his behavior affects others.
• _Interpersonal intelligence_ —the ability to understand other people's needs and motivations. All the Doctor's companions show high levels of this. The Doctor may feel he needs them because he may not always understand the life-forms he meets while they are likely to grasp the essence of any crisis and make the personal connection quickly.
Gardner's _interpersonal intelligence_ is similar to another concept: emotional intelligence _. Emotional intelligence (EI)_ 14 refers to a set of skills that allow people to do the following:
• Understand and express their own emotions as well as the emotions of others.
• Regulate their own emotions and the emotions of others.
• Use their abilities to motivate, plan, and achieve their goals.
Only a few of the Doctor's associates appear to be low in EI. The Brigadier and maybe his daughter Kate Stewart would do well to improve their EI abilities. For example, Kate does not want to negotiate with the Zygons and feels that bombing them would be a better approach.15 In most cases, the Doctor's companions care passionately about all the life-forms they meet while they journey through time and space. Many companions even put themselves in harm's way to help life-forms they have just met. Rose, for example, takes pity on the Dalek who has been tortured by Henry van Statten, and she pleads with the Doctor for the Dalek's life.16 Donna Noble insists that the Doctor save Lucius Caecilius and his family from the volcanic eruption in Pompeii.17 (Helping others despite risk to oneself is a defining aspect of _altruism_.18)
However, although intelligence testing (whether IQ, multiple intelligences, or EI) can tell us about some of the characteristics of a person, they cannot tell us everything we need to know in order to tell if someone would be good in a certain role, such as being a good traveling companion. In addition to intelligence tests, psychologists can use personality measures to see if a person is a good fit for a certain job role. For example, having a high IQ might make you good at mathematics, but you might not be a good mathematics teacher if you do not like people.
## **Personality**
Psychologists have identified five main personality factors (the Big Five) that are universally present in both Western and non-Western cultures.19 From what we have seen, these characteristics seem to be present throughout our world. It is thought that most people fall between two extreme points on a scale for each of the five factors (as opposed to being completely at one end or the other).
The Dark Triad: Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism
The Doctor rarely gets his choice of companions wrong, but one exception is Adam Mitchell. As well as suffering from time sickness, Adam has some of the personality characteristics that fall within the _dark triad_.20 The term refers to three personality types that appear to be typical of people who are manipulative and exploitative:
• _Narcissism:_ Narcissists lack empathy and have a high level of entitlement. People with narcissistic personalities do not make good companions; they are not team players and are out only for themselves.21 Adam displays some narcissistic characteristics, as he seems interested only in how he can profit from his travels. For example, he tries to download advances in technology with no consideration for the impact of his actions.
• _Machiavellianism:_ People with Machiavellian personality traits tend to be manipulative and are willing to exploit others.22 People with this may lack a moral code and have a high level of self-interest and deception. We can see that Adam is self-interested when he does not actively help the residents of Satellite 5.
• _Psychopathy:_ People with psychopathic traits display low levels of empathy and are reckless, showing little remorse for their behavior.23 Again, Adam shows some of these traits. He is reckless, going for major brain surgery so that he can download information about technological advances. When he is caught, he does not appear guilty or apologetic; he just tries to justify his actions.
**_Openness to Experience_**
People range from being very curious to being very cautious. It is a fair assumption that all the Doctor's companions are very curious. Ace, for example, with her homemade science lab, has managed to find her way to the planet Svartos before joining the Doctor on his travels. Then there is Clara Oswald, who replies to the Doctor's questions about where she would like to go with "somewhere awesome."24 A companion expelled from the TARDIS by the Doctor, Adam Mitchell, shows a low level of openness. In fact, he does not cope well with his travels, fainting the first time he sees the Earth from space and being reluctant to try the beef-flavored slushy that Rose offers him.25
**_Conscientiousness_**
People range from being organized and effective to being disorganized and spontaneous. The Doctor's companions tend to have a high level of conscientiousness. Clara Oswald organizes her work as a teacher around her travels with the Doctor.26
**_Extraversion_**
People range from being very outgoing to being reserved and preferring their own company. The Doctor's companions tend to be very outgoing and so have a high degree of extraversion. Ace in particular stands out as a companion who has a very extraverted nature. She is always quick to make friends and with her boom box really is the "life and soul" of the party.
**_Agreeableness_**
The Doctor's companions tend to have a high degree of agreeableness, being caring, cooperative, and considerate. People who are less agreeable have low levels of empathy and little concern for the health and well-being of others. One of the key characteristics of all the Doctor's companions is their caring nature. After the Daleks murder Victoria's father, Jamie becomes very protective of her as they travel with the Second Doctor.27
**_Neuroticism_**
People range from being very nervous to being confident. Generally, the Doctor's companions display low levels of nervousness and have the ability to deal with even the most stressful situations. Tegan, for example, refuses to stay safe in the TARDIS with the Watcher but instead goes to help the Doctor even though the planet is falling apart.28 In most adventures the Doctor's companions show a remarkable ability to stay calm, cool, and collected. Psychological research into the ways in which individuals react to emergency situations suggests that only 10 to 25 percent of people have the ability to stay mentally alert and carry out prompt and well thought out responses.29 The vast majority of the population do not respond well to life-threatening events and can suffer from _cognitive paralysis_ in which they fail to undertake any actions at all. Obviously, this would not be very helpful for the Doctor's companions, who need to be able to work well under pressure. In fact, most of the Doctor's companions excel under pressure. Martha Jones, for example, independently travels around, spreading the word of the Doctor in a world controlled by the villainous Master and the Toclafane.30
## **What Are the Benefits for the Doctor of a Traveling Companion?**
There are many psychological advantages to having a good social support network. Without a friend or family member to turn to, humans can feel lost and alone. When the Doctor picks up Rose, we know that he has been traveling without a companion for some time.31 However, the Doctor (through most of his history outside the Time War) rarely has traveled on his own. Having a companion has many advantages for the Doctor:
• _Help with moral decisions._ The Doctor draws on the experiences of his companions and uses them as his moral compass. When weighing whether he has the right to destroy the entire Dalek race, the Fourth Doctor asks Sarah Jane.32 By calling on the help of companions such as Sarah Jane, he is able to get a new perspective on his decisions.
• _Emotional support._ Psychologists know that friendships and emotional support are extremely important for remaining mentally healthy.33 The Doctor seems to have strong emotional ties to his companions and appears to be devastated when they leave. Missy (the Master), however, suggests that the Doctor's relationship with his companions is not equal and that he sees them as faithful pets.34 Even if this is the case, psychologists have found that having a pet also can be beneficial to one's mental well-being.35
• _Physical benefits._ The Doctor's companions can help him remain physically healthy. Mel Bush puts the Doctor on a regimen of carrot juice and exercise. Some researchers suggest that people who feel lonely can have health problems and that exercise is much easier if one has a friend to help one out.36
## **After the Doctor?**
Traveling with the Doctor has a profound effect on many of his companions. Some companions are forced to leave the TARDIS, but some decide for themselves that it is time for them to stop their travels and move on with their lives. Ian Chesterton tells the First Doctor that he misses sitting in a pub and drinking a pint of beer as he chooses to return home,37 and Martha Jones decides to stop traveling with the Tenth Doctor after she decides that their relationship is not healthy for her.38 However, it is clear that the Doctor is emotionally attached to his traveling companions and does want the best outcome for them. For example, even though the Tenth Doctor wipes Donna's memory of their travels together, he returns on her wedding day and gives her a winning lottery ticket as a wedding gift.39 Even when the Doctor cannot save his companions, he tries to do his best for them. After River Song dies in the Library, saving the people trapped by its computer, the Doctor is able to upload her to the Library's mainframe so that a version of her can continue to live on.40
On a positive note, most of the companions seem to grow from the traumas they have witnessed on their adventures. Nyssa, for example, chooses to leave the Fifth Doctor and remain on the hospital ship _Terminus_ to help formulate a cure for a disease shortly after witnessing fellow companion Adric's death.41 Amy and Rory lead a happy life after being catapulted back to 1938 and then adopting a son (as they report in messages they leave for the Doctor and Rory's father).42 Psychologists refer to these positive outcomes after trauma as _posttraumatic growth._ 43
## **The Key to Companions**
It is clear that selecting anyone for a job role is difficult. Occupational psychologists have researched for many years to see how different traits can fit with different occupations. It is clear that although the Doctor does not subject his companions to psychometric testing, he does appear to know who will make a good traveling companion. The Doctor selects those who are moral, motivated, academically and emotionally intelligent, extraverted, agreeable, and conscientious and above all are able to deal with a stressful situation. Only occasionally does he give someone undeserving the TARDIS key.
_"We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, the better it is for us all."_
—–developmental psychologist Erik Erikson44
_References_
Bar-Tal, D. (1985–1986). Altruistic motivation to help: Definition, utility, and operationalization. _Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 13_ (1–2), 3–14.
Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavior confirmation of everyday sadism. _Psychological Science_ , 20(1), 1–9.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. _Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 8_(2), 58–72.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.). (2014). _Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice._ London, UK: Routledge.
Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Sejourne, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. _Personality & Individual Differences_, 47(7), 734–739.
Chidester, T. R., Helmreich, R. L., Gregorich, S. E., & Geis, C. E. (1991). Pilot personality and crew coordination: Implications for training and selection. _International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 1_ (1), 25–44.
Cleckley, H. (1941). _The mask of sanity_. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. _Psychological Science, 16_ (12), 939–944.
Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. (1989). Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. _Educational Researcher, 18_ (8), 4–10.
Goleman, D. (1988, June 14). _Erikson, in his own old age, expands his view of life._ New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/08/22/specials/erikson-old.html.
Fromm, E. (1964). _The heart of man_. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Hare, R. D. (1991). _The Hare psychopathy checklist-revised_. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. N. (2006). The PCL-R assessment of psychopathy: Development, structural properties, and new directions. In C. Patrick (Ed.), _Handbook of psychopathy_ (pp. 58-88). New York: Guilford.
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. _Psychological Assessment_ , 1(1), 6-17.
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The "dark triad" and normal personality traits. _Personality & Individual Differences_, 40(3), 331–339.
Leach, J. (1994 _)._ _Survival psychology._ London, UK: Macmillan.
McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 88_(3), 547.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. _Journal of Research in Personality_ , 36, 556–63.
Reich, J. W. (1982). _Experimenting in society._ Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. _Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9_ (3), 185–211.
Santy, P. A. (1994). _Choosing the right stuff: The psychological selection of astronauts and cosmonauts._ Westport, CT: Praeger.
Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic personality: Bridging the gap between scientific evidence and public policy. _Psychological Science in the Public Interest_ , 12(2), 95–162.
Smith, M. (2007). _Polar crusader: A life of Sir James Wordie._ Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn.
Van der Horst, M., & Coffé, H. (2012). How friendship network characteristics influence subjective well-being. _Social Indicators Research, 107_ (3), 509–529.
Vygotsky (1931/1997). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, Vol. 4: _The history of the development of higher mental functions_. New York, NY: Plenum.
Wells, D. L. (2009). The effects of animals on human health and well-being. _Journal of Social Issues, 65_ (3), 523–543.
Wing, R. R., & Jeffery, R. W. (1999). Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. _Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67_(1), 132.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 2–11, "Fear Her" (December 15, 2006).
2. Vygotsky (1931/1997), p. 96.
3. Modern episode 9–6, "The Woman Who Lived" (October 24, 2015).
4. Classic serial 16–1, _The Ribos Operation_ , part 1 (September 2, 1978).
5. Classic serials 3–5, _The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve_ , part 4 (February 5, 1966); 18–7, _Logopolis_ , part 1 (February 28, 1981).
6. Smith (2007).
7. Santy (1994).
8. Chidester et al. (1991).
9. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
10. Duckworth & Seligman (2005).
11. Classic serial 8–1, _Terror of the Autons_ , part 1 (January 2, 1971).
12. Classic serial 16–1, _The Ribos Operation_ , part 1 (September 2, 1978).
13. Gardner & Hatch (1989).
14. Salovey & Mayer (1990).
15. Modern episode 9–7, "Zygon Invasion" (October 15, 2015).
16. Modern episode 1–6, "Dalek" (April 30, 2015).
17. Modern episode 4–2, "Fires of Pompeii" (April 12, 2008).
18. Bar-Tal (1985–1986); Reich (1982).
19. McCrae & Terracciano (2005).
20. Book et al. (2016); Jakobwitz & Egan (2006); Paulhus & Williams (2002). For information on the dark tetrad, which also includes sadism, see also Buckels et al. (2013); Chabrol et al. (2009).
21. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
22. Christie & Geis (1970).
23. Cleckley (1941); Hare (1991); Hare & Neumann (2006); Harpur et al. (1989); Skeen et al. (2011).
24. Modern episode 7–7, "The Rings of Akhaten" (April 6, 2013).
25. Modern episode 1–7, "The Long Game" (May 7, 2005).
26. Beginning in the anniversary special, _The Day of the Doctor_ (November 23, 2013).
27. Classic serial 4–9, _The Evil of the Daleks_ , part 7 (July 1, 1967).
28. Classic serial 18–7, _Logopolis_ (February 28–March 21, 1981).
29. Leach (1994).
30. Modern episode 3–12, "The Sound of Drums" (June 23, 2007).
31. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
32. Classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
33. Cacioppo & Cacioppo (2014).
34. Van der Horst & Coffé (2012).
35. Modern episode 8–12, "Death in Heaven" (November 8, 2014).
36. Wing & Jeffery (1999).
37. Classic serial 8–2, _The Chase_ (June 26, 1965).
38. Modern episode 3–13, _Last of the Time Lords_ (June 30, 2007).
39. Christmas special, "The End of Time" (January 1, 2010).
40. Modern episode 4–8, "Silence in the Library" (May 31, 2008).
41. Classic serial 20–4, _Terminus_ , part 4 (February 15, 1983).
42. Modern episode 7–5, _The Angels Take Manhattan_ (September 29, 2012); video, _P.S_. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWU6XL9xI4k (October 12, 2012).
43. Calhoun et al. (2014).
44. Quoted by Goleman (1988).
Do "opposites attract" or do "birds flock together"—or are both expressions no more than trite platitudes? How do differences and similarities shape relationships between two people, and what role might they play when we have choices to make between one relationship and others?
# CHAPTER TEN
By Any Other Name: Evolution, Excitation, and Expansion
WIND GOODFRIEND
_"Nice to meet you, Rose. Run for your life."_
—Ninth Doctor1
_"That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet."_
—playwright William Shakespeare2
Over the course of a lifetime, we meet thousands and thousands of people. Some of us believe that in the entire world there is one person we are each destined to find who will fulfill our folktale concept of enduring true love. Psychologists, however, tend to believe that we are attracted to some people and not to others because of a variety of factors in the individuals involved and their specific circumstances. Countless articles, books, and book chapters have explored attempts to study this phenomenon scientifically.3 Among the thousands of people you have met in your life, what made some individuals stand out? What attracted you to them? What made you fall in love? Why might one rose draw someone's interest unlike any other flower?
## **Evolutionary Perspective on Love**
When Darwin published _On the Origin of Species_ in 1859,4 more than just biology was revolutionized. Although the field of psychology was barely in its infancy at that time, the idea of human evolution affecting behavior is now pervasive in psychology textbooks. In short, the _evolutionary perspective on love_ includes the belief that attraction and sexual behaviors are the products of generations of natural selection and competition for desirable mates. Importantly, the evolutionary perspective offers the idea that we are attracted to certain characteristics that are universally appealing regardless of culture, media exposure, or individual factors such as religion and education level because those characteristics have been helpful to the survival and passage of genetic patterns. What are those traits, and does Rose Tyler have them? She is the first companion of the twenty-first century,5 the one through whom modern viewers first discover _Doctor Who_ ,6 and the one for whom many viewers in our universe and perhaps the Doctor in his keep pining.7
**_Facial Features_**
The first feature that the evolutionary perspective on psychology predicts will be universally attractive in females is referred to as the _babyface bias_ , or the idea that men think that women are pretty if their faces have stereotypically childish facial features. These features include smooth and unblemished skin, large eyes, a wide mouth, full lips, and a small nose. Altogether, this package of features is called _facial neoteny._ Women who have a combination of facial neoteny and a fully adult and feminine body are considered the most beautiful around the world.8 The actress who portrayed Rose and the characteristics chosen for the character certainly show this combination. Her wide eyes and broad, toothy smile are mesmerizing, and her fair skin and blond hair provide a youthful appearance that is appealing to many admirers, including the Ninth and Tenth Doctors.9
**_Youth_**
Rose's youth is also appealing according to the evolutionary perspective. At the time she meets the Doctor, she is nineteen years old.10 The evolutionary perspective from psychology argues that youth in women matters to men because it provides a clue about a woman's reproductive health. Importantly, a woman's ability to bear a healthy child declines rapidly after she reaches age twenty.11 Even as men age, their preference for significantly younger women remains stable; psychological studies have shown that men in their thirties tend to prefer women who are about five years younger but men in their fifties prefer women who are about fifteen years younger.12 Although research is lacking on the preferences of aliens who are about a thousand years old, if we extrapolate this trend, Rose's youthful face and age will be very appealing because she is of prime age for reproductive capacity.
**_Body Type_**
Another trait possessed by Rose is likely to be very appealing to any other male admirers who cross her path: her body type. Although different cultures have preferences for heavier versus thinner women in general and in their media representations, such as models, the evolutionary perspective in psychology predicts that Rose's body type will be the most universally appealing.13 This comes from research on what is called the _waist-to-hips ratio_. If you measured the circumference of your waist and compared it with the circumference of your hips, what would the ratio be? According to dozens of research studies done in a wide variety of cultures, men universally tend to find a waist-to-hips ratio right around .70 to be the most sexually appealing,14 meaning a woman's waist should be 70 percent of the circumference of her hips. This classic "hourglass" shape emphasizes full hips (capable of healthy reproduction) and a small waist (indicative of aerobic fitness), both of which are clues to genetic health. If one estimate is correct,15 Rose Tyler's measurements are 25 inches (waist) and 35 inches (hips), giving her a waist-to-hips ratio of .714, the perfect body according to this perspective.
Surely, though, the Doctor is a complex and intelligent man and it takes more than looks to win his love.
## **Excitation Transfer**
Beauty matters, but for years psychologists have known that attraction is also affected by the circumstances in which two people meet. One of the best-known phenomena that can result in "love at first sight" is called _excitation transfer theory_.16 Excitation transfer starts with the idea that when you are highly attracted to someone or in love, you will have a _physiological_ response to that person. Your heart will beat faster; your breathing will increase; you may feel a bit dizzy and light-headed. We also know that some environmental circumstances will cause physiological arousal, such as when you're scared. If you are put into a frightening situation, you may experience the exact same bodily reactions: increased heartbeat and breathing, dizziness, and so on. The crux of excitation transfer theory is the prediction that sometimes we'll be physiologically aroused by environmental factors but that we can misunderstand those feelings and believe they're really caused by something else, including attraction to another person. Sometimes this effect is called _misattribution of arousal_ because humans are fairly poor at understanding their own reactions and can translate fear into attraction.
**_A Shaky Bridge_**
A classic psychological study that tested excitation transfer is called the _shaky bridge study_.17 Here, researchers went to a canyon and spent time next to two different bridges, one of which was higher, longer, and much shakier than the other. Next to each bridge, a female experimenter waited for middle-aged men who were alone to cross the bridge. Immediately after crossing, she asked them a few questions, thanked them for participating in the study, and offered them her phone number in a flirtatious manner. The real test of excitation transfer would come when experimenters saw which of the men called the woman to ask her out.
Fully half (50 percent) of the men who had just crossed the shaky, scary bridge called the woman later, whereas a mere 13 percent of the men from the sturdy bridge called her. It was the exact same woman in both conditions; the only difference was the circumstances. When our bodies are aroused by something in our environment, it's easy to feel the blood rushing through our veins and to feel that something important is happening. It is also easy to think that these feelings are due to attraction to someone nearby instead of attributing the arousal to its true source.
**_Excitation for Rose_**
Excitation transfer may be another factor in why the Doctor is especially attracted to Rose Tyler. Their first meeting occurs when both are being attacked by killer mannequins, an adventure that culminates with Rose swinging across a room to save the day and landing in the Doctor's arms while they both are sweaty and full of adrenaline.18 Physical excitement in such circumstances could be translated into emotional excitement and attraction to each other.
A beautiful woman with all the right proportions and an exhilarating situation should not be enough. The Doctor meets beautiful women (and men and trees) all the time and is constantly fighting for his life. Although these factors are present in Rose, they are also true of most of his companions, and therefore these superficial variables do not fully explain why Rose Tyler seems so special.
## **Self-Expansion Theory**
The final theory that we need to understand Rose's place in the Doctor's hearts is _self-expansion theory._ 19 The foundation for self-expansion theory in psychology is that "in a close relationship each person includes in the self, to some extent, the other's resources, perspectives, and identities."20 Essentially, this theory argues that once you are in a committed relationship with someone, your separate identity or "self" is no longer independent. Instead, the two members of the couple have _interdependent identities_ : One's cognitive and emotional concept of "self" includes the other person.
**_The Doctor's Ideal Self_**
This self-expansion to include another person is one reason why we're attracted to people. Because we strive to be the best "selves" we can be, we therefore search for partners who can help us attain that goal. Self-expansion theory may explain why the Doctor's companions often fall in love with him. Many of the companions live relatively banal, boring lives, worried about paying bills and satisfying demanding mothers. When the Doctor appears, he presents an unparalleled opportunity for adventure. Flying around in a time machine, visiting fantastic worlds, and having unlimited resources provides a better opportunity for self-expansion than most people could ever imagine. He explicitly points this out to Rose after their first adventure when he invites her to become his companion: "You could stay here, fill your life with work and food and sleep, or you could go anywhere."21
**_To Expand toward Rose_**
But is it possible for the Doctor to experience self-expansion? Could a mere human, a young woman with no resources and barely any tangible things to offer, be appealing to a Time Lord? This question is exactly what makes Rose Tyler special, because the answer, for her, is yes. It seems that the Doctor falls in love with Rose because _she offers him the opportunity to grow._ Knowing Rose seems to allow the Doctor to change his self-concept in ways that are extremely rare, and this is what self-expansion theory states is the reason why we fall in love.22 We see changes in the Doctor's sense of self most clearly when he and Rose encounter what the Doctor most hates and fears: Daleks. Instead of hatred and fear, Rose feels empathy and compassion toward this single, lonely, and fearful being and attempts to be nurturing to the Dalek. A _model_ (someone demonstrating behavior) can inspire us to mimic the behavior we observe, potentially making us more helpful, caring people.23 Because Rose's example leads the Doctor to see this one Dalek as an individual being, the Doctor actually apologizes to it and realizes that his current self is not the self he wants to be.
Rose's ability to challenge the Doctor, to confront his weaknesses and make him stronger, kinder, and wiser, is what makes her special. This may be why the Doctor feels a love for Rose beyond his love for his other companions: She pushes him to expand his cognitive and emotional self in ways he never encountered before. She gets him to see the humanity in a variety of situations during their time together, but she also allows him to be personal and sweet. A poignant example of her ability to reach him is seen when they are trapped in a typically dangerous situation. Instead of panicking and clinging to the Doctor in fear, Rose gets him to dance with her, to do something simple and human.24
Self-expansion theory is relevant as the Doctor can truly see Rose as his equal instead of as an inferior being, and this equality allows them both to change and grow through their interdependent selves. The Doctor's respect and admiration for Rose being on his intellectual and courageous level is seen when he believes he's about to die (again) and his final words express his faith in her: "I've seen fake gods and bad gods and demi-gods and would-be-gods. If I believe in one thing—just one thing—I believe in her."25
## **The Uniqueness of Rose**
Rose Tyler is special because she challenges the Doctor to expand his hearts, his mind, and his sense of self in ways that are truly, deeply meaningful. She has a pretty face and a curvy body, and their circumstances are exciting, but that isn't enough for real love. Rose _matters_. She is the Doctor's equal in bravery and his superior in empathy and selflessness. He values her because she makes him a different person. She makes him better, and that is why he loves her.
Predictors of Attraction
What are some of the other variables that psychology has identified as predicting interpersonal or romantic attraction? The list is long, but these are a few of the most important variables:
• _Similarity:_ Many studies have shown that similarity brings people together and that couples are more likely to experience happiness and longevity if the members have a similar age, socioeconomic status, religion, values, and sense of humor.26
• _Physical proximity:_ Simply being around someone for more interactions provides an opportunity to get to know each other and potentially fall in love. A well-established phenomenon in psychology is the _mere exposure effect_ , or the fact that just becoming more familiar with an object or person typically leads us to prefer that object or person.27
• _Reciprocal liking:_ It also matters if our love or attraction is requited. We are more attracted to people we know are attracted to us—this return of our interest is both flattering and comforting. We are more likely to risk falling in love if we believe the risk may be worthwhile because the other person loves us in return.28
_References_
Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1986). _Love and the experience of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction._ New York, NY: Hemisphere.
Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1996). Self and self expansion in relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher & J. Fitness (Eds.), _Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach_ (pp. 325–344). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Aron, A. P., Mashek, D. J., & Aron, E. N. (2004). Closeness as inclusion of the other in the self. In D. J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), _Handbook of closeness and intimacy_ (pp. 27–42). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2008). Becoming friends by chance. _Psychological Science, 19_ (5), 439–440.
Bate, E. (2015, September 22). _18 reasons Rose Tyler was undeniably the best companion on "Doctor Who."_ Buzz Feed: <https://www.buzzfeed.com/eleanorbate/bad-wolf?utm_term=.uoEB9W4M4x#.bpzBjVd5de>.
Body Measurements (n.d.). _Billie Piper._ Body Measurements: <http://www.bodymeasurements.org/billie-piper-bra-size/>.
Bryant, J., & Miron, D. (2003). Excitation-transfer theory. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (Eds.), _Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann_ (pp. 31–59). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Buss, D. M. (1994). _The evolution of desire._ New York, NY: Basic.
Caspi, A., & Herbener, E. S. (1990). Continuity and change: Assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 58_(2), 250–258.
Darwin, C. (1859). _On the origin of species by means of natural selection._ London, UK: John Murray.
Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 30_(4), 510–517.
Jones, D. (1995). Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross- cultural evidence and implications. _Current Anthropology, 36_ (5), 723–748.
Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies. _Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15_ (1), 75–133.
Lazarus, S., & Walker-Arnott (2013, August 22). _Steven Moffat: Doctor Who was "amazing" Billie Piper's show... she brought it back._ Radio Times: <http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-08-22/steven-moffat-doctor-who-was-amazing-billie-pipers-show-she-brought-it-back>.
Lefebvre, V. A. (2004). On sharing a pie: Modeling costly prosocial behavior. _Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27_ (4), 565–566.
Lowe, C. A., & Goldstein, J. W. (1970). Reciprocal liking and attributions of ability: Mediating effects of perceived intent and personal involvement. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 16_(2), 291–297.
Mackinnon, S. P., Jordan, C. H., & Wilson, A. E. (2011). Birds of a feather sit together: Physical similarity predicts seating choice. _Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37_(9), 79–8922.
Roach, M. (2008). _Bonk:_ _The curious coupling of science and sex._ New York, NY: Norton.
Shakespeare, W. (1600). _Romeo and Juliet_ (Act II, Scene 2).
Singh, D. (1993a). Adaptive significance of physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65_(2), 293–307.
Singh, D. (1993b). Body shape and women's attractiveness: The critical role of waist-to-hip ratio. _Human Nature, 4_ (3), 297–321.
Zillmann, D. (1983). Transfer of excitation in emotional behavior. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), _Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook_ (pp. 215–240). New York, NY: Guilford.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
2. Shakespeare (1600).
3. PsycINFO database search conducted May, 2016.
4. Darwin (1959).
5. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
6. Lazarus & Walker-Arnott (2013).
7. Bate (2015).
8. Jones (1995).
9. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
10. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
11. Buss (1994).
12. Kenrick & Keefe (1992).
13. Roach (2008).
14. See, for example, Singh (1993a, 1993b).
15. Body Measurements (n.d.).
16. Bryant & Miron (2003); Zillmann (1983).
17. Dutton & Aron (1974).
18. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
19. Aron & Aron (1996).
20. Aron et al. (2004).
21. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
22. Aron & Aron (1986).
23. Lefebvre (2004).
24. Modern episode 1–10, "The Doctor Dances" (May 28, 2005).
25. Modern episode 2–9, "The Satan Pit" (June 10, 2006).
26. e.g., Caspi & Herbener (1990); Mackinnon et al. (2011).
27. Back et al. (2008).
28. Lowe & Goldstein (1970).
When someone wants a relationship with someone who's smart with a great personality, what does that mean? Psychology shows that both intelligence and personality are more complex and varied than such a simple description can convey.
# CHAPTER ELEVEN
A Companion's Choice: Do Opposites Attract?
ERIN CURRIE
_"Oh, Amy. You have to sort your men out. Choose, even."_
—Dream Lord1
_"The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances: If there is any reaction, both are transformed."_
—psychiatrist Carl Jung2
In psychology, we attempt to answer the great questions of human behavior. Poets, politicians, and scientists of many stripes have called relationships the most difficult enigma of all. The _Who_ universe is no different, with much fan discussion given to the Doctor's choice of companions.3 After all, each companion has his or her (usually her) own unique impact on the Doctor and his adventures. The personalities of each Doctor and each companion combine to create new opportunities for humorous, challenging, heartwarming, and nerve-racking interplay, as can be the case when any two people embark on a relationship of any nature. Several of the classic Doctors have an entourage of companions, and one modern Doctor, the Eleventh, travels with a married couple. There, in addition to personality interplay between companion and Doctor, you have personality dynamics playing out among pairs, trios, or more.
The dynamic between companions Amelia "Amy" Pond and Rory Williams is different from most companion entourage arrangements in that the significance of their relationship rivals their individual relationships with the Doctor. Although the Doctor chooses to bring both Amy and Rory along with him, clearly it is Amy's choice of companion that matters most. How is a person to choose? Both personality psychology and interpersonal psychology address compatibility and attraction, helping us understand how people choose companionship and what leads to relationship satisfaction. Will Amy choose the adventurous, dashing hero or her quiet, unfailing friend? Her choice will be examined through the lenses of these two fields of study.
## **Individual Personalities**
Personality traits are one focus of research on relationship choice. It makes intuitive sense that the repeating pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that form a person's essential character would have an impact on that person's perceived attractiveness.4 The research corroborates this intuitive stance by showing that there are a few personality traits that are generally favored, including emotional stability and conscientiousness.5 However, the majority of attraction research focuses not on the personality traits of an individual, but on the perception and interaction between the players' personalities. Some of the most heavily researched _personality factors_ , groups of traits that tend to go together (covered in the Factor Files at the end of each section in this book), interact to influence relationship success.
**_Case 1: The Girl Who Waited_**
Amy shows high levels of emotional stability. When the Doctor first meets young Amy, she has a crack in her wall from which weird voices emanate. While other children would panic and hide under the covers, she calmly and concisely prays to Santa to send help.6 The hallmark of this emotional stability is the capacity to deal with the task at hand without being waylaid by one's emotional reactions.7 When the Doctor barges into her house ten years later, it is clear from her questions that she is angry. Instead, of being overwhelmed by her anger about his abandonment, however, she deals with the intruder and tries to figure out what happened to her all those years ago.8
Amy shows high levels of _dominance_ , which is the assertion of control, in that she tends to take matters into her own hands, diving in and directly dealing with whatever situation comes her way.9 People high in dominance prefer to make the decisions, or at least be able to influence the decision maker. Amy also shows high levels of _openness to experience_ , a trait that includes seeking out new and different experiences and creativity in problem solving.10 In the midst of danger she scans her environment and makes the best out of what is available. Openness to new ideas and experiences means that a person is better able to adapt to the reality of his or her surroundings instead of getting bogged down by preconceived notions of how things should be. One great example of these two traits in combination occurs when Amy, upon being locked below decks, grabs a cutlass and a pirate outfit and charges the pirates without regard for her lack of sword-fighting skills.11 Any preconceptions about lack of sword-fighting skills clearly didn't stop her charge.
_Extraversion_ is an orientation toward active engagement with, and stimulus-seeking from, the world outside oneself.12 Amy's high level of extraversion is evident in her tendency to walk boldly into exciting experiences with less thought of risk, a facet of extraversion that researchers have labeled _surgency_.13 People high in extraversion have less sensitivity toward risk cues and greater need for excitement than people low in extraversion, also known as _introverts_.14 Combine that with a fair dose of stubbornness, which Big Five personality factor researchers would call low _agreeableness_ , which is being more confrontational than cooperative,15 and you have a force to be reckoned with.16
**_Case 2: The Boy Who Waited_**
Rory shows low openness to experience in combination with a low level of extraversion, especially with regard to the facet of _surgency_ 17 (highly positive emotional reactivity). This is portrayed in Rory's ultimate goal at the beginning of the series: to build a calm, quiet life as a small-town doctor and start a family with Amy.18 He isn't worried about saving the world, just the woman he loves and his patients. Low extraversion is also referred to as _introversion_. Research links regions of the brain involved in risk aversion to higher levels of introversion.19 This is demonstrated by Rory's quiet demeanor. He doesn't tend to say much until something is very important to him.20
At the outset of Rory's adventures, he is the picture of submissiveness as he is led around by Amy.21 He lets an impatient hospital doctor rudely dismiss his concern about a client, even in light of solid evidence supporting his concern: a picture of a client who is comatose in a hospital, but also, inexplicably, simultaneously walking his dog in the park.22 Dear Rory is also highly conscientious, a trait generally defined as reliable, careful, and well-organized.23 It doesn't get more reliable and devoted than a man sitting alone in a cave for two thousand years, protecting the woman he loves.24 Rory is a combination of introversion, a low level of openness to new experiences, extreme submissiveness, and conscientiousness. Because of these traits, he is less likely to be led astray from his goals by the many wonders of the universe, unlike the Doctor, whom Rory perceives as competition for Amy.25
**_Case 3: He Who Makes Them Wait_**
Openness to new experiences and high levels of extraversion are this Doctor's personality calling card. He has all time and space to explore and a seemingly insatiable need for new experiences.26 Unfortunately, this pairs with a low level of conscientiousness. He gets caught up in the excitement of the moment and forgets to keep track of things like the everyday needs of others, such as changing lightbulbs and staying in contact with people who care about you.27 Low conscientiousness and openness to new experiences come together in the Doctor and result in a lack of planning. Although he frequently tells his companions that he has a plan, in reality his plan is more of a goal, an armful of tools, a next step, and his reliance on his ability to improvise.28 Most folks with a high level of conscientiousness would not consider this a plan.29
His high level of extraversion is most notable in how much he enjoys showing off how clever he is. One element of extraversion is seeking and thriving off social reinforcement.30 At one point he goes as far as to shout at his companions, "I'm being extremely clever up here and there's no one to stand around looking impressed. What's the point of having you all?"31 The Eleventh Doctor is also high in social dominance. He is always directing the flow of energy of people around him, whether he is telling them what to do or influencing them without them realizing it.32 The way his extraversion and dominance combine with a lower level of emotional stability makes traveling with him quite the exciting, action-packed ride.
## **Relationships**
Do opposites really attract or is similarity better? Some research promotes the idea that similarities attract. A lot of the research on attraction in dating and early relationships shows that people report a preference for partners with similar personality traits, supporting the old adage that "birds of a feather flock together."33 Other research promotes complementarity of personality as being highly attractive. This is a take on the idea that "opposites attract." These studies suggest that people seek out others who fill in the gaps of their skills, strengths, and interpersonal approaches.34 For instance, psychologists studying dominance have found that people who consider themselves dominant respond more positively during cooperative tasks when paired with people who behave in a submissive manner and vice versa, compared to working with similar individuals.35 Both of these matchmaking strategy "camps" get to have their say in Amy's choice.
**_Pair 1: Amy and the Doctor_**
The people in the similarities camp would find Amy's attraction to the Eleventh Doctor unsurprising because they are very much alike. They are both ready to run in and explore each new situation.36 This behavior reflects shared high levels of openness to new experiences and extraversion.37 Their shared trust in their ability to talk or flirt their way out of trouble reflects combined high levels of extraversion and dominance.38 About the only significant difference between the two of them is in emotional stability. Amy takes a more practical approach, even when faced with gut-wrenching decisions.39 Being low in emotional stability, this Doctor tends to be excitable, able to find joy in many things but also prone to immense anger and despair.40 Add a cool blue box that can carry her to exciting new adventures through all time and space and it's no surprise that Amy considers choosing the Doctor over Rory after he saves her from the Weeping Angels.41
**_Pair 2: Amy and Rory_**
People in the complementarity camp would likely be cheering for Rory. He and Amy are different when it comes to almost every personality trait, and his strengths complement Amy's. First, Amy is dominant to Rory's submissive. This area of complementarity is one of the most supported by the research on relationship satisfaction.42 Amy charges into danger and Rory faithfully follows, supports, and saves as needed.43 This is not to say that Rory is cowardly, compared to Amy. There are just different paths to bravery. As the Last Centurion, Rory stands guard over Amy for thousands of years,44 and he takes on numerous foes, such as the Cybermen, the Silence, and the Headless Monks to rescue Amy and their baby.45 Their different approaches to risk-taking are due, in part, to differences in levels of extraversion.46 When Rory takes a look at his environment, he is more likely to notice what could be dangerous.47 Further, he is less likely to seek out risk because it isn't accompanied by a feeling of happy excitement from a new experience.48
Luckily for Amy and the Doctor, Rory is loyal and dependable. His high levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness mean they can count on him to get them out of whatever mess they talk him into. They can also depend on him to care for the needs of the people they encounter while they are busy trying to solve the mystery.49
Unfortunately, quiet, supportive strength like Rory's is often overlooked in favor of more dashing figures like the Doctor. People often fail to appreciate approaches different from theirs. Research finds that people actually _feel_ more satisfaction from a partner who is complementary to them, even though they _say_ they prefer similarity. This indicates that people may not always be aware of what they really want in a partnership.50 For Amy, it takes thinking that she has lost Rory when facing the Dream Lord for her to fully appreciate what Rory means to her.51
**_Pair 3: Amy's Boys_**
It isn't just Amy and the Doctor, and Amy and Rory. Rory and the Doctor have an interesting relationship as well. The complementarity folks would applaud their dynamic. The Doctor is attention-seeking and flamboyant, where Rory is quiet. The Doctor shows higher extraversion and dominance in that he rushes toward adventure and danger and takes everyone along for the ride.52 Rory is more submissive, especially at the beginning. He prefers to consider possible dangers before rushing in.53 Like many highly conscientious people, he would prefer to have a plan in place before taking action.54 The Doctor's focus is on the new opportunities waiting around every corner of time and space.55 Meanwhile, Rory's focus is on what he cares about most: the well-being of Amy and the individuals he meets on their adventures.56 Over time, though, as predicted by the complementarity research, they come to respect and rely on each other's strengths to solve problems, most notably when Amy is in danger.57
## **The Power of Three**
Happily, Amy gets to choose both and everyone wins! She chooses faithful Rory as her husband.58 The complementarity camp is supported. Amy chooses the dashing Doctor as her best friend.67 The similarity camp is supported. Additionally, the Doctor and Rory develop a friendship based on deep mutual respect, trust, and shared interests and experiences, also supporting the complementarity premise.68
Relationship Stages
The Eleventh Doctor is the exception in the modern series by having more than one companion on an ongoing basis. However, each classic Doctor up through the Fifth has an entourage for at least part of his journey. Group dynamics come into play when you go beyond the dyad.59 Group dynamics theorist Bruce Tuckman developed a theory of how groups develop and evolve.60
**Stage One: Forming** | People in the group start to get to know each other. Although Amy knows both Rory and the Doctor, they all learn more about each other in the context of the group.61
---|---
**Stage Two: Storming** | Tension arises as people vie for roles in the group. Although the Doctor is accustomed to being in charge, he cedes that role to Amy while Rory struggles to figure out where he fits.62
**Stage Three: Norming** | Everyone settles into their roles in the group. Amy is the leader who unites them, Rory is the caretaker, and the Doctor is the brains.63
**Stage Four: Performing** | People are comfortable in their relationships and group roles, so they start trying new growth behaviors. The Doctor slows down and becomes more relational while Rory becomes more fierce and confident. Amy, meanwhile, learns to rely on others.64
**Stage Five: Adjourning** | The group disbands, preferably when the members have grown as individuals. Amy and Rory start to talk about fully participating in their life on Earth.65 Although they experience grief when they're finally separated from the Doctor, they move on to have separate adventures.66
The complementarity research indicates that people become especially effective utilizing each other's strengths when they have a common goal.69 Even though their methods differ, Amy, Rory, and the Doctor all want to save the day and use differing strengths to compensate for each other's various weaknesses.70 They work together to show how powerful a complementary team can be.71 Amy helps the doctor focus his vast knowledge of space and time, which Rory connects to the experiences of individuals caught in the crossfire. In the end it's the loss of the power of the relationship of this trio that makes it so heartbreaking when the Weeping Angels force Amy to choose after all.72
_References_
Banta, T. J., & Hetherington, M. (1963). Relations between needs of friends and fiancés. _Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 66_ (4), 401–404.
Bohns, V. K., Lucas, G. M., Molden, D. C., Finkel, E. J., Coolsen, M. K., Kumashiro, M., Rusbult, C. E., & Higgins, E. T. (2013). Opposites fit: Regulatory focus complementarity and relationship well-being. _Social Cognition, 31_ (1), 1–14.
Botwin, M. D., Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Personality and mate preferences: Five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. _Journal of Personality, 65_ (1), 107–136.
Cundiff, J. M., Smith, T. W., Butner, J., Critchfield, K. L., & Nealey-Moore, J. (2015). Affiliation and control in marital interaction: Interpersonal complementarity is present but is not associated with affect or relationship quality. _Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 41_(1), 35–51.
Dryer, D. C., & Horowitz, L. M. (1997). When do opposites attract? Interpersonal complementarity versus similarity. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 72_(3), 592–603.
Fishman, I., & Ng, R. (2013). Error-related brain activity in extraverts: Evidence for altered response monitoring in social context. _Biological Psychology, 93_ (1), 225–230.
Furler, K., Gomez, V., & Grob, A. (2014). Personality perceptions and relationship satisfaction in couples. _Journal of Research in Personality, 50_ , 33–41.
Johnson, D. L., Wiebe, J. S., Gold, S. M., Andreassen, N. C., Hichwa, R. D., Watkins, G. L., & Boles Ponto, L. L. (1999). Cerebral blood flow and personality: A Positron Emission Tomography study. _American Journal of Psychiatry, 156_ (2), 252–257.
Jung, C. G. (1933/1995). _Modern man in search of a soul_ (5th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Little, B. R. (2014). _Me, myself, and us: The science of personality and the art of well-being._ New York, NY: Public Affairs.
Markey, P. M., & Kurtz, J. E. (2006). Increasing acquaintances and complementarity of behavioral styles and personality traits among college roommates. _Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32_(7), 907–916.
Markey, P. M., & Markey, C. N. (2007). Romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and relationship experiences: The complementarity of interpersonal traits among romantic partners. _Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24_ (4), 517–533.
McCrae, R. R. (1994). Openness to experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V _. European Journal of Personality, 8_ (4), 251–272.
McGlynn, R. P., Harding, D. J., & Cottle, J. L. (2009). Individual-group discontinuity in group-individual interactions: Does size matter? _Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12_(1), 129–143.
Patrick, S. (2013, November 19). Best of 'Doctor Who' 50th anniversary poll: Ten favorite companions. BBC America: <http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2013/11/best-doctor-50th-anniversary-poll-10-favorite-companions>.
Schmitt, D. P. (2002). Personality, attachment and sexuality related to dating relationship outcomes: Contrasting three perspectives on personal attribute interaction. _British Journal of Social Psychology, 41_ (4), 589–610.
Tuckman, B. W, & Jensen, M. A. (1977). Stages of small-group development revisited. _Group & Organization Studies, 2_(4), 419–427.
Wacker, J., Chavanon, M., & Stemmler, G. (2006). Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 91_(1), 171–187.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
2. Jung (1933/1995), p. 49.
3. Patrick (2013).
4. Schmitt (2002).
5. Furler et al. (2014).
6. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
7. Botwin et al. (1997).
8. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
9. Dryer & Horowitz (1997).
10. McCrae (1994).
11. Modern episode 6–3, "The Curse of the Black Spot" (May 7, 2011).
12. Little (2014).
13. Wacker et al. (2006); Botwin et al. (1997).
14. Fishman & Ng (2013); Wacker et al. (2006).
15. Botwin et al. (1997).
16. Modern episode 6–10, "The Girl Who Waited" (September 10, 2011).
17. Botwin et al. (1997).
18. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
19. Johnson et al. (1999).
20. Modern episode 5–6, "Vampires of Venice" (May 8, 2010).
21. Modern episode 6–8, "Let's Kill Hitler" (August 27, 2011).
22. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
23. Botwin et al. (1997).
24. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
25. Wacker et al. (2006).
26. Modern episode 7–4, "The Power of Three" (September 22, 2012).
27. Modern episode 7–2, "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (September 8, 2012).
28. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
29. Botwin et al. (1997).
30. Fishman & Ng (2013).
31. Modern episode 6–1, "The Impossible Astronaut" (April 23, 2011).
32. Modern episode 6–6, "The Almost People" (May 28, 2011).
33. Botwin et al. (1997); Markey & Markey (2007).
34. Bohns et al. (2013).
35. Dryer & Horowitz (1997).
36. Modern episode 5–2, "The Beast Below" (April 10, 2010).
37. Botwin et al. (1997); Wacker et al. (2006).
38. Fishman & Ng (2013).
39. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
40. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
41. Modern episode 5–5, "Flesh and Stone" (May 1, 2010).
42. Markey & Markey (2007).
43. Modern episode 6–5, "The Rebel Flesh" (May 21, 2011).
44. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
45. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
46. Wacker et al. (2006).
47. Johnson et al. (1999).
48. Wacker et al. (2006).
49. Modern episode 6–5, "The Rebel Flesh" (May 21, 2011).
50. Dryer & Horowitz (1997).
51. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
52. Wacker et al. (2006).
53. Modern episode 6–5, "The Rebel Flesh" (May 21, 2011).
54. Botwin et al. (1997).
55. Modern episode 7–4, "The Power of Three" (September 22, 2012).
56. Modern episode 5–9, "Cold Blood" (May 29, 2010).
57. Bohns et al. (2013).
58. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
59. McGlynn et al. (2009).
60. Tuckman & Jensen (1977).
61. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
62. Modern episode 5–6, "Vampires of Venice (May 8, 2010).
63. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
64. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
65. Modern episode 7–4, "The Power of Three" (September 22, 2012).
66. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2 012).
67. Modern episode 6–13, "The Wedding of River Song" (October, 1 2011).
68. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
69. Bohns et al. (2013).
70. Bohns et al. (2013).
71. Modern episode 7–4, "The Power of Three" (September 22, 2012).
72. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
The Five Factors—Adventures in the OCEAN
TRAVIS LANGLEY
Researchers keep assigning different names to our personality factors, our clusters of traits that tend to go together, based on how the researchers each interpret the mix of traits they see. Different people, focusing on different details and patterns in how the Doctor acts, refer to the Doctor as Professor, Spaceman, Old One, Skipper, Oncoming Storm, Destroyer of Worlds, Fancy Pants, Grandad, or Pops,1 and they may all be right. A single version of the Doctor can be Caretaker, Proconsul, Predator, Mad Monk, and Raggedy Man all in one,2 and a single individual can relate to the Doctor as both her sweetie and her damsel in distress.3 Each epithet is based on a relatively small number of characteristics and experiences.
Finding a single word that perfectly encompasses every single trait in a specific person or within one personality factor might not be possible. Even when researchers agree on how many global factors exist, they refer to the overall list of factors by an assortment of names: OCEAN, CANOE, Pentagon, five- factor model (FFM), and most commonly "the Big Five."4
## **The Power of Five**
Over the course of many studies to determine how many factors best sum up individual personality, the number that turned up most often was five.5 In an extensive review of the published research, personality researchers R. R. McCrae and P. T. Costa concluded that this number best fit all the available evidence.6 They gave their version of the _five-factor model_ the acronym _OCEAN_ for the names they assigned the factors: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. Analyzing the constellation of traits that H. J. Eysenck had called psychoticism,7 McCrae and Costa saw not a single factor but instead identified two separate factors within it, conscientiousness and agreeableness.8
**_Conscientiousness_**
Information bombards us. Our brains filter much of it out, and then whatever reaches our awareness, we sort in different ways. So much information assaults the Doctor's senses that he feels it might drive him mad.9
At one extreme is the person who obsesses over every detail and strives to be orderly, organized, and efficient in dealing with every item, even if attention to detail might mean missing the big picture. At the other extreme is the reckless, disorganized person who takes shortcuts and hopes for the best. The Eleventh Doctor, in particular, prefers to "talk very fast, hope something good happens, take the credit—that's usually how it works."10
The cognitive abilities to receive and store information ( _crystallized intelligence_ ) or make use of it ( _fluid intelligence_ ) are not the same thing as personality traits. Despite his attention to some details, the Doctor is oblivious to many others. "The Doctor has no idea of time," says the First Doctor's companion, Dodo Chaplet. This strikes her as paradoxical and "rather funny" for such an experienced time traveler;11 fellow Time Lord Romana similarly tells the Fourth Doctor that he's always getting the time wrong;12 and Tegan calls the Fifth Doctor less accurate than a broken clock.13 Spontaneity, haste, inattention, annoyance with perfectionism, unreliability in a number of areas, and lack of thoroughness or long-term goals suggest someone low in conscientiousness.
Regardless of his many signs of carelessness, though, he certainly can persevere. Persistence and determination are aspects of conscientiousness. Even though a disheartened Eighth Doctor loses sight of his promise to "never give up, never give in"14 when he chooses to regenerate as a warrior and be the "Doctor no more,"15 giving up is an exception in his personality, not his typical characteristic. _Personality_ refers to behaviors typical of us, rather than the aberrations. In time the Doctor rediscovers hope16 and then shows greater commitment and persistence than ever before when he stays on Trenzalore for nearly a millennium, rather than giving in.17 Throughout most of his regenerations, despite his lack of conscientiousness in many other ways, his resolve remains one of his most enduring features.
**Examples of Conscientiousness Traits**
Achievement Motivation
Adherence to Schedules
Attention to Detail
Competitiveness
Controlling Nature
Dutifulness
Lack of Spontaneity
Orderliness
Organization
Perfectionism
Perseverance
Precision
Preparation
Reliability
Self-Control
Thoroughness
Time Awareness
**_Agreeableness_**
A person may be outgoing, assertive, talkative, and lively without being nice at all. The First, Sixth, and Twelfth Doctors strike many people they encounter as being most disagreeable, and every Doctor may rub people the wrong way. Agreeable individuals want to help others and feel great compassion and concern for them, qualities that often drive the Doctor, but he also tends to be argumentative, sarcastic, insulting, and indifferent to how many people feel about him. The most extremely agreeable person wants peace at any price and prioritizes getting along with others above all else. The Doctor stays ready to ruffle feathers.
**Examples of Agreeableness Traits**
Compliance
Concern for Others
Cooperation
Encouragment
Modesty
Need to Be Liked
Need to Get Along
Optimism about People
Softheartedness
Sympathy
Time for Others
Trust
## **Wherein Lie Right and Wrong?**
The five-factor model of personality has become one of the best-known tenets of personality psychology. The Big Five carry big clout. Even so, researchers continue to examine our constellations of traits to try to account for all the mind's dark matter, the parts of us that the five-factor map of known mental space may have left out. Some say that it overlooked one of the most important dimensions of human behavior and history—good and evil.18 For example, a highly agreeable person might do many good things to earn someone's approval, but then again, so might an evil minion.
Factor File Four: "The Six Factors—A Good Man?" takes a look at how we might define the best and worst in us all.
_References_
Book et al. (2016); Lee & Ashton (2005); Lee & Ashton (2012); Med-edovic´, J., & Petrovic´, (2015).
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R., Jr. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. _Personality & Individual Differences, 13_(6), 667–673.
Eysenck, H. J. (1992). Four ways five factors are _not_ basic. _Personality & Individual Differences, 13_(6), 653–665.
Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality rating from different sources. _Journal of Abnormal Psychology_ , 44(3), 329-344.
Funder, D. (2001). Personality. _Annual Review of Psychology_ , 52, 197-221.
Goldberg, L. R. (1982). From Ace to Zombie: Some explorations in the language of personality. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butchers (Eds.), _Advances in personality assessment_ (Vol. 1, pp. 203–234). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52_(1), 81–90.
Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. _USAF ASD Technical Report_ (No. 61–97). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.
_Notes_
1. Classic serial 24–4, _Dragonfire_ (November 3–December 7, 1987); modern episode 4–2, "Fires of Pompeii" (April 12, 2008); classic serial _The Mysterious Planet_ (September 6–27, 1986); audio play _Terror Firma_ (August, 2005); modern episode 1–13, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005); modern episode 4–14, "Journey's End" (July 5, 2008); classic anniversary special, _The Five Doctors_ (November 25, 1983); anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013); classic serial 4–2, _The Tenth Planet_ (October 8–29, 1966).
2. Christmas special, "The Doctor, the Widow, and the Wardrobe" (December 25, 2011); modern episodes 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010); 7–1, "Asylum of the Daleks" (September 1, 2012); 7–6 "The Bells of St. John" (March 30, 2013); 7–12, "Nightmare in Silver" (May 11, 2013).
3. Modern episode 4–8, "Silence in the Library" (May 31, 2008); Christmas special, "The Husbands of River Song" (December 25, 2015).
4. Goldberg (1982).
5. Fiske (1949); Funder (2001); Goldberg (1982); Tupes & Christal (1961).
6. McCrae & Costa (1987).
7. Eysenck (1992).
8. Costa & McCrae (1992).
9. Modern episode 1–13, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005).
10. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
11. Classic serial, _The Savages_ , pt. 1 (May 28, 1966).
12. Classic serial, _Shada_ , unfinished due to technicians' strike (scheduled for January–February, 1980); eventually produced as Eighth Doctor audio play (December 10, 2005).
13. Classic serial, _The Visitation_ , pt. 1 (February 15, 1982).
14. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
15. Minisode, _The Night of the Doctor_ (November 14, 2015).
16. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
17. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
18. Book et al. (2016); Lee & Ashton (2005, 2012); Med-edovic´, J., & Petrovic´ (2015).
# Part Four
# Lost Things
**Anything we have can potentially become part of how we see ourselves and how others see us, too. So can all the things we have lost.**
How we face death is inherently part of how we face life. We are mortals who can imagine immortality, dread our own demise, and fear for the loss of others. We all outlive some who matter to us. Which is healthier—running from mortality or coming to terms with it?
# CHAPTER TWELVE
Death and the Doctor: Interview on How Immortals Face Mortality
JANINA SCARLET AND AARON SAGERS
_"I have lost things you will never understand."_
—Eleventh Doctor1
_"The more unlived your life, the greater your death anxiety. The more you fail to experience your life fully, the more you will fear death."_
—psychologist Irvin Yalom2
Death is inevitable. Fear of death is universal, usually beginning at an early age when children first observe the impermanence of living things. When they question their parents about death, they may receive little guidance and are often asked simply not to think about death.3 Death can be a taboo topic about which some people may be afraid to speak out loud or at all.4 Although the Doctor is able to regenerate, which may prolong his life, he fears for his own life at times and seems uncomfortable with the subject of his companions' mortality.5 Is this fear of death natural and healthy, and if so, what are some ways in which a person may be able to reduce his or her mortality fears?
## **Fear of Death**
Fear of death can manifest in different ways, from feeling overwhelming anxiety to taking extreme risks. For some people, trying to overcome the fear of death may involve watching scary movies or playing violent video games. For others, it may involve engaging in potentially life-threatening sports such as skydiving.6 After experiencing the death of a loved one, an individual may no longer wish to risk getting into situations that may lead to witnessing the death of another being. This may result in the individual's avoidance of people or animals who are nearing death or avoidance of talking about death. Each of these forms of avoidance, though seemingly helpful in the short term, may lead to added emotional suffering in the long term.7 For the Doctor, who has both experienced death in the form of regeneration and lost many people in his life to death, this is an especially painful topic.
We asked actors who played the Doctor and River, two characters who are able to regenerate and outlive those around them, how those characters face mortality.
**Aaron Sagers:** How does the Doctor view death?
**David Tennant (Tenth Doctor):** He's running away from the mortality of the people he spends time with. I don't think he likes it when he has to face up to it. I thought that was really well done in Toby Whithouse's script with the school reunion story.8 I thought it was a really clever thing to do, to have a companion who had got a bit older—and for Rose to see that. The interview between those two characters where she's looking [at Sarah Jane] and goes, "Oh, I see what happens; I get dumped because you can't face up to the fact that we get old and you don't." It is a great thing to play as a character note.
The types of therapeutic interventions that are best suited to help people overcome the fear of death include existential therapy and humanistic therapy. Whereas _existential therapy_ seeks to resolve the conflict many humans have about their mortality and the meaning of their lives, _humanistic therapy_ focuses on acceptance of unchangeable struggles in order to foster personal growth.9 Psychologist Irvin Yalom, known for his work in both existential psychology and humanistic psychology, suggests that for most people it is not easy to live with a constant awareness of death. He adds that as an individual goes through each stage of life, he or she may experience a new surge of death anxiety.10 As the average human life span grows longer and the species gets closer to perpetuating its members through cybernetics or replication via artificial intelligence, perspectives on death may change and each period as human, cyborg, or artificial intelligence (AI) may be seen as a different stage in life; however, every transition or form of renewal may be as dreaded as death by some because the previous version will still die. By this account, regenerations may be thought of as different stages of the character's life, with each one possibly affecting his or her struggle with death. How will these characters change?
**Matt Smith (Eleventh Doctor):** When one person dies and another person comes along, you're not changing. It is just the same bloke getting a new face. So I don't know. I always compare it to Hamlet, weirdly enough. I think the actor basically brings all his own makeup. All his own foibles, all his own humors, all his own silliness, really.
**Sagers:** How did River change over time and through her own regeneration?
**Alex Kingston (River Song/Melody Pond):** I don't know if she did change over time. She has shown different facets of her personality over the years. You certainly got to see a bad side of her, and then you see a vulnerable side. I don't think she necessarily changed, it's just that the audience has gotten more opportunity to learn more about her.
When asked about the saddest Doctor regeneration, Matt Smith voiced an opinion similar to that of many viewers:11 "Definitely David's."
## **Grief**
Perhaps even more than his own death, the Doctor fears the deaths of those closest to him. In particular, the Doctor fears losing his friends and companions.12 In fact, when one or more of his friends leave him, the Doctor may go through years of isolation and grief, as the Eleventh Doctor did when he lost his longtime companions Amy and Rory.13 Such prolonged grief, if untreated, may lead to an individual's withdrawal from his or her support groups; this isolation often exacerbates the effects of grief. In addition, failure to process a loss one has experienced may lead to a number of mental and physical problems, such as depression, chronic pain, sleep disorders, and other illnesses.20
A Model of Grief
In 1969 Swiss psychiatrist Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross published a book _, On Death and Dying_ , based on her work with patients with terminal illnesses. In that book Kübler-Ross identified the five stages of grief that she observed:
1. **Denial** —refusing to believe that an individual or a loved one is going to die or has passed away. Often people believe that someone has made some kind of a mistake and that the situation will resolve itself. For example, after River's death, the Doctor ignores her virtual presence because he seems to be in denial about the fact that she is dead.14
2. **Anger** —blaming someone for the loss. After Clara dies, the Twelfth Doctor is furious and begins to make threats to other Time Lords.15
3. **Bargaining** —making an offer to reduce the likelihood of the tragic outcome, such as when the Tenth Doctor downloads the deceased River into a computer16 or the Twelfth Doctor tries to trick the universe into letting Clara continue her life.17
4. **Depression** —feeling tremendous loss or sadness after the realization that the death cannot be prevented. The Doctor sulks for a time in nineteenth-century London after losing Amy and Rory.18
5. **Acceptance** —making peace with the inevitable loss, such as when the Doctor finally tells River good-bye.19
People's grief reactions can often be predicted by their functioning before they experience loss. For example, mothers who reported fearing for their own deaths and the premature deaths of others were more likely to experience prolonged or complicated grief (grief lasting more than six months that causes significant impairment in a person's functioning and does not naturally lessen over time).21 In addition, preloss dependency on the individual is more likely to lead to prolonged grief as opposed to acceptance of death, which may lead to death resilience.22 Finally, guilt over the deaths of others and avoidance of processing that guilt may prolong an individual's grief.23
**Matt Smith:** I think that's very interesting. I think there is so much about that. One of the things I really gravitated toward, actually, was the blood on his hands and the guilt he carries. That is sort of why, for me anyway, there was always the sense of joviality—of him being upward and spritely. Because he is sort of fighting this undercurrent of darkness constantly.
## **Acceptance and Meaning**
Some research studies suggest that the age at death and the specific circumstances surrounding it are most responsible for the way one will cope with loss.24 On the other hand, other studies suggest that acceptance of death and finding meaning in the tragedy are most predictive of resilience.25 In fact, _terror management theory_ explains how a person may overcome inner conflict when faced with the fear of death, suggesting that close friendships may serve as a buffer against death terror.26 Specifically, scientists suggest that humans' fear of their own mortality may encourage them to maintain close friendships, which may make an individual feel less anxious about his or her death.27 Other studies find that close friendships, such as those the Doctor maintains with his companions, may actually reduce the risk of stress-related deaths, possibly because of the physical and emotional benefits of social connection.28 It is possible that the Doctor may be trying to manage his own death-related fears by maintaining close friendships. However, he tends to avoid remaining in relationships in which his friends are nearing death.29
**Sagers:** Does [the Doctor] view human life as precious?
**Smith:** Yeah, but he is always sort of leaving people behind. Think of all the clerics and all those random characters that sort of get locked behind. With David's Doctor, when he lost Rose, it was a complete nightmare for Martha. Rose felt, as a viewer, like such a sort linchpin for Number 10. And it is weird why he admires humanity so much: Because people do spend all of their lives together, and he never really gets to do that with anyone.
The Doctor seemingly struggles with establishing close connections with his companions, and this may be the reason for his struggle with death acceptance. In fact, death acceptance and death fears appear to be related in that both depend on one's perceived life meaning.30 Whereas some people may have uncompleted life missions or the perception of an unfulfilled life, people who believe that they have lived a meaningful life are more likely to accept their death.31 This was the case for the Face of Boe. The Face of Boe appears to be an older version of Captain Jack Harkness, who can't die except from old age. In his last moments the Doctor is devastated to witness his friend's death, but the Face of Boe greets his fate with acceptance.32
Scientists have identified different types of death acceptance, including neutral, approach, and escape.33 The _neutral_ acceptance of death appears to be the healthiest approach and entails not fearing death but instead allowing it to happen as and when it should, as does the Face of Boe.34 The _approach_ acceptance is one in which an individual is happy to die/regenerate, often as a result of a belief in an afterlife. This seems to be how the War Doctor greets his own regeneration when he says that he is "wearing a bit thin" and allows the regeneration to take place.35 With _escape_ acceptance, an individual wishes to die to escape the pain and suffering he or she is enduring. For example, Vincent van Gogh wishes to die and takes his own life to escape the deep emotional suffering he experiences.36 Overall, death acceptance, especially neutral and approach acceptance types, appears to be related to better coping with death. In contrast, the fear of death is more closely related to depression and poorer coping with mortality.37
**Kingston:** [The Doctor] loves humankind. He doesn't know exactly why he has this affinity with human beings, but he does. He wants to save them, and that's very powerful.
**Smith:** And any central character that is essentially the kind of superhero of the piece that fixes the world with a toaster and a ball of string.... That's how he saves the day: through being mad. That's sort of brilliant.
**Kingston:** He does it with his smarts, not with guns.
**Smith:** He is a pacifist, really.
## **Conquering the Fear of Death**
The interviews, the episodes, and the research studies all seem to suggest the same message: Making meaning of one's life is most important in reducing one's fear of one's own death as well as allowing the individual to cope with the deaths of others.38 When someone, such as the Doctor, avoids getting close to people for fear of losing them, he or she is more likely to experience prolonged grief and depression after a loss.39 In contrast, acceptance of one's mortality and the mortality of others, as is demonstrated by the War Doctor,40 is more likely to allow a person to cope better with a loss.41
_References_
Barr, P., & Cacciatore, J. (2008). Personal fear of death and grief in bereaved mothers. _Death Studies, 32_ (5), 445–460.
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman,... & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83_(5), 1150.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1999). Brief interventions and brief therapies for substance abuse. In _Treatment improvement protocol series_ (no. 34, pp. 105–119). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Doctor Who Amino (2015, June 20). _Regeneration._ Doctor Who Amino: <http://www.aminoapps.com/page/doctor-who/4815354/regeneration>.
Doctor Who Answers (2012). _Saddest regeneration._ Doctor Who Answers: <http://doctorwho.answers.wikia.com/wiki/Forum:Saddest_Regeneration>.
Karekla, M., & Constantinou, M. (2010). Religious coping and cancer: Proposing an acceptance and commitment therapy approach. _Cognitive & Behavioral Practice, 17_(4), 371–381.
Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (2000). _The psychology of death._ New York, NY: Springer.
Keesee, N. J., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). Predictors of grief following the death of one's child: The contribution of finding meaning. _Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64_ (10), 1145–1163.
Kübler-Ross E. (1969). _On death and dying._ London, UK: Routledge.
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2004). The terror of death and the quest for love: An existential perspective on close relationships. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, T. Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), _Handbook of experimental existential psychology_ (pp. 287–304). New York, NY: Guilford.
Miles, M. S., & Demi, A. S. (1992). A comparison of guilt in bereaved parents whose children died by suicide, accident, or chronic disease. _Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 24_(3), 203–215.
Plumb, J. C., Orsillo, S. M., & Luterek, J. A. (2004). A preliminary test of the role of experiential avoidance in post-event functioning. _Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 35_(3), 245–257.
Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Dillard, A. J., & Smith, D. M. (2013). Giving to others and the association between stress and mortality. _American Journal of Public Health, 103_ (9), 1649–1655.
Shatan, C. F. (1973). The grief of soldiers: Vietnam combat veterans' self-help movement. _American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43_ (4), 640–653.
Toblin, R. L., Riviere, L. A., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B., Kok, B. C., & Hoge, C. W. (2012). Grief and physical health outcomes in U.S. soldiers returning from combat. _Journal of Affective Disorders, 136_ (3), 469–475.
Ware, B. (2012). _The top five regrets of the dying: A life transformed by the dearly departing._ Carlsbad, CA: Hay House.
Wong, P. T., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). Death Attitude Profile—Revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes toward death (pp. 121–128). In R. A. Niemeyer (Ed.), _Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application_. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Yalom, I. (2008). _From staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death._ San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 7–7, "The Rings of Akhaten" (April 6, 2013).
2. Yalom (2008), p. 49.
3. Yalom (2008).
4. Kastenbaum (2000).
5. e.g., modern episode 2–3, "School Reunion" (April 29, 2006).
6. Yalom (2008).
7. Plumb et al. (2004); Yalom (2008).
8. Modern episode 2–3, "School Reunion" (April 26, 2006).
9. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1999).
10. Yalom (2008).
11. e.g., Doctor Who Amino (2015); Doctor Who Answers (2012).
12. e.g., modern episode 2–3, "School Reunion" (April 29, 2006).
13. e.g., Christmas special, "The Snowmen" (December 25, 2012).
14. Modern episode 7–13, "The Name of the Doctor" (May 18, 2013).
15. Modern episode 9–11, "Heaven Sent" (November 28, 2015).
16. Modern episode 4–9, "Forest of the Dead" (June 7, 2008).
17. Modern episode 9–12, "Hell Bent" (December 5, 2015).
18. Christmas special, "The Snowmen" (December 25, 2012).
19. Modern episode 7–13, "The Name of the Doctor" (May 18, 2013).
20. Shatan (1973); Toblin et al. (2012).
21. Barr & Cacciatore (2008).
22. Bonanno et al. (2002).
23. Miles & Demi (1992).
24. Keesee et al. (2008).
25. Keesee et al. (2008); Mikulincer et al. (2004).
26. Mikulincer et al. (2004).
27. Mikulincer et al. (2004).
28. Poulin et al. (2013).
29. e.g., modern episodes 2–3, "School Reunion" (April 29, 2006); 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
30. Wong et al. (1994).
31. Ware (2012).
32. Modern episode 3–3, "Gridlock" (April 14, 2007).
33. Wong et al. (1994).
34. Modern episode 3–3, "Gridlock" (April 14, 2007).
35. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
36. Modern episode 5–10, "Vincent and the Doctor" (June 5, 2010).
37. Wong et al. (1994).
38. Mikulincer et al. (2004); Poulin et al. (2013); Wong at el. (1994).
39. Bonanno et al. (2002).
40. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
41. Wong et al. (1994); Yalom (2008).
Posttraumatic stress disorder differs a bit from common conceptions of it. Not every trauma produces posttraumatic stress, and not everyone who suffers it suffers the same way. When does a person who has experienced many traumas hurt the most? Which is the straw that breaks?
# CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Post-Time War Stress Disorder
KRISTIN ERICKSON AND MATT MUNSON, WITH STEPHEN PRESCOTT AND TRAVIS LANGLEY
_"We lost. Everyone lost. They're all gone now. My family. My friends."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"Guilt is perhaps the most painful companion of death."_
—psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross2
A person can experience trauma without developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In fact, soldiers, first responders, and people living in war zones can experience many traumatic events without developing it, although their odds certainly increase.3 When the television program _Doctor Who_ returned after a long period of cancellation, the Doctor returns as a man suffering a deep psychological wound after a great trauma. The mere suggestion of the Time War nearly brings the Ninth Doctor to tears.4 Avoiding or getting upset by a topic or a stimulus can indicate many different difficulties with or without PTSD.5 Actual diagnosis requires much more information. Details emerge over time, but it is not until the War Doctor, the incarnation of the Doctor who participates in the Time War, appears that viewers learn how he decided he would have to destroy all Daleks and Time Lords to end the war and save the universe,6 and it is this cataclysmic event that ultimately shapes the modern Doctor into the person he becomes from the Ninth Doctor onward.
## **Diagnostic Criteria: Who Suffers from PTSD?**
Myths and misconceptions about PTSD abound. Despite the volume of available information, many people misunderstand what posttraumatic stress disorder is, along with the when, where, why, who, and how of it.7 For one thing, the majority of people exposed to events that qualify as severe trauma do not develop it, and not all traumas affect people equally. Tragedy of human design (e.g., murder, rape, war) leads to PTSD more often than do other traumatic events (e.g., accidents, natural disasters).8 _Survivor guilt_ (feeling guilt for surviving when others did not) and other forms of trauma-related guilt make PTSD more likely and complicate its treatment,9 although guilt can help some individuals experience _posttraumatic growth_ in that they find purpose, grow as people, and accomplish good things.10 Impressed by how well the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors handle a UNIT/Zygon conflict, the War Doctor speculates that guilt may make the Doctor a better man and save many lives.11
The American Psychiatric Association's _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders_ (a.k.a. the _DSM-5_ for its fifth edition12) lists a specific set of criteria that must be met for a person to qualify as having PTSD. The event that ends the Time War is clearly traumatic (meeting criterion A), but so are many other events in the Doctor's millennia-long life. Whether he then has PTSD therefore depends on his personal reactions in terms of how often, how severely, and how many of the other criteria (listed as B through H in the DSM-5) he meets:
A. The patient has experienced or witnessed or was confronted with an unusually traumatic event.
B. The patient repeatedly relives the event.
C. The patient repeatedly avoids trauma-related stimuli and has a numbing of general responsiveness.
D. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood are associated with the traumatic event.
E. The patient has symptoms of hyperarousal that were not present before the traumatic event.
F. The duration of the symptoms is longer than one month.
G. The symptoms cause clinically important distress or impair functioning in occupational, social, or personal aspects of life.
H. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or any other medical condition.
Many of these symptoms have a number of qualifiers (the applicable ones are discussed below) that can limit when a professional would consider them symptomatic in the Doctor or anyone else.
**_A. Trauma_**
The DSM-5 lists qualifiers for this criterion: The event involves actual or threatened death or serious physical injury to the patient or to others, and the patient felt intense fear, horror, or helplessness. War is undisputedly traumatic. Combat, carnage, and potential catastrophe for the entire cosmos13 ultimately push the War Doctor to make a decision that brings an end to the war and seems to result in both sides of the conflict being wiped from existence.14
**_B. Reliving the Trauma_**
For a PTSD diagnosis to apply, the DSM-5 requires that the patient relive the event repeatedly in at least one of a set of specific ways. The Doctor experiences at least two of them: flashbacks and intrusive, distressing recollections. A _flashback_ consists of mentally reliving trauma, however briefly, so vividly that the individual feels as though the traumatic event is recurring.15 According to Clara Oswald, the Eleventh Doctor talks about the Time War "all the time,"16 indicating that the version of the Doctor who tries hardest to forget actually has frequent recollections. Deliberately trying to avoid thinking about something can at times paradoxically make an individual think about aspects of it even more while keeping that person from finding a healthy way to process distress.17 These do not appear to happen to him as often as other intrusive recollections, which are also distressing.
Combined, the Doctor's occasional flashbacks18 and having recollections about the Time War "all the time" meet this criterion for PTSD.
**_C. Avoiding Reminders_**
Avoiding trauma-related stimuli is practically a core competency for the Doctor. When a representative of the Forest of Cheem expresses her sorrow over the Ninth Doctor's distress because she knows that he is the last of his people, he shows only a flash of sadness before he snaps back to the task at hand of saving the station.19 This Doctor, more than any other, tries to live in the moment. Present-focused people experience less depression than do those who ruminate over the past and less anxiety than do those who fret about the future.20 For some people who are trying to avoid depression and anxiety without distorting reality, focusing on the present can be a coping strategy21 Focusing on the present while refusing to think about a prior trauma may provide some short-term relief, but it can worsen symptoms in the long term when an individual has avoided facing stressful facts and feelings—as is seen in too many combat veterans.22
The Ninth Doctor's first line of dialogue on screen is telling: "Run!"23 Running from the past and from things that bother him has been a consistent part of the Doctor's behavior to the point that it is a _central trait_ , a defining quality that affects much of an individual's behavior.24 In childhood, he runs from secrets he learns in the Time Lords' Matrix25 and from "the raw power of time and space" he beholds in the Untempered Schism at age eight. "I never stopped."26 The theme of running via the physical action of running or the Doctor's request to run can be interpreted as an indication of his ongoing desire to avoid trauma-related stimuli. While a preexisting avoidant trait would not be a posttraumatic symptom, avoidance could cause the person to experience a severe stress reaction to specific trauma.
Avoidance can take numerous forms and can even involve lying to avoid an uncomfortable truth. When the Tenth Doctor explains to Martha some of the nature of the war and its effects on him, he acknowledges that he has been lying about his people so that he "could pretend, just for a bit. I could imagine they were still alive underneath the burnt orange sky." The Tenth Doctor has not been _delusional_ about them because he does not convince himself of a falsehood that is grossly inconsistent with his reality, nor is he experiencing a psychotic degree of _denial_ 27 because he admits the truth to himself and knows when he is pretending.34
Us vs. Them
JEREMY J. MANCINI
_"We're not the same! I'm not the— No, wait, maybe we are."_
—Ninth Doctor to Dalek28
_"By positing a 'me-us-them' distinction, we live with the illusion of moral superiority...."_
—psychologist Philip Zimbardo29
Falsely believing that "I am not that kind of person" comes from the human inclination to separate one's identity from those whose behavior runs contrary to what is "right."30 Psychologist Philip Zimbardo, having spent his career investigating how circumstances bring out the worst31 or best32 in people, argues that we are all born with "mental templates" to become good or evil. When faced with reminders of the recent Time War, the Ninth Doctor shouts at a Dalek (then believed to be the last one), saying it should kill itself, to which it responds, "You would make a good Dalek."33 The hero's unheroic behavior arises from his hatred of Daleks, desire to separate himself from them and possibly from the version of himself that warred against them, and need to believe he could never be like them. A false sense of identity prevents a person from seeing his or her similarities to the enemy, the "other." Zimbardo explains that we have the ability to adapt to the situation in order to survive even if to survive means to destroy. The Doctor shows this not only when he tries to exterminate this Dalek but also when he finally sees its better qualities. Both Doctor and Dalek change.
**_D. Negative Changes in Thought and Mood_**
The DSM-5 provides a list of items related to negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event, two of which must be present to satisfy this criterion. The Doctor easily satisfies at least that many.
_Detachment or isolation._ Perhaps the most prevalent of the seven possible conditions, this pertains to feeing distant and disconnected from other people, one of the most frequently reported symptoms among combat veterans with PTSD.35 The Doctor makes a choice at times to stay detached and isolated in an attempt at self-preservation. The Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Doctors all spend long periods traveling by themselves, more so than any pre–Time War Doctors.
_Negative self-evaluation._ PTSD sufferers may hold persistent, exaggerated beliefs or expectations about themselves. Before he enters the Time War, "the good man" and "the Doctor" are the same thing in the Eighth Doctor's mind.36 Later, though, the Eleventh Doctor hates himself37 and believes he is not a good man.38 When negative self-evaluation becomes ingrained in a person's self-concept, it does not easily subside. Even after rectifying the things he did as the War Doctor,39 the Twelfth Doctor doubts that he is good, but he still tries.40
**_E. Elevated Arousal_**
The criterion of _hyperarousal_ (excessive arousal inappropriate for current circumstances, markedly increased from pre-trauma levels) can be satisfied with two of the six specifiers listed in the DSM-5. Of those six, the Doctor meets several. Whether he shows posttraumatic changes, demonstrating them to a degree not present before the trauma, may be open for debate.
• _Irritable behavior and angry outbursts._ Anger intensification has become one of the most widely recognized adjustment problems for many war veterans.41 The Doctor has some angry outbursts or episodes of irritability, such as when the Ninth Doctor succumbs to the weight of his Time War experiences and yells, "The Daleks have failed. Why don't you finish the job and make the Daleks extinct. Rid the universe of your filth! Why don't you just die!"42 Earlier incarnations of the Doctor, even the crankier ones, did not explode as readily into upset, shouting rants. Arguably, though, these examples might not meet this qualifier because provocation is apparent in every instance.
• _Reckless or self-destructive behavior._ People who have suffered trauma may engage in risky or harmful behavior,43 particularly if they feel self-loathing or guilt for having survived when others did not ( _survivor guilt_ ).44 Exhibiting reckless or self-destructive behavior is almost the hallmark of any Doctor adventure. Typically, his regeneration is prefaced by a choice to sacrifice himself by entering willingly into a deadly situation. _Before the Time War, the Doctor regenerates eight times over the course of many centuries, but in a mere six years after the war_ ,45 _he burns through what should be his final four regenerations (War Doctor to Ninth, Ninth to Tenth, Tenth's Meta-Crisis, Tenth to Eleventh_ 46 _)._
• _Hypervigilance._ Extreme alertness to danger can be appropriate for people in dangerous professions. Nearly one-third of Vietnam War veterans eventually experienced PTSD, and many felt an ongoing sense of threat.47 The Doctor is alert to the possibility of danger but does not tend to show excessive vigilance given his lifestyle and therefore does not satisfy the requirements for this qualifier. In fact, he often needs to show greater vigilance.
• _Problems with concentration._ Posttraumatic difficulties with concentration and attention are visible not only in combat participants but also in people living in warn-torn environments.48 War can make it hard for people to think straight. Although poor concentration seems to be another constant with the Doctor, it grows worse after the Time War. During his building of a makeshift TARDIS, the Eleventh Doctor exhibits acute poor concentration as he argues with Idris (the personification of his own TARDIS) while work needs to be done with no time to spare.49
• _Sleep disturbance._ _Insomnia_ (a pattern of frequent and extreme difficulty falling or staying asleep) or restless sleep is common among PTSD sufferers. When his companions sleep, the Eleventh Doctor goes off on extra adventures.50 This may be because his species simply requires less sleep, and so the greater issue is whether his sleep is notably poorer after the Time War than before. For each of these qualifiers and criteria, there must be alterations from previous behavior. To be posttraumatic they must differ dramatically after the trauma. Long before the War Doctor ends the Time War, the Fourth Doctor says, "Sleep is for tortoises."51
Comparing pretrauma functioning with posttrauma functioning is essential. In the Doctor's case, not every arousal disturbance is new to him after the trauma. Showing at least two of the criteria in ways clearly different from before the trauma, though, is sufficient for a diagnostic assessment of this qualifier.
**_F. Duration_**
Symptoms must persist for more than one month to qualify as PTSD. The duration of the symptoms is difficult to quantify, as many of the Doctor's adventures happen off screen, his age is reported inconsistently, and the post–Time War Doctor never indicates which world's years he means when he refers to his age. Nevertheless, more than a month goes by.
**_G. Impaired Functioning_**
With PTSD, the disturbance causes impairment in social, occupational, or other areas that are important to the individual.52 The Doctor's lack of social grace and awareness worsens in the Twelfth Doctor, whose social deficiency is so pronounced that he takes to using apology cue cards with prewritten phrases and expressions to help him navigate the murky waters of social interaction. When he uses a card that reads, "I'm very sorry for your loss. I'll do all I can to solve the death of your friend/family member/pet,"53 he is effectively using the kind of _social cue card_ that has helped some children with autism spectrum disorders improve and maintain their social skills.54 This becomes necessary as a method of compensating for his impairments.
**_H. Disturbance Not Attributable to Substance Abuse or Other Medical Condition_**
Victims of PTSD suffer a high rates of substance abuse.55 For so many, alcoholism and other substance disorders are consequences, not the cause, of their PTSD symptoms. Substance abuse has never been the Doctor's forte, though, meaning we cannot attribute his PTSD symptoms to an external agent. The Tenth Doctor takes credit for inventing the banana daiquiri56 but we have no evidence of him consuming one; the Eleventh drinks a sip of wine but promptly spits it out, uncertain whether he has ever tasted wine before;57 and while the Twelfth pours a drink for himself and a cyborg,58 nothing indicates that he drinks much. The Doctor may consume alcohol more after the Time War than before, but because these occurrences appear rare and never to excess, any posttraumatic symptoms he experiences not due to substance use.
## **Specifiers**
To reach a full diagnosis, we must consider specifiers as set forth in the DSM-5. Does the individual show any _dissociative symptoms_ , signs of splitting portions of mental contents away from conscious awareness? Examples include feeling a sense of unreality of self or body, of time moving slowly, or as though one were in a dream. Whether or not he sometimes shows the forms of dissociation specified in the DSM-5's description of PTSD (depersonalization or derealization) not attributable to his circumstances, the Eleventh Doctor does split portions of mental contents away from conscious awareness when he lies to himself about the War Doctor (addressed in Chapter 8, "Dream Lords: Would the Doctor Run with Freud, Jung, Myers, and Briggs?")—a clear example of dissociation.
## **Final Diagnosis**
On the basis of these considerations and the various criteria exhibited by the Doctor, we can conclude that he suffers from chronic posttraumatic stress disorder with dissociative symptoms. We diagnose his PTSD as _chronic_ because he has suffered from it for a long time. The kind of avoidance, thought and mood changes, and social impairment that some people may use to evade their suffering in the short term can prolong it in the long term by keeping them from developing other ways of coping and managing distress. The Doctor has never been one to share his past pains easily, rarely even discussing his own loved ones, and so when trauma affects him, he does not know how to express his pain. Soldiers and others who experience so much trauma may suffer silently, keeping their painful stories locked inside.
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Hahn, A. M., Tirabassi, C. K., Simons, R. M., & Simons, J. S. (2015). Military sexual trauma, combat exposure, and negative urgency as independent predictors of PTSD and subsequent alcohol problems among OEF/OIF veterans. _Psychological Services, 12_ _(_ 4), 378–383.
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Pigeon, W. R., Campbell, C. E., Possemato, K., & Ouimette, P. (2013). Longitudinal relationships of insomnia, nightmares, and PTSD severity in recent combat veterans. _Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75_ (6), 546–550.
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Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Rynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Friedman, M. J., & Fullerton, C. S. (2013, April 11). _A system review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events._ PLOS ONE: <http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059236>.
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Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. (2008). _Invisible wounds of war._ Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Wilson, L. C. (2015). A systematic review of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders following man-made mass violence. _Psychiatry Research, 229_ (1–2), 21–26.
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Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.), _Nebraska Symposium on Motivation_ (Vol. 17). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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Zimbardo, P. G. (2004/2006). A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil: Understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators. In R. Falk, I. Gendzier, & R. Lifton, _Crimes of war: Iraq_ (pp. 366–369). New York, NY: Nation.
Zimbardo, P. G. (2006). Power turns good soldiers into "bad apples." In R. Falk, I. Gendzier, & R. Lifton, _Crimes of war: Iraq_ (p. 370). New York, NY: Nation.
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_Notes_
1. Modern episode 3–3, "Gridlock" (April 14, 2007).
2. Kübler-Ross (1969), p. 169.
3. Hahn et al. (2015); Hoge & Warner (2014); Pigeon et al. (2013); Roemer et al. (1998); Stanley et al. (2016); Wilson (2015).
4. Modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
5. Handley et al. (2009).
6. Modern episode 7–13, "The Name of the Doctor" (May 18, 2013); anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
7. Holtz (2015); PTSD Alliance (n.d.); Sidran Institute (n.d.); Staggs (n.d.).
8. Santiago et al. (2013).
9. Held et al. (2011; 2015); Pugh et al. (2015).
10. Dekel et al. (2016).
11. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
12. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
13. Christmas and New Year specials, "The End of Time," part 1 (December 25, 2009) and part 2 (January 1, 2010); anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2015).
14. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
15. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
16. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
17. Krebs et al. (2010); Litz et al. (1997); Wegner et al. (1987); Wisco et al. (2013).
18. e.g., New Year's special, "The End of Time," part 2 (January 1, 2010).
19. Modern episode 1-2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005)
20. Caplan et al. (1985); Eysenck et al. (2006); Fortunato & Furey (2011).
21. Boyd-Wilson et al. (2002).
22. Tanielian & Jaycox (2008).
23. Allport (1937).
24. Modern episode 9–12, "Hell Bent" (December 5, 2015).
25. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose," (March 26, 2005).
26. Modern episode 3–12, "The Sound of Drums" (June 23, 2007).
27. Freud (1936).
28. Modern episode 1–6, "Dalek" (April 30, 2005).
29. Zimbardo (2004/2006), p. 367.
30. Zimbardo (2004/2006; 2006).
31. Zimbardo (1969; 1971; 2007).
32. Zimbardo (n.d.).
33. Modern episode 1-6, "Dalek" (April 30, 2005).
34. Modern episode 3–3, "Gridlock" (April 14, 2007).
35. Holowka et al. (2012).
36. Minisode, _The Night of the Doctor_ (November 13, 2013).
37. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
38. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
39. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2015).
40. Modern episode 8–2, "Into the Dalek" (August 30, 2014).
41. Gonzalez et al. (2016).
42. Modern episode 1–6, "Dalek" (April 30, 2005).
43. Dixon-Gordon et al. (2014).
44. Berger (1977); Cassell et al. (2014).
45. Sender (2014).
46. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2015); modern episode 1–13, "The Parting of the Ways" (June 18, 2005); 4–13, "Journey's End" (July 5, 2008); New Year's special, "The End of Time," part 2 (January 1, 2010).
47. Price (n.d.).
48. Husain et al. (2008).
49. Modern episode 6–4, "The Doctor's Wife" (May 14, 2011).
50. Minisode, _Good Night_ (November 22, 2011).
51. Classic serial 14–6, _The Talons of Weng-Chiang_ , part 3 (March 12, 1977).
52. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
53. Modern episode 9–3, "Under the Lake" (October 3, 2015).
54. Caballero & Connell (2010).
55. Gros et al. (2015); Jacobsen et al. (2001).
56. Modern episode 2–4, "The Girl in the Fireplace" (May 6, 2006).
57. Modern episode 6–1, "The Impossible Astronaut" (April 23, 2011).
58. Modern episode 8–1, "Deep Breath" (August 23, 2014).
Enduring one loss after another can wear a person down. Some people may avoid potentially satisfying experiences as one way to avoid loss at the end. Experiencing the best things in life means taking risks and making ourselves vulnerable.
# CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Behind Two Hearts: Grief and Vulnerability
JENNA BUSCH AND JANINA SCARLET
_"He was different once, a long time ago. Kind, yes. A hero, even. A saver of worlds. But he suffered losses which hurt him. Now he prefers isolation to the possibility of pain's return."_
—Madame Vastra1
_"Vulnerability sounds like truth and feels like courage. Truth and courage aren't always comfortable, but they're never weakness."_
—social work researcher Brené Brown2
It is a sad fact that most people experience numerous losses throughout their lives.3 After experiencing losses, some people shut down and avoid interacting with others,4 while others might thrive and demonstrate extreme resilience.5 Since the Doctor has lived for over two thousand years, he has arguably experienced more losses than most, his hearts undoubtedly broken by the many deaths he had endured. Between the deaths of his many companions and the people and aliens whose lives he has touched in some way, he's had more than his share of grief and guilt. After devastating losses, such as those the Doctor endures, some people cope by committing to their work, others by communicating with others, and still others by trying to avoid feeling anything at all.6 What, then, is the most effective way of coping with loss and past heartache?
## **Grief**
_Grief_ is the typical reaction one may experience after a painful loss due to death, a breakup, a job change, or a change in one's health status.7 In turn, grief that results from a sudden traumatic loss, called _traumatic grief_ , can negatively affect the person's psychological and physiological health. For example, after Clara's death, the Doctor spends two billion years in a energy loop, dealing with his grief.8
When a group of researchers interviewed people whose spouses were diagnosed with terminal illness, they found that even the impending eventuality of such a traumatic loss had significant health effects on the partners. Specifically, spouses of people diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses were more likely to develop high blood pressure and heart problems, demonstrate poorer eating habits, consider committing suicide, and eventually develop cancer, compared to people whose spouses did not have life-threatening illnesses.9 After learning the Brigadier died,10 losing Amy and Rory,11 and saying good-bye to River Song,12 the Doctor's personality changes and he becomes more withdrawn.
## **Experiential Avoidance**
One of the common ways people try to deal with grief is to suppress any painful thoughts or emotions that arise after the loss.13 Avoiding or suppressing painful experiences is called _experiential avoidance._ 14 Experiential avoidance may sometimes provide brief relief because the individual is temporarily able to escape his or her painful emotions. However, in the long run, experiential avoidance may lead to worsening symptoms.15
The consequences of experiential avoidance vary. Overall, experiential avoidance after a traumatic loss is likely to result in prolonged grief, depression, and painful catastrophic thoughts about the loss. The Doctor often throws himself into his travels to distract himself from his sadness at the loss of his companions. For instance, after the Eleventh Doctor loses Donna,16 he doesn't take on a regular companion until he regenerates into the Twelfth Doctor.
**_Social Isolation_**
In addition to worsening psychological symptoms, experiential avoidance can bring on potentially serious health conditions. Specifically, avoidance in the form of social isolation can lead to inflammation, which in turn can trigger a number of physiological and psychological conditions, including chronic pain and depression.17 Chronic social isolation can also cause neurological changes, such as a reduction in the brain's _white matter_. White matter consists of specific structures responsible for sending and delivering messages between the different structures of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. If the white matter is reduced, then the brain and the body might not function properly.18 For example, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease caused by inflammation that destroys white matter and affects the person's ability to regulate his or her functions.19
Sometimes people might blame themselves for a traumatic loss, even when they had nothing to do with the tragedy. When the Doctor loses Amy and Rory, he is devastated. He retreats to the Paternoster Gang and retires for a long time.20 Though his friends, the Paternoster Gang (Madam Vastra, Jenny Flint, and Strax), try to entice him with mysteries to solve, he avoids participating.21
**_Shame and Guilt_**
When people blame themselves for a tragic loss, they might experience guilt or shame. Guilt is regret for a specific action, whereas shame refers to feeling bad about oneself as a whole. Overall, people who experience shame are more likely to struggle with grief than individuals who experience guilt, and men are more likely to be affected by shame than women.22 Thoughts that might arise from shame or guilt after losing a loved one are likely to prompt people to struggle with prolonged grief and depression.23
There are numerous instances where the Doctor expresses regret, guilt, and shame about having been the only survivor of the Time War, which destroyed his entire race as well as a large proportion of the Daleks.24 It affects him throughout his Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh incarnations. Only after he realizes that Gallifrey still exists in a pocket universe can he begin to let go of his guilt.25
## **Vulnerability**
The opposite of experiential avoidance is _vulnerability_. Vulnerability refers to the willingness to face uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure. Instead of avoiding situations that might result in heartache, vulnerability refers to taking chances even in the face of uncertainty. Some examples of vulnerability include love, trust, creativity, and joy.35 The Doctor knows that his wife, River Song, is going to die because their time lines are running in opposite directions. When he meets her,36 he learns that they've known and trusted each other for many years and then he watches her perish.37 Even knowing the tragic end she'll face, he continues to meet her throughout time and space and pursue a relationship with her.38
The Wholehearted Way
Vulnerability researcher Brené Brown has found that people who reported living the most fulfilling lives were ones who were open to vulnerability. She refers to these individuals as _wholehearted_. Wholehearted individuals embrace vulnerability by being open to both success and failure, love and heartbreak, as well as creativity, play, and laughter.26 Wholehearted individuals seem to possess qualities like these:
• _Authenticity_ —being true to oneself, rather than responding to other people's expectations. After living for so many years, the Doctor does not do what others think he _should_ do. He follows his own directions, his own rules, and his own moral values.
• _Self-compassion_ —letting go of perfectionism and practicing self-acceptance and self-support.
• _Resilience_ —letting go of numbing through connection: Connecting to others helps him avoid growing numb to experience and emotions. Even though he knows that he might lose them, the Doctor continues to bring new companions in to travel with him.
• _Practicing gratitude_ for what one already has. For instance, when the Doctor meets a "human" incarnation of the TARDIS, Idris, he celebrates her life and expresses gratitude to her.27
• _Trust_ —letting go of the need for certainty. The Doctor trusts his companions, even allowing them to occasionally operate the TARDIS.
• _Creativity_ —letting go of comparison and instead following one's own creative process. The Doctor often uses his creative mind to solve problems, defying what he's supposed to do and coming up with solutions no one would expect. For instance, he sends a message to Sally Sparrow from 1969 to warn her about the Weeping Angels,28 or he uses a hologram of himself to confuse a ghost.29
• _Playing and resting_ , rather than striving for achievement to raise one's self-worth. On many of his adventures, the Doctor finds the time to laugh and enjoy his experiences. For example, when he and Rose find out about encountering potential werewolves, they are both excited about this venture.30
• _Practicing mindfulness_ —slowing down enough to notice the present moment. The Doctor, knowing this is going to be the last outing with his wife River Song, takes her to the Singing Towers of Darillium and spends time with her, allowing himself to weep and take in every moment.31
• _Meaningful work_ —letting go of self-doubt and doing what matters, rather than what one is "supposed to." Despite knowing the havoc his longtime enemy Davros will cause him and the universe, the Doctor goes back to save him, stating that it doesn't matter what side one is on, as long as there is mercy.32
• _Laughter and dance_ —letting go of being in control.33 Instead of retreating into himself when the Doctor believes he's facing his final day of existence, he travels to the Middle Ages and puts on a show, playing guitar for the crowd.34
**_Vulnerability and Resilience_**
Hence, connecting with his core values and engaging in meaningful activities may reflect vulnerability, but it also seems to be helpful. Connecting with companions and activities may have profound effects on psychological resilience. In fact, research on this topic suggests that when people who struggle with depression connect with their core values and perform meaningful deeds, their depression symptoms abate.39
Connecting with others can also increase positive emotions, extend life span, and prompt the release of _oxytocin_ , the body's own stress-protection hormone.40 In addition, the willingness and the ability to experience and focus on positive emotions boost human resilience. For example, people who are more likely to practice vulnerability in terms of connecting with positive emotions are more likely to recover from stress quickly, as well as have improved cardiovascular (heart) recovery after being exposed to a stressful situation. Such recovery could lead to improved heart health and serve to protect the individual against the potentially damaging effects of stress.41
## **Healing Broken Hearts**
As counterintuitive as it may seem, embracing their vulnerability allows people to be more resilient. In some ways, vulnerability can be a strength; for the Doctor, it could be his best asset. Though he experiences some of the negative reactions to grief, like guilt and isolation, he moves through them. His choice to travel with companions who will eventually leave him and die shows his willingness to experience grief and move through it.
_References_
Barr, P. (2004). Guilt- and shame-proneness and the grief of perinatal bereavement. _Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 77_ (4), 493–510.
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. A. (2006). Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement: A prospective study. _Behaviour Research & Therapy, 44_(11), 1657–1672.
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010). A prospective examination of catastrophic misinterpretations and experiential avoidance in emotional distress following loss. _Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 198_(4), 252–257.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? _American Psychologist, 59_ (1), 20–28.
Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience _. Clinical Psychology Review, 21_ (5), 705–734.
Brown, B. (2012). _Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead._ New York, NY: Gotham.
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. _Genome Biology, 8_ (9), R189.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. _American Psychologist, 56_ (3), 218–226.
Kanter, J. W., Baruch, D. E., & Gaynor, S. T. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy and behavioral activation for the treatment of depression: Description and comparison. _The Behavior Analyst, 29_ (2), 161.
McGonigal, J. (2015). _Superbetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver, and more resilient._ New York, NY: Penguin.
McGonigal, K. (2015). _The upside of stress: Why stress is good for you, and how to get good at it._ New York, NY: Penguin.
Miller, D. H., Weinshenker, B. G., Filippi, M.,... & Polman, C. H. (2008). Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: A consensus approach. _Multiple Sclerosis, 14_ (9), 1157–1174.
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y.,... & Kawashima, R. (2015). White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults. _Scientific Reports, 5._ <http://www.nature.com/articles/srep17001>.
Orcutt, H. K., Pickett, S. M., & Pope, E. B. (2005). Experiential avoidance and forgiveness as mediators in the relation between traumatic interpersonal events and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms _. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 24_(7), 1003–1029.
Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V.,... & Jacobs, S. (1997). Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. _American Journal of Psychiatry, 154_ , 616–623.
Shear, M. K. (2010). Exploring the role of experiential avoidance from the perspective of attachment theory and the dual process model. _OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying, 61_ (4), 357–369.
Shear, M.K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., & Sillowash, R. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. _European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 257_(8), 453–461.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences _. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86_(2), 320.
_Notes_
1. Christmas special, "The Snowmen" (December 25, 2012).
2. Brown (2012), p. 37.
3. Bonanno (2004).
4. Shear et al. (2007).
5. Bonanno (2004).
6. Shear (2010).
7. Bonanno & Kaltman (2001).
8. Modern episode 9–11, "Heaven Sent" (November 28, 2015).
9. Prigerson et al. (1997).
10. Modern episode 7–13, "The Name of the Doctor" (May 18, 2013).
11. Modern episode 6–13, "The Wedding of River Song" (October 1, 2011).
12. Modern episode 7–5, "The Angels Take Manhattan" (September 29, 2012).
13. Shear et al. (2007).
14. Boelen et al. (2010).
15. Orcutt et al. (2005).
16. Modern episode 4–13, "Journey's End" (July 5, 2008).
17. Cole et al. (2007); Nakagawa et al. (2015).
18. Nakagawa et al. (2015).
19. Miller et al. (2008).
20. Minisode, _The Great Detective_ (November 16, 2012), <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17_B4uACgg>.
21. Minisode, _The Great Detective_ (November 16, 2012), <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17_B4uACgg>.
22. Barr (2004).
23. Boelen et al. (2006).
24. Modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
25. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
26. Brown (2012).
27. Modern episode 6–4, "The Doctor's Wife" (May 14, 2011).
28. Modern episode 3–10, "Blink" (June 9, 2007).
29. Modern episode 9–3, "Before the Flood" (October 10, 2015).
30. Modern episode 2–2, "Tooth and Claw" (April 22, 2006).
31. Modern episode 4–9, "Forest of the Dead" (June 7, 2008).
32. Modern episode 9–2, "The Witch's Familiar" (September 26, 2015).
33. Brown (2012).
34. Modern episode 9–1, "The Magician's Apprentice" (September 19, 2015).
35. Brown (2012).
36. Modern episode 4–8, "Silence in the Library" (May 31, 2008).
37. Modern episode 4–9, "Forest of the Dead" (June 7, 2008).
38. Beginning with modern episode 4–8, "Silence in the Library" (May 31, 2008).
39. Kanter et al. (2006).
40. J. McGonigal (2015); K. McGonigal (2015).
41. Fredrickson (2001); K. McGonigal (2015); Tugade & Fredrickson (2004).
Are boys expected to give up "softer" parts of themselves in order to become men? How soon will the human race give up organic parts of ourselves on the way to becoming machines?
# CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Boys to Cybermen: Social Narratives and Metaphors for Masculinity
BILLY SAN JUAN
_"Emotions! Love! Pride! Hate! Fear! Have you no emotions, sir, hmm?"_
—First Doctor1
_"Foster a space that welcomes the warrior into therapy by explicitly calling for the strength of the stereotypical male role in a different kind of battle, a 'battle for the mind and heart.'"_
—psychologist Duncan Shields2
As they grow up, boys are often expected to lose their "softer" qualities in order to become tough, strong men. Masculinity, in its stereotyped Western form, is often taught to young boys in an attempt to create an ideal "man" impervious to vulnerability. Many men suffer in their attempt to conform to these impossible ideals.3 A prime example is the instilled belief that men must deny their emotions,4 because emotions are viewed as vulnerability and vulnerability is dangerous. These messages are not always conveyed directly, but they can be conveyed constantly. A boy crying on the sports field may be castigated in a variety of ways: _Stop crying. Don't be a baby. Stop acting like a girl._
_Be a man._
_Delete your emotions._
_Upgrade._
## **Losing Humanity**
The modern world is progressing toward an unpredictable time when advances in cybernetics can change what it means to be human. The Cybermen are robotlike beings, "living brain jammed inside a cybernetic body with a heart of steel, emotions removed."5 Cybermen are formidable foes for the Doctor and his companions, but they also serve as a prime metaphor for the role that socialized masculinity norms play in everyday male experience. They are partially defined by their ability to regulate emotions through an emotional inhibitor.6 Blocking emotions does not eliminate them, however. Emotional inhibitors can be hacked with a code,7 overloaded through a strong feeling of parental love,8 or overridden through a strong feeling of romantic love.9 In similar fashion, strong emotions can overwhelm men who adhere to traditional values of masculinity. Instead of an emotional inhibitor being destroyed, this can lead to self-destructive actions. Men may turn to drugs, alcohol, violence, or other unsafe behaviors to cope with feelings they may not be able to truly understand. Emotions, especially those seen as vulnerable, are avoided or deleted. The reason lies in three words the Tenth Doctor whispers to Rose in an attempt to explain why the Cybermen have removed their feelings: "because it hurts."10
Emotional inhibition falls into four categories, fitting different themes of masculinity.
## **Themes of Masculinity**
The values by which men are taught to live act as an operating system. These values serve as software by which actions are taken and emotions are interpreted. The values differ slightly based on various factors, but common themes emerge. There are four main themes in the underlying transmission of traditional masculinity norms.11
Normative, hegemonic masculine ideals are stereotyped to be the _opposite of stereotyped female behaviors_. This ideology encourages men to achieve social status by devaluing emotions that imply vulnerability and developing a "façade of toughness."12 Colors, toys, actions, clothing, and interests are divided into dichotomous classes of "boy" and "girl." These gender attitudes, or the beliefs that dictate and constitute appropriate "boy" and "girl" behaviors, are internalized in childhood and adolescence.13 Consider the fact that nearly all cyber-conversion victims become Cyber _men_ , not Cyberwomen, regardless of their original gender.14
Masculinity ideals value the acquisition of _status and achievement_. Two primary methods males use to acquire status are prestige and dominance.15 Prestige is achieved by entities who receive accolades from others. A man builds prestige by developing a positive reputation, such as "wealthy businessman" or "decorated soldier." Dominance is a similar concept; however, it implies an agonistic process whereby influence is exerted by instilling fear. Dominance relies on acts showing physical superiority to attain status or achievement. The word is often used to describe individual athletes in competitive sports, such as boxing or mixed martial arts. The Doctor and the Cybermen exemplify prestige and dominance, respectively. The Doctor's companions normally follow him voluntarily, such as when Donna actively searches to find him specifically so she can join his travels.16 The Cybermen, on the other hand, often force their victims to upgrade without choice.
Men are habituated to exhibit _emotional self-control_. Men may have difficulty identifying and verbalizing vulnerability, due mainly to the belief they are expected to conceal weakness.17 Stoicism is seen as a sign of calm and leadership. Every iteration of the Cybermen, from the cyborglike Mondasian Cybermen to the artificially designed Cybermen of Lumic Industries, features an unexpressive face plate with a fixed expression. A fixed expression cannot show variety or reactions.
Masculinity norms value _aggression_. Though anyone can commit violence or be its victim, regardless of sex, physical aggression is clearly associated with masculinity.18 The adherence to a masculine credo, which includes a focus not only on emotional restriction but also on aggression, status, and sexual functioning, is correlated to men's feelings of competency, independence, and ambition.19 Cybermen aggress through violence, and their lack of emotion is shown through merciless actions such as the slaughter that occurs during a funeral20 or their unwillingness to surrender when fighting Daleks.21
_"As long as men are supposed to be 'masculine' and women are supposed to be 'feminine,' many people will suffer in their attempts to conform."_
—psychologist Rebekah Smart22
**_The Doctor's Masculinity: Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity_**
If the Cybermen represent a view of the maladaptive aspects of masculinity, then the Doctor represents positive aspects which may come as a result of properly adjusted masculinity narratives. In a shift in modern psychological research and literature, some researchers have begun to look at masculinity in a manner that emphasizes principles of positive psychology and seeks to focus on healthier and more constructive aspects of masculinity. It is important to note that the following qualities are not unique to men. However, they are qualities that men often use to define masculinity as a social construct. It is also important to note that this list merely reflects the myriad of positive masculine qualities, but is not a complete and comprehensive catalogue:23
1. Intimate male relationships are often forged through action-oriented activities, rather than more passive activities, such as long conversation. Describing the findings shown by much research,24 psychologist David Myers has observed that men tend to prefer doing activities "side by side" more than communicating "face-to-face."25 For example, watching and/or playing sports serve as stereotypical bonding activities for men. Fishing, camping, and hunting also serve as tropes by which men spend time together to strengthen friendships. This can be seen in adventure-oriented interactions between the Doctor and the Brigadier, such as when the Brigadier saves the Doctor from a glowing snakelike creature and quips, "I can't just let you out of my sight, can I, Doctor?" The Doctor marvels that the Brigadier recognizes him despite his regenerated form, at which point the Brigadier replies, "Who else would it be?"26 In similar fashion, the intimacy between these two characters can be observed in the span of seconds when the Doctor salutes him, a simple action indicating a strong bond because the Doctor rarely salutes anyone and does not like to be saluted.27
2. Men with healthy masculinity ideals often value their role as protector for friends and loved ones. A drive to fulfill such a role even motivates healthy behavior for those who want to be capable of protecting others.28 The Eleventh Doctor proclaims himself to be a protector many times, notably when he asks the Atraxi, "Is this world protected?" and they find the answer in a series of images that show every version of him from the First Doctor up to the most recent.29
3. Men tend to be characterized as "good fathers" when they take an active, responsive role in their child's life.30 The "good father" shows _accessibility_ (presence and availability), _engagement_ (direct contact and shared interactions), and _responsibility_ (taking care of his children).31 Though initially uninterested in a relationship with his artificially created daughter, Jenny, the Doctor begins to model his method of nonviolence for conflict resolution and becomes her good father.32
4. Healthy men are positively socialized to value self-reliance. Though self-reliance includes consideration of opinions or data from other sources, a "healthy man" will help consider others' needs and come to his own conclusion. In several instances, the Doctor acts in a self-reliant manner based on his knowledge and experience. However, he will also listen to input from his companions, such as when Amy helps him find an alternative instead of harming a star whale.33
5. Healthy men undertake risks or engage in other forms of daring, but only after careful consideration of consequence and reward.34 This allows for growth of character through testing their endurance, resilience, and other self "limits." Such a perception of risk-taking may account for why more men than women participate in dangerous activities like skydiving.35 Nearly every adventure the Doctor undertakes involves some sort of risk or feat of daring. Though some of his incarnations may be a bit more impulsive than others, he usually carefully considers consequence and reward before taking action.
6. Male-oriented organizations often offer humanitarian services in the interest of social good. This is not to suggest that female-oriented organizations do not engage in similar activities. However, this has been noted by researchers as an area of positive expression of masculinity. Organizations such as the Knights of Columbus, Freemasons, and Boy Scouts of America all serve as examples of male-oriented organizations that give men and boys opportunities for stereotypically male-appropriate socialization and service. The Doctor is not necessarily a member of a male-oriented organization and probably would never choose to affiliate with one because joining clubs runs contrary to his nature. (As Groucho Marx said, more than once and in several different ways, "I don't want to belong to any club that will accept people like me as a member.")36
7. Men use humor as a means of enjoyment, to forge intimacy with other men, as a strategic tool to manage conflict, and as a means of winning support. Researchers suggest that men may use humor as a surreptitious method of expressing affection.37 The Doctor's sense of humor has varied between incarnations; however, it is a quality that endears him to both companions and viewers alike.
8. Traditional masculinity is often embodied in male heroes.38 These heroes may exhibit incredible strength, may be great leaders, or may have overcome life hurdles to reach their status as "hero." In mythology, Hercules shows great might and becomes more heroic through a series of trials. In the post-9/11 world, Americans elevated firefighters and other first responders to the status of "hero" when the perception of risk involved became greater.39 The Doctor embodies many traits of a hero: He possesses incredible powers, such as regeneration;40 he has led both armies and companions;41 and he has faced a variety of personal tragedies, such as the deaths of companions,42 wives,43 and seemingly his entire race.44
## **Silver Nightmares**
The Cybermen and the Doctor represent two sides of masculinity. Taken to the extreme, social constructs of masculinity may inhibit beautiful aspects of life related to emotion and even cause biopsychosocial issues for men. On the other hand, in a healthy context, social constructs of masculinity can elevate men to become productive members of an emotionally literate society. Men must make a choice as they are bombarded by so-called masculine constructs throughout their social development. Will they succumb to the idea that emotions are a weakness, an exploitable vulnerability to be hidden at the cost of physical and social health? Will they be upgraded to be emotionally stunted Cybermen?
Or will their hearts grow to beat like the Doctor's?
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Snipes, S. A., Hayes Constant, T. K., Trumble, B. C., Goodreau, S. M., Morrison, D. M., Shell-Duncan, B. K., Pelman, R. S., & O'Connor, K. A. (2015). Masculine perspectives about work and family concurrently promote and inhibit men's healthy behaviors. _International Journal of Men's Health, 14_ (1), 1–20.
Stuessy, T. (2007). _Risk perception: A quantitative analysis of skydiving participation._ Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest.
Urbaniak, G. C., & Kilmann, P. R. (2003). Physical attractiveness and the nice guy paradox: Do nice guys really finish last? _Sex roles, 49_ (9–10), 413–426.
Wright, P. H. (1989). Gender differences in adults' same- and cross-gender friendships. In R. G. Adams & R. Blieszner (Eds.), _Older adult friendship: Structure and process_. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
Young, I. M. (2003). The logic of masculinist protection: Reflections on the current security state. _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society, 29_(1), 2–25.
_Notes_
1. Classic serial 4–2. _The Tenth Planet_ (October 8–October 29, 1966).
2. Shields (2015).
3. Smart (2006), pp. 319–338.
4. Kilmartin (2010).
5. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen" (May 13, 2006).
6. Modern episode 2–6, "The Age of Steel" (May 20, 2006).
7. Modern episode 2–6, "The Age of Steel" (May 20, 2006).
8. Modern episode 6–12, "Closing Time" (September 24, 2011).
9. Modern episode 8–12, "Death in Heaven" (November 8, 2014).
10. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen."
11. Brannon (1985).
12. Smith et al. (2015), p. 162.
13. Farkas & Leaper (2016).
14. Even the Cyberwoman in episode 2–13, "Doomsday" (July 1, 2006), looks like a Cyberman.
15. Geary et al. (2016).
16. Modern episode 4–2, "Partners in Crime" (April 5, 2008).
17. Levant (2006).
18. Kilmartin & McDermott (2015).
19. Meyers et al. (2015), p. 2.
20. Christmas special "The Next Doctor" (December 25, 2008).
21. Modern episode 2–13, "Doomsday" (July 8, 2006).
22. Smart (2006), p. 320.
23. Kiselica & Englar-Carlson (2010).
24. e.g., Wright (1989).
25. Myers (2004), p. 165.
26. Classic serial 26–1, _Battlefield_ (September 6–27, 1989).
27. Modern episode 8–12, "Death in Heaven" (November 8, 2014).
28. Snipes et al. (2015).
29. e.g., modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
30. Morman & Floyd (2006).
31. Lamb et al. (1987).
32. Modern episode 4–6, "The Doctor's Daughter" (May 10, 2008).
33. Modern episode 5–2, "The Beast Below" (April 10, 2010).
34. Kiselica & Englar-Carlson (2010).
35. Stuessy (2007).
36. Marx (1959), p. 321.
37. Kiselica & Englar-Carlson (2010).
38. Boon (2005).
39. Boon (2005); Farthing (2005).
40. Classic serial 4–2, _The Tenth Planet_ (October 8–29, 1966).
41. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
42. e.g., Adric in classic serial 19–6, _Earthshock_ , pt. 4 (March 16, 1982); Clara in modern episode 9–10, "Face the Raven" (November 21, 2015).
43. "Four wives, all dead."—Clara in modern episode 8–12, "Death in Heaven" (November 8, 2014).
44. Modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
How much humanity do we give up before we stop being human at all?
# CHAPTER SIXTEEN
From Human to Machine: At What Point Do You Lose Your Soul?
JIM DAVIES AND DANIEL SAUNDERS
_"You lot, you're obsessed. You'd do anything for the latest upgrade."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"... the idea of machinery with a conscious mental inner life frightens or enrages some people... It will soon be our honor to welcome some of it to the land of the living, however upsetting that may be to our traditional categories."_
—robotics expert Hans Moravec2
In our world, technology-savvy people line up for the latest model of smartphone, and look forward to new features and bug fixes in new versions of software. Not everyone welcomes new tech, though,3 and some people suffer extreme fears regarding both technology and change.4 What does the Doctor have against upgrades? For an expert in technology and a being who has upgraded his body at least a dozen times (and his sonic screwdriver almost as often), it may seem like a surprising position.
It could stem from the fact that in his universe, alluring technology for augmenting human performance often turns out to be a Trojan horse for evil agendas—such as when EarPods, which provide communication and direct brain downloads of news and other current information, are revealed to be a mind control device that causes the entire population to march into the factory where they are to be processed into Cybermen.5 The Doctor seems to reserve special distaste for technology that replaces significant parts of sentient creatures with cybernetic components. He has called the typical Dalek "a machine creature, a monster"6 and the Cybermen "a pathetic bunch of tin soldiers,"7 with each one "a living brain jammed inside a cybernetic body, with a heart of steel."8 Given the potential advantages of having a body made of durable, replaceable parts, or a mind that can draw on computing power to guide one's actions, are there sound reasons from psychological science to share such a fear? Do cybernetic features pose a threat to our morality?
## **Cybermorality**
One feature of the Daleks or the Cybermen is that they all look like each other, with little or no visible individuality. People are more likely to do selfish acts when they feel they are anonymous.9 This is true when people are wearing sunglasses,10 and also when they're wearing masks. In one experiment conducted around Halloween, children were asked to take only two pieces of candy from a bowl. Masked children took more candy than they were supposed to (seemingly feeling more comfortable breaking the rules when in costume).11
What about the fact that the Daleks have no faces, and that the Cybermen have faces that can't express any emotion? It could be that this affects their moral attitudes by reducing their overall ability to feel empathy. A study of people who had some of their facial muscles disabled found that those who were less able to smile had more depressive symptoms.12
Maybe the fact that the Daleks are working through machinery makes it easier for them to act in an evil way. Studies show that, sometimes, interacting with people through a technological medium reduces empathy. For example, it's easier to "flame" people online, berating them from a distance, because you don't have to face the consequences of their facial expressions and retaliatory anger.13 Studies of moral psychology show that people are more apt to kill someone (albeit for the benefit of saving others) when they are separated by some kind of technology, such as pressing a button.14
People's natural sense of wrongdoing is more activated when the act involves physically putting your hands on someone. That is, pulling a switch to kill somebody feels better, morally, than pushing that person in front of a moving train.15 This is possibly because we spent the majority of our evolutionary history without technology that allowed us to affect people at a distance, so we didn't evolve to have moral reactions to using technology. To know that pulling the switch might violate the rights of an innocent individual, you have to _think through_ the consequences, because most people don't have a gut reaction to it.
A Dalek is an organic creature controlling a robotlike body. Daleks can be seen as being halfway between a creature with a metal body and a creature piloting a small tank.16 If we look at them as creatures piloting tanks, we can speculate that perhaps this creates a psychological distance between the brain and the victims, making it easier for them to commit murder. But might they see their armored casings as their body?
**_My Metal Arm Is Me_**
For fully cybernetic individuals, the case is clearer. Cybermen have their bodies—arms, legs, everything but their brains—replaced with robotic actuators,17 and this may someday happen to our world's human beings. We can speculate on what it is like to be put in a metal body by thinking of it as amputation to the extreme—amputating just about everything except the brain. A robotic body is like one giant prosthesis. We can imagine what it might be like to be a Cyberman based on what we know about the psychology of amputees and how they adapt to prosthetics.
An argument that the Daleks might identify with their metal shells comes from research on how our minds adapt to the tools we use. After repeated use of a grasping tool (like the kind people use to pick up garbage), people thought their arms actually had gotten longer.18 When a person uses a tool so often, he or she forgets that the tool is there, and is able to consciously focus on the task at hand, much like one does with the keyboard after learning how to type. We can call this kind of technology _transparent_.19 The tool feels, to the extent that it feels like anything at all, like a natural extension of our body. All this is to say that objects that are used, or remain in close proximity to our bodies, over time can become extensions of our own body image,20 and this may apply to the controls and sensory feedback received by the Dalek mutant inside the armor.
## **When You Really Lose Your Soul**
If we want to explain the moral problems that fictional cyborg beings demonstrate, we need to look beyond the fact that they have mechanical bodies.21 Evidence from the cyborgs we have here on Earth suggests that the mind adapts to tools of all kinds, accepting them as part of who we are. We must instead examine how their minds have been modified by technology.
The Daleks are genetically engineered to have few emotions other than hatred or rage.22 The Cybermen, on the other hand, have no emotions at all.23 In both the classic and the new series, their brains have electronic parts that inhibit emotions.24 Although compassion is not the only emotion that makes us moral, it plays a large role. Social psychologist Jonathan Haidt has found evidence that many of our moral stances are actually based on emotions—anger, disgust, and so on.25
Changes to the mind are likely necessary to make it possible to occupy the augmented body. The Tenth Doctor tells Rose that Cybermen need to have their emotions inhibited "because it hurts,"26 and he disables the Cybermen army simply by reenabling their emotions. By comparison, although the Dalek brain was deliberately engineered by Davros to be genocidal,27 it's possible that a large degree of alteration would be necessary in any case, to permit years of living as a blobbish mutant sealed into a small metal capsule. If so, then both species show that when augmenting the body requires tampering with core emotions of the brain, a species should beware.
In the end, the Doctor's objection to the metal shells of the Daleks and the Cybermen is that they encase the ruthless, uncompassionate, and the unsensual—that is, they are stripped of everything the Doctor values in human beings. Emotions are a critical component in what we consider to be true humanity. He believes in technology—after all, it is the unimaginably advanced technology of the TARDIS that makes his adventures in time and space possible—but not when upgrading means sacrificing this humanity.28
We have good reason to think that the metal bodies of cybernetic individuals would ultimately be considered real bodies by their brains. Minds adapt to new prostheses and see them as a part of their body images. But we have also seen that the tools we use can be a part of the body image, so we can assume that Daleks would also see their metal exoskeletons as a part of themselves. In neither case can we assume that their metal bodies have contributed to their evil.
_References_
Bains, S. (2007, April 1). _Mixed feelings._ Wired: <http://www.wired.com/2007/04/esp/>.
Barlett, C. P. (2015). Anonymously hurting others online: The effect of anonymity on cyberbullying frequency. _Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4_ (2), 70–79.
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands "feel" touch that eyes see. _Nature_ , 391, 756–760.
Cardinali, L., Frassinetti, F., Brozzoli, C., Roy,A. C., Urquizar, C., & Farnè A. (2009). Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema. _Current Biology, 19_ (12), R478–479.
Castelnuovo-Tedesco, P. (1989). The fear of change and its consequences in analysis and psychotherapy. _Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 9_ , 101–118.
Clark, A. (2003). _Natural born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence._ Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Desmond, D., & MacLachlan, M. (2002). Psychosocial issues in the field of prosthetics and orthotics. _Journal of Prosthetics & Orthotics, 14_(1), 19–22.
Franco, V., Hu, H-Y., Lewenstein, B., Piirto, R., Underwood, R., & Vidal, N. K. (1995). Anatomy of a flame: conflict and community building on the internet. _IEEE Technology & Society Magazine, 14_(2), 12–21.
Ganguly, K., & Carmena, J. M. (2009). Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. _PLoS Biology, 7_ (7), e1000153.
Giritli Nygren, K. (2012). Narratives of ICT and organizational change in public administration. _Gender, Work, and Organization, 19_ (6), 615–630.
Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. London, UK: Penguin.
Greene, J. D., Somerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. _Science, 293_ (14), 2105–2108.
Haidt, J. (2012). _The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion._ New York, NY: Pantheon.
Harris, M. (1983). _The Doctor Who technical manual._ New York, NY: Random House.
Holmes, J. M., Repka, M. X., Kraker, R. T., & Clarke, M. P. (2006). The treatment of amblyopia. _Strabismus, 15_ (1): 37–42.
Kirk, J., & Kirk, L. (1997). Computer pains. _Journal of Workplace Learning, 9_ (2), 678–72.
Lewis, J. W. (2006). Cortical networks related to human use of tools. _Neuroscientist, 12_ (3), 211–231.
Miller, F., & Rowold, K. (1979). Halloween masks and deindividuation. _Psychological Reports, 44_ (2), 422–422.
Moravec, H. (1999). _Robot: Mere machine to transcendent mind._ Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Neal, D. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2011). Embodied emotion perception amplifying and dampening facial feedback modulates emotion perception accuracy. _Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2_ (6), 673–678.
Renier, L. A., Anurova, I., De Volder, A. G., Carlson, S., VanMeter, J., & Rauschecker, J. P. (2010). Preserved functional specialization for spatial processing in the middle occipital gyrus of the early blind. _Neuron, 68_ (1): 138–148.
Sacks, O. (2012). _Hallucinations._ New York, NY: Vintage.
Sanna, L. J., Chang, E. C., Miceli, P. M., & Lundberg, K. B. (2011). Rising up to higher virtues: Experiencing elevated physical height uplifts prosocial actions. _Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47_ (2), 472–476.
Spotila, J. R. (2004). _Sea turtles: A complete guide to their biology, behavior, and conservation._ Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. _Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54_(5), 768–777.
VanSwearingen, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & Bajaj-Luthra, A. (1999). Specific impairment of smiling increases the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders. _Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 23_ (6), 416–423.
Walters, G. D. (2001). Development of a Fear-of-Change scale for the Psychology Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles. _Journal of Offender Rehabilation, 34_ (1), 1–8.
Zhong, C.-B., Bohns, V. K., & Gino, F. (2010). Good lamps are the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. _Psychological Science, 21_ (3), 311–314.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen" (May 13, 2006).
2. Moravec (1999), p. 111.
3. Giritli (2012); Kirk & Kirk (1997).
4. Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1989); Walters (2001).
5. Modern episode 2–6, "The Age of Steel" (May 20, 2006).
6. Classic serial 12–4, _The Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
7. Classic serial 12–5, _Revenge of the Cybermen_ (April 19–May 10, 1975).
8. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen" (May 13, 2006).
9. e.g., Barlett (2015).
10. Zhong et al. (2010).
11. Miller & Rowold (1979).
12. VanSwearingen et al. (1999).
13. Franco et al. (1995).
14. Greene (2013).
15. Greene et al. (2001).
16. Classic serial 1–2, _The Daleks_ (December 21, 1963–February 1, 1964).
17. Classic serial 4–2, _The Tenth Planet_ (October 8–29, 1966).
18. Cardinali et al. (2009).
19. Clark (2003), p. 37.
20. Desmond & MacLachlan (2002).
21. Kelly & Davies (this volume).
22. Classic serial 1–2, _The Daleks_ (December 21, 1963–February 1, 1964).
23. Classic serial 4–2, _The Tenth Planet_ (October 8–29, 1966).
24. Modern episodes 8–2, "Into the Dalek" (August 30, 2014); 6–12, "Closing Time" (September 24, 2011).
25. Haidt (2012). See also Kelly & Davies (this volume).
26. Modern episode 2–6, "The Age of Steel" (May 20, 2006).
27. Classic serial 12–4, _Genesis of the Daleks_ (March 8–April 12, 1975).
28. Modern episode 2–5, "Rise of the Cybermen" (May 13, 2006).
The Six Factors—A Good Man?
TRAVIS LANGLEY
Many professionals in psychology examine how we develop our morals,1 but what are good and evil in the first place? The recently regenerated Twelfth Doctor asks Clara if he's a good man, unsure of the answer himself.2 The previous Doctor does not think of himself as a good man, telling enemies who abducted pregnant Amy, "Good men don't need rules. Today is not the day to find out why I have so many."3 Can a person, not just his or her actions, be good or evil? In terms of individual personality, what do these primal concepts really mean?
## **HEXACO**
Akin to how personality psychology founder Gordon Allport launched the study of traits through _lexical studies_ (word analyses),4 some personality psychologists added their H factor to the Big Five first by studying trait adjectives in several European and Asian languages.5 The trait lists associated with the Big Five left out many terms related to selflessness or selfishness. Focusing on the positive side of the dimension, they called this new factor Honesty-Humility to give their _six-factor theory_ a name that reads like an alien planet or a spell-casting company, _HEXACO_ : Honesty–Humility, Emotionality (essentially Neuroticism), eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness.
**_Good: Honesty-Humility_**
A person scoring high in this factor is unlikely to be boastful, deceitful, hypocritical, pompous, or sly. The Doctor seeks truth and yet he tells many lies. Even a person with good intentions may end up on the not-so-good end of the scale. Long before Clara Oswald has no answer when the Twelfth Doctor asks her if he's good, Jamie McCrimmon questions the Second Doctor's priorities: "People have died. The Daleks are all over the place, fit to murder the lot of us, and all you can say is you've had a good night's work."6
**Examples of Honesty-Humility Traits**
Faithfulness
Generosity
Honesty
Lack of Pretense
Loyalty
Modesty
Sincerity
## **Evil: The Dark Tetrad**
The _dark triad_ of psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism (described in Chapter Nine, "Who Makes a Good Companion?") is a model of variables that, when combined, strike people as selfish and on the evil side—more so when combined with a fourth trait, sadism, to form a _dark tetrad_. These constructs tend to go unrepresented in the Big Five, partially correlating with disagreeableness but not completely. All four selfish, overlapping parts of the dark tetrad correlate with the low end of factor H.7
• _Psychopathy_ is a broad personality dimension involving lack of empathy, lack of remorse, or lack of consideration as to what is right or wrong.8 While the Doctor sometimes shows little empathy, insufficient ability to recognize or share the feelings of others, he has a conscience, he cares about right and wrong, and even when he thinks he does not care, he will shift into protector mode as soon as he sees suffering, especially if it involves a crying child.
• _Narcissism_ goes beyond merely thinking highly of oneself. This egotistical, grandiose sense of oneself includes inordinate fascination with oneself. The narcissist is in love with himself or herself. Perhaps in reaction to the Fifth Doctor's uncertainty, the Sixth Doctor emerges from his regeneration seemingly the most pompous and egotistical of them all. Narcissism, however, is unlikely to be considered _narcissistic personality disorder_ in the case of the person who genuinely has reason to regard his or her own abilities highly.9
• _Machiavellianism_ , classically thought of as the application of deceit and cunning to get what a person wants out of others, psychologically is more of an attitude about such things. The Machiavellian takes a practical, pragmatic view of morality, with a cynical view of moral concerns. Even though Jamie does not believe him under the circumstances, the Second Doctor insists that he has never believed the ends justify the means.10
• _Sadism_ as a personality trait is not the same thing as _sexual sadism_ , which means deriving sexual gratification from inflicting pain on others. Someone with a _sadistic personality_ takes pleasure in other people's suffering in many ways, possibly none of which include anything erotic. Regardless of which form a sadistic tendency takes, whether sexual or not, combining it with the dark triad produces a personality most people view as evil. A manipulative egotist lacking empathy or conscience seems quite dangerous if that person enjoys hurting others. The Doctor does not enjoy seeing people get hurt, despite moments of anger in which he makes it clear that he believes some of his enemies deserve to hurt. Usually he's referring to enemies who, themselves, relish the pain of others, such as the cruel Dominators,11 the Kandyman who delights in torturing and killing with confectionary,12 or Angel Bob who taunts the Doctor about murder.13
**_Gray Areas_**
Factor H for good and the dark tetrad for evil both remain controversial, with plenty of researchers debating their validity as empirically testable constructs.14 If good and evil themselves were easy to define, members of the human race would not have spent thousands of years arguing over them. We do not stop contemplating them, nor does the Doctor come up with a clear opinion of how they fit himself, but their intangible nature does not make them any less important in our lives. Dismissively saying "We can't define them" does not make them go away.
_References_
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. _Psychological Monographs, 47_ (1), i–171.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). _Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders_ (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Book, A. S., Visser, B., Blais, J., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more "evil": What is at the core of the dark tetrad? _Personality and Individual Differences, 90_ , 269–272.
Cleckley, H. M. (1941/1976). _The mask of sanity: An attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality._ Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby.
De Raad, B., Barelds, D. P. H., Mlacˇic´, B., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Ostendorf, F., Hrˇebícˇková, M., Di Blas, L., & Szirmák, Z. (2010). Only three personality factors are fully replicable across languages: Reply to Ashton and Lee. _Journal of Research in Personality, 44_ (4), 442–445.
Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia in a 5-year-old boy. In _Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische under psychopathologische Forshugen_ , Bd. 1. Reprinted with translation in _The sexual enlightenment of children_ (1963). New York, NY: Collier.
Freud, S. (1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. In _Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud_ (Vol. 23, pp. 141–207). London, UK: Hogarth.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). _Essays on moral development._ San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. _Personality, and Individual Differences_ (7), 1571–1582.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2012). _The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitative—and why it matters for everyone._ Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University Press.
Piaget, J. (1932). _The moral judgment of the child._ New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Med-edovic´, J., & Petrovic´, B. (2015). The Dark Tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. _Journal of Individual Differences, 36_ (4), 228–236.
_Notes_
1. e.g., Freud (1909, 1940); Kohlberg (1981); Piaget (1932).
2. Modern episode 8–2, "Into the Dalek" (August 30, 2014).
3. Modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
4. e.g., Allport & Odbert (1936).
5. Lee & Ashton (2012).
6. Classic serial 4–9, _The Evil of the Daleks_ , pt. 5 (June 17, 1967).
7. Book et al. (2016); Lee & Ashton (2005); Med-edovic´, J., & Petrovic´ (2015).
8. Cleckley (1941/1976).
9. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
10. Classic serial 4–9, _The Evil of the Daleks_ , pt. 5 (June 17, 1967).
11. Classic serial 6–1, _The Dominators_ (August 10–September 7, 1968).
12. Classic serial 25–2, _The Happiness Patrol_ (November 2–16, 1988).
13. Episodes 5–4, "The Time of Angels" (April 24, 2010); 5–5, "Flesh and Stone" (May 1, 2010).
14. e.g., De Raad et al. (2010).
# Part Five
# Natures
**Bodies, brains—they are not mere vehicles we ride through our world or biological houses for who we are. With physical and mental reality intertwined, how will changes in the body alter our natures as individual beings?**
Obviously changes to the brain can alter memory and motor function, but what about dispositions such as grumpiness or generosity, interests in music or other people, or even the accent coming out of an individual's mouth?
# CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Getting to the Hearts of Time Lord Personality Change: Regeneration on the Brain
SARITA J. ROBINSON
_"We all change, when you think about it, we're all different people...."_
—Eleventh Doctor1
_"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be."_
—–psychologist Abraham Maslow2
Neuropsychology is a rapidly developing field of psychology which has started to reveal how the human brain works. Advances in techniques such as neuroimaging have given us windows on the brain that scientists from previous generations did not have. By comparing our understanding of human neuropsychology to an alien such as the one we know as the Doctor, we may be able to explore how his alien brain works and even speculate about the mechanisms involved in the process of regeneration.
Is the brain of an extraterrestrial similar to that of a human? In addition to having many physical differences from humans, most noticeably his binary vascular system with its pair of hearts, the Doctor has some _cognitive_ (mental) differences. He processes information from books and computer systems much quicker than is possible for a human and appears to have a certain level of telepathic ability.3 These differences show us that Time Lords are both physically and psychologically different from humans.
## **Brain Scans and the Doctor**
Does size matter when it comes to your brain? Logically, if someone has a bigger brain, you could expect that person to be more intelligent. However, this does not seem to be the case. One of the greatest scientists of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein, actually had a smaller brain than the typical adult male. After his death, his brain was examined, and some structural differences were observed. For example, Einstein had a larger than average left parietal lobe.4
So even though the Doctor might be assumed to have a human-size brain (based on the size of his skull), it could be that the Doctor's brain is structured differently.
Or could it be that the Doctor uses more of his brain? Because humans use only 10 percent of their brains, right?
Wrong!
Although it is a popular myth that we only use 10 percent of our brain power, it is actually untrue.5 People who have even small amounts of brain damage can have major impairments in the way they function. All the parts of the brain are important, with each area responsible for a particular function. Take the occipital lobes (located at the back of the brain), for example; this area is responsible for visual processing. If a brain scan reveals damage to the occipital lobes, we would expect that person to have problems with his or her vision. But using our occipital lobes for processing visual information is only one of the things we do during a typical day. Humans tend to multitask, and so we must use various areas of our brains for all the different activities we undertake. Even if we just go walking in the park on a summer's day, we will use visual and auditory processing to enjoy the sights and sounds, balance, and other motor skills required to walk. Next, the language-processing areas of the brain would be activated to produce ( _Broca's area_ ) and understand ( _Wernicke's area_ ) speech if we stop for a chat.9
Looking into Skulls
Not until the early 1900s was it possible to look at the brain of a living person. The earliest technique, _pneumoencephalography_ , was both dangerous and painful.6
After the 1940s, improvements in surgical techniques allowed brain surgeons to carry out operations that could alleviate conditions such as epilepsy. One neurosurgeon, Wilder Penfield, used an electrical probe during those operations to stimulate parts of the brain and then recorded which functions each part of the brain controlled. For example, an electric current in the temporal lobes caused patients (who were kept awake through surgery) to summon past memories.7
The Doctor is unlikely to have brain surgery just so that we can poke around in his head. However, a technique called _functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)_ allows us to see how different experiences change blood flow and oxygenation levels in the brain, letting us see which areas the brain uses for certain functions.8 Brain imaging has definitely come a long way in the last 100 years, but further advances are needed as the equipment is cumbersome and expensive.
As the Doctor appears to be quite psychologically different from us, we have to conclude that his brain must be structured differently. The only way to confirm this would be to do a brain scan. Although some enemies try to steal the Doctor's head,10 they do not manage to complete scans of his brain.11 Here on Earth we don't have the benefits of alien technology, and until recently the only way to look into someone's brain was to cut open the skull, as the sidebar "Looking into Skulls" explains.
## **What Happens to the Doctor's Brain During Regeneration?**
During regeneration, the Doctor undergoes a rapid change in his physical appearance as the cells in his body are renewed. He also appears to show changes in his psychological makeup. Although the Doctor can retain his previous memories, the changes in his personality can be as marked as the physical changes. We also know that the process of regeneration can be difficult and painful, leading to emotional upset and physiological problems. In fact, some of the Doctor's behaviors around the time of regeneration are similar to those seen in teenagers. Any parent of a teenager can tell you that the adolescent years are a period of emotional, cognitive, and biological changes. In the Doctor's case, his transformation appears to be compressed into an acute phase lasting a few hours, followed by a longer period of recovery.12
Psychologists think that at around age twelve, individuals begin a process called _synaptic pruning_ 13 in which the neural connections that are not being used start to die off. For example, if a second language is learned early in life but not used in later years, during adolescence these language connections may be cut. It could well be that the Doctor, around the time of regeneration, undergoes an extreme form of synaptic pruning. In the case of the Doctor, it would appear that he has some control over which synaptic links to keep. Just as the process of synaptic pruning gets a teenager ready for adulthood, the process of regeneration may make the Doctor's brain ready for the challenges he will face in his next regeneration. For example, we know that when the Eighth Doctor regenerates into the War Doctor, he actively regenerates into a form that will be able to face the challenges of the Time War.14
During adolescence the process of pruning can go wrong and lead to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, a long-term disorder that can impact how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.15 It is possible that the Doctor could similarly face the problem of abnormal synaptic pruning following regeneration. The Doctor's regeneration into the Sixth Doctor is especially problematic, with the Doctor appearing unstable and difficult, as demonstrated most dramatically when he attempts to strangle his companion, Peri, in the hours after his regeneration.16 It is possible that the violent and traumatic event of regeneration can lead to errors in synaptic pruning which take time to resolve.
Interestingly, neuroscientists now believe that the brain can continue to change and be shaped for the challenges we meet even after the teenage years. For example, brain regions involved in the recall of spatial information have been shown to change when London taxi drivers learn "The Knowledge" (the layout of all the roads in London).17 Specifically, taxi drivers had different neural architecture in an area of the brain well known for being important for memory: the _hippocampus_. So how does the process of regeneration affect the Doctor's brain, and can we guess the possible structure and neurochemical balance of the Doctor in each of his regenerations?
## **Neophrenology**
If no one has taken a picture of the Doctor's brain, can we make any predictions about what it might look like? In the nineteenth century, the study of _phrenology_ suggested that the external shape of the skull could be used to ascertain certain characteristics about a person. For example, if a person had a particular bump above his or her right eye, that would tell you something about that person's sense of humor. Phrenology has been thoroughly discredited, but some contemporary neuropsychologists have coined the phrase _neophrenology_.18 Neophrenology suggests that by looking at a person's brain structure, you may be able to predict differences in his or her mental abilities. Using this reasoning, we should be able to reverse engineer what the Doctor's brain looks like by examining some of the behaviors he displays. The Doctor's brain may look quite different in each regeneration, dependent on the particular skills and abilities peculiar to that Doctor.
**_1. Disinhibition_**
The First Doctor physically appears to be physically very old, emotionally very grumpy, and behaviorally not shy about telling people how annoying they are.19 As we get older, an area at the front of our brains, the _frontal lobes_ , starts to shrink,20 and so some of the important functions that the frontal lobes control (e.g., planning, judging, actively recalling21) start to fail—among them, our inhibitions. It could well be that the Doctor, toward the end of his first life cycle, is starting to show problems with his inhibition control ( _disinhibition_ ) and so becomes rude and unhelpful.
**_2. Music_**
The Second Doctor, who has on occasion been described as a clown and can come across as disorganized and bumbling, shows a love of music that sets him apart from other regenerations. In fact, he is often found playing his trusty recorder while trying to concentrate and in times of danger.22 Psychologists have found that learning to play music can lead to enhancements in certain mental abilities, such as _spatial reasoning_ 23 (ability to mentally navigate and visualize objects three-dimensionally from different angles24). Even people who do not play an instrument can benefit from listening to music. Research suggests that as little as ten minutes of exposure to Mozart may improve people's reasoning ability.25 This improvement is thought to occur because the musical and spatial processing areas overlap in the brain, and the music therefore primes areas needed for spatial reasoning. Psychologists who have not replicated these findings suggest that any increases in cognition are due to the music increasing arousal levels, thereby making people more likely to pay attention.26 Whatever the reason, music does have a positive effect on the brain, and the Doctor's mental abilities are likely to benefit from playing and listening to music during this incarnation.
**_3. Inventiveness_**
Made to regenerate by the Time Lords and then exiled on Earth, the Third Doctor has a much reduced ability to travel in time and space. Trapped on Earth in the twentieth century, he is inventive to make the most of the rather primitive technology he has available.27 This incarnation of the Doctor does enjoy using the available resources to create new devices such as the Whomobile. Is it possible that great inventors have a different type of brain? That could be the case. Researchers have found that when we generate a new idea, there is activation in various areas of the brain, including the left inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and precentral gyrus.28 The inventive Third Doctor may have enhanced functioning in these areas of the brain.
**_4. Generosity_**
The Fourth Doctor is outgoing and friendly, with an infectious sense of humor. He is generous, especially with his jelly babies. But what makes a person generous? Some researchers think that differences in hormone levels affect how generous people are. In one study, participants were asked to split a sum of money with a stranger. The researchers found that those who were given a dose of _oxytocin_ , the so-called cuddle hormone, were 80 percent more generous than those who were given a placebo.29 Other hormones, such as testosterone, have been found to reduce generosity.30
**_5. Mental Toughness_**
The Fifth Doctor enjoys playing cricket.31 People who have a high degree of _mental toughness_ (a resilient attitude, self- belief, and personal motivation) tend to make good cricketers.32 We know little about the brain structure or neurochemistry of someone who has higher levels of mental toughness. Some studies have suggested a genetic component. Others indicate that the neurotransmitter _serotonin_ , known to modify our responses to stress, may be involved.33
**_6. Instability_**
Immediately after the Doctor's regeneration into his sixth incarnation, it is clear that things have not gone well. Mentally the Doctor is unstable in that he appears impulsive, irritable, bad-tempered, and aggressive. These changes occur because the Doctor is experiencing poor inhibition control ( _disinhibition_ ), suggesting that the areas that regulate self-control over our actions, the _prefrontal lobes_ , are in some way not working correctly.34 As well as aggression, damage to the prefrontal lobes can increase extraversion, which may explain this Doctor's outlandish style with his multicolored coat and bright yellow trousers.35
**_7. Eccentricity_**
The Seventh Doctor's new personality is eccentric, to say the least. Eccentric behavior can have a genetic component. People who have relatives who suffer from _schizophrenia_ have often been found to have mild characteristics of _schizotypal personality disorders_ , a condition defined by pervasive eccentricity.36 These eccentric behaviors could be the result of a lack of dopamine in the prefrontal lobes or occur because people with schizotypal personality traits have a smaller left temporal lobe.37 Therefore, it is possible that this incarnation of the Doctor has a smaller left temporal lobe or less dopamine than previous regenerations.
**_8. Memory Loss_**
The Doctor regenerates into his eighth incarnation when Dr. Grace Holloway performs ill-advised heart surgery.38 Unfortunately for him, the anesthetic nearly stops his regeneration, and he is left suffering temporarily from a form of amnesia known as _transient global amnesia_ , suddenly, though temporarily, forgetting everything about himself.39 This form of amnesia is not caused by extensive neurological damage to the brain but by migraine or seizures or maybe, in this case, the regeneration process.
**_8½. Combat Readiness_**
Little is known about the War Doctor other than that the Sisterhood of Karn gives the Eighth Doctor the ability to control his regeneration so that he can become this warrior.40 His brain is likely to be designed to overcome the problems people face in war zones, such as mental fatigue. We know that people in combat situations can make errors when they are under strain. A lack of food, water, and sleep can impair cognitive functioning. For example, when a person is dehydrated, the brain actually shrinks and so is unable to carry out complex thoughts.41
Although in today's world we are not able to redesign brains to make better soldiers, there are drugs available that can help with mental fatigue. Central nervous system stimulants such as amphetamines can be used to keep pilots awake during long missions, or modafinil, a drug used for sleep disorders, can help keep the brain in a more wakeful state.42 Another thing that the Doctor could do to increase his resilience to war is to reduce his level of fear. Some researchers believe that the level of fear that we experience is driven by our genes.43 Maybe the Doctor in this regeneration has reduced the number of his genes that are associated with fear reactions.
**_9. Accent_**
Shortly after meeting the Doctor, Rose asks, "If you are an alien, how come you sound like you're from the North?" The Doctor replies, "Lots of planets have a North!"44 It appears that after his regeneration, he has had a marked change in his accent. Children's accents can change if they move to a new regional area, but for most of us, by the time we hit adulthood, our accents are fixed. However, very occasionally, people have been known to develop a new accent overnight, normally as a result of a brain injury, such as a stroke. This condition is known as _foreign accent syndrome_ , in which a brain trauma can lead to a sudden alteration in a person's speech rhythm and prosody. A young Englishman who suffered a stroke suddenly developed a Caribbean accent (specifically similar to the accent found on St. Lucia). In this case, the foreign accent disappeared after seventy-two hours.45 It could well be that the changes in the Doctor's brain structure during regeneration affect his accent.
**_10. Neurorehabilitation_**
Newly regenerated, the Tenth Doctor challenges the leader of the Sycorax to a duel during which the Doctor's hand is chopped off. The Doctor is able to grow another hand as he is within fifteen hours of his regeneration.46 Unlike humans who have to learn how to use new limbs, the Doctor appears not to need any form of _neurorehabilitation_ and can start to use his new hand immediately. Even humans can learn to adopt a hand that is not their own, but they require a period of adjustment during which they must adapt to using their new limbs. In the _rubber hand illusion_ , a researcher strokes both the participant's real hand (which is hidden) and the rubber hand, which the participant can see. Over time the participant starts to perceive the rubber hand as his or her real hand.47
**_11. ADHD_**
When the Doctor turns into "a madman with a box"48 in his eleventh regeneration, he becomes youthful, lively, and impatient, getting quickly bored and bouncing continually from one task to the next.49 The impulsivity and hyperactivity he exhibits suggest that he has some traits of _attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)._ Indeed, this regeneration of the Doctor can be quite childish. Children with ADHD can take a few years longer than others to mature into adulthood. Although the precise reason why ADHD occurs in humans is not known, it is thought that there could be differences in the neurotransmitter _dopamine_ , a nervous system chemical that performs a variety of cognitive, emotional, and motor functions.50 This Doctor benefits from the high levels of energy that his hyperactive traits give him.
**_12. Autism Spectrum_**
The Twelfth Doctor appears to have unconsciously given himself the face of a man he previously saved in Pompeii to remind himself to show compassion.51 Whether despite that reminder or because of it, this Doctor appears to have problems with empathy and with understanding complex emotions. In fact, Clara writes a number of cards for him to help him give the right emotional response.52 This regeneration could give him some of the traits of the neurodevelopmental condition _Asperger's syndrome_. Although the Doctor appears to have learned some compensatory strategies, he does appear to have a less than complete understanding of the social world compared to other Doctors. Psychologists have found that scientists (including mathematicians) are more likely to have Asperger's or _high-functioning autism_ compared with academics who are not scientists.53 In Asperger's, it is thought that there are abnormalities in the brain's white matter and this leads to differences in the way in which different areas of the brain talk to each other.54
## **Beyond Brains and Behavior**
Neuropsychology is a relatively young area of psychology, and advances in techniques such as brain imaging are likely to lead to further advances in this field. It is clear from our current understanding of how the human brain works that the Doctor's shares some similarities with ours but in other ways is very alien. One of the most striking differences between the Doctor and humans is his ability to regenerate. Although similar to the process of synaptic pruning in adolescence, regeneration is much more violent and traumatic, leading to exaggerated adolescentlike behaviors in the Doctor. Errors in the regeneration process as well as changes in brain structure as a result of regeneration lead to each Doctor having a markedly different personality in each regeneration. Our understanding of the human brain allows us to guess about the neuropsychological underpinnings of the Doctor's behavior, but neuropsychological techniques must improve before brain and behavior can be more richly explained.
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Carelli, F. (2015). Dissociative amnesia or psychogenic amnesia as results of war's shocking events. _London Journal of Primary Care, 7_ (4), 78–79.
Chechik, G., Melijison, I., & Ruppin, E. (1999). Neuronal regulation: A mechanism for synaptic pruning during brain maturation. _Neural Computation_ , _11(8)_ , 2061-2080.
DeWitt, I., & Rauschecker, J. P. (2012). Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 109(8), E505-E514.
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Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., & McCarthy, G. (2009). _Functional magnetic resonance imaging_ (2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
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Von Hippel, W., Vasey, M. W., Gonda, T., & Stern, T. (2008). Executive function deficits, rumination and late-onset depressive symptoms in older adults. _Cognitive Therapy & Research, 32_(4), 474–487.
Weissensteiner, J. R., Abernethy, B., Farrow, D., & Gross, J. (2012). Distinguishing psychological characteristics of expert cricket batsmen. _Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 15_(1), 74–79.
White, Y. S., Bell, D. S., & Mellick, B. (1973). Sequelae to pneumoencephalography. _Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry_, 36(1), 146–151.
Witelson, S. F., Kigar, D. L., & Harvey, T. (1999). The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein. _The_ _Lancet, 353_ (9170), 2149–2153.
Zak, P. J., Kurzban, R., Ahmadi, S., Swerdloff, R. S., Park, J., Efremidze, L., Redwine, K., Morgan, K., & Matzner, W. (2009). Testosterone administration decreases generosity in the ultimatum game. _PLoS One, 4_ (12), e8330.
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_Notes_
1. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
2. Maslow (1943), p. 382.
3. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972—January 20, 1973); anniversary special, _The Five Doctors_ (November 25, 1983); modern episode 1–11, "Boom Town" (June 4, 2005).
4. Witelson et al. (1999).
5. Beyerstein (1999); Blackburn (2014); Boyd (2008); Radford (1999).
6. Lyons et al. (2014); White et al (1973).
7. Penfield (1968).
8. Buxton (2002); Huettal et al. (2009).
9. DeWitt & Rauschecker (2013); Dronkers et al. (2000); Poeppel et al. (2008).
10. Classic serial 13–5, _The Brain of Morbius_ (January 3–January 24, 1976).
11. Classic serial 11–5, _Planet of the Spiders_ (May 4–June 8, 1974).
12. Classic serial 4–3, _The Power of the Daleks_ (November 5–December 10, 1966); 7–1, _Spearhead from Space_ (January 3–24, 1970); 12–1, _Robot_ (December 28, 1974–January 18, 1975); 19–1, _Castrovalva_ January 4–13, 1982); 21–7, _The Twin Dilemma_ (March 22–30, 1984); 24–1, _Time and the Rani_ (September 7–28, 1987); _Doctor Who_ (1996 television movie); Christmas special, _The Christmas Invasion_ (December 25, 2005); modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010); 8–1, "Deep Breath" (August 23, 2014).
13. Blakemore & Choudhury (2006); Chechik et al (1999).
14. Anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
15. McGlashan & Hoffman (2000).
16. Classic serial 21–7, _The Twin Dilemma_ (March 22–March 30, 1984).
17. Maguire et al. (2006).
18. Friston (2002).
19. Classic serial 1–1, _An Unearthly Child_ (November 23–December 14, 1963).
20. Von Hippel et al. (2008).
21. Goldberg (2002).
22. Classic serial 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973).
23. Rauscher et al. (1993).
24. Gardner (2006).
25. Rauscher et al. (1993
26. Thompson et al. (2001).
27. Classic serial 7–1, _Spearhead from Space_ (January 3–24, 1970); 10–1, _The Three Doctors_ (December 30, 1972–January 20, 1973).
28. Beaty et al. (2014).
29. Zak et al. (2007).
30. Zak et al. (2009).
31. Classic serials 19–1, _Castrovalva_ (January 4–January 12, 1982); 19–5, Black Orchid (March 1–March 2, 1982).
32. Weissensteiner et al. (2012).
33. Sheard (2012).
34. Brower & Price (2001).
35. Grafman et al. (1996).
36. American Psychiatric Association (2013).
37. Rosell et al. (2014).
38. _Doctor Who_ (1996 television movie).
39. Romero et al (2013).
40. Minisode, _The Night of the Doctor_ (November 14, 2005).
41. Lieberman et al. (2005).
42. Stickgold & Walker (2010).
43. Moreno (2006).
44. Modern episode 1–1, "Rose" (March 26, 2005).
45. Roque et al. (2012).
46. Christmas special, "The Christmas Invasion," (December 25, 2005.
47. Botvinick & Cohen (1998).
48. Modern episode 5–1, "The Eleventh Hour" (April 3, 2010).
49. Modern episode 5–10, "Vincent and the Doctor" (June 5, 2010).
50. Barkley (2014).
51. Modern episode 9–5, "The Girl Who Died" (October 17, 2015).
52. Modern episode 9–3, "Under The Lake" (October 3, 2015).
53. Baron-Cohen et al. (2001).
54. Van Duin et al. (2014).
To what degree might tiny DNA molecules program personality and direct our actions? Can psychology use empirical science to get some answers to the philosophical nature versus nurture debate? The subfield known as behavioral genetics gives it a try.
# CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
A New Doctor? The Behavioral Genetics of Regeneration
MARTIN LLOYD
_"I can still die. If I'm killed before regeneration, then I'm dead. Even then, even if I change, it feels like dying. Everything I am dies. Some new man goes sauntering away. And I'm dead."_
—Tenth Doctor1
_"I don't deny the importance of genetics. However, the fact that I might be altruistic isn't because I have a gene for altruism; the fact that I do something for my children at some cost to myself comes from a history that has operated on me."_
—behaviorist B. F. Skinner2
Whether our identities are determined by nature or nurture may be thought of as a philosophical debate, but a subfield of psychology known as _behavioral genetics_ probes the relative contributions of both nature and nurture. Behavioral genetics seeks to understand the origins of the differences between individuals on some measurable trait. Mathematical modeling is used to determine the relative influences of _heritability_ (broadly speaking, genetics), _shared environment_ (common experiences that make family members similar to one another), and _nonshared environment_ (an individual's unique experiences, which serve to make family members different from one another) on the individual differences in a given trait.3 Shared and nonshared environment are distinguished from one another only in their effect. There is no way to determine automatically whether an experience contributes to shared or nonshared environment, except by whether it makes family members similar or different. Studies used to determine these relative influences examine the similarities between family members with known genetic and environmental relationships, primarily by studying twins and adoptees. While the results vary considerably, depending on the specific trait being studied, it generally appears that about 40 percent of the variance in most personality traits is due to genetic influences and 60 percent is due to the environmental influences.4 Behavioral genetic studies have always been conducted on humans, but their findings may still be able to explain something about another species: Time Lords.
Time Lords, such as the Doctor, do something that humans do not: On the verge of death, they regenerate. Whether some portion of DNA is retained after regeneration is uncertain. Specific behavioral genetic findings might shed light on why some traits change after regeneration and others remain the same.
The Falconer Formula
In the field of _behavioral genetic_ studies, researchers compare the correlations on a particular trait between groups, often identical and fraternal twins. Identical, _monozygotic_ twins are virtual clones of each other, sharing 100 percent of their genes. Fraternal, _dizygotic_ twins share, on average, 50 percent of their genes. As twins are always the same age, the two groups will not differ substantially in terms of shared environment. Once the correlations on a given trait are determined for both identical and fraternal twins, they are compared using the _Falconer Formula_ , geneticist Douglas Scott Falconer's mathematical assessment of the relative contributions of heritability, shared environment, and nonshared environment.5
The Falconer Formula would not necessarily apply to the regenerations of a Time Lord. Unlike human twins, who share predictable portions of their genes, regenerations of a Time Lord share easily estimated degrees of experience (environment). In fact, a Time Lord at the end of one cycle and the next iteration at the beginning of a regeneration would share approximately 100 percent of their experiences during that process, though the genetic similarity is unknown. While the same formulas may not apply to Time Lords, human behavioral genetic findings may still prove informative about Time Lord psychology.
## **That Which Stays the Same**
**_Intelligence_**
Possibly the single greatest commonality among versions of the Doctor is that the Doctor is always extremely clever. It is rare for any Doctor not to be the smartest person in any given room. In humans, the genetic and environmental influences on intelligence are complex. The reason for this complexity is that the relative contributions appear to change across the life span. This is possible because, again, behavioral genetic studies determine the percentage of the variance within a given population attributable to assorted environmental and genetic factors. Such studies cannot be used to say, for example, that 40 percent of a given individual's intelligence is due to their genetics. The influences within a population can change over time. Overall, about 40 percent of the variance in IQ in children appears to be due to genetics, while genes account for approximately 60 percent of the variance in adults.6 Conversely, shared environment seems to have a substantial effect on intelligence in children but very little effect in adults, though this finding has not been without controversy.7 Notably, while studies of adoptees generally find almost no shared environmental influence on adult IQ, results of twin studies have arguably been inconclusive.8 Regardless, the findings most relevant to the Doctor are those relating to adults, as the Doctor has been an adult throughout the program's history. Even if there were some uncertainty about what qualifies for Time Lord adulthood, the Doctor has reached the end of his natural regeneration cycle9 and has, in his twelfth incarnation, claimed to be over two thousand years old,10 so it is safe to say he has reached adulthood.
While adult intelligence appears to have a fair-sized genetic influence, the Doctor has a much higher IQ than most of the population. It is certainly feasible that high IQ might have its own unique set of influences. Indeed, there does seem to be a higher shared environmental influence than is typically found for general intelligence, about 28 percent of the variance, but the variance remains most strongly accounted for by genetics (i.e., about 50 percent).11 Although the role of shared environment is somewhat larger than for intelligence generally, the influences are not substantially different overall for high intelligence.
Ultimately, variability in adult intelligence appears to be driven mostly by genetics. The Doctor's consistently high intelligence across iterations is therefore an unexpected result, given that regeneration appears to lead to shared experience but perhaps not shared genes. While the behavioral genetic literature allows for a fair-sized contribution from nonshared environment, recall that nonshared environment, by definition, contributes to making people different from one another. In fact, the contribution of nonshared environment is determined, mathematically, by looking at the differences between identical twins.12 Therefore, the unique experiences of each regeneration would not be expected to contribute to stability in the Doctor's intelligence.
**_Curiosity_**
Another trait shared by every Doctor is intense curiosity. After all, after thousands of years, he still elects to spend most of his time exploring all of time and space in a blue box. Curiosity is most strongly related to a personality trait commonly referred to as _openness to experience_ , which contains elements, not just of curiosity, but also creativity and perceptiveness.13 Variability in most personality traits is heavily influenced by genetics, and openness is no exception. In fact, the average heritability estimate for openness is 0.57, which is actually slightly larger than the genetic contributions found for most other personality traits.14 As a general rule, shared environment has not been found to make a significant contribution. Not only has openness been found to have a significant genetic contribution, it has also been found to share genes with other traits that seem to be consistent across the Doctor's regenerations. Notably, there is about a 64 percent overlap in the genetics for openness and intelligence, and the genetic overlap with creativity is also substantial. The overlap of environmental influences is much smaller, and essentially nonexistent in the case of creativity.15 Thus, creativity does not show the significant shared environmental influence that would be expected based on its stability across the Doctor's regenerations.
## **That Which Changes**
People vary in their _need for affiliation_ , the drive to want personal relationships with others.16 Even people who regularly travel with companions can vary in terms of how much companionship they want and may differ over the course of a lifetime in how much they seem to like people or how easily they get along with others.
**_Not Always a People-Person (or People-Time Lord)_**
In the modern era, the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors are typically warm and welcoming, while the Ninth and Twelfth Doctors can be downright curmudgeonly. This is seen fairly clearly in the Ninth Doctor's refusal to participate in anything "domestic,"17 though the Tenth Doctor readily joins Rose's family for Christmas dinner shortly after regeneration.18 The interpersonal warmth displayed by the Doctors to varying degrees is best captured by a personality trait known as _agreeableness_ , essentially a measure of how "nice" someone is. Individuals high on agreeableness tend to have better relationships and more social support in their lives.19 They also tend to be less prejudiced against minority groups and more accepting of those with disabilities.20 Those with low agreeableness are more aggressive.21 They are also more skeptical and more likely to use others to further their own ends.22 Like most personality traits, agreeableness is substantially influenced by genetics and is only minimally influenced by a shared environment. For a trait that seems to change with the sweeping genetic changes of regeneration, this is to be expected. If the genes are different, a genetically influenced trait would likely change randomly. Nonetheless, the portion of the variance due to genetics is only 0.42 on average, which is actually less than almost any other personality trait.23 This does, however, suggest a fairly large role for nonshared environment, which may mean that this aspect of the Doctor's personality is, to some extent, a reaction to the experiences of his previous incarnation. Thus, it makes sense for the Ninth Doctor to be somewhat more closed off as a reaction to his guilt over the acts carried out by the War Doctor.
**_"Am I a Good Man?"_** 24
One trait that seems to change, albeit often subtly, from one Doctor to another is his moral reasoning. The Doctors differ in their willingness to employ violent methods. Although it is unclear whether the Twelfth Doctor actually throws the Half-Face Man to his demise,25 it is hard to imagine other Doctors taking this step. Criminality, in general, has been found to be influenced by both genetics and shared environment.26 When one looks specifically at violence, however, the influence of shared environment appears to increase. While there remains a strong genetic impact, it is less than has been observed for nonviolent criminality (i.e., 0.50 versus 0.76).27 A significant role for heritability would be consistent with a trait that changes with regeneration, but high shared environmental influence would suggest stability more than change.
It is well-established that "The Doctor lies,"28 but some Doctors are more manipulative than others. Deception has also been found to have both genetic and environmental influences. Engagement in fraudulent activities, for example, has been shown to be influenced by an interaction between genes and the environment. Specifically, individuals with a gene coding for high amounts of the enzyme _monoamine oxidase A_ (MAOA) were more likely to engage in fraudulent activities, but only when they also had peers who engaged in delinquency.29 Another version of the gene, this one actually coding for low MAOA activity, has been linked to a number of conditions known to involve deception, including _antisocial personality disorder_ and _psychopathy_ , especially when there is also childhood maltreatment.30 While these findings seem somewhat inconsistent, they both point to a genetic effect interacting with an environmental effect. Much like the findings on violence, this muddies the waters somewhat in regard to whether a penchant for deception would be expected to change with regeneration. The genetic effect suggests it would, but this is ultimately complicated by the environmental effects.
## **Not One of Us**
Ultimately, findings from the field of behavioral genetics are not always consistent with how the Doctor changes, or does not change, with regeneration. The Doctor looks radically different from one iteration to another (and it has been established that regeneration could even change a Time Lord's biological sex),31 suggesting that regeneration changes him on a genetic level. Thus, traits most strongly influenced by genes are the ones that would be most expected to change. This has not necessarily proven to be the case. Most of the psychological traits discussed in this chapter have shown fairly strong genetic effects, including those traits that are stable across regenerations. There are several possible explanations for why the Doctor's regenerations do not conform to the expectations of the behavioral genetic research.
One reason for the Doctor's regenerations not following expected patterns may simply be that the initial assumptions were wrong. The dramatic physical changes that accompany regeneration suggest genetic changes, as physical traits are heavily influenced by genes. Humans look different from each other for reasons that are primarily genetic. Perhaps a Time Lord's genes work differently. Perhaps a Time Lord has _inactive genes_ (what we would term "junk DNA") that are randomly activated during regeneration, while others are deactivated. This could differentially affect physical traits, while genes for psychological traits remain stable. If the Doctor's genes for psychological traits were remaining constant, then the psychological stabilities he exhibits (e.g., high intelligence and curiosity) would actually be consistent with the behavioral genetic research.
Another possibility relates to one of the core limitations of behavioral genetic research. Behavioral genetic findings are limited to the population under study.32 This means that if a study is conducted only on Americans, there is no reason to assume the findings will generalize to populations from Europe or Africa, for example. If heritability and environment differentially affect variability in psychological traits in different human populations, it is even less likely they will function the same way in a population from Gallifrey. After all, though the Doctor may look human, he is ultimately not one of us.
_References_
Beaver, K. M., & Holtfreter, K. (2009). Biosocial influences on fraudulent behaviors. _The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170_ (2), 101–114.
Bouchard, T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A Survey. _Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13_ (4), 148–151.
Bresin, K., & Robinson, M. D. (2015). You are what you see and choose: Agreeableness and situation selection. _Journal of Personality, 83_ (4), 452–463.
Cloninger, C. R., & Gottesman, I. I. (1987). Genetic and environmental factors in antisocial behavior disorders. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack (Eds.), _The causes of crime: New biological approaches_ (pp. 92–109). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Daugherty, J. R., Kurtz, J. E., & Phebus, J. B. (2009). Are implicit motives "visible" to well-acquainted others? _Journal of Personality Assessment, 91_ (4), 373–380.
DiLalla, L. F., & Gottesman, I. I. (1991). Biological and genetic contributors to violence—Widom's untold tale. _Psychological Bulletin, 109_ (1), 125–129.
Falconer, D. S., & Mackay T. F. C. (1996). _Introduction to Quantitative Genetics_ (4th ed.). Essex, UK: Longmans Green, Harlow.
Greenberg, J. (1981, September 15). B. F. Skinner now sees little hope for the world's salvation. New York Times: <http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/15/science/bf-skinner-now-sees-little-hope-for-the-world-s-salvation.html>.
Gunter, T. D., Vaughn, M. G., & Philibert, R. A. (2010). Behavioral genetics in antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy: A review of the recent literature. _Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28_ (2), 148–173.
Haworth, C. M. A., Wright, M. J., Martin, N. W., Martin, N. G., Boomsma, D. I., Bartels, M., Posthuma, D., Davis, O. S. P., Brant, A. M., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., Thompson, L. A., Hart, S. A., Petrill, S. A., Lubinski, D., & Plomin, R. (2009). A twin study of the genetics of high cognitive ability selected from 11,000 twin pairs in six studies from four countries. _Behavioral Genetics, 39_ (4), 359–370.
Kaplan, J. S. (2012). The effects of shared environment on adult intelligence: A critical review of adoption, twin, and MZA studies. _Developmental Psychology, 48_ (5), 1292–1298.
Lensvelt-Mulders, G., & Hettema, J. (2001). Analysis of genetic influences on the consistency and variability of the Big Five across different stressful situations. _European Journal of Personality, 15_ (5), 355–371.
Page, S. L., & Islam, M. R. (2015). The role of personality variables in predicting attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: An Australian perspective. _Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59_ (8), 741–745.
Plomin, R. (2003). Genetics, genes, genomics and g. _Molecular Psychiatry, 8_ (1), 1–5.
Schermer, J. A., Johnson, A. M., Vernon, P. A., & Jang, K. L. (2011). The relationship between personality and self-report abilities: A behavior-genetic analysis. _Journal of Individual Differences, 32_ (1), 47–53.
Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. D. (2010). Genetics, the Big Five, and the tendency to be self-employed. _Journal of Applied Psychology, 95_ (6), 1154–1162.
Vukasovic´, T., & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. _Psychological Bulletin, 141_ (4), 769–785.
_Notes_
1. Christmas special, "The End of Time," pt. 1 (December 25, 2009).
2. Greenberg (1981).
3. Vukasovic´ & Bratko (2015).
4. Vukasovic´ & Bratko (2015).
5. Falconer & Mackay (1996).
6. Plomin (2003).
7. Kaplan (2012).
8. Kaplan (2012).
9. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
10. Modern episode 9–8, "The Zygon Inversion" (November 7, 2015).
11. Haworth et al. (2009).
12. Falconer & Mackay (1996).
13. Lensvelt-Mulders & Hettema (2001).
14. Bouchard (2004).
15. Schermer et al. (2011).
16. Daugherty et al. (2009).
17. Modern episodes 1–4, "Aliens of London" (April 16, 2005); 1–5, "World War Three" (April 23, 2005).
18. Christmas special, "The Christmas Invasion" (December 25, 2005).
19. Bresin & Robinson (2015).
20. Page & Islam (2015).
21. Bresin & Robinson (2015).
22. Shane et al. (2010).
23. Bouchard (2004).
24. Modern episode 8–2, "Into the Dalek" (August 30, 2014).
25. Modern episode 8–1, "Deep Breath" (August 23, 2014).
26. DiLalla & Gottesman (1991).
27. Cloninger & Gottesman (1987).
28. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang." (June 26, 2010).
29. Beaver & Holtfreter (2009).
30. Gunter et al. (2010).
31. Modern episode 8–11, "Dark Water" (November 1, 2014).
32. Vukasovic´ & Bratko (2015).
Psychology grew out of two parent disciplines when early researchers applied physiology's methods to some of philosophy's questions, but usually not the question of free will. As modern physiological psychology shows how one brain part after another determines both conscious and unconscious behavior, can a scientist still free room to believe in free will?
# CHAPTER NINETEEN
The Time Lord's Brain: Regeneration, Determinism, and Free Will
DAVID KYLE JOHNSON AND TRAVIS LANGLEY
_"So, free will is not an illusion after all."_
—Third Doctor1
_"We must believe in free will. We have no choice."_
—author Isaac Bashevis Singer2
Most areas of psychology shy away from the classic philosophical debate over _free will versus determinism_ : Do we have free will or are our personality and actions determined by myriad influences? _Existential psychologists_ , who look at the reasons we ask who we are and why we ask why, criticize other areas of psychology for being too deterministic, for failing to consider free will.3 The Doctor repeatedly opposes tyrants and others who would deprive people of their ability to choose ( _freedom_ ), but he does wonder if people can make those choices without external forces determining which choices we'll make ( _determinism_ ).4 Growing out of _existentialism_ or _existential philosophy_ , existential psychology is one of psychology's more philosophically oriented areas. Before adopting methods from physiology, the broader field of psychology itself began as a topic within philosophy, a topic exploring the nature of the mind and questions like whether free will even exists.5
_Physiological psychology_ continues to study relationships between physiology and mental processes, identifying many biological influences on behavior. When a drug unknowingly ingested can render someone suggestible and impair memory6 or a spike through the brain can turn a calm, responsible person into one who is emotional and uncontrollable,7 how much choice do the people experiencing each of these events have? When regeneration turns the Doctor erratic8 or even violent enough to choke his own companion9 and when his changes are so striking that those traveling with him in his universe10 or fans viewing the program in ours wonder if he is really the Doctor at all,11 how much choice does he have? If the Doctor's actions are somehow a result of physical changes to his body, is the Doctor really free? Does he have free will? Do we? As in many areas in psychology, physiological psychology and the related modern area of _neuroscience_ (which focuses on the nervous system) whittle away at the arguments that favor free will by revealing one variable after another that might determine who we are and what we do.
## **The Cortical Vortex**
Although the idea that mentality is directly related to the brain goes back as far as the ancient Greek Pythagorean Alcmaeon of Croton,12 it wasn't until the modern day that this fact became widely accepted. Arguably, one of the most important cases to help establish this idea was the case of Phineas Gage, a railroad foreman who suffered a traumatic accident in 1848 when an explosion gone wrong drove a tamping iron through his head. The resulting destruction of part of his forebrain changed his personality, something that would not have been possible were his psychological makeup not a product of his brain.13 We see something similar when the Doctor changes. As another Time Lord says about the Doctor's third regeneration, "It will shake up the brain cells a little."14 In a way, each time the Doctor regenerates, it's as if tamping irons were flying through his skull.
Although Gage eventually partially recovered and the effects of his injury may have been exaggerated, his case nevertheless sent science down a path of discovery that revealed a direct dependence of the mind on the brain. Seeing how specific injuries affected people revealed much about which parts and pathways in the brain played roles in specific aspects of human mentality.
**_Emotional Responses_**
Every distinct emotional reaction depends on specific areas of the brain. Trying to reassure a frightened child, the Doctor explains fear in terms of uncontrollable physiological response: "So much blood and oxygen pumping through your brain, it's like rocket fuel. Right now, you can run faster and you can fight harder, you can jump higher than ever in your life. And you are so alert, it's like you can slow down time. What's wrong with scared? Scared is a superpower."15 When the Doctor calls fear a superpower, empirical evidence would suggest that he refers to the power of the brain's _amygdala_ to help us recognize danger, the _hypothalamus_ to activate relevant feelings and drives, and the _pituitary gland_ to trigger the release of hormones that will help us take action.16
Laughing in the face of death can help a person manage fear, but those rare people who have literally laughed themselves to death (usually through asphyxiation or cardiac arrest17) have taught us that laughter is not a fully voluntary function. It results from activity of a series of brain regions that run through the cerebral cortex, now known as the "laughter circuit."18 A young man terrified by ventriloquist dummies laughs uncontrollably in a mysterious hotel where the Doctor and others must face their greatest fears.19 People with the condition _pseudobulbar affect_ can experience unexpected outbursts of either crying or laughing for several minutes due to errors in neurological functioning.20
**_Motor Control_**
Much as we might like to think we consciously control our own physical actions, we often do not. When we catch ourselves humming or tapping our fingers and realize we've been doing that for a bit without conscious awareness, we glimpse the control that nonverbal, perhaps subconscious parts of the brain might have. When the Doctor struggles against the Cyber-Planner "Mr. Clever" for control of the Doctor's body,21 some of his behavior is reminiscent of that shown by _split-brain patients_ , people whose brain hemispheres have been surgically separated through injury, surgery (sometimes done to treat grand mal seizures), or some neural disorders.22 The Doctor cannot keep his own hand from seizing an object and destroying it. "He's got control of the left arm," he says. Split-brain patients often suffer from something similar called _alien hand syndrome_ , in which one side of the body literally acts on its own and is not under "their" conscious control. That is, it's not under the conscious control of the verbal left hemisphere, but instead under the control of the largely nonverbal right hemisphere. In one case, a man had trouble getting dressed every morning because as soon as one hand would button his shirt, his other would unbutton it. One young patient's left hemisphere responded to questions by indicating that he wanted to be a draftsman when he got older, while the right wanted to be a race-car driver.23
**_Memory_**
How the neurons of our brain are wired and fire can direct how we act. So if regeneration makes the Doctor act differently, it's most likely because regeneration rewires his brain, given the Doctor's similarity to humans. Not completely. A partial reorganization of his neurons could explain not only the memory loss that sometimes accompanies regeneration, but the attitude and personality adjustments that come with it as well. Neural death will damage memory, possibly beyond repair. Oxygen deprivation causes cells to degenerate rapidly. This may be why the Eighth Doctor suffers the most severe postregeneration amnesia, because The Seventh Doctor lies in a hospital morgue for hours, not breathing and deprived of oxygen and seemingly dead, before regenerating into the Eighth.24
**_Recognition_**
And then there is Oliver Sacks's famous man who mistook his wife for a hat. A tumor made parts of his mentality wither away gradually, which often included the symptom of mistaking inanimate objects for noninanimate ones—parking meters for children, his shoe for his foot, and (of course) his wife for his hat.25 The man did not choose to make those mistakes any more than the Twelfth Doctor choses to suffer some degree of _prosopagnosia_ , difficulty or inability to recognize faces or tell two faces apart even when motivated to do so. In one instance, the Doctor has to ask if he is speaking to the same people he was with only moments before because he cannot recognize any of them after only a few minutes.26 Prosopagnosia can result from brain injury, but about 2 percent of people are actually born with some level of the disorder. Sacks was a sufferer himself. Studies suggest that a malfunction of the _fusiform gyrus_ (located in the brain's occipital and temporal lobes) is the culprit.27 Thus, regenerating into the Twelfth Doctor (his first regeneration of a new cycle, after he should have run out of regenerations28) apparently damages his fusiform gyrus.
**_Concern_**
In general, antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy—personality conditions involving extreme violations of others' rights, along with lack of empathy or other emotional aspects of a conscience29—could possibly be caused by anything from hormone and neurotransmitter imbalances to environmental and cultural influences. The Sixth and Twelfth Doctors may show the greatest difficulty feeling empathy toward others. A rewiring of the Doctor's _prefrontal cortex_ , which houses some of our ability to make moral decisions, might be to blame. If that area in the Doctor's brain is damaged or rewired during regeneration, he may have lost his ability to make moral decisions that show concern for others, much as _traumatic brain injury_ can result in difficulties processing emotions and make some head injury victims look like psychopaths in their lack of empathy.30 _Transcranial magnetic stimulation_ , using a magnetic field outside the cranium to manipulate the brain inside, can stimulate or inhibit neural activity, with effects that include either enhancing or inhibiting empathy and altering moral judgments, depending on how and where it is applied.31
Indeed, an inability to keep the _limbic system_ (a set of brain regions responsible for motivation and emotion) in check is why babies and toddlers are so emotional and selfish. The connections running back from their prefrontal cortex to their limbic system have not yet developed, letting the impulses and emotions that their limbic system generates essentially rule them.37 It is only through practice that such connections grow, which perhaps explains how the Sixth and Twelfth Doctors each show more concern for others as time wears on.
Blindsight
_Blindsight_ is the ability of certain visually blind individuals to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see, enabling them to grab and correctly orient objects or navigate through their environment.32 Part of the brain sees and provides some awareness of visual cues to the conscious mind, even though the person consciously has no visual experience. To the conscious mind, these individuals often feel they are simply guessing, despite showing accuracy too great for chance.
Of course, not every blind person has blindsight. When Dr. Grace Holloway suffers temporary blindness from looking into a beam that uses a live retina to open the TARDIS's Eye of Harmony,33 her impairment is to her eyes, not her visual cortex, and therefore her brain would not receive the kind of visual signals necessary for blindsight. Elizabeth Rowlinson, on the other hand, blind until the Seventh Doctor's enemy Morgaine restores her vision, shows considerable awareness of her environment, perhaps through psychic powers but perhaps through some degree of blindsight.34
The experiences of individuals with blindsight teach us that unconscious visual pathways in the brain (that don't give rise to conscious visual experiences) are responsible for our ability to interact with the environment.35 For some professionals, this has prompted reevaluation of the meaning of consciousness itself.36
It's also possible that the Doctor's diminished regard for others stems from an inability to sympathize with them. If so, then perhaps his _mirror neurons_ , nerve cells that fire in sympathy with what we observe in others, are damaged during regeneration. When one person witnesses another performing a task, some of the neurons in the witness's brain will fire as if actually performing the task instead of merely observing, mirroring the same way they may be firing in the task performer's own brain.38 By making the brain mimic what another person's brain might experience when experiencing different emotions, mirror neurons appear to mediate empathy.39 If the Doctor's mirror neurons are damaged during regeneration, his ability to empathize may be damaged as well.40
## **Hidden Purpose**
Repeating the same actions when circumstances are the same suggests that environment determines behavior. When the Twelfth Doctor spends billions of years stuck in a castle repeating the same behavior over and over (as he keeps reliving the same few days without remembering that he has done all these things many times before) rather than reveal a secret other Time Lords want from him, does he have any free will at all?41 The aforementioned determinism to which the existential psychologists objected suggests that our actions are determined by specific causes. The same circumstances surrounding him and characteristics in him lead the Doctor to repeat the same set of actions, determining the outcome every time. If he truly has free will, his journey through the castle should vary.
**_Sublimely Subliminal_**
_Subliminal stimuli_ , information that our brains detect on some level but without our conscious awareness, influence emotions and actions, although not as powerfully as many people believe. For example, research participants in numerous studies have expressed preference for images shown to them too quickly for them to realize they'd seen them42 or too scrambled for them to know consciously what they were viewing.43 These tendencies are so weak, though, that it's generally more effective to present stimuli clearly enough that people can recognize them outright.44
When the Silence give people commands that they follow even after they forget they've seen the Silence, these commands are technically not subliminal because the witnesses are consciously aware during the initial experience, and yet they function in subliminal ways because people forget where these desires come from.45 A more apt analogy might be _posthypnotic suggestion_ , giving someone the idea to follow a command after a session of hypnosis. Again, though, evidence indicates that hypnosis is not as powerful in the real world as it is within fiction.46 Whether it's the Master controlling Jo Grant through hypnosis47 or the Tenth Doctor using hypnosis to calm the Globe Theatre's architect,48 both of these Gallifreyan hypnotists demonstrate control beyond the scope of human practitioners.
## **Quantum Choice**
The brain is responsible for mentality, the brain produces actions, and the brain remains a vast mystery—in these ways, the Doctor is not unlike us. The way regeneration alters his brain and even his DNA likely accounts for his changes of personality, just as physiological changes can alter us, too. Even the most random- seeming changes that happen to us may depend on choices we make, whether we know it or not. Changes that occur to Time Lords via regeneration are not completely random, either. The Second Doctor has the opportunity to choose his next face,49 the Eighth Doctor consciously decides to turn into a warrior,50 and the Eleventh Doctor unconsciously selects the Twelfth Doctor's face to remind himself to save people.51
It seems that free will can be neither proven nor disproven. Studies on the variables that influence or cause behavior reveal many patterns by looking at trends, while nevertheless failing to explain every exception. Empirical research cannot prove the _null hypothesis_ , the idea that a possible cause exerts no influence in any way whatsoever, and likewise cannot prove absence of any causality. The Third Doctor decides that free will does exist after all, not because of abstract philosophical debate but because of the way he interprets visible evidence after seeing how different a parallel universe's inhabitants can be. Given "an infinity of universes—ergo an infinite number of choices," he decides, "the pattern can be changed." Without free will, each parallel person and event would turn out the same in every reality.52
The Doctor chooses to run.
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Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. _Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23_ (1), 25–54.
Harlow, J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head. _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39_ (20), 389–393.
Hetu, S., Taschereau-Dumouchel, V., & Jackson, P. L. (2012). Stimulating the brain to study social actions and empathy. _Brain Stimulation, 5_ (2), 95–102.
Holt, J. (2003). _Blindsight and the nature of consciousness._ New York, NY: Broadview.
Johnson, D. K. (2006). Does free will exist? _Think: Philosophy for Everyone, 15_ (42), 53–70.
Jiang, Y., Costello, P., Fang, F., Huang, M., & He, S. (2006). A gender- and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103_ (45), 17-48-17052.
Johnson, D. K. (2010). Is the Doctor still the Doctor? Am I still me? In C. Lewis & S. Smithka (Eds.), _Doctor Who and philosophy: Bigger on the inside_ (pp. 41–52). Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Johnson, D. K. (2013). Do souls exist? _Think: Philosophy for Everyone, 12_ (35), 61–76.
Kanfer, S. (1997, summer). Isaac Singer's promised city. City Journal: <http://www.city-journal.org/html/isaac-singer%E2%80%99s-promised-city-11935.html>.
Kaplan, J. T., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Getting a grip on other minds: Mirror neurons, intention understanding, and cognitive empathy. _Social Neuroscience, 1_ (3–4), 175–183.
Langley, T. (2014, August 31). Doctor Who and the neuroscience of morality malfunctions. Psychology Today: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beyond-heroes-and-villains/201408/doctor-who-and-the-neuroscience-morality-malfunctions>.
Lewis, J. G. (2013, September 23). Prosopagnosia: Why some are blind to faces. Psychology Today: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-babble/201309/prosopagnosia-why-some-are-blind-faces>.
Lo, R., & Cohen, T. J. (2007). Laughter-induced syncope: No laughing matter. _American Journal of Medicine, 120_ (11), e5.
McCullagh, S., Moore, M., Gawel, M., & Feinstein, A. (1999). Pathological laughing and crying in amytrophic lateral sclerosis: An association with prefrontal cognitive dysfunction. _Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 169_ (1), 43–48.
McCullough, M. (2015, January 26). Sciency wiency: Listen. Doctor Who TV: <http://www.doctorwhotv.co.uk/sciencey-wiencey-listen-71329.htm>.
Mikkelson, D. (2012, June 12). The last laugh's on him: Have people died laughing? Snopes: <http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/laughing.asp>.
Milston, S. I., Vanman, E. J., & Cunnington, R. (2013). Cognitive empathy and motor activity during observed actions. _Neuropsychologia, 51_ (6), 1103–1108.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1999). _Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind_. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Sacks, O. (1985). _The man who mistook his wife for a hat_. New York, NY: Touchstone.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2010). The neural bases for empathy. _The Neuroscientist, 17_ (1), 18–24.
Spanos, N. P. (1996). _Multiple identities and false memories: A sociocognitive perspective_. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Thomas, B. (2012, November 6). _What's so special about mirror neurons?_ Scientific American: <http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/whats-so-special-about-mirror-neurons/>.
Young, L., Camprodon, J. A., Hauser, M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2010). Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107_ (15), 6753–6758.
Van Inwagen, P. (2000). Free will remains a mystery. _Philosophical Perspectives, 14_ (1), 1–19.
Wertheimer, M. (1987). _A brief history of psychology_ (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
_Notes_
1. Classic serial 7–4 _Inferno_ , pt. 4 (May 30, 1970).
2. Kanfer (1997).
3. Hanly (1979).
4. Classic serial 7–4 _Inferno_ , pt. 4 (May 30, 1970).
5. Wertheimer (1987).
6. Bramness et al. (2006).
7. Harlow (1848).
8. As Kanpo Rinpoche predicted in the classic serial 11–5, _Planet of the Spider_ s (May 4–June 8, 1974).
9. Classic serial 21–7, _The Twin Dilemma_ , pt. 1 (March 22, 1984).
10. Classic serial 4–3, _The Power of the Daleks_ , pt. 1 (November 5, 1966).
11. Johnson (2010).
12. Geschwind (1965); Goldberg & Bloom (1990); Goldstein (1908); Gross (1987).
13. Carter (2010), p. 64.
14. Classic serial 11–5 _Planet of the Spiders_ , pt. 6 (June 8, 1974).
15. Modern episode 8–4, "Listen" (September 13, 2014).
16. McCullough (2015).
17. Lo & Cohen (2007); Mikkelson (2012).
18. Ramachandran & Blakeslee (1999).
19. Modern episode 6–11, "The God Complex" (September 17, 2011).
20. Archiniegas et al. (2005); McCullagh et al. (1999).
21. Modern episode 7–12, "Nightmare in Silver" (May 13, 2013).
22. Caixeta et al. (2007).
23. Carter (2010).
24. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
25. Sacks (1985).
26. Christmas special, "Last Christmas" (December 25, 2014).
27. Lewis (2013)
28. Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor" (December 25, 2013).
29. American Psychiatric Association (2013); Hare (1996).
30. Langley (2014); Shamay-Tsoory (2010).
31. Carr et al. (2003); Geddes (2011); Hetu et al. (2012); Young et al. (2010).
32. Celesia (2010).
33. _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie).
34. Classic serial 26–1, _Battlefield_ (September 6–27, 1989).
35. Ramachandran & Blakeslee (1999).
36. Holt (2003)
37. Carter (2010).
38. Carter (2010).
39. Baird et al. (2011); Kaplan & Iacoboni (2006); Milston et al. (2013).
40. Thomas (2012).
41. Modern episode 9–11, "Heaven Sent" (November 28, 2015).
42. e.g., Ferguson & Zayas (2009).
43. e.g., Jiang et al. (2006).
44. Blankenburg et al. (2003); Dehaene (2009); Haynes & Rees (2006).
45. Modern episodes 6–1, "The Impossible Astronaut" (April 23, 2011); 6–2, "Day of the Moon" (April 30, 2011).
46. e.g., Spanos (1996).
47. Classic serial 8–1, _Terror of the Autons_ (January 2–23, 1971).
48. Modern episode 3–2, "The Shakespeare Code" (April 7, 2007).
49. Classic serial 6–7, _The War Games_ , pt. 10 (J une 21, 1969).
50. Minisode, _The Night of the Doctor_ (November 14, 2015).
51. Realized in modern episode 9–5, "The Girl who Died" (October 17, 2015).
52. Classic serial 7–4 _Inferno_ , pt. 7 (June 20, 1970).
The Further Factors—Aren't There Limits?
TRAVIS LANGLEY
How many personality factors are there? How many distinct clusters of traits that mostly describe who we are? Two, three, five, six... ? How many Doctors can there be? When the showrunners conceived the Doctor's first renewal to solve the immediate problem of actor William Hartnell's health difficulties, they did not know two Doctors would become three, five, sixteen, thirteen... Doctors without end? Each way of looking at the array of personality factors may be analogous to looking at the variety of Doctors who can all still be the same man or at the many versions of ourselves we each present throughout our lives while each of us remains one person. The different configurations may all share truth, while none may capture the truth in its entirety. No one description, no one way of looking at things ever can. What about the traits that get left out whenever we focus on those that "mostly" describe a person or character? There may be other ways to interpret those arrays.
## **The Seven Factors**
Early trait researchers left out evaluative terms like _good_ , _evil_ , _worthy_ , and _unworthy_ on the grounds that they were ambiguous or that they judged quality instead of describing specific personality characteristics.1 Others, though, argued that these omissions neglected key areas of individual differences.2 Some versions of the Doctor and Master may be strikingly similar in Big Five traits, while still differing in their motivation to do good or evil. If the Doctor's companions betray him, he tries to fix whatever has gone wrong for them,3 but if the Master's companions turn on him, he tries to kill them and tends to succeed.4 What traits that the Big Five missed might help identify which is the good man? The HEXACO model offers one answer5 (addressed in Factor File Four: "The Six Factors—A Good Man?"). The Big Seven model offers another one, a seven-factor model based less on morality and more on each individual's evaluation of self-worth.6
We commend and condemn ourselves.
**_The Good: Positive Valence_**
Not everyone sees goodness in terms of morality. A person may be held in great esteem and have many admirable qualities for a range of reasons. The Doctor speaks highly of his own intelligence,7 impressiveness,8 and worth.9
**Examples of Positive Valence Traits**
Admirable
Exceptional
Important
Impressive
Outstanding
Smart
Unconventional
Unusual
The positive and negative valence factors are largely distinct from each other. People with high opinions of themselves might or might not see themselves as also having negative valence traits. Some, like the Doctor, rate themselves negatively because of what they do with their best characteristics and because of what they fail to do.
**_The Bad: Negative Valence_**
Characteristics in the negative valence factor come closer to addressing views of oneself as good or evil. After the Time War, the Doctor begins to evaluate himself more harshly and does not see himself as a good man.10 The Eleventh Doctor tells the Dream Lord, "There's only one person in the universe who hates me as much as you do," showing that his own self-loathing reveals the Dream Lord to be some embodiment of the Doctor himself.11
**Examples of Negative Valence Traits**
Awful
Cruel
Dangerous to Others
Depraved
Deserving Hate
Disgusting
Evil
Vicious
Wicked
Even a person who may be full of self-hatred or believes him- or herself to be bad may still value goodness and strive to do the right thing. "Never be cruel, never be cowardly," the Twelfth Doctor repeats his personal promise to Clara before they part ways, this time adding, "and if you ever are, always make amends."12
**_Infinity inside Us_**
Other researchers identified greater numbers of distinct personality factors: eight,13 twelve,14 thirteen,15 fifteen,16 and one of the best-known counts, sixteen.17 The Big Seven might be genuine or might be an artificial refiguring of the Big Five,18 and the personality psychologist who developed the 16PF to measure sixteen personality factors recognized that those factors intercorrelated with each other enough to form a configuration of five distinct "global" factors. They're all different and yet they're all the same. They can all look at one person, picking and choosing from that person's countless characteristics, to describe that person in a variety of ways. One person may be the two, the three, the five, the six, the sixteen, and many more. Every cluster both changes and retains some recognizability over time. The person you are at age four both is and is not who you are at age forty. Is the Curator who meets the Eleventh Doctor in a museum really the Fourth Doctor or the Fortieth? "Perhaps I was you, of course, or perhaps you are me," he says on the matter of who they really are, their shared identity, whatever it may be, "or perhaps it doesn't matter either way."19
We are who we are.
_References_
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. _European Journal of Personality, 15_ (5), 327–353.
Blumberg, H. H. (2001). The common ground of natural language and social interaction in personality description. _Journal of Research in Personality, 35_ (3), 289–312.
Bond, M. H., Kwan, V. S. Y., & Li, C. (2000). Decomposing a sense of superiority: The differential social impact of self-regard and regard for others. _Journal of Research in Personality, 34_ (4), 537–5523.
Cattell, R. B. (1944). Interpretation of the twelve primary personality factors. _Character & Personality: A Quarterly for Psychodiagnostic & Allied Studies, 13_, 55–91.
Cattell, R. B. (1956). Validation and intensification of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. _Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12_ (3), 205–214.
Durrett, C., & Trull, T. J. (2005). An evaluation of evaluative personality terms: A comparison of the Big Seven and five-factor model in predicting psychopathology. _Psychological Assessment, 17_ (3), 359–368.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2012). _The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitative—and why it matters for everyone._ Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University Press.
Lovell, C. (1945). A study of the factor structure of thirteen personality variables. _Educational & Psychological Measurement, 5_(4), 335–350.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1995). Positive and negative valence within the five-factor model. _Journal of Research in Personality, 29_ (4), 443–460.
Psytech (2002). _The 15FQ+ technical manual_ (2nd ed.). Psytech: http://www.psytech.com/Content/TechnicalManuals/EN/15FQplusman.pdf.
Tellegen, A. (1993). Folk concepts and psychological concepts of personality and personality disorder. _Psychological Inquiry, 4_ (2), 122–130.
Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. G. (1994). Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In S. R. Briggs & J. M. Cheek (Eds.), _Personality measures: Development and evaluation_ (Vol. 1, pp. 133–161). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
_Notes_
1. e.g., Ashton & Lee (2001).
2. e.g., Tellegen & Waller (1994).
3. e.g., Jo Grant in classic serial 8–1 _Terror of the Autons_ (January 2–23, 1971); Clara Oswald in modern episode 8–11, "Dark Water" (November 1, 2014).
4. e.g., Chang Lee in _Doctor Who_ (1996 TV movie); Lucy Saxon in Christmas special, "The End of Time," pt. 1 (December 25, 2009).
5. Lee & Ashton (2012).
6. Tellegen (1993); supported by Blumberg (2001), but Durrett & Trull (2005) found the Big Five to account for more variance in traits.
7. "Your leader will be angry if you kill me. I'm a genius."—Second Doctor in classic serial 6–5, _The Seeds of Death_ , pt. 3 (February 8, 1969).
8. "I am so impressive."—Ninth Doctor in modern episode 1–2, "The End of the World" (April 2, 2005).
9. "Wise and wonderful person who wants to help."—Fourth Doctor in classic serial 16–5, _The Power of Kroll_ , pt. 2 (December 30, 1978).
10. "Good men don't need rules. Today is not the day to find out why I have so many."—Eleventh Doctor in modern episode 6–7, "A Good Man Goes to War" (June 4, 2011).
11. Modern episode 5–7, "Amy's Choice" (May 15, 2010).
12. Modern episode 9–12, "Hell Bent" (December 5, 2015).
13. Bond et al. (2000).
14. Cattell (1944).
15. Lovell (1945).
16. Psytech (2002).
17. Cattell (1956).
18. Ashton & Lee (2001); McCrae & Costa (1995).
19. Anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
# FINAL WORD: RUN!
# TRAVIS LANGLEY
_"Seriously, there's an outrageous amount of running involved."_
—Donna Noble1
_"When I started running, I started dreaming."_
—author/marathon runner Bart Yasso2
We run through the moments in our lives. What we run to, from, or for may define us, and so might people we run with on our way through those moments—the why and with whom of what we do and when all play parts in defining who we are. The First Doctor runs away from Gallifrey with his granddaughter, and the Second Doctor then becomes known for telling his companions, "When I say run, run. Run!"3 When the modern series comes along, the Ninth Doctor first appears by grabbing Rose Tyler's hand and saying, "Run!" The running never really stops. Even when we sit still and time seemingly slows down, a clock still ticks somewhere and time keeps running forward.
We've filled a book about the Doctor and his companions, especially the old Time Lord himself. His foes could fill volumes of their own. _Dalek Psychology: To Exterminate or Not to Exterminate_ perhaps? We've explored a variety of topics herein—compassion, companionship, morality, mortality, and more—and they've all tied into issues of _personality_ , that psychological term for who each person is over time. "Who?" It's part of the first question for the Doctor4 and possibly the first question to distinguish _sentience_ in human beings, the ability to think subjectively,5 from the thinking processes indicated in other living creatures. The question itself might define us more than any answer will. _Who_ the Doctor is keeps changing—not only between regenerations but within each specific Doctor's time. To live instead of being stagnant requires change. We relate to this perhaps because we keep changing throughout our own lives. Change is story.
We run through our memories. Some get lost along the way, and all memories change. Memory is a reconstruction. It's not a perfectly accurate record of what happened but instead a re-creation, omitting details that were never stored, dropping details over time, changing colors and others cues, and shifting to fit our evolving understanding of our own recollections. We don't simply retrieve them. We reweave them every time. Memory is story.
"Every story ever told really happened," the Twelfth Doctor tells Clara. "Stories are where memories go when they're forgotten."6 In a sense, a fictional event is something that did not happen, and yet those fictions did not spring out of nowhere. Every fiction's creation is itself an event. The Doctor's memories are unreliable (like when the name of the Great Intelligence only "rings a bell,"7 as one example among many) and so are ours.8 At times, a reconsolidated memory or outright fiction wields more power than original fact.9
The story of _Doctor Who_ keeps changing and the program keeps running. Even when it went off the air, the story continued as, among other things, the tale of fans who kept wishing it would come back. Fans become part of the story—as represented by the Doctor's ultimate fan, Petronella Osgood.10 Interacting with the Doctor and relating to him over time changes her and changes him a bit as well.11 The Doctor's stories move us, but we move them, too. _Doctor Who_ ran for more than a quarter of a century because of its fans, it returned because fans wanted it back, and it keeps going because fans remain part of its story.
We run with the Doctor. The Doctor runs with us—and for us. That's who he is.
_"We're all stories, in the end. Just make it a good one, eh? Because it was. It was the best!"_
—Eleventh Doctor12
_"We tell ourselves stories in order to live."_
—author Joan Didion13
_References_
Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2009). How to tell if a particular memory is true or false. _Perspectives in Psychological Science, 4_ (4), 370–374.
Clark, A. (2000). _A theory of sentience._ Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
Didion, J. (1979). _The white album._ New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Loftus, E. F. (2001). Imagining the past. _The Psychologist, 14_ (11), 584–587.
Roediger, H. L., III, Wheeler, M. A., & Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering, knowing, and reconstructing the past. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), _The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory_ (Vol. 30, pp. 97–134). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Spencer, A. (2010, August 13). Interview with Bart Yasso. Marathon Training Academy: <http://marathontrainingacademy.com/interview-with-bart-yasso>.
_Notes_
1. Modern episode 4–6, "The Doctor's Daughter" (May 10, 2008).
2. Spencer (2010).
3. e.g., classic serial 4–9, _The Evil of the Daleks_ , pt. 6 (June 24, 1967).
4. Modern episode 6–13, "The Wedding of River Song" (October 1, 2011).
5. Clark (2000).
6. Modern episode 9–12, "Hell Bent" (December 5, 2015).
7. In the Christmas special, "The Snowmen" (December 25, 2012), the Eleventh Doctor does not seem to recall that the Second Doctor fought this foe before, first in the classic serial 5–2, _The Abominable Snowmen_ (September 30–November 4, 1967).
8. Bernstein & Loftus (2009).
9. Loftus (2001); Roediger et al. (1993).
10. First seen cosplaying as the Doctor in the anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (November 23, 2013).
11. Modern episode 9–8, "The Zygon Inversion" (November 7, 2015).
12. Modern episode 5–13, "The Big Bang" (June 26, 2010).
13. Didion (1979), p. 1.
# ABOUT THE EDITOR
**Travis Langley** , PhD, editor of the Sterling Popular Culture Psychology series ( _The Walking Dead Psychology: Psych of the Living Dead_ ; _Star Wars Psychology: Dark Side of the Mind_ ; _Captain America vs. Iron Man: Freedom, Security, Psychology; Game of Thrones Psychology: The Mind is Dark and Full of Terrors_ ; _Star Trek Psychology: The Mental Frontier_ ) is a psychology professor who teaches on crime, media, and mental illness at Henderson State University. He received his bachelor's from Hendrix College and graduate degrees from Tulane University, all in psychology. Dr. Langley regularly speaks on media and heroism at conventions and universities internationally. _Necessary Evil: Super-Villains of DC Comics_ and other films feature him as an expert interviewee, and the documentary _Legends of the Knight_ spotlights how he uses fiction to teach real psychology. He authored the acclaimed book _Batman and Psychology: A Dark and Stormy Knight_. _Psychology Today_ carries his blog, "Beyond Heroes and Villains." He has been a child abuse investigator, expert courtroom witness, and undefeated champion on the _Wheel of Fortune_ game show. Keep up with Travis and the rest of this book's contributors through **Facebook.com/ThePsychGeeks**.
As @Superherologist, he is one of the ten most popular psychologists on Twitter. One of his tweets appeared onscreen with the Twelfth Doctor in the "Doctor's Notes' edition of modern episode 9–1, "Heaven Sent" (November 28, 2015). Travis is easy to find at conventions—especially when he cosplays as the War Doctor.
# ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
**Jenna Busch** is a writer, host, and founder of Legion of Leia, a website to promote and support women in fandom. She co-hosted "Cocktails With Stan" with Spider-Man creator and comic legend Stan Lee, and has appeared in the film _She Makes Comics_ , as a guest on _Attack of the Show_ , NPR, Al Jazeera America, and multiple episodes of _Tabletop with Wil Wheaton_. She's a comic book author, co-host of _Most Craved_ , and weekly feminist columnist for Metro. Busch has co-authored a chapter of _Star Wars Psychology_ , _Star Trek Psychology_ , _Game of Thrones Psychology_ , and _Captain America vs. Iron Man._ Her work has appeared all over the web. She can be reached on Twitter @JennaBusch.
**Erin Currie** , PhD, is a geek for all things psychology. As a licensed psychologist and founder of MyPsychgeek, LLC, she provides professional development consulting that focuses on helping people in science, technology, and all geekdom to realize their full potential in their personal and professional lives. Her writing, therapy, and consulting work all combine lessons and metaphors from sci-fi and fantasy with established psychological assessments and techniques (because it's more fun that way). She also wrote for _Game of Thrones Psychology: The Mind is Dark and Full of Terrors_. Find her on Twitter: @mypsychgeek.
**Jim Davies** is a cognitive scientist at Carleton University in Ottawa, where he conducts research on computer modeling of human imagination. He authored the books _Riveted: The Science of Why Jokes Make Us Laugh, Movies Make Us Cry & Religion Makes Us Feel One with the Universe_, and has chapters in _Star Wars Psychology: The Dark Side of the Mind_ , and _Star Trek Psychology: The Mental Frontier_.
**Kristen Erickson** is a marriage and family therapist. She received her Master's degree in counseling psychology in 2011. Kristin has served various populations, including children and adolescents in school settings, children with autism spectrum disorders, adults and children suffering from trauma, and adult clients in a drug and alcohol detox/treatment center. She volunteers at ICNA Relief, a free counseling center that serves the Muslim population in Anaheim, CA. Kristin's counseling interests include a holistic approach to therapy, mindfulness, play therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and solution-focused therapy.
**Wind Goodfriend** , PhD, is a professor of psychology at Buena Vista University in Storm Lake, IA. At BVU she is also the director of the trauma advocacy program and serves as the assistant dean to graduate studies. She is the Principal Investigator for the Institute for the Prevention of Relationship Violence. She earned her bachelor's degree at Buena Vista University, then her Master's and PhD in social psychology from Purdue University. Dr. Goodfriend has won the "Faculty of the Year" award at BVU several times and won the Wythe Award for Excellence in Teaching.
**David Kyle Johnson** , PhD, is an associate professor of philosophy at King's College in Wilkes-Barre and a professor for The Great Courses (his courses include Exploring Metaphysics and The Big Questions of Philosophy). In addition to being the author of _The Myths that Stole Christmas_ , he blogs for _Psychology Today_ , has written and edited extensively for Wiley-Blackwell's Philosophy and Popular Culture series, has a popular Authors@Google talk on the movie _Inception_ , and has published in journals such as _Religious Studies_ , _Sophia_ , _Philo_ , _Think_ , and _Science, Religion and Culture_ regarding metaphysics and philosophy of religion.
**Deirdre Kelly** is a cognitive scientist whose main research interests are in moral psychology. In her doctoral thesis, she developed a model of moral decision-making using known empirical evidence of neurologically atypical populations such as psychopaths.
**Alan Kistler** is the author of the _New York Times_ best seller _Doctor Who: A History_. He is an actor and writer living in Los Angeles, and the creator/host of the podcast _Crazy Sexy Geeks_. He is a story consultant and pop culture historian focusing on science fiction and American superheroes. Twitter: @SizzlerKistler.
**Martin Lloyd** , Ph.D., L.P., received his doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the University of Minnesota. He has worked in various prisons and high-security hospitals, including the U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners and Patton State Hospital. He currently practices as a forensic psychologist in Minnesota and occasionally teaches Forensic Psychology at Gustavus Adolphus College. He hopes his next regeneration is more like the Tenth Doctor.
**Jeremy Mancini** graduated from Temple University with a degree in psychology. At Temple, he is a post-baccalaureate research assistant in two psychology laboratories. He works as a student support specialist to assist college students on the autistic spectrum. When he is not working, he is indulging in comic books, superheroes, and science fiction. Reach him on Twitter at @Mancini1030.
**Katy Manning** 's career has spanned nearly fifty years and three countries. Her extensive television work began with John Braines's groundbreaking series _Man at the Top_. During this time, Katy was given the role of Jo Grant in _Doctor Who_ alongside the unforgettable Third Doctor, Jon Pertwee, a role she revisited some forty years later in _The Sarah Jane Adventures_ , starring Elisabeth Sladen with Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor. Katy's theater credits extend from London's West End to Sydney's Opera House. She returned to the UK with her critically acclaimed one-woman show about Bette Davis, _Me and Jezebel_. Katy has voiced numerous cartoons, including the award-winning Gloria's House as the ten-year-old Gloria. She has hosted her own interview show and directed two major musicals and several other plays. For over a decade, she has recorded for Big Finish as Jo Grant in _The Companion Chronicles_ and as Iris Wildethyme in her own series, and guested on _The Confessions of Dorian Gray_ , _Doctor Who Short Trips_ , _Dracula_ , and _The Lives of Captain Jack Harkness_. Katy wrote and performed _Not a Well Woman_ in New York and LA, now recorded by Big Finish. More recently, Katy appeared on _Casualty_ and for Bafflegab recorded _Baker's End_ with Tom Baker.
**Matt Munson** can often be found spending time with his local group of fellow Whovians collectively known as "Team Tardis." His earliest memory in life is of watching a Tom Baker episode of _Doctor Who_ from behind the couch, spawning a life-long love of _Doctor Who_ and all things science fiction. His love for the show was reignited with the introduction of Christopher Eccleston's Doctor, culminating in the completion of a year-long project dedicated to reproducing a full-sized replica of the Eleventh Doctor's TARDIS. Matt serves as an enterprise architect on a flagship project for a Fortune 50 company.
**Miranda Pollock** , MFA, is an assistant professor of graphic design and director of the gender and women's studies program at Buena Vista University in Storm Lake, Iowa. She earned her bachelor of fine arts degree and her master of fine arts degree from University of Minnesota Duluth. Pollock is a multidisciplinary artist whose work has been published in various journals and books. She has presented at conferences on the role of interactive design in learning environments. Her research interests include design-user interaction, visual storytelling, and design theory.
**Stephen Prescott** is the creator and host of _A MadMan with a Box_ podcast where Whovians from all walks of life discuss and dissect their favorite stories from the show's 50+ year run. With a penchant for minutiae, he possesses an almost encyclopedic knowledge of the show since its 2005 return. He is an avid costumer and prides himself greatly on his Eleventh and Twelfth Doctor costume collections.
**Sarita J. Robinson** , PhD, is a senior lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire, England. Over the last 15 years, Sarita has investigated the psychobiology of behavior, specifically focusing on how the brain functions (or doesn't) when we face life-threatening events. Sarita's research frequently means she finds herself in high-pressure environments, working with firefighters, people undergoing Helicopter Underwater Evacuation Training, and other stress-inducing survival courses. Sarita is a life-long _Doctor Who_ fan who enjoys combining her passion for _Doctor Who_ with her love of psychology. In her spare time, Sarita enjoys doing stand-up comedy and public engagement talks.
**Aaron Sagers** is an entertainment journalist who travels the nation discussing popular culture at fan conventions. He was host and co-executive producer on Travel Channel's _Paranormal Paparazzi_ , contributed to multiple books, and authored _Paranormal Pop Culture: Rambling and Shambling through the Entertainment of the Unexplained_. He has interviewed Steven Moffat, Neil Gaiman, several _Doctor Who_ companions, and most of the living Doctors. When he isn't playing with action figures or his dog, he spends too much time geeking out on Twitter (@AaronSagers) and Instagram where he shows pictures of action figures and his dog.
**Billy San Juan** , PsyD, received his doctorate in clinical psychology in 2015. He currently works as a Psychosocial Rehabilitation Specialist in San Diego, CA. His clinical interests include the incorporation of masculinity as a culture within the context of case conceptualization for therapy. In his spare time, he is a proud member of the Psych Geeks and often speaks on panels incorporating psychology and popular culture. He has also contributed to Psych Geeks works such as _Star Wars Psychology_. You can find him on his professional page at Facebook.com/Billicent or on Twitter @Billi_sense.
**Daniel Saunders** is a Post-Doctoral Fellow in Cognitive Psychology at the Center for Mind/Brain Sciences in Trentino, Italy. He built his own Dalek out of cardboard, fiberglass, and egg cartons when he was 9, and first heard about the new series on a pilgrimage to Blackpool to see the _Doctor Who_ Museum when he was 24.
**Janina Scarlet** , PhD, is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, a scientist, and a full time geek. She uses Superhero Therapy to help patients with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and PTSD at the Center for Stress and Anxiety Management and Sharp Memorial Hospital and is also a professor at Alliant International University, San Diego. Dr. Scarlet is the author of _Superhero Therapy_ and has authored chapters in the Sterling Publishing works _The Walking Dead Psychology_ , _Star Wars Psychology_ , _Star Trek Psychology_ , _Game of Thrones Psychology_ , and _Captain America vs_. _Iron Man_. She can be reached via her website at www.superhero-therapy.com or on Twitter: @shadowquill.
**William Sharp** , PsyaD, is a certified psychoanalyst who teaches at Northeastern University with a private practice in Brookline, MA. His textbook, _Talking Helps_ , is one of the few addressing the "impossible profession" of psychoanalytically informed counseling. He enjoys using popular media to explain complex psychoanalytic topics in his psychology courses. You can follow him @DrWilliamSharp for tweets on personality theories, psychoanalysis, psychology, and of course, all things Who.
**Suzanne Tartamella** , PhD, is an assistant professor of English at Henderson State University. Even without the help of a Doctor and his blue box, she regularly journeys back in time to the early modern period, teaching courses in Renaissance poetry and drama (specializing in Shakespeare), Restoration and eighteenth-century literature, and the early English novel. Her published work includes the book _Rethinking Shakespeare's Skepticism: The Aesthetics of Doubt in the Sonnets and Plays_. Her current scholarly projects focus on the intersections between Renaissance travel and theology in Shakespeare's _Pericles_ and _As You Like It_.
# Contents
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright
4. Dedication
5. Contents
6. Acknowledgments: Our Companions
7. Foreword: The How, Not Why, of Who
8. Introduction: Madness in Who We Are
9. Part One: The Hearts of Who We Are
1. 1. Who's Who: Interview with Four Doctors and a River on the Core of Personality
2. 2. The Compassionate Doctor: Caring for Self by Caring for Others
3. 3. The Moral Foundations of Doctor Who
1. Factor File One: The Two Factors—Extraversion and Neuroticism
10. Part Two: Deep Breadth
1. 4. The Unconscious: What, When, Where, Why, and of Course Who
2. 5. Id, Superego, Egoless: Where Is the I in Who?
3. 6. Weeping Angels, Archetypes, and the Male Gaze
4. 7. New Face, New Man: A Personality Perspective
5. 8. Dream Lords: Would the Doctor Run with Freud, Jung, Myers and Briggs?
1. Factor File Two: The Three Factors—Add Psychoticism or Openness?
11. Part Three: Hands to Hold
1. 9. Who Makes a Good Companion?
2. 10. By Any Other Name: Evolution, Excitation, and Expansion
3. 11. A Companion's Choice: Do Opposites Attract?
1. Factor File Three: The Five Factors—Adventures in the OCEAN
12. Part Four: Lost Things
1. 12. Death and the Doctor: Interview on How Immortals Face Mortality
2. 13. Post-Time War Stress Disorder
3. 14. Behind Two Hearts: Grief and Vulnerability
4. 15. Boys to Cybermen: Social Narratives and Metaphors for Masculinity
5. 16. From Human to Machine: At What Point Do You Lose Your Soul?
1. Factor File Four: The Six Factors—A Good Man?
13. Part Five: Natures
1. 17. Getting to the Hearts of Time Lord Personality Change: Regeneration on the Brain
2. 18. A New Doctor? The Behavioral Genetics of Regeneration
3. 19. The Time Lord's Brain: Regeneration, Determinism, and Free Will
1. Factor File Five: The Further Factors—Aren't There Limits?
14. File Word: Run!
15. About the Editor
16. About the Contributors
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright
| 36,702,217 |
Linderhof
Gardening, Cooking and Decorating on the Prairie of Kansas
Welcome to Linderhof, our 1920's home on the prairie, where there's usually something in the oven, flowers in the garden for tabletops and herbs in the garden for cooking. Where, when company comes, the teapot is always on and there are cookies and cakes to share in the larder.
Saturday, May 19, 2012
Farmer's Market Saturday
Saturday mornings we're up early for we head out the door before 8 to our Farmer's Market. It's a rite from May through October (and on Tuesday afternoons as well). It's on the plaza between our Historic Fort and our downtown -- a perfect place for a Farmer's Market.
Produce, meat, eggs, plants, bread, jams and jellies, honey, baked goods abound at our market. And over the years, the vendors are now friends.
This Saturday, my market basket . . .
Vegetables and fresh eggs as well.
For meals until Tuesday -- beets, Swiss chard, onions, snow peas and a golden cheddar cauliflower (I passed by the purple one but would that not make a wonderful vegetable tray -- a purple and a yellow cauliflower with a good vegetable dip?)
Martha,After our annual trip to the cemetaries...we arrived @ 12:15 pm to your town! Missed the Market this time...will hopefully make it next time we're in town! Hopefully, we can take Dad & Momma Marge...they truly, enjoyed it last year!Fondly,Pat | 36,702,626 |
Tennis racquets, baseball bats and golf clubs all vibrate when they hit the ball. You can often feel it in your hands, particularly if you "mis-hit" the ball. You can find the point(s) on your racquet, bat or club—called the "sweet spot"—that minimize unwanted vibrations. Low-tech method: hang the racquet or bat straight up and down with a string from its handle. Lightly hold the handle with your thumb and forefinger and have a helper sharply tap the bat, strings or club face…
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Does listening to classical music help or hinder concentration and performance on cognitive tasks? You'll need help from a teacher to design two short, age-appropriate worksheet tests for this experiment. The tests should be of equal difficulty. You'll also need the cooperation of several additional classroom teachers in order to test enough students (at least 50-100, see the Science Buddies resource: ). Half the students will take test A while listening to classical music and test B with no…
Read more
It is important to ensure that we all have good clean water to drink that is not contaminated by heavy metals or chemicals. One common pollutant in a water supply is lead in old pipes or paints that can leach into the water and cause lead poisoning. There are different kits available for testing the presence of lead and other contaminants in water. Test your water supply, and also the water in some local ponds, lakes or streams. The same contaminants that can harm you can also harm wildlife. …
Read more
Here's an interesting project idea with a variation that combines computer science, physics and music. You'll need a piano in a quiet room, a microphone and a computer with digital sound recording and analysis software. The project shows you how you can make a piano string start vibrating without hitting its key. You can record the sounds on the computer, and use sound analysis software to measure the frequencies of the induced vibrations. For more details see: . Be sure to check out the…
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You probably know that you can use iron filings to reveal the magnetic field produced by a strong magnet. If you sandwich the iron filings between pieces of waxed paper, you can make a permanent record of your magnetic experiments (Gardner, 2004, 66). Cover the wax paper sandwich with a layer of brown paper (from a roll, or cut open a paper shopping bag), and then (with an adult's help) use a hot, dry iron to seal the waxed paper together. You will have to experiment a little with your iron…
Read more
Walk into any music store and you'll find a dizzying array of string choices for your classical guitar, including rectified nylon, clear nylon, carbon fluoride, bronze wound, phosphor bronze wound, silver-plated copper wire, Polytetra-flouro-ethylene (PTFE), each in a range of tensions from low to high. There is no single best brand or best material. All have their advantages and disadvantages. A set of strings that sounds "sparkling" on one guitar might sound dull on another, primarily because…
Read more
Music_p021
+ More Details
- Less Details
Time Required
Long (2-4 weeks)
Prerequisites
You will need a guitar, a guitar tuner, and a personal computer with sound processing software, or the ability to run and execute signal-processing programs.
Learning to play an instrument can be a lot of fun, especially when you can pretend to be a rock star as you learn! In this science fair project, you will study how your score in a music video game changes as you play and practice. You'll need a video game where you use a controller shaped like a musical instrument. Two examples include Guitar Hero and Rock Band, but there may be more! In these games, playing requires nothing more than a sense of the music's beat, and ridiculously fast fingers,…
Read more
Games_p020
+ More Details
- Less Details
Time Required
Long (2-4 weeks)
Prerequisites
None
Material Availability
You'll need access to a video game system on which you can play a music based video game.
Walk into a fitness club and what kind of music do you hear? Slow, sparkling, relaxing music? Or driving, "up-tempo" songs that are designed to encourage you to move? Fitness clubs and other businesses, like restaurants and grocery stores, use background music to set the mood and to determine how fast they want their customers to move. The tempo of the background music is a key component to the environment that businesses want to create. Tempo is an important number or word inscribed by a…
Read more
This is a rockin' project for guitarists with an interest in the physics behind the music. Have you ever wondered why the pitch of the note changes when you fret the string? You can find out for yourself with this project on the fundamental physics of stringed instruments.
Read more
Music_p010
+ More Details
- Less Details
Time Required
Very Short (≤ 1 day)
Prerequisites
To do this project, you will need a guitar (or other stringed instrument). You'll need to know enough about playing the instrument to produce clear, ringing tones by picking (or plucking) the string while changing its effective length by fretting (or fingering) it.
You've probably heard the phrase, "practice makes perfect" more times than you care to remember, but is it actually true when you use a music game as your practice for real-life singing, strumming, or drumming? You can design a science fair project to discover the answer! First, you'll need to think about how to measure how well someone is playing or singing a song in real life. Using the test you design, measure several musicians' ability to play or sing a few different songs. Then have your…
Read more
Music_p023
+ More Details
- Less Details
Time Required
Average (6-10 days)
Prerequisites
None
Material Availability
You'll need access to a game console and a music video game like Guitar Hero or Rock Band.
You can find this page online at: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/search.shtml?v=solt&pi=Music_p024
You may print and distribute up to 200 copies of this document annually, at no charge, for personal and classroom educational use. When printing this document, you may NOT modify it in any way. For any other use, please contact Science Buddies. | 36,702,898 |
All secondary analysis data from the BLUEPRINT consortium can be found at <http://dcc.blueprint-epigenome.eu/#/md/data>. All primary sequencing data from the BLUEPRINT consortium have been deposited to EGA: <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega/dacs/EGAC00001000135>. On the website it reads: \"Access to the sequence and alignment and genotype level data produced by the Blueprint Consortium is controlled by the Blueprint Data Access Committee (DAC). Access to data will be granted to qualified investigators for appropriate use. Please follow the link <http://www.blueprintepigenome.eu/index.cfm?p=B5E93EE0-09E2-5736-A708817C27EF2DB7> for the application form and data access agreement. Please send any questions to <[email protected]>. Raw data for SNP frequencies for African Americans are included in [S1 Table](#pone.0178095.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify genomic polymorphisms associated with specific phenotypes and diseases in humans.\[[@pone.0178095.ref001]--[@pone.0178095.ref003]\] The description of these loci holds promise for the identification of important biological pathways and disease mechanisms. GWAS studies in humans have identified hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the number of platelets per unit blood volume (platelet count, PLT) and platelet size (mean platelet volume, MPV), which show natural variation in humans and are heritable traits. \[[@pone.0178095.ref004]--[@pone.0178095.ref008]\] One of the SNPs showing the strongest association with PLT and MPV in humans resides in the in the locus for the guanidine exchange factor ARHGEF3. The GWAS association signal indicated a potential functional role of this GEF protein in megakaryopoiesis and the formation and function of platelets. To assess for a functional role of ARHGEF3, we generated Arhgef3 knock-out mice. In order to further examine the potential functional outcome in human platelets, we analyzed the experimental results from the BLUEPRINT epigenome study and from the Cambridge Platelet Function cohort and the PRAX1 expression QTL study.
*ARHGEF3* encodes for the Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 3, also known as the Exchange Factor Found in Platelets, Leukemic, and Neuronal tissues (XPLN).\[[@pone.0178095.ref009]\] It regulates the switch of Rho GTPase from the inactive GDP-bound state to the active GTP-bound state, and is one of the most abundant GEFs found in human MK lineage \[[@pone.0178095.ref007], [@pone.0178095.ref008]\] and platelets.\[[@pone.0178095.ref009]\] It has also been implicated as playing a role in myeloid differentiation.\[[@pone.0178095.ref010]\] Published microarray data and western blot analyses confirm that ARHGEF3 is highly expressed in platelets.\[[@pone.0178095.ref009], [@pone.0178095.ref011]\] However, whether ARHGEF3 plays a role in megakaryocyte development, platelet formation and/or platelet function in mammals has not been reported.
Here, we used insights from human genetics to study the function of ARHGEF3 in primary murine and human megakaryocytes and platelets. We created an *Arhgef3* knockout (KO) mouse model with interruption of the endogenous gene by insertion of LacZ reporter cDNA. We found that *Arhgef3* KO mice have normal MK maturation and platelet function. However, KO mice have enlarged platelets and a mild delay in platelet recovery in response to thrombocytopenia. In the human system, we found that the rs1354034 SNP of *ARHGEF3* is an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) that strongly correlates with ADP induced fibrinogen binding of platelets *in vitro*. In addition, we show that rs1354034 may perturb function by disrupting protein binding to DNA in human MKs. Here we present evidence suggesting that ARHGEF3 plays an important role in human megakaryocytes and platelets. However, ARHGEF3 is less critical in murine megakaryocytes and platelets.
Results {#sec002}
=======
ARHGEF3 is upregulated during MK differentiation {#sec003}
------------------------------------------------
To study the function of ARHGEF3 in mammalian megakaryocytes and platelets, we first determined the expression level of ARHGEF3 during megakaryocyte development. By Quantitative-RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis, both ARHGEF3 RNA and protein were highly enriched in the pellet fraction (most highly enriched for mature MKs as shown by the CD41 level) compared to the 3% fraction of the differentiated fetal liver cells (p\<0.005), suggesting that mature megakaryocytes express high ARHGEF3 ([Fig 1A and 1B](#pone.0178095.g001){ref-type="fig"}). We further studied human cells, where published microarray data on CD34-derived cells that had been differentiated in vitro down the MK lineage showed that *ARHGEF3* mRNA levels increased during MK maturation ([Fig 1C](#pone.0178095.g001){ref-type="fig"}).\[[@pone.0178095.ref012]\] RNA sequencing on eight human hematopoietic progenitor populations, performed by the BLUEPRINT consortium, revealed the highest levels of *ARHGEF3* expression in MK. The predominant isoform in MK (light blue, ENST00000296315, [Fig 1D](#pone.0178095.g001){ref-type="fig"}) is the second longest annotated transcript with a transcription start site in exon 5 of the longest transcript.\[[@pone.0178095.ref013]\] ARHGEF3 transcript 001 (ENST00000296315) has a posterior probability of being MK-specific of 0.996470891 with an estimated log fold change (relative all other cell types) of 2.66. \[[@pone.0178095.ref013]\]
![ARHGEF3 expression in primary murine and human cells.\
(A-B) ARHGEF3 mRNA and protein levels were assessed in megakaryocytes derived in vitro from WT E13.5 fetal liver cells. A 3% BSA gradient was used to separate megakaryocytes (MKs). Both CD41 (positive control) and ARHGEF3 expression are increased in the pellet fractions compared to the 3% BSA fraction (p \< 0.005). (C) RNA sequencing data from public a database \[[@pone.0178095.ref012]\] shows ARHGEF3 upregulation during human CD34+ differentiation down the MK lineage. (D) Barplots representing transcript isoform expression levels across eight human hematopoietic cell types.\[[@pone.0178095.ref013]\] ARHGEF3 expression (represented by the total height of the barplots) increases during megakaryocytic lineage differentiation and the most abundant transcript isoform in megakaryocytes is ENST00000296315. The figure includes Ensembl v70 annotated transcripts and those annotated as non-protein coding or nonsense mediated decay have been grouped together. \[HSC: hematopoietic stem cell, MPP: multipotent progenitor, CLP: common lymphoid progenitor, CMP: common myeloid progenitor, GMP: granulocyte monocyte progenitor, MEP: megakaryocyte erythrocyte progenitor, EB: erythroblasts and MK: megakaryocytes.\]](pone.0178095.g001){#pone.0178095.g001}
SNP rs1354034 is a leading SNP associated with *ARHGEF3* expression level {#sec004}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
To further address whether ARHGEF3 plays a role in human MK and platelets, we confirmed the association between platelet count and genetic variation at the SNP (rs1354034) upstream of the *ARHGEF3* gene. A 400kb region containing *ARHGEF3* gene was resequenced in 500 people with sex-adjusted low platelet counts and 500 people with sex-adjusted high platelet counts. These healthy subjects represent the 5% tails of the age adjusted platelet distribution in the Dutch *LifeLines Cohort Study \[[@pone.0178095.ref014]\]* (for which platelet count had been measured in 94,753 study subjects). The SNP rs1354034 had the lowest *p*-value (*p* = 7.10×10^−6^) in a one variant at a time analysis testing for association between platelet distribution tail status (high/low) and genotype using Fisher's exact test ([Fig 2A](#pone.0178095.g002){ref-type="fig"}), with 56%, 52% and 32% of CC, CT and TT genotypes respectively corresponding to study subjects in the upper 5% tail of platelet count (data not shown), thus the C-allele is associated with higher platelet counts. The association between the common SNP rs1354034 and the traits of mean volume and platelet count (PLT) has been replicated in two further GWAS. \[[@pone.0178095.ref007], [@pone.0178095.ref008]\] The results of these four independent studies render a false-positive association unlikely. Moreover, a closer examination of the nearby genomic region of the target SNP rs1354034 revealed that no other SNPs within 250k bp up/downstream of the rs1354034 locus in high linkage disequilibrium (threshold r^2^ = 0.8, [Fig 2B](#pone.0178095.g002){ref-type="fig"}) suggesting that rs1354034 is the leading SNP responsible for the human platelet variations observed.
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}.](pone.0178095.g002){#pone.0178095.g002}
Epigenetic analysis of the chromosome landscape of primary human MKs derived from CD34+ cord blood further revealed that rs1354034 resides about 15k bp upstream of the active promoter (at a H3K27 acetylation peak) of the predominant isoform of *ARHGEF3* identified by RNA-seq. This further corroborated that *ARHGEF3* transcript ENST00000296315 is expressed in MKs, and suggested that the SNP may perturb regulation of the expression of the *ARHGEF3* gene. We therefore assessed the association between *ARHGEF3* haplotype and mRNA levels by comparing the transcriptomes of platelets from individuals of different genotypes. Data from the PRAX1 study on 154 healthy human subjects \[[@pone.0178095.ref011]\] showed that rs1354034 is strongly associated (p\<0.001) with *ARHGEF3* expression in platelets ([Fig 2C](#pone.0178095.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Further analysis within the population showed that the allele frequencies of SNP rs1354034 are differentially distributed across different ethnicities in the human population ([S1 Fig](#pone.0178095.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The fact that the same haplotype associates with hematological platelet parameters and *ARHGEF3* expression provides strong evidence that the differences in platelet count and volume observed between genotype groups are mechanistically related to differences in *ARHGEF3* levels.
SNP rs1354034 is associated with human platelet function {#sec005}
--------------------------------------------------------
The positive correlation between platelet volume and functional activity has been hypothesized and explored in platelet biology.\[[@pone.0178095.ref015]\] We further performed association studies on the platelet count and volume loci identified in the GWA studies with the human platelet functional response to ADP and collagen. Specifically, we tested in the Cambridge platelet function cohort of just more than 1,200 genome-wide typed individuals, the association between allelic variants and two functional read-outs by flow cytometry: 1) fibrinogen binding and 2) P selectin expression levels. Platelets were activated with either the collagen mimetic CRP-XL or ADP. A total of 39,331,925 variants obtained after imputation of the genotypes using the results of the 1000 Genomes project for reference were tested for association with the four traits. Four genetically independent variants were identified as being associated with at least one of the four platelet function traits at P\< 5x10^-7^, with rs1354034 in ARHGEF3 being one of the four (P values: 6.9 x 10^−8^ and 5.5 x 10^−8^ for fibrinogen and P-selectin, respectively). The levels of functional response are lower in subjects carrying the minor (C) allele of rs1354034. It is interesting to note that no association signal was observed for these two markers after activation of platelets by collagen ([Fig 3](#pone.0178095.g003){ref-type="fig"}), indicating a highly specific action of ARHGEF3 on signaling events downstream of the G-protein coupled ADP receptors P2RY1 and P2RY12. Thus, rs1354034 is uniquely associated with fibrinogen binding in response to ADP stimulation.
{#pone.0178095.g003}
SNP rs1354034 resides in an open chromatin region and may affect binding of chromatin-associated proteins in MKs {#sec006}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because platelets do not have a nucleus, the finding that the genomic locus rs1354034 strongly associates with human platelet traits (volume, count and function) prompted us to study the locus in MK from a genomic and epigenetic perspective, using human MK derived *in vitro* from CD34+ cord blood. We found that the SNP rs1354034 is located in a DNase I hypersensitive site ([Fig 4](#pone.0178095.g004){ref-type="fig"}, green) that is also marked for H3K27ac histone modification ([Fig 4](#pone.0178095.g004){ref-type="fig"}, purple), suggesting that the SNP lies within a regulatory region and may alter protein binding to this genomic locus in MK. Examining chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) from the ENCODE project (<http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTrackUi?db=hg19&g=wgEncodeRegTfbsClusteredV3>) for transcription factors for MK maturation (SCL, RUNX1, MEIS1, GATA2, GATA1, and FLI1 \[[@pone.0178095.ref013], [@pone.0178095.ref016]\]), none of these factors was found to bind specifically at the SNP site.
{#pone.0178095.g004}
Production and validation of *Arhgef3* knockout (KO) mice {#sec007}
---------------------------------------------------------
We produced a global *Arhgef3* knockout (KO) mouse model with *Arhgef3* KO embryonic stem (ES) cells purchased from the Knockout Mouse Project Repository (KOMP) ([Fig 5A](#pone.0178095.g005){ref-type="fig"}). In these cells and the mice derived therefrom, the *Arhgef3* genomic locus is deleted from exon 5--7 and is replaced with a splice acceptor (En2SA) followed by an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES), LacZ cDNA and a poly-adenine sequence (PA). This allows LacZ to serve as a reporter for expression of the endogenous *Arhgef3* gene.
{#pone.0178095.g005}
The *Arhgef3* global KO mice obtained are fertile and viable, with no obvious developmental defects. qRT-PCR on freshly isolated bone marrow cells from WT, *Arhgef3* heterozygotes (HET) and homozygotes knockout (KO) mice confirmed that there is a complete loss of *Arhgef3* mRNA in the KO and a 50% decrease of mRNA level in the heterozygotes ([Fig 5B](#pone.0178095.g005){ref-type="fig"}). LacZ expression in the *Arhgef3* KO megakaryocytes (CD41+) was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for β-galactosidase and CD41+ ([Fig 5C](#pone.0178095.g005){ref-type="fig"}) on day E13.5 mouse embryo liver, consistent with high ARHGEF3 protein expression in MKs.
*Arhgef3* KO mice have enlarged platelets, but normal platelet function {#sec008}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
We found that there is a small, but statistically significant (p\<0.005), increase in mean platelet volume in KO mice (KO: 5.313 ± 0.03702 fl, n = 31; WT: 4.991 ± 0.1091 fl, n = 11). But, platelet counts are indistinguishable between WT and KO animals ([Fig 6A](#pone.0178095.g006){ref-type="fig"}). We assayed *in vitro* platelet function by flow cytometry with the JONA antibody, which binds specifically to activated integrin α2bβ3 (inside-out signaling), and anti- P-selectin (CD62), which assesses granule release, in response to multiple agonists. In the resting state, *Arhgef3* KO platelets displayed higher forward scatter (FSC) than WT ([Fig 6B](#pone.0178095.g006){ref-type="fig"}), consistent with the increased platelet volume. However, there was no significant defect in the *Arhgef3* KO versus WT platelet in activation with any of the agonists tested ([Fig 6C](#pone.0178095.g006){ref-type="fig"}). We further tested *in vivo* platelet function by the tail bleeding time assay, and no differences were found in the KO compared to WT littermates ([Fig 6D](#pone.0178095.g006){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, these results indicate that platelet function is normal in the absence of Arhgef3.
{#pone.0178095.g006}
### *Arhgef3* KO mice have normal MK maturation, but have delayed platelet recovery {#sec009}
We assessed platelet formation in the absence of ARHGEF3 by monitoring *in vivo* platelet recovery following antibody-mediated acute thrombocytopenia. There was no significant effect on time to platelet recovery in the KO mice (data not shown). We also assessed bone marrow MK maturation. Analysis of baseline (unstimulated) bone marrow by flow cytometry revealed no differences between KO and WT littermates in the percentages of different progenitor populations, including Lin−Sca+Kit+ stem/progenitor cells, CD41-CD150+CD105- megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (PreMegE) or CD41+Kit+ megakaryocyte progenitors (MKP) ([S2A Fig](#pone.0178095.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). To further look into the function of these progenitor cells, we performed analysis for mature MKs on fresh or *in vitro* differentiated bone marrow cells from WT and *Arhgef3* KO mice. Again, no differences were found in maturation (co-expression of MK cell surface markers CD41 and CD42) or DNA ploidy in the bone marrow MK between WT and KO mice ([S2B Fig](#pone.0178095.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Thus, Arhgef3 is not critical for murine MK development.
Discussion {#sec010}
==========
In the present study, we performed follow-up research on one of the top GWA studies hits--rs1354034 proximal to the gene *ARHGEF3*, a little known RhoA guanine exchange factor--in both primary murine and human megakaryocytes and platelets. Although a relevant role of ARHGEF3 in platelets has been suggested from multiple recent GWA studies in human cohorts as well as by morpholino knockdown (KD) experiments in the zebrafish \[[@pone.0178095.ref004]--[@pone.0178095.ref006]\], the question of whether the manipulation of ARHGEF3 levels alters megakaryocyte or platelet function in the mouse system has not been assessed, nor is the biological mechanisms of ARHGEF3 function in human cells known. Here, we further analyzed the SNP of *ARHGEF3* in primary human megakaryocytes and platelets, and we created a global knockout mouse model of *Arhgef3* in which we analyzed the megakaryocyte and platelet phenotypes.
Several lines of evidence from the literature and our analyses suggest that ARHGEF3 may play a role in human megakaryocytes and platelets. 1) Our studies show that ARHGEF3 is upregulated during megakaryocytic differentiation and enriched in mature megakaryocytes in both mice and humans. 2) The SNP rs1354034 is the leading SNP for the variations of platelet count and volume. 3) The SNP is an eQTL associated with *ARHGEF3* expression level in platelets. 4) The same locus also associates with human platelet function unique to increased fibrinogen binding in response to ADP stimulation. 5) The SNP localizes to a DNase hypersensitive site in an open chromatin that also localizes H3K27Ac, and thus may regulate ARHGEF3 expression in human megakaryocytes. However, given the "negative" findings of this study, we cannot yet clarify the mechanism through which genetic variation in ARHGEF3 alters PLT and MPV in humans. Possiblities include: 1) the SNP affects a unique regulatory network in human cells that remains to be discovered, 2) ARHGEF3 plays a role in humans that is not shared in mice, or 3) ARHGEF3 does not effect megakaryocytes or platelets in humans, and the SNP is affecting something unrelated to the gene in which it is located.
ARHGEF3 deficient mice appear to have normal megakaryocyte development and platelet function, and restore their platelet counts to baseline similarly to WT mice in response to acute platelet depletion in vivo. Given that our data demonstrate that the C-allele in rs1354034 is associated with lower *ARHGEF3* mRNA expression, higher mean plt count and lower MPV in humans, we had predicted that *Arhgef3* KO would potentially lead to lower platelet counts and higher MPV in mice. Our findings, however, were that Arhgef3 KO had no effect on murine platelet counts and a statistically significant increase in the MPV. The mechanisms underlying this association are not yet clear.
The largely normal megakaryocyte and platelet function of the *Arhgef3* KO mice was surprising, but may be explained by differences in the zebrafish and humans versus mouse megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. The same research group that performed *Arhgef3* morpholino knockdown (KD) experiment in zebrafish found that in addition to the thrombocyte phenotype, *Arhgef3* KD also results in abrogation of erythroid maturation.\[[@pone.0178095.ref017]\] This suggests that ARHGEF3 may affect early stages of hematopoiesis in the fish. Although humans and mice are evolutionarily closer, there are of course many differences between the two species with potentially important biological and translational implications.\[[@pone.0178095.ref018]\] Thus, a more suitable model to test the ARHGEF3 SNP might be a transgenic mouse with the same SNP variations found in humans.
Another possible explanation for the mild phenotype of the *Arhgef3* KO is the existence of compensatory mechanisms related to other guanine exchange factors. The SNP in *ARHGEF3* was identified within a healthy cohort, where association of the gene expression level (the SNP is an eQTL) is identified with variations of platelet traits.\[[@pone.0178095.ref004]--[@pone.0178095.ref006]\] However, in a mouse system where the gene is completely knocked out, there may be compensatory mechanisms to prevent effects due to loss of a critical gene. There are over 80 different GEF proteins expressed in mammals spatially and temporarily regulating different cellular processes, and all of them target one of the three main substrate families---Rho, Rac, CDC42.\[[@pone.0178095.ref019]\] The most highly conserved GEF to ARHGEF3 is Neuroepithelial Cell Transforming 1 (NET1). When we knocked down *Net1* in *Arhgef3* KO murine cells, there was no effect on megakaryocyte maturation suggesting that Net1 does not compensate for Arhgef3 (data not shown).
Also, SNP association studies in different ethnicities reveal that the allele frequencies of SNP rs1354034 are differentially distributed across different ethnicities in the human population ([S2 Fig](#pone.0178095.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Previous research has found such ethnic variation in the human population can be reflected as strain variation in mouse models as well.\[[@pone.0178095.ref020]\] Hence, the inbred mouse strains used in research may also influence the observed phenotypes.
In this study, we further examined ARGHEF3 in human cells. We found that the *ARHGEF3* SNP strongly associates with ADP-stimulated fibrinogen binding but not collagen-stimulated fibrinogen binding or P-selectin exposure in human platelets. The two agonists activate two distinct signaling cascades leading to platelet activation. Collagen activates platelets via GPVI (GP6) and FcRγ/ITAM (FCER1G) signaling cascade \[[@pone.0178095.ref021], [@pone.0178095.ref022]\] while ADP amplifies the activation of platelets through its binding to the two G protein--coupled receptors, P2Y12 and P2Y1. P2Y12, through activating GTP-bound α subunit Gαi, suppresses cAMP formation so that platelet activation can occur. P2Y1, activates phospholipase C through GTP-bound α subunit Gαq, which moderates Calcium release.\[[@pone.0178095.ref023]\] Platelets from mice lacking P2Y1 do not undergo shape change in response to ADP,\[[@pone.0178095.ref024]\] suggesting that ADP signaling is involved in platelet shape change, mechanism of which is unclear. Given that platelet shape change is mediated through Rho signaling and actin reorganization,\[[@pone.0178095.ref025]\] it is reasonable to hypothesize that ARHGEF3 may be the missing link between ADP signaling through P2Y1 receptor and Rho-mediated shape change in human platelets. Interestingly, in another genome-wide association study, the same SNP, rs1354034 on chromosome 3, was found to be associated *in trans* with expression levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), an important blood coagulation gene on chromosome 12, with a P value of 5.43 × 10^−5^.\[[@pone.0178095.ref026]\] This further supports that rs1354034 correlates with human platelet function.
In summary, based on previously published GWA studies and the published morpholino knockdown experiments in the zebrafish, we tested the function of ARHGEF3 in both murine and human megakaryocytes and platelets. While there was no phenotype in the mice aside from an unexpected increase in MPV, our study suggests new hypotheses for further validation and studies of the molecular mechanism of the SNP locus in human MK development and the role of ARHGEF3 in human platelet activation, especially testing the hypothesis that ARHGEF3 is downstream of ADP stimulated P2Y1 and Gαq activation to mediate Rho activity for platelet shape change. Our study also proposes that transgenic mouse models with the same SNP variations, when possible, would be better models for mimicking gene variations in humans.
Materials and methods {#sec011}
=====================
Mice {#sec012}
----
ARHGEF3 knockout ES cells (<https://www.komp.org/pdf.php?projectID=39618>, derived from JM8A3.N1 ES cells, strain background: C57BL/6N-Atm1Brd, which is essentially Bl6 with the agouti allele) were purchased from Knockout Mouse Project Repository (KOMP). The ES cells were microinjected into albino B6 mice blastocysts using standard techniques.\[[@pone.0178095.ref027]\] The chimeric mice were generated and mated to obtain homozygous KO mice. These mice are now available from Jackson Laboratories (Stock No. 028838 C57BL/6N-Arhgef3\<tm1(KOMP)Wtsi\>/DkrsJ). For all experiments, wild-type (WT) littermates served as controls. All mouse procedures were performed according to Yale University Animal Care and Use Committee-approved protocols and complied with federal laws.
Quantitative RT-PCR {#sec013}
-------------------
RNA from 5x10^4^ cells was isolated using the RNAqueous-Micro Kit (Life Technology, Carlsbad, CA), and treated with RNase-free DNase I. First-strand cDNA was produced with [iScript™ cDNA Synthesis Kit](http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/product/reverse-transcription-reagents/iscript-cdna-synthesis-kit?pcp_loc=catprod) (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) with 20 ng RNA from each sample. Gene expression levels were quantified on an iCycler iQ RT machine (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with 2 ul of cDNA product from each sample using TaqMan probes (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) as follows: murine ARHGEF3: Mm00551104_m1 and Eukaryotic18S rRNA: Hs99999901_s1. Relative gene levels were calculated from standard curves and normalized to 18 s levels.
Beta-galactosidase staining on mouse fetal liver section {#sec014}
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Day 13.5 mouse embryos from WT and *Arhgef3* KO were harvested and whole embryo fixation and beta-galactosidase staining was carried out according to the manual protocol from the Cellular Senescence Assay kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). After beta-galactosidase staining, whole embryos were mounted in tissue TeK (Sakura Finetek, USA) and stored at -80°C. 7μm frozen sections including liver tissue, were mounted onto lysine coated slides (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and allowed to air dry. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using a primary rat-anti mouse CD41 (BD, USA) and a secondary biotinylated goat anti-rat IgG antibody, and developed using the 3,3'diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate kit for peroxidase (Vector laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Nuclei were counterstained with nuclear fast red (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Digital images captured using an Axiocam (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA) camera mounted onto an Axioskop fluorescent microscope (Zeiss).
Isolation and culture of murine bone marrow cells {#sec015}
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Hips, femurs, and tibias of 4--6 week-old mice were dissected and isolated. Bone marrow was obtained after crushing in ice-cold PBS containing 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Following centrifugation, red blood cell lysis (BD Pharmlyse, San Jose, CA) was performed. Next, cells were washed with PBS containing 2 mM EDTA and further cultured or stained for flow cytometry analysis. For MK differentiation, bone marrow cells were grown at 5x10^6^ cells/ml in StemSpan (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada) supplemented with 30% BIT9500 (StemCell Technologies) plus 20 ng/ml murine TPO for a total of 4 days before flow cytometry analysis.
Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content and surface markers {#sec016}
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Fresh bone marrow cells or *in vitro* differentiated MK were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD41 antibody, then fixed and permeabilized using 70% Ethanol at 4°C overnight. After incubation with 4 ug/ml RNAase at 37°C for 4 hr, nuclear DNA was stained with 1g/ml propidium iodide (Company) and analyzed using a FACS Calibur cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and FlowJo software (TreeStar, Ashland, OR).
Determination of bleeding times {#sec017}
-------------------------------
Using a sharp razor blade, 0.5 cm of the tail was removed and the tail held in warm PBS. Time until cessation of tail bleeding was measured. Persistent bleeding was terminated after 5 minutes.
Murine platelet preparation and analysis {#sec018}
----------------------------------------
For platelet counts, peripheral blood was collected from the retro-orbital sinus using EDTA coated tubes, and assessed using a Hemavet Analyzer (Drew Scientific, FL). For functional platelet assays, blood was collected into heparinized tubes (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Platelet-rich plasma was prepared as previously described (REF). For flow cytometry, 50 uL of whole blood was added to 200 uL Tris-buffered saline (20mM Tris-HCl, 137mM NaCl). After further dilution with 1 mL of 2 mM CaCl2 in modified Tyrodes-HEPES buffer (5mM HEPES, 140mM NaCl, 2.7mM KCl, 5.5mM dextrose, 0.42mM Na2HPO4, 12mM NaHCO3), platelets were stained with anti-GPIIb/IIIa (CD41/61) FITC together with anti-GPIIb/IIIa (CD41/61) PE (JONA clone) or anti-P-selectin PE (Emfret, Würzburg, Germany). During staining, platelets were also stimulated with 1mM adenosine 5-diphosphate (ADP; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.1U or 0.01U Thrombin (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), or 3mM Thromboxane A2 analog U46619 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) at 37°C for 20min. Reactions were stopped by adding 300 ul 0.5% PFA (in PBS) to the samples and analyzed using a FACS Calibur cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and FlowJo software (TreeStar, Ashland, OR, USA).
Transient immunothrombocytopenia model {#sec019}
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To induce transient thrombocytopenia, 4-week-old mice were intravenously injected with 2 μg/g body weight of anti-GPIb antibody (R300; Emfret, Würzburg, Germany). Platelet counts were then assessed every other day for 10 days with the Hemavet Analyzer (Drew Scientific, Texas, USA).
Human megakaryocyte differentiation {#sec020}
-----------------------------------
CD34+ progenitor cells were isolated and enriched from cord blood as reported previously.(51) MK cultures of 10^5^ cells/ml were supplemented with 100 ng/ml thrombopoietin (rhTPO CellGenix, Freiburg, Germany) and 10 ng/ml IL1b (R&D, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in CellGro media (CellGenix, Freiburg, Germany). Media and cytokines were rejuvenated at days 3 and 6. At day 10, mature MKs were immunopurified using an anti-CD42b PE conjugated antibody (Pab5, NHS Blood and Transplant, IBGRL, Bristol, England) and a PE positive selection kit (STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, Canada). MK purity was verified by FACS and shown to be \>95% for CD41a (BD, San Jose, CA, USA) and CD42b (IBGRL, Bristol, England).
Human platelet function association study {#sec021}
-----------------------------------------
Healthy individuals (366 females and 501 males, of predominantly Northern European origin) were recruited in the two phases. First 500 in Platelet Function Cohort (PFC) 1 in 2007, and the remaining ones in 2010--2011. Of the 500 PFC-1 samples, 480 were genotyped using the genomewide platform Illumina 610K.\[[@pone.0178095.ref028]\] The PFC-2 samples were genotyped using the genome-wide platform, Illumina OmniExpress.
Functional response of platelets was measured for P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding on platelets in response to activation with a mid-range dose of ADP and the cross-linked (XL) collagen mimetic collagen related peptide (CRP) using the protocol described by Jones et al. \[[@pone.0178095.ref029]\] The 67 sentinel SNPs (excluding HLA-B and HLA-DOA to reduce any spurious associations) that were previously found to be associated to either platelet count or volume \[[@pone.0178095.ref005]\] were tested for association with platelet function as described by Jones et al. \[[@pone.0178095.ref029]\] The association study was carried out using an additive model that corrected for batch effects of PFC1 and PFC2.
Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis {#sec022}
---------------------------------------------------
Genotyping for rs1354034 was obtained from 154 healthy human subjects of the Platelet RNA [a]{.ul}nd eXpression study-1 (PRAX1) using the Illumina HumanOmni5 platform, as described previously. \[[@pone.0178095.ref030]\] ARHGEF3 expression levels on the same 154 PRAX1 subjects were profiled using the Affymetrix HuGeneST1.0 platform, as described previously. \[[@pone.0178095.ref011]\] Association between allele dosage of rs1354034 and ARHGEF3 expression levels was tested using simple and multiple linear regression models. In the simple model allele dosage and ARHGEF3 expression levels were used as the explanatory and dependent variables, respectively. In the multiple linear regression model, allele dosage was used to explain ARHGEF3 expression levels after accounting for the subjects' age, gender and race.
Statistical analysis {#sec023}
--------------------
Statistical significance was assessed set at P\<0.05 and using Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad Software) using the standard t-test statistical analysis.
Human subjects {#sec024}
--------------
All research involving human participants was approved by the authors\' Institutional Review Boards, and all clinical investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. Subjects participating in the Cambridge Platelet Function cohort study (Cambridge, UK) provided written signed consent under Research Ethics Committee (REC) reference number 05/Q0104/27 approved by Huntingdon Research Ethics Committee and Cambridgeshire Research Ethics Committee. The epigenome studies were executed as part of the BLUEPRINT consortium studies and subjects participating in the BLUEPRINT study (Cambridge, UK) provided their written signed consent under the Research Ethics Committee approved study with REC reference number 12/EE/0040 by the NRES Committee East of England, Hatfield. The TEMPLE targeted sequencing of the extended ARHGEF3 locus was performed with DNA samples from participants in the Lifelines Cohort Study in the Netherlands. These participants provided written signed consent under the Ethics Committee approved study with CCMO reference number NL17981.042.07.
Supporting information {#sec025}
======================
###### rs1354034 has different allele frequencies in the African American and Caucasian populations.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### *Arhgef3* KO mice have normal progenitor cell population in the bone marrow and normal MK differentiation.
\(A\) Progenitor cell population analysis by flow cytometry in fresh isolated bone marrow cells from WT and *Arhgef3* KO mice showed no difference in progenitor population. (B) Megakaryocyte ploidy and maturation assessment from freshly isolated (left) or 4 day *in vitro* differentiation (right) bone marrow cells shows no defects of MK maturation in the *Arhgef3* KO.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Raw data for data shown in [S1 Fig](#pone.0178095.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
(PDF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
The authors thank Dr. Chad D. Sanada for helpful discussions. Financial support provided by NIH grants DK094934, DK086267, and DK0724429 to DSK, HL102482 to PFB, the Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research (PFB), and American Heart Association Fellowship 14PRE20480196 to LMS. MF is supported by the BHF Cambridge Centre of Excellence RE/13/6/30180. Research in the Ouwehand laboratory is supported by EU-FP7 project BLUEPRINT (282510) and by program grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, <http://www.nihr.ac.uk>); and the British Heart Foundation under numbers RP-PG-0310-1002 and RG/09/12/28096 (<http://www.bhf.org.uk>). The laboratory receives funding from NHS Blood and Transplant for facilities.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: **Conceptualization:** SZ DSK WHO WJA LT MF.**Formal analysis:** SZ AMT MK WJA AR LMS LT JSF WHO DSK MF.**Funding acquisition:** DSK MF WHO LMS PB PvdH.**Investigation:** SZ AMT PZ MK WJA AR LMS LT JSF.**Resources:** JH PvdH.**Writing -- original draft:** SZ DSK MF PFB WHO LMS.**Writing -- review & editing:** SZ DSK MF PFB WHO LMS PvdH.
[^3]: Current address: MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| 36,702,915 |
Synopsis: After failing to apprehend the terrorist behind a Paris attack that claimed dozens of lives, CIA agent Alice Racine is forced to live in London as a caseworker. Her mentor unexpectedly calls her back into action when the CIA discovers that another attack is imminent. Alice soon learns that the classified information she's uncovered has been compromised. Running for her life, she turns to a former soldier to help her prevent a lethal biological attack on the citizens of London. | 36,702,996 |
New Postmaster Welcomed During Installation Ceremony
Just in time for the busy holiday delivery season, friends and family, along with workmates and a handful of Brandon area residents, gathered last month to celebrate the installation of Brandon’s newest Postmaster, Tina Ann Cochrane.
The Oath of Office ceremony was held in a spacious, brand new meeting room inside the Bloomingdale Regional Library, which recently opened its 10,000 sq. ft. addition as part of a long-awaited renovation project.
“I am delighted to be the Postmaster in my hometown where I have lived all my life and raised my children,” Cochrane said. “I have seen Brandon grow from a small cattle town to what it is today and I am proud to be part of that growth and success and look forward to being part of its future.”
Cochrane is Brandon’s 14th Postmaster since the first appointment of Victoria M. Brandon, which took place on September, 15 1890, launching a list of individuals that were deemed worthy to fill the position.
The longest post was held by Ralph A. McIntosh who served the Brandon community as Postmaster for 38 years.
During a brief ceremony led by Leroy Middleton, Officer in Charge, Ft. Myers, Florida, Cochrane took her oath to serve her post and the Brandon community.
“I have always told Tina to stick with it and keep working hard,” Middleton said. “I can only congratulate her on this festive but historic occasion.”
Long-time friend and retired Postmaster of Tampa, Nancy Fryrear, told Cochrane and the audience how proud she is of her friend whom she said possesses all the qualities that is necessary to successfully fill the post.
“Tina, you are one of the nicest people I know and I wish you the very best,” Fryrear said. “Welcome home and enjoy the journey.”
Cochrane was 20 years old when she began her career as a letter sorter operator for the Postal Service. She worked nights for 13 years while raising her children. She was later promoted to Supervisor of Customer Service in Plant City where she remained for four years.
She started her first Postmaster position in Dundee in 2005 and Postmaster of Wauchula in 2007 and later promoted to be Postmaster of Dunedin.
For more information, please visit www.postofficehours.net/FL/Brandon.html. | 36,703,129 |
A Wavelength-Selective, Repetitively Pulsed CO(2) Laser.
A CO(2) laser has been constructed and operated with two gas absorption cells built into the cavity. The first of the cells contains a gas that controls the wavelength of emission. The second contains a gas that forces the laser into a high frequency pulsed mode of operation. Details of the laser construction are given. The pulsing and wavelength shifting are accounted for by the spectroscopic and kinetics properties of the gases. The proper choice of absorbing gases has produced high powered pulsed operation at various wavelengths between 9.08 micro and 10.6 micro at repetition rates of up to 100 kHz. Applications and advantages of the wavelength-selective, repetitively pulsed laser are discussed. | 36,703,272 |
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| 36,703,280 |
A federal parliamentary committee has called for a review into the use of labour hire workers and the number of casual employees in the mining sector. It came after the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union used its submission to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Inquiry into the Mining Sector to call for state and federal government intervention to address the “explosion in the use of labour hire workers by the big mining companies” since 2012. The union said many casual employees were working fixed or slightly changing rostered days of up to 42 hours a week, but were not considered permanent staff so they went without entitlements such as paid sick leave and annual leave. It called for the Fair Work Act to provide a “strong conversion rate” that automatically moved a casual to a permanent position after 12 months on the same or similar roster, or the right to ask for permanency after six months. Read more: Union wins court case over casuals The CFMMEU also pushed for the Act to include a definition of casual work that was “consistent with the traditional common law concept”. The parliamentary committee, chaired by former Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce, released a report on Tuesday that recommended a federal review of the use of casual employees and labour hire workers. It cited the CFMMEU’s submission and said changes to the law should be considered “in order to prohibit the move towards replacing directly-employed, full-time workers with ‘permanent casual’ employees, and other similar casualised employee types”. “Changes to the Act should also include provisions that guarantee that employees have a legal right to convert from casual to permanent employment after a set period of time,” the recommendation said. The CFMMEU’s submission said the casualisation of the mining workforce was “insidious” and referred to the union’s fight against the trend in regional mining communities, including Singleton and Muswellbrook. It argued mining companies relied on casual workers from labour hire firms because they were paid an average of 30 per cent less than permanent staff and could be dismissed with no notice, for reasons such as inclement weather or machinery breakdowns, creating “first and second-class mineworkers”. Read more: Union and law firm at odds over casual mineworkers with One Key “I congratulate the committee for seeking and engaging with the views of the community in relation to casualisation and a range of other areas where mining companies are trashing their social license to operate, like ripping off small businesses with unfair terms of trade,” CFMMEU national president Tony Maher said on Tuesday. The parliamentary inquiry focused on how the mining sector could support businesses in regional economies.
Parliamentary committee backs CFMMEU over call for changes to Fair Work Act to safeguard against casualisation of mining sector workforce
A federal parliamentary committee has called for a review into the use of labour hire workers and the number of casual employees in the mining sector.
It came after the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union used its submission to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Inquiry into the Mining Sector to call for state and federal government intervention to address the “explosion in the use of labour hire workers by the big mining companies” since 2012.
The union said many casual employees were working fixed or slightly changing rostered days of up to 42 hours a week, but were not considered permanent staff so they went without entitlements such as paid sick leave and annual leave.
It called for the Fair Work Act to provide a “strong conversion rate” that automatically moved a casual to a permanent position after 12 months on the same or similar roster, or the right to ask for permanency after six months.
The CFMMEU also pushed for the Act to include a definition of casual work that was “consistent with the traditional common law concept”.
The parliamentary committee, chaired by former Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce, released a report on Tuesday that recommended a federal review of the use of casual employees and labour hire workers.
It cited the CFMMEU’s submission and said changes to the law should be considered “in order to prohibit the move towards replacing directly-employed, full-time workers with ‘permanent casual’ employees, and other similar casualised employee types”.
“Changes to the Act should also include provisions that guarantee that employees have a legal right to convert from casual to permanent employment after a set period of time,” the recommendation said.
CFMMEU national president Tony Maher welcomed the recommendation.
The CFMMEU’s submission said the casualisation of the mining workforce was “insidious” and referred to the union’s fight against the trend in regional mining communities, including Singleton and Muswellbrook.
It argued mining companies relied on casual workers from labour hire firms because they were paid an average of 30 per cent less than permanent staff and could be dismissed with no notice, for reasons such as inclement weather or machinery breakdowns, creating “first and second-class mineworkers”.
“I congratulate the committee for seeking and engaging with the views of the community in relation to casualisation and a range of other areas where mining companies are trashing their social license to operate, like ripping off small businesses with unfair terms of trade,” CFMMEU national president Tony Maher said on Tuesday.
The parliamentary inquiry focused on how the mining sector could support businesses in regional economies. | 36,703,344 |
LGBTQIA & The Healing of Trauma. James Lee Winnike
A few months ago I received an email from one of my podcast listeners. The writer of this email (and my guest today), James Winnike, said that they liked the podcast, however felt it was excluding a perspective and lens which needed to be addressed, and that it could, in fact, do better.
James is a trans, anti-racist therapist and mental wellness coach, with a specialty in working with Deaf and Hard of Hearing families and adults. Through a framework of intersectionality, they have dedicated their life to understanding the ways that systems of oppression interact with mental well-being and trauma. They strive to meet clients where they are through utilizing expressive arts, body work, mindfulness, and storytelling in the therapeutic process. | 36,703,368 |
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What better way to celebrate New Year than with us? From December 30 to January 1 we’ll be throwing 3 New Year’s Specials with killer line-ups. Want to start this celebration early? Check out our Early New Years Eve Special on December 30! | 36,703,454 |
How Can Meyer Save Star Trek?
If, like me, the thought of a new Star Trek TV series fills you with a peculiar combination of hope and dread, you might be interested to learn that CBS has employed the services of the writer, Nicholas Meyer for the new (as yet, untitled) Star Trek reboot due to be aired in 2017.
Nicholas Meyer is no stranger to the Star Trek franchise, having written several of the original cast films. After the original Star Trek series was cancelled and Star Trek: The Motion Picture flopped, Meyer breathed new life into the dying franchise by writing Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. Since the success of that film, the Star Trek franchise exploded into the phenomenon it is today, with more TV spin-offs, films, computer games, conventions and merchandise than you can shake a bat’leth at. Indeed the Abrams film, Star Trek: Into Darkness, which is replete with references to The Wrath of Khan, serves only to underline the fondness fans have for that particular film. I doubt I’m the only fan waiting with bated breath to see what kind of story Meyer is going to cook up for us in 2017.
Fans have been, at best, mixed in their opinions about the most recent Star Trek offerings. Star Trek: Enterprise was, in my humble opinion, truly dreadful. I think I knew it was going to be dreadful from the moment I heard the words ‘It’s been a long road…’. I have a great deal more respect for the efforts of Abrams in creating Star Trek (2008) and Star Trek: Into Darkness but even these seem to lack the magic of the original series and The Next Generation. I doubt I’m alone in wondering if Meyer can again save Star Trek from dying a very slow and painful death or if it really is ‘time to put an end to your trek through the stars’ (Q in TNG ep., ‘All Good Things’).
Perhaps the reason the previous series have all been so successful (Enterprise notwithstanding) is that they were all very different from each other. Thus, even though they were all set in the same fictional universe, there was never a feeling that one was a poor imitation of the other; rather, they stand side by side to create the great tapestry that we now think of as the Star Trek universe.
The original series first aired in the mid-’60s and it shows, not only in the costumes, music and other stylistic points but also in the kinds of themes it explores. For example, through the depiction of a utopian future, issues of racial equality are dealt with again and again through-out the original series at the very same time that real-life people like Martin Luther King Jr. were actively involved in the American civil rights movement. Nevertheless, this ‘utopia’ still does not allow for female captains. In fact, the final episode of the original series specifically deals with a woman who wishes to captain a starship and, in an effort to do so, swaps bodies with Captain Kirk and is eventually busted because she was ‘hysterical’.
Jump ahead to The Next Generation and we see a Star Trek universe which has definite continuity with the original (no doubt due to the fact that it was created by Gene Roddenberry, who also created the original) but has also adapted to suit the period it was aired (late ’80s-early ’90s). Female captains are now seen on screen (although it is not until Star Trek: Voyager that we see a female captain in the regular cast) and we now also see that the Star Trek ‘utopia’ has expanded to include the disabled, such as Geordie LaForge; the blind chief engineer who is in no way disadvantaged or patronised on account of his blindness.
Since [being blind and wearing the VISOR] are both a part of me and I really like who I am, there’s no reason for me to resent either one (LaForge in TNG ep., ‘Loud as a Whisper’, parenthesis mine).
The themes dealt with in each series are by no means the only differences, especially when you begin to diverge into the Voyager and Deep Space Nine series. The creators of these two shows (both created after the death of Gene Roddenberry) very wisely shied away from imitating Roddenberry’s work by creating yet another series about humans exploring space on the starship Enterprise but instead created two completely different stories which complimented the series created by Roddenberry. Voyager, like the first two series, is also set on a starship, however instead of exploring the galaxy, the crew of the starship Voyager are lost on the other side of the galaxy and are trying to make the treacherous journey home. Deep Space Nine is also very different to the other series. This show is not set on a starship at all, but on a space station orbiting the planet Bajor. It includes a complex meta-narrative, far darker and more intricate than anything seen in previous incarnations of Star Trek.
When we compare this to Star Trek: Enterprise and the Abrams reboot, it is perhaps a little easier to see why both of these have proven to be so unpopular. In and of themselves, they are entertaining enough to watch but they both attempt, in their own ways, to recapture and update the magic of Gene Roddenberry’s original creation. In this, they fall sadly short.
We can really only speculate as to what the new series will be like, since CBS have been pretty tight-lipped about it so far. Enterprise and the Abrams reboot may give die-hard fans reason to believe that the new series will be a disappointment but I do not believe it is fair to write off the new series before we have even heard any details about it. Unofficial fan-made shows and movies such as Star Trek: Renegades and Star Trek Continues suggests to me that it is still possible for gifted writers who care about Star Trek to create a new Star Trek that is worth watching. I think what matters most is that Nicholas Meyer and any one else involved in writing for this new show remains as faithful as possible to the work of Gene Roddenberry while still feeling confident to go carefully, reverently and boldly where no one has gone before.
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2 thoughts on “How Can Meyer Save Star Trek?”
Strong characters with a back story relevant to the current generation seems to work. Q appearing in TNG and Voyager, the Old Generation in Generations and of course Khan in Original and Wrath of Khan. A cast who don’t take themselves too seriously with good use of humour worked in the original and TNG and the odd episode that just does something different, trouble with tribbles in the original or Gilbert and Sullivan and Sherlock Holmes themed episodes in TNG.
I guess if they want to bring back any of the old cast for the odd episode (which certainly can work; just look at ‘Unification’! Even the presence of Commander Sela – arguably one of the most badly executed antagonists in TNG – couldn’t completely ruin that Spock cameo), they’d need to set it further in the future since even the actor who played “Shut Up” Wesley Crusher is in his forties now. I think I’d like to see another complex meta-narrative like (but entirely different from) DS9. | 36,703,642 |
Researchers evaluated optimal vaccination times for those undergoing chemotherapy.
Clinicians can administer the influenza vaccine concurrently with cytotoxic chemotherapy or during the cytopenic period to patients with cancer receiving 3-week cytotoxic chemotherapy cycles, according to a study published in the journal Cancer.1
Because limited research has evaluated the optimal timing of influenza vaccination for patients receiving chemotherapy, researchers sought to compare the immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine administered concurrently with chemotherapy with that of a vaccine given within the cytopenic period during 3-week chemotherapy cycles.
For the study, researchers enrolled 97 patients with solid tumors undergoing scheduled 3-week cytotoxic chemotherapy. Of those, 61% had breast cancer and 30% had lung cancer. Participants were randomly assigned to receive the 2014-2015 seasonal influenza vaccine on day 1 or 11 of the chemotherapy cycle.
Investigators stratified patients by their age and previous influenza vaccination status, and measured antibody responses to influenza vaccine strains H1N1, H3N2, and B before and 21 to 28 days after vaccination.
Researchers also found that seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers were similar between the 2 groups; however, vaccine-related adverse events occurred significantly more frequently in patients who received the vaccine during the cytopenic period (32% vs 13%; P =.040).
The findings ultimately suggest that influenza vaccination can be performed on the first day of chemotherapy administration or during the cytopenic period. | 36,703,957 |
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Not in my BEESWAX- I hope!
I bought some raw extracted wax from Dadant Chico for the purpose of candle making. It definitely smells wrong when heated. I am going through my usual wax clean regime..using glass vessels; melt, pour water through, filter through tee shirts, harden, scrape clean, reheat pour water through, filter, harden, scrape clean and finally; heat and pour into moulds. I am only at stage one with the Dadant wax. The smell is less with the crud filtered off & I am not reusing any of this material either. But I am really worried; for my own health, for the health of anyone burning these candles IF I even use it that way now. I gave up “modern beekeeping” my third year back at it, six years ago. I rotate the brood wax ˝ box per year and super wax as needed. I am even concerned about the foundation, last year I let my bees draw their own. They built one side, worker, the opposite side, drone making it hard to control drones for varroa.
Dadant in Hamilton said they pressure treat melted wax through diatomaceous earth which brings the Coumaphos below the Govt. ppm requirement, BUT IT IS STILL THERE! They gave no information as to the release of chemicals when used as candles. At this time, I am thinking of using it to make show models of the candles, but cannot do any production runs until I know they are safe for people to burn.
How can I get the wax tested and has anyone else been down this road?? Sorry if this is redundant, I don’t have time to fritter away at the internet so haven’t even read this blog yet but found Dee A. Lusby’s writing via google.
By the time I could finally log on here, Dadant said they'd take the wax back and refund my money.. Still doesn't help me for the gift show or holiday gifts!
Clothianidin (product name “Poncho”) is also out there...
Obviously, I have been in the urban beekeeping bubble too long, whining about 3 hives worth of bees sprayed with Raid!
These persistent chemicals are real homeland terrors. | 36,703,983 |
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s,
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We reimagine your business by extending digital’s power all the way through the middle and back office where it can generate growth, cost efficiency and business agility.
We put digital technology and analytics to work. Importantly, our approach is designed to help large enterprises with complex, often dated pre-existing operations, embrace the art of the possible.
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Thanks for considering Career at Website Designing Company. Please complete the form below so that we can connect with you. | 36,704,027 |
The Emperor Returns by William Durkin and Shayne Durkin
In 2014, a ten-year-old girl asked her father if he could assist her in writing a book. That book was Emperor Norton’s Treasure Hunt, a “real life adventure” based in 1950s San Francisco – a local paper devises a treasure hunt with clues in their publication in order to boost sales and win the war for newspaper supremacy in the city.
The Emperor Returns is the sequel to the Durkin duo’s debut hit, starting off at the launch of Sputnik 1, two years after the San Francisco Chronicle’s infamous endeavor. The team are ripe for a new venture, and when the old Emperor’s name is brought up, there’s sure to be a stir…
The Emperor Returns isn’t just “good for something written by a young writer,” it’s just plain good. The Durkins manage to pull off a very adult-minded book with a huge amount of creativity between them, and the story they have produced is incredibly entertaining.
The book boasts a very memorable cast and a plot that takes place all around the real-life San Francisco city, replete with fascinating detail. It’s a unique and captivating novel, and the Durkins have created a fantastic read for adults and younger readers alike. | 36,704,238 |
In an effort to add some depth to the periodic table, there have been attempts in the past to 3D print it, but none have been as visually interesting as this design.
Maker Ezequiel Skorepa created this table to resemble a carbon nanotube with a large cylinder that holds individual elements printed in their own small hexagon.
Skorepa tells us that he chose this shape after abandoning a more traditional square as it was more interesting to look at, and it reduced the overall height of the design.
The final print, which you can see in the gallery below, is still quite large though. It’s around 32 centimetres tall, 20 centimetres in diameter and weighs in at 759 grams.
The 120 pieces that went into this took between 70 and 80 hours to print using different colours of filament to avoid painting. Some acrylic was used, however, in the orange atom detail in the base.
If you’re brave enough to attempt to replicate this project, the files to print it are available for free from both MyMiniFactory and Thingiverse.
You’ll also need to stock up on some ball bearings too as the base rotates. You can see this feature in action in this short video. | 36,704,265 |
About this product
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Description
Title: The Novels of Captain Marryat. Edited by R. Brimley Johnson. L.P.Publisher: British Library, Historical Print EditionsThe British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom. It is one of the world's largest research libraries holding over 150 million items in all kwn languages and formats: books, journals, newspapers, sound recordings, patents, maps, stamps, prints and much more. Its collections include around 14 million books, along with substantial additional collections of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 BC.The FICTION & PROSE LITERATURE collection includes books from the British Library digitised by Microsoft. The collection provides readers with a perspective of the world from some of the 18th and 19th century's most talented writers. Written for a range of audiences, these works are a treasure for any curious reader looking to see the world through the eyes of ages past. Beyond the main body of works the collection also includes song-books, comedy, and works of satire. ++++The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification: ++++ British Library Marryat, Frederick; 1896-98. 24 vol.; 8 . 12660.g.6. | 36,704,582 |
18 freelancers estão ofertando em média $1192 para este trabalho
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2. What timelines dMais | 36,704,600 |
Q:
MySQL: alter unique key name?
I want to rename "InputOutputConfigurationServerAccountId" to "CompositeKey". How do I do this via SQL?
Part of my table definition:
UNIQUE KEY `InputOutputConfigurationServerAccountId` (`InputOutputConfigurationServerAccountId`,`Identifier`,`TimeStampReceived`)
The table is already in production. I am trying to alter the table.
A:
Yep Femi is right. it would be done like this:
ALTER TABLE `test`.`UniqueKeys`
DROP INDEX `InputOutputConfigurationServerAccountId`,
ADD UNIQUE INDEX `CompositeKey` (`InputOutputConfigurationServerAccountId`,
`Identifier`,`TimeStampReceived`) ;
| 36,704,779 |
Wind-Powered Desalination: The Australian Story
As the driest inhabited continent in the world and with a burgeoning population, Australia is increasingly relying on salt water desalination to supply fresh water to its 22million people. Today, the country has the capacity to produce as much as 35 percent of its water through desalination technology, with more than six large-scale plants nationwide.
While desalination enables the country to tap into an over-abundant supply of salt water, it’s an expensive process, requiring extraordinary amounts of energy. For this reason, the country tied many of these plants to wind turbines, creating the largest wind-powered desalination systems in the world.
According to Neil Palmer is CEO of the National Centre of Excellence in Desalination Australia, a government-funded research and development organization, desalination plays an important role in providing a stable water supply to the people of Australia.
He wrote in a guest article for WaterWorld Magazine, “It’s becoming increasingly recognised by Australian authorities that the continuous base load flow of water from seawater desalination is comparatively cost-effective insurance, dramatically reducing the likelihood of water restrictions and safeguarding water-dependent industries’ ability to maintain operations, provide jobs and support Australia’s growing economy and population.” | 36,704,811 |
Contents
In 1914, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America—also known as "ACWA" or simply "the Amalgamated"—formed as a result of the revolt of the urban locals against the conservative AFL affiliate the United Garment Workers.[1] The roots of this conflict date back to the general strike of Chicago, when a spontaneous strike by a handful of women workers led to a citywide strike of 45,000 garment workers in 1910, That strike was a bitter one and pitted the strikers against not only their employers and the local authorities, but also their own union.
The leadership of the United Garment Workers mistrusted the more militant local leadership in Chicago and in other large urban locals, which had strong Socialist loyalties. When it tried to disenfranchise those locals' members at the UGW's 1914 convention, those locals, representing two thirds of the union's membership, bolted to form the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. The AFL refused to recognize the new union and the UGW regularly raided it, furnishing strikebreakers and signing contracts with struck employers, in the years to come.
The Amalgamated's battles with the UGW's leadership also soured the union's relations with Abraham Cahan and the Daily Forward, which Cahan edited. During the 1913 strike by the United Brotherhood of Tailors in New York City, Cahan and the United Hebrew Trades had taken sides with the UGW leadership against the strikers by endorsing a settlement that the strikers rejected. The same split surfaced again the following year when the Forward and members of the Socialist Party who had a stake in the AFL supported the new union, but only tepidly, when it split from the UGW and the AFL. While the Forward played a direct role in the internal politics of the other major garment union, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU, or ILG), in years to come, it had far less influence over the ACWA.
The Amalgamated solidified its gains and extended its power in Chicago through a series of strikes in the last half of the 1910s. The Amalgamated found it harder, on the other hand, to make gains in Baltimore, where it was able to sign an agreement with one of the largest manufacturers that, like HSM (Hart Schaffner and Marx) in Chicago, sought labor peace, it found itself at odds with an unusual alliance of UGW locals, the corrupt head of the Baltimore Federation of Labor, and the Industrial Workers of the World, who undermined the Amalgamated's strikes and attacked strikers. Complicating the picture further were the ethnic bonds between the many Lithuanian members of the IWW and the subcontractors whom the Amalgamated was trying to put out of business and the anarcho-syndicalist politics of many Lithuanian workers, who had developed their politics in opposition to czarist oppression in their homeland. The Amalgamated eventually prevailed, as the contradictions between the IWW's politics and its alliance with small contractors and the AFL eventually undercut its support among Lithuanian workers.
The ACWA also benefited from the relatively pro-union stance of the federal government during World War I, during which the federal Board of Control and Labor Standards for Army Clothing enforced a policy of labor peace in return for union recognition. With the support of key progressives, such as Walter Lippman, Felix Frankfurter, and Charles Rosen the union was able to obtain government support in organizing outposts such as Rochester, New York as part of an experiment in industrial democracy.
That experiment ended in 1919, when employers in nearly every industry with a history of unionism went on the offensive. The ACWA not only survived a four-month lockout in New York City, but came away in an even stronger position. By 1920, the union had contracts with 85 percent of men's garment manufacturers and had reduced the workweek to 44 hours.
Under Hillman's leadership, the union tried to moderate the fierce competition between employers in the industry by imposing industry wide working standards, thereby taking wages and hours out of the competitive calculus. The ACWA tried to regulate the industry in other ways, arranging loans and conducting efficiency studies for financially troubled employers. Hillman also favored "constructive cooperation" with employers, relying on arbitration rather than strikes to resolve disputes during the life of a contract. As he explained his philosophy in 1938:
Certainly, I believe in collaborating with the employers! That is what unions are for. I even believe in helping an employer function more productively. For then, we will have a claim to higher wages, shorter hours, and greater participation in the benefits of running a smooth industrial machine....
The ACWA also pioneered a version of "social unionism" that offered low-cost cooperative housing and unemployment insurance to union members and founded a bank that would serve labor's interests. Hillman and the ACWA had strong ties to many progressive reformers, such as Jane Addams and Clarence Darrow.
Hillman was, on the other hand, opposed to revolutionary unionism and to the Communist Party USA. While Hillman had maintained warm relations with the Communist Party during the early 1920s—at a time when his leadership was being challenged both by the Forward on the right and by Lithuanian and Italian syndicalists and Jewish anarchists within the union on the left—those relations cooled in 1924 when the CP withdrew its support for the Farmer-Labor Party created to support La Follette's candidacy for President. From that point forward Hillman battled the CP activists within his union, but without the massive internecine strife that nearly tore apart the ILGWU in this era.
The CP did not refuse to put up a fight when it broke with Hillman and the ACW leadership. The struggle was most acute in outlying areas, such as Montreal, Toronto and Rochester, where the CP and its Canadian counterpart were strongly entrenched. In New York City the fight was often physical, as Hillman brought in Abraham Beckerman, a prominent member of the Socialist Party with close ties to The Forward, to use strongarm tactics on communist opponents within the union. By the end of the decade, the CP was no longer a significant force in the union.
While battling the CP, Hillman turned a blind eye to the infiltration of gangsters within the union. The garment industry had been riddled for decades with small-time gangsters, who ran protection and loansharking rackets while offering muscle in labor disputes. First hired to strongarm strikers, some went to work for unions, who used them first for self-defense, then to intimidate strikebreakers and recalcitrant employers. ILG locals used "Dopey" Benny Fein, who refused on principle to work for employers.
Internecine warfare between labor sluggers eliminated many of the earliest racketeers. "Little Augie" Jacob Orgen took over the racket, providing muscle for the ILGWU in the 1926 strike. Louis "Lepke" Buchalter had Orgen assassinated in 1927 in order to take over his operations. Buchalter took an interest in the industry, acquiring ownership of a number of trucking firms and control of local unions of truckdrivers in the garment district, while acquiring an ownership interest in some garment firms and local unions.
Buchalter, who had provided services for some locals of the Amalgamated during the 1920s. also acquired influence within the ACW. Among his allies within the ACW were Beckerman and Philip Orlofsky, another officer in Cutters Local 4, who made sweetheart deals with manufacturers that allowed them to subcontract to cut-rate subcontractors out of town, using Buchalter's trucking companies to bring the goods back and forth.
In 1931 Hillman resolved to act against Buchalter, Beckerman and Orlofsky. He began by orchestrating public demands on Jimmy Walker, the corrupt Tammany Hall Mayor of New York, to crack down on racketeering in the garment district, Hillman then proceeded to seize control of Local 4, expelling Beckerman and Orlofsky from the union, then taking action against corrupt union officials in Newark, New Jersey. The union then struck a number of manufacturers to bar the subcontracting of work to non-union or cut rate contractors in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In the course of that strike the union picketed a number of trucks run by Buchalter's companies to prevent them from bringing finished goods back to New York.
While the campaign cleaned up the ACW, it did not drive Buchalter out of the industry. The union may, in fact, have made a deal of some sort with Buchalter, although no evidence has ever surfaced, despite intensive efforts of political opponents of the union, such as Thomas Dewey and Westbrook Pegler, to find it. Buchalter claimed, before his execution in 1944, that he had never dealt with either Hillman or Dubinsky, head of the ILGWU.
The Great Depression reduced the Amalgamated's membership to one third or less of its former strength. Like many other unions, the ACWA revived with the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, whose promise of legal protection for workers' right to organize brought thousands of garment workers back to the ACWA. The AFL finally allowed the ACWA to affiliate in 1933.
Within the AFL, the ACWA was one of the strongest advocates for organizing the mass production industries, such as automobile manufacture and steel, where unions had almost no presence, as well as the textile industry, which was only partially organized. Hillman was one of the original founders in 1935 of the Committee for Industrial Organizing, an effort led by John L. Lewis, and the ACWA followed the Mine Workers and other unions out of the AFL in 1937 to establish the CIO as a separate union confederation.
Hillman and Lewis eventually had a falling out, with Lewis advocating a more independent tack in dealing with the federal government than Hillman. Lewis, however, gradually distanced himself from the CIO, finally resigning as its head and then withdrawing the United Mine Workers from it in 1942. Hillman remained in it, still the second most visible leader after Philip Murray, Lewis' successor.
Jacob Potofsky, a fellow veteran of the Hart. Schaffner & Marx strike of 1910, succeeded Hillman upon his death in 1946. The Amalgamated continued to grow during the 1950s, but, like other garment unions, faced long-term pressures from the flight of unionized work to non-union manufacturers in the South and abroad.
The ACWA had played a leading role in the funding and leadership of the Textile Workers Organizing Committee, an organization founded by the CIO in 1939 as part of its effort to organize the South. The TWOC, which later renamed itself the Textile Workers Union of America, grew to as many as 100,000 members in the 1940s, but made little headway organizing in the South in the decades that followed.
The ACWA had been active in trying to form a labor party in the 1920s, combining some elements of the Socialist Party with supporters of La Follette.
Hillman used the ACWA as a base, along with the ILGWU led by David Dubinsky, in founding the American Labor Party in 1936, an ostensibly independent party that served as a halfway house for Socialists and other leftists who wanted to support FDR's reelection but were not prepared to join the Democratic Party. Dubinsky later split from the Labor Party over personal and political differences with Hillman to found the Liberal Party of New York. | 36,704,929 |
Light-source-dependent effects of main water constituents on photodegradation of phenicol antibiotics: mechanism and kinetics.
Thiamphenicol and florfenicol are two phenicol antibiotics commonly used in aquaculture. Photodegradation experiments on these phenicols were performed in aqueous solutions under irradiation of different light sources. We found under UV-vis irradiation (lamda >200 nm) they photodegraded the fastest in seawater, followed by pure water and freshwater, whereas under solar or simulated sunlight (lamda >290 nm), they photodegraded in freshwater only. The effects of Cl- (the dominant seawater constituent), humic acids (HA, main constituents in freshwater) and other water constituents on the photodegradation of the antibiotics as a function of different light sources were studied so as to interpret the light-source-dependent effects of different waters. Under UV-vis irradiation, Cl- was found to promote singlet oxygen ((1)O2) formation and accelerated the photodegradation of phenicols, whereas the phenicols did not photolyze under simulated solar irradiation, irrespective of Cl-. In contrast, the presence of HA inhibited phenicol photolysis under UV-vis irradiation through competitive photoabsorption, but HA photosensitized degradation under simulated solar irradiation. Under UV-vis irradiation, the wavelength-averaged (200-290 nm) quantum yields for thiamphenicol and florfenicol in pure water were 0.022 +/- 0.001 and 0.029 +/- 0.001, respectively. Their solar photolytic half-lives in freshwater were 186 +/- 17 h and 99 +/- 16 h, respectively. UV-vis photodegradation intermediates were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and degradation pathways were proposed. These involve photoinduced hydrolysis, dechlorination, self-sensitized photo-oxidation processvia (1)O2, and chlorination. These results are of importance toward the goal of assessing the persistence of phenicols in wastewater treatment and the environment. | 36,705,053 |
MPs claim the reforms would address fears that poor teachers are having a “very significant” impact on children’s long-term career prospects. The report quotes international research which shows that the worst teachers could cost a class of 20 the equivalent of £250,000 in lost earnings over their career.
Eric Hanushek, an economist at Stanford University in America, has shown that an excellent teacher can cover a year and a half’s material in a single year, whereas a poor one will get only a third as far.
Last night, Nick Gibb, the schools minister, disclosed that the Government had already asked the School Teachers’ Review Body, which analyses national pay rates, to “make recommendations on introducing greater freedoms and flexibilities in teachers’ pay, including how to link it better to performance”.
Mr Gibb said the Department for Education welcomed the MPs’ report “into this important area”. The review body is expected to deliver its recommendations by September.
The committee’s report said: “No longer should the weakest teachers be able to hide behind a rigid and unfair pay structure.
“We believe that performance management systems should support and reward the strongest teachers, as well as make no excuses — or, worse, incentives to remain — for the weaker.
"Given the profound positive and negative impacts which teachers have on pupil performance, we are concerned that the pay system continues to reward low performers at the same levels as their more successful peers.”
MPs said any payment by results system should reward those teachers adding the greatest “value to pupil performance”.
But teaching unions are strongly opposed to any attempt to alter national pay and conditions.
Speaking on Tuesday, Kevin Courtney, deputy general secretary of the NUT, said it was impossible to “disentangle” the performance of one teacher from another.
“You will build a huge incentive to teach to the test and you will also build a level of distrust in the staffroom that will be inimical to education,” he said.
He told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme that any performance-related pay system would depend on the amount of progress teachers make with individual pupils.
“Now, that’s determined by what the teacher the year before says the achievement of their child was, so if that teacher over-claims, then they are reducing your potential pay,” he said. “Because of that, you are building in a mutual distrust to a system. Schools are teams, and you have to have that teamwork, but these proposals go in the wrong direction”.
There are currently more than 460,000 teachers in English state schools. Although an element of performance-related pay already exists, ministers are now looking at enhancing rewards for the best.
Currently, teachers outside London can earn up to £31,500. but see their pay rise to £34,200 if they pass a threshold into an upper pay scale to mark performance. Earlier this year, Sir Michael Wilshaw, the head of Ofsted, said too many teachers – more than 90 per cent – were allowed to pass the test. “The thing that irritates good teachers, people who work hard and go the extra mile, is seeing the people that don’t do that being rewarded,” he said.
In December, it was reported that just one in five teachers judged to be incompetent over an 18-month period had been sacked.
In further recommendations, the report says a “sabbatical scholarship” programme should allow outstanding teachers to take time out to work in a different school, undertake research or refresh their subject knowledge. It is also suggested sixth formers and university undergraduates be allowed to lead school lessons as part of a system of “teaching taster classes” to show them the benefit of a career in the profession. | 36,705,072 |
return {
["drop-all-ipv6-iface-bytes"] = 106,
["drop-all-ipv6-iface-packets"] = 1,
["drop-no-source-softwire-ipv6-bytes"] = 106,
["drop-no-source-softwire-ipv6-packets"] = 1,
["in-ipv6-bytes"] = 106,
["in-ipv6-frag-reassembly-unneeded"] = 1,
["in-ipv6-packets"] = 1,
["memuse-ipv4-frag-reassembly-buffer"] = 728203264,
["memuse-ipv6-frag-reassembly-buffer"] = 11378176,
["out-icmpv6-bytes"] = 154,
["out-icmpv6-packets"] = 1,
["out-ipv6-bytes"] = 154,
["out-ipv6-packets"] = 1,
["out-ipv6-frag-not"] = 1,
}
| 36,705,300 |
Q:
Sheet rock in home garages
Is there a standard for installing sheet rock in garages that are attached to homes. The builder told me that they don't finish sheet rock in garages the same as inside homes. My home is a new build.
Sheet rock in garage is a mess.
A:
Sheet rock in garage is a mess.
That is the standard, unless your contract specified an interior quality finish. It will be taped and mudded and possibly given a coat of paint.
The good news is that you can practice sanding and finishing and texturing drywall in your garage with no fear of messing it up.
| 36,705,337 |
Categories
Dan and Gilly wed at Botha House on the South Coast of Durban. With Dan and most of his guests from the Uk, I think coming to South Africa seemed like a good bet for lovely sunshine! Well we had a little sunshine, then we had winds and then we had a lot of rain! … Continue reading →
The McDavid wedding quite literally blew everyone in attendance away!!! From start to finish this day was one of the most spectacular events I have been apart of. The wedding of these two love birds was set in the middle of the Freestate, in a Castle ( yes a castle) on a hill with 360 … Continue reading →
The gorgeous Paul and Lauren Becker wed on a beautiful day at the Collisheen Estate in Ballito. This was such a fun wedding! South African Lauren has moved to Canada to be with her man but they decided to host the wedding in her home country with their closest friends and family. A lot of … Continue reading →
Mr and Mrs Pietersen: a dream wedding! Perfect weather, perfect venue, perfect crowd, amazing bridal party and a very very in love couple ( not to mention particularly easy on the eye!). Bryan and Justine wed at the stunning Zulu Nyala Game Reserve surrounded by close friends and family. The boys chilled by the pool … Continue reading →
This was a very special wedding to be apart of. I have known the beautiful Elle forever, and just last year we were joking back in the UK about our weddings ( neither of us were engaged ;-)!) – next thing you know, I’m flying over to capture her big day. Elle and Tom tied … Continue reading →
Bonesey and Mich are just awesome! Once again I was spoilt with another amazing wedding, with awesome guests and family, completely unique and amazing decor and most importantly….the perfect couple. I started my day with Mich and her bridesmaids in Mount Edgecombe and joined the rest of the party at the lichi orchard ceremony. Mich … Continue reading →
The wedding of Jarryd & Jen De Jager gets top points for creativity, variety and most importantly for a couple completely in love. This day started at the Durban Beach front – a definite first for me for the boys getting ready. It was the most amazing morning. The sun made its first and only … Continue reading →
I’ve honestly met the most amazing people since becoming a photographer and this gorgeous couple were no exception. Hans and Jess, it was an absolute pleasure to spend this hour with you capturing some special moments celebrating your recent engagement. You were both so natural, so fun and so in love and we had the … Continue reading →
Where to start with this wedding!!!! When Tam asked me last year to capture her day I had NO idea what I was about to be apart of……and all I can say is that this was one of the most amazing weddings I have ever been to / captured / survived! Despite the freezing cold … Continue reading → | 36,705,543 |
/* Copyright (C) 2016 NooBaa */
import template from './buckets-summary.html';
import ConnectableViewModel from 'components/connectable';
import { sumBy } from 'utils/core-utils';
import { formatSize, sumSize, toBigInteger, toBytes, fromBigInteger, bigInteger } from 'utils/size-utils';
import ko from 'knockout';
import numeral from 'numeral';
const reducationSavingTooltips = 'Savings shows the uncompressed and non-deduped data that would have been stored without those techniques';
class BucketsSummaryViewModel extends ConnectableViewModel {
dataReady = ko.observable();
bucketsCount = ko.observable();
objectCount = ko.observable();
nsBucketCount = ko.observable();
nsReadsWrites = ko.observable();
dataWritten = ko.observable();
reducationSaving = ko.observable();
reducationSavingTooltips = reducationSavingTooltips;
selectState(state) {
return [
state.buckets,
state.namespaceBuckets
];
}
mapStateToProps(buckets, nsBuckets) {
if (!buckets || !nsBuckets) {
ko.assignToProps(this, {
dataReady: false
});
} else {
const bucketList = Object.values(buckets);
const bucketCount = bucketList.length;
const objectCount = sumBy(bucketList, bucket => bucket.objects.count);
const dataSize = sumSize(...bucketList.map(bucket => bucket.data.size));
const reducedSize = sumSize(...bucketList.map(bucket => bucket.data.sizeReduced));
const savings = fromBigInteger(bigInteger.max(toBigInteger(dataSize).subtract(reducedSize), 0));
const savingsRatio = dataSize > 0 ? toBytes(savings) / toBytes(dataSize) : 0;
const nsBucketList = Object.values(nsBuckets);
const nsBucketCount = nsBucketList.length;
const nsReads = sumBy(nsBucketList, bucket => bucket.io.readCount);
const nsWrites = sumBy(nsBucketList, bucket => bucket.io.writeCount);
ko.assignToProps(this, {
dataReady: true,
bucketsCount: numeral(bucketCount).format(','),
objectCount: numeral(objectCount).format(','),
nsBucketCount: numeral(nsBucketCount).format(','),
nsReadsWrites: `${numeral(nsReads).format(',')}/${numeral(nsWrites).format(',')}`,
dataWritten: formatSize(dataSize),
reducationSaving: `${formatSize(savings)} (${numeral(savingsRatio).format('%')})`
});
}
}
}
export default {
viewModel: BucketsSummaryViewModel,
template: template
};
| 36,705,796 |
Consumer responses to integrated risk-benefit information associated with the consumption of food.
The risk analysis of the health impact of foods is increasingly focused on integrated risk-benefit assessment, which will also need to be communicated to consumers. It therefore becomes important to understand how consumers respond to integrated risk-benefit information. Quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs) is one measure that can be used to assess the balance between risks and benefits associated with a particular food. The effectiveness of QALYs for communicating both positive and negative health effects associated with food consumption to consumers was examined, using a 3 × 2 experiment varying information about health changes in terms of QALYs associated with the consumption of fish (n = 325). The effect of this information on consumer perceptions of the usefulness of QALYs for describing health effects, on risk and benefit perceptions, attitudes, and intentions to consume fish was examined. Results demonstrated that consumers perceived QALYs as useful for communicating health effects associated with food consumption. QALYs communicated as a net effect were preferred for food products associated with negative net effects on health, while separate communication of both risks and benefits may be preferred for food products associated with positive or zero net health effects. Information about health changes in terms of QALYs facilitated informed decision making by consumers, as indicated by the impact on risk and benefit perceptions as intended by the information. The impact of this information on actual food consumption choices merits further investigation. | 36,705,828 |
Ypthima recta
Ypthima recta is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, northern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, western Kenya, and Zambia. The habitat consists of grassy areas at forest margins and along roads in the forest.
The larvae feed on Poaceae species.
References
recta
Category:Butterflies of Africa
Category:Butterflies described in 1955 | 36,706,027 |
Optical systems for theatrical and stage lighting fixtures are generally intended to capture light from a light source that emits light over a wide angle and produce a narrower beam of focused or unfocused light. Existing optical systems used in related fields include ellipsoidal reflectors in combination with aspheric lenses and parabolic reflectors optionally in combination with Fresnel lenses.
In general, the optical systems are composed of illumination and imaging stages. The illumination stage is comprised of a light source and optical component(s) that gather the light into a narrower converging or diverging beam. The imaging stage has one or more elements that relay an image plane to a far-field target. The effectiveness of these systems is a function of the etendue of the light source and the limits of aperture and acceptance angle of the subsequent optical components.
State of the art architectural theatrical and stage lighting fixtures employ conventional light sources such as gas-discharge or incandescent lamps. Typically the etendue of a conventional light source at a given level of luminous flux is significantly better than light emitting diodes (LED), but conventional light sources have drawbacks such as lower luminous efficacy, shorter operating lifetime, and less robust package. Thus, there is a need for an optical system that overcomes the etendue limitations of an LED for effective application. | 36,706,323 |
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. – New research by a local professor is helping to educate and combat long thought ideas that marijuana is a gateway drug for other more illicit substances.
Dr. Rhet Smith’s new research is helping combat long-time ideas of marijuana being a gateway drug to other illicit substances.
Dr. Rhet Smith is a professor at UA-Little Rock. His study found that by providing legal access to marijuana, it can help mitigate the wide-spread opioid epidemic affecting the state of Arkansas.
Smtih reviewed death records obtained from the Centers for Disease Control spanning from 2009 to 2015 to determine if local dispensaries have any effect on prescription-related deaths – ultimately finding none.
“This latest study found that heroin-related deaths are also experiencing a relative decline and so this sort of decrease that we are seeing would suggest that we aren’t seeing the evidence that suggested that marijuana was a gateway drug,” says Dr. Smith.
The state is all too familiar with the opioid epidemic ranking 8-th in the United States for opioid prescription rates, according to the Arkansas Department of Human Services.
His research suggests that marijuana use is likely to precede the use of other licit and illicit substances and the development of addiction to other substances. | 36,706,326 |
Wipeout Omega Collection Review
Wipeout Omega Collection is not a history lesson. It most certainly doesn’t remind players of Wipeout’s significance during PlayStation’s early years. It isn’t a greatest hits package either–given the absence of Wipeout XL and 3–although this gorgeous remastered trio of games represents a hefty helping of the series’ most recent outings. In other words, it’s sensory-overloading anti-gravity racing that sublimely blends often-chaotic vehicular combat.
This collection feels like a thoughtful bundle when you consider that Sony could have easily released an untampered standalone PS4 port of Wipeout HD. Instead, the 2008 PS3 classic–which was considered a return to form–got a minor visual makeover while being sandwiched by its excellent Fury expansion and a much-improved version of Wipeout 2048, previously a PS Vita exclusive. While these games are strengthened by their frenzied racing commonalities, their differences are equally compelling, enough that you can find yourself jumping from installment to installment in one play session in pursuit of variety. The Detonator and Eliminator modes exclusive to Fury, for instance, offer an engrossing combat experience, even more so than your typical Wipeout race. 2048 stands out with its courses’ unusual natural landscaping, indicative of the game’s place as the first in the timeline, before tracks were completely man-made.
No matter the mode or game you choose to play in the Omega Collection, there’s consistency in how the myriad ships control, from drift cornering to speed-boosting barrel rolls. You keep one eye on the track for acceleration pads and incoming corners while the other maintains awareness of your nearby competitors. And as you pass over weapon pads, you quickly assess the value of each pick-up based on your current race situation. For series vets, such appraisals take less than a second, and having to constantly make these decisions underscores Wipeout’s involving gameplay. Do you fire the high-damage Plasma or would it be best served by converting it into energy (i.e. health)? Do you hold on to the Turbo for the next straightaway even though you’ll miss out on the next five weapon pads? If you’ve played Mario Kart, you can relate to these split-second value judgments, only that in Wipeout, you’re piloting ships that are the equivalent of 300cc karts.
One of the draws of the Wipeout series is how AI competition changes and evolves as you unlock tougher (and therefore faster) competitions. In the first couple speed levels, it’s easy to focus on the closest racer in front of you, systematically passing competitors one by one until you (hopefully) reach first place. The more feverish, pupil-dilating races later on produce a totally different beast of collective aggression among all the racers. You, along with all the AI, are perpetually in a forward-moving swarm where no one is out of contention until the home stretch, barring a significant crash. It’s during these races that certain weapons can change fortunes for everyone in an instant. For example, the Quake–which sends a wave over the track–can slingshot someone from last to first in seconds, making it the bizarro Blue Shell of combat racing games. Such dramatic outcomes in the higher speed classes are the reason why these races captivate time and time again. And that’s not even taking into account online play, which is appropriately unpredictable and riveting against an array of veterans.
Experiencing Wipeout in its prettiest form to date only adds to Omega’s already enticing gameplay. It’s a tall order given that Wipeout HD and Fury already looked gorgeous to begin with. While many of the improved details can only be appreciated with side-by-side screen comparisons, enhancements like the ships’ flaming exhausts and contrails prove that it’s not a straight PS3 port, to say nothing of Omega’s 4K support. Driving the point home is 2048, which visually bursts out of the small-screen confines of the Vita with an eye-pleasing presentation that stands up to the rest of the compilation. One can imagine how transcendent these races would be if Wipeout Omega Collection had PSVR support.
These games already benefitted from an established universe where racing teams are brands unto themselves and anti-gravity racing is a global sport with a 100-plus year history. It’s a near utopian vision of the future, one that has always been fittingly paired with electronic dance music. Tracks by DJ Kentaro and James Talk represent the best of Omega’s tunes, though the playlist as a whole can’t compete with the greatness of Wipeout XL or even Wipeout 3’s soundtrack. Should you feel nostalgic for Underworld’s or Fluke’s contributions to the series, using the PS4’s Spotify app while you play this collection will take you back to 1996 in a pinch.
By focusing on this specific era of the series, Wipeout Omega Collection maintains a level of cohesion you wouldn’t get if this compilation included, say, Wipeout Pure or Fusion. While each of the three games exude style and stimulation in their own distinct ways, they collectively showcase the best elements of franchise’s engrossing racing and silky smooth visuals. And even though it doesn’t completely scratch the itch that only a completely new PS4 sequel can offer, this collection is easily the next best thing.
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Author: Adventures Gate
Hey everyone, I'm Jonathan but people will know me as Jon... I enjoy hiking and exploring the outside world as well as getting to see fantastic views. It can bring you to the most beautiful places on earth and into contact with amazing plants and wildlife and can be done all year round which is why I enjoy it so much despite it being challenging sometimes due to the weather - it has allowed me to meet a lot of new people and experience things I wouldn't have before. I also find it relaxing and interesting.
I also really enjoy blogging and sharing my experiences with similar people. Hopefully you will read mine.
My company Adventures Gate displays my other hobby - gaming! I love collecting items to do with gaming and playing in general. I guess I am a bit of a geek when it comes to this. Adventures Gate now offer free postage options when you spend more than £20 (there may be a small additional charge for larger items). That`s free 1st class post in the UK and free airmail to Europe.
View all posts by Adventures Gate
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Meta
Hey everyone, I'm Jonathan but people will know me as Jon... I enjoy hiking and exploring the outside world as well as getting to see fantastic views. It can bring you to the most beautiful places on earth and into contact with amazing plants and wildlife and can be done all year round which is why I enjoy it so much despite it being challenging sometimes due to the weather - it has allowed me to meet a lot of new people and experience things I wouldn't have before. I also find it relaxing and interesting.
I also really enjoy blogging and sharing my experiences with similar people. Hopefully you will read mine.
My company Adventures Gate displays my other hobby - gaming! I love collecting items to do with gaming and playing in general. I guess I am a bit of a geek when it comes to this. Adventures Gate now offer free postage options when you spend more than £20 (there may be a small additional charge for larger items). That`s free 1st class post in the UK and free airmail to Europe. | 36,706,495 |
arest one hundred thousand?
3800000
Let z = 0 + 2. Suppose m + m + 34276 = -z*f, -5*f - 34273 = 2*m. Let a = 25139 + m. Round a to the nearest 1000.
8000
Let n = -32.54 - -31. Let h = n + 7.64. Round h to zero decimal places.
6
Let l be (-2)/4*(7 + -17). Suppose l*h - 25 = 0, 5*h = 5*x + 3 + 2. Suppose -37700000 = 5*y - x*y. What is y rounded to the nearest one million?
-38000000
Let y = 7.6391394 - 7.638. What is y rounded to 5 decimal places?
0.00114
Suppose -2*n + 119510 = -0*n. Let v = 29355 - n. Round v to the nearest one thousand.
-30000
Let i = 25475331 + 2801040. Suppose 3*s = -i - 24823629. What is s rounded to the nearest 1000000?
-18000000
Suppose 21 + 3 = 3*d. Let s be -272*((-4)/d*131 - -3). What is s rounded to the nearest 10000?
20000
Let p(o) = 4*o. Let l be p(3). Let u be (148/l - -1)/((-2)/3480000). What is u rounded to the nearest one million?
-23000000
Let h be (2/(-4))/(10/(-60)). Suppose -3*y + 12 = -t + h, 0 = 5*t. Suppose 267 = y*p - 1413. What is p rounded to the nearest 100?
600
Let p = -2996.86 - -2876.963. Let q = -120 - p. Round q to two decimal places.
-0.1
Let f = 220.000718 + -220. What is f rounded to four dps?
0.0007
Suppose 0 = 2241*i - 2234*i + 1776600. What is i rounded to the nearest 10000?
-250000
Let m = 1690901 - 730394. Suppose -5*d - 194493 = m. Round d to the nearest ten thousand.
-230000
Let h = 155.39 - 164. What is h rounded to one dp?
-8.6
Let f = 3 - 3.07. Let y = f + 0.0700006. What is y rounded to seven dps?
0.0000006
Suppose 6050000 = -14*u + 13*u. Round u to the nearest one million.
-6000000
Let o(f) = -11*f - 20 + 5*f + 5201*f**2 + 5*f. Let d be o(5). What is d rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
100000
Let t be (-80389)/(-19) + (-1 - 0). What is t rounded to the nearest 1000?
4000
Let c(d) = -d**3 + 8*d**2 - 8*d + 4. Let x be c(6). Suppose -x = 2*w + 14. What is w rounded to the nearest 10?
-20
Let w = -0.24 + 0.55. Let f = -7689.30895 + 7689. Let r = f + w. What is r rounded to 4 decimal places?
0.0011
Let f be (3/(-2))/(27/(-36)). Let l be 3/(-1 + 0 - -2). Suppose 42 = h - w - l*w, 4*h = -f*w + 204. What is h rounded to the nearest 10?
50
Let s = -7.2 - -30.4. Let p = -43 + 19. Let d = s + p. What is d rounded to the nearest integer?
-1
Let n(m) = -m**2 + 5*m + 8. Let c be n(6). Let v be (-2394092)/(-3) + c/(-3). Let g = 88030 - v. Round g to the nearest one hundred thousand.
-700000
Let t = -776679 - -550679. Let d be (1 + -4)/((-6)/t). What is d rounded to the nearest 10000?
-110000
Let u = -1276.13711 + 1297.1371102. Let k = 21 - u. What is k rounded to six decimal places?
0
Let d = -89.99 + -2.01. Let i = d - -77.1. Round i to the nearest integer.
-15
Let v(i) = -2*i**3 - 13*i**2 - i + 10. Let z be v(-11). What is z rounded to the nearest one thousand?
1000
Let m = -259 + 261.11. Let k = 0.46 - -0.51. Let o = k - m. What is o rounded to 1 decimal place?
-1.1
Let u = 300.5 - 300.50007577. What is u rounded to 5 decimal places?
-0.00008
Let o be (8/1)/((-4)/6). Let n be (-2)/(-3) - (-23400008)/o. What is n rounded to the nearest 1000000?
-2000000
Let c(b) = -b + 4. Let q be c(4). Suppose f - 111017 - 238084 = q. Suppose -4*i + 186899 = -f. What is i rounded to the nearest 10000?
130000
Let u = -147550 + 13547550. Suppose -13*r = -14*r - u. Round r to the nearest 1000000.
-13000000
Let s = 0.012 - -30.988. Let x = -39 + s. Let z = x - -8.00000009. What is z rounded to 7 dps?
0.0000001
Let o = 0.02 + -6.02. Let r = o - -5.9999991. What is r rounded to 6 dps?
-0.000001
Let h = 1332286 - 1332285.8450222. Let c = h - 0.155. What is c rounded to six decimal places?
-0.000022
Suppose -64864 = 2*r - o - 17356, -r = -5*o + 23745. Let t = 40820 - 74775. Let v = t - r. What is v rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-10000
Let j = -187988 + -54112. What is j rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-240000
Let j be (-7)/21 - 20/(-6). Suppose 3*d = -j*d + 386820. Suppose -m + 135530 + d = 0. Round m to the nearest 1000000.
0
Let n(s) = -s**3 + s**2 - s - 155. Suppose -o + 20 = 5*q, 0 = -o + 4*o + q - 4. Let h be n(o). Let p be (h/10)/((-2)/(-800)). Round p to the nearest 1000.
-6000
Let j = 785.313836 - 785.3. What is j rounded to three decimal places?
0.014
Let k = -40800669 - -40800615.999602. Let a = k + 53. Round a to four dps.
-0.0004
Let n(v) = 7*v - v**3 - v**3 + 0 + 3*v**3 - 4*v**2 - 4. Let w be n(4). Let f = w + -36. Round f to the nearest ten.
-10
Let b = 0.207 + -106.207. Let v = 229112.059 - 229218. Let u = b - v. What is u rounded to 2 decimal places?
-0.06
Let u = -193 - -193.0000153. What is u rounded to 7 decimal places?
0.0000153
Let o = -944.98723 - -945. Round o to two decimal places.
0.01
Let v = -59.59 - -59. Let c = v - -0.589649. What is c rounded to 4 decimal places?
-0.0004
Let m = -20.790002273 - -20.79. What is m rounded to 7 decimal places?
-0.0000023
Let u = -0.295 - -0.294156. Round u to four dps.
-0.0008
Suppose t - 2*t - 5*n + 53 = 0, t = -3*n + 43. Let c be (-4)/14 + 300420/t. Suppose -w + 16671 + c = 0. What is w rounded to the nearest 1000?
27000
Let t = -28 - -41. Let l = 10.062 - t. Let u = 0.038 + l. What is u rounded to the nearest integer?
-3
Let m be ((-36)/14)/(-5 - 6818/(-1372)). Round m to the nearest one thousand.
0
Let y = -39.983 + 42.26. Round y to the nearest integer.
2
Let z(j) = -3*j - 6. Let n be z(-3). Suppose n*t + 5*m + 3293223 = -1686762, 3*m = 9. Round t to the nearest 100000.
-1700000
Let h = -189 - -188.9999355. Round h to 5 dps.
-0.00006
Let r(x) = -8202*x + 2. Let t be r(1). What is t rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-8000
Let r = 18 + -20.152. Let h = r + 2.4. What is h rounded to one dp?
0.2
Let a = 2.2468 + -2.24. What is a rounded to two dps?
0.01
Suppose 0 = -9*p + 13*p + 10000000. What is p rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
-2500000
Let n = 235 + -235.0000018. Round n to 7 decimal places.
-0.0000018
Let c = -8 + -3.6. Let u = c - -11.89. Round u to 1 dp.
0.3
Let l be 3 - 3 - -3 - (10 + -1). Let y be 10/15 - (-2 - 588016/l). Round y to the nearest ten thousand.
-100000
Let m = -449.02815 - -449. What is m rounded to three dps?
-0.028
Let q = -2335244344.8 - -2335244052.79999797. Let b = q + 292. Round b to 6 decimal places.
-0.000002
Let q = -16.5 + 43.5. Let x = 6544.79 - 6571.7863. Let t = x + q. Round t to 3 decimal places.
0.004
Let h = -44.85 + 46. Let m = h - 2.18. Let n = m - -1.0662. What is n rounded to 3 dps?
0.036
Let q = -240 + 239.99105. Round q to 4 decimal places.
-0.009
Let n = 0.315808598 - 546.817807398. Let v = n + 546.332. Let o = v + 0.17. Round o to 6 decimal places.
0.000001
Let l(c) = -2*c + 65. Let n be l(31). Suppose -4*a + 2*x = -6*a + 16478, a - 8243 = n*x. Round a to the nearest 1000.
8000
Let f = -1.061 - -0.207. Let k = -0.8 - 0. Let z = k - f. Round z to two decimal places.
0.05
Let f = -399.6557 + 0.1557. Round f to the nearest 10.
-400
Let m = -29250168446 - -29250168569.00000067. Let w = m + -123. What is w rounded to 7 decimal places?
0.0000007
Let i = -1952 - -1952.01589. Round i to 3 decimal places.
0.016
Let g = 164 - 171.04. What is g rounded to 1 decimal place?
-7
Let r = 4.95 - 0.75. Let k = -4.2033 + r. Round k to 3 dps.
-0.003
Let h = 122 - 125.12. Let p = h + 33.52. What is p rounded to zero decimal places?
30
Let a = -3419022.1121 + 4140487.109. Let d = -721428 + a. Let y = -37 + d. What is y rounded to 3 dps?
-0.003
Let p = -9 - -9. Let c be 2*1/(-2) - p. Let l(n) = -15399*n**3 + n + 2. Let w be l(c). Round w to the nearest 1000.
15000
Let s = -360.695 - -0.695. Let u = s - -359.817. Round u to two decimal places.
-0.18
Suppose 2*j + 5334000 = -4*j. Round j to the nearest 100000.
-900000
Let o = -25890 - -25890.33187. Let w = o - 0.33. Round w to 4 decimal places.
0.0019
Let d = 938378.1611 + -938456. Let h = d - 2.1181. Let k = h - -80. Round k to two decimal places.
0.04
Let t(x) = -44096*x**3 + 12*x + 60. Let w be t(-5). What is w rounded to the nearest one million?
6000000
Let u = 2089 + -2075.39. Let r = 18 + -32. Let g = u + r. Round g to 1 decimal place.
-0.4
Let i = 328.0054 + -328. What is i rounded to four decimal places?
0.0054
Suppose -9*b = -6756027 - 6159873. Round b to the nearest ten thousand.
1440000
Let n(h) = 533328*h + 28. Let a(g) = -1066655* | 36,706,513 |
Pundits have long believed that public disdain for the Trump presidency would usher in an equally radical leftist to the Oval Office. Thomas Edsall of the New York Times has suggested that since “Trump threw out conventional wisdom,” Democrats may be in the position to “gamble on a similar strategy.” But somehow, Trump may prove them wrong yet again. In fact, the ascent of Joe Biden shows that Trump may just be helping moderate the Democratic primary.
Commentators on both sides of the aisle have repeatedly labeled Trump the ultimate harbinger of political extremism. Like Edsall, Sen. Ben Sasse, R-Neb., in his recent book Them, calls out Trump for stoking extremism and “political tribalism.” In other words, Trump’s unapologetic radicalism will send the pendulum in the opposite direction, setting the stage for a radical socialist to make political headway in unprecedented fashion.
On the surface, there is evidence to suggest that this phenomenon is true. Recent European Union parliamentary elections have shown that the center is folding. In France, President Emmanuel Macron’s party lost to the far more conservative Marine Le Pen; in Belgium, the extremist anti-immigrant and Green parties doubled their votes, ranking among the top political parties. In the United States, we’ve seen Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a former New York City bartender and self-proclaimed socialist, displace the third highest ranking Democrat in the House in one of the biggest upsets of 2016.
But if Trump has delivered the death knell of moderate politics, how do we account for the success of Joe Biden, a moderate Democrat? Unlike many in the field, Biden has disavowed progressive proposals like “Medicare for all” and the “Green New Deal,” and has branded himself as a continuation of the Obama years, rather than a "lurch to the left" as have his cohorts. He’s currently polling around 35% in national polls, twice the level of support earned by socialist Sen Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., the next runner-up, out of a field of 24 candidates. All this, despite sexual harassment accusations, a penchant for hair-sniffing, and more baggage than he can carry on the Amtrak. Something is working for him.
The magic word is electability. Many believe “Uncle Joe” from Scranton has sufficient rapport with middle America to steal away enough of Trump’s base. A recent poll shows that 56% of Democratic voters believe that Biden has what it takes beat Trump, as compared with 12% who believe that of Bernie Sanders, the next runner-up. Even young, radical Democrats, desperate to be rid of Trump, are willing to back old, white, un-P.C. Joe if they believe he has the best chance to win (even though they might prefer gay, women, or minority candidates).
Other candidates have likewise tried to tout their ability to beat Trump, with Pete Buttigieg presenting his young, intellectual persona as a foil to Trump, while Elizabeth Warren has opted to inundate voters with unrealistic, socialist policy proposals. But none have been as successful as the proudly un-woke Biden.
Were Hillary Clinton to have won, or even a more conventional Republican, it would be difficult to imagine that someone so removed from today’s progressive culture as Biden would be leading the race. Polling suggests that far more Democrats today are open to socialism, and are concerned with identity politics, than during the Obama years. Without Trump’s looming shadow, the Democratic primary would likely center around these issues, and Biden would find himself on opposite ends from most Democratic voters on healthcare, criminal justice reform, reparations, the environment, and much more. However, in the lead-up to 2020, it seems most Democrats outside the Twitter sphere are willing to compromise on Biden if it means kicking Trump out of office.
While Joe Biden would surely perform better in places like Pennsylvania, he risks alienating the far leftists who failed to turn out for Clinton after Sanders dropped out back in 2016. It seems many Democratic primary voters are gambling that Trump is so universally despised that even the most socialist among them will be willing to turn out for the “lesser of evils.”
Only time can tell whether that cynical ploy works in their favor. But it seems that even this early on, one thing is for certain: This election is bound to be a referendum on Trump. And as long as our loud and proud tweeter in chief commands the conversation, Democrats seem willing to run anyone they believe has the best chance of taking back the White House.
Adam Barsouk is a medical student, cancer researcher, and Young Voices contributor. | 36,706,781 |
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you mix your nutrients?
At Innovating Plant Products we just don’t mix and ship. We mix and settle then filter then test the product and settle again and filter until we are satisfied that the product can be shipped. There is no rushing the product out the door.
We make sure that each and every product leaves the plant the same every time. One of the things that we take great pride in is how we source the raw materials. We spend a lot of time searching out the best raw materials sourced from Canada and the USA. This allows us to not only keep our prices low but brings you the cleanest product on the market.
Do the products have a shelf life?
Innovating Plant Products do not have an expiry date. Saying that, there is a small chance that they can be affected by airborne mold or cross contamination from other products. The airborne mold is not harmful to the plant but can be visually unappealing. If you experience mold in the product do not panic, you can run it through a cheese cloth to separate the solids and still use the product If you have concerns please call the plant for instruction (1-250-286-8914) or email us at [email protected].
Cross contamination can occur during the mixing phase in your reservoir. Mixing your reservoir without rinsing your measuring device between products can cause binding of raw materials. The three products that can cause this are Ultimate Grow A (UGA) and Ultimate Bloom A (UBA) and also the HOG Micro (HM). The best rule of thumb is to mix the products into your res one at a time with a rinse of your measuring cup in-between each product UGA UBA and HM all contain Calcium. Calcium when mixed in a concentrated form will bind with Sulphates.
Hard water use Innovating Plant Products is safe with hard water use. If the ppm of the water is lower than 200 our Humic Acid (Black Storm) helps with chelating the extra Iron and Calcium. Some growers also lower the HOG Micro and both Ultimate Grow and Bloom A by 25% to combat the extra Calcium.
How to mix a reservoir properly?
Mixing a reservoir properly is essential in the success of your garden. Always start with a clean reservoir container. Then fill your reservoir the night before and add 250m I of H202 to 200 liters of water. This allows the water to reach a better temperature and the H202 helps control any unwanted pathogens from contaminating your medium. Place a couple of air stones connected to a fresh air source in the reservoir. Pull out your trusty feed chart, and line up all your Nutrients and begin.
Start with your bases. Add them one at a time with a good rinse between each one so your measuring device cannot cross contaminate the products. These are highly concentrated formulas, if combined in a concentrated form they will start to bind and continue to bind this causes your plant to receive less nutrients than required and could cause nutrient lock up. Once you have finished adding all the products let it mix for 15 minutes and you are ready to feed.
How to pH your reservoir?
Achieving your desired pH levels in your reservoir is absolutely necessary, but can be a bit complicated. If you add your pH adjuster too fast it will bind with the nutrients in your reservoir. A great rule of thumb is to add your concentrated pH ac:ljuster to 250m I of water and then add it to your reservoir very slowly If you see the nutrient solution getting cloudy in the reservoir as it is mixing in, slow down your pour a little more.
Coco – Coir use?
All our products are Coco Coir safe. Although Coco can be a little tricky to use, it is a great medium to grow in. Coco has a tendency to steal Calcium and Magnesium from your nutrient solution, which can lead to lack of Calcium and Magnesium for your plants.
Some growers combat this problem by adding a good Cal-Mag to the nutrient res in the veg cycle and the first two weeks of the flowering cycle. Now this is a suggestion, please do your research on this subject for yourself. If you use the best Coco-Coir medium that is already buffered you will find you get better results. For more information on Coco use please email us at [email protected] with your questions and we will be happy to answer them. | 36,706,825 |
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus and method and an image capturing apparatus and, more particularly, to an image processing apparatus and method and an image capturing apparatus that perform digital dodging.
Description of the Related Art
A so-called, wide-dynamic-range camera is drawing attention. This camera has a wide dynamic range and can clearly capture both an extremely bright object and dark object coexisting in the same angle of view. Various tone correction methods have been examined as a method capable of this wide-dynamic-range image capturing. For example, a dodging process performed in a darkroom is available for silver halide photographs, and there is a technique (digital dodging process) that implements this dodging process as digital image processing, and corrects an object having a difference between brightness and darkness, particularly, an object in backlight. Also, the digital dodging process is performed by changing the gain in order to adjust the strength.
In Japanese Patent No. 4376352, a histogram is divided, and the tone of a low-luminance portion is corrected such that the slope of the tone characteristic of a portion where luminances are distributed most is steep. There is also disclosed a technique that adjusts the interval of division levels in ascending order of luminance level.
Unfortunately, if the slope of the level is simply steepened as in the related art disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4376352, the tone may largely become discrete and deteriorate the image quality. | 36,707,025 |
1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-24-04225}
===============
As the modern lifestyle and prevalence of chronic diseases have become a relevant issue of concern, functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, and food supplements have become a significant area of research. Increasing sugar intake is of concern, because it may result in obesity, metabolic disorders, dental caries, and increased risk of noncommunicable diseases---hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer and others, which are responsible for more than half of all deaths worldwide \[[@B1-molecules-24-04225],[@B2-molecules-24-04225]\]. Possible harmful cardiometabolic mechanisms of action of dietary sugars include induction of inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, increasing insulin resistance, and impaired β-cell function \[[@B3-molecules-24-04225]\]. Sugars differ from each other in structure, effects, and applications. According to the structure, sugars can be referred to as: (1) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose), which have five or six carbon atoms, sweet taste and can be called reducing sugars; (2) disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose), which make up two or more monosaccharide units and may not have reducing properties; and (3) polyols---sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomalt, maltitol). Sugars may naturally present in food or can be added to food additionally by the manufacturer or consumer. The latter is considered to be more dangerous because of the faster absorption and conversion to fats \[[@B4-molecules-24-04225],[@B5-molecules-24-04225],[@B6-molecules-24-04225]\].
Deleterious health effects may occur if sugars are consumed in large amounts \[[@B3-molecules-24-04225]\]. The same can be said about any macro- or micronutrient. The moderate intake of sugars, which according to WHO should be less than 10% of total energy intake, does not increase the health risk \[[@B1-molecules-24-04225]\]. While excessive amounts of sugars are undoubtedly unhealthy, rational use of sugars can be favorable. Sugars are a prominent constituent of plants, acting as structure matter and molecule signal, regulating growth and enzyme activity \[[@B7-molecules-24-04225]\]. Furthermore, they are the main energy source for the human body and an ubiquitous ingredient of our food, providing a desirable sweet taste \[[@B4-molecules-24-04225],[@B8-molecules-24-04225]\].
It has been suggested that some sugars take part in the anti-adherence activity. Adhesin proteins, fimbriae or pili, expose adhesive lectins on the cell surface, which bind complementary carbohydrates on the tissues of the host, and thus permit *Escherichia coli* bacterial adhesion to the urothelium. Adhesin proteins can be mannose-resistant (p-fimbriae) or mannose-sensitive (type 1 fimbriae). The current hypothesis proposes that proanthocyanidins inhibit the adherence of p-fimbriae, and fructose inhibits adherence of type 1 fimbriae; consequently, uropathogenic bacteria cannot infect mucosal surface and postulate urinary tract infections \[[@B9-molecules-24-04225],[@B10-molecules-24-04225]\]. Hereby, fructose contributes to the disease-preventing properties of the most common bacterial infections, acquired in the community or hospitals \[[@B11-molecules-24-04225]\].
To avoid the harmful impact of sugars and to maintain their positive role, monitoring the concentration of sugars in food is needed, as well as choosing dietary sugars with low energy density that naturally occur in food---vegetables and fruits, including berries. According to this, lingonberries seem to be an appropriate source of dietary sugars \[[@B2-molecules-24-04225],[@B4-molecules-24-04225]\]. Lingonberry (*Vaccinium vitis-idaea* L.) is a native plant to the boreal forest of North Eurasia and North America, nowadays generally accessible in most countries of Europe, especially in Scandinavia. Lingonberries can be consumed fresh, bought at the local markets, or cooked in the form of juices, jams, jellies, compotes, and syrups \[[@B12-molecules-24-04225],[@B13-molecules-24-04225]\]. These berries are widely used in the human diet, especially sweetened products, which are more favorable for most consumers \[[@B14-molecules-24-04225]\]. Fruits of this low-growing, evergreen shrub, belonging to the genus *Vaccinium* L., are popular not only because of their unique taste, but also because of their high level of healthy bioactive compounds. Lingonberries are considered to be a good source of flavonols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, free amino acids, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and minerals \[[@B15-molecules-24-04225],[@B16-molecules-24-04225]\]. A wide spectrum of biological activities of lingonberries has been determined. Lingonberries exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activities and play a role in bacterial adhesion \[[@B12-molecules-24-04225],[@B17-molecules-24-04225]\]. Products of lingonberries are increasingly marketed as a natural solution for the treatment of various conditions, particularly urinary tract infections \[[@B18-molecules-24-04225]\].
However, the lingonberry's composition and activity have not yet been fully investigated to date. Lingonberry is one of the least studied raw in the *Ericaceae* family; besides that, most studies were conducted in the Nordic countries and focused mainly on phenolic compounds \[[@B19-molecules-24-04225]\]. Considering these berries' popularity in food and health and wellness products, it is necessary to examine their sugar profile, due to potentially adverse effects. Lingonberries have historically been collected from the wild, and this is still mainly the case today. There are some cultivars produced, but there is no large-scale cultivation, and plant breeding of lingonberry is still in its infancy \[[@B20-molecules-24-04225]\]. Cultivation of lingonberry can best meet the increased needs of plant material. To optimize horticulturally important traits, evaluation the phytochemical differences between cultivated and wild lingonberries is needed, as well as emphasis of factors such as optimal collecting time and environmental conditions leading to better yield.
To the best of our knowledge, there have been no comprehensive studies on sugar analysis of many lingonberry coenopopulations, considering phenological growth stages, altitude, and latitude of the berries' collecting locations. The variations of identified sugars have been presented for the first time for the cultivars and lower taxa. This is the first report on sugar composition of *V. vitis-idaea* var. *leucocarpum*, which is a unique white berry-bearing variety that is included in the National Genetic Resources of Lithuania. The obtained results will be really important to breeders for developing new cultivars and, of course, as a part of the ongoing interest in nutritional and nutraceutical properties of food, the content of sugars in lingonberries will be of interest to dietitians and may be used in the pharmaceutical industry in developing new products for consumers with special dietary requirements. Our results can contribute to quality improvement of lingonberry products, leading to increased acceptability of consumers and market size. The findings on the content of fructose in lingonberries may disclose the necessity of further studies on fructose from lingonberries as a natural anti-adhesive agent. The sugar profile and individual sugar ratio can also serve as a fruit authenticity tool to prevent adulterations.
Therefore, our aim was to characterize the sugar composition in wild clones from Lithuania, in seven cultivars ('Erntedank', 'Erntekrone', 'Kostromička', 'Kostromskaja rozovaja', 'Rubin', 'Sanna', 'Sussi') and lower taxa (*V. vitis-idaea* var. *leucocarpum*) of lingonberries, considering genetic and environmental factors.
2. Results {#sec2-molecules-24-04225}
==========
2.1. Method Validation {#sec2dot1-molecules-24-04225}
----------------------
Linearity for all sugars was evaluated between 0.0625 and 4 mg/mL. Calibration equations with their linearity coefficients of detected sugars in lingonberries presented in [Table 1](#molecules-24-04225-t001){ref-type="table"}. Limits of detection (LOD) of all tested sugars ranged between 11 and 18 µg/mL, and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 30 and 60 µg/mL. The precision values---repeatability and intermediate precision---were \< 2% (relative standard deviation (RSD) of retention times \< 1%, and RSD of peak areas \< 2%). It could be concluded that our method gave acceptable precision for sugar measurements because the intra- and inter-day variations RSD for sugars were very low. The average recoveries of sugars were 98.08--102.15%, thereby confirming the accuracy of this analytical method. Resolution values were greater than 1.5 and selectivity values were greater than 1, ensuring that the sample components were well separated.
2.2. Qualitative Analysis of Sugars in Wild and Cultivated Lingonberries {#sec2dot2-molecules-24-04225}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sixteen sugars, including mono- and disaccharides, as well as polyols, were searched in samples of wild and cultivated lingonberries. HPLC--ELSD results showed that only three sugars---fructose, glucose, and sucrose---were detected in all tested samples ([Figure 1](#molecules-24-04225-f001){ref-type="fig"}). Retention times of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were 7.109, 8.132, and 12.251 min, respectively.
2.3. Quantitative Analysis of Sugars in Wild Lingonberries {#sec2dot3-molecules-24-04225}
----------------------------------------------------------
Fructose and glucose were the most abundant sugars in wild lingonberry extracts ([Figure 2](#molecules-24-04225-f002){ref-type="fig"}). These sugars contributed up to 98.01% of total sugars (the sum of identified sugar amounts). Contents of sucrose varied considerably among lingonberries from different collecting locations---the coefficient of variation (CV) was 42.61%---whereas the content of fructose and glucose varied only slightly (CV = 11.78% and 10.58%, respectively). The highest (*p* \< 0.05) amounts of fructose were determined in Valkininkai (295.74 ± 13.80 mg/g dry weight (DW)), Gudžiai (286.63 ± 9.40 mg/g DW), and Aukštadvaris (280.58 ± 14.69 mg/g DW) forests, and the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) in Juodlė (214.98 ± 6.92 mg/g DW), Jurašiškės (215.97 ± 6.42 mg/g DW), and Gineitiškės (217.10 ± 6.80 mg/g DW) forests. Contents of glucose were quite similar among different collecting locations, with the highest (*p* \< 0.05) ones determined in lingonberries from Valkininkai forest (309.83 ± 15.18 mg/g DW), followed by Bingeliai, Aukštadvaris, Rudnia, and Marcinkonys forests. The lowest (*p* \< 0.05) amounts of glucose accumulated lingonberries collected from Juodlė, Gineitiškės, and Jurašiškės forests (226.06 ± 7.28, 227.26 ± 7.12, and 236.77 ± 7.04 mg/g DW, respectively). Contents of sucrose ranged between 7.76 ± 0.24 mg/g DW in Gineitiškės forest (contribution 1.72% of total sugars) and 43.01 ± 2.51 mg/g DW in Valkininkai forest (contribution 6.63% of total sugars). Considering the sums of sugars, it was determined that lingonberries from Valkininkai forest accumulated the highest (*p* \< 0.05) amount of total sugars (648.59 mg/g DW), meanwhile the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) amount was determined in lingonberries from Juodlė, Gineitiškės, and Jurašiškės forests (450.23, 452.13, and 469.29 mg/g DW, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that sugar levels in wild lingonberries negatively correlated (*p* \< 0.05) with latitudes and altitudes of their collecting locations.
The cluster analysis divided lingonberries from different collecting locations into four clusters, which differed statistically significant from each other ([Figure 3](#molecules-24-04225-f003){ref-type="fig"}). The first cluster consisted of the lingonberries from Juodlė, Gineitiškės, and Jurašiškės forests. Lingonberries collected from these forests distinguished themselves by the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) amounts of all types of detected sugars. Cluster two was the largest and included lingonberries from Gudžiai, Aukštadvaris, Rudnia, Bingeliai, Varėna, and Šilainė forests. Wild clones from these forests could be characterized by higher than average amounts of fructose and glucose and low amounts of sucrose. Lingonberries from Varčia and Marcinkonys forests were attributed to the third cluster. These lingonberries, on the contrary to the second cluster, accumulated lower than average amounts of fructose and glucose and high amounts of sucrose. Lingonberries from the Valkininkai forest surpassed lingonberries from other collecting locations by the highest (*p* \< 0.05) contents of all sugars, and were attributed to the fourth cluster. These results highlight differences between wild clones of lingonberries and their adaptability to growing and environmental conditions in different locations.
2.4. Quantitative Analysis of Sugars in Cultivated Lingonberries {#sec2dot4-molecules-24-04225}
----------------------------------------------------------------
Similarly to wild clones, the predominant sugars in cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries were fructose and glucose ([Figure 4](#molecules-24-04225-f004){ref-type="fig"}). Fructose contributed 43.51--49.49% and glucose contributed 47.40--50.29% of total sugars in different cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries. The highest contribution of glucose and fructose was found in *V. vitis-idaea* var. *leucocarpum* (98.16%), and the lowest one in 'Kostromskaja rozovaja' (92.08%). CV of fructose and glucose among tested cultivars and lower taxa were 15.55% and 14.27%, respectively, indicating that the contents of these sugars between cultivated lingonberries did not differ extremely. Significantly the highest contents of fructose were determined in 'Erntedank' (327.64 ± 15.01 mg/g DW), 'Erntekrone' (317.72 ± 16.57 mg/g DW), and 'Sussi' (311.01 ± 11.17 mg/g DW); meanwhile, the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) were in 'Sanna' (203.82 ± 7.32 mg/g DW) and 'Rubin' (232.47 ± 8.35 mg/g DW) cultivars of lingonberries. The content of glucose among tested cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries ranged between 214.78 ± 7.72 mg/g DW (in 'Sanna' cultivar) and 355.24 ± 18.53 mg/g DW (in 'Erntekrone' cultivar). Amounts of sucrose (1.84--7.92% of total sugars in different cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries) were considerably lower than that of other sugars, but varied within a wide range (CV = 49.85%). Significantly, the highest content of sucrose was found in 'Kostromskaja rozovaja' cultivar (47.29 ± 1.71 mg/g DW), whereas the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) in 'Sanna' cultivar (11.46 ± 0.41 mg/g DW) and *V. vitis-idaea* var. *leucocarpum* (10.68 ± 0.54 mg/g DW). It was noticed that 'Erntekrone' cultivar accumulated the highest (*p* \< 0.05) amount of total sugars (708.78 mg/g DW), whilst a lower amount of even more than one and a half times was determined in 'Sanna' cultivar.
After hierarchical cluster analysis, the lingonberry cultivars and lower taxa fruit samples were grouped into four significantly different clusters ([Figure 5](#molecules-24-04225-f005){ref-type="fig"}). The first cluster was distinguished by the highest amounts of total sugars, but the lowest of sucrose. The lingonberry cultivars attributed to this cluster were German cultivar 'Erntedank', Swedish cultivar 'Sussi', and Russian cultivar 'Kostromička'. Lingonberries of Russian ('Rubin') and Swedish origin ('Sanna') accumulated the lowest amounts of fructose and glucose and were attributed to the second cluster, whereas the highest amounts of these two sugars were determined in a cultivar of German origin ('Ertekrone'), which was attributed to the third cluster. The Russian origin 'Kostromskaja rozovaja' was attributed to the fourth cluster, which was characterized by the highest (*p* \< 0.05) amount of sucrose and the lowest amount of total sugars. The results of the cluster analysis of cultivated lingonberries indicate genetic variations in the levels of sugars.
2.5. Comparison of Sugars Between Wild and Cultivated Lingonberries {#sec2dot5-molecules-24-04225}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The same sugars with dominant fructose and glucose were found either in wild or cultivated lingonberries, collected at the same time---berry formation stage in 2017 ([Figure 6](#molecules-24-04225-f006){ref-type="fig"}). The average amounts of total sugars were 552.58 ± 63.57 mg/g DW in wild and 596.92 ± 85.78 mg/g DW in cultivated lingonberries. Compared with wild lingonberries, cultivated ones accumulated 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2 times higher amounts of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, respectively. Nevertheless, an independent samples *t*-test showed that there were no statistically significant differences between sugar amounts in the wild and cultivated lingonberries groups. Hence, domestication of lingonberries, genetical changes resulted from human selection, and also presently used constant fertilization, irrigation, and other monitored cultivation conditions had only a slight effect on the accumulation of sugars.
2.6. Sugars of Lingonberries During the Growing Season {#sec2dot6-molecules-24-04225}
------------------------------------------------------
The results show that levels of sugars varied unevenly during the growing season ([Figure 7](#molecules-24-04225-f007){ref-type="fig"}). The highest (*p* \< 0.05) amount of total sugars was found in lingonberries collected at the end of the vegetation (640.83 mg/g DW). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose levels in berries since the massive blooming stage till the end of the vegetation increased 20.23%, 18.56%, and 26.18%, respectively. Interestingly, the content of sucrose was the highest at the berry formation stage, but this content did not differ statistically significantly from the content accumulated at the end of the vegetation, and had no significant contribution to the total amount of sugars. According to the results, it is apparent that the amounts of sugars are increasing during the growing season, and lingonberries collected at the end of the vegetation are sweeter than those of the beginning of the vegetation.
3. Discussion {#sec3-molecules-24-04225}
=============
Lingonberries are described as very sour and quite tart berries with a little bit of sweetness. The flavor is very similar to cranberries. Organoleptic properties of lingonberries, like other fruits, are mainly determined by volatile compounds, sugars, organic acids, and their ratio \[[@B21-molecules-24-04225]\]. Since sugars in lingonberries affect consumer acceptability, a number of studies have been accomplished.
Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. analyzed various species of berries by the HPLC--RI method of analysis and detected glucose (37.9 ± 1.32 mg/g fresh weight (FW)), fructose (29.2 ± 0.71 mg/g FW), and sucrose (4.10 ± 0.45 mg/g FW) in wild lingonberries. Compared with other tested berries, the sugar level in lingonberries was just moderate. Similar contents of sugars were found in wild blackberries, red gooseberries, black mulberries, goji berries, and wild-grown elderberries \[[@B8-molecules-24-04225]\]. Almost the same amounts of sugars---up to 29, 36, and 2 mg/g FW of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, respectively---were determined earlier in lingonberries, bought from the local retail shop \[[@B22-molecules-24-04225]\]. The sugars were also found in the lingonberry juices, extracted with a hydraulic press. Viljakainen et al., by using the HPLC--RI method of analysis, found that amounts of fructose and glucose in Finnish lingonberry juices were almost equal (42.30 ± 0.27 and 42.38 ± 0.39 mg/mL, respectively) and contributed up to 98.6% of total sugars, whereas amounts of sucrose were very low (1.17 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Assessed amounts of total sugars were slightly higher in lingonberry juices than in juices of bilberry, cloudberry, blackcurrant, and strawberry, and almost two times higher than those of redcurrant, cranberry, and black crowberry \[[@B23-molecules-24-04225]\]. Recent studies have shown that sugars in lingonberry juices could be detected by a sensitive spectrophotometric method using enzymatic assay kits specific for these carbohydrates. It was proclaimed that squeezed lingonberry juices had 38.9 ± 0.43 mg/mL of fructose and 45.4 ± 0.71 mg/mL of glucose. Contents of sugars were similar to those of elderberry juices, but higher (*p* \< 0.05) than in cornelian cherry juices \[[@B24-molecules-24-04225]\]. One more report revealed that bioprocessing unaffected, fully riped Finnish lingonberries accumulated high amounts of fructose (260 ± 0.01 mg/g DW), glucose (248 ± 0.03 mg/g DW), and sucrose (23.0 ± 0.01 mg/g DW) \[[@B21-molecules-24-04225]\].
Our determined sugar amounts might seem higher than in previous studies, except the latter one, in which observed sugar composition was consistent with the results of the present study. It can be explained that in all of the researches mentioned above, except the latter one, the results were expressed for fresh raw material, meanwhile in ours for dry raw material (lyophilized lingonberries). The differences in contents of sugars also can be attributed primarily to the morphotype of lingonberries, as well as geographical locations, prevailing climatic conditions, fruit ripeness, their collecting date, and diversity of processing, extraction, and sugar analysis.
Notwithstanding the distinctions between sugar concentrations, contributions of fructose, glucose, and sucrose of total sugars were partly consistent in previous studies, and a number of reports proved that the main sugars of lingonberries are fructose and glucose. The amounts of other sugar components could appear only after hydrolysis of polysaccharide fraction. Ross et al., by using gas--liquid chromatography with FID detector, found impressively high amounts of arabinose, xylose, and galactose, and lower amounts of mannose, fucose, and rhamnose in water-extractable polysaccharides fraction from Northern Manitoba lingonberries \[[@B25-molecules-24-04225]\]. Some of these sugars were looked at in the present study as well, but results showed that they cannot be found in lingonberries as free sugars.
Results of the present study and literature data revealed that sugar concentration in lingonberries is higher than in the most popular berries, like bilberries, strawberries, and cranberries. However, the sweet taste is hidden because of the high organic acid content. Several studies have shown that lingonberries accumulate high amounts of citric, fumaric, and shikimic, and lower amounts of tartaric, benzoic and malic acids, which result in pH decreasing of lingonberries \[[@B8-molecules-24-04225],[@B21-molecules-24-04225],[@B23-molecules-24-04225]\]. Bioprocessing of lingonberries with enzymes, lactic acid bacterias, yeast, or their combination has an important impact on sugars composition, and enzyme treatment could be a potential tool for decreasing the acidic flavor of lingonberries \[[@B21-molecules-24-04225]\].
It is acknowledged that lingonberries are indigenous to the sandy, northern, temperate, boreal forests; they prefer light and well-drained, porous, acidic (pH range between 4.3 and 5.5) soils. However, lingonberries are not demanding---they are resistant to temperature fluctuations, require very little water, and can grow in very different habitats within its extensive natural range, from dry oligotrophic pinewoods to raised bogs \[[@B26-molecules-24-04225],[@B27-molecules-24-04225],[@B28-molecules-24-04225]\]. Lithuanian boreal forests seem to be a suitable place for the growth of lingonberries. Considering the sugar amounts in lingonberries from different collecting locations of Lithuania, it was noticed that the amounts of sugars in medium humidity, very infertile, pine tree with full sun or partial shade forests (e.g., Varėna, Valkininkai, Aukštadvaris, Marcinkonys) were higher (*p* \< 0.05) than in medium humidity, medium fertility, with large variety of tree species shaded forests (e.g., Gineitiškės, Jurašiškės). Thus, our results are in accordance with the literature data and indicate that lingonberries accumulate higher amounts of compounds in sunny, dry tree sites, and even very infertile land can be a great growth place for lingonberries. Detailed studies are needed on the accumulation of other bioactive compounds in different soils, determining the organic and mineral composition of the soil.
Our determined amounts of sugars in different cultivars of lingonberries were partly consistent with their description of the flavors and yield. Cultivars in which berries are characterized as weakly acidic or sweet-and-sour in taste were distinguished by the highest amounts of sugars ('Erntedank', 'Sussi', 'Kostromička', which were attributed to the same cluster, and 'Ertekrone', which was attributed to a separate cluster). Meanwhile, the cultivars in which berries are described as having a sour taste and producing poor fall crop accumulated the lowest amounts of fructose and glucose ('Sanna' and 'Rubin', which were attributed to the same cluster) \[[@B26-molecules-24-04225],[@B29-molecules-24-04225]\].
The composition of bioactive compounds in cultivated lingonberries is the subject of numerous studies. Lee et al. analyzed five different cultivars, including Swedish cultivars 'Sanna' and 'Sussi', which were also examined in our study. They assessed that lingonberries of these cultivars accumulated the lowest (*p* \< 0.05) amounts of amino acids and moderate amounts of anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total tannins \[[@B13-molecules-24-04225]\]. The lowest sugar productivity by 'Sanna' and one of the highest by 'Sussi' was observed in the present material. Phenolic compounds from lingonberry leaves within the same cultivars and lower taxa as in the present study were investigated previously by us. The greatest amounts of phenolics were found in the leaf extracts from 'Rubin' and 'Kostromskaja rozovaja' cultivars, whereas the lowest ones in 'Erntedank', 'Erntesegen', and 'Sanna' cultivars. The cluster analysis revealed that, according to the composition of phenolic compounds, the clusters were related to the countries of origin, especially with German and Russian origin cultivars \[[@B30-molecules-24-04225]\]. According to the present findings, 'Rubin' and 'Kostromskaja rozovaja' cultivars accumulated just moderate amounts of sugars in berries, 'Sanna' with the lowest (*p* \< 0.05), and 'Erntedank', 'Erntesegen' with the highest ones. Furthermore, there was no link between the cultivar country of origin and the quantities of sugars in berries. Contents of sugars do not seem to correlate with the contents of other compounds in the same cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries. The productivity of cultivars in terms of sugars and in terms of other compounds is probably different. However, it is hard to compare the results from the earlier and present study, because of the different studied cultivars or raw materials.
Taking into account the importance of genetic differences and control of cultivation conditions, it is anticipated that amounts of bioactive compounds should be different among wild clones and cultivated plants. Notwithstanding, we found that there were no statistically significant differences in sugar amounts between cultivated and wild lingonberries. Several researchers found higher levels of phenolic compounds in wild fruits, meanwhile, the concentration of total sugars was quite similar between cultivated and wild fruits, as in our study \[[@B8-molecules-24-04225],[@B31-molecules-24-04225],[@B32-molecules-24-04225]\]. This information could be relevant for breeders that are interested in sugar levels in the development of new cultivars, and it indicates that they should look at some other cultivation techniques that may help affect the sugar content. The successful development of lingonberry cultivars would increase the market size.
Altitude and latitude of location have an impact on temperature and solar radiation. As the latitude of a location increases, it receives less sunlight, whereas increasing altitude results in a decrease in pressure and thus in temperature. It is anticipated that most plants may adapt to higher latitudes and altitudes. Harsh weather conditions could affect processes associated with plant development and significantly enhance the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds \[[@B33-molecules-24-04225],[@B34-molecules-24-04225]\]. Vyas et al. determined that amounts of secondary metabolites---anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and total antioxidant activity---of wild lingonberries positively correlated with latitude and altitude of the berries' collecting locations \[[@B35-molecules-24-04225]\]. Our study showed contrary results---higher altitude and latitude, less sunlight and lower temperature reduced sugar production in lingonberries. Consequently, we suggest that the synthesis of primary metabolites does not intensify under the harsh weather conditions.
The variability and contents of bioactive compounds in plants depend on many factors, such as the already discussed genetic and environmental factors, cultivation conditions, processing, extraction method, and also maturity stage \[[@B36-molecules-24-04225]\]. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the amounts of bioactive compounds in various berries during the growing season, thus finding out the optimal collecting time \[[@B36-molecules-24-04225],[@B37-molecules-24-04225],[@B38-molecules-24-04225]\]. Hence, we figured out that the changes in the sugar levels during the growing season were apparent in lingonberries and the highest amounts accumulated at the end of the vegetation. So, late September would be the optimal collecting time for those who prefer sweeter berries. Analysis of the relationship of sugar amounts in lingonberries and consumer expectations would help to develop the best quality standards for collecting dates.
Although there are considerable amounts of sugars in lingonberries, there is no need to worry about high sugar intake with these berries leading to deleterious health effects. These effects may occur if only more than about 1.25 kg of fresh lingonberries would be eaten daily, and more than 2.5 kg/day of fresh lingonberries would contribute to weight gain \[[@B6-molecules-24-04225]\]. Meanwhile, the moderate intake of lingonberries may trigger satiety and promote a positive energy balance due to sugars; also lingonberry inclusion in the diet predisposes prevention of various human chronic diseases, because of the richness of the phenolic antioxidants \[[@B39-molecules-24-04225]\]. Published papers show the potential benefit of lingonberries against diabetes and hypertension. These berries can inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, anti-diabetic agent acarbose, and significantly enhance glucose uptake in human liver cells, decreasing glycemia and insulin levels \[[@B40-molecules-24-04225],[@B41-molecules-24-04225]\]. Kivimäki et al. reported that lingonberry juices at small concentrations affect plasma inflammatory markers, clinical chemistry variables, and may lower blood pressure in long-term treatment \[[@B42-molecules-24-04225]\]. Furthermore, lingonberry extracts with strong antioxidant function consumed orally or topically can protect dermal collagen protein, reduce the production and activity of elastinase, relieve skin wrinkles and colored spots, and thus improve skin conditions \[[@B43-molecules-24-04225],[@B44-molecules-24-04225]\]. Therefore, products of lingonberries are promising beauty and health therapeutic candidates in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
4. Materials and Methods {#sec4-molecules-24-04225}
========================
4.1. Chemicals and Solvents {#sec4dot1-molecules-24-04225}
---------------------------
Analytical and chromatographic grade reference compounds were used for this study: Xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, ribose, fructose, mannose, adonitol, sucrose, maltose, lactose, and maltitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). HPLC grade acetonitrile was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Steinheim, Germany), and purified deionized water (18.2 mW/cm) was produced using the Millipore (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) water purification system.
4.2. Plant Material {#sec4dot2-molecules-24-04225}
-------------------
### 4.2.1. Wild Lingonberries {#sec4dot2dot1-molecules-24-04225}
The description of collecting locations of tested lingonberry wild clones is displayed in [Table 2](#molecules-24-04225-t002){ref-type="table"}. These collecting locations of wild clones differed from each other by soil moisture and degree of yield, therefore by the quality of growing conditions. The soil of lingonberry collecting locations was medium humidity, very infertile, with predominant Scots pine (*Pinus sylvestris* L.) tree species in Varėna, Valkininkai, Aukštadvaris, Marcinkonys, and Juodlė forests; medium humidity, infertile, with predominant Silver birch (*Betula pendula* Roth) and European spruce (*Picea abies* (L.) H. Karst.) tree species in Rudnia and Gudžiai forests; and medium humidity, medium fertility, with a large variety of tree species in Gineitiškės, Varčia, and Jurašiškės forests.
Samples of wild lingonberries were collected in berry formation stage (third decade of August, 2017) in the twelve forests mentioned above, and also during different vegetative phases: Massive blooming (2 August, 2017), summer blooming (12 August, 2017), berry formation (21 August, 2017), berry ripening (2 September, 2017), massive berry ripening (16 September, 2017), and at the end of the vegetation (26 September, 2017) in Rudnia forest. These collecting times were chosen according to the lingonberry vegetative phases in Lithuania \[[@B26-molecules-24-04225]\].
Lithuania, a flat country overlooking the Baltic Sea, has a humid continental climate, which can be described as a typical European continental influenced climate with warm, dry summers and fairly severe winters. Agricultural land covers more than 50% of Lithuania; forested land consists of about 28%, with 1.8 million ha. Lithuania is situated within the so-called mixed forest belt, with a high percentage of broadleaves and mixed conifer--broadleaved stands. The average solar radiation during the lingonberries' growing season from April to September of 2017 was 490 MJ/m^2^ and ranged between 259 MJ/m^2^ in September and 710 MJ/m^2^ in May; meanwhile, the average precipitation was 61 mm and ranged between 20 mm in May and 125 mm in September. Average temperatures varied from 5 °C in April to 17 °C in August. The lowest moisture (53%) during the lingonberries' growing season in 2017 was determined in May, meanwhile the highest ones---75% and 80%---in August and September, respectively, when berries were collected for this study. It should be noted that the duration of sunshine in 2017 in Lithuania was about 1600 h, and it is much lower compared with previous years; meanwhile, the average temperature of 2017 years was 7.6 °C, which is 0.7 °C above standard climate rate. The meteorological data were obtained from the archive of the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service under the Ministry of Environment.
### 4.2.2. Cultivated Lingonberries {#sec4dot2dot2-molecules-24-04225}
The cultivated lingonberries were collected in the field collection of the Botanical Garden of Šiauliai University (55°55′57′′N, 23°16′59′′E (WGS)). The following seven cultivars of lingonberry were tested: Russian cultivars---'Kostromskaja rozovaja' (registered in 1995), 'Kostromička' (1995), and 'Rubin' (1995); Swedish cultivars---'Sanna' (1987) and 'Sussi' (1986); and German cultivars---'Erntedank' (1975) and 'Erntekrone' (1978). Also, one variety (taxonomic rank between subspecies and form) of lingonberries---*V. vitis-idaea* var. *leucocarpum* Asch. et Magnus ---was included in the study. Lingonberries belonging to this variety distinguish themselves by white berries, and the first time they were found was in 1993 in the forest of Svencioneliai district, Lithuania \[[@B27-molecules-24-04225],[@B45-molecules-24-04225]\].
Lingonberries were cultivated in a partially shaded place, with acidic and well-drained soil. According to meteorological situation, fertilization and irrigation were periodically applied. The dynamics of meteorological factors during the growing season of cultivated lingonberries corresponded to those of wild clones. Fruits of different cultivars and lower taxa of lingonberries were collected at the end of August 2017 (berry formation stage).
4.3. Sample Preparation and Extraction of Sugars {#sec4dot3-molecules-24-04225}
------------------------------------------------
After collecting, lingonberries were immediately frozen and subjected to lyophilization in ZIRBUS sublimator 3 × 4 × 5/20 (ZIRBUS Technology, Bad Grund, Germany) at a pressure of 0.01 mbar (condenser temperature, --85 °C). To grind lyophilized berries to a fine powder, the Retsch 200 mill (Haan, Germany) was used. Lyophilizates of lingonberries were comprised of 0.5 kg berries of each cultivar, lower taxa or wild clones from different forests. All obtained results were re-calculated for dry raw plant material.
One gram of the ground lyophilized lingonberries was added to 15 mL of distilled water in the conical flask and extracted three times in an ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic P, Singen, Germany) for 10 min. After the extraction, the homogenates were centrifugated for 5 min at 8500 rpm in a Biofuge Stratos centrifuge, and obtained supernatants were filtered through a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany).
4.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Sugars by HPLC--ELSD Method {#sec4dot4-molecules-24-04225}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The determination of sugar contents was performed using the Waters 2695 Alliance system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a Waters 2424 evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD). Separation of sugars was carried out using Shodex SUGAR SZ5532 (Showa Denko KK) column (150 × 6.0 mm), according to the methodology described by Zymone et al. \[[@B46-molecules-24-04225]\]. The gradient consisted of eluent A (water) and B (acetonitrile) and followed: 0--5 min---81% B, 5--20 min---81--70% B, 20--22 min---70% B, 23 min---81% B, with the eluent flow rate---1 mL/min and injection volume---10 µL. As the ELSD nebulizer gas (25 psi), nitrogen was used and tube temperature was set to 60 °C. Chromatographic peak identification was carried out by comparing the retention times of the analyte and reference compounds. For sugar quantification, calibration curves were constructed.
4.5. Method Validation {#sec4dot5-molecules-24-04225}
----------------------
The analytical HPLC--ELSD method was validated in terms of linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision accuracy, and system suitability according to the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines \[[@B47-molecules-24-04225]\]. To find out the linearity, standard solutions of authentic samples of sugars were prepared. The standard curves were based on five concentrations, each analyzed in triplicate. LOD and LOQ were determined based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The detection limit was defined as the concentration that gave a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) \>3 and the quantification limit as the concentration that gave S/N \>10. The precision of the method was evaluated by measurement in intra-day (for repeatability) and inter-day (for intermediate precision) variability tests, calculating the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak areas or retention times. Accuracy of the method was expressed as percent recoveries, which were studied by adding known amounts of standards to the samples. System suitability parameters---resolution and selectivity---were calculated using Empower™ System Suitability software.
4.6. Statistical Analysis {#sec4dot6-molecules-24-04225}
-------------------------
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). The amounts of sugars were expressed as the mean (M) of three measurements ± standard deviation (SD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test and independent samples t-test were performed to determine the significant differences among the wild and cultivated lingonberries (*α* = 0.05). Correlations were tested using Pearson's correlation test. Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out using the centroid clustering method with squared Euclidean distances.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-molecules-24-04225}
==============
Observed sugar amounts in lingonberries are not dangerously high, and consequently, do not seem to be hazardous for consumers of food or health and wellness products of lingonberries. The same sugars with dominant fructose, glucose, and low amounts of sucrose were found in wild and cultivated lingonberries. As a lingonberry product authentication tool, these simple sugars could be searched to prevent adulterations. The presence of moderate levels of fructose in lingonberries reveals potential type 1 fimbriae inhibiting activity and relevance for further studies. Intraspecific variability was detected when comparing the content of sugars in wild clones or cultivated lingonberries, regarding to phenological growth stages. The highest contents of sugars were observed in berries collected at the end of the vegetation---full ripening stage, from sunny, well-drained soil locations with higher solar radiation and temperature. Consideration of these factors may result in lingonberry yields with preferred sugar levels. Naturally sweeter food products of lingonberries would reduce the need for added sugars, whereas reduced sugar levels in orally consumed pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals would increase the acceptability of consumers.
**Sample Availability:** Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Conceptualization, L.R.; methodology, R.R.; investigation, G.V. and J.V.; resources, R.V. V.M. and D.B.; data curation, G.V. and R.R.; visualization, G.V.; writing---original draft preparation, G.V.; writing---review and editing, L.R. and V.M.; supervision, L.R.
This research received no external funding.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
{#molecules-24-04225-f001}
{#molecules-24-04225-f002}
{#molecules-24-04225-f003}
{#molecules-24-04225-f004}
{#molecules-24-04225-f005}
{#molecules-24-04225-f006}
{#molecules-24-04225-f007}
molecules-24-04225-t001_Table 1
######
The linearity of calibration curves of lingonberry sugars.
Component Calibration Equation Coefficient of Determination *R*^2^ Coefficient of Correlation *R*
----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------------------------
Fructose Y = 1.80 X + 44.9 0.9998 0.9999
Glucose Y = 2.00 X − 26.3 0.9876 0.9938
Sucrose Y = 1.77 X + 82.2 0.9999 0.9999
molecules-24-04225-t002_Table 2
######
Collecting locations of wild lingonberries, with their latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes.
Forest Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Altitude (m)
-------------- -------------- --------------- --------------
Rudnia 54.40 24.49 137
Gineitiškės 54.49 24.39 155
Marcinkonys 54.07 24.43 123
Varėna 54.29 24.44 136
Valkininkai 54.36 24.85 116
Gudžiai 54.36 24.43 136
Bingeliai 54.15 24.25 112
Šilainė 54.08 23.71 135
Varčia 54.32 24.21 148
Aukštadvaris 54.57 24.61 167
Juodlė 55.83 22.94 141
Jurašiškės 54.10 23.89 135
| 36,707,033 |
Identification of QTLs of resistance to white mold in common bean from multiple markers by using Bayesian analysis.
In this study, we identified simple sequence repeat, ampli-fied fragment length polymorphism, and sequence-related amplified poly-morphism markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to white mold disease in common bean progenies derived from a cross between lines CNFC 9506 and RP-2, evaluated using the oxalic acid test and using Bayesian analysis. DNA was extracted from 186 F₂ plants and their parental lines for molecular analysis. Fifteen experiments were car-ried out for phenotypic analysis, which included 186 F₂:₄ progenies, the F₁ generation, the F₂ generation, and the lines CNFC 9506, RP-2, and G122 as common treatments. A completely randomized experimental design with 3 replications was used in controlled environments. The adjusted means for the F₂:₄ generation were to identify QTLs by Bayesian shrink-age analysis. Significant differences were observed among the progenies for the reaction to white mold. The moving away method under the Bayes-ian approach was effective for identifying QTLs when it was not possible to obtain a genetic map because of low marker density. Using the Wald test, 25 markers identified QTLs for resistance to white mold, as well as 16 simple sequence repeats, 7 amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and 2 sequence-related amplified polymorphisms. The markers BM184, BM211, and PV-gaat001 showed low distances from QTLs related white mold resistance. In addition, these markers showed, signal effects with increasing resistance to white mold and high heritability in the analysis with oxalic acid, and thus, are promising for marker-assisted selection. | 36,707,050 |
The Differences Between a Crime Novel, Mystery Novel and Thriller Novel
To pitch the right agents, you first need to know exactly what it is you’re pitching. Learn the subtle differences among the many subgenres of suspense—and how to meet and exceed expectations in every one.
One of the first things to consider when setting out, therefore, is what kinds of expectations your story creates, so you can go about gratifying readers in surprising ways.
This is particularly true of writing in a genre, where conventions can seem ironclad—or all too often degrade into formula. And formula, by definition, surprises no one.
The suspense genres in particular have a number of seemingly hard and fast rules that a writer defies at his peril. And yet the most satisfying mysteries, thrillers and crime stories find a way to create a new take on those rules to fashion something fresh, interesting, original. In other words, while you don’t want to mistakenly pitch your cozy mystery to an agent who wants only high-octane thrillers, you also want to make sure that when you connect with that cozy-loving agent, she’ll be jumping to sign you because your cozy stands out from the rest.
Mystery Novels
A crime is committed—almost always a murder—and the action of the story is the solution of that crime: determining who did it and why, and obtaining some form of justice. The best mystery stories often explore man’s unique capacity for deceit—especially self-deceit—and demonstrate a humble respect for the limits of human understanding. This is usually considered the most cerebral (and least violent) of the suspense genres.
Thematic emphasis:How can we come to know the truth? (By definition, a mystery is simply something that defies our usual understanding of the world.)
Structural distinctions: The basic plot elements of the mystery form are:
The baffling crime
The singularly motivated investigator
The hidden killer
The cover-up (often more important than the crime itself, as the cover-up is what conceals the killer)
Discovery and elimination of suspects (in which creating false suspects is often part of the killer’s plan)
Additional Reader Expectations:
The Hero: Whether a cop, a private eye, a reporter or an amateur sleuth, the hero must possess a strong will to see justice served, often embodied in a code (for example, Harry Bosch’s “Everyone matters or no one matters” in the popular Michael Connelly series). He also often possesses not just a great mind but great empathy—a fascination not with crime, per se, but with human nature.
The Villain: The crime may be a hapless accident or an elaborately staged ritual; it’s the cover-up that unifies all villains in the act of deceit. The attempt to escape justice, therefore, often best personifies the killer’s malevolence. The mystery villain is often a great deceiver, or trickster, and succeeds because she knows how to get others to believe that what’s false is true.
Setting: Although mysteries can take place anywhere, they often thematically work well in tranquil settings—with the crime peeling back the mask of civility to reveal the more troubling reality beneath the surface.
Reveals: Given its emphasis on determining the true from the untrue, the mystery genre has more reveals than any other—the more shocking and unexpected, the better.
Mystery Subgenres
➤ Cozy: One of the ironic strengths of this subgenre is the fact that, by creating a world in which violence is rare, a bloody act resonates far more viscerally than it would in a more urban or disordered setting. Reader Expectations: A unique and engaging protagonist: Father Brown, Miss Marple, Kinsey Millhone. The crime should be clever, requiring ingenuity or even brilliance on the hero’s part to solve. Secondary characters can be coarse, but never the hero—or the author. Justice triumphs in the end, and the world returns to its original tranquility.
➤ Hard-boiled: The hero is a cop or PI, tough and capable. The moral view is often that of hard-won experience in the service of innocence or decency. The hero tends to be more world-weary than bitter—but that ice can get slippery. Reader Expectations: A strong hero who can “walk the mean streets but who is not himself mean,” as Raymond Chandler once put it. A realistic portrayal of crime and its milieu, with detailed knowledge of criminal methods and investigative techniques. The style is often brisk and simple, reflecting the unpretentious nature of the hero, who is intelligent but not necessarily learned. Although the hero almost always sees that justice prevails, there is usually a bittersweet resolution. The streets remain mean; such is the human condition.
➤ Police Procedural: A cousin to the hard-boiled subgenre, with the unit or precinct taking over for the lone cop. Reader Expectations: Much like the hard-boiled detective story, but with a larger cast and special focus on police tactics, squad-room psychology, station-house politics, and the tensions between the police and politicians, the media and the citizenry.
➤ Medical, Scientific or Forensic Mystery: A refinement of the police procedural in which the protagonists—doctors, medical examiners, forensic pathologists or other technical experts—use intelligence and expertise, not guns, as their weapons. Reader Expectations: Similar to the police procedural, with extra emphasis on the physical details of analyzing unusual evidence.
➤ Legal or Courtroom Drama: The crime is seen through the eyes of the lawyers prosecuting or defending the case. Reader Expectations: A meticulous rendering of criminal court procedure and politics, along with how police and prosecutors work together (or don’t).
Crime
In this genre the focus is on the contest of wills between the lawman hero and the outlaw opponent, and their differing views of morality and the aspects of society they represent. The greatest crime stories deal with a moral accounting on the part of the hero for his entire life, or provide some new perspective on the tension between society and the individual.
Thematic emphasis:What is a just society? The story world of the novel is out of balance, somewhere between a state of nature (where chaos prevails and those with money and/or guns wield power) and a police state (where paranoia prevails and the state monopolizes power). The hero hopes in some way to rectify that imbalance.
Other moral themes can include the challenge of decency, honor and integrity in a corrupt world; individual freedom versus law and order; and the tension between ambition and obligations to others.
Structural distinctions: There is seldom any “mystery” as to who the criminal is. Typically the story starts with a brilliant or daring crime, and then a cat-and-mouse game of wits and will ensues, with the tension created by the increasing intensity of the battle between the opponents. The underlying question is: Will the cops prevail before the opponent stages his next crime?
Given the similarity to war and action stories, the prose often tends toward the naturalistic.
Additional Reader Expectations:
The Hero: Usually a tough and capable cop (or vigilante) who believes in the society she defends despite its flaws, the crime fiction hero is often seen as an outcast but is revealed to be the most morally engaged character in the story.
The Villain: Routinely a tough and brilliant criminal who considers the system rigged and the society inherently flawed, he is often a kind of Luciferian rebel—the rogue individual par excellence—even if he commands a crew or organization.
Setting: This genre gravitates toward urban locales, but suburban, rural and even wilderness settings have all been used to great effect. Let the setting ground the moral theme.
Reversals: Just as the mystery genre, by focusing on the search for truth, obliges numerous reveals, the crime genre, by focusing on battle, obliges numerous reversals—with the hero and the villain trading knockout blows and suffering serious setbacks to their respective plans.
The Noir Subgenre
Here, the criminal, or someone who is morally compromised—perhaps even a cop—serves as hero. The moral calculus is usually Bad vs. Worse.
Generally, the “hero” finds himself in some sort of desperate situation, or is tempted into one by an opportunity he sees as his last, best chance at the brass ring. The lure of sex or money routinely leads to violence and often betrayal. If the hero is a cop, the reader is never quite sure whether he’s going to solve a crime or commit one. Or both. Reader Expectations: The real allure is the psychology of temptation and desperation, the little guy trying not to drown. Readers expect plot twists, often based on the hero’s inability to see what he’s up against.
Thriller
Where mystery stories represent the most cerebral of the three major suspense genres, and crime stories the most dramatic, thrillers are typically the most emotional, focusing on the fear, doubt and dread of the hero as she faces some form of what Dean Koontz has deemed “terrible trouble.” This genre is a hybrid of mystery and horror. However, the thriller also shares a literary lineage with the epic and myth. Monsters, terror and peril prevail.
Thematic emphasis: The dangerous world we live in, the vulnerability of the average person, and the inherent threat of the unknown.
Structural distinctions: The plot often proceeds along these lines:
A devastating crime is about to be committed, or has been committed with the threat of an even worse one in the wings.
The perpetrator is known, but his guilt is not absolutely certain—or the hero wishes not to accept the truth of his guilt. (The uncertainty enhances the suspense.)
The hero is under constant attack as she tries to definitively prove the perpetrator’s guilt and/or stop the next atrocity. (Note the difference from the mystery genre, where the villain typically remains hidden.)
Additional Reader Expectations:
The Hero: Given the relentless attack the villain inflicts, and the emphasis on terror and dread, the thriller hero must be vulnerable—not just physically but psychologically.
The Villain: In the best thrillers, the villain either targets the hero specifically from the outset or learns through the course of the story what his particular weaknesses and wants are, and targets them for ruthless attack.
Setting: Whether as small as a cottage in the woods or as large as the planet, the world the hero seeks to protect represents everything she values. The stakes are ultimate.
Thriller Subgenres
➤ Epic Thriller: This usually concerns the threat of some catastrophe affecting whole communities, cities, countries, even the planet. The threat need not be total devastation—the assassination of a leader will do—but the effect of the action must be profound.
The villain can be a terrorist, a diabolical genius, or an ordinary person with an oversized grudge and a unique capacity for damage.
Given the scope of the threat, the protagonist must possess the skills to defeat the villain, and thus is often a soldier, a spy, a trained assassin, a cop, or a civilian with a special skill set. The action is brisk, even nonstop, and the climax needs to be both thoroughly foreshadowed (we need to know the basic parameters of the threat all along, and the measures being taken to stop it) and unexpected (plot twists are not optional—they’re required). This is a pull-out-all-the-stops genre. Reader Expectations: A diabolical plot, a superbly capable and motivated nemesis, a hero with an impossible mission, breakneck pacing, and clever but credible plot twists.
➤ Psychological Thriller/Suspense: Here the threat is still diabolical but more contained, even intimate—usually targeting the protagonist and/or his family—and the hero is often a relatively “ordinary” man, woman or child. The pacing is a bit more deliberate, to reflect the ordinary person’s difficulty understanding the exact nature of the threat—and the enemy—and then struggling to respond. The third act, however, moves briskly. Reader Expectations: Emphasis is on the eerie over the sensational. Twists again are key, with chapters routinely ending in one disturbing revelation after another. Character is more important than pacing, but pacing can’t be neglected. This subgenre demands an ability to reveal dread and panic without explosions or car chases.
➤ Supernatural Thriller: This subgenre is something of a hybrid, in that the nemesis presents an overwhelming threat—he might be Satan himself—and yet that threat is often focused on a single soul or a mere few, rather than the whole of mankind, at least within the story. Reader Expectations: An amplification of the powers available to the villain, whether the threat posed is truly spiritual or merely psychological in nature. Also, obviously, a credibly rendered menace from the spirit realm.
Stumbling into a mystery, thriller or crime story without understanding what agents, editors and readers expect is a recipe for disaster. Know what they want—and then find a way to gratify that desire in ways they don’t see coming. Your efforts will be rewarded with a resounding yes.
This guest post is by David Corbett, who is the award-winning author of five novels, the story collection Killing Yourself to Survive and the nonfiction work, The Art of Character. David is a regular contributor to Writer's Digest. He resides in Northern California with his wife and their Wheaten terrier. Find him online at davidcorbett.com. | 36,707,155 |
Jun Zhao
Jun obtained her Master Degree of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University with two years professional training of second language acquisition and pedagogy. Before joining New Concept Mandarin, Jun worked as a Chinese teacher in Palacky University in Czech Republic and was responsible for teaching Mandarin lessons and assisting Cantonese lessons and Calligraphy workshops. Jun always conducts her class in a fun and relaxed way which helps students enjoy participating in Mandarin conversations. | 36,707,207 |
Q:
Python / Pandas: Eliminate for Loop using 2 DataFrames
First time asking a question here so hopefully I will make my issue clear. I am trying to understand how to better apply a list of scenarios (via for loop) to the same dataset and summarize results. *Note that once a scenario is applied, and I pull the relevant statistical data from dataframe and put into the summary table, I do not need to retain the information. Iterrows is painfully slow as I have tens of thousands of scenarios I want to run. Thank you for taking the time to review.
I have two Pandas dataframes: df_analysts and df_results:
1) df_analysts contains a specific list of factors (e.g. TB,JK,SF,PWR) scenarios of weights (e.g. 50,50,50,50)
TB JK SF PWR
0 50 50 50 50
1 50 50 50 100
2 50 50 50 150
3 50 50 50 200
4 50 50 50 250
2) df_results holds results by date and group and entrant an then ranking by each factor, finally it has the final finish result.
Date GR Ent TB-R JK-R SF-R PWR-R Fin W1 W2 W2 W4 SUM(W)
0 11182017 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 11182017 1 2 3 2 3 2 1
2 11182017 1 3 1 3 1 3 3
3 11182017 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
4 11182017 2 2 2 1 1 2 1
3) I am using iterrows to
loop through each scenario in the df_analysts dataframe
apply weight scenario to each factor rank (if rank = 1, then 1.0*weight, rank = 2, then 0.68*weight, rank = 3, then 0.32*weight). Those results go into the W1-W4 columns.
Sum the W1-W4 columns.
Rank the SUM(W) column.
Result sample below for a single scenario (e.g. 50,50,50,50)
Date GR Ent TB-R JK-R SF-R PWR-R Fin W1 W2 W2 W4 SUM(W) Rank
0 11182017 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 34 50 34 50 168 1
1 11182017 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 16 34 16 34 100 3
2 11182017 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 50 16 50 16 132 2
3 11182017 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 34 34 34 50 152 2
4 11182017 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 50 50 50 34 184 1
4) Finally, for each scenario, I am creating a new dataframe for the summary results (df_summary) which logs the factor / weight scenario used (from df_analysts) and compares the RANK result to the Finish by date and group and keeps a tally where they land. Sample below (only the 50,50,50,50 scenario is shown above which results in a 1,1).
Factors Weights Top Top2
0 (TB,JK,SF,PWR) (50,50,50,50) 1 1
1 (TB,JK,SF,PWR) (50,50,50,100) 1 0
2 (TB,JK,SF,PWR) (50,50,50,150) 1 1
3 (TB,JK,SF,PWR) (50,50,50,200) 1 0
4 (TB,JK,SF,PWR) (50,50,50,250) 1 1
A:
You could merge your analyst and results dataframe and then perform the calculations.
def factor_rank(x,y):
if (x==1): return y
elif (x==2): return y*0.68
elif (x==3): return y*0.32
df_analysts.index.name='SCENARIO'
df_analysts.reset_index(inplace=True)
df_analysts['key'] = 1
df_results['key'] = 1
df = pd.merge(df_analysts, df_results, on='key')
df.drop(['key'],axis=1,inplace=True)
df['W1'] = df.apply(lambda r: factor_rank(r['TB-R'], r['TB']), axis=1)
df['W2'] = df.apply(lambda r: factor_rank(r['JK-R'], r['JK']), axis=1)
df['W3'] = df.apply(lambda r: factor_rank(r['SF-R'], r['SF']), axis=1)
df['W4'] = df.apply(lambda r: factor_rank(r['PWR-R'], r['PWR']), axis=1)
df['SUM(W)'] = df.W1 + df.W1 + df.W3 + df.W4
df["rank"] = df.groupby(['GR','SCENARIO'])['SUM(W)'].rank(ascending=False)
You may also want to check out this question which deals with improving processing times on row based calculations:
How to apply a function to mulitple columns of a pandas DataFrame in parallel
| 36,707,226 |
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It’s not that school campuses are no longer safe – it’s that they are no longer as safe as students, parents and teachers want them to be.
As a result, Granite Bay High School – along with many other schools across the nation – has increased its security system and protocols in the past year, adding door-locking mechanisms and security cameras on campus.
This national trend – to increase campus security – largely stems from the national reaction to several school shootings that occurred last year.
GBHS students and faculty members fully realized the possibility of such an event last May after a note, threatening to shoot up the school, was found in a school bathroom.
No person ever acted on the threat, but the hours-long lockdown that ensued because of the note left many people more concerned about the school’s safety.
“The lockdown last year was surreal,” senior Josh Yeargin said. “Because of the school shootings around the country, especially the Parkland (Florida) shooting, I was just thinking about what could have happened here.”
For others, the event added fuel to their fire to fight for change.
Bethany Brooding, a GBHS senior who co-coordinated the March For Our Lives walkout at the school last spring, said the event played a large part in adding to her zeal.
“I became more passionate about (reform) when we had the lockdown at our own school,” Brooding said. “It just made everything feel a lot more real.”
The lockdown, as well as the shootings around the nation, caused GBHS to make some changes on its campus.
“Our culture had a couple of major incidents (across) the United States last year,” assistant principal Brian McNulty said. “These (security upgrades) were definite reactions in an effort to keep our constituents safe.”
One of the first problems the school addressed was making sure the safety of the entire campus was being considered.
“Granite Bay is a 40-acre parcel that has close to 3,000 people going through it any given day,” McNulty said. “We’re trying to make sure that people … coexist in (the) environment (and) ensure everyone’s safety on campus.”
Part of the school’s movement toward safety included the addition of 28 security cameras that are now installed. GBHS is only the third school in the Roseville Joint Union High School District to have active security cameras on campus.
“We have three long-throw (cameras) and 25 fisheyes,” McNulty said. “We have a dedicated server to (the cameras) also, so we’ve got recordings of videos, which will be around for three weeks. We can do a multitude of other things with it.”
In addition to the cameras, the school has also given out Lock Blocks – a mechanism that allows a faculty member to lock a classroom door from the inside – in order to upgrade safety protocols.
“We’re (giving) Lock Blocks for every single classroom and teacher that wants one,” McNulty said.
This overall safety effort comes not just from the school district, but from the community.
“I don’t think (the upgrades) were school mandated,” McNulty said. “We’ve been talking about cameras for 10 years, and (we’ve) gone so far as to get a couple estimates done. (Only recently), the leaders of the district and parents in the community put their heads together and said (their) No. 1 idea was to keep schools safe. And cameras came pretty close to the top of that list.”
On the student side of things, the reaction to the cameras have been mixed.
“I feel a lot safer knowing that our school is under surveillance,” Yeargin said. “If anything bad were to ever happen, we could always refer back to the video footage to find out what happened.”
“
I feel a lot safer knowing that our school is under surveillance”
— Josh Yeargin
Others, however, aren’t so comforted by the cameras.
“I can appreciate the Lock Blocks and having little things here and there,” Brooding said. “Whether it’s having a quicker way to make the door lock (or) an easier way to locate students on campus, I think that’s all great. But I don’t think, if we’re talking in the aspect of true school safety, that it is anything really of any substance.”
Instead, Brooding offers another explanation for her increased sense of security.
“I feel … safer (but) it’s not because of the cameras or the Lock Blocks,” Brooding said. “Probably because we haven’t had a lockdown again, and the whole out of sight, out of mind (concept). When we go on summer break and you don’t hear anything about school shootings, it does give me this kind of false sense of security when I don’t hear about it every single week and it’s not on my mind all the time.”
Brooding also said the improved general safety protocols are more effective than the gizmos and gadgets.
“I feel safer,” Brooding said, “because, especially after the walkout and having these kind of discussions, certain teachers on campus are a bit more aware and have more of an action plan.” | 36,707,470 |
The last time I encountered escargots, they were served sizzling in garlic and herb butter by a French waiter. Now one is slithering up the bridge of my nose while five others are being stuck to other parts of my face by a Thai beautician, all secreting snail slime to (hopefully) smooth out some wrinkles and otherwise give me a younger-than-my-age look.
That this latest addition to the global beauty and wellness craze – snail facials – should surface in the hills of northern Thailand is only natural.
This south-east Asian country ranks among the world’s top spa destinations, with massage treatments of every description offered around just about every corner. Other members of the animal kingdom are also enlisted, including fish, at some 4,000 pedicure spas.
Is it all merely another marketing ploy, or is it an effective way to plump up skin in need of repair or rejuvenation? Expert opinions differ. The two young Thai women reclining next to me at Chiang Mai’s Snail Spa sang the praises of helix aspersa müller glycoconjugates – snail mucus, for short.
When I returned home, my wife described my face as “different” but declined to go into detail.
Appropriately, given the French passion for these gastropods, the spa was started last year by two Frenchmen who had imported 100 of them from home. The colony now boasts more than 30,000, munching on chemical-free carrots, cabbage and aloe on a certified organic farm.
“We take care of the snails as if they were our family, our babies. You can see they look very good,” says Luc Champeyroux, one of the partners, gently applying one to his forearm.
He does confess to eating escargots (“but not mine”), plans to breed some for the table and is currently experimenting to produce “the perfect snail caviar”.
A chosen few get plucked from the farm for duty at the spa, where I opted for the 45-minute Snail Spa Celebrity Course.
For $30, it’s a bargain compared to the $200 customers must shell out at Tokyo’s Ci:z.Labo, a beauty salon where snail massage made its debut in 2013. Spas have also opened in China and London, and the French duo are expanding to Bangkok next month.
Given its novelty, Chiang Mai public health inspectors last month descended on the spa to determine whether the treatment was safe and if imported snails – officially classified as “alien creatures” – might prove harmful to local species.
Results of the investigation have not yet been released.
A customer receives beauty treatment with snails at a snail farm in Chiang Mai province, northern of Thailand. Photograph: Denis Gray/AP
While the facials are new, concoctions made from snail mucus are said to date back to ancient Greece, when the great physician Hippocrates reportedly crushed snails and sour milk as a cure for skin inflammations. In recent times, the French have turned this essence of escargot into assorted creams and lotions.
The fluid, exuded by snails when under stress, is known to contain beneficial nutrients and antioxidants, but Bangkok-based Dr Dissapong Panithaporn and other dermatologists say that there has been no significant scientific research on how these actually work when applied to the skin.
Champeyroux, a manager in France’s nuclear power sector before falling in love with Chiang Mai some years ago, says his all-natural line of snail products, Coquille, acts against burns, acne, stretch marks, scars and ageing. The two women next to me concurred.
Taksaphan na Pohn, a 22-year-old recent university graduate, said she had earlier tried laser and other techno-treatments but after some research decided that “natural therapy” was better. She said snails helped clear her acne when she was stressed during her studies.
“My face is firmer and softer,” she said. “But you don’t get immediate results. It shows gradually.”
Like for many, the prospect of having my face crawling with slimy hermaphrodites (snails are unisex) did not immediately appeal. Although from my own research I decided it might be preferable to another natural therapy – “uguisu no fun”, or nightingale feces facial, which has been around in Japan for centuries.
So after being slathered with one of Champeyroux’s creams, the beautician plopped down the first of half a dozen mollusks on my face. A balmy coolness I sensed as they proceeded to slide over my cheeks, furrow through my eyebrows and tickle my lips, taking particular liking to my nose since snails are fond of climbing.
Opening my eyes, I got a macro lens view of one critter perched on my nose tip. Its twin, antennae-like feelers were weaving about, possibly seeking an escape route with its tiny eyes. The snail’s 14,000 microscopic teeth produced a slight, not unpleasant, scratching when it slid toward my nostrils.
So, if truth be told, I sort of missed my harmless, sensuous sextet when they were dislodged, clinging to my skin with a gentle suction.
Maybe I won’t eat another escargot again. | 36,707,617 |
Q:
Scalatest and Anorm in playframework
I'm working on a playframework project, and we test using scalatest. We also want to do some database tests. In conf/application.conf we set up a database connection, but this seems to be ignored when we launch our tests. How can we configure this?
A:
Your tests needs to be run within the FakeApplication context. You could wrap every test like this (using FunSpec):
describe("MyEntity") {
it("should do something") {
running(FakeApplication()) {
MyEntity.findById(1L).value.name should be("some name")
}
}
}
If you don't want to repeat this for every test you can use several methods, see scalatest docs for info about how to share fixures: sharing fixtures
| 36,707,774 |
Matt Browne, The Future Happens Twice
reviewed by Danielle L. Parker
Does anyone remember the October 1972 crash of Flight 571 in the Andes? Twenty-six of forty-five people on board survived to face high-altitude cold and starvation. Rescue did not come until late December. The survivors ate the bodies of their dead colleagues to stay alive. The Catholic Church officially forgave them, and many of the survivors went on to write or inspire book and movie versions of their horrific experience. All’s well that ends well, I guess.
Now, however, the question: would you have done the same to stay alive? Was survival worth becoming, as the elderly cannibal mariner of “The Yarn of the Nancy Bell” sings,
“Oh I am a cook and a captain bold,
And the mate of the Nancy brig,
And a bo’sun tight, and a midshipmite,
And the crew of the captain’s gig.”
Just how far would you be willing to comprise your personal standards — I’ll assume for the sake of argument that we’re all against cannibalism — to stay alive?
Now let’s turn that question around a bit. We’re all against torture, too, but when the security of the nation is invoked, do we put aside our personal scruples and support the return of the Iron Maiden, the rack, and the hot tongs? Just where do we draw the line between the evils we won’t touch, “ever”, and those deeds whose end justifies?
That question kept me reading the 700+ pages of The Future Happens Twice. Debrya Handsen is a linguist who finds herself pitched into a super-secret project. This super-secret project is up to some super-dirty deeds in the name of the salvation of the species (genus Americanus, anyway. Others don’t get much of a mention here). Ms. Handsen discovers that her new employers, The Perennial Project, are carrying out unethical experiments on human twins. It doesn’t sound nice.
Fortunately, none of the twins actually face death in the Perennial Project. Still, Ms. Handsen is faced with that same vexing question. Should she bite her lip, accept her higher wage, bask in her scientific accolades, and condone experiments on unknowing, innocent subjects? In her doubt, she conducts many silent and anguished conversations with a father confessor figure, the Reverend Zaulder. Her employer gives out tantalizing hints that the Perennial Project’s race-to-the-stars work will save the human race (a eugenically selected tiny elite) from some near-term global disaster. Is that enough to justify her dirty hands?
The pressure rises when former subjects of the same experiment start rooting around for answers and threaten to blow the lid off the dirty laundry hamper. Does she keep going? What wins — Ms. Handsen’s sympathy for the unwitting victims, or that new purple car she has her eye on? You’ll have to read it to find out.
Mr. Browne is an idea man, an approach with a long and honorable tradition in speculative fiction. It’s unfortunate he didn’t have a more ruthless editor for his first novel. The book (the first third in particular) suffered from dodgy prose, awkward transitions, shifty points of view, and the occasional inadvertently hilarious phrase (I quote an enamored fellow scientist’s description of young Ms. Handsen: “her eyes sparkled fire as if to shoot little photon droplets at me.”) A good editor should do a lot more than make sure the apostrophes are in the right places (or not). I hope Mr. Browne finds that sharp-toothed, snarling editorial Doberman. He needs the tough love.
Still, I’ll keep an eye out for the further adventures of the suffering twins. Carry on, Mr. Browne! | 36,707,789 |
Algorithms. Not the most exciting of topics. What would be far better would be having an interesting chat over a coffee or a pint. But how about combining the two? An interesting chat about algorithms over a coffee or a pint. Surely not, I hear you cry. Enter Hello World by Dr. Hannah Fry. | 36,707,805 |
The liberal media are showering deceased Cuban despot Fidel Castro with accolades but some have taken their reverence for the dead Commie to another level. One of those who are now glossing over Castro’s monstrous reign of terror is MSNBC blowhard Chris Matthews who is badly in need of a drool bucket.
As reported by Breitbart News “MSNBC’s Chris Matthews Recalls Fidel Castro as a ‘Romantic Figure,’ ‘Folk Hero’”:
Early Saturday morning, MSNBC “Hardball” host Chris Matthews reflected on the death of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, who passed away late Friday. Matthews explained that initially, Castro was regarded as a “romantic figure” and “folk hero.” “I will remind everybody, certainly people who read about him in history, he was a romantic figure when he came into power, and when he knocked off the corrupt dictator Batista, we American young high school kids rooted like mad for the guy. We thought here was this guy in fatigues with a beard coming in out of the countryside leading a revolution and swept aside this old corrupt regime, and he was going to be almost like a folk hero to most of us for many months. And as Andrea pointed out he would go to ‘Meet the Press’ and go on to the ‘Jack Parr Show,’ which was a forerunner of ‘The Tonight Show,’ Jimmy Fallon’s show. And he would be a figure that you would look up to and say, ‘God, this guy is great.’”
The clip is courtesy of media watchdog Brent Baker:
Vid: @HardballChris: When #FidelCastro took power he was “a romantic figure” and “a folk hero to most of us” #TTT16 pic.twitter.com/HWu2zKwZ5n — Brent Baker (@BrentHBaker) November 26, 2016
It comes as no surprise that the closeted commies in the media and especially Democrat propaganda organ MSNBC are like Colin Kaepernick agonizing over the death of their hero but the truth is that the bearded fiend ruled with an iron fist while keeping the island nation of Cuba mired in a world circa 1959 and made it a place where political dissent was often met with death and torture. This may seem to be fine with the loony left but it is a pox on human dignity and any concept of freedom and liberty that the empty suits and loudmouths like Matthews and his ilk spew endless platitudes about but their true nature is revealed on the occasions where the mask briefly slips – like right after Castro’s death.
Shame on you Mr. Matthews!
Originally published at Downtrend.com | 36,707,953 |
Biosurfactants are biodegradable amphiphilic molecules produced by several microbes that have excellent surface tension lowering activity and act as excellent emulsifiers, foaming and dispersing agents [Desai, J. D. and Banat, I. M. (1997) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61, 47-64]. These compounds are produced extracellular with potential applications in agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, detergents, food processing, paint industry and others [Banat, I. M. (1995) Biores. Technol. 51, 1-12]. These surface-active agents are chemically diversified from low molecular weight glycolipids, lipopeptides/lipoproteins and phospholipids to high molecular weight neutral lipids, substituted fatty acids and polysaccharides [Cooper, D. G. and Zajic, J. E. (1980) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 26, 229-256]. The microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) with novel chemical structures offer a number of applications in food, pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics, microbial ecology, medicine, dairy industry, biofilms, corrosion, etc. due to their rheological properties [Nicolaus, B. Kambourova, M. and Oner, E. T. (2010) Environ. Technol. 31, 1145-1158]. Some of the bacterial EPS that have found diverse range of applications are the xanthan (Xanthomonas campestris), dextran (Leuconostoc mesentroides), alginate (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Azotobacter vinelandii), emulsan (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus), gellan (Sphingomonas paucimobilis), bacterial cellulose (Acetobacter xylinum), curdlan (Rhizobium meliloli and Agrobacterium radiobacter), succinoglycan (Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes) and hyaluronic acid (Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi) [Kumar, A. S., Mody, K. and Jha, B. (2007) J. Basic Microbiol. 47, 103-117]. Further, several biologically active polysaccharides such as krestin from Trametes versicolor, hetero-β-glucans from Agaricus blazei, lentinan from Lentinus edodes, and schizophyllan from Schizophyllum commune are well documented [Novak, M. and Vetvicka, V. (2008) J. Immunotoxicol. 5, 47-57]. They exhibit a diverse range of biological activities including hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-metastasis, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects [Wasser, S. P. (2002) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 258-274; Lee, H. H., Lee, J. S., Cho, J. Y., Kim, Y. E. and Hong, E. K. (2009) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 566-572].
Macrophages play a key role in innate and adaptive immune system and are also involved in mounting an inflammatory response [Beutler, B. (2004). Mol. Immunol. 40, 845-859]. The activated macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 that regulate homeostasis under physiological conditions, while unregulated release was observed in several pathological conditions [Micking, J., Xie, Q. W. and Nathan, C. (1997) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 323-350]. The impaired macrophage activation was observed under several pathological conditions such as septic shock, cerebral injury, myocardial ischemia, local or systemic inflammatory disorders, diabetes and other diseases. Hence, the modulation of macrophage activity is of central importance. Some microbial polysaccharides such as hetero-β-glucans extracted from fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei exhibited immunomodulating properties [Cho, S. M., Park, J. S., Kim, K. P., Cha, D. Y., Kim, H. M. and Yoo, I. D. (1999) Korean J. Mycol. 27, 170-174]. Published reports on EPS demonstrated that they can scavenge ROS exhibiting potential antioxidant activities [Sun, C., Wang, J. W., Fang, L., Gao, X.-D. and Tan, R.-X. (2004) Life Sci. 75, 1063-1073] as well as immunostimulant activities on macrophages [Lee, H. H., Lee, J. S., Cho, J. Y., Kim, Y. E. and Hong, E. K. (2009a) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 566-572; Lee, J. S., Min, K. M., Cho, J. Y. and Hong, E. K. (2009b) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 951-959]. The upregulated ROS and RNS are involved in several pathological conditions and are known to cause oxidative damage to cell membrane, proteins, DNA and lipid molecules [Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C. (2000) Immunol. Rev. 173, 89-97]. This oxidative stress induces the upregulation of transcriptional factors which in turn upregulates various proinflammatory molecules in macrophages thereby regulating various aspects of immune system [Brown, D. M., Donaldson, K., Borm, P. J., Schins, R. P., Dehnhardt, M., Gilmour, P. Jimenez, L. A. and Stone, V. (2004) Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 286, L344-353].
Some Microbacterium species are reported to produce EPS. The EPS production by most of the family members of the genus Microbacterium has not been fully understood, nevertheless both homo- and hetero-types of biopolymers with glucose, mannose and fructose backbone have been reported [Bae, I. Y., Oh, I.-K., Lee, S., Yoo, S.-H. and Lee, H. G. (2008) Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 42, 10-13; Asker, M. M. S., Ahmed, Y. M. and Ramdan, M. F. (2009) Carbohydr. Polym. 77, 563-567; Godinho, A. L. and Bhosle, S. (2009) Curr. Microbiol. 58, 616-621]. Microbacterium kitamiense strain Kitami C2, isolated from the wastewater of a sugar-beet factory was reported to produce EPS [Matsuyama, H., Kawasaki, K., Yumoto, I. and Shida, O. (1999) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 1353-1357]. Microbacterium strain MC3B-10, isolated from the tropical intertidal rocky shore in southern Gulf of Mexico (Campeche, Mexico), produced a polymer which was not a polysaccharide but a glycoprotein with surfactant properties. This glycoprotein was rich in protein (36%) and had low levels of neutral sugars [Ortega-Morales, B. O., Santiago-Garcia, J. L., Chan-Bacab, M. J., Moppert, X., Miranda-Tello, E., Fardeau, M. L., Carrero, J. C., Bartolo-Pérez, P., Valadéz-González, A. and Guezennec, J. (2007) J. Appl. Microbiol. 102, 254-264]. Microbacterium lerregens produced an EPS exhibiting antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 230 μg mL−1 [Asker, M. M. S., Ahmed, Y. M. and Ramdan, M. F. (2009) Carbohydr. Polym. 77, 563-567]. Microbacterium arborescencs strain AGSB, isolated from the rhizosphere of Ipomoea pescaprae, produced a mannose-based heteropolysaccharide, which had the ability to aggregate sand and improve the moisture-holding capacity [Godinho, A. L. and Bhosle, S. (2009) Curr. Microbiol. 58, 616-621]. Microbacterium sp. strain Mc1, isolated from mangrove sediment, produced a bioemulsifier which had the ability to remove cadmium and zinc from a hazardous industrial waste [Aniszewski, E., Peixoto, R. S., Mota, F. F., Leite, S. G. F. and Rosado, A. S. (2010) Brazilian J. Microbiol. 41, 235-245].
Very few strains of Brevibacillus sp. are reported to produce biosurfactants. Brevibacillus brevis HOB1 produced a lipopeptide with antibacterial and antifungal activities [Haddad, N. I. A., Wang, J. and Mu, B. (2008) J. Ind. Microbiol. Biolechnol. 35, 1597-1604], while Brevibacterium sp. strain PDM-3 produced a biosurfactant that finds application in the bioremediation of phenanthrene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons like anthracene and fluorine [Reddy, M. S., Naresh, B., Leela, T., Prashanthi, M., Madhusudhan, N. C., Dhanasri, G. and Devi, P. (2010) Biores. Technol. 101, 7980-7983]. Brevibacterium sp. 7G isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil also produced a glycolipid biosurfactant [Ferhat, S., Mnif, S., Badis, A., Eddouaouda, K., Alouaoui, R., Boucherit, A., Mhiri, N., Moulai-Mostefa, N. and Sayadi, S. (2011) International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 65, 1182-1188]. There is paucity of information on EPS producers from Brevibacterium sp., except one report on Brevibacillus thermoruber strain 438 producing EPS [Radchenkova, N., Tomova, A. and Kambourova, M. (2011) Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Eq. 25, 77-79]. Recently, two new bacterial strains of Microbacterium sp. BS-2 and Brevibacillus sp. strain BS-207 were identified based on 16S rDNA sequencing. The 16s rDNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank database with accession numbers, HQ116802 and HQ116803, respectively [Kumar, C. G., Mamidyala, S. K., Sujitha, P., Muluka, H. and Akkenapally, S. (2012) Biotechnol. Prog. 28, 1507-1516].
In view of the above facts, there is an urgent need to identify new and potential biosurfactants that exhibit surface tension lowering activity and other biological properties. The present invention fulfils these requirements as it provides two new bacterial strains of Microbacterium sp. strain BS-2 and Brevibacillus sp. strain BS-207 producing polymeric biosurfactants that has antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties and acted as potential immunosuppressive agents. | 36,708,022 |
Q:
Copy-on-modify semantic on a vector does not append in a loop. Why?
This question sounds to be partially answered here but this is not enough specific to me. I would like to understand better when an object is updated by reference and when it is copied.
The simpler example is vector growing. The following code is blazingly inefficient in R because the memory is not allocated before the loop and a copy is made at each iteration.
x = runif(10)
y = c()
for(i in 2:length(x))
y = c(y, x[i] - x[i-1])
Allocating the memory enable to reserve some memory without reallocating the memory at each iteration. Thus this code is drastically faster especially with long vectors.
x = runif(10)
y = numeric(length(x))
for(i in 2:length(x))
y[i] = x[i] - x[i-1]
And here comes my question. Actually when a vector is updated it does move. There is a copy that is made as shown below.
a = 1:10
pryr::tracemem(a)
[1] "<0xf34a268>"
a[1] <- 0L
tracemem[0xf34a268 -> 0x4ab0c3f8]:
a[3] <-0L
tracemem[0x4ab0c3f8 -> 0xf2b0a48]:
But in a loop this copy does not occur
y = numeric(length(x))
for(i in 2:length(x))
{
y[i] = x[i] - x[i-1]
print(address(y))
}
Gives
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
[1] "0xe849dc0"
I understand why a code is slow or fast as a function of the memory allocations but I don't understand the R logic. Why and how, for the same statement, in a case the update is made by reference and in the other case the update in made by copy. In the general case how can we know what will happen.
A:
This is covered in Hadley's Advanced R book. In it he says (paraphrasing here) that whenever 2 or more variables point to the same object, R will make a copy and then modify that copy. Before going into examples, one important note which is also mentioned in Hadley's book is that when you're using RStudio
the environment browser makes a reference to every object you create on the command line.
Given your observed behavior, I'm assuming you're using RStudio which we will see will explain why there are actually 2 variables pointing to a instead of 1 like you might expect.
The function we'll use to check how many variables are pointing to an object is refs(). In the first example you posted you can see:
library(pryr)
a = 1:10
refs(x)
#[1] 2
This suggests (which is what you found) that 2 variables are pointing to a and thus any modification to a will result in R copying it, then modifying that copy.
Checking the for loop we can see that y always has the same address and that refs(y) = 1 in the for loop. y is not copied because there are no other references pointing to y in your function y[i] = x[i] - x[i-1]:
for(i in 2:length(x))
{
y[i] = x[i] - x[i-1]
print(c(address(y), refs(y)))
}
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
#[1] "0x19c3a230" "1"
On the other hand if introduce a non-primitive function of y in your for loop you would see that address of y changes each time which is more in line with what we would expect:
is.primitive(lag)
#[1] FALSE
for(i in 2:length(x))
{
y[i] = lag(y)[i]
print(c(address(y), refs(y)))
}
#[1] "0x19b31600" "1"
#[1] "0x19b31948" "1"
#[1] "0x19b2f4a8" "1"
#[1] "0x19b2d2f8" "1"
#[1] "0x19b299d0" "1"
#[1] "0x19b1bf58" "1"
#[1] "0x19ae2370" "1"
#[1] "0x19a649e8" "1"
#[1] "0x198cccf0" "1"
Note the emphasis on non-primitive. If your function of y is primitive such as - like: y[i] = y[i] - y[i-1] R can optimize this to avoid copying.
Credit to @duckmayr for helping explain the behavior inside the for loop.
A:
I complete the @MikeH. awnser with this code
library(pryr)
x = runif(10)
y = numeric(length(x))
print(c(address(y), refs(y)))
for(i in 2:length(x))
{
y[i] = x[i] - x[i-1]
print(c(address(y), refs(y)))
}
print(c(address(y), refs(y)))
The output shows clearly what happened
[1] "0x7872180" "2"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "1"
[1] "0x765b860" "2"
There is a copy at the first iteration. Indeed because of Rstudio there are 2 refs. But after this first copy y belongs in the loops and is not available into the global environment. Then, Rstudio does not create any additional refs and thus no copy is made during the next updates. y is updated by reference. On loop exit y become available in the global environment. Rstudio creates an extra refs but this action does not change the address obviously.
| 36,708,239 |
Abstract
Background Immune-related colitis is a common, often serious complication of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Although endoscopy is not strictly recommended for any grade of diarrhea/colitis, emerging evidence suggests that endoscopic evaluation may have important therapeutic implications. In this retrospective study, we sought to comprehensively characterize the clinical and histologic features of ICI-induced colitis with a specific focus on evaluating the prognostic role of endoscopy.
Methods Data were collected from the medical records of 130 patients with confirmed ICI-induced colitis. In a subset of patients (n=44) with endoscopic and pathologic data, endoscopic data were scored using the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) with scores ranging from 0 (no inflammation) to 3 (colonic ulceration). The impact of infliximab on antitumor outcomes was evaluated using progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
Results We identified 130 patients with ICI-induced colitis across two institutions. All patients were treated with corticosteroids. Additional and/or alternative immunosuppression was employed in 59 cases, with 52 patients (42%) requiring at least one infusion of infliximab 5 mg/kg. Endoscopic assessment with biopsy was performed in 123 cases of suspected colitis (95%), with 44 cases available for MES tabulation. Presence of ulceration (MES 3) was associated with use of infliximab (p=0.008) and MES was significantly higher in patients who received infliximab compared with those who did not (p=0.003) with a median score of 2.5; conversely, those with an MES of zero rarely required secondary immunosuppression. Notably, symptoms of colitis based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade had no association with endoscopic findings based on MES classification. After adjustment for baseline patient and disease characteristics, there was no significant difference in steroid duration or cancer-related outcomes in patients treated with infliximab.
Conclusions In our study, we demonstrate the association of endoscopic features, specifically the MES, with immunosuppressive needs. Importantly, we also show that MES was not related to severity of patient symptoms. The data suggest that endoscopic features can guide clinical decision-making better than patient symptoms, both identifying high-risk patients who will require infliximab and those who are likely to respond to initial corticosteroids.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Introduction
The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to a paradigm shift in cancer care, particularly in the treatment of metastatic melanoma where long-term survival data demonstrate durable disease control in 20% and 30% of patients receiving the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) antagonist, ipilimumab, and the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, respectively.1–3 Rates of durable disease control exceed 50% with combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibition. Building on the clinical successes seen in melanoma, ICIs are now approved in the treatment of over a dozen malignancies, with the indications for single agent and combination therapy continuing to grow. As the use of ICIs continues to expand, the ability of oncologists and subspecialists to effectively manage immune-related adverse events (irAEs), without abrogating antitumor efficacy, is paramount.4
Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities are frequent complications of immunotherapy and often result in treatment interruption and discontinuation.5 Clinical trial data demonstrate that rates of serious, grade-3 or higher colitis vary based on treatment regimen; 1%–2% for PD-(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy,6 7%–8% for CTLA-4 inhibitor monotherapy1 and 8%–10% for combination ipilimumab/nivolumab,7 although emerging real-world data suggest those numbers may actually be higher.8 Colitis often occurs early in treatment, particularly with combination therapy, with median times of onset ranging from 5 to 10 weeks after the first ICI infusion.7 9 10 Current treatment guidelines use Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading to establish both diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations. Although endoscopy is not strictly recommended for any grade of diarrhea/colitis, in published management algorithms11 emerging evidence suggests that endoscopic evaluation may have important therapeutic implications.12 13 Colonic ulceration on endoscopy has been found to predict response to first-line steroids, and early endoscopy is associated with both decreased total steroid dose and earlier symptom resolution in retrospective analyses.12 14 15 Patients with endoscopically identified microscopic colitis appear to respond to colonic formulations of budesonide, while unselected patients do not.13 16 Importantly, patients with microscopic colitis do not differ symptomatically from those with macroscopically evident disease, underscoring the importance of an endoscopic diagnosis.13
Once diagnosed, the treatment algorithm of ICI-induced colitis largely mirrors that employed in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This entails prompt initiation of corticosteroids with infliximab reserved for severe, refractory cases,11 17 although the dose of corticosteroids is notably higher than that recommended for IBD.
Despite the widespread adoption of this treatment strategy, data on the optimal immunosuppressive regimen are limited9 10 18 and even less is known about the impact of these medications on antitumor response. Receipt of immunosuppression, particularly prolonged steroid tapers, is not without consequence including increased risk of infection, impaired glucose control, muscle atrophy and neuropsychiatric side effects. Furthermore, emerging data suggest high-dose steroids may negatively impact tumor outcome.19 20 Therefore, understanding how alternative immunosuppressive agents, such as monoclonal antibodies that block tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α), effect both toxicity and cancer outcomes is crucial.
The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize the clinical and histologic features of immune-related colitis with a specific focus on evaluating the prognostic role of endoscopy as well as assessing the impact of infliximab in the management of the toxicity, particularly the effect of TNF-α inhibition on colitis and cancer outcomes.
Methods
Study design
Patients were identified at two participating institutions: Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH; n=113) and Vanderbilt University Medical Center (n=17). All patients had advanced malignant melanoma and developed biopsy-proven ICI colitis after receiving at least one dose of an ICI between 2011 and 2017. ICI regimens included single agent PD-1 inhibition with pembrolizumab or nivolumab (n=12), single agent CTLA-4 inhibition with ipilimumab (n=83) or combination therapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab (n=35). Patients with GI infection at time of onset were excluded.
Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and data were extracted. Baseline demographic data and detailed clinical treatment histories were collected for each patient. Positive smoking status was defined as current or former smoker with more than a 10 pack-year history. Cases of colitis were graded based on the CTCAE V.4.0.21 Cases were graded solely on the frequency of loose stool since other ICI-induced colitis symptoms (abdominal pain, presence of blood and/or mucus in stool) were infrequent and not consistently documented. Additional information pertaining to colitis characteristics and management were extracted including time of onset, diagnostic evaluation performed (endoscopy, biopsy), management (dose/duration of steroids, use of infliximab) time to resolution (grade ≤1) and rates of flare. Flare was defined by need to resume or escalate immunosuppressant regimen. Steroid duration was defined as time between initial administration and date of taper to ≤10 mg of prednisone (or its equivalent). Cancer-related data such as tumor stage, prior treatments, and ICI type/duration were recorded. Objective responses were determined using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) V.1.1.22
In patients with available endoscopic data, observational data were collected. In a subset of patients with endoscopic and pathologic data, endoscopic data were scored using the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES). The MES is part of a clinical system devised at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, that is used to quantify the degree of inflammation in the GI tract for patients with ulcerative colitis.23 The score ranges from 0 to 3: 0 indicates no features of macroscopic inflammation; 1 indicates mild inflammation, characterized by mild friability, erythema, and decreased vascularity; 2 indicates moderate inflammation, characterized by friability, marked erythema, absent vascular patterns, and presence of erosions; and 3 indicates severe inflammation, in which ulcerations and spontaneous bleeding are present. Scores were formulated through review of archived images and endoscopic reports by one gastroenterologist (MD).
To evaluate the impact of infliximab on antitumor outcomes, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. This analysis excluded patients receiving adjuvant ipilimumab and patients receiving ICI before January 1, 2015, a date signifying a shift in our institutional practice pattern to employ infliximab early in the course of colitis, specifically in cases refractory to steroids after 48–72 hours. All data were updated in November 2018.
Statistical analyses
Patient characteristics were summarized using proportions for categorical variables and medians with range for continuous data. Comparisons of ulceration rates and steroid use according to MES s was based on Fisher’s exact tests. PFS was measured from time of ICI initiation to clinical/radiographic progression or death. OS was measured from time of ICI initiation to death. The follow-up of patients who neither died nor progressed was censored at the last follow-up date. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were implemented to evaluate the impact of important baseline patient and disease information on time-to-event outcomes. To address the potential for guarantee-time bias in the analyses of the effect of infliximab versus steroids only on PFS or OS, two approaches were used: an extended Cox model with infliximab initiation as a time-dependent covariate and an 11-week conditional landmark approach. Eleven weeks was chosen as the landmark time because the maximum time recorded to commence infliximab was 10.6 weeks after colitis onset. Patients who were alive and progression free 11 weeks after the onset of colitis were followed forward in time and compared according to infliximab use or steroids only. The distributions of all time-to-event outcomes were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and compared between groups using stratified log-rank tests. Analyses were performed using R (V.3.5.3) and SAS (V.9.4).
Results
Patient characteristics
We identified 130 patients with ICI-induced colitis across two institutions. Baseline characteristics of these patients are summarized in table 1. Most patients were male (63%), treatment-naïve (66%), BRAF wild-type (70%), non-smokers (55%) with median body mass index (BMI) of 28 (range 14–53). The median age at ICI initiation was 65 years (range 22–95). Underlying autoimmune conditions were present in a subset of patients (18%), with most common conditions involving endocrine organs and rheumatologic disease, although there were four patients with underlying GI disease (three cases of ulcerative colitis, one celiac disease).
Diagnosis and management of colitis
Colitis developed after a median of 6 weeks on therapy (range 0.1–145), with 86% of patients experiencing a grade ≥2 toxicity. Grade 3–4 colitis occurred in 12 cases (9%) with no grade 5 events. The primary presenting complaint was loose, frequent stool with 17 cases of documented hematochezia. Colitis onset was defined as the date symptoms developed, not the date medical evaluation for symptoms occurred. Endoscopic assessment with biopsy was performed in 123 cases (95%) with companion upper endoscopy performed in 17 cases (13%). Most patients required inpatient admission for management, with 81% of patients (n=106) hospitalized at least once and 28% (n=37) requiring two or more admissions for management of symptoms. Five patients developed a perforation of the colon, for which they underwent surgery.
All patients were treated with corticosteroids with a median time between clinic-documented symptoms and start of steroids of 3 days (range 0–34 days). Eighty patients (68%) were initially treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids (median dose 1 mg/kg) and 92 (71%) received intravenous steroids at some point during their treatment course. Patients required steroids for a median of 8.3 weeks (range 1–146 weeks). Steroid duration was not associated with the grade of diarrhea nor the presence or absence of hematochezia.
Additional and/or alternative immunosuppression was employed in 59 cases. In three cases of microscopic colitis, budesonide alone was an effective monotherapy.13 Four patients received adjunctive budesonide when colitis flared on their high-dose steroid taper, while two patients benefited from the addition of mesalamine and one from budesonide suppositories. Fifty-two patients (42%) required at least one infusion of infliximab 5 mg/kg. In our cohort, 27 of the 52 patients received their first dose of infliximab as an inpatient; 19 of which were treated prior to January 2015 and only 8 after January 2015. The median number of infliximab doses was one (average 1.7), with a range of 1–6. Twenty-three patients received ≥2 doses of infliximab; 13 received two doses; 7 received three doses; and 3 received >3 doses. Sixty-three per cent (15/23) of the patients who received two or more doses were treated after January 1, 2015. The majority of patients that required infliximab received treatment with CTLA-4 antagonism with or without PD-1 blockade (64% and 14%, respectively). There was no statistically significant association between initial grade of colitis or associated hematochezia and infliximab administration. All patients received infliximab while on a steroid taper to control persistent and/or progressive symptoms. Infliximab was administered in twenty-seven patients (27/52;52%) when steroids were unable to be tapered below 1 mg/kg of prednisone (or its equivalent), whereas 25 patients (25/52;48%) required infliximab only when colitis symptoms flared after successfully beginning a taper. The median duration from dose one of infliximab to resolution of colitis symptoms was 2.7 weeks (0.14–16.4 weeks). Receipt of infliximab was associated with a longer duration of steroid use with a median duration of 10.1 weeks (range 3.4–146) compared with the non-infliximab cohort of 6.8 weeks (range 0.4–55.7).
One hundred twenty-three (95%) patients had resolution of colitis to grade ≤1. The median time to resolution from onset of colitis to grade 1 symptom in the entire cohort was 4.4 weeks (95% CI 3.7 to 5.7 weeks). In the cases where symptoms did not resolve to grade ≤1 (n=7); two patients were lost to follow-up, four patients died of progressive disease and one patient died of ICI-induced neurotoxicity prior to colitis resolving.
Sixty patients (46%) experienced persistent symptoms or a flare of their colitis symptoms during or after the completion of their steroid taper. Most patients (60%) had received single agent ipilimumab (adjuvant therapy or front line), followed by 27% who received front-line combination anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 therapy and 8% front-line PD-1 inhibition. The remaining 5% had received second-line PD-1 inhibition (2%) or second-line ipilimumab (3%)
Side effect rates from immunosuppression were low, with 15% (n=20) of patients experiencing a definite complication related to steroid and/or infliximab use, and three additional patients experiencing an adverse event likely due to immunosuppression (figure 1). Definitely related complications (aside from transiently elevated glucose) included secondary adrenal insufficiency (n=6), Cushing syndrome (n=2), steroid induced mania (n=1) and infection (n=11). Infectious complications included symptomatic oral candidiasis (n=5), pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (n=2) bacteremia (n=2), herpes simplex virus reactivation (n=1), and tuberculosis reactivation, (n=1). Cases in which immunosuppression was likely to be a contributing factor included one patient with biopsy-confirmed Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome (SJS) due to Bactrim prophylaxis while on prolonged steroids and in two cases where steroid use was thought to play a role in colonic perforation. There were no grade 5 events attributable to immunosuppression.
Complications of immunosuppression. (A) Pie chart depicting the most common side effects of corticosteroid and/or secondary immunosuppressive administration. (B) Illustrating the breakdown of infectious complications.
Endoscopy
Endoscopic assessment with biopsy was performed in 123 cases of suspected colitis (95%). Endoscopic features of ICI-induced colitis ranged from normal appearing mucosa to congestion with erythema to frank ulceration. In the MGH cohort (n=113), 17 patients (15%) had a companion upper endoscopy.24 Reasons for concomitant esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) included nausea (n=6), dysphagia/dyspepsia (n=4), melena (n=2), and anorexia (n=1). Four patients underwent EGD in initial work-up of diarrhea with no documented upper GI complaint. In 11 cases, a GI tract melanoma was identified. Pathologic assessment of biopsies taken from the stomach and duodenum confirmed three cases of concomitant erosive gastritis and eight cases of duodenitis, respectively.
Subgroup analysis
To accomplish the aims outlined in this study, several subgroup analyses were performed (figure 2) both to evaluate the prognostic role of endoscopy and to assess the impact of infliximab in the management of the toxicity, particularly the effect of TNF-α inhibition on colitis and cancer outcomes.
Endoscopic analysis
A subset of patients (n=44) had sufficient endoscopic and pathologic data available, including high-resolution endoscopic images, to enable an independent review of the endoscopic diagnosis. A comprehensive visual and histopathologic assessment was performed and MES grading was tabulated with scores ranging from 0 (no visible inflammation) to 3 (colonic ulceration). Presence of ulceration (MES 3) was associated with use of infliximab (p=0.008), consistent with previously published data (figure 3A).14 15
Correlation of endoscopy data and immunosuppression receipt. (A) Bar graph illustrating the percent of cases of colitis with and without ulceration and immunosuppressive needs. Presence of ulceration (Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) 3) was associated with use of infliximab (p 0.008). (B) Need for immunosuppression by MES score. MES was significantly higher in patients who received infliximab compared with those who did not (p=0.003) with a median score of 2.5. (C) Differences in immunosuppressive need stratified by MES cohorts (MES 0 and MES 1–3). Nine of 12 (75%) MES grade 3 cases of colitis required infliximab. In contrast, only 18% (2/11) cases classified as MES 0 required tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibition (p=0.007).
Relationship with MES and clinical variables
Smoking status was associated with higher MES as approximately 90% of smokers had MES ≥1 compared with 64% of non-smokers (p=0.08). There was no statistically significant correlation with BMI, age, gender or type of immunotherapy. Symptoms of colitis based on CTCAE grade had no association with endoscopic findings based on MES classification.
MES and immunosuppression
In contrast to CTCAE grade, MES classification correlated with both steroid duration and infliximab administration. In this cohort of 44 patients with MES 18 received at least one infliximab infusion. MES was significantly higher in patients who received infliximab compared with those who did not (p=0.003) with a median score of 2.5 (figure 3B). Nine of 12 (75%) MES grade 3 cases of colitis required infliximab. In contrast, only 18% (2/11) of cases classified as MES zero required TNF-α inhibition (p=0.007) (figure 3C). Duration of steroid use significantly increased with MES swhen MES was examined as a continuous variable, with steroid duration increasing in a linear fashion from zero to three (p=0.02) (figure 4).
Steroid duration by Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES). Steroid duration (days) across MES including the patients with enteritis. Duration of steroid use significantly increased alongside MES classification when MES was examined as a continuous variable, with steroid duration increasing in a linear fashion from zero to three (p=0.02).
Cancer-related outcomes
The majority of patients in our series experienced disease control (table 2). The ORR was 34%, with 12 patients (9%) experiencing a complete response and 32 patients (25%) a partial response. Fifty patients (38%) developed progressive disease during treatment of ICI and in total 64% of patients ultimately progressed. At the time of this analysis, 68 patients (52%) were alive. Median OS was 48.8 months (95% CI 29.9 to 63.5) (figure 5A). There was a statistically significant longer median survival in patients who developed colitis on their first line of therapy (1 L: 266.1 weeks (95% CI 197.6 to ∞), ≥2 L: 58.9 weeks (95% CI 44.1 to 175); p<0.01) and in those less than 65 years old (<65 not reached, >65 1330.1 weeks (95% CI 73.9 to 221.3); p=0.02). MES grading did not correlate with tumor response, PFS or OS.
Overall survival (OS). (A) Kaplan-Meier curve showing the OS in our patient cohort. Median OS was 48.8 months (29.9–63.5). Gray overlay demonstrates the OS for the infliximab cohort (n=52). The infliximab subgroup is also included in the overall estimate of OS. (B) Conditional landmark analysis of OS in all patients alive and progression-free at 11 weeks. Gray curve represents all patients, blue those treated with steroids only and red, those who received steroids and infliximab.
Forty-nine patients (38%) were ultimately re-treated with anti-PD-1 therapy after resolution of colitis, with 9 (9/49; 18%) experiencing a flare of colitis. Of those re-treated (n=49), two resumed their original anti-PD-1 inhibitor, 22 continued single agent anti-PD-1 therapy after combination therapy and 25 transitioned from ipilimumab to PD-1 inhibition. Additional immune-related adverse events were observed in 38% (see online supplementary file).
Supplementary data
In the cohort of patients without ICI therapy reintroduction, 44 patients had a flare of their colitis at any time during their course. Three patients flared after completing their full steroid taper: two were managed with resuming oral steroid and one required oral steroids and infliximab dosing. Twenty-two patients experienced a flare of colitis while attempting to taper oral steroids and were treated with escalation in steroid dose in combination with infliximab. Eleven were managed with intravenous steroids and continued oral taper and seven had a dose increase of oral prednisone. One patient declined escalation of steroids for recurrence of diarrhea and was managed effectively with addition of antimotility agents.
Impact of infliximab
We next evaluated the impact of infliximab on outcome. We performed a subgroup analysis on the impact of infliximab on cancer outcome. After excluding patients receiving adjuvant ipilimumab and patients receiving ICI before January 1, 2015—a date signifying a shift in our institutional practice pattern to employ infliximab early in the course of colitis, specifically in cases refractory to steroids after 48–72 hours—42 patients remained for analysis. We evaluated the impact of infliximab, comparing the 18 of whom had received infliximab and 24 who had not. After adjusting for baseline covariates, there was no significant difference in steroid duration or cancer-related outcomes. Neither the timing of infliximab administration nor number of doses impacted PFS or OS. We then further stratified outcome by timing of infliximab with early defined as <4 weeks after symptom onset and late, >4 weeks after onset. There was no significant difference in steroid duration or cancer-related outcomes of PFS or OS in the early versus late subgroup. In an additional landmark analysis, we examined a subset of 82 patients who were alive and progression free at 11 weeks to assess for differences in survival according to treatment with steroids alone versus infliximab. There were 47 patients who received steroids alone and 35 who received steroids and infliximab. There was no statistically significant difference in OS when comparing these cohorts (figure 5B).
Discussion
Here we present the clinical and endoscopic features of ICI-induced colitis, for the first time using a readily applied method for scoring GI mucosal inflammation. The MES was originally developed for ulcerative colitis severity grading at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.23 The MES classifies complex endoscopic findings into a readily standardized score ranging from 0 to 3. Our work highlights the evolving algorithm of ICI management and describes the role of endoscopy and MES in both diagnosis and management of patients with ICI-induced colitis.
Similar to other case series, we found colitis often occurred early in ICI treatment and most commonly in patients receiving an anti-CTLA-4 containing regimen. Most cases required inpatient management with symptoms reverting to grade ≤1 after receipt of high-dose corticosteroids and a slow steroid taper. Secondary immunosuppression with infliximab was required in 42% of cases. No cases of microscopic colitis required anti-TNF-α administration. These cases—most commonly seen in patients with anti-PD-1-induced colitis—resolved with steroids alone or were amenable to budesonide monotherapy.13
Currently, there is a paucity of real-world data on the optimal immunosuppressive algorithm for treatment of ICI-induced colitis. Current guidelines—regardless of ICI regimen and/or endoscopic features—recommend prompt initiation of high-dose corticosteroids (methylprednisolone at 1–2 mg/kg or its equivalent) with infliximab reserved for severe, refractory cases.11 17 However, recent data suggest the possibility that high-dose steroids may inhibit optimal antitumor responses.19 20 Additionally, for ICI colitis, early introduction of selective immunosuppressive therapy—within 10 days of colitis onset—has been associated with improved toxicity outcomes including shorter duration of symptoms and shorter courses of corticosteroids.12
In our study, we examined the correlation of endoscopic features, specifically the MES, with immunosuppressive needs. There is growing recognition that endoscopy not only establishes a diagnosis of ICI-induced colitis but also provides guidance on the optimal immunosuppressive regimen.13–15 25 In our series, MES was significantly higher in cases that required infliximab compared with those that did not and conversely, those with an MES of zero rarely required secondary immunosuppression, consistent with recent reports.13 Importantly, we also show that MES was not associated with severity of patient symptoms. These data suggest that, similar to inflammatory bowel disease, endoscopic features can guide clinical decision-making better than patient symptoms alone. For ICI colitis, endoscopy was useful for identifying both high-risk patients with colonic ulceration and those who may respond to single-agent budesonide.
We were also interested in evaluating the impact of infliximab on antitumor outcomes. This specific analysis was performed after excluding patients receiving adjuvant ipilimumab and patients receiving ICI before January 1, 2015. This cut-off date was chosen as this time signified a shift in our institutional practice pattern to employ infliximab early in the course of colitis, specifically in cases refractory to steroids after 48–72 hours. It also corresponded to the year that our institution began to use the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab for front-line therapy, initially through enrollment onto an expanded access protocol (NCT02186249) and then to standard of care after Food and Drug Administration approval of the combination in October 2015. After employing this cut-off, 23 patients were available for analysis. Notably, although our institutional practice pattern to institute early TNF-α inhibition materialized on/after January 2015, widespread adoption among GI and oncology providers was not uniform. Additionally, as comfort grew to manage these cases on an outpatient basis, logistic barriers (GI consultation, scheduling of infliximab, insurance approval) also resulted in minor delays in the first infliximab infusion.
In steroid-refractory cases, we favor early-initiation of infliximab with the goal of earlier resolution of colitis and increased ability to taper steroids. Although time to infliximab use was similar (before and after 2015), it was much more common for patients to receive ≥2 doses of infliximab after 2015 than before (65% vs 27%) showcasing the paradigm shift in the management of the disease. Receipt of infliximab—regardless of the number of doses—did not negatively impact OS or PFS; however, contrary to our hypothesis, the duration of steroid use was not shortened in patients who received infliximab, and in fact, patients who received infliximab often received a longer steroid taper (10.1 weeks) than those without (6.8 weeks). The longer duration of steroids likely reflects more severe underlying colitis, reflected in the more severe MES classifications determined in infliximab-treated patients. Currently, no prospective data are available to directly address whether the addition of early biologic therapy directly reduces steroid dose requirements. The differences in time to symptom resolution observed in the available retrospective case series examining this question were not observed in our data, which most likely relates to practice variation among institutions.26 27
Limitations of this current study include the retrospective nature of the analysis and the high proportion of patients receiving CTLA-4 inhibition. However, as highlighted in this series, as well as others,26 colitis is more frequent and severe when patients receive CTLA-4 blockade with or without PD-1 inhibition. Although ipilimumab monotherapy is no longer a standard first-line treatment for metastatic melanoma, it is frequently used in combination with PD-1 inhibition—particularly in patients with brain metastasis and high burden of disease—and remains a viable second-line agent. Further, ipilimumab and nivolumab are now standard treatment in renal cell carcinoma and microsatellite unstable colon cancer, with additional impending approvals. Despite these limitations, the characterization of over 100 cases of ICI-induced colitis with emphasis on impact of MES score and use of immunosuppression refines our understanding of one of the most common and morbid immune toxicities.
In conclusion, we highlight the importance of endoscopic evaluation in cases of suspected ICI colitis and demonstrate that infliximab administration does not negatively impact tumor outcomes. Furthermore, our study highlights the heterogeneity seen within ICI-induced colitis and the need for more refined irAE management—factoring in ICI regimen, clinical features and endoscopic findings. Future prospective studies are needed to identify the most effective management strategies for these subgroups to adequately address toxicity without abrogating ICI efficacy.
. High‐dose glucocorticoids for the treatment of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis is associated with reduced survival in patients with melanoma. Cancer2018;124:3706–14.doi:10.1002/cncr.31629pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29975414
Footnotes
Contributors All authors contributed to this manuscript. MJM, RS and MD contributed to the concept, design, interpretation of data and manuscript writing. MJM, DW, AC, ML and DJ contributed to data collection and interpretation and manuscript editing. TC and AG-H contributed to data generation/statistical interpretation.
Funding Melanoma Research Foundation Breakthrough Consortium (MRFBC)) Young Investigator Research Team Award to Advance the Field of Translational Immuno-Oncology 2017, National Institutes of Health Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award 1K08DK114563-01 (MD), and the American Gastroenterological Association Research Scholars Award (MD).
Disclaimer MJM has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca. RS has received research funding from Merck and Amgen and has served as a paid and unpaid consultant for Merck, Novartis, Roche-Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Replimune. DJ has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and Incyte, and has served as a consultant for Array Biopharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, and Novartis. MD has research funding from Novartis, has served as a consultant for Roche-Genentech, Tillotts Pharma, and Partner Therapeutics, and is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Neoleukin Therapeutics.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval Patient and disease-related characteristics were extracted from the medical record and captured, under an MGH Institutional Review Board approved protocol (11-181).
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Deidentified participant data—which has collected through IRB approved protocols at both MGH and Vanderbilt University—is stored in protected files.
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project_path: /web/fundamentals/_project.yaml
book_path: /web/fundamentals/_book.yaml
description: Understanding how payment methods are specified in the Payment Request API is mandatory for you. Learn 2 types of payment methods and how to create your own.
{# wf_published_on: 2018-09-10 #}
{# wf_updated_on: 2019-07-31 #}
{# wf_blink_components: Blink>Payments #}
# Payment Method Basics {: .page-title }
{% include "web/_shared/contributors/agektmr.html" %}
{% include "web/_shared/contributors/dgash.html" %}
## Payment Methods
The Payment Request API makes it easy for a browser to pass payment credentials,
such as credit card details, to a merchant. The API can also accept payments
through apps that process payments in nearly any way they wish: e-money, bank
transfers, bitcoin, etc.
In the Payment Request API, _payment methods_ are processes that can be invoked
to process a payment, and can be thought of somewhat like "plugins" for the
Payment Request API. Each payment method consists of a required payment method
identifier and an optional detail parameter.
In the following example, we declare three payment methods: one that can process
Visa, Mastercard, and JCB cards via `basic-card`; Google Pay; and an Android app
called BobPay built to integrate with the Payment Request API via the URL
`https://bobpay.xyz/pay`.
```javascript
const methodData = [{
supportedMethods: 'basic-card',
data: {
supportedNetworks: ['visa', 'master', 'jcb']
}
}, {
supportedMethods: 'https://google.com/pay',
data: {
...
}
}, {
supportedMethods: 'https://bobpay.xyz/pay'
}];
```
When the Payment Request UI is displayed to a customer during checkout, they see
a subset of the payment methods specified by the merchant. The subset displayed
to the user consists of all the payment methods available to the user on this
device. The customer can select one of the methods to use for payment, as shown
here:
<img src="../images/payment-method-basics/payment-methods.png" />
## Standardized vs. URL-based Payment Methods
There are two types of payment method identifiers: *standardized* and
*URL-based*.
### Standardized
Standardized payment methods are those that are literally standardized in their
respective W3C specifications, meaning that all parameters required to fill the
`data` property are defined in the specs.
You may already be familiar with [the basic-card
method](https://www.w3.org/TR/payment-method-basic-card/). At this time, August
2018, it is the only officially-standardized payment method, and is supported by
most browsers that implement the Payment Request API. However, because it
returns raw, untokenized card information, it is safe to say that `basic-card`
is not the future of web payments.
There is a [registry of standardized payment
methods](https://w3c.github.io/payment-method-id/#registry) in the spec, but
there are other standardization candidates under active discussion:
* [Basic Credit Transfer
Payment](https://w3c.github.io/payment-method-credit-transfer/)
(basic-credit-transfer): A payment method to transfer money between bank
accounts.
* [Tokenized Card
Payment](https://w3c.github.io/webpayments/proposals/interledger/)
(tokenized-card): A payment method that provides a token representing a card
instead of a raw card number.
* [Interledger Payment
Method](https://w3c.github.io/webpayments/proposals/interledger/)
(interledger): A payment method that transfers money using [the interledger
protocol](https://interledger.org/).
* [Basic SEPAmail
Payment](https://w3c.github.io/webpayments/proposals/sepamail) (sepamail): A
payment method that supports payment by SEPAmail Applications such as RUBIS,
GEMME, or JADE.
In the example below, `basic-card` is specified as the `supportedMethods` value
and requires that the `data` value be supplied, containing a list of the
supported card providers and card types.
```javascript
supportedMethods: 'basic-card',
data: {
supportedNetworks: ['visa', 'master', 'jcb'],
supportedTypes: ['credit', 'debit', 'prepaid']
}
```
Warning: `basic-card` payment method passes you a non-tokenized payment
credential. Make sure that you are compliant with PCI DSS in order to handle it.
Also, if you are interested to [take advantage of card information stored to
Google](https://medium.com/dev-channel/web-payments-payment-request-api-and-google-pay-a1073e405235),
consider using [Google Pay](/pay/api/web/).
### URL-based
URL-based payment methods are those that anyone can define independently,
without reliance on W3C standardization. Proprietary payment methods such as
Google Pay, Apple Pay, Samsung Pay are good examples. These payment methods are
specified using a unique URL identifier such as `https://google.com/pay` or
`https://www.alipay.com/webpay`.
The URLs represent a payment method and are usually associated with a particular
payment app, but it is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship. It's possible
for one payment method to be supported by multiple payment apps, or for one
payment app to support multiple payment methods.
For example, a third-party payment app might support both the basic-card method
as well as a specific `https://bobpay.xyz` method.
Unlike standardized payment methods, URL-based payment methods have no registry.
Anyone can develop and provide their own payment apps that support a payment
method. This allows the Web Payments concept to inherently scale into quite
a large payment ecosystem.
In the example below, Google Pay is invoked via its URL; any information to be
passed to the payment method can be supplied in the optional `data` value.
```javascript
supportedMethods: 'https://google.com/pay',
data: {
...
}
```
## Existing payment method identifiers
* [Google Pay (`https://google.com/pay`)](/pay/api/web/)
* [Apple Pay (`https://apple.com/apple-pay`)](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/apple_pay_on_the_web)
* [Samsung Pay (`https://spay.samsung.com`)](https://developer.samsung.com/internet/android/web-payments-guide)
Note: Send [pull requests](https://github.com/google/WebFundamentals/pulls) to
us if your payment app supports Payment Request API but is not listed here.
## Next Up
If you handle payments and are interested to build your own payment app, proceed
to [Android payment apps developer
guide](/web/fundamentals/payments/payment-apps-developer-guide/android-payment-apps)
or [web based payment apps developer
guide](/web/fundamentals/payments/payment-apps-developer-guide/web-payment-apps)
to learn how to implement them.
## Feedback {: #feedback }
{% include "web/_shared/helpful.html" %}
| 36,709,216 |
Restoring the function of damaged and wounded skin continues to be a major health problem despite the development of various medications. Many approaches to skin-healing that are currently being developed, such as the production of growth factor proteins and pharmaceutical drugs with wound healing properties, and occlusive dressings for wounds, are beyond the economic reach of many patients. A major need exists for improved and low cost skin-care products and medicaments in less-developed countries, particularly in the tropics, where conditions such as inadequate health care, widespread skin fungal diseases, and the use of flammables such as kerosene for cooking and similar conditions give rise to high incidents of serious skin injury. For such countries, there is a critical need is to produce effective medicines that can be produced at very low cost using readily available materials. Even in more developed countries the increasing demands for cost-containment in medical services necessitate the development of low-cost products for skin care and pharmaceuticals for wound healing. Procedures such as hospitalization for the treatment of diabetic skin ulcers are increasingly being restricted. Thus, improved and cost-effective treatments for wound healing are required for the future.
Delayed healing or incomplete healing in humans and other animals causes additional pain and suffering for the patient and markedly increases wound complications and medical costs. Often the wound continues as a chronic sore that requires extensive attention and medical care to control infection and tissue necrosis. Even when such wounds finally heal, the wound area is frequently devoid of the ability to respond to tactile stimulation and is often filled with excessive deposits of immature collagen that produces permanent scarring. The urgent need for improved wound-healing compositions extends to wounds generated by surgical procedures. The success of surgical procedures, especially in very ill or elderly patients, is typically a function of the adequacy and speed of post-surgical healing.
Another aspect that can impair the normal healing response is excessive inflammation of injured or wounded skin. While the inflammatory process and its concomitant influx of white cells into the afflicted area are an integral part of the natural healing process, in some cases the inflammatory process becomes excessive and delays healing. The wounded tissue becomes locked in an early phase of the healing process and cannot proceed to completion. In such instances, compounds with anti-inflammatory activities are used to allow the process to proceed normally. One promising approach for the therapeutic treatment of conditions associated with inflammation and impaired wound healing has been the use of metal ions complexed to organic molecules or amino acids, amino acid derivatives and peptides. Some of these complexes possess anti-inflammatory activity, while others possess both anti-inflammatory activity and healing actions. Yet other complexes reportedly possess hair-growth stimulating actions in addition to anti-inflammatory and/or healing activities, as described in, for example, applicant's co-owned pending patent application Ser. No. 07/954,620, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,431, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
The use of copper salts or complexes as anti-inflammatory agents for the healing of stomach ulcers in the treatment of patients suffering from acute or chronic arthritis dates back to the 1940's and 1950's (see, e.g., reviews by Sorenson, Inflammation, 3:317-331 (1976); Agents and Actions 8:305-331 (1981), and Comprehensive Therapy 11:49-64 (1985)). The use of copper salts and complexes, such as copper-salicylate complex, seems to have been abandoned, apparently due to the early promise of the steroidal anti-inflammatories, such as hydrocortisone. Other complexes of copper with amino acids (tryptophan, lysine), with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, ketoprofen, acetylsalicylic acid) or with fatty acids (oleic, lauric and caprylic acids) have been studied but, despite their promise, were rarely developed beyond the preclinical phases, apparently due to problems of irritation, toxicity, and inadequate efficacy.
While many copper-complexes have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties, a more limited group have been reported to also possess healing actions. Heintze (U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,511) reported that a copper oleate complex had anti-inflammatory and skin healing activity. Sorenson (U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,754) describes the use of complexes of copper(II) salts and amino acids, such as tryptophan or lysine, or with organic molecules such as 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid or salicylic acid, to prevent and heal gastrointestinal ulcers. Using a wound-healing model, Townsend and Sorenson (Sorenson et al., Agents and Actions 8:305-325 (1981)) found salicylate-copper to accelerate the rate of healing and to improve the quality of healing of surgically-induced ulcers in rats. Also, Sorenson wrote (ibid. and Inflammation 3: 317-331 (1976)) that Townsend demonstrated that copper(II)-(tryptophan)2 increased the rate of ulcer healing in a surgically-induced ulcer model. The increased healing was purportedly due to a more rapid re-epithelialization of the wound and an increase in the quantity and quality of the collagen. Fine collagen fibers in a normal orientation developed in treated animals, in contrast to non-treated animals in which the new collagen was very dense and composed of thick, wavy disoriented bundles, resembling scar tissue.
Federici and Bertolotto (EP 450,398 and IT 9,019,948) reports that chondroitin sulfate-copper(II) complexes possessed anti-inflammatory activity. European Patent No. EP 66,283 discloses "eustatic" compositions which contain a non-toxic metal ion (including copper) and a glycosamino-glycan of hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate useful as a cicatrizant (wound healing by closure).
UK Patent Application GB 2 044 265 describes metal complexes (including copper) of adenosine triphosphate as aiding the recovery of bone tissue in cases of fractures as well as in osteoporosis and bone cysts.
Konishi (U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,724) reports that the tetrapeptide Gly-Ser-His-Lys and peptides of related structures possess anti-inflammatory and healing actions when complexed with metals such as ionic copper and zinc.
Yu (U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,630) discloses the use of cysteic acid and its derivatives cysteine sulfinic acid or homocysteic acid, chelated to metal ions such as ferric, cupric, zinc or aluminum, to form compositions that alleviate symptoms of diseases characterized by defects of keratinization and achieved a remission of ichthyosis, dandruff and acne. Bertelli (U.S. Pat. No. 4,156,737) suggests that copper complexes of p-aminomethyl-benzene-sulfonamide possess healing and protective effects on skin burns. Van Scott (U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,386) reports that metallic (copper, zinc, or aluminum) salt forms of cysteic acid, cysteine sulfinic acid and homocysteic acid have therapeutic actions that produce remissions of dry and broken skin, keratoses, warts and palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis.
Niwa (Dermatologica 179 S1: 101-106 (1989)) and Bergren et al. (Am. Surg., 54: 333-336 (1988)) found that the anti-inflammatory protein Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase also acts to enhance healing processes.
Pickart (see, e.g., PCT Publications WO 91/14437, WO 91/12267, WO 91/05797, WO 91/03488, WO 89/12441, WO 88/26448, WO 88/08851, EP Patents EP 190,736, EP 189,182; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,753) describes the synthesis and use of metal complexes of Gly-L-His-L-Lys as anti-inflammatory and healing agents.
A number of metal complexes have been used to promote hair growth. Yamashiki (Japan Pat. 70018997) used a complex of copper-pantothenate to purportedly promote growth of hair roots and promote skin functions. Morelle (U.K. Pat. GB 2097256, DE Pat. 32212448) used amino acid derivatives (N-butyryl amino acids) complexed with copper and other metals for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes, including use as hair and skin stimulants. Banfi et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,047) disclose a composition containing primarily one or more sulfur-containing amino acid(s) and copper(II) ions plus smaller amounts of allyl isothiocyanate and rhodanide ions to produce hair-growth stimulating actions. Pickart (e.g., WO 91/07431, 88/08695 and EP 288,278) found a number of metal complexes of derivatives of Gly-L-His-L-Lys to increase hair follicle size and the rate of hair-growth.
Despite the therapeutic promise of the above-mentioned metal complexes, toxicity and tissue irritation occur with many metal complexes (see, e.g., Johnson et al., Inorg. Chem. Acta, 67: 159-165 (1982); Pickart et al., Biochem. Pharm., 32: 3868-3871 (1983); and Pickart et al., Lymphokines 8: 425-446 (1983)). For example, while copper-salicylate complexes and numerous copper-salicylate analogs possess anti-inflammatory activities, other salicylate analogs such as the copper(II) complex of salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone are highly toxic to tissues. Similarly, copper(II)-Gly-L-His-L-Lys supports cellular viability and possesses anti-inflammatory and healing actions, yet close synthetic aroylhydrazone analogs of its copper-binding region are extremely toxic to cells and tissues.
Another problem with copper complexes for therapeutic use concerns the binding affinity of copper ion to the complexing molecule. While a defined copper-complex can be synthesized, its therapeutic use places the complex in the physiological milieu of the tissues where a plethora of literally hundreds of compounds compete for binding to the copper ion, which can form electrostatic bonds to as many as six separate molecules. If the copper is removed from the complex and becomes loosely bound, then tissue irritation occurs (see Raju et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69: 1183-1188 (1982)).
Further complications arise when such metal complexes are formulated into carrier creams or ointments. Various chemicals are added to the formulations to increase adherence to skin and wound surfaces and to enhance the penetration of the complexes into the target tissue. Yet, since many of these substances also bind to the metals, the expected therapeutic benefits may be nullified or significantly attenuated. Also, detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate are used to help blend oil and water phases of the emulsions and stabilize the formulations. However, such detergents are themselves tissue irritants that can delay healing.
Another problem encountered with many of the metal complexes intended for therapeutic use is that they cannot be heat-sterilized; hence, to meet safety requirements, high concentrations of antimicrobial chemicals must be added during manufacture to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and the transmission of viruses. These antimicrobial agents may also inhibit the viability and function of a host's cells such as macrophages and fibroblasts that are involved in the maintenance and repair of skin and other tissue, and thus these agents may retard the healing response.
What is needed in the art are compositions useful in tissue protection, tissue healing, and/or stimulating hair growth, which compositions could be conveniently produced and at low cost. Preferably, the compositions could be sterilized without loss of bioactivity and could be formulated for topical application without the use of detergents or other potentially irritating compounds. The ideal composition would also adhere well to skin and other materials such as wound dressings (for example, adhesive bandages). To speed the time and expense required for regulatory approvals, the compositions would be prepared from materials that are generally recognized as safe by regulatory agencies and thus could be used with minimal safety concerns and regulatory barriers. Quite surprisingly, the current invention fulfills these and other related needs. | 36,709,455 |
Otis Redding Performs "Knock On Wood"
Otis Redding appeared on the December 9, 1967 episode of Cleveland television show Upbeat on WEWS-TV. In this clip from the appearance, he performs "Knock on Wood" with Mitch Ryder. Tragically, Redding died in a plane crash the following day. [video clip courtesy of WEWS-TV]. | 36,709,463 |
A new Morning Consult/Politico poll, conducted May 17-19, found 64 percent of Democratic voters said it was appropriate for their presidential candidates to appear on Fox News for the forums, compared with 15 percent who said it was inappropriate. The sentiment was shared by voters overall, as well as independents and Republicans.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) has said she will not participate in a town hall event on the network, with Warren calling it part of a “hate-for-profit machine,” and Sen. Kamala Harris (D-Calif.) is reportedly not entertaining participating.
South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg of Indiana was the latest 2020 contender to participate in a Fox News event. Speaking Sunday before an audience in New Hampshire with host Chris Wallace, Buttigieg acknowledged the criticism from some other Democrats, and joined the critique of some of the network’s opinion content.
“There is a reason why anybody has to swallow hard and think twice before participating in this media ecosystem,” Buttigieg said during the event, calling out two Fox News opinion hosts by name, Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham, for their disparaging comments about immigrants. “But I also believe that even though some of those hosts are not always there in good faith, I think a lot of people tune in to this network who do it in good faith.” | 36,709,486 |
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Swirlygig Challenge, FUFO Entries
Here are the girls after me own heart. Completed the stitching but didn't leave enough time (or just couldn't be arsed) to finish-finish the projects. Competing for the First Annual Anna Van Schurman Queen of the Fuffies Award. For best viewing, click to embiggen the photos.
Number One
Number Two
Number ThreeNumber Four
Number 5
To vote, send me an e-mail by September 27th at annavsxs AT gmail with the number of your favorite entries. Be sure to label your vote "FUFO" to distinguish it from the other entries. You are welcome to discuss the entries in the comments, but please remember that not everyone wants your helpful input. That is, constructive criticism is probably unwarranted: be nice.
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Dear Europe, you're so cute thinking there is such a thing as privacy on the internet. This blog is powered by Blogger, owned by Google, and thus uses cookies. The only opt out is to not read the blog. You're warned. But still adorable. | 36,709,569 |
Synthetic strategy for side chain mono-N-alkylation of Fmoc-amino acids promoted by molecular sieves.
A new synthetic strategy to alkylate amino groups under mild conditions has been developed. It utilizes only 4 Å molecular sieves as base in order to promote the N-alkylation reaction, in presence of the appropriate alkyl halide. The methodology was validated by the simple and efficient side-chain N-alkylation of o-Ns-protected Fmoc-amino acid. One of them was introduced as building block into a peptide sequence, thus allowing the preparation of site-specific alkylated peptide molecules. | 36,709,595 |
Arrest made in ND ticket counterfeiting...
SOUTH BEND
September 10, 2006
SOUTH BENDArrest made in ND ticket counterfeiting A University of Notre Dame official said an arrest was made Saturday regarding a football ticket counterfeiting scheme. Josh Berlo, the university's director of ticket operations, said the undercover operation was a joint effort between Notre Dame, South Bend and St. Joseph County police. Berlo said the arrest was made on the northern edge of campus during Saturday's Penn State-Notre Dame football game. He did not release the identity of the suspect, but said as many as a couple hundred counterfeit tickets were involved. Notre Dame football tickets have seven separate security features, Berlo said. "We want people to know counterfeit tickets are out there and that we're going after them," Berlo said. "People need to be careful and know who they're buying tickets from. We don't want people getting ripped off." Police are questioning two others suspected of counterfeiting tickets, Berlo said, and will conduct another undercover operation during next Saturday's Michigan-Notre Dame game at Notre Dame Stadium. VANDALIAShooting victim now in stable condition A 55-year-old Cassopolis woman who was shot multiple times Thursday in Vandalia underwent her second surgery Saturday morning in a Kalamazoo hospital and is in stable condition, according to her daughter, Denise Williams. Penny Davis was reportedly shot late Thursday morning by Roy Coker, an 80-year-old blind man she had been caring for during the past five months. Williams said her mother was not romantically involved with Coker. The wounded Davis managed to escape to the front yard before collapsing. After a four-hour standoff, police discovered Coker unconscious inside his home with an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound. He died from his injuries at Borgess-Lee Memorial Hospital in Dowagiac. Davis is recovering at Borgess Medical Center in Kalamazoo. BOURBONPolice: Man sold drug to undercover officer A 39-year-old Warsaw man was arrested at a truck stop Friday after allegedly selling cocaine to an undercover police officer. According to a report from the Marshall County Sheriff's Department, the man was at the Bourbon Truck Stop, at the intersection of U.S. 30 and Beech Road, when the Marshall County Drug Task Force received information that he was responsible for dealing cocaine in both Marshall and Kosciusko counties. An undercover officer approached the man at the truck stop and reportedly was able to buy a half-ounce of cocaine from him for $500. After the purchase, the man was arrested and taken to the Marshall County Jail. The man's name was withheld pending formal charges. | 36,709,649 |
Q:
Product of Bernstein sets
Remember that a Bernstein set is a set
$B\subseteq \mathbb{R}$ with the property that for any uncountable closed set, $S$, in the real line both
$B\cap S$ and $(\mathbb{R}\setminus B)\cap S$ are non-empty. Some known results are the following: Bernstein sets are Baire spaces, also the Banach-Mazur game played in a Bernstein set is indeterminate. My question is: if $B, D\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ are Bernstein sets then $B\times D$ is a Baire space?
Thanks
A:
There exist some general results which show when a product of Baire spaces is Baire. Specifically, Theorem 2 here states
If $X,Y$ are two Baire spaces and at least one has a locally countable pseudo-base, then $X\times Y$ is a Baire space.
A pseudo-base of a topological space $X$ is a family of nonempty open sets such that every open set in $X$ contains an element of the family. In particular, any base is a pseudo-base. A family is locally countable if any element of the family contains only countably many other ones. In particular, any countable family is locally countable.
Now, any Bernstein set, in fact any subset of a second countable space, is second-countable, which means it has a countable base, which is a locally countable pseudo-base. Therefore, by the theorem, a product of Bernstein sets is Baire.
It is worth noting that not every product of Baire spaces is Baire. Oxtoby (the author of the linked paper) constructs a Baire space whose square is not Baire assuming the continuum hypothesis. Cohen has shown CH is not necessary for that
| 36,710,112 |
Monster Hunter Cheats
Search "ps2" in Monster Hunter Tags :
Unregistered
0
Code - Rathian/Rathalos Quick Kill Tip: Locking
It's called 'head-locking' and you can do it with almost all bladed/blunt weapons.
You've seen most wyverns flinch, yes? Where so many hits to a certain body part (like wing-locking Gypceros/KutKu) will cause the wyvern to flinch in pain for a brief moment. This goes for hitting wyverns in the face/head as well, and it can be repeated to the extent where they become 'locked' in a repeat cycle of flinching until dead, or until you're in need of re-sharpening your weapon.
Very handy for when you're trying to obtain items/monster parts in a hurry, or begin to play for effeciency especially when taking the Troublesome Pair quest (Rathalos/Rathian in same quest), for those ever elusive 1% chance Los/Ian Plates.
It's recommended that you search out a lance for this method, as they allow for quick successive hits, and lateral movements to compensate for the wyverns being inched back from being locked/flinched. It is also recommended that you build up a lance that has at least 400 attack as it will only take 2 hits to the head of either Rathian or Rathalos to be locked. You can use weapons under that power but will succumb to having to deal with 3 hits and the possibility of wyvern attack if you mess up the timing.
The simple method is to get that first flinch, then have your last attack hit the head just as the wyvern is done shaking it's head from the previous flinch, cause it to flinch again. Rinse, repeat.
Here is a YouTube example (video is not mine, just randomly searched):
I had to make this post here because the other topics I saw listed as 'cheats/tips/hints' were an absolute joke, had nothing to do with anything, weren't even finished topics, or worse. Yes, this is for an old game, no longer with it's online COOP, but deserves an easily comprehendable description.
And, as it so happens. Locking can actually still be performed in all the sequels to date. (to an extent, in some games better than others, like MH3/Tri). I hope this is of some use to any readers or anyone who searches Google for hints. | 36,710,239 |
Four major South Korean cryptocurrency exchanges have reportedly joined their forces in order to combat money laundering, sources told local news agency The Korea Herald on Monday, Jan. 28.
Quoting a report from South Korean news outlet Yonhap, the articles notes that Bithumb, Upbit, Korbit and Coinone have reportedly established a hotline where users can share information on any unusual trading or payments that could possibly be related to crimes, such as pyramid schemes.
According to an anonymous representative of one of the operators, the exchanges will thereby be able to instantly check any suspicious transactions and immediately block the related accounts.
In early January, Cointelegraph reported that seven of 21 local crypto exchanges have received approval from the South Korean government after a security audit.
During the audit — which took place between September and December 2018 — Bithumb, Coinone and Korbit, along with four other major exchanges, satisfied investigators of the strength of their security measures. However, the majority of firms inspected were found to be exposed to attacks.
Bithumb, which is currently world’s second-largest exchange by reported volume, was recently accused of faking its trade volumes since late summer 2018, following a $30 million hack in June. According to crypto ratings and analytics service CER, the exchange used wash trading and demonstrated strange activity spikes, which might be a sign of trading manipulations. However, Bithumb has denied all the allegations.
Upbit was also accused of falsely inflating its volume figures on three occasions between October 2017 and December 2018. Despite the ongoing legal investigation, the exchange also denies all accusations.
In neighbouring Japan, 16 local crypto exchanges have also formed a self-regulatory body, dubbed the Japanese Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA), following the January hack of more than $534 million of NEM from Japan-based crypto exchange Coincheck. In October, the JVCEA gained approval to oversee the crypto space from Japan’s Financial Services Agency. | 36,710,510 |
The so-called intercepts are fabricated fakes and pre-recorded says Russia's Ambassador to India Alexander Kadakin, in an interview with The Hindu's Suhasini Haidar. Excerpts:
How do you respond to allegations by the Ukrainian government over the involvement of Russia in the tragic Malaysian Air crash ?
Together with entire mankind we are profoundly shocked at aggrieved by the tragedy, and have offered condolences at the highest level. Anti-Russian passions are now running high in Kiev, but some simple questions must be answered by the Ukrainian authorities.
Firstly, why on earth did Ukraine's air traffic control allow a passenger liner enter the airspace which had been allegedly closed by these same authorities? Secondly, can anyone in sane mind blame any country for its responsibility for the disaster ten minutes after the crash took place, as was broadcast from Kiev? It is à la Goebbels propaganda. There is a host of other very serious questions to which the world does not hear replies from Ukraine. Its rulers are deaf and blind to solid facts. For the last several months not a word of truth, but only packs of blatant lies and distortions are emanating from there. We can remind them of the Bible's wisdom that "there is nothing hidden that will not be disclosed, and nothing concealed that will not be known or brought out into the open".
Russia insists on holding a transparent, objective and meticulous international investigation to discover the truth and is ready to assist in it. We do have some solid facts. And a piece of advice to professional accusers in Ukraine and their puppeteers overseas – do not jump into ill-motivated condemnations and fictitiously fabricated allegations – this will land you in shame and absurdity.
Specifically, Ukraine's ambassador to India has accused Russia of being a state sponsor or terror, and says their government has intercepts of Ukrainian rebels and a Russian military intelligence officer discussing the MH17 being shot down. Is Russia helping separatist rebels of groups including the Donetsk People's Republic? Who does Russia blame for this tragedy?
The so-called intercepts to which my colleague might refer, are totally fabricated fakes, pre-recorded one day before the tragic air crash. Anyone could see it on YouTube. Besides, experts have proved that they are a montage of several separate cuttings done much before the airliner was shot down. Fakes cannot serve as an arsenal of arguments in diplomacy.
Before blaming anybody for the tragedy, as I already stressed, a transparent and objective investigation must take place. We will have our weighty say in this. There are no Russian troops in the Donetsk region or inside Ukraine.
After the Russian inclusion of Crimea, India had spoken of Russia's "legitimate interests there", but since then the government has been silent on the issue. Is there any strain in ties over this issue, and did PM. Modi discuss Ukraine with President Putin at all?
'Inclusion', or reunification, is a very appropriate word to describe Crimea's entry into the Federation. The wrongs of history and Khrushchev's voluntarism have been corrected without a single shot fired or a person dead. It was the legitimate realisation of the Crimeans' more than 85% democratic ballot, and of their long-cherished dream. Let Kiev forget Crimea forever - it had never been Ukrainian. But, on the other hand, what is now taking place in Ukraine's eastern provinces, is sheer genocide against their own people, with thousands killed and wounded on both sides.
Understandably, I do not have the minutes of President Putin's meeting with Prime Minister Modi, but Russia is grateful to India for her objective and well-balanced attitude, and India, alongside China, was specifically singled out and thanked for it by my President. There is no strain whatsoever on this issue between us.
On bilateral issues, what was the outcome of the recent BRICS meeting between President Putin and Modi...
A: The first personal meeting between President Putin and Prime Minister Modi was a milestone event, indeed. It drew unprecedented attention in Russia, India and the world. BJP’s impressive victory at recent elections has opened up new vistas in our strategic partnership, whose authorship belongs to this party – the Declaration was signed by Mr Putin and Mr Vajpayee in 2000. We feel that both leaders are on the same wavelength, and they seek to re-energize cooperation in all spheres. Such synergy is imbibed in our relationship, and personal chemistry is very much characteristic of the result-oriented persons.
We highly value Mr Modi's words about my country as India’s closest time-tested friend. All Russians have the same feelings towards India. It is a deep-rooted national tradition. In this sense, our friendship is a unique phenomenon in modern times' diplomacy. It is a model for other countries to emulate. The Fortaleza meeting has paved a promising way and set the background for Mr Putin’s official visit to India next December for the annual bilateral summit, to further consolidate our special and privileged strategic partnership.
PM Modi has also invited President Putin to visit the Kudankulam project that has been completed now…where do you see future nuclear and defence cooperation between India and Russia go?
Civil nuclear energy is the mainstream avenue of Russian-Indian strategic cooperation. Tangible, and not hypothetical, progress has been achieved in the construction of Kudankulam power plant in Tamil Nadu, our flagship project. Its Unit I has already been put into operation and is now running at full throttle. KPP's Unit II will produce electricity by the end of this year. In April 2014 a General framework agreement for Units III and IV was signed. The existing Road Map envisages as many as 22 new Russia-designed units to be erected in India.
Another promising area is cooperation is hydrocarbons. Our Indian partners evince a strong interest in stepping up imports of Russian oil and gas. Over the recent years our companies have signed quite a number of mutually beneficial agreements. Apart from this we are planning to examine feasibility of the Indian initiative to construct a land pipeline which would run from Russia's southern border to India either along the projected TAPI route or through the Himalayas. If implemented, such pipeline, now seemingly futuristic, would be the biggest ever energy project in history, which would enhance India’s energy security.
Defence will remain in the focus of our strategic partnership, characterized by highest level of confidentiality and trust. Whatever our ill-wishers or competitors may say, the long-term Programme for military and technical cooperation for 2011-2020 together with over 20 intergovernmental agreements form the operational bedrock for Russian defence supplies to India. The value of contracts portfolio is over USD 35 bln. We readily share our technologies with India and opt for co-production of military equipment, the best example being the fifth generation combat aircraft. | 36,710,725 |
Firefighters to offer free detector batteries
The Salt Lake City Fire Department will offer free batteries on Sunday with which residents can replace older batteries in their smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.
On-duty firefighters will also assist residents in checking the detectors and replacing their batteries, according to a news release from the department.
The firefighters hope residents will adopt the habit of changing detector batteries when they change their clocks in relation to daylight-saving time. Properly working alarms save lives, they have said.
Energizer Battery is helping to sponsor the effort.
The free batteries can be obtained between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. at 315 E. 200 South, according to department public information officer Scott Freitag. | 36,710,844 |
Aldon Smith will have a chance to state his case for reinstatement.
According to NFL Network's Ian Rapoport, the Oakland Raiders linebacker is setting up a meeting with league commissioner Roger Goodell or a "high-ranking official" to discuss the possibility of him being reinstated.
The Oakland Raiders take on the Kansas City in Week 14. Want the latest news on the matchup sent straight to your inbox? – Sign up for our FREE Raiders newsletter now!
Smith was banished from the NFL for one year after violating the league's substance-abuse policy multiple times. He was due to receive a response from Goodell on his pending reinstatement last Friday.
For the Raiders, a decision is better late than never. Even though it is unlikely to happen, Smith is reportedly prepared to play against the Kansas City Chiefs on Thursday, if he is reinstated in time for that matchup.
On Sunday, it was reported that Smith's reinstatement was "unlikely" and that the Raiders were starting to move on. The latest news of this meeting between Smith and the league may give the team new hope that the star pass rusher could come back in 2016.
Smith, who appears to be in great shape, has 47.5 career sacks in 59 games played with the Raiders and San Francisco 49ers since 2011. The former seventh-overall draft pick out of Missouri was named first-team All-Pro in 2012, the year he finished second in the NFL with 19.5 sacks.
If he does, in fact, return to the Raiders this season, Smith will join a pass rush that already features Khalil Mack and Bruce Irvin on the edges. Teams will have a tough time stopping all three of these playmakers.
Follow Kevin Boilard on Twitter: @247KevinBoilard | 36,711,085 |
Roseanne Barr on Wednesday defended Diamond and Silk and said Facebook should “stop censoring” the pro-Trump supporters after the duo’s videos were classified as “unsafe to the community” on the social platform.
“Diamond and Silk are comedians-stop censoring them!” Barr tweeted.
The demand from the actress-comedian — who returned to Twitter following the successful “Roseanne” reboot — came after Lynnette "Diamond" Hardaway and Rochelle "Silk" Richardson appeared on “Fox & Friends” and said their videos were deemed “unsafe to the community” by Facebook’s public policy team. The dynamic duo said they were given no reason why their videos earned the label.
A Facebook spokesperson told Fox News on Tuesday it was reconsidering the videos’ classification.
"We have communicated directly with Diamond And Silk about this issue. The message they received last week was inaccurate and not reflective of the way we communicate with our community and the people who run Pages on our platform,” the spokesperson said in a statement. “We have provided them with more information about our policies and the tools that are applicable to their Page and look forward to the opportunity to speak with them.”
The outspoken commentators, however, fired back at Mark Zuckerberg Wednesday and said the Facebook founder has turned the platform a “political playground” for Democrats.
"We are not unsafe!" the duo said.
"If he was concerned about his platform being a place for all ideas, then why would he put algorithms in place to censor some ideas?" Diamond said. "And why is he turning Facebook into a political playground for Democrats?"
Diamond and Silk also claimed there were algorithms still in place that are barring fans from viewing their content easily on Facebook.
Tennessee GOP Rep. Marsha Blackburn also came to Diamond and Silk’s defense on Wednesday during the Zuckerberg's testimony before the House Energy and Commerce Committee, saying they are “not terrorism.”
"Let me tell you something right now," Blackburn said to the Facebook founder. "Diamond and Silk is not terrorism."
The duo describe themselves as "biological sisters from North Carolina standing with the silent majority" and President Trump's "most outspoken & loyal supporters."
Fox News' Chris Ciaccia contributed to this report. | 36,711,395 |
Maria Drugoveiko-world Kids Books Showroom, Retail, Bookstore
At Design Interviews
Interview with Maria Drugoveiko : Frank Scott: What is the main principle, idea and inspiration behind your design?. Maria Drugoveiko : The main inspiration came from a business idea itself which was to design a fully operational bookstore using a very small footprint. .Frank Scott: What has been your main focus in designing this work? Especially what did you want to achieve?. Maria Drugoveiko : To do it 'right'. We wanted this project to be functional and to look different. .Frank Scott: What are your future plans for this award winning design?. Maria Drugoveiko : I think this particular store is a great example of how a business idea can be enhanced through interior design. Just imagine yourself as a business owner, you've got great products and/or services to offer to your potential clients but don't know how to represent yourself on the 'big market'. We hope to help many other business owners to stand out from the crowd and to be different. .Frank Scott: How long did it take you to design this particular concept?. Maria Drugoveiko : It took us a couple of weeks to come up with the concept and overall direction and another 3 weeks to do the drawings. Construction took about 10 weeks. .Frank Scott: Why did you design this particular concept? Was this design commissioned or did you decide to pursuit an inspiration?. Maria Drugoveiko : The design was commissioned. We wanted to create an inviting, open space that is welcoming and accessible for parents with strollers and people in wheelchairs, but at the same time we did not want to put an overwhelming amount of books on the shelves where the only part you see would be the spines on the books, so we came up with the concept of an 'open book' because open book is more appealing. Our panels became 'pages', and the columns became 'spines'. TVs are used for marketing purposes and to attract customers in. .Frank Scott: Is your design being produced or used by another company, or do you plan to sell or lease the production rights or do you intent to produce your work yourself?. Maria Drugoveiko : In my opinion, interior design is unique in a way that a lot depends on the geometry and architecture of a given space, and this what makes every space we design different. I hope that this project would inspire other people to create something unique as well. .Frank Scott: What made you design this particular type of work?. Maria Drugoveiko : The client's requirements as well as the challenges we faced during the construction process. .Frank Scott: Where there any other designs and/or designers that helped the influence the design of your work?. Maria Drugoveiko : No .Frank Scott: Who is the target customer for his design?. Maria Drugoveiko : Local communities and local business owners .Frank Scott: What sets this design apart from other similar or resembling concepts?. Maria Drugoveiko : We tried to create a new experience and a new concept for shopping books. If you think about how people shop today, the majority goes online. It is easier to google products than to find them in big stores, people just have less time. Also, to run a big store is costly thus not sustainable so we designed a small showroom as a continuation of the online shopping satisfying all customers, the ones who like to browse and shop online (with options to either pick up at the store or get the order shipped to their address) and the ones who like to come to the store and pick their books themselves. The design intent was to design an attractive space that is no culture, gender, or age specific and I think we succeeded. .Frank Scott: How did you come up with the name for this design? What does it mean?. Maria Drugoveiko : The name of the store is its website www.worldkidsbooks.com which supports the idea of this store being a showroom. It is very simple. .Frank Scott: Which design tools did you use when you were working on this project?. Maria Drugoveiko : Every tool we had, you name it - we used it. It was not an easy project and working with good trades definitely made the whole process easier. .Frank Scott: What is the most unique aspect of your design?. Maria Drugoveiko : The fact that we made small space feel very spacious and aesthetically powerful. .Frank Scott: Who did you collaborate with for this design? Did you work with people with technical / specialized skills?. Maria Drugoveiko : Yes, we ended up consulting a structural engineer at some point as it is a public space and safety is important. .Frank Scott: What is the role of technology in this particular design?. Maria Drugoveiko : Thanks to technology this store has a website to sell online so the owners did not need a big space. Also, the store has a free wireless internet so that customers can browse what is in stock yet not on the floor without leaving the store. The TVs are used for various marketing and promotional purposes. Yes, technology played an important role on this project, however, we did not want technology to overpower the books. As a result, I think we were able to achieve a good balance between the two. .Frank Scott: Is your design influenced by data or analytical research in any way? What kind of research did you conduct for making this design?. Maria Drugoveiko : Yes, of course we did a lot of research before we began. Running a profitable bookstore business is tough these days at least from what we found, so we needed to understand how we could make it more profitable through interior design. High rent, electrical costs and labor cost were among the top causes for bookstores to be less profitable, so with smaller footprint but with the same amount of goods the chances for this bookstore to be more profitable are much higher. In addition, by selling books for children in 4 different languages they appeal to more than one community which is important in a multicultural city like Vancouver. .Frank Scott: What are some of the challenges you faced during the design/realization of your concept?. Maria Drugoveiko : The existing space looked and felt very awkward, it was small, had a trapezoid shape and a very high ceiling with many exposed pipes. The biggest challenge was to be able to 'carve' the space using the existing geometry to our advantage the best way possible while leaving required access to everything existing, and we did it. .Frank Scott: How did you decide to submit your design to an international design competition?. Maria Drugoveiko : I guess I can compare it to being an athlete in a way that there is a huge difference between winning a provincial competition versus winning an Olympic medal. You can perform the same routine but the outcome feels so much different at the Olympics because it is international. Also, I was just really curious what the jury members would think about our project, and I am happy I did. .Frank Scott: What did you learn or how did you improve yourself during the designing of this work?. Maria Drugoveiko : Every project is different, so upon completing each and every one, no matter how big or small that project is, you learn something. On this particular project I learned to be flexible and think on the spot. .Frank Scott: Any other things you would like to cover that have not been covered in these questions?. Maria Drugoveiko : I think we've covered everything, thank you very much. . | 36,711,431 |
Q:
Looking for direction on a design pattern for a receipt object
I need to design a receipt object that will take line items in a transaction and format them for a 40 column display. In the future I will also need another format for regular sized printer paper.
The transaction has different types of line items (items, comments, discounts, tenders, etc.).
My first thought was to create an interface for each of these so that they would be responsible for formatting themselves, and I could add a new method to the interface for each type of receipt format I need. My next thought was to create one class for each type of receipt format I need and let it be responsible for looking at what type each line is and formatting it appropriately.
So my question is whether there is a better design pattern that I may be overlooking, and if not then is there significant reason to favor one of the above designs over the other?
So I could add something like this:
public interface IReceiptFormat
{
string FormatFor40Column();
string FormatForRegularPaper();
}
to my Item, Comment, etc. classes. Or I could create something like this:
public ReceiptFormatterFor40Column
{
public Ticket Ticket {get; private set;}
public ReceiptFormatterFor40Column(Ticket ticket)
{
Ticket = ticket;
}
public List<string> GenerateReceipt()
{
var lines = new List<string>();
foreach(var line in Ticket.Lines)
{
// check what type of object line is and add
// add an appropriately formatted string to lines
}
}
}
A:
Why don't you just create a IRecieptPrinter interface and then a RegularPaperPrinter and ColumnPrinter?
then you could do:
var printer = new RegularPaperPrinter();
printer.Print(receipt);
If you don't want to create the printers yourself you could use the factory pattern:
var printer = printerFactory.Create("regularpaper");
printer.Print(receipt);
| 36,711,447 |
Aincrad had 100 floors for you to explore… but there is something troubling on the 76th floor. Someone gets thrills from the murder of people. A brand new Hollow area awaits your presence. Take your partner there to get your fill. Why stop there when you could have four players join you. | 36,711,454 |
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and legislative leaders are planning to scale back the state’s investment in schools, higher education, public transportation and other programs -- while imposing several temporary tax increases -- to close the $42-billion budget gap projected by the middle of next year.
The bipartisan plan was cobbled together in private talks by legislative leaders and presented to rank-and-file lawmakers Wednesday afternoon, according to participants. Votes in the Assembly and state Senate are planned as soon as Friday. It is unclear whether the required two-thirds of legislators will support the proposal.
Senate Leader Darrell Steinberg (D-Sacramento) called the plan “a common framework” for a deal that would balance the state budget for the next 17 months.
Matt David, Schwarzenegger’s communications director, characterized any remaining issues to be worked out as “minor.”
A copy of the fiscal blueprint obtained by The Times shows that the deficit would be wiped out with $15 billion in cuts; $14.4 billion in new and increased taxes on sales, vehicles, gasoline and personal income; $12 billion in borrowing against future profits from the lottery; short-term loans; and various accounting maneuvers.
Some of the cuts and borrowing could ultimately be offset by billions of dollars in federal aid that California would receive in the economic stimulus package that passed the U.S. Senate this week and is awaiting final approval in Congress.
The fashioning of the budget framework follows months of deadlock in the Capitol. The governor called lawmakers into emergency session to address a spiraling deficit in November, after state revenues plummeted along with financial markets and it became clear the state could run short of cash.
This month, tax refunds were suspended, along with payments to vendors and some welfare and college grants. And now much of state government is shutting down two days a month, furloughing most employees without pay.
Under the new budget agreement, cuts to other state services would be deep and long-lasting.
Schools and community colleges, which account for nearly half of all state spending, would lose nearly $8 billion. Only part of that would be backfilled by Washington. Several state requirements on how schools allocate their money -- including on class size reduction -- would be suspended for several years.
School officials say the plan could lead to the elimination of after-school activities, elective classes such as art and music, classroom supplies and thousands of teaching jobs.
Kevin Gordon, a lobbyist for school districts, said, “For the first time, people are really going to see tangible negative impacts from cuts.”
State colleges and universities, where tuition has been steadily rising for years, would lose $890 million.
Scheduled cost-of-living increases for public-assistance recipients would be canceled, and mental health and early childhood education programs created by voter-approved ballot initiatives would be cut by over $830 million. The state would cut spending on local public transit by $459 million.
Jeff Wagner, a spokesman for the California Transit Assn., warned that such a big hit could mean fare hikes and service reductions. Transit agencies, he said, have “been cut to the bone already.”
Californians would also take a substantial hit to their wallets.
Vehicle license fees would nearly double, going from the current rate of 0.65% to 1.15% of the value of a car or truck. The sales tax would increase by 1 cent, raising the rate in Los Angeles County to 9.75%. Gasoline taxes would increase by 12 cents a gallon. And residents would pay a new surcharge on personal income taxes, amounting to 2.5% to 5% of their total tax bills, depending on how much federal money California gets.
The new and increased taxes would remain in effect for at least two years. If voters approved constitutional spending restraints that the Legislature would put on the ballot in the coming months as part of the budget package, the taxes would remain in place for five years.
The budget deal was negotiated almost entirely in secret. Rank-and-file lawmakers still have not seen legislation containing the package of cuts and tax increases their leaders expect them to approve this week.
Lobbyists and other advocates immediately began pressuring lawmakers to resist the plan.
Anthony Wright, executive director of the nonprofit Health Access California, said the spending limits would strangle government healthcare programs. The cost of providing care to the poor, he said, is likely to grow much faster than state spending would be allowed to under such limits.
“This is going to devastate healthcare,” he said.
Public employee unions were also angered by the deal, which eliminates two unspecified state holidays currently allotted to government workers. Such givebacks are typically negotiated in collective bargaining with the governor. But in this case, the days off would be taken away without workers being able to negotiate anything in return.
Republican legislative leaders fought for and won a major corporate tax break as part of the spending plan. It would allow some large companies to change how they compute their state taxes to save potentially millions of dollars over the course of several years. Instead of being taxed on a formula that factors in how much California property they own, the size of their payroll and their overall sales, they could elect to be taxed on sales only.
Champions of the tax break, projected to deprive state coffers of $690 million a year, say it will create jobs because the current tax formula penalizes companies with facilities and workers in the state. They point to a large facility that the biotech company Genentech says it built in Oregon instead of California for that reason.
Advocates for the poor call the proposal a giveaway.
“A bunch of states have done this, and it hasn’t created any new jobs or any new investment,” said Lenny Goldberg, executive director of the Sacramento-based California Tax Reform Assn. “It just allows companies to avoid paying taxes.”
Film companies would get tax breaks totaling $100 million annually to keep their productions in California, an incentive the movie-star governor has been trying to put in place for years.
The budget blueprint also includes the relaxation of environmental laws on some major highway projects, openings for private companies to take over some public-works construction and a tax credit for new hires -- all demanded by the Republican leaders, Assemblyman Mike Villines of Clovis and Sen. Dave Cogdill of Modesto, in exchange for supporting the temporary tax hikes.
Pressure on GOP lawmakers to vote against the plan is intense, and it remains unclear whether the proposal will win the three Republican votes required for passage in the Assembly and in the Senate. Even more Republicans would be needed if the plan did not get the vote of every Democrat in the Legislature.
“I do not believe there are enough Republican votes in the state Senate to pass the budget at this time,” said Sen. Sam Aanestad (R-Grass Valley), who said he plans to vote against it. “But a lot can change in two days.”
Cogdill, a participant in the talks, said he had “negotiated it to the point where I think it doesn’t get any better.”
--
[email protected]
patrick.mcgreevy@ latimes.com
--
(BEGIN TEXT OF INFOBOX)
Bipartisan plan
The blueprint for a state budget deal includes:
TEMPORARY TAX HIKES
* Nearly doubling vehicle license fee
* Raising sales taxes 1 cent
* Raising gasoline taxes 12 cents a gallon
* Surcharge of 2.5% to 5% on personal income taxes
PROGRAM CUTS
* $8 billion* from public schools, community colleges
* $890 million from state colleges, universities
* $459 million from public transit
*Some may be offset by federal aid.
Source: Times reporting | 36,711,480 |
I mentioned in my post on the roadrage trial, and in a comment on Modest Money about my criminal past. Everyone was nice enough about it that I thought I’d go balls to the wall and fess up to my faithful followers.
The Truth
My criminal record is long and I was stupid when I was a kid. I wanted attention from my dad and wasn’t getting it so I started doing illegal things. It’s not my dad’s fault though, I knew the stuff I did was wrong—I was being an idiot.
I do feel bad about the things I did. Legally speaking, I put in my time for all I’d done. Paid my debt to society, if you will. But like I said, I do still feel bad, and so I thought it might be cool to “give back” some more.
One thing I did in my troubled youth, as we’ll call it, was break into cars. My friends and me got very good at it. And so here are some tips, coming from me, a former car thief, for things that you can do to make it less likely that you’ll get your car broken into.
How It Goes Down
From the moment we would break a car window, we assumed that someone was on the phone with the police. We figured that police could be on the scene in 60 seconds. To play it safe, we gave ourselves 20 seconds. 20 seconds from the initial window break to us being gone.
Those 20 seconds weren’t the “one Mississippi…two Mississippi…” kind either. We counted fast because we didn’t want to get caught. Honestly, it could’ve been even 10 seconds.
What does that mean for you? It means that the “just a sec” that you “run in” to drop off your library book or pick up your carry-out dinner is all we needed. Actually, way more than we needed.
In 20 seconds, we’d have your stereo, CDs, and anything else that looked cool, and be gone.
Sometimes There’s Nothing You Can Do
Sometimes, there’s nothing you can really do to avoid a break in. Like I said, it takes 20 seconds, which is fast, and you can’t do anything about that.
We’d usually walk through suburbia neighborhoods and break into cars parked in peoples’ driveways or on the street. And so if we happened to be on your street, well, nothing you can really do to prevent that.
So dudes, sometimes there’s just nothing you can do.
So What Can You Do?
Stereo face plates – Put them in the glovebox. If a stereo has no faceplate, then it wasn’t worth it for me to steal. Can’t sell a stereo/radio on the black market without a face plate. I knew that it could be sitting in the glovebox, but I also knew that maybe you took it out of the car with you. It’s too uncertain, so we’d move to the next car. The Club– Actually driving away with a car that has The Club on it is not easy. It can be done, I assure you, but it takes more time than we would’ve liked. So if a car has The Club on it, we’d pass on stealing it. Of course, cars today usually have cheap, plastic-type steering wheels and so I know that many car thieves today will just cut the steering wheel, making The Club useless. But that takes time, and time isn’t on the side of a car thief, so something like The Club will really lower your chances of getting your car swiped entirely. To lock or unlock your car doors? – Depends. If you are in a particularly “bad” neighborhood, leave your car doors unlocked and your windows down. From my experience, people in those neighborhoods will break into your car no matter what. They’ve got little to lose (I’ll have a post about that later on). So you might as well leave the car open so that they don’t break your windows while they’re at it. However! If you’re in a “normal” to “good” neighborhood, lock your car doors and windows. My friends and I usually spent our time in “good” or “normal” neighborhoods and cars that were locked was a mild deterrent. If we really wanted something, we’d break your window for sure, but we’d have to really want it. If you left your doors unlocked, we’d be in there no matter if we wanted something originally or not! Car alarms– Car alarms are not the point here. What I recommend is that you have a little blinking light that’s highly visible on your dashboard somewhere. Anytime we saw a little blinking light, we’d move on because it looked like a car alarm and that wasn’t worth the trouble to us. You can buy a little blinking light at automotive stores that you affix to your dashboard with Velcro – they’re like little fake car alarms, and they work. If it looks like a car alarm and blinks like a car alarm, then we’d always pass on that car. Hood ornaments – Most cars don’t have these anymore, and that’s good. My favorite thing to steal was hood ornaments (there’s a little black market on those, and there’s just something about them that I liked) and so if you had one, I’d rip it off. So easy to do. A car with a hood ornament was like a beacon, “come rip me off!” Putting stuff in your trunk – Remember how I said it took us 20 seconds to break in and steal your stuff? That quick time can actually work to your advantage. We never broke into a car and popped the trunk. Never. There wasn’t time. So if there’s something that you need to leave in your car (suitcase, CDs, GPS, sports equipment, etc), just throw it in your trunk. We never had the time to look in there. Expensive cars – There are people who steal cars for a living, and so if you have an expensive car, they’ll probably target you. But for the kind of stealing I did, we always stayed away from expensive cars. They’d probably have car alarms or something else fancy and we just weren’t interested in dealing with anything like that. Other car types – We loved Jeeps. The ones with the cloth tops. Those were prime targets for us because they’re just so easy. Breaking into them was noiseless (just cut the cloth!) and so it was very very simple. Lots of stuff in your car – If your car is full from the floor to the roof with junk, I usually passed on those cars. Too much stuff in the way, hard to tell what I wanted or didn’t, and I didn’t want some rat popping out at me or something. Nothing in your car — A car with nothing in it was a car to pass on, too. There’s nothing in there to steal – unless the stereo was something special, what would I break in to it for? Some stuff in your car – Loose change, tape measure, GPS system (or radar detectors back in my day)…those things are targets like you wouldn’t believe. When we saw some loose change, we just had to have it. Window broken, gank the $0.85 and anything else loose. And now you’ve got a broken window and insurance to deal with, all because I saw some loose change. Unless you go the route of having a car filled so much that you’re a mini-hoarder, you absolutely gotta keep it empty. No loose change. No little screwdrivers, tollway passes, sports equipment, cool signs, t-shirts, or anything! Streetlights – If your car is in shadows, then it was easier for us to break in to unnoticed. If you’re under a streetlamp, it felt too exposed. So park in well-lit areas. We never ever ever ever broke into a car that was in a well-lit area. Never. We only broke into cars that were in darkness. Exterior home lighting– You should install motion sensor lights on your home. If we walked near a home and one of those clicked on, we were the hell outta there. Exception: If a motion sensor light was hung in a spot where we could reach it, we’d just unscrew the bulb. Problem solved for us. So install motion sensor lights and for Heaven’s sake, install them high enough so that a 6 foot dude can’t unscrew the bulb in them! Parking locations – We never hit cars in big parking lots. Too much light usually, too many potential eyes watching. We only stuck to suburban neighborhoods, especially ones with not much lighting. So parking lots are safer than you might think. Spare tire – If you own a van or a truck, make sure you chain your spare tire to the vehicle. We’d rip off spare tires so easily and sell them. So chain those suckers down and make the chain visible. Just like with a blinking car alarm light (fake or not doesn’t matter!), a visible chain holding down your spare tire is an easy visual for a thief to know it’s not worth it.
The Take Home Message?
If you remember nothing else, remember these two things – (1) light is the criminal’s enemy. We hated light! Hated it! This makes light your friend. Park under street lights and park near motion sensor lights, and dumb little criminals like I was, will stay away. (2) 20 seconds. It only takes 20 seconds. Don’t ever forget that.
Since I’ve mended my ways, I’ve had stuff stolen from me and had my car broken into. I know how much it sucks. I’m sorry I did it when I was younger. I hope these tips can help keep it from happening to you!
Photo credits: street lamp, hood ornament, locks, clock | 36,711,834 |
Line Operator Wanted - Permanent Opportunity
Our client North of London is growing and requires a Line Operator for their busy company.
A Line Operator is responsible for the line start-ups, shutdowns and tooling changeovers. This position requires the flexibility to work 40+ hours per week, days, afternoons or nights as well as weekends as required.
What is the job?
* Practice proper PPE compliance and maintain a safe working record and environment
We love referrals. Visit www.manpower.ca/referral to easily share opportunities with friends and family and increase your compensation by $100 for each successful referral.
Manpower Group recognizes the importance of providing an accessible and barrier-free environment. We are committed to creating a welcoming, fair and inclusive environment by offering equal opportunity to access our services. At Manpower Group, we are committed to providing accommodations, and will work with you to meet your needs.
Job Type
Hours
Salary Range
No. of Openings
Branch Information
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Job Description
Our client North of London is growing and requires a Line Operator for their busy company.
A Line Operator is responsible for the line start-ups, shutdowns and tooling changeovers. This position requires the flexibility to work 40+ hours per week, days, afternoons or nights as well as weekends as required.
What is the job?
* Practice proper PPE compliance and maintain a safe working record and environment
We love referrals. Visit www.manpower.ca/referral to easily share opportunities with friends and family and increase your compensation by $100 for each successful referral.
Manpower Group recognizes the importance of providing an accessible and barrier-free environment. We are committed to creating a welcoming, fair and inclusive environment by offering equal opportunity to access our services. At Manpower Group, we are committed to providing accommodations, and will work with you to meet your needs. | 36,711,886 |
Food trucks are storming the country. Serving everything from waffles to grilled cheese sandwiches and representing worldwide cuisine, food trucks seem to have it all except alcohol.
Why?
Could it be that many food truck owners sh ... Read more
5 Ways to Rev Up Your Food Truck Marketing
As a food truck owner, you embrace the challenge of driving from town to town and setting up shop for the day. Your unique type of business gives you the op ... Read more
Operating your own personal chef business is no easy feat. You’re working in your clients’ homes or renting out spaces to whip up your next creation. Autonomy over your decisions and working in a career you’re passionate about makes for a rewardi ... Read more
Your catering business operations consist of a variety of details, such as advertising, food prep, food delivery, and post-event cleanup. No matter how careful you are, you need to account for human error and outside variables which are completely out ... Read more | 36,712,244 |
PSG held 1-1 by reigning champs
AFP, PARIS
Tue, Nov 13, 2012 - Page 18
Remy Cabella canceled out a rare goal from Maxwell as Paris Saint-Germain were held to a 1-1 draw at faltering defending champions Montpellier Herault on Sunday.
Both sides finished the match with 10 men as Mamadou Sakho was dismissed for the visitors, while Younes Belhanda received his marching orders for Montpellier in a tetchy affair that saw PSG return to the Ligue 1 summit.
Olympique de Marseille had provisionally assumed control of top spot earlier in the day following a 2-2 draw at home to OGC Nice, but a point for Carlo Ancelotti’s side at Stade de la Mosson was enough for the Parisians to usurp their archrivals on goal-difference, albeit having played one game extra.
With Zlatan Ibrahimovic serving the first of his two-match suspension, Guillaume Hoarau was handed a rare start by Ancelotti, but the French striker’s participation came to an abrupt end as he was substituted after just 12 minutes, with PSG forced to reshuffle following Sakho’s red card for a professional foul on Gaetan Charbonnier.
Despite their numerical disadvantage, the capital club went in front on 37 minutes as Maxwell lofted an exquisite chip from just inside the area over a stranded Geoffrey Jourdren, but the hosts restored parity on the hour-mark as Remy Cabella dispossessed Blaise Matuidi inside his own half, advancing into the box, before arrowing a low strike into the far corner past a helpless Salvatore Sirigu.
Belhanda was then shown a second yellow card for a deliberate handball just five minutes later, leaving both sides to see out the game with 10 men.
Earlier, Marseille were forced to settle for a point as Nice twice came from behind to earn a creditable point at the Stade Velodrome.
Mathieu Valbuena missed a first-half penalty, before Andre Ayew headed in the former’s clipped cross to give Marseille the lead against Nice five minutes before halftime.
Dario Cvitanich then notched his fourth league goal since arriving on the Cote d’Azur six minutes after the interval, diving to nod in Eric Bautheac’s free-kick at the far post to haul Nice level.
Valbuena put Marseille back in front, stabbing home after Andre Ayew’s initial effort rebounded off the crossbar and the back of Nice goalkeeper David Ospina, but the home side were undone two minutes from time when Fabrice Abriel swept in Camel Meriem’s miscued volley from close range to earn draw specialists Nice a seventh stalemate of the season.
Meanwhile, Olympique Lyonnais are third in the table on 22 points, one adrift of both PSG and Marseille, following their 1-1 draw at struggling Sochaux-Montbeliard.
Maxime Gonalons was on target for a second successive league game, as he flicked a Steed Malbranque set-piece beyond Sochaux goalkeeper Simon Pouplin to put Lyon ahead on 24 minutes, but Sloan Privat drew Sochaux level on 71 minutes when he drilled low past Remy Vercoutre after a neat exchange of passes with Ryad Boudebouz to earn the home side a valuable point.
Elsewhere, Girondins de Bordeaux made it back-to-back wins with a 4-0 rout of Lorient at the Stade du Moustoir.
Brazilian striker Jussie opened his account for the season when he prodded home after the hosts failed to deal with a corner. He then set up Ludovic Obraniak to double Bordeaux’s lead on 33 minutes.
Henri Saivet nodded in from another corner eight minutes after halftime to increase the visitors’ advantage, then Jussie unselfishly squared the ball to Yoan Gouffran, who completed the demolition to extend Lorient’s winless run to seven matches. | 36,712,295 |
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
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Dynamic Media Friends (End)
RM 137.40
Attention Japanese and Korean TV drama fans! Starred by Japanese well-liked actress Kyoko Fukada and Korean heartthrob Won Bin, "Friends" is definitely your choice of the day! With the story set in the beautiful city, Hong Kong, this lighthearted love story will surely touch your heart.
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
The fifth feature film to spin out of the immensely popular Naruto franchise, Naruto Shippuden: Kizuna is the biggest hit of the series yet. Released in Japan in summer 2008, the film directed by Kamegaki Hajime brought in over two billion yen at the box office. A mysterious group of flying ninjas from Sky Country, which was devastated by Konoha during the last Shinobi World War, launches a surprise attack on Konoha and the Fire Country looking for revenge. Naruto, Sakura, and Hinata head to Fire Country with a doctor and young boy named Amaru to help the injured people in his village, but the journey turns out to be one of perils and revelations. Meanwhile, back in Konoha, Shikamaru and the other ninjas prepare to attack back.
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
Get caught up in the hilarious, action-filled world of Naruto! Based on the popular Shonen Jump manga by Kishimoto Masashi, Naruto tells the tale of young would-be ninja Naruto, a young boy who's feared and even hated by all the residents of Konohoa village - and perhaps with good reason! Years ago, an evil fox demon fought in Konohoa, wreaking destruction and taking many lives in the process. Eventually, the demon fox was subdued by encasing its spirit in the body of a young boy...who would one day grow to become Naruto! Years of being an outcast have hardened Naruto, but he still desires to achieve the status of Hokage, the strongest ninja. The rank of Hokage comes with extreme prestige, but Naruto doesn't want power; he just wants to prove that he's a human being worthy of the respect and even the love of those around him!
This VCD set collects the first 26 episodes of the long-running Naruto anime series. Filled with dramatic storylines, fun ninja training sequences, and a cast of diverse and hilarious characters, Naruto has charmed audiences worldwide, and is one of the most popular Japanese anime television series today!
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Dynamic Media Death Note 9 (VCD) (Animation) (Hong Kong Version)
RM 44.30
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
The fourth film of the Naruto Shippuden series introduces the best fighting partner Naruto will ever have - his father. This time, Naruto and Yamato get sent back in time in the pursuit of an evil ninja that plans to take over the world. In their quest to defeat him, Naruto meets his father Minato as a young man and teams up with him to defeat the powerful villain. With the bond between father and son as the main theme, audiences were pleasantly surprised by the poignant story, making The Lost Tower one of the most critically acclaimed Naruto films yet.
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
Popular manga series Death Note first appeared in Weekly Shonen Jump in December 2003. With its anti-hero protagonist, dark psychological themes, innovative premise, and unpredictable plot twists, Death Note was an instant hit, amassing an avid readership in its three years of serialization. It was later published in a 12-volume set in multiple languages, selling 18 million copies worldwide. In summer 2006, the film version of Death Note starring Fujiwara Tatsuya and Matsuyama Kenichi became a blockbuster success throughout Asia; the sequel is scheduled for November release. Now Death Note comes to the small screen with an animated series!
One day, bored death god Ryuk leaves his Death Note in the mortal world, just to see what will happen. A Death Note is a death god's weapon for killing; as the instructions within clearly state, the human whose name is written in the notebook dies. Ryuk's Death Note is picked up by Light, a bright and restless student who assumes the notebook is a joke - until someone drops dead. Realizing the power that has been bestowed upon him, Light adopts the name Kira (Killer) and sets about ridding the world of criminals. His callous renegade justice, however, is not tolerated by the authorities. Faced with so many unexplained deaths, the police enlist the assistance of L, an eccentric young genius with a taste for sweets and detective work. And so begins a dangerous battle of wits between the mysterious L and the increasingly calculating Light.
About Dynamic-media Malaysia
Dynamic Media Malaysia
Products like different types of Hobbies, TV and Video & DVD are sold by Dynamic Media. Black are the most popular options amongst many Dynamic Media buyers. Best-selling products from Dynamic Media include Death Note 5 (VCD) (Animation) (Hong Kong Version), Say Hello To Black Jack (Vol.1-11) (End) (Hong Kong Version) and Death Note 3 (VCD) (Animation) (Hong Kong Version). With a price range of RM 35.00 - RM 239.00, you can get your hands on some of the best products from Dynamic Media.
The prices stated may have increased since the last update. Unfortunately it is not possible for us to update the prices on our website in real-time. Should a shop not offer prices in your local currency, we may calculate the displayed price on daily updated exchange rates. | 36,712,399 |
From the late 1800’s into the early years of the 20th century, Indiana’s capital city had a body problem. How to protect people who were already dead?
Around 1900, even supernatural visitors to the city’s cemeteries would not have been surprised to find “the quick” prowling among the dead. For decades, grave robbers and vandals regularly stalked Indianapolis’ burial grounds – until the city took bold steps to stop them.
An early description of how big the “body-snatcher” problem was comes from an article in the Indianapolis Journal, published just before Halloween on October 27, 1899. The story concerns a shocking discovery at the Greenlawn Cemetery.
You’d be hard pressed to find any trace of Greenlawn today, but for most of the nineteenth century, this was one of the major city cemeteries. Founded in 1821, while Indianapolis was first being laid out, Greenlawn was the original city burying grounds. Situated along the White River just north of what became Kentucky Ave., the cemetery is thought to have been the oldest in Indianapolis. (Tiny family cemeteries may have existed in the area before then, but no trace of them has been found.) Today, the once hallowed 25-acre spot is occupied by the Diamond Chain Company, just west of Lucas Oil Stadium and just north of where I-70 crosses the river. (The company once manufactured about 60% of the bicycle chains in America.)
Over 1100 Hoosier pioneers were interred at Greenlawn. Vermont-born Indiana governor James Whitcomb (1795-1852) lay there until his daughter ordered his body moved to massive, prestigious Crown Hill Cemetery in 1898. Among those who also found their first, but not final, resting place by the White River were 1200 Union soldiers and over 1600 Confederate POW’s who died of illnesses and battle wounds at the U.S. Army’s Camp Morton or in city hospitals nearby.
Greenlawn, however, shared the fate of all those who came to call it home in the nineteenth century. The cemetery, too, died. Indianapolis’ downtown burying grounds faced all the normal cemetery problems, such as vandalism of tombstones by youth and overcrowding, especially after the numerous Civil War interments. Spring and winter floods on the White River were also a major factor behind its closure to new burials in 1890.
But another cause also drove the city to declare Greenlawn itself “defunct”, and was far more disturbing in nature. As Indianapolis newspapers reminded their readers in 1899, the problem had been around for decades.
While performing some of the earliest removals out to Crown Hill, families and city officials unearthed the grisly fact that “in reality, few if any bodies” buried at Greenlawn prior to the 1890’s were still in their graves.
Robbing a grave for jewels and other valuables is a tale as old as time. Preventative measures against the desecration of graves and theft of items meant to stay with the dead had actually led to the creation of some of the greatest mortuary art, including Egypt’s pyramids. Even daring archaeologists were technically glorified grave robbers. The plot of William Faulkner’s great novel Intruder in the Dust (1948) centers around a spinster and a teenager trying to clandestinely remove a body from a fictional cemetery in Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, to prove a man innocent.
Outright theft of bodies themselves, however, was something that really only emerged after the 1500’s, when the more accurate study of human anatomy initiated the emergence of modern medical science. In the early days of modern medicine, however, the primary provider of bodies for anatomical study was the public hangman, not the grave robber. Rembrandt’s famous painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp shows doctors-in-training gathered around the body of a Dutch thief, Aris Kindt, who had been strung up on a rope just a few hours before he went to the dissecting table.
Before many centuries were out, though, doctors began to find that live thieves were also useful. In the 1800’s, medical faculties often had trouble finding enough bodies for their students to dissect in classrooms. Families were reluctant to donate their loved ones to science. Tragically, the bodies that medical instructors typically got hold of came from the most victimized and outcast members of society. When available, corpses for the dissecting room were found at poorhouses, jails, and mental asylums, for the simple reason that those who died there had often been abandoned by their families.
While many vocal opponents tried to stop the dissection of the poor, if none came to claim a body as a “friend,” medical faculties were legally allowed to use such corpses for the education of future doctors. Most states passed so-called “Anatomy Acts,” modeled on Britain’s of 1832.
It should come as no surprise that the largest number of bodies dissected by medical students from the 1800’s into the 1930’s were those of African Americans. A high number of those paid or encouraged to do the grave-robbing were also black. African Americans often served as medical assistants to white students, as many turn-of-the-century photographs of dissections show, but rarely became doctors then.
Medical students and an African American assistant, University of North Carolina Medical Department, Raleigh, circa 1890. “The seated man is the janitor; the overturned bucket he’s sitting on was usually kept at the foot of the dissection table, and was used to collect waste.”
The clandestine pilfering of Indianapolis’ unguarded cemeteries stemmed from a constant need for fresh “instructional material” at central Indiana medical schools, including Indiana Medical College, the Physiomedrical College of Indiana, and Greencastle’s Asbury College (now DePauw). Indiana University in Bloomington did not offer courses in anatomy or physiology until September 1903.
The Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, at 212 North Senate Avenue, was built in 1902 and immediately showed up in lurid news stories about illegal body snatching. (The college was an early forerunner of IU Medical School.) Readers of stories in the Indianapolis Journal could easily have formed an image of the college’s medical faculty scouring obituary notices and hiring thieves to steal fresh bodies as soon as the last family member left the cemetery after a funeral. One such story was reported on September 22, 1902. Mrs. Rosa Neidlinger, recently buried at Pleasant Hill Cemetery between Traders Point and New Augusta, was recovered at Central College a few days later. Investigators returned her to her husband, a miller, for a second burial.
(The “self-locking” Boyd Grave Vault “keeps out Vermin as well as Burglars.” Indianapolis Journal, June 28, 1884. The Flanner in this ad is Frank W. Flanner, whose mortuary firm Flanner & Buchanan went on to become early promoters of cremation.)The Central College of Physicians and Surgeons was built in 1902 and sat at 212 North Senate Avenue in Indianapolis. It became affiliated with the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1906.
The preferred word in newspapers for grave robbers was “ghouls” (a word that comes from Middle Eastern folklore.) At least one story shows that ghouls and their employers were sometimes caught red-handed.
On February 26, 1890, the Journal reported that three prominent Louisville physicians had been apprehended and indicted for body-thievery at a New Albany, Indiana cemetery. Four “ghouls”, all African American, employed by the Kentucky doctors were involved. One ghoul, George Brown, was shot through the heart by policemen in the cemetery.
The Journal article from October 1899 describes the bizarre dimensions of the problem at Greenlawn in Indianapolis. Families who ordered exhumations of their relatives at Greenlawn were discovering an astonishingly high rate of empty coffins — or to put it more accurately, coffins with only empty clothes left in them. No bones, no hair. Only shrouds and clothing. Were robbers stripping the bodies at graveside?
A man presumably on trial in Marion County for grave-robbing explained this odd fact to the writer for the Journal, who reported:
At first it was customary to open a grave and take the body out, clothes and all, and either strip it naked on the ground or double it up in a sack and remove the clothes after taking it to a safe place.
This practice was discontinued when one day the city was thrown into an uproar over the finding of a girl’s slipper in the snow beside her newly made grave. She had been buried one afternoon in winter when snow was falling and her relatives came back the following day to look at the grave. Between visits the grave robbers got in their work, and, following the usual custom, did not remove the clothing from the body, but doubled it up and put it in a sack. In doing so one of the dainty slippers fell from one of the feet, and, being white, was not noticed in the snow. During the following morning the snow melted and the relatives, returning to the grave, saw the slipper, and, recognizing it, raised a hue and cry. This made the grave robbers change their methods, and thereafter opening the boxes they stripped all bodies of their clothes and put the garments back in the caskets.
This when related to the authorities explained why in opening the graves within the last few months nothing was to be seen in the caskets but piles of discolored clothes thrown in heaps, with slippers where the head ought to have rested. . .
It has come to be generally understood by the city officials that while Greenlawn has all the outward signs of being a cemetery, there are in reality few, if any, bodies there, and that in view of this fact there should be no opposition to its being transformed into a park.
The Journal writer may not have been exaggerating. Grave robbers and doctors were possibly reluctant to disturb the honored Union dead, who were removed to Crown Hill National Cemetery as early as 1866. Can the same be said of the Confederate dead? Greenlawn’s 1600 Confederate soldiers were the last bodies removed once the city decided to exhume every remaining coffin in Greenlawn for reburial at Crown Hill. This process began in 1912, and was sped up by the fact that the area around Greenlawn had become an unattractive industrial area, which it still is today. The Confederate soldiers were left here until 1931. Buried in a damp area by the river, few of their remains likely would have survived 70 years after the Civil War. Could some of them have been sent to medical schools just after burial?
One of the most fascinating criminal cases in Indianapolis history is the story of Rufus Cantrell. An African American who had moved north from Gallatin, Tennessee with his family and settled in Indianapolis, he was prosecuted for extensive grave-robbing in 1903. When pressed, and perhaps enjoying the media attention, Cantrell came clean, taking investigators around cemeteries all over the city where he and his “gang” had removed corpses. Lawyers tried to prove their client insane, even getting his mother to testify that he had preached and talked to God when he was a teenager.
Cantrell was found guilty and sent to the Indiana State Penitentiary in Michigan City, where he “lay dying of typhoid fever” in June 1904. He survived and later was transferred to the Jeffersonville Reformatory near Louisville. Though few if any white doctors who paid ghouls for their services ever got such sentences, Dr. Joseph C. Alexander, who allegedly worked with Cantrell, went on trial in Marion County in February 1903. When the court failed to convict him, angry farmers in Hamilton County hanged and burned effigies of Dr. Alexander and the judge in the middle of a street in Fishers, shouting “Death to the grave robbers!” When they inspected the graves in a rural cemetery on what became Indianapolis’ North Side, half of the coffins there were found empty.
In 1878, there had occurred the well-publicized heist of Benjamin Harrison’s own father from the family cemetery in North Bend, Ohio. Former Congressman John Scott Harrison, son of Indiana territorial governor and U.S. President William Henry Harrison, was found hanging naked from a rope in an air shaft at Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati, shortly after his son Benjamin came from Indianapolis to oversee his secure burial in a secret grave. Amazingly, John Harrison, Jr., armed with a search warrant, had discovered his father’s body while investigating the disappearance of yet another corpse, that of Augustus Devin, a young tuberculosis victim who had been buried next to the Harrison plot just days earlier. Devin’s body turned up in a vat of brine at the University of Michigan.
John Scott Harrison, son and father of U.S. presidents, was snatched in 1878.
All this considered, a major factor driving the surge in burials at Crown Hill at the turn of the century was the increased security taken there to ward off robbers. Modeled on Louisville’s famous (and equally massive) Cave Hill Cemetery, Crown Hill was the resting place of most of Indianapolis’ elite. It eventually became the third largest private burial ground in the country.
As a lengthy article in the the Journal reported on October 5, 1902, surveillance at Crown Hill was extensive. Security involved call boxes for quick communication. It also featured a curious system of “time stamps”. Revolver-toting guards were forced to clock in at different corners of the cemetery every 20 minutes, thus ensuring they didn’t fall asleep or shirk their duties as they monitored every part of the park-like necropolis, which in 1902 housed over 32,000 graves. If they encountered prowlers, the guards were ordered to shoot to kill, and they patrolled the cemetery in all weather. The northwest section, near the future site of the Indianapolis Museum of Art, was considered Crown Hill’s “most dangerous district.”
Body-thieving never totally disappeared. (The actor Charlie Chaplin was stolen from his grave in Switzerland in 1978.) The public also feared other reasons for desecration. When Socialist presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs was buried with his family at Terre Haute’s Highland Lawn Cemetery in 1926, no individual headstone was placed there. Though Debs’ body had been cremated, the Debs family and his supporters feared that unfriendly vandals or “souvenir”-snatchers, perhaps funded by his political enemies, would try to steal the urn.
Such stories are troubling to read, but a vital part of the city’s history, involving race, science, and medicine. Ultimately, it is a strange fact, surely part of the terror and beauty of the human predicament, that many a grave robber, who almost certainly came from the margins of Indianapolis society, ultimately did help advance medicine and the public welfare. | 36,712,421 |
In the weeks following Briles fall murder, the Bradenton Police Department released surveillance video of someone going into the home and running from it. Another video displayed a car driving by that detectives believed could be connected to the crime. | 36,712,563 |
More from NBC
Hillary as Teddy Roosevelt?
From NBC/NJ's Mike MemoliSOUTH BEND, Ind. -- Hillary Clinton portrayed herself as a modern-day Teddy Roosevelt this morning, saying she'd build the political will to take on oil companies as president.
"At the turn of the last century, Teddy Roosevelt took on the oil companies," she said at the Deluxe Sheet Metal factory this morning. "We need a president who will take on the oil companies again, and I will do that. I will take away their tax subsidies. They don't need them to make these outrageous profits."
All week, Clinton has been beating the drum on her plan for a gas tax holiday. Today she used some different language on the issue, not calling it a tax holiday but saying she wanted "the oil companies to pay the federal gas tax this summer."
She also criticized McCain when asked about his statement that he'd use treasury funds to replace revenues the tax provides for the highway trust fund.
"I think that's a typical Republican response: don't pay for anything," she said of McCain's plan. "We haven't paid for the war in Iraq; we haven't paid for the tax cuts for the wealthy, so now we're not going to pay to replenish the Highway Trust Fund. … He is just driving us deeper and deeper into deficit and debt."
And she continued to knock Obama for, in her view, ignoring the short-term solution to the price crunch, adding that she hopes voters will consider this next Tuesday.
"I have no illusions about how difficult this would be, but you got to start somewhere," she said. "Going after the oil companies, which we're going to have to do in order take on our energy challenges and to get back into some balance in this country economically … means that we gotta start now to build the political momentum. I want this to be a voting issue. I hope people in Indiana and North Carolina on Tuesday will vote for me, because I'm willing to take on the oil companies."
Clinton took a few questions from reporters after her remarks, but carefully dodged one about Obama's comments yesterday distancing himself from the Rev. Jeremiah Wright. (She addresses it on Bill O'Reilly tonight, calling Wright's comments "offensive" and "outrageous.")
"You know what? I wanted to call on somebody from Indiana," she said, after hearing the start of the question. "I was looking for a hand from Indiana."
Clinton started her morning with a carefully choreographed photo op, commuting to work with Jason Wilfing, an employee of the Deluxe factory, stopping for gas along the way. After the tank filled at the Marathon station, Clinton acknowledged that she hasn't pumped gas herself in some time.
"I have a unique situation," she said, noting her Secret Service protection. "But I sure have heard a lot from so many people about what it costs them to buy gas, and you know, what we were just talking about is how the price of petroleum, as it goes up, everything else goes up."
Clinton picked up the tab for the $63 fill-up, got a French Vanilla cappuccino inside the mini mart, and then got back in the Ford F-250 pickup Wilfing borrowed from his boss for the drive to get work. Wilfing's own pick-up did not meet Secret Service specs for the drive, which also included Clinton's traveling aide and an armed agent. | 36,712,754 |
[
{
"type": "api-change",
"category": "EC2",
"description": "This release adds support for requester-managed Interface VPC Endpoints (powered by AWS PrivateLink). The feature prevents VPC endpoint owners from accidentally deleting or otherwise mismanaging the VPC endpoints of some AWS VPC endpoint services."
},
{
"type": "api-change",
"category": "Polly",
"description": "Amazon Polly adds Arabic language support with new female voice - \"Zeina\""
}
] | 36,713,223 |
Q:
What is the purpose of ForeachWriter in Spark Structured Streaming?
Can someone explains what is the need of foreach writer on spark structured streaming ?
As we get all source data in the form of dataFrame, i am not getting the use of foreachwriter.
A:
A DataFrame is an abstract Spark concept, and does not directly map into a format that can be acted on, such as written to the console or a database.
By creating a ForeachWriter, you are taking the rows (or batches) of a DataFrame, and are defining how to open() a destination system you want to write to, how to process() that event, then finally close() the opened resources.
Using JDBC database as an example, you would establish a database session in open(), and perhaps define a PreparedStatement which maps to the data you want to add, you can then process() some generic type T to do whatever actions you want like bind some fields to the statement. And finally, when finished, you close the database connection.
In the case of writing to the console, there is nothing really to open or close, but you would need to toString each field of the DataFrame, then print it
The use cases, I feel, are well laid out in the documentation, and basically it is saying that for any system that doesn't offer you a writeStream.format("x") way of writing data, then you need to implement this class yourself to get data into your downstream systems.
Or, if you need to write to multiple destinations, you can cache the Dataframe before writing both locations such that the dataframe doesn't need recomputed, and result in inconsistent data between your destinations
| 36,713,448 |
A Catholic priest has been charged with multiple child sex offences allegedly committed at a Southern Highlands college more than 30 years ago.
In April 2019, detectives attached to The Hume Police District – working under Strike Force Kesup – investigated allegations of sexual and indecent assaults at a Burradoo boarding institution during the 1980s.
A 78- year-old Kensington man remains before the court charged with nine offences allegedly involving students, who were aged between 12 and 15 at the time.
Following extensive investigations, the man was re-arrested at Southern Highlands Police Station about 11.30am yesterday (Tuesday 1 October 2019). He was charged with an additional 18 offences (four sexual assault offences, 12 indecent assault offences, and two offences of gross indecency committed by a male).
The man was given conditional bail to appear before Moss Vale Local Court on Tuesday 8 October 2019.
Police will allege that between 1982 and 1989, the Catholic priest indecently assaulted 11 children, committing 27 offences in total.
The NSW Police Force encourage anyone who has been a victim of such crimes or has information about incidents of child abuse to come forward. All information provided is treated with the strictest of confidence. | 36,713,658 |
1. Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-17-01469}
===============
The transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been increasing significantly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Because HIV can spread quickly in the social cycle of MSM \[[@B1-ijerph-17-01469]\], this demographic has become a global burden in relation to the prevalence of HIV \[[@B2-ijerph-17-01469]\]. China has a large population of MSM, with previous research estimating that there are between 3,100,000 and 6,300,000 MSM in the country \[[@B3-ijerph-17-01469]\]. The infection rate of HIV among MSM in China increased slightly from 2.5% in 2006 to 5.7% in 2010, and sharply increased from 7.5% in 2013 to 25.5% in 2017 \[[@B4-ijerph-17-01469],[@B5-ijerph-17-01469],[@B6-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Among the self-reported cases of MSM who were infected with HIV in 2008--2015, the migrant population accounted for 46.1% \[[@B5-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Migrant MSM have become a major group who are vulnerable to HIV.
The migration of MSM influences the size estimation of MSM and local HIV care services, and may also result in the spread of the HIV in geographical areas \[[@B7-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Previous studies have shown that MSM who live in places with high AIDS epidemics, such as Southwest China, tend to migrate to East China \[[@B7-ijerph-17-01469],[@B8-ijerph-17-01469]\]. The geographical spread of the virus may also cause it to move from MSM who are at high risk to the general population. Therefore, it is important to understand the geographical distribution and migrant patterns of MSM.
As an important part of China's labor force, hundreds and thousands of people in rural areas leave their hometowns to work in cities. According to the survey and monitoring report of migrant workers in 2018 and released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of China, 288 million migrant workers migrated from underdeveloped areas to developed areas of China in 2018, and males accounted for 65.2% of this figure \[[@B9-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Coupled with the sizable male population who study and work in the big cities, the size of the floating male population is large.
MSM are typically part of this floating male population, and their migration is affected by numerous factors. The uneven development of urban and rural areas, increased job opportunities, better educational environments and the openness and tolerance of big cities, etc., have attracted more gay men to leave their hometowns and gather in these cities \[[@B10-ijerph-17-01469],[@B11-ijerph-17-01469]\]. MSM from rural areas and small cities tend to move to bigger cities with larger and more mature communities.
The characteristics of migrant MSM make them vulnerable to HIV. Most of the migrant population of MSM are young or middle-aged and sexually active. Living alone and being tempted by urban living environments makes them inclined to seek out sexual stimulation \[[@B12-ijerph-17-01469]\]. In addition, most MSM lack knowledge of safe sex, do not use condoms and have multiple sexual partners and sexual roles \[[@B13-ijerph-17-01469],[@B14-ijerph-17-01469]\]. These factors all increase their risk of HIV infection \[[@B12-ijerph-17-01469],[@B15-ijerph-17-01469]\].
Under the pressure of the traditional culture of China as in other countries, MSM seek to hide their sexual behavior. They tend to seek out sex using online dating tools such as dating forums, dating websites and geosocial networking apps. These tools provide researchers with the potential to study MSM and HIV around the world. For example, geosocial networking apps have been used to calculate the local population density of MSM and determine the high-density areas of minority and young-minority MSM in Atlanta (GA, USA) \[[@B16-ijerph-17-01469]\]. The relationship between the use of geosocial networking apps and the presence of business zoning and population density was examined in a mid-sized city in southern states of the US \[[@B17-ijerph-17-01469]\]. The online profiles of MSM were used to explore geographical variations in the sexual preferences and expectations of MSM across 15 selected cities in the US. The findings showed that the use of condoms and the status of reported HIV differed significantly in these cities \[[@B18-ijerph-17-01469]\].
In 2016, Mi et al. used the addresses of users' profiles collected from BF99---the largest dating website in China---to explore the migration patterns of MSM in China \[[@B7-ijerph-17-01469]\]. The study emphasized an analysis of the migration routes of MSM from southwestern China to other parts of China. However, a visualization of the migration patterns of MSM throughout China and an analysis of other areas of China are still needed. In this study, we searched the largest dating website of China to collect the open data of MSM and conduct a visualization and analysis of the spatial--temporal distribution and migrant patterns of MSM in China. We also explored the potential effects that economic factors have on the spatial distribution and migration of MSM.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-ijerph-17-01469}
========================
2.1. Data Sources {#sec2dot1-ijerph-17-01469}
-----------------
The BF99 dating website (<http://www.bf99.com/>) was established in 2000 when Internet usage became popular in Mainland China. It is the largest dating website for gay men in Mainland China and has users in more than 10 countries and regions. By June 7, 2019, the website already had 2,946,880 registered users. Most of the users were located in large and mid-sized cities in China \[[@B19-ijerph-17-01469]\].
When users register on the website, they are required to provide photos and personal information to create their profile; this helps other users get to know them. The personal information includes their sex, age, occupation, personal interests, etc. Users can choose to have some of their information open to the public---this allows for more convenient interactions with other users. This information can be seen by anyone, as individuals do not need to log on to the website to see it. Other important personal information, such as personal contact methods, can only be seen by logging on to the website.
We searched the website to obtain open information about all users in Mainland China from January 2006 to August 2017. After eliminating the information that did not have any significant attributes, 1,356,609 records were obtained. The relevant attributes included each user's nickname, age, height, weight, occupation, marital status, current location, birthplace, dating purpose, sexual role preference, relationship status and attitude toward marriage. We merged the datasets according to units of time and administrative regions. No personal information was included in the study.
The economic level and development status of different cities influence the geographic mobility of MSM and consequently form the spatial patterns of the distribution of MSM. Because gross domestic product (GDP) and industrial structure represent the economic level and development status of a city, they were used to represent the economic factors in this study. The NBS classifies the industries of China into three groups. The first industry includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (excluding services of these four industries); the second industry includes mining (excluding mining-support activities), manufacturing (excluding metal products, machinery and equipment repair), electricity, heat, gas, water production and supply, and construction; the third industry is the service industry, which refers to industries other than those in the first and second industries \[[@B20-ijerph-17-01469]\]. We collected the GDP and industry data for 2010 from the official website of the NBS.
MSM who leave their hometowns for a new location form a population flow in geographic space. In order to observe this phenomenon in geographic space, the flow of MSM was counted using the administrative units at province and city level. The migration of MSM in geographical space is affected by different factors, such as cultural, economic, familial and societal factors, etc. In this study, we focus on quantifying the impact of spatial distance, unemployment rates and income on the flow of MSM in geographic space. In order to model this effect, the spatial distance, male population aged 15--69 years, the unemployment rate in the source area (i.e., the hometowns of each MSM) and the average income of urban residents in the sink area (i.e., the location of each MSM) were chosen as explanatory variables for modeling. Among them, the data of males aged 15--69 years were derived from the national census data of 2010; the unemployment rate and average income of urban residents were obtained from the 2010 China City Statistical Yearbook.
2.2. Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot2-ijerph-17-01469}
-------------------------
In order to quantify the effects of economic factors on the spatial distribution of the MSM population, the geodetector \[[@B21-ijerph-17-01469]\] method was used to analyze the relationship between the number of MSM users and the economic factors in geographical space.
The geodetector model is as follows:$$q = 1 - \frac{1}{\Re\mathsf{\sigma}^{2}}{\sum_{h = 1}^{L}{\Re_{h}\mathsf{\sigma}_{h}^{2}}}$$ where $q \in \lbrack 0,1\rbrack$; $\mathsf{\sigma}^{2} = \frac{1}{n}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}{(y_{i} - \overline{y})}}^{2}$ represents the variance in a population that contains n samples ($y_{i}$) with a mean value of $\overline{y}$; $\mathsf{\sigma}_{h}^{2} = \frac{1}{n_{h}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n_{h}}{(y_{hi} - {\overline{y}}_{h})}}^{2}$ indicates the variance in each subpartition; $\Re$ is the number of elements of the population; $\Re_{h}$ represents the number of elements in subpartition $h$; and $L$ is the number of partitions in the population. The large value of q indicates that this factor had a greater effect on the spatial distribution of MSM in this research \[[@B21-ijerph-17-01469],[@B22-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Detailed instructions for using the geodetector method and software can be found online (<http://www.geodetector.cn/>).
The classic model for flow data is the gravity model \[[@B23-ijerph-17-01469],[@B24-ijerph-17-01469]\]. In Equation (2), $T_{ij}$ represents the flow between region $V_{i}$ and region $W_{j}$; $V_{i}^{u}$ refers to the variables of the source area; $W_{j}^{a}$ represents the variables of the sink area; $d_{ij}^{\mathsf{\beta}}$ refers to the spatial distance between region $V_{i}$ and region $W_{j}$; $k$ indicates coefficients; $i$, $j$ are integers; $u$, $\mathsf{\alpha}$ and $\mathsf{\beta}$ are the coefficients of V, W and $d$ \[[@B24-ijerph-17-01469]\]:$$T_{ij} = k\frac{V_{i}^{u}W_{j}^{a}}{d_{ij}^{\mathsf{\beta}}}$$
By expanding the gravity model in the logarithm, Equation (3) can be obtained:$$\ln T_{ij} = k + u\ln V_{i} + \mathsf{\alpha}\ln W_{j} - \mathsf{\beta}\ln d_{ij}$$
By putting the variables of the male population aged 15--69 years and the unemployment rate in the source area, the average income of urban residents in the sink area and the spatial distance into Equation (3), Equation (4) can be obtained. Then, a Poisson regression model can be used to estimate the coefficients and improve the accuracy of the coefficient estimation:$$\begin{array}{l}
{\ln{({Flow})}_{ij} = k + u_{1}\ln{({MalePopulation})}_{i} + u_{2}\ln{({UnemploymentRate})}_{i}} \\
{+ \mathsf{\alpha}\ln{({AverageIncome})}_{j} - \mathsf{\beta}\ln{({Distance})}_{ij}} \\
\end{array}$$
3. Results {#sec3-ijerph-17-01469}
==========
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Population of Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) on BF99 {#sec3dot1-ijerph-17-01469}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 1](#ijerph-17-01469-t001){ref-type="table"} presents the sociodemographic characteristics of MSM users on BF99. The average age of gay users was 31 years; the minimum age was 17 years; the maximum age was 68 years; and the median age was 29 years. Users who were 18--35 years old accounted for 79.2% of all users and comprised the main users of the website.
Students and those who were self-employed accounted for 31.75% of all occupations. Six other occupations, including that of engineer, service worker, IT technician, head of an institution, company manager and salesperson accounted for 20.3% of all users. In total, these eight occupations comprised 52.05% of all occupations.
The main users of the website were unmarried. However, 8.13% of users had chosen to marry a heterosexual woman, 4.03% had chosen to marry a lesbian and 4.02% were divorced.
3.2. Spatial-Temporal Distribution of MSM Users {#sec3dot2-ijerph-17-01469}
-----------------------------------------------
By analyzing the last log-on time of the gay users on the website, we found that MSM tended to visit the website on Saturdays or Sundays and that 14:00--16:00 and 20:00--23:00 were peak visiting hours ([Figure 1](#ijerph-17-01469-f001){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicated that MSM preferred to search for new partners online in the afternoon or at night, especially at weekends.
By analyzing the log-on locations of MSM users, we found that most users were in the large and mid-sized cities of East China ([Figure 2](#ijerph-17-01469-f002){ref-type="fig"}). These cities have developed economies, provide many jobs and have relatively open cultures.
3.3. The Migration Patterns of MSM {#sec3dot3-ijerph-17-01469}
----------------------------------
The migration patterns of MSM on BF99 were first assessed at the provincial level by measuring the population flow from one province to another. Several phenomena were observed. First, due to the restriction of the geographical distance, we found that the main flow of MSM was mainly located inside the province as internal flow ([Figure 3](#ijerph-17-01469-f003){ref-type="fig"}). The largest MSM populations were found in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing, Sichuan and Shandong. The internal flow within the province was much larger than the inter-provincial flow.
Second, from the perspective of the outflow of the provincial population, the gay population mainly flowed from provinces across the country to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan and Chongqing area, thus forming a diamond-shaped structure ([Figure 4](#ijerph-17-01469-f004){ref-type="fig"}). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta are three major urban agglomerations and industrial areas in China, while Sichuan and Chongqing are new economic growth poles of inland China and have large populations. They all have the resources to attract MSM.
3.4. Relationship between the Distribution of MSM and GDP {#sec3dot4-ijerph-17-01469}
---------------------------------------------------------
The geodetector method was used to analyze the relationship between the distribution of the number of MSM users and certain economic factors. The natural breaks method was used to classify the GDP, the first industry, the second industry and the third industry into five levels using ArcMap software. They were then compared with the distribution of MSM users using the geodetector method. The q value of GDP was 0.72. However, after separating GDP into three group of industries, we found that the q values of the first, second and third industries were 0.05, 0.57 and 0.81, respectively ([Figure 5](#ijerph-17-01469-f005){ref-type="fig"}). The first industry had a weak relationship with the distribution of MSM users in geographical space, and the second industry had a medium relationship. The strongest relationship was observed between the distribution of MSM users and the third industry. This result indicates that cities with a developed third industry are more attractive to gay men than other cities are. Cities with a developed third industry also have a developed service industry, provide more jobs and have open cultures. These factors may induce gay men to migrate to these cities.
3.5. Modeling the Impact of Spatial Distance and Income on MSM Flow {#sec3dot5-ijerph-17-01469}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
To determine the impact of spatial distance and income on MSM flow, the variables of spatial distance, the male population aged 15--69 years in the source area, the unemployment rate in the source area and the average income of urban residents in the sink area were put into Equation (4).
The modeling results ([Table 2](#ijerph-17-01469-t002){ref-type="table"}) show that the longer the spatial distance, the smaller the flow from source area to sink area. The results also show that the larger the male population at the source, the higher the unemployment rate at the source, and the higher the average income at the sink, the more MSM flow from source area to sink area. The average income in the sink area had the largest impact on the increment of MSM flow, thus showing that the migration of MSM in geographic space is related to the pursuit of higher income.
4. Discussion {#sec4-ijerph-17-01469}
=============
Homosexuality has been recorded in China's history since ancient times \[[@B25-ijerph-17-01469],[@B26-ijerph-17-01469],[@B27-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Dating back to the last century, homosexuality was still regarded as a psychiatric disorder, and homosexual activity was treated as hooliganism \[[@B28-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Because homosexuality was not socially acceptable, most gay people could only express their yearning and love for others in a concealed way \[[@B29-ijerph-17-01469]\], and they typically met each other in toilets, bathhouses and parks \[[@B30-ijerph-17-01469],[@B31-ijerph-17-01469],[@B32-ijerph-17-01469]\]. It was not until 1997 that the criminal law in China ended the penalty for homosexual behavior \[[@B33-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Thanks to the rapid development of the Internet, MSM began to use various web tools to communicate with each other \[[@B34-ijerph-17-01469],[@B35-ijerph-17-01469],[@B36-ijerph-17-01469],[@B37-ijerph-17-01469]\]. These new tools have created opportunities for the monitoring of MSM. In this study, we used the open data collected from the largest dating website of MSM in China to visualize and analyze the spatial--temporal distribution and migrant patterns of MSM in China and explore the potential effects of economic factors on the spatial distribution and migration of MSM.
The sociodemographic characteristics of MSM on the website showed that most MSM in the study sample were young and single. Users who were 18--35 years old were the main users of the website. Most MSM could not find lovers on the Internet or establish stable relationships with others \[[@B38-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Gay marriage is still socially unacceptable in China \[[@B39-ijerph-17-01469],[@B40-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Some gay men have to marry heterosexual women because of the pressures of their parents and public opinion; this leads to the phenomenon of a homosexual man having a heterosexual spouse. In our study sample, 8.13% of MSM chose to marry a heterosexual woman. It was estimated that about 16 million heterosexual spouses are married to gay men in China \[[@B41-ijerph-17-01469]\], and most of these spouses did not know that their partner was gay before they married.
The log-on times and locations show the spatial--temporal distribution patterns of MSM on this website and can help us better understand them. First, regarding the log-on times of the website, it was found that MSM like to visit the website at weekends and that 14:00--16:00 and 20:00--23:00 were the peak visiting hours. Therefore, it could be more effective to spread prevention knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS during this period, as it would have improved reach. Second, regarding the locations of MSM users, we found that most users were in the large and mid-sized cities of East China. The distribution of MSM users had a strong relationship with the third industry. Cities with a developed third industry may create more opportunities and open cultures for MSM and induced them to gather in these cities. Thus, it is important to strengthen the monitoring of MSM in cities with a developed third industry.
MSM who leave their hometowns for a new location form population flow in geographic space. In exploring the migration patterns of MSM in China, the study found that the main flow of MSM is mainly located inside the province as internal flow. This may be due to the restrictions of geographical distance. As well as this, most Chinese citizens are fond of their hometowns and prefer to study and find jobs near their hometowns. For those MSM who prefer to migrate to other provinces, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan and Chongqing area were their primary destinations. The outflow of MSM in all provinces formed a diamond-shaped structure in space. These four areas have their own advantages and currently represent the most developed regions of China. By modeling the relationship between MSM flow and geographical distance, the unemployment rate, average income and male population aged 15--69 years, we find that the interprovincial migration behavior of MSM is closely related to increased average income. The effect of spatial distance on the outflow of MSM (−0.91) was less than the effect of average income on MSM (+2.11).
This research has some limitations. First, because some MSM may not use the Internet to find their partners, the characteristics of sex-seeking gay men on the website examined in this study may be different from the wider population of gay men in China. In this study, we found that MSM who used the dating website tended to be younger than the general population. Students and single men were the main users. Zou et al. also found that compared with MSM who do not use mobile apps, MSM who used mobile apps tended to be younger, have higher education levels and incomes, and are more likely to partake in risky sex behavior \[[@B42-ijerph-17-01469]\]. Second, the migration of MSM may be affected by different factors, such as cultural, economic, familial and societal factors, etc. Constrained by the attributes of the data recorded by the website, many individual attributes cannot be obtained for a deeper analysis. The study mainly focused on quantifying the impact of spatial distance and economic factors on the influence of MSM flow in geographic space from a regional perspective.
To reduce the infection rate of HIV among migrant MSM, some methods can be considered for adoption in the future. First, an information management system of migrant MSM should be established. Health departments should conduct a detailed survey of the working and living conditions of migrant MSM and provide them with necessary assistance. Second, relevant regulations should be completed to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Third, because the sexual behavior of MSM is more dangerous of affecting HIV than the sexual behavior of heterosexuals \[[@B43-ijerph-17-01469]\], medical departments should improve their medical services, strengthen health promotion and safe-sex education, and improve basic understandings of HIV among MSM. Fourth, we can mobilize gay men to carry out HIV testing with the help of their peers and let them know the benefits of HIV testing in terms of their physical and mental health. Fifth, outreach activities can be carried out regularly at common dating places for MSM. This can encourage MSM to undergo HIV testing and make the public more aware of their living conditions. Sixth, psychological counselling services should be provided to MSM to help them solve emotional problems, marital problems, etc. All of these may help reduce the infection rate of HIV among MSM.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-ijerph-17-01469}
==============
Migrant MSM have become a major demographic who are vulnerable to HIV in China \[[@B5-ijerph-17-01469]\]. By exploring open data from the largest dating website in China, we found that the main users of MSM were located in the large and mid-sized cities of East China. The distribution of MSM had a strong relationship with the development of the third industry. The main flow of MSM is mainly located within the province as internal flow. For those MSM who prefer to migrate to other provinces, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan and Chongqing area were their primary destinations. The interprovincial migration behavior of MSM is closely related to increased average income. It is important to strengthen the management of migrant MSM, increase their basic understanding of HIV, mobilize them to get tested for HIV and reduce the prevalence of HIV among them.
We would like to thank the nice cooperation of the authors during this study.
Conceptualization, D.H. and J.W.; formal analysis, D.H.; data curation, T.Y.; writing---original draft preparation, D.H.; writing---review and editing, D.H., J.W. and T.Y.; supervision, J.W.; funding acquisition, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 41531179 and 41421001. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript.
The author(s) declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
{#ijerph-17-01469-f001}
{#ijerph-17-01469-f002}
{#ijerph-17-01469-f003}
{#ijerph-17-01469-f004}
{#ijerph-17-01469-f005}
ijerph-17-01469-t001_Table 1
######
Sociodemographic characteristics of MSM population on BF99 in China, 2006--2017.
Category Number of Users Percentage
--------------------------------- ----------------- ------------
**Age (Median: 29 Years)**
Under 18 years 4951 0.36
18--25 279,857 20.63
26--30 500,195 36.87
31--35 294,348 21.7
36--40 130,386 9.61
41--50 112,422 8.29
61--60 25,121 1.85
Above 60 years 9329 0.69
**Occupation**
Student 275,150 20.91
Self-employed 142,581 10.84
Engineer 55,061 4.19
Service worker 52,734 4.01
IT technician 44,782 3.4
Head of an institution 39,329 2.99
Company manager 38,659 2.94
Salesperson 36,456 2.77
Other 630,900 47.95
**Marital Status**
Single 1,136,982 83.81
Married to a heterosexual woman 110,332 8.13
Married to a lesbian 54,716 4.03
Divorced 54,566 4.02
ijerph-17-01469-t002_Table 2
######
Coefficients of the variables of the spatial interaction model.
Variables Coefficients Standard Deviation Z Value Pr (\>\|z\|)
------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------- --------- --------------
Intercept 5.83 0.02 236.32 \<0.01
Distance −0.91 0.002 −406.21 \<0.01
Male population aged 15--69 years (source area) 0.63 0.003 242.42 \<0.01
Unemployment rate (source area) 0.49 0.009 55.12 \<0.01
Average income (sink area) 2.11 0.005 409.83 \<0.01
Note: The Z value is computed as the test statistic for the hypothesis test that the true corresponding regression coefficient is 0. Pr means probability.
| 36,713,735 |
The Cool Pope may not be so cool after all.
Pope Francis, who has been lauded as pushing the church toward a more accepting view of the LGBT community, appeared to back off from that stance during a Sunday interview with reporters. While aboard the papal plane, the Associated Press reported, Francis referred to teaching gender theory or trans acceptance in schools as “ideological colonization.”
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“It’s one thing if a person has this tendency and also changes sex,” the pope said. “It’s another thing to teach this in school to change mentalities.” The previous day he claimed that transgender people are launching a “world war against marriage.”
“What I was talking about was the nastiness that is present today in indoctrinating people in gender theory,” Reuters reported Francis claimed when pressed to elaborate his position.
These harsh words aren’t all that different than those of the right-wing extremists who have sought to prevent trans people from using bathrooms that correspond with their gender identity. Micah Clark of the American Family Association, the group that led a boycott against Target’s trans-inclusive bathroom policy, has referred to Gay-Straight Alliances and equal access for transgender students as “homosexual indoctrination programs.”
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Sen. Ted Cruz, whom Clark endorsed in the Republican presidential primaries, added that trans people “don’t have a right to impose [their] lifestyle on others.” Cruz advised trans people to use the bathroom at home.
How can this be the same Pope Francis who was honored by the Advocate as the LGBT magazine’s “Person of the Year” in 2014? The one who — when asked about his stance on homosexuality — famously replied, “Who am I to judge?”
In truth, the Roman Catholic Church finds itself in a strikingly similar position to the Republican Party, pushing traditional, conservative values during a time when social progress has made those beliefs increasingly unpopular with its membership. Following the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn the ban on marriage equality in 2015, 55 percent of the U.S. public supports the rights of same-sex couples to wed. Intolerance, especially when the fight has already been lost, is bad optics. The public, however, has not yet caught up when it comes to transgender acceptance, meaning that trans and gender-nonconforming people remain vulnerable to being to singled out for ridicule.
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The church may have lost the culture war, but the battle over trans rights remains the last available hill to die on.
***
Attacking the LGBT community used to be de rigueur for the Vatican, even as recently as a few years ago. In a 2003 letter titled “Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions Between Homosexual Persons,” the church stated its clear and emphatic opposition to same-sex marriage.
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“The Church teaches that respect for homosexual persons cannot lead in any way to approval of homosexual behaviour or to legal recognition of homosexual unions,” read the letter, which was issued under the tenure of Pope John Paul II. “The common good requires that laws recognize, promote and protect marriage as the basis of the family, the primary unit of society.”
The letter continued, “Legal recognition of homosexual unions or placing them on the same level as marriage would mean not only the approval of deviant behaviour, with the consequence of making it a model in present-day society, but would also obscure basic values which belong to the common inheritance of humanity.”
The resolution also said that “homosexuality is a troubling moral and social phenomenon,” adding that the legal recognition of same-sex unions poses a particular danger to the church because these couples may have “the possibility of adopting children.”
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The Vatican would harden its stance toward the LGBT community under Pope Benedict, who co-wrote the letter during his time as a cardinal. Benedict (neé Joseph Ratzinger) would ascend to the papacy following John Paul’s death in 2005. While a prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the religious leader referred to LGBT people as “intrinsically disordered.”
“Although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil,” he claimed in a 1986 memorandum, “and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder.”
After Benedict stepped down in 2013, Francis’ papacy signaled an about-face for the church when it came to LGBT inclusion. Pope Francis struck a more tolerant, compassionate tone than his predecessors, repeatedly stressing compassion and forgiveness on both sides of the aisle.
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In a March letter, Francis wrote that the church should accept and welcome populations that the religion has historically shunned, including gays, lesbians and even divorcees. “A pastor cannot feel that it is enough simply to apply moral laws . . . as if they were stones to throw at people's lives,” he wrote, adding, “By thinking that everything is black and white, we sometimes close off the way of grace and growth.”
The Pope expounded upon that message in June, urging Catholics to “apologize” to marginalized groups, stating that they “must be respected and accompanied pastorally.”
By bringing the church into the 21st century, Francis was merely catching up to his parishioners. In a 2015 survey, the Pew Research Forum found that Catholics were among the most tolerant religious groups when it came to the support of same-sex marriage. Fifty-eight percent of Catholics believe that all couples should have the right to wed, as opposed to 27 percent of white evangelicals who stated the same.
That’s also true globally: Many of the countries that are the most accepting of homosexuality are heavily Catholic. Whereas just 60 percent of the U.S. population said in a 2013 survey that relationships between people of the same sex are morally acceptable, homosexuality was OK with 88 percent of Spaniards. The Iberian country is estimated to be 70 percent to 75 percent Catholic.
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Argentina is 71 percent Catholic and an estimated 74 percent of its population believes there’s nothing immoral about homosexuality. The same was true for the Philippines (80 percent Catholic), France (77 percent) and Italy (74 percent), countries in which more than 70 percent of the public stated the same.
Given the widespread support of gays and lesbians, the Catholic Church had no choice but to soften its rhetoric, even if none of its official policies have changed.
The trans community, however, has not yet benefitted from that wave of social tolerance, despite some progress in recent years. Actress Laverne Cox was nominated for an Emmy in 2014 for her groundbreaking role in Netflix’s “Orange Is the New Black,” while shows like “Transparent’ and “Strut” have brought trans issues to a national audience.
Meanwhile, trans people remain at a high risk for harassment and abuse. The Center for American Progress reported in 2011 that 90 percent of trans people have been discriminated against in their place of employment, while 70 percent have experienced negative interactions when using a public restroom. In 2013, the vast majority (73 percent) of hate crime killings in the U.S. were of trans women.
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The pervasive bigotry that trans people face on a daily basis, as well as the community’s relatively small numbers, makes them extremely easy to demonize. The most recent estimate found that there were 1.2 million trans individuals living in the U.S., which means that many Americans simply don’t know (or know that they know) a trans person. A 2013 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute found that just 10 percent of respondents had a friend or close family member who is transgender. That number, however, appears to be growing.
Republicans, following the gay marriage defeat, have exploited that vulnerability by making trans people into the wedge issue du jour, giving conservatives a common enemy to fight. The GOP has cast trans people as dangerous “bathroom predators,” ones who will prey on women and young girls if allowed to use restrooms that are appropriate to their gender identity. This specter has been present in the nine states — including Illinois, South Carolina and Massachusetts — that have considered anti-trans bathroom legislation this year. North Carolina passed House Bill 2 in March, which blocks equal access in public accommodations for trans people across the state. That includes public restrooms.
Conjuring up a culture of fear and hate is ultimately a losing strategy for both the GOP and the Catholic Church. Every single anti-LGBT bathroom law that has been introduced in state legislatures has failed or stalled on the floor, and HB 2 has been a financial disaster for the Tar Heel state. UCLA’s Williams Institute has estimated that the controversial bill, which led to boycotts by companies like Apple, Microsoft and Google, will cost the state $5 billion for every year that it remains on the books.
Meanwhile, the Bible itself says absolutely nothing about transgender people, despite a brief condemning of cross-dressing in Deuteronomy 22:5. As Faith in America's director, Eliel Cruz, argued in a Washington Post op-ed, this has forced religious opponents of trans rights to get creative about their interpretation of biblical dogma.
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“In the absence of any verses in scripture that actually address transgender identities, many Christians who claim to have religious objections against trans identities point to creation: God created Adam and Eve, male and female,” Cruz wrote, adding, “An anti-trans understanding of the Genesis story also lacks context.
Cruz continued, "Gender and sex are different things. They don’t always align, and neither is binary. The biological reality of intersex individuals is a testament to that. The biological and psychological reality of transgender and intersex individuals needs to be the context in which Christians read scripture.”
The pope’s message on trans people boils down the old canard that the Catholic Church has been using against gays and lesbians for decades: “Love the sinner, hate the sin.” A message based on any kind of anti-trans hate isn’t just biblically inaccurate. As more people come to know and accept trans people, which is already happening, the church will be — once again — decades behind its own members. | 36,714,069 |
//
// Copyright (c) 2002--2010
// Toon Knapen, Karl Meerbergen, Kresimir Fresl,
// Thomas Klimpel and Rutger ter Borg
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
// THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED
// PLEASE DO NOT EDIT!
//
#ifndef BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_LEVEL3_SYRK_HPP
#define BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_LEVEL3_SYRK_HPP
#include <boost/assert.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/begin.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/data_order.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/has_linear_array.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/is_mutable.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/remove_imaginary.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/size.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/stride.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/trans_tag.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/uplo_tag.hpp>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/value_type.hpp>
#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/remove_const.hpp>
//
// The BLAS-backend is selected by defining a pre-processor variable,
// which can be one of
// * for CBLAS, define BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CBLAS
// * for CUBLAS, define BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CUBLAS
// * netlib-compatible BLAS is the default
//
#if defined BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CBLAS
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/cblas.h>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/cblas_option.hpp>
#elif defined BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CUBLAS
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/cublas.h>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/blas_option.hpp>
#else
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/blas.h>
#include <Core/Utils/numeric/bindings/blas/detail/blas_option.hpp>
#endif
namespace boost {
namespace numeric {
namespace bindings {
namespace blas {
//
// The detail namespace contains value-type-overloaded functions that
// dispatch to the appropriate back-end BLAS-routine.
//
namespace detail {
#if defined BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CBLAS
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CBLAS backend, and
// * float value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const float alpha, const float* a, const int lda,
const float beta, float* c, const int ldc ) {
cblas_ssyrk( cblas_option< Order >::value, cblas_option< UpLo >::value,
cblas_option< Trans >::value, n, k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CBLAS backend, and
// * double value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const double alpha, const double* a, const int lda,
const double beta, double* c, const int ldc ) {
cblas_dsyrk( cblas_option< Order >::value, cblas_option< UpLo >::value,
cblas_option< Trans >::value, n, k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CBLAS backend, and
// * complex<float> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const std::complex<float> alpha,
const std::complex<float>* a, const int lda,
const std::complex<float> beta, std::complex<float>* c,
const int ldc ) {
cblas_csyrk( cblas_option< Order >::value, cblas_option< UpLo >::value,
cblas_option< Trans >::value, n, k, &alpha, a, lda, &beta, c,
ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CBLAS backend, and
// * complex<double> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const std::complex<double> alpha,
const std::complex<double>* a, const int lda,
const std::complex<double> beta, std::complex<double>* c,
const int ldc ) {
cblas_zsyrk( cblas_option< Order >::value, cblas_option< UpLo >::value,
cblas_option< Trans >::value, n, k, &alpha, a, lda, &beta, c,
ldc );
}
#elif defined BOOST_NUMERIC_BINDINGS_BLAS_CUBLAS
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CUBLAS backend, and
// * float value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const float alpha, const float* a, const int lda,
const float beta, float* c, const int ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
cublasSsyrk( blas_option< UpLo >::value, blas_option< Trans >::value, n,
k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CUBLAS backend, and
// * double value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const double alpha, const double* a, const int lda,
const double beta, double* c, const int ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
cublasDsyrk( blas_option< UpLo >::value, blas_option< Trans >::value, n,
k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CUBLAS backend, and
// * complex<float> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const std::complex<float> alpha,
const std::complex<float>* a, const int lda,
const std::complex<float> beta, std::complex<float>* c,
const int ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
cublasCsyrk( blas_option< UpLo >::value, blas_option< Trans >::value, n,
k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * CUBLAS backend, and
// * complex<double> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const int n,
const int k, const std::complex<double> alpha,
const std::complex<double>* a, const int lda,
const std::complex<double> beta, std::complex<double>* c,
const int ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
cublasZsyrk( blas_option< UpLo >::value, blas_option< Trans >::value, n,
k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc );
}
#else
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * netlib-compatible BLAS backend (the default), and
// * float value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const fortran_int_t n,
const fortran_int_t k, const float alpha, const float* a,
const fortran_int_t lda, const float beta, float* c,
const fortran_int_t ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
BLAS_SSYRK( &blas_option< UpLo >::value, &blas_option< Trans >::value, &n,
&k, &alpha, a, &lda, &beta, c, &ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * netlib-compatible BLAS backend (the default), and
// * double value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const fortran_int_t n,
const fortran_int_t k, const double alpha, const double* a,
const fortran_int_t lda, const double beta, double* c,
const fortran_int_t ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
BLAS_DSYRK( &blas_option< UpLo >::value, &blas_option< Trans >::value, &n,
&k, &alpha, a, &lda, &beta, c, &ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * netlib-compatible BLAS backend (the default), and
// * complex<float> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const fortran_int_t n,
const fortran_int_t k, const std::complex<float> alpha,
const std::complex<float>* a, const fortran_int_t lda,
const std::complex<float> beta, std::complex<float>* c,
const fortran_int_t ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
BLAS_CSYRK( &blas_option< UpLo >::value, &blas_option< Trans >::value, &n,
&k, &alpha, a, &lda, &beta, c, &ldc );
}
//
// Overloaded function for dispatching to
// * netlib-compatible BLAS backend (the default), and
// * complex<double> value-type.
//
template< typename Order, typename UpLo, typename Trans >
inline void syrk( const Order, const UpLo, const Trans, const fortran_int_t n,
const fortran_int_t k, const std::complex<double> alpha,
const std::complex<double>* a, const fortran_int_t lda,
const std::complex<double> beta, std::complex<double>* c,
const fortran_int_t ldc ) {
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same<Order, tag::column_major>::value) );
BLAS_ZSYRK( &blas_option< UpLo >::value, &blas_option< Trans >::value, &n,
&k, &alpha, a, &lda, &beta, c, &ldc );
}
#endif
} // namespace detail
//
// Value-type based template class. Use this class if you need a type
// for dispatching to syrk.
//
template< typename Value >
struct syrk_impl {
typedef Value value_type;
typedef typename remove_imaginary< Value >::type real_type;
typedef void result_type;
//
// Static member function that
// * Deduces the required arguments for dispatching to BLAS, and
// * Asserts that most arguments make sense.
//
template< typename MatrixA, typename MatrixC >
static result_type invoke( const value_type alpha, const MatrixA& a,
const value_type beta, MatrixC& c ) {
namespace bindings = ::boost::numeric::bindings;
typedef typename result_of::data_order< MatrixC >::type order;
typedef typename result_of::trans_tag< MatrixA, order >::type trans;
typedef typename result_of::uplo_tag< MatrixC >::type uplo;
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (is_same< typename remove_const<
typename bindings::value_type< MatrixA >::type >::type,
typename remove_const< typename bindings::value_type<
MatrixC >::type >::type >::value) );
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (bindings::has_linear_array< MatrixA >::value) );
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (bindings::has_linear_array< MatrixC >::value) );
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (bindings::is_mutable< MatrixC >::value) );
BOOST_ASSERT( bindings::size_minor(a) == 1 ||
bindings::stride_minor(a) == 1 );
BOOST_ASSERT( bindings::size_minor(c) == 1 ||
bindings::stride_minor(c) == 1 );
detail::syrk( order(), uplo(), trans(),
bindings::size_column(c), bindings::size_column(a), alpha,
bindings::begin_value(a), bindings::stride_major(a), beta,
bindings::begin_value(c), bindings::stride_major(c) );
}
};
//
// Functions for direct use. These functions are overloaded for temporaries,
// so that wrapped types can still be passed and used for write-access. Calls
// to these functions are passed to the syrk_impl classes. In the
// documentation, the const-overloads are collapsed to avoid a large number of
// prototypes which are very similar.
//
//
// Overloaded function for syrk. Its overload differs for
//
template< typename MatrixA, typename MatrixC >
inline typename syrk_impl< typename bindings::value_type<
MatrixA >::type >::result_type
syrk( const typename bindings::value_type< MatrixA >::type alpha,
const MatrixA& a, const typename bindings::value_type<
MatrixA >::type beta, MatrixC& c ) {
syrk_impl< typename bindings::value_type<
MatrixA >::type >::invoke( alpha, a, beta, c );
}
} // namespace blas
} // namespace bindings
} // namespace numeric
} // namespace boost
#endif
| 36,714,076 |
Mormon missions
According to Jan. 1, 2012 data released in the 2013 LDS Church almanac, there are approximately 14,441,346 members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Of these members, some 55,410 were serving full-time missions in 347 missions at the time of publication. In February 2013, the LDS Church released a list of 58 new missions, which boosted the total number of missions from 347 to 405.
Traditionally, LDS missionaries served at different ages depending on gender. For males, the mission age of eligibility was set at 19, while women served at age 21. Young men serve for two years, and women serve for 18 months.
However, during the Saturday morning session of the LDS Church's 182nd Semiannual General Conference, Oct. 6, 2012, President Thomas S. Monson announced changes to the church's missionary policy. According to the announcement, effective immediately, young men were eligibility to begin full-time missionary service following their graduation from high school, even if they were only 18 at the time, and young women were eligible to being service at age 19. | 36,714,102 |
Last year was record-breaking for buyout firms seeking to "exit" all or part of a particular portfolio company through an initial public offering or a sale to corporate buyers or other private equity firms.
But buyout firms still have a lot of divesting to do as more than 4,000 private equity-backed companies acquired in 2008 or earlier are waiting to be sold, and two longtime holdings of Chicago-based Madison Dearborn Partners LLC are no exception.
CDW Corp., of which Madison Dearborn owns 48 percent, is going public, and its Yankee Candle Co. will be shopped to a new buyer, sources familiar with the situations say. CDW, a Vernon Hills-based seller of technology products, exceeded $10 billion in sales for the first time in 2012.
Exits give buyout firms the chance to return capital to their investors, or limited partners.
With debt and equity markets strong and financing cheap and easy, it's a good time to sell because interested buyers are plentiful, driving up prices for potential targets.
These days, "if you don't overpay, you don't have a portfolio," James Quella, Blackstone Group senior managing director, said last month at the 12th annual Beecken Petty O'Keefe & Co. private equity conference in Chicago.
2012 saw 626 exits by private-equity firms. And the fourth quarter marked the highest-ever quarterly number of exits in both volume and dollar amount, according to PitchBook Data Inc., a research firm for the private equity industry and partly owned by Chicago-based investment research publisher Morningstar Inc.
"Our research shows that this backlog of companies is the result of PE firms holding on to their investments for longer," said PitchBook research director Adley Bowden.
The median holding period has increased to a record high of 5.4 years, up from 3.6 years in 2007.
"This underscores the urgency on which PE firms are acting to realize their investment gains," Bowden said.
In a December letter to investors, Madison Dearborn said it has "continued to emphasize selling portfolio companies while being highly selective with regards to new investments."
Madison Dearborn, which raised $6.5 billion in 2006 for its fifth fund, and Providence Equity took CDW private in a $7.3 billion leveraged buyout a year later. Also that year, Madison Dearborn bought Chicago-based money manager Nuveen Investments in a multibillion-dollar deal.
Of the 12 companies in that Madison Dearborn fund, 10 contributed to a 23 percent boost in the value of the fund last year.
"Notable contributors" included CDW, whose value rose by 64 percent, or by $432 million year over year.
"The only notable exception was a $92 million, or 16 percent, decline in the fair market value of Nuveen," Madison Dearborn wrote.
That drop reflected problems at a global equities unit called Tradewinds, "although that situation has now stabilized and other segments of Nuveen continue to perform well," the letter said.
Nuveen ended 2012 with assets under management of $219 billion, up from $162 billion before Madison Dearborn bought it.
A January presentation to investors says almost two-thirds of its 82 mutual funds rated by Morningstar have at least four stars.
Madison Dearborn's typical hold period is about five years.
Indeed, the Tribune reported in June 2008 that CDW and the two private equity firms had agreed on a five-year plan when the deal was consummated. Though it still has significant debt from the buyout, CDW's credit rating was recently upgraded by Moody's, which cited its "improved operating and financial performance" and a paying down of its debt.
CDW's net income rose to $119 million in 2012, up from $17.1 million the prior year.
"CDW and Nuveen are critical to fund five," said William Atwood, executive director of the Illinois State Board of Investment, a limited partner in Madison Dearborn funds. Private equity investments made in 2007 have been among the most difficult to make money in during the past 20 years because they were bought during a market peak before the recession hit, he said.
"Two or three years into it, CDW looked like it was going to be a problem," Atwood said, but they've turned it around and it could end up being a positive deal for the fund.
In 2012, Madison Dearborn returned $3.3 billion to investors through asset sales, including TransUnion, NextG Networks, BWAY and Bolthouse Farms, beating the prior year's record of a $2 billion distribution to investors. | 36,714,132 |
thinks of hilarious meme doesn't post because he can't think of a good title
136 shares | 36,714,596 |
Q:
XHR not suited for chat applications?
When we send an XMLHttpRequest, we always hundreds of extra bytes with it. In a normal usage it is good. But when building applications that needs speed, this is not good for reliablility.
function update(){
var xhr = getXMLHttp(); // Normal catch handler for XHR
xhr.open("POST", "update.php?r=" + "&chatvslog=" + user, true);
xhr.send();
window.setTimeout("update();",300);
}
The request over does take all the way from 170 to 360ms to send. The problem is that I need this job done faster.
Is there a way of improving my XMLHttpRequest or doing this another way?
A:
Polling is a bad workaround that does the job in a small scalle but is not efficient and ugly to implement.
Modern browsers support WebSockets as a much better way to allow bidirectional communication. With something such as node.js' Socket.IO you can even use a high-level WebSocket abstraction layer that falls back to whatever is available in the browser - it can use WebSockets (preferred) and techniques such as Flash sockets, AJAX long-polling or JSONp long-polling without you having to care about what's used.
| 36,714,671 |
This type of radar is known in the art as SSR and we shall use this abbreviation for convenience.
It is a known fact that an SSR can detect aircraft equipped with transponders by decoding relevant replies, measure the time of arrival and the azimuthal angle of arrival and locate the aircraft.
The device which is the subject of this invention, refers to the azimuthal angle measurement problem, for which a very high accuracy is required so as not to incur excessively large aircraft location errors, especially at large detection ranges.
Until now, the high accuracy has been achieved by the use of monopulse receivers. Such receivers can evaluate the azimuth of each return pulse by comparing the signals received by two antenna patterns referred to, respectively, as (.SIGMA.) and (.DELTA.).
For information purposes, a few well-known works related to a number of monopulse receivers and to the relevant reasons for the error of concern are mentioned:
G. Jacovitti: "Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for secondary surveillance Radar, IEEE Trans. On Aerospace & Electronic Systems, vol. AES-19, No 6 November 1983, pp. 884-897.
The device in question is particularly applicable to amplitude comparison receivers, called L1 in the Jacovitti article.
R. J. Plant, M. C. Stevens: "A Practical Application of Monopulse Processing to the solution of SSR Problems, International Conf. of Radar, Paris, May 21/24, 1984 pp. 56-60; and
G. Galati, C. Benedetti, E. Giaccari, M. Momo: "The Evolution of SSR" Proceedings of the Int. Radar symp. India (IRSI-83) Oct. 9-12, 1983 Bangalore, pp. 416-423. | 36,714,755 |
iWorld
IPR: DIPP allocation increased after copyright shift from HRD
14 Feb, 2017 - 04:55 PM IST | By B B Nagpal
NEW DELHI: With the entire bogey relating to copyright having shifted to it, the budget for intellectual property in the allocation for the Department of Industrial Policy and Planning has jumped up to Rs 1,700 million from Rs 1,112 million in 2016-17.
After the announcement made in early April last year that copyright issues would be dealt with by DIPP, revised estimates for 2016-17 had shown a jump to 1550 million, necessitating a higher budget for this sector.
Consequently, the allocation for Human Resource Development which had until now been primarily responsible for this sector shows a blank and the budgetary document says this is because the sector has moved to DIPP.
Of the total allocation, the highest share has been allocated for modernization and strengthening of Intellectual Property office - Rs 757.8 million, followed by Rs 520.1 million for the Controller General of Patent Designs and Trademarks.
Of these, the last three had been given some allocation in the revised budget. Interestingly, there is no explanatory for these six departments in the budget document.
In addition to the IP budget, there is an allocation of Rs 6.5 million for the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as part of support to autonomous organizations.
It had been announced early in the financial year 2016-17 that issues of copyright had been shifted to the DIPP of the Commerce and Industry Ministry, which became the nodal department to deal with all issues related to copyright in the country.
(Copyright had until then been the preserve of the Human Resource Development Ministry and the film, music and television industries had always grudged this as they felt it should be with the Information and Broadcasting Ministry.) | 36,714,839 |
Q:
list of batch aborting errors in SQL server
In SQL Server, if XACT_ABORT is off then some errors will terminate the current statement (for example supplying the incorrect number of parameters to a stored procedure that takes some parameters) and some errors will abort the whole batch (for example supplying parameters to a stored procedure that doesn't take parameters). [Reference]: http://www.sommarskog.se/error-handling-I.html#scope-abortion.
What I would like to know is whether there is a definitive list of which errors are batch aborting and which ones are statement terminating.
A:
I believe there are a few exceptions, but from Database Engine Error Severities (MSDN):
Error messages with a severity level of 19 or higher stop the execution of the current batch.
Errors that terminate the database connection, usually with severity from 20 through 25, are not handled by the CATCH block because execution is aborted when the connection terminates.
So it seems like you could get a definitive list from the following query (of course this will not allow you to filter out which ones can be caused by user T-SQL):
SELECT message_id, severity, [text]
FROM sys.messages
WHERE language_id = 1033
AND severity >= 19
ORDER BY severity, message_id;
In SQL Server 2012, this produces 210 rows.
In SQL Server 2016, this produces 256 rows.
By the way, I don't believe the two scenarios you describe in your question work the way you think, at least not in modern versions of SQL Server. I tried this on both 2012 and 2016 (I believe Erland's article describes SQL Server 2000 behavior, which I don't remember if it was any different, but not very relevant today even if so).
USE tempdb;
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.pA -- no parameters
AS PRINT 1
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.pB -- two parameters
@x INT, @y INT
AS PRINT 1
GO
SET XACT_ABORT OFF;
GO
EXEC dbo.pA @foo = 1;
PRINT '### Calling procedure that doesn''t take parameters with a parameter';
GO
EXEC dbo.pB;
PRINT '### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with no parameters';
GO
EXEC dbo.pB @x = 1;
PRINT '### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with not enough parameters';
GO
EXEC dbo.pB @x = 1, @y = 2, @z = 3;
PRINT '### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with too many parameters';
GO
These all produce errors of severity level 16, and all of them proceed with the batch, as evidenced by the print output:
Msg 8146, Level 16, State 2, Procedure pA, Line 11
Procedure pA has no parameters and arguments were supplied.
### Calling procedure that doesn't take parameters with a parameter
Msg 201, Level 16, State 4, Procedure pB, Line 14
Procedure or function 'pB' expects parameter '@x', which was not supplied.
### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with no parameters
Msg 201, Level 16, State 4, Procedure pB, Line 18
Procedure or function 'pB' expects parameter '@y', which was not supplied.
### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with not enough parameters
Msg 8144, Level 16, State 2, Procedure pB, Line 22
Procedure or function pB has too many arguments specified.
### Calling procedure that takes 2 parameters with too many parameters
As I suspected, there are exceptions, of course, as noted in the comments. Conversion failure is severity 16 but aborts the batch:
SET XACT_ABORT OFF;
SELECT CONVERT (INT, 'foo');
PRINT 'Made it.'; -- no print happens
Results do not include the print output this time:
Msg 245, Level 16, State 1
Conversion failed when converting the varchar value 'foo' to data type int.
| 36,714,908 |
Subsets and Splits