{
    "Contributors": "Species-800",
    "Source": "Species-800",
    "URL": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/species_800",
    "Categories": [
        "Named Entity Recognition"
    ],
    "Definition": [
        "Given a sentence, you need to reconize the name of the organism. There might be several correct answers. If it does not exist, you need to output \"There is no related enetity.\"."
    ],
    "Reasoning": [],
    "Input_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Output_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Instruction_language": [
        "English"
    ],
    "Domains": [
        "Public Health",
        "Heathcare"
    ],
    "Positive Examples": [],
    "Negative Examples": [],
    "Instances": [
        {
            "input": "Streptococcus ursoris sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavities of bears.",
            "output": "Streptococcus ursoris sp . nov .."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three Gram - positive, catalase - negative, coccus - shaped organisms were isolated from the oral cavities of bears.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The isolates were tentatively identified as a streptococcal species based on the results of biochemical tests.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies confirmed that the organisms were members of the genus Streptococcus, but they did not correspond to any recognized species of the genus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nearest phylogenetic relative of the new isolates was Streptococcus ratti ATCC 19645 ( T ) ( 98. 6 % ), however, DNA - DNA hybridization analysis showed that the isolates displayed less than 15 % DNA - DNA relatedness with the type strain of S. ratti.",
            "output": "Streptococcus ratti ATCC 19645, S . ratti."
        },
        {
            "input": "Colonies of the novel strains grown on mitis salivarius agar showed an extracellular polysaccharide - producing colony morphology.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the novel isolates are classified in the genus Streptococcus as Streptococcus ursoris sp. nov.",
            "output": "Streptococcus ursoris sp . nov .."
        },
        {
            "input": "The type strain of S. ursoris is NUM 1615 ( T ) ( = JCM 16316 ( T ) = DSM 22768 ( T ) ).",
            "output": "S . ursoris, NUM 1615 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Larkinella bovis sp. nov., isolated from fermented bovine products, and emended descriptions of the genus Larkinella and of Larkinella insperata Vancanneyt et al.",
            "output": "Larkinella bovis, Larkinella insperata."
        },
        {
            "input": "2006.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A novel bacterial strain, designated M2T2B15 ( T ), was isolated from fermented bovine products and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach.",
            "output": "M2T2B15."
        },
        {
            "input": "Colonies were reddish pink and circular with entire margins.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cells were strictly aerobic, Gram - reaction - negative, oxidase - and catalase - positive rods that lacked flagella and were motile by gliding.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Flexirubin - type pigments were absent.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain M2T2B15 ( T ) was related most closely to Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 ( T ) ( 94. 4 % similarity ) but shared & lt; 87 % similarity with other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes.",
            "output": "M2T2B15, Larkinella insperata."
        },
        {
            "input": "The major cellular fatty acids were C ( 16: 1 ) omega5c, iso - C ( 15: 0 ) and iso - C ( 17: 0 ) 3 - OH.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Menaquinone 7 ( MK - 7 ) was the major respiratory quinone.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The G + C content of the DNA of strain M2T2B15 ( T ) was 52 & amp; emsp14; mol %.",
            "output": "M2T2B15."
        },
        {
            "input": "The phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data presented clearly indicate that strain M2T2B15 ( T ) represents a novel species of the genus Larkinella, for which the name Larkinella bovis sp. nov.",
            "output": "M2T2B15, Larkinella bovis."
        },
        {
            "input": "is proposed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The type strain is M2T2B15 ( T ) ( = KACC 14040 ( T ) = NBRC 106324 ( T ) ).",
            "output": "M2T2B15."
        },
        {
            "input": "Emended descriptions of the genus Larkinella and of Larkinella insperata Vancanneyt et al.",
            "output": "Larkinella insperata."
        },
        {
            "input": "2006 are also proposed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Methanobacterium arcticum sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeon from Holocene Arctic permafrost.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A mesophilic, non - motile, hydrogenotrophic, rod - shaped methanogen, designated M2 ( T ), was isolated from Holocene permafrost sediments of the Kolyma lowland in the Russian Arctic.",
            "output": "M2 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cells were 3 - 6 mum long and 0. 45 - 0. 5 mum wide.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Strain M2 ( T ) grew on H ( 2 ) / CO ( 2 ) and formate.",
            "output": "M2 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Optimum conditions for growth were 37 ^ 0C, pH 6. 8 - 7. 2 and 0. 1 M NaCl.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The DNA G + C content was 38. 1 mol %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison with known methanogens, strain M2 ( T ) was affiliated with the genus Methanobacterium and was most closely related to Methanobacterium veterum MK4 ( T ) and Methanobacterium bryantii DSM 863 ( T ) ( both 99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ).",
            "output": "M2 ( T ), Methanobacterium veterum MK4 ( T ), Methanobacterium bryantii, DSM 863 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, no significant DNA - DNA relatedness was observed between strain M2 ( T ) and these type strains.",
            "output": "M2 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "We propose that strain M2 ( T ) represents a novel species, with the name Methanobacterium arcticum sp. nov., with type strain M2 ( T ) ( = DSM 19844 ( T ) = VKM B - 2371 ( T ) ).",
            "output": "M2 ( T ), M2 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thiomonas islandica sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, hydrogen - and sulfur - oxidizing betaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring.",
            "output": "Thiomonas islandica, betaproteobacterium."
        },
        {
            "input": "A novel, hydrogen - and sulfur - oxidizing bacterium, designated strain 6C ( T ), was isolated from a hot spring in Graendalur, south - western Iceland.",
            "output": "6C ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cells of this organism were Gram - reaction - negative, rod - shaped and motile.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The strain grew aerobically and was capable of chemolithotrophic growth on thiosulfate and hydrogen, heterotrophic growth on pyruvate, oxalate, acetate and on glutamate in the presence of yeast extract and mixotrophic growth on several organic compounds, thiosulfate and / or hydrogen.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "During growth on thiosulfate, the final product was sulfate, resulting in a drop in pH from 6. 8 to 2. 7.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Heterotrophic growth on pyruvate was observed at pH 4 - 7 ( optimum pH 4 ) and 35 - 50 ^ 0C ( optimum 45 ^ 0C ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The DNA G + C content was 65. 2 mol %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "As determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 6C ( T ) represents a distinct species belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria and is most closely related to Thiomonas intermedia DSM 18155 ( T ) and Thiomonas perometabolis DSM 18570 ( T ).",
            "output": "6C ( T ), Betaproteobacteria, Thiomonas intermedia, DSM 18155 ( T ), Thiomonas perometabolis, DSM 18570 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "DNA - DNA hybridization between strain 6C ( T ) and Thiomonas intermedia DSM 18155 ( T ) and Thiomonas perometabolis DSM 18570 ( T ) gave relatedness values below 32 %.",
            "output": "6C ( T ), Thiomonas intermedia, DSM 18155 ( T ), Thiomonas perometabolis, DSM 18570 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results, together with physiological characteristics, showed that strain 6C ( T ) represents a novel species within the genus Thiomonas, for which the name Thiomonas islandica sp. nov.",
            "output": "6C ( T ), Thiomonas islandica."
        },
        {
            "input": "is proposed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The type strain is 6C ( T ) ( = DSM 21436 ( T ) = JCM 16107 ( T ) ).",
            "output": "6C ( T ), DSM 21436 ( T ), JCM 16107 ( T )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nocardioides caricicola sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from a halophyte, Carex scabrifolia Steud.",
            "output": "Nocardioides caricicola sp . nov ., Carex scabrifolia."
        },
        {
            "input": "A Gram - staining - positive, coccoid to rod - shaped bacterium, designated strain YC6903 ( T ), was isolated from a halophytic plant ( Carex scabrifolia Steud. ) collected from sand dunes at Namhae Island, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach.",
            "output": "YC6903, Carex scabrifolia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Strain YC6903 ( T ) grew optimally at 30 ^ 0C and at pH 8. 0.",
            "output": "YC6903."
        },
        {
            "input": "Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YC6903 ( T ) belongs to the genus Nocardioides in the family Nocardioidaceae.",
            "output": "YC6903."
        },
        {
            "input": "Strain YC6903 ( T ) was related most closely to Nocardioides pyridinolyticus OS4 ( T ) ( 97. 0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ), Nocardioides dokdonensis FR1436 ( T ) ( 96. 6 % ), Nocardioides aquiterrae GW - 9 ( T ) ( 96. 6 % ) and Nocardioides hankookensis DS - 30 ( T ) ( 96. 6 % ).",
            "output": "YC6903, Nocardioides pyridinolyticus OS4, Nocardioides dokdonensis FR1436, Nocardioides aquiterrae GW - 9, Nocardioides hankookensis DS - 30."
        },
        {
            "input": "The cell - wall peptidoglycan contained LL - diaminopimelic acid and MK - 8 ( H ( 4 ) ) was the major respiratory quinone.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mean ( + / - SD ) level of DNA - DNA relatedness between strain YC6903 ( T ) and N. pyridinolyticus OS4 ( T ) was 53. 5 + / - 5. 5 %.",
            "output": "YC6903, N . pyridinolyticus OS4."
        },
        {
            "input": "The predominant cellular fatty acid of strain YC6903 ( T ) was iso - C ( 16: 0 ) ( 28. 9 % ).",
            "output": "YC6903."
        },
        {
            "input": "The DNA G + C content was 71. 7 mol %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data indicated that strain YC6903 ( T ) represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides caricicola sp. nov.",
            "output": "YC6903, Nocardioides caricicola sp . nov .."
        },
        {
            "input": "is proposed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The type strain is YC6903 ( T ) ( = KACC 13778 ( T ) = DSM 22177 ( T ) ).",
            "output": "YC6903."
        },
        {
            "input": "Radionuclide and hybrid imaging of recurrent prostate cancer.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "After definitive therapy with surgery or radiation, many patients have biochemical relapse of disease - - ie, an increase in their prostate - specific antigen level - - which often precedes clinically apparent disease by months or even years.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, imaging of the site and extent of tumour recurrence ( local, regional, distant, or a combination ) is of great interest.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Conventional morphological imaging methods showed limited accuracy for assessment of recurrent prostate cancer; however, in recent years, functional and molecular imaging have offered the possibility of imaging molecular or cellular processes of individual tumours, often with more accuracy than morphological imaging.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hybrid imaging modalities ( PET - CT, and single - photon emission CT [ SPECT ] - CT ) have been introduced that combine functional and morphological data and allow whole - body imaging.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we review the contribution of radionuclide imaging and hybrid imaging for assessment of recurrent prostate cancer ( local vs regional vs distant disease ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We discuss available data on PET - CT and SPECT - CT, and provide an overview of experimental tracers and their preclinical and clinical development.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Finally, we present a perspective on the potential of future hybrid magnetic resonance - PET imaging.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fertility - sparing surgery in patients with cervical cancer.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "There are several types of fertility saving procedures that can be done in patients with cervical cancer, which differ in terms of surgical approach and extent of paracervical resection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This review assesses oncological and pregnancy results after different procedures.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The oncological results of vaginal radical trachelectomies ( VRT ) and abdominal radical trachelectomies ( ART ) are similar for tumours less than 2 cm in size, and are now considered safe surgical procedures.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Oncological outcomes of VRT and ART in tumours larger than 2 cm are also identical, but the results cannot be considered satisfactory.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Preliminary findings of less radical procedures ( ie, deep cone and simple trachelectomy ) in patients with tumours less than 2 cm, and negative sentinel and other pelvic lymph nodes, are comparable with the results of VRT and ART.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Downstaging tumours larger than 2 cm by neoadjuvant chemotherapy is still an experimental procedure and will need multicentre cooperation to verify its oncological safety.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pregnancy results vary statistically with the different methods.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Morphology and ultrastructure of multiple life cycle stages of the photosynthetic relative of apicomplexa, Chromera velia.",
            "output": "Chromera velia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Chromera velia is a photosynthetic alga with a secondary plastid that represents the closest known photosynthetic relative of the apicomplexan parasites.",
            "output": "Chromera velia."
        },
        {
            "input": "The original description of this organism was based on brownish, immotile coccoid cells, which is the predominating stage of C. velia in the culture.",
            "output": "C . velia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we provide a detailed light and electron microscopy description of coccoid cells of C. velia and a previously undocumented bi - flagellated stage that is highly motile and moves in a characteristic zig - zag pattern.",
            "output": "C . velia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Transformation from a coccoid into a flagellate stage occurs in exponentially growing cultures, and is accelerated by exposure to light.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The C. velia cells contain a pseudoconoid, which is likely homologous to the corresponding structure in the apical complex of Apicomplexa, cortical alveoli subtended by subpellicular microtubules, mitochondrion with tubular cristae, a micropyle, and a distinctive chromerosome, an apparently novel type of extrusion organelle.",
            "output": "C . velia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ultrastructural analysis of the flagellate supports its close association with colpodellids and apicomplexans and provides important insight into their evolution.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Introns, alternative splicing, spliced leader trans - splicing and differential expression of pcna and cyclin in Perkinsus marinus.",
            "output": "Perkinsus marinus."
        },
        {
            "input": "To gain understanding on the structure and regulation of growth - related genes of the parasitic alveolate Perkinsus marinus, we analyzed genes encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) and cyclins ( cyclin ).",
            "output": "Perkinsus marinus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparison of the full - length cDNAs with the corresponding genomic sequences revealedtrans - splicing of the mRNAs of these genes with a conserved 21 - 22 nt spliced leader.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Over 10 copies of pcna were detected, with identical gene structures and similar nucleotide ( nt ) sequences ( 88 - 99 % ), encoding largely identical amino acid sequences ( aa ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Two distinct types ofcyclin ( Pmacyclin1 and Pmacyclin2 ) were identified, with 66 - 69 % nt and 81 - 85 % aa similarities. Pmacyclin2 was organized in tandem repeats, and was alternatively spliced, giving rise to five subtypes of transcripts.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "For both pcna and cyclin genes, 6 - 10 introns were found.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Quantitative RT - PCR assays showed that pcna and Pmacyclin2 expression levels were low with small variations during a 28 - h time course, whereas Pmacyclin1 transcript abundance was 10 - 100 times higher, and increased markedly during active cell division, suggesting that it is a mitoticcyclinand can be a useful growth marker for this species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The gene structure and expression features along with phylogenetic results position this organism between dinoflagellates and apicomplexans, but its definitive affiliation among alveolates requires further studies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Highly diverse and seasonally dynamic protist community in a pristine peat bog.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Culture - independent molecular methods based on the amplification, cloning and sequencing of small - subunit ribosomal RNA genes ( SSU rDNAs ) are powerful tools to study the diversity of microorganisms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Despite so, the eukaryotic microbial diversity of many ecosystems, including peatlands has not yet received much attention.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We analysed the eukaryotic diversity by molecular surveys in water from the centre of a pristine Sphagnum - dominated peatland in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland during a complete seasonal cycle.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The clone libraries constructed from five different temporal samplings revealed a high diversity of protists with representatives of all major eukaryotic phyla.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition, four sequence types could not be assigned to any known high - level eukaryotic taxon but branched together with a rather good statistic support, raising the possibility of a novel, deep branching eukaryotic clade.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The analysis of seasonal patterns of phylotypes showed a clear change in the eukaryotic communities between the warm period ( late spring and summer ) and the cold period ( autumn and winter ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Chrysophytes dominated the samples in the cold period while testate amoebae ( Arcellinida and Euglyphida ) and a few other groups peaked in summer.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A few phylotypes ( such as a cryptomonad and a perkinsid ) were abundant at given sampling times and then almost disappeared, suggesting bloom - like dynamics.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparing potential COI and SSU rDNA barcodes for assessing the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of cyphoderiid testate amoebae ( Rhizaria: Euglyphida ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 gene ( COI ) has been promoted as an ideal & quot; DNA barcode & quot; for animal species and other groups of eukaryotes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the utility of the COI marker for species level discrimination and for phylogenetic analyses has yet to be tested within the Rhizaria.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Accordingly, we analysed mitochondrial COI gene sequences and nuclear small subunit rDNA ( SSU ) sequences from several morphospecies of euglyphid testate amoebae ( Cercozoa, Rhizaria ) in order to evaluate the utility of these DNA markers for species discrimination and phylogenetic reconstructions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sequences were obtained from eleven populations belonging to six Cyphoderia morphospecies that were isolated from field samples in North America and Europe.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mean inter - population COI sequence dissimilarities were on average 2. 9 times greater than in the SSU, while the intra - population sequence dissimilarities were higher in the SSU ( 0 - 0. 95 % ) than in the COI ( 0 % ); this suggests that the COI fragment is valuable for discriminating Cyphoderiidae isolates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our study also demonstrated that COI sequences are useful for inferring phylogenetic relationships among Cyphoderiidae isolates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "COI and SSU tree topologies were very similar even though the COI fragment used in these analyses ( 500bp ) was much shorter than the SSU sequences ( 1600bp ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Altogether, these results demonstrate the utility of the COI as a potential taxonomic DNA barcode for assessing cyphoderiid species diversity and for inferring phylogenetic relationships within the group.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expanding character sampling for ciliate phylogenetic inference using mitochondrial SSU - rDNA as a molecular marker.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Molecular systematics of ciliates, particularly at deep nodes, has largely focused on increasing taxon sampling using the nuclear small subunit rDNA ( nSSU - rDNA ) locus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These previous analyses have generally been congruent with morphologically - based classifications, although there is extensive non - monophyly at many levels.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, caution is needed in interpreting these results as nSSU - rDNA is just a single molecular marker.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here the mitochondrial small subunit rDNA ( mtSSU - rDNA ) is evaluated for deep ciliate nodes using the Colpodea as an example.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Overall, well - supported nodes in the mtSSU - rDNA and concatenated topologies are well supported in the nSSU - rDNA topology; e. g., the non - monophyly of the Cyrtolophosidida.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The two moderately - to well - supported incongruences between the loci are the placement of the Sorogenida and Colpoda aspera. Our analyses of mtSSU - rDNA support the conclusion, originally derived from nSSU - rDNA, that the morphological characters used in taxonomic circumscriptions of the Colpodea represent a mixture of ancestral and derived states.",
            "output": "Colpoda aspera."
        },
        {
            "input": "This demonstration of the efficacy of the mtSSU - rDNA will enable phylogenetic reconstructions of deep nodes in the ciliate tree of life to move from a single - locus to a multi - locus approach.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Diversification and evolution of the avirulence gene AVR - Pita1 in field isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae.",
            "output": "Magnaporthe oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rice blast disease is the single most destructive plant disease that threatens stable rice production worldwide.",
            "output": "rice."
        },
        {
            "input": "Race - specific resistance to the rice blast pathogen has not been durable and the mechanism by which the resistance is overcome remains largely unknown.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we report the molecular mechanisms of diversification and the instability of the avirulence gene AVR - Pita1 in field strains of Magnaporthe oryzae interacting with the host resistance gene Pi - ta and triggering race - specific resistance.",
            "output": "Magnaporthe oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Two - base - pair insertions resulting in frame - shift mutations and partial and complete deletions of AVR - Pita1 were identified in virulent isolates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Moreover, a total of 38 AVR - Pita1 haplotypes encoding 27 AVR - Pita1 variants were identified among 151 avirulent isolates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Most DNA sequence variation was found to occur in the exon region resulting in amino acid substitution.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These findings demonstrate that AVR - Pita1 is under positive selection and mutations of AVR - Pita1 are responsible for defeating race - specific resistance in nature.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analysis of spatial niche structure in coexisting tidepool fishes: null models based on multi - scale experiments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fundamental and realized spatial niches were investigated through a combination of laboratory and mesocosm experiments, field observations and null model analysis in three intertidal gobiid species ( Bathygobius fuscus, Chaenogobius annularis and C. gulosus ).",
            "output": "Bathygobius fuscus, Chaenogobius annularis, C . gulosus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Null models based on the results of single - species experiments were used to assess interspecific spatial use and coexistence on two different scales: ( i ) microhabitats within a tidepool ( ' microhabitat ' scale ); and ( ii ) distribution among a set of tidepools ( ' habitat - wide ' scale ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Patterns of microhabitat use varied from single to paired treatments, depending on paired species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Realized overlap of microhabitat use was smaller than would be expected from single - individual situations for intraspecific combinations, but not for interspecific ones.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Patterns of tidepool occupancy ( a measure of spatial niche breadth ) in the mesocosm were influenced by interspecific interactions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Two Chaenogobius species, but not B. fuscus, decreased tidepool occupancy in the hetero - specific treatments compared with the mono - specific ones.",
            "output": "B . fuscus."
        },
        {
            "input": "For all interspecific combinations, spatial overlap ( habitat - wide scale ) was significantly lower than the values expected from mono - specific situations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results also indicated a possible trade - off between competitiveness and growth efficiency in these fishes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interspecific spatial overlap in the field was similar to that in the mesocosm experiment and the pattern of coexistence of gobiids can be explained by the results of our experiments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study demonstrates that niches of intertidal fishes may experience modifications under the influence of species interactions and that null models based on controlled experiments can greatly facilitate the deciphering of such changes in niche structure.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Linking disease and community ecology through behavioural indicators: immunochallenge of white - footed mice and its ecological impacts.",
            "output": "white - footed mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pathogens and immune challenges can induce changes in host phenotype in ways that indirectly impact important community interactions, including those that affect host - pathogen interactions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To explore host behavioural response to immune challenge, we exposed wild white - footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) to an immunogen from an endemic, zoonotic pathogen, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.",
            "output": "white - footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, Borrelia burgdorferi."
        },
        {
            "input": "White - footed mice are a major reservoir host of Lyme disease ( LD ) spirochetes in northeastern USA and an abundant member of forest communities.",
            "output": "White - footed mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "The activity patterns, foraging behaviour, and space use of white - footed mice have implications for population growth rates of community members upon which mice incidentally prey ( i. e. gypsy moths and native thrushes ), as well as potentially determining host - vector encounter rates and human risk of LD.",
            "output": "white - footed mice, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Immunochallenge led to specific humoral ( antibody ) and cellular ( i. e. elevated neutrophils and eosinophils ) immune responses, supporting use of the immunogen as a surrogate for pathogenic infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Immunochallenged mice had reduced wheel - running activity early in the night when measured in the lab.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, mouse activity, as measured by track plates in natural field experiments, did not differ between mice exposed to the immunogen and unexposed mice.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Foraging behaviour of wild mice in the field - assessed with giving - up densities of seed at artificial feeding stations - was affected by exposure to the immunogen.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Whereas immunochallenge did not influence whether foraging mice gained information on patch quality while foraging, it led to reductions in predator avoidance during foraging, suggesting that the proportion of space used by foraging mice may be greater as a result of immunochallenge.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This increased space use is predicted to increase encounter rates with patchily distributed LD vectors ( ticks ) and with incidental prey items.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "6.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, immunochallenge in white - footed mice, and potentially pathogenic infection, have the potential to indirectly impact community interactions, including those important for pathogen transmission.",
            "output": "white - footed mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "Amino acid divergence between the CHS domain contributes to the different intracellular behaviour of Family II fungal chitin synthases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
            "output": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Family II chitin synthases ( CS ), including classes IV and V enzymes, share conserved catalytic domains flanked by transmembrane regions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we addressed the characterization of Family II fungal CSs by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
            "output": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Full - length CSs from classes V or IV were not functional when expressed in S. cerevisiae and accumulated in different intracellular compartments.",
            "output": "S . cerevisiae."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the exchange between different class IV, but not of class V, CHS domains resulted in functional proteins both in vivo and in vitro.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The different domains afford the chimeric proteins distinct intracellular behaviours, ranging from endoplasmic reticulum retention to reduced endocytic turnover at the plasma membrane.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results allow a role in chitin synthesis to be assigned to all class IV enzymes, but they also highlight the involvement of the intracellular globular domain of these CSs, not only in enzymatic activity but also in the regulation of their intracellular turnover.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Activation of the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 is essential for the full virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.",
            "output": "Candida albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "The evolutionarily conserved heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 plays a central role in thermal adaptation in the major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans.",
            "output": "humans, Candida albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hsf1 becomes hyperphosphorylated in response to heat shock and activates the transcription of genes with heat shock elements ( HSEs ) in their promoters, these genes contributing to thermal adaptation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the relevance of Hsf1 activation to C. albicans virulence is not clear as this pathogen is thought to be obligately associated with warm blooded animals, and this issue has not been tested because HSF1 is essential for viability in C. albicans.",
            "output": "C . albicans, C . albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, we demonstrate that the HSE regulon is active in C. albicans cells infecting the kidney.",
            "output": "C . albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also show the CE2 region of Hsf1 is required for activation and that the phosphorylation of specific residues in this domain contributes to Hsf1 activation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "C. albicans HSF1 mutants that lack this CE2 region are viable.",
            "output": "C . albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, they are unable to activate HSE - containing genes in response to heat shock, and they are thermosensitive.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using this HSF1 CE2 deletion mutant we demonstrate that Hsf1 activation, and hence thermal adaptation, contributes significantly to the virulence of C. albicans.",
            "output": "C . albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Early response of plant cell to carbon deprivation: in vivo 31P - NMR spectroscopy shows a quasi - instantaneous disruption on cytosolic sugars, phosphorylated intermediates of energy metabolism, phosphate partitioning, and intracellular pHs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* In plant cells, sugar starvation triggers a cascade of effects at the scale of 1 - 2 days.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, very early metabolic response has not yet been investigated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Soluble phosphorus ( P ) compounds and intracellular pHs were analysed each 2. 5 min intervals in heterotrophic sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) cells using in vivo phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ( ( 31 ) P - NMR ).",
            "output": "sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Upon external - sugar withdrawal, the glucose 6 - P concentration dropped in the cytosol, but not in plastids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The released inorganic phosphate ( Pi ) accumulated transiently in the cytosol before influx into the vacuole; nucleotide triphosphate concentration doubled, intracellular pH increased and cell respiration decreased.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It was deduced that the cytosolic free - sugar concentration was low, corresponding to only 0. 5 mM sucrose in sugar - supplied cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The release of sugar from the vacuole and from plastids is insufficient to fully sustain the cell metabolism during starvation, particularly in the very short term.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Similarly to Pi - starvation, the cell ' s first response to sugar starvation occurs in the cytosol and is of a metabolic nature.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Unlike the cytoplasm, cytosolic homeostasis is not maintained during starvation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The important metabolic changes following cytosolic sugar exhaustion deliver early endogenous signals that may contribute to trigger rescue metabolism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Habitat contrasts reveal a shift in the trophic position of ant assemblages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Trophic structure within a guild can be influenced by factors such as resource availability and competition.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "While ants occupy a wide range of positions in food webs, and ant community composition changes with habitat, it is not well understood if ant genera tend to maintain their position in the trophic structure, or if trophic position varies across habitats.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We used ratios of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to test for differences in the trophic structure and position of assemblages of ants among habitat types.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We tested for differences between assemblages in replicate sites of the land use categories: ( i ) pastures with old large trees; ( ii ) recently revegetated pastures with small young trees; and ( iii ) remnant woodlands.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Known insect herbivores and predatory spiders provided baselines for herbivorous and predaceous arthropods.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Soil samples were used to correct for the base level of isotopic enrichment at each site.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found no significant interactions between land use and ant genus for isotope enrichment, indicating that trophic structure is conserved across land use categories.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The fixed relative positions of genera in the trophic structure might be re - enforced by competition or some other factor.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the entire ant assemblage had significantly lower delta ( 15 ) N values in revegetated sites, suggesting that ants feed lower down in the food chain i. e. they are more ' herbivorous ' in revegetated sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This may be a result of the high availability of plant sugars, honeydew and herbivorous arthropod prey.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Surprisingly, ants in remnants and pastures with trees displayed similar isotopic compositions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interactions within ant assemblages are thus likely to be resilient to changes in land use, but ant diets in early successional habitats may reflect the simplicity of communities, which may have comparatively lower rates of saprophagy and predation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hypoxia responsive gene expression is mediated by various subsets of transcription factors and miRNAs that are determined by the actual oxygen availability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Reduced oxygen availability is not only associated with flooding, but occurs also during growth and development.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It is largely unknown how hypoxia is perceived and what signaling cascade is involved in activating adaptive responses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* We analysed the expression of over 1900 transcription factors ( TFs ) and 180 microRNA primary transcripts ( pri - miRNAs ) in Arabidopsis roots exposed to different hypoxic conditions by means of quantitative PCR.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also analysed the promoters of genes induced by hypoxia with respect to over - represented DNA elements that can act as potential TF binding sites and their in vivo interaction was verified.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* We identified various subsets of TFs that responded differentially through time and in an oxygen concentration - dependent manner.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The regulatory potential of selected TFs and their predicted DNA binding elements was validated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although the expression of pri - miRNAs was differentially regulated under hypoxia, only one corresponding mature miRNA changed accordingly.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Putative target transcripts of the miRNAs were not significantly affected.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Our results show that the regulation of hypoxia - induced genes is controlled via simultaneous interaction of various combinations of TFs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Under anoxic conditions, an additional set of TFs is induced.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Regulation of gene expression via miRNAs appears to play a minor role during hypoxia.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rarity, life history and scaling of the dynamics in time and space of British birds.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Many patterns in macroecology are closely related to the total abundance of a species in a region.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we show that interspecific differences in the pattern of population fluctuations of British bird species can be predicted from knowledge of their overall abundance and some basic life - history characteristics.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We identify a rarity syndrome that arises through an increased stochastic influence on population fluctuations with decreasing population size, mainly resulting from an inverse density - dependent effect of demographic stochasticity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This syndrome involves an increase in the annual changes in population size with increasing rarity in the United Kingdom.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The relationship between the magnitude of temporal variation and local mean population size differs between species dependent on their life history, i. e. species with larger clutch size and lower survival tended to have larger annual changes in population size than low - reproducing long - lived species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The probability of local disappearance from a study plot depended on the population size and was hence closely related to the overall abundance of the species in UK.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "For a given population size, this probability was also related to species - specific life - history characteristics, being higher in species with larger clutch sizes and smaller survival rates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rareness results in a spatial decoupling of the temporal variation in population size.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "6.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These patterns show that once a species has become rare, e. g. due to human activities, key population dynamical characteristics will change because of density - dependent stochastic effects, which in turn are dependent on species - specific life - history characteristics.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mannitol permeation and radial flow of water in maize roots.",
            "output": "maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The postulated nonselective hydraulic route through the root apoplast has not yet been supported by experimental findings on solvent drag.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Therefore, mannitol transport from the medium to the shoot of young maize plants was studied at different rates of transpiration in hydroculture.",
            "output": "maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "The concentration of mannitol was determined by gas chromatography.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Mannitol utilization in shoot metabolism was not detectable.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Experiments with exuding roots showed that the radial transport of mannitol was mainly apoplastic.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ratio alpha between the mannitol concentration in xylem vessels and that of the external medium was calculated from mannitol translocation to the shoot or measurement of the mannitol concentration in the root exudate, where it reached c.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "0. 07 in the steady state.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In transpiring plants, alpha decreased with increasing water flux from 0. 04 to values below 0. 01.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These findings demonstrate that the root reflection coefficient for mannitol is above 0. 99.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* It is concluded that the radial movement of water to the vessels is under complete protoplastic control, whereas solutes can diffuse on an apoplastic path.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The absence of a significant volume flux through the root apoplast is of physiological importance as it prevents the coupling of the apoplastic permeation of ballast solutes, such as NaCl, to transpiration.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genomic evidence of repeat - induced point mutation ( RIP ) in filamentous ascomycetes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The genomes of 49 filamentous ascomycetes ( subphylum Pezizomycotina ) were examined by two independent methods for evidence of multiple C - > T transitions typical of RIP.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "At least one transposable element or other repeat family was identified in each genome, and members were assessed for transition and transversion mutations relative to a model of their intact progenitor.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Occurrence of RIP was indicated where family members differed by excess of directional transitions over transversions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Transition mutations were quantified by an algorithm taking double mutations in CpG and CpC dinucleotides into account.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A second method assessed dinucleotide frequency distribution anomalies in whole genomes, a procedure that allowed quantification of fractions of the non - coding genome that had been subject to extensive directional mutation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results of both methods revealed that RIP - like activity varied greatly, both in extent of mutation and in dinucleotide context for C - > T transitions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the most extreme case, 75 % of a Blastomyces dermatitidis genome had suffered conspicuous GC - depletion, all of it in the non - coding fraction.",
            "output": "Blastomyces dermatitidis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Many genomes carried both intact repeats as well as others that had suffered heavily from transitions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Only one species, Chaetomium globosum, showed no evidence of directional mutation.",
            "output": "Chaetomium globosum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Accelerometry estimates field metabolic rate in giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama during breeding.",
            "output": "giant Australian cuttlefish, Sepia apama."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Estimating the metabolic rate of animals in nature is central to understanding the physiological, behavioural and evolutionary ecology of animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Doubly labelled water and heart - rate methods are the most commonly used approaches, but both have limitations that preclude their application to some systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Accelerometry has emerged as a powerful tool for estimating energy expenditure in a range of animals, but is yet to be used to estimate field metabolic rate in aquatic taxa.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We combined two - dimensional accelerometry and swim - tunnel respirometry to estimate patterns of energy expenditure in giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama during breeding.",
            "output": "giant Australian cuttlefish, Sepia apama."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Both oxygen consumption rate ( Vo2 ) and swimming speed showed strong positive associations with body acceleration, with coefficients of determination comparable to those using similar accelerometers on terrestrial vertebrates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Despite increased activity during the day, field metabolic rate rarely approached Vo2, and night - time Vo2 was similar to that at rest.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results are consistent with the life - history strategy of this species, which has a poor capacity to exercise anaerobically, and a mating strategy that is visually based.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "With the logistical difficulties associated with observation in aquatic environments, accelerometry is likely to prove a valuable tool for estimating energy expenditure in aquatic animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Generation of Se - fortified broccoli as functional food: impact of Se fertilization on S metabolism.",
            "output": "broccoli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Selenium ( Se ) - fortified broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica ) has been proposed as a functional food for cancer prevention, based on its high glucosinolate ( GSL ) content and capacity for Se accumulation.",
            "output": "broccoli, Brassica oleracea var . italica."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, as selenate and sulphate share the initial assimilation route, Se fertilization could interfere with sulphur metabolism and plant growth.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Consequently, GSL accumulation could be compromised.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To evaluate these potentially adverse effects of Se fertilization, we performed a comprehensive study on sand - grown young broccoli plants ( weekly selenate applications of 0. 8 mumol plant ( - 1 ) via the root ) and field - grown adult broccoli plants during head formation ( single foliar selenate application: 25. 3 or 253 mumol plant ( - 1 ) ).",
            "output": "broccoli, broccoli."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results show that under these conditions, Se application does not affect plant growth, contents of cysteine, glutathione, total GSL, glucoraphanin ( major aliphatic GSL ) or the expression of BoMYB28 ( encoding a functionally confirmed master regulator for aliphatic GSL biosynthesis ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Conversely, due to the changed expression of sulphate transporters ( BoSULTR1; 1, 1; 2, 2; 1, and 2; 2 ), sulphate and total S contents increased in the shoot of young plants while decreasing in the root.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conclude that broccoli can be fertilized with Se without reduction in GSL content, even with Se accumulation exceeding the level recommended for human consumption.",
            "output": "broccoli, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphopodia and germinated spore exudates trigger Ca2 + spiking in the legume and nonlegume root epidermis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The aim of this study was to investigate Ca ( 2 + ) responses to endosymbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi in the host root epidermis following pre - infection hyphopodium formation in both legumes and nonlegumes, and to determine to what extent these responses could be mimicked by germinated fungal spore exudate.",
            "output": "fungal."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Root organ cultures of both Medicago truncatula and Daucus carota, expressing the nuclear - localized cameleon reporter NupYC2. 1, were used to monitor AM - elicited Ca ( 2 + ) responses in host root tissues.",
            "output": "Medicago truncatula, Daucus carota."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Ca ( 2 + ) spiking was observed in cells contacted by AM hyphopodia for both hosts, with highest frequencies correlating with the epidermal nucleus positioned facing the fungal contact site.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Treatment with AM spore exudate also elicited Ca ( 2 + ) spiking within the AM - responsive zone of the root and, in both cases, spiking was dependent on the M. truncatula common SYM genes DMI1 / 2, but not on the rhizobial Nod factor perception gene NFP.",
            "output": "M . truncatula."
        },
        {
            "input": "* These findings support the conclusion that AM fungal root penetration is preceded by a SYM pathway - dependent oscillatory Ca ( 2 + ) response, whose evolutionary origin predates the divergence between asterid and rosid clades.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results further show that fungal symbiotic signals are already generated during spore germination, and that cameleon - expressing root organ cultures represent a novel AM - specific bio - assay for such signals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Perigord black truffle responds to cold temperature with an extensive reprogramming of its transcriptional activity.",
            "output": "Perigord black truffle."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Tuber melanosporum genome has been analysed with the aim of identifying and characterizing the genes involved in the environmental stress response.",
            "output": "Tuber melanosporum."
        },
        {
            "input": "A whole genome array ( 7496 genes / probe ) was used to verify the fungal transcriptional profiling upon a cold temperature period ( 7 days at 4 ^ 0C ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A total of 423 genes resulted to be differentially expressed in a significant manner ( > 2. 5 - fold; p - value & lt; 0. 05 ) in the mycelia exposed to cold, compared to the control ones: 187 of these genes were up - regulated, while 236 were down - regulated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sixty - six and fifty - one percent, respectively, of the up - or down - regulated transcripts had no KOG classification and were clustered as unclassified proteins, which was the most abundant category in the both up - and down - regulated genes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A gene subset, containing a range of biological functions, was chosen to validate the microarray experiment through quantitative real time PCR ( qRT - PCR ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The analysis confirmed the array data for 16 out of 22 of the considered genes, confirming that a cold temperature period influences the truffle global gene expression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The expressed genes, which mostly resulted to be genes for heat shock proteins ( HSPs ) and genes involved in cell wall and lipid metabolism, could be involved in mechanisms, which are responsible for fungal adaptation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since truffle ascomata develop during the winter period, we hypothesize that these differentially expressed genes may help the truffle to adapt to low temperatures and / or perceive environmental signals that regulate the fructification.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The rapid production of high - titer porcine endogenous retrovirus ( PERV ) - B env pseudotype and construction of an EGFP - expressing replication competent PERV - A vector.",
            "output": "porcine endogenous retrovirus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Porcine endogenous retroviruses ( PERVs ) present a unique concern associated with xenotransplantation because they have been shown to infect certain human cells in vitro and it is also difficult to generate herds of pigs free of PERVs.",
            "output": "Porcine endogenous retroviruses, PERVs, human, pigs, PERVs."
        },
        {
            "input": "A simple system for the production of high - titer MoMLV - PERV pseudotypes is reported; an EGFP - expressing replication - competent molecular clone that allows direct measurement of titer was also constructed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To improve the MLV - based retroviral vector system, a 2. 1 - kb PERV - B env product was amplified from PK - 15 genomic DNA and cloned into the pCL - Eco retroviral vector.",
            "output": "retroviral, PERV."
        },
        {
            "input": "The titer of lacZ ( PERV - B ) from the 293 cells was about 1. 0x10 ( 4 ) CFU / ml.",
            "output": "PERV - B."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, the titer of lacZ ( PERV - B ) from a conventional murine retroviral vector ( split genome ) was found to be 1. 2x10 ( 2 ) CFU / ml when the PERV - B env expression vector was transfected into TELCeB6 cells, which harbor MFGnlslacZ and the gag - pol - expressing vector.",
            "output": "retroviral, PERV - B."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition, an infectious PERV - A clone containing enhanced GFP ( EGFP ) by using a PCR - based method was developed.",
            "output": "PERV - A."
        },
        {
            "input": "This EGFP - expressing PERV - A - IRES - EGFP molecular clone was found to be stable genetically on transfection in 293 cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rhizomastix biflagellata sp. nov., a new amoeboflagellate of uncertain phylogenetic position isolated from frogs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The genus Rhizomastix contains five species of amoeboflagellates with a single anterior flagellum, which live as intestinal symbionts of insects and amphibians.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Though established in 1911, Rhizomastix has been neglected for decades and its phylogenetic position is uncertain.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This paper describes the morphology of the first cultivated strain of Rhizomastix.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The organism was isolated from an argentine horned frog and differs from the known Rhizomastix species by the presence of biflagellate cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The isolate is described as Rhizomastix biflagellata sp. nov.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A possible relationship of Rhizomastix to Archamoebae is discussed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Whole - genome sequences of thirteen isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi.",
            "output": "Borrelia burgdorferi."
        },
        {
            "input": "Borrelia burgdorferi is a causative agent of Lyme disease in North America and Eurasia.",
            "output": "Borrelia burgdorferi."
        },
        {
            "input": "The first complete genome sequence of B. burgdorferi strain 31, available for more than a decade, has assisted research on the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.",
            "output": "B . burgdorferi strain 31."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because a single genome sequence is not sufficient to understand the relationship between genotypic and geographic variation and disease phenotype, we determined the whole - genome sequences of 13 additional B. burgdorferi isolates that span the range of natural variation.",
            "output": "B . burgdorferi."
        },
        {
            "input": "These sequences should allow improved understanding of pathogenesis and provide a foundation for novel detection, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Association between nonsynonymous mutations of starch synthase IIa and starch quality in rice ( Oryza sativa ).",
            "output": "rice, Oryza sativa."
        },
        {
            "input": "Starch quality is one of the most important agronomic traits in Asian rice, Oryza sativa.",
            "output": "Asian rice, Oryza sativa."
        },
        {
            "input": "Starch synthase IIa ( SsIIa ) is a major candidate gene for starch quality variation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Within SsIIa, three nonsynonymous mutations in exon 8 have been shown to affect enzyme activity when expressed in Escherichia coli.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "To search for the variation in SsIIa that is responsible for starch quality variation in rice, we sequenced the SsIIa exon 8 region and measured starch quality as starch disintegration in alkali for 289 accessions of cultivated rice and 57 accessions of its wild ancestor, Oryza rufipogon.",
            "output": "rice, rice, Oryza rufipogon."
        },
        {
            "input": "A general linear model and nested clade analysis were used to identify the associations between the three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) and starch quality.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Among the three nonsynonymous SNPs, we found strong evidence of association at one nucleotide site ( ' SNP 3 ' ), corresponding to a Leu / Phe replacement at codon 781.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A second SNP, corresponding to a Val / Met replacement at codon 737, could potentially show an association with increased sample sizes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Variation in SsIIa enzyme activity is associated with the cohesiveness of rice grains when cooked, and our findings are consistent with selection for more cohesive grains during the domestication of tropical japonica rice.",
            "output": "rice, tropical japonica rice."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ecological differentiation in xylem cavitation resistance is associated with stem and leaf structural traits.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cavitation resistance is a critical determinant of drought tolerance in tropical tree species, but little is known of its association with life history strategies, particularly for seasonal dry forests, a system critically driven by variation in water availability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We analysed vulnerability curves for saplings of 13 tropical dry forest tree species differing in life history and leaf phenology.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We examined how vulnerability to cavitation ( P50 ) related to dry season leaf water potentials and stem and leaf traits.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "P50 - values ranged from - 0. 8 to - 6. 2 MPa, with pioneers on average 38 % more vulnerable to cavitation than shade - tolerants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Vulnerability to cavitation was related to structural traits conferring tissue stress vulnerability, being negatively correlated with wood density, and surprisingly maximum vessel length.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Vulnerability to cavitation was negatively related to the Huber - value and leaf dry matter content, and positively with leaf size.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It was not related to SLA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found a strong trade - off between cavitation resistance and hydraulic efficiency.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Most species in the field were operating at leaf water potentials well above their P50, but pioneers and deciduous species had smaller hydraulic safety margins than shade - tolerants and evergreens.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A trade - off between hydraulic safety and efficiency underlies ecological differentiation across these tropical dry forest tree species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genetics of lung - cancer susceptibility.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer death worldwide.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although reduction of tobacco consumption remains the most appropriate strategy to reduce lung - cancer burden, identification of genes involved in the cause of disease could contribute to further understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and eventually lead to additional prevention strategies and targeted treatments.",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "Common gene variants involved in lung cancer have been recently identified through large, collaborative, genome - wide association studies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These studies identified three separate loci that are associated with lung cancer ( 5p15, 6p21, and 15q25 ) and include genes that regulate acetylcholine nicotinic receptors and telomerase production.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, much about genetic risk remains to be discovered, and rarer gene variants, such as those of the CHEK2 gene, likely account for most of the remaining risk.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "There is also a need for studies that investigate how genetic susceptibility is associated with clinical outcome measures, including treatment response and tumour relapse.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The validation of a real - time RT - PCR assay which detects influenza A and types simultaneously for influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) and oseltamivir - resistant ( H275Y ) influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ).",
            "output": "influenza A H1N1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) was declared by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) as the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rapid detection of influenza A and differentiation of influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) and seasonal influenza A is beneficial.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition the rapid detection of antiviral resistant strains of influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) would be useful for clinicians to allow for change to an effective treatment at a much earlier stage if resistance is found.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It was the aim of this study to develop a real - time RT - PCR that can detect all influenza A viruses and type simultaneously for influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) and oseltamivir resistant ( H275Y ) influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ).",
            "output": "influenza A viruses, influenza A H1N1, influenza A H1N1."
        },
        {
            "input": "This multiplex assay will allow laboratories to screen respiratory samples for all types of influenza A, influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) virus and oseltamivir resistant ( H275Y ) influenza A H1N1 ( 2009 ) virus in a rapid and cost effective format, ensuring that typing methods for seasonal and avian viruses are used on a smaller subset of samples.",
            "output": "influenza A, influenza A H1N1, influenza A H1N1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since most virology laboratories already offer a molecular service for influenza A this assay could easily be implemented into most areas at little cost therefore increasing local access to resistance testing.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparison of seasonal variations in water - use efficiency calculated from the carbon isotope composition of tree rings and flux data in a temperate forest.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tree - ring delta ( 13 ) C is often interpreted in terms of intrinsic water - use efficiency ( WUE ) using a carbon isotope discrimination model established at the leaf level.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We examined whether intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C could be used to assess variations in intrinsic WUE ( W ( g ), the ratio of carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance to water ) and variations in ecosystem WUE ( W ( t ), the ratio of C assimilation and transpiration ) at a seasonal scale.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C was measured in 30 - to 60 - mum - thick slices in eight oak trees ( Quercus petraea ).",
            "output": "Quercus petraea."
        },
        {
            "input": "Canopy W ( g ) was simulated using a physiologically process - based model.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "High between - tree variability was observed in the seasonal variations of intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Six trees showed significant positive correlations between W ( g ) calculated from intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C and canopy W ( g ) averaged over several days during latewood formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that latewood is a seasonal recorder of W ( g ) trends, with a temporal lag corresponding to the mixing time of sugars in the phloem.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These six trees also showed significant negative correlations between photosynthetic discrimination Delta calculated from intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C, and ecosystem W ( t ), during latewood formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Despite the observed between - tree variability, these results indicate that intra - ring delta ( 13 ) C can be used to access seasonal variations in past W ( t ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Resistance and recovery of soil microbial communities in the face of Alliaria petiolata invasions.",
            "output": "Alliaria petiolata."
        },
        {
            "input": "Invaders can gain ecological advantages because of their evolutionary novelty, but little is known about how these novel advantages will change over time as the invader and invaded community evolve in response to each other.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Invasive plants often gain such an advantage through alteration of soil microbial communities.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In soil communities sampled from sites along a gradient of invasion history with Alliaria petiolata, microbial richness tended to decline, but the community ' s resistance to A. petiolata ' s effects generally increased with increasing history of invasion.",
            "output": "Alliaria petiolata, A . petiolata."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, sensitive microbial taxa appeared to recover in the two oldest sites, leading to an increase in richness, but consequent decrease in resistance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This may be because of evolutionary changes in the A. petiolata populations, which tend to reduce their investment to allelopathic compounds over time.",
            "output": "A . petiolata."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results show that, over time, microbial communities can develop resistance to an invasive plant but at the cost of lower richness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, over longer time - scales evolution in the invasive species may allow for the recovery of soil microbial communities.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Differentiating between effects of invasion and diversity: impacts of aboveground plant communities on belowground fungal communities.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Exotic plant species can affect soil microbial communities with the potential for community and ecosystem feedbacks.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Yet, separating the effects of exotics from confounded changes in plant community diversity still remains a challenge.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We focused on how plant diversity and native or exotic life history affected root fungi because of their significant roles in community and ecosystem processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Specifically, we examined how fungi colonizing plant roots were affected by plant richness ( one, two or four species ) replicated across a range of plant community mixtures ( natives, exotics, native - exotic mixtures ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fungal biomass inside roots was affected independently by plant richness and mixture, while root fungal community composition was affected only by plant richness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Extraradical networks also increased in size with plant richness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "By contrast, plant biomass was a function of plant mixture, with natives consistently smaller than exotics and native - exotic mixtures intermediate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Plant invasions may have an impact on the belowground community primarily through their effects on diversity, at least in the short - term.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Disentangling the effects of diversity and invasion on belowground microbial communities can help us to understand both the controllers of belowground resilience and mechanisms of successful colonization and spread of exotic plants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Neuropeptide precursor gene discovery in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus.",
            "output": "Rhodnius prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "We show a straightforward workflow combining homology search in Rhodnius prolixus genome sequence with cloning by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and mass spectrometry.",
            "output": "Rhodnius prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "We have identified 32 genes and their transcripts that encode a number of neuropeptide precursors leading to 194 putative peptides.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We validated by mass spectrometry 82 of those predicted neuropeptides in the brain of R. prolixus to achieve the first comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic and neuropeptidomic analysis of an insect disease vector.",
            "output": "R . prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparisons of available insect neuropeptide sequences revealed that the R. prolixus genome contains most of the conserved neuropeptides in insects, many of them displaying specific features at the sequence level.",
            "output": "R . prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Some gene families reported here are identified for the first time in the order Hemiptera, a highly biodiverse group of insects that includes many human, animal and plant disease agents.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "The alphaherpesvirus US3 / ORF66 protein kinases direct phosphorylation of the nuclear matrix protein matrin 3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The protein kinase found in the short region of alphaherpesviruses, termed US3 in herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV - 1 ) and pseudorabies virus ( PRV ) and ORF66 in varicella - zoster virus ( VZV ), affects several viral and host cell processes, and its specific targets remain an area of active investigation.",
            "output": "herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV - 1, pseudorabies virus, PRV, varicella - zoster virus, VZV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Reports suggesting that HSV - 1 US3 substrates overlap with those of cellular protein kinase A ( PKA ) prompted the use of an antibody specific for phosphorylated PKA substrates to identify US3 / ORF66 targets.",
            "output": "HSV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "HSV - 1, VZV, and PRV induced very different substrate profiles that were US3 / ORF66 kinase dependent.",
            "output": "HSV - 1, VZV, PRV."
        },
        {
            "input": "The predominant VZV - phosphorylated 125 - kDa species was identified as matrin 3, one of the major nuclear matrix proteins.",
            "output": "VZV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Matrin 3 was also phosphorylated by HSV - 1 and PRV in a US3 kinase - dependent manner and by VZV ORF66 kinase at a novel residue ( KRRRT150EE ).",
            "output": "HSV - 1, PRV, VZV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since VZV - directed T150 phosphorylation was not blocked by PKA inhibitors and was not induced by PKA activation, and since PKA predominantly targeted matrin 3 S188, it was concluded that phosphorylation by VZV was PKA independent.",
            "output": "VZV, VZV."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, purified VZV ORF66 kinase did not phosphorylate matrin 3 in vitro, suggesting that additional cellular factors were required.",
            "output": "VZV."
        },
        {
            "input": "In VZV - infected cells in the absence of the ORF66 kinase, matrin 3 displayed intranuclear changes, while matrin 3 showed a pronounced cytoplasmic distribution in late - stage cells infected with US3 - negative HSV - 1 or PRV.",
            "output": "VZV, HSV - 1, PRV."
        },
        {
            "input": "This work identifies phosphorylation of the nuclear matrix protein matrin 3 as a new conserved target of this kinase group.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Small - molecule inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by virus capsid destabilization.",
            "output": "human immunodeficiency virus type 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV - 1 ) infection is dependent on the proper disassembly of the viral capsid, or & quot; uncoating, & quot; in target cells.",
            "output": "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "The HIV - 1 capsid consists of a conical multimeric complex of the viral capsid protein ( CA ) arranged in a hexagonal lattice.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mutations in CA that destabilize the viral capsid result in impaired infection owing to defects in reverse transcription in target cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We describe here the mechanism of action of a small molecule HIV - 1 inhibitor, PF - 3450074 ( PF74 ), which targets CA.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "PF74 acts at an early stage of HIV - 1 infection and inhibits reverse transcription in target cells.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "We show that PF74 binds specifically to HIV - 1 particles, and substitutions in CA that confer resistance to the compound prevent binding.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "A single point mutation in CA that stabilizes the HIV - 1 core also conferred strong resistance to the virus without inhibiting compound binding.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Treatment of HIV - 1 particles or purified cores with PF74 destabilized the viral capsid in vitro.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore, the compound induced the rapid dissolution of the HIV - 1 capsid in target cells.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "PF74 antiviral activity was promoted by binding of the host protein cyclophilin A to the HIV - 1 capsid, and PF74 and cyclosporine exhibited mutual antagonism.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our data suggest that PF74 triggers premature HIV - 1 uncoating in target cells, thereby mimicking the activity of the retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5alpha.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study highlights uncoating as a step in the HIV - 1 life cycle that is susceptible to small molecule intervention.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "PB2 residue 158 is a pathogenic determinant of pandemic H1N1 and H5 influenza a viruses in mice.",
            "output": "H1N1, H5 influenza a viruses, mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "Influenza A viruses are human and animal pathogens that cause morbidity and mortality, which range from mild to severe.",
            "output": "Influenza A viruses, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by the emergence of a reassortant H1N1 subtype ( H1N1pdm ) influenza A virus containing gene segments that originally circulated in human, avian, and swine virus reservoirs.",
            "output": "H1N1, H1N1, H1N1pdm, influenza A virus, human, swine."
        },
        {
            "input": "The molecular determinants of replication and pathogenesis of H1N1pdm viruses in humans and other mammals are poorly understood.",
            "output": "H1N1pdm viruses, humans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, we set out to elucidate viral determinants critical to the pathogenesis of this novel reassortant using a mouse model.",
            "output": "mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found that a glutamate - to - glycine substitution at residue 158 of the PB2 gene ( PB2 - E158G ) increased the morbidity and mortality of the parental H1N1pdm virus.",
            "output": "H1N1pdm virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Results from mini - genome replication assays in human cells and virus titration in mouse tissues demonstrated that PB2 - E158G is a pathogenic determinant, because it significantly increases viral replication rates.",
            "output": "human, mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "The virus load in PB2 - E158G - infected mouse lungs was 1, 300 - fold higher than that of the wild - type virus.",
            "output": "mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our data also show that PB2 - E158G had a much stronger influence on the RNA replication and pathogenesis of H1N1pdm viruses than PB2 - E627K, which is a known pathogenic determinant.",
            "output": "H1N1pdm viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Remarkably, PB2 - E158G substitutions also altered the pathotypes of two avian H5 viruses in mice, indicating that this residue impacts genetically divergent influenza A viruses and suggesting that this region of PB2 could be a new antiviral target.",
            "output": "H5 viruses, mice, influenza A viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Collectively, the data presented in this study demonstrate that PB2 - E158G is a novel pathogenic determinant of influenza A viruses in the mouse model.",
            "output": "influenza A viruses, mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "We speculate that PB2 - E158G may be important in the adaptation of avian PB2 genes to other mammals, and BLAST sequence analysis identified a naturally occurring human H1N1pdm isolate that has this substitution.",
            "output": "human, H1N1pdm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, future surveillance efforts should include scrutiny of this region of PB2 because of its potential impact on pathogenesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hepatitis C virus NS2 protein serves as a scaffold for virus assembly by interacting with both structural and nonstructural proteins.",
            "output": "Hepatitis C virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Many aspects of the assembly of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) remain incompletely understood.",
            "output": "hepatitis C virus, HCV."
        },
        {
            "input": "To characterize the role of NS2 in the production of infectious virus, we determined NS2 interaction partners among other HCV proteins during productive infection.",
            "output": "HCV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pulldown assays showed that NS2 forms complexes with both structural and nonstructural proteins, including E1, E2, p7, NS3, and NS5A.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Confocal microscopy also demonstrated that NS2 colocalizes with E1, E2, and NS5A in dot - like structures near lipid droplets.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, NS5A did not coprecipitate with E2 and interacted only weakly with NS3 in pulldown assays.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Also, there was no demonstrable interaction between p7 and E2 or NS3 in such assays.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, NS2 is uniquely capable of interacting with both structural and nonstructural proteins.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Among mutations in p7, NS2, and NS3 that prevent production of infectious virus, only p7 mutations significantly reduced NS2 - mediated protein interactions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These p7 mutations altered the intracellular distribution of NS2 and E2 and appeared to modulate the membrane topology of the C - terminal domain of NS2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that NS2 acts to coordinate virus assembly by mediating interactions between envelope proteins and NS3 and NS5A within replication complexes adjacent to lipid droplets, where virus particle assembly is thought to occur.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "p7 may play an accessory role by regulating NS2 membrane topology, which is important for NS2 - mediated protein interactions and therefore NS2 function.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Alcohol dehydrogenase and hydrogenase transcript fluctuations during a day - night cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the role of anoxia.",
            "output": "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains two iron ( Fe ) - hydrogenases which are responsible for hydrogen production under anoxia.",
            "output": "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the present work the patterns of expression of alcohol dehydrogenase, a typical anaerobic gene in plants, of the hydrogenases genes ( HYD1, HYD2 ) and of the genes responsible for their maturation ( HYDEF, HYDG ), were analysed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The expression patterns were analysed by real - time reverse - transcription polymerase chain reaction in Chlamydomonas cultures during the day - night cycle, as well as in response to oxygen availability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The results indicated that ADH1, HYD1, HYD2, HYDEF and HYDG were expressed following precise day - night fluctuations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "ADH1 and HYD2 were modulated by the day - night cycle.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Low oxygen plays an important role for the induction of HYD1, HYDEF and HYDG, while ADH1 and HYD2 expression was relatively insensitive to oxygen availability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The regulation of the anaerobic gene expression in Chlamydomonas is only partly explained by responses to anoxia.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The cell cycle and light - dark cycles are equally important elements in the regulatory network modulating the anaerobic response in Chlamydomonas.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Evaluation of the Virus Counter ( R ) for rapid baculovirus quantitation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The utility of a new instrument for rapid virus quantitation, the Virus Counter, was evaluated in a blind study conducted at three sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This instrument is a substantially improved version of the original academic research instrument described previously by Stoffel and Rowlen ( 2005a ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The addition of hydrodynamic focusing, a self - contained fluidics system and customized software for system control and data analysis has resulted in a commercially viable and available design.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Baculovirus samples were provided by Protein Sciences Corporation and blinded to InDevR and Baylor College of Medicine.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Protein Sciences Corporation and Baylor College of Medicine analyzed the samples by plaque assay and InDevR analyzed the samples using the Virus Counter.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Serial dilution of stock viruses into growth media and buffer allowed for comparison of measured versus intended concentrations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Direct log - scale comparison between pooled Virus Counter results and pooled plaque assay results indicated a linear relationship ( slope = 1. 1 + / - 0. 2, R ( 2 ) = 0. 86 ) with statistically significant Pearson correlation ( r = 0. 93, p & lt; 0. 001 ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Applied biotechnology for production of immunoglobulin Y specific to hepatitis A virus.",
            "output": "hepatitis A virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "A new protocol for producing polyclonal antibody against hepatitis A virus ( HAV ) is described.",
            "output": "hepatitis A virus, HAV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Twenty hens were immunized three times with a commercial HAV vaccine and HAV from a cell culture with three types of adjuvants: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ( CpG - ODN ), incomplete Freund ' s adjuvant and an alum adjuvant.",
            "output": "hens, HAV, HAV."
        },
        {
            "input": "In each of the last two booster inoculations, blood from the birds was collected and tested for HAV antibodies.",
            "output": "HAV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Egg yolk was separated from egg white and immunoglobulin Y ( IgY ) antibody was then purified by polyethylene glycol 6000.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mean yield of total protein in yolk was 22. 62 mg / mL.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Specific activity of the antibody was tested using commercial ELISA, Western blotting, and in vitro neutralization assay demonstrating that anti - HAV IgY bound specifically.",
            "output": "HAV."
        },
        {
            "input": "After the first immunization, birds immunized with HAV from cell culture plus incomplete Freund ' s adjuvant with / without CpG - ODN showed highest levels of anti - HAV IgY in serum ( p & lt; 0. 05 ).",
            "output": "HAV, HAV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Viral combination with CpG - ODN resulted in early response of anti - HAV serum in hens, reflecting the amount of IgY transferred to the egg yolk ( p & lt; 0. 05 ).",
            "output": "HAV, hens."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results suggest that egg yolk may be a large scale source of specific antibodies against hepatitis A virus.",
            "output": "hepatitis A virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Further applications of this method have yet to be tested.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cotterillia bromelicola nov. gen., nov. spec., a gonostomatid ciliate ( Ciliophora, Hypotricha ) from tank bromeliads ( Bromeliaceae ) with de novo originating dorsal kineties.",
            "output": "Cotterillia bromelicola nov . gen . , nov . spec .."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cotterillia bromelicola nov. gen., nov. spec.",
            "output": "Cotterillia bromelicola nov . gen . , nov . spec .."
        },
        {
            "input": "was discovered in the tanks of the Mexican bromeliad Tillandsia heterophylla.",
            "output": "Tillandsia heterophylla."
        },
        {
            "input": "Its morphology, ontogenesis, and 18S rDNA were studied with standard methods.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cotterillia has many cirral rows on both sides of the body.",
            "output": "Cotterillia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Uniquely, and thus used to diagnose the new genus Cotterillia, it has dorsal kineties originating de novo, producing neokinetal waves where the parental dorsal kineties reorganize to & quot; combined rows & quot;, consisting of dorsal bristles anteriorly and of cirri posteriorly.",
            "output": "Cotterillia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, up to four generations of bristles and cirri occur on the dorsal body surface.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cotterillia bromelicola has a gonostomatid body and adoral zone of membranelles, while the dense ciliature and the neokinetal waves resemble kahliellid hypotrichs.",
            "output": "Cotterillia bromelicola."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the de novo origin of anlage 1 and the molecular analyses show convincingly that Cotterillia belongs to the Gonostomatidae Small and Lynn, 1985, for which an improved diagnosis is provided.",
            "output": "Cotterillia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, neokinetal waves originated several times independently.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The molecular differences between Trachelostyla, Gonostomum, and Cotterillia are small ( = < 5 % ) compared to their distinct morphologies and ontogeneses, suggesting that the 18S rDNA underestimates generic diversity.",
            "output": "Cotterillia."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our study emphasizes the need of combined morphological, ontogenetic, and molecular investigations to unravel the complex phylogeny and evolution of hypotrich ciliates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nodulation of alfalfa by the acid - tolerant Rhizobium sp. strain LPU83 does not require sulfated forms of lipochitooligosaccharide nodulation signals.",
            "output": "Rhizobium sp . strain LPU83."
        },
        {
            "input": "The induction of root nodules by the majority of rhizobia has a strict requirement for the secretion of symbiosis - specific lipochitooligosaccharides ( nodulation factors [ NFs ] ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nature of the chemical substitution on the NFs depends on the particular rhizobium and contributes to the host specificity imparted by the NFs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We present here a description of the genetic organization of the nod gene cluster and the characterization of the chemical structure of the NFs associated with the broad - host - range Rhizobium sp. strain LPU83, a bacterium capable of nodulating at least alfalfa, bean, and Leucena leucocephala.",
            "output": "Rhizobium sp . strain LPU83, alfalfa, Leucena leucocephala."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nod gene cluster was located on the plasmid pLPU83b.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The organization of the cluster showed synteny with those of the alfalfa - nodulating rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae.",
            "output": "alfalfa, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium medicae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interestingly, the strongest sequence similarity observed was between the partial nod sequences of Rhizobium mongolense USDA 1844 and the corresponding LPU83 nod genes sequences.",
            "output": "Rhizobium mongolense USDA 1844, LPU83."
        },
        {
            "input": "The phylogenetic analysis of the intergenic region nodEG positions strain LPU83 and the type strain R. mongolense 1844 in the same branch, which indicates that Rhizobium sp. strain LPU83 might represent an early alfalfa - nodulating genotype.",
            "output": "LPU83, R . mongolense 1844, Rhizobium sp . strain LPU83, alfalfa."
        },
        {
            "input": "The NF chemical structures obtained for the wild - type strain consist of a trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric chitin backbone that shares some substitutions with both alfalfa - and bean - nodulating rhizobia.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Remarkably, while in strain LPU83 most of the NFs were sulfated in their reducing terminal residue, none of the NFs isolated from the nodH mutant LPU83 - H were sulfated.",
            "output": "LPU83, LPU83 - H."
        },
        {
            "input": "The evidence obtained supports the notion that the sulfate decoration of NFs in LPU83 is not necessary for alfalfa nodulation.",
            "output": "LPU83, alfalfa."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Rcs signal transduction pathway is triggered by enterobacterial common antigen structure alterations in Serratia marcescens.",
            "output": "Serratia marcescens."
        },
        {
            "input": "The enterobacterial common antigen ( ECA ) is a highly conserved exopolysaccharide in Gram - negative bacteria whose role remains largely uncharacterized.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In a previous work, we have demonstrated that disrupting the integrity of the ECA biosynthetic pathway imposed severe deficiencies to the Serratia marcescens motile ( swimming and swarming ) capacity.",
            "output": "Serratia marcescens."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this work, we show that alterations in the ECA structure activate the Rcs phosphorelay, which results in the repression of the flagellar biogenesis regulatory cascade.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition, a detailed analysis of wec cluster mutant strains, which provoke the disruption of the ECA biosynthesis at different levels of the pathway, suggests that the absence of the periplasmic ECA cyclic structure could constitute a potential signal detected by the RcsF - RcsCDB phosphorelay.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also identify SMA1167 as a member of the S. marcescens Rcs regulon and show that high osmolarity induces Rcs activity in this bacterium.",
            "output": "S . marcescens."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results provide a new perspective from which to understand the phylogenetic conservation of ECA among enterobacteria and the basis for the virulence attenuation detected in wec mutant strains in other pathogenic bacteria.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A cis - encoded antisense small RNA regulated by the HP0165 - HP0166 two - component system controls expression of ureB in Helicobacter pylori.",
            "output": "Helicobacter pylori."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expression of urease is essential for gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori.",
            "output": "Helicobacter pylori."
        },
        {
            "input": "The increased level of urease in gastric acidity is due, in part, to acid activation of the two - component system ( TCS ) consisting of the membrane sensor HP0165 and its response regulator, HP0166, which regulates transcription of the seven genes of the urease gene cluster.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We now find that there are two major ureAB transcripts: a 2. 7 - kb full - length ureAB transcript and a 1. 4 - kb truncated transcript lacking 3 ' ureB.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Acidic pH ( pH 4. 5 ) results in a significant increase in transcription of ureAB, while neutral pH ( pH 7. 4 ) increases the truncated 1. 4 - kb transcript.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Northern blot analysis with sense RNA and strand - specific oligonucleotide probes followed by 5 ' rapid amplification of cDNA ends detects an antisense small RNA ( sRNA ) encoded by the 5 ' ureB noncoding strand consisting of - 290 nucleotides ( 5 ' ureB - sRNA ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Deletion of HP0165 elevates the level of the truncated 1. 4 - kb transcript along with that of the 5 ' ureB - sRNA at both pH 7. 4 and pH 4. 5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Overexpression of 5 ' ureB - sRNA increases the 1. 4 - kb transcript, decreases the 2. 7 - kb transcript, and decreases urease activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Electrophoretic mobility shift assay shows that unphosphorylated HP0166 binds specifically to the 5 ' ureB - sRNA promoter.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ability of the HP0165 - HP0166 TCS to both increase and decrease ureB expression at low and high pHs, respectively, facilitates gastric habitation and colonization over the wide range of intragastric pHs experienced by the organism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Non - structural protein 1 ( NS1 ) antibody - based assays to differentiate West Nile ( WN ) virus from Japanese encephalitis virus infections in horses: effects of WN virus NS1 antibodies induced by inactivated WN vaccine.",
            "output": "West Nile, WN virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Antibodies to non - structural protein 1 ( NS1 ) of West Nile virus ( WNV ) have been used to differentiate WNV infection from infection by serologically cross - reactive flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ), in horses.",
            "output": "Japanese encephalitis virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, since the inactivated West Nile ( WN ) vaccine has been reported to induce NS1 antibodies, there is concern about the reliability of using NS1 - based assays for testing vaccinated horses.",
            "output": "WN."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, the effect of inactivated WN vaccine - induced antibodies on an epitope - blocking ELISA and complement - dependent cytotoxicity ( CDC ) assay were investigated.",
            "output": "WN."
        },
        {
            "input": "Both assays are based on NS1 antibodies and were established previously to differentiate WNV from JEV infections in horses.",
            "output": "WNV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Groups of three horses were vaccinated with two or three doses of a commercial inactivated WN vaccine and NS1 antibodies were detected by a conventional ELISA after the second vaccination.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Vaccine - induced NS1 antibodies were also detected by blocking ELISA and a CDC assay and affected the ability of these assays to differentiate WNV from JEV infections.",
            "output": "WNV, JEV."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the effect was less significant in the CDC assay, where use of a low serum concentration ensured effective differentiation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The more efficient detection of infection - induced antibodies over vaccine - induced antibodies by the CDC assay was potentially attributable to the different IgG isotype profiles of these antibodies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The B cell response is redundant and highly focused on V1V2 during early subtype C infection in a Zambian seroconverter.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "High - titer autologous neutralizing antibody responses have been demonstrated during early subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV - 1 ) infection.",
            "output": "human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, characterization of this response against autologous virus at the monoclonal antibody ( MAb ) level has only recently begun to be elucidated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we describe five monoclonal antibodies derived from a subtype C - infected seroconverter and their neutralizing activities against pseudoviruses that carry envelope glycoproteins from 48 days ( 0 month ), 2 months, and 8 months after the estimated time of infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sequence analysis indicated that the MAbs arose from three distinct B cell clones, and their pattern of neutralization compared to that in patient plasma suggested that they circulated between 2 and 8 months after infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Neutralization by MAbs representative of each B cell clone was mapped to two residues: position 134 in V1 and position 189 in V2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mutational analysis revealed cooperative effects between glycans and residues at these two positions, arguing that they contribute to a single epitope.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analysis of the cognate gp120 sequence through homology modeling places this potential epitope near the interface between the V1 and V2 loops.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Additionally, the escape mutation R189S in V2, which conferred resistance against all three MAbs, had no detrimental effect on virus replication in vitro.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Taken together, our data demonstrate that independent B cells repeatedly targeted a single structure in V1V2 during early infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Despite this assault, a single amino acid change was sufficient to confer complete escape with minimal impact on replication fitness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A nuclear inhibitor of NF - kappaB encoded by a poxvirus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Poxviruses have evolved various strategies to inhibit cytoplasmic events leading to activation of the nuclear factor kappaB ( NF - kappaB ) signaling pathway, with individual viruses often encoding multiple NF - kappaB inhibitors.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, the novel orf virus ( ORFV ) - encoded protein ORFV002 was shown to inhibit nuclear events regulating NF - kappaB transcriptional activity.",
            "output": "orf virus, ORFV, ORFV002."
        },
        {
            "input": "ORFV002 expression in cell cultures significantly decreased wild - type - virus -, tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF - alpha ) -, and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) - induced NF - kappaB - mediated gene expression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expression of ORFV002 in cells, while not affecting phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of NF - kappaB - p65, markedly decreased TNF - alpha - and wild - type - virus - induced acetylation of NF - kappaB - p65, a p300 - mediated nuclear modification of NF - kappaB - p65 that regulates its transactivating activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "ORFV002 was shown to colocalize and interact with NF - kappaB - p65, and expression of ORFV002 in cell cultures resulted in a reduced interaction of NF - kappaB - p65 with p300, suggesting that ORFV002 interferes with NF - kappaB - p65 / p300 association.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Deletion of ORFV002 from the OV - IA82 genome had no significant effect on ORFV pathogenesis in sheep, indicating that ORFV002 is nonessential for virus virulence in the natural host.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This represents the first description of a nuclear inhibitor of NF - kappaB encoded by a poxvirus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Norovirus GII. 4 strain antigenic variation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Multiple reports have concluded that the major capsid proteins of GII. 4 strains, which cause 80 % of norovirus infections worldwide, are evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic strains.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Surrogate neutralization assays using sera from outbreaks and from immunized mice suggest that, as with influenza virus, antigenic variation maintains GII. 4 persistence in the face of human population herd immunity.",
            "output": "influenza virus, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "To test this hypothesis, mice were hyperimmunized with virus - like particles ( VLPs ) representing an early ( GII. 4 - 1987 ) and a contemporary ( GII. 4 - 2006 ) GII. 4 strain.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Anti - GII. 4 - 1987 IgG monoclonal antibodies ( MAbs ) strongly reacted with GII. 4 VLPs derived between only 1987 and 2002.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ligand binding blockade was more efficient with GII. 4 - 1987 and GII. 4 - 1997 VLPs than with GII. 4 - 2002.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Anti - GII. 4 - 2006 IgG MAbs recognized either a broad panel of GII. 4 VLPs ( 1987 to 2006 ) or a subset of contemporary ( 2004 to 2006 ) VLPs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Most 2006 antibodies did not recognize or only poorly recognized GII. 4 VLPs of 2007 or 2008, documenting rapid antigenic evolution of GII. 4 capsids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Generally, 2006 MAbs blocked homotypic VLP - ligand binding but were unable to block VLPs representing strains primarily circulating during or earlier than 2002.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These analyses demonstrate that both subtle and significant evolutionary change has occurred within antibody epitopes between epidemic strains, providing direct evidence that the GII. 4 noroviruses are undergoing antigenic variation, likely in response to herd immunity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "As with influenza virus, HIV, and hepatitis C virus, norovirus antigenic variation will significantly influence the design of efficacious vaccines and immunotherapeutics against these important human pathogens.",
            "output": "influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Dominant inhibition of Akt / protein kinase B signaling by the matrix protein of a negative - strand RNA virus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) is a rhabdovirus that alters host nuclear and cytoplasmic function upon infection.",
            "output": "Vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV."
        },
        {
            "input": "We have investigated the effect of VSV infection on cellular signaling through the phosphatidylinositol - 3 kinase ( PI3k ) / Akt signaling pathway.",
            "output": "VSV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Akt phosphorylation at both threonine 308 ( Thr308 ) and serine 473 ( Ser473 ) was inhibited in cells infected with VSV.",
            "output": "VSV."
        },
        {
            "input": "This inhibition was rapid ( beginning within the first 2 to 3 h postinfection ) and correlated with the dephosphorylation of downstream effectors of Akt, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3Beta ( GSK3Beta ) and mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The dephosphorylation of Akt occurred in the presence of growth factor stimulation and was not overcome through constitutive membrane targeting of Akt or high levels of phosphatidylinositol - 3, 4, 5 - triphosphate ( PIP3 ) accumulation in the membrane.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Akt dephosphorylation was not a result of alterations in PDK1 phosphorylation or activity, changes in phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 ( PTEN ) levels, or the downregulation of PI3k signaling.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inactivation of Akt was caused by the expression of the viral M protein in the absence of other viral components, and an M protein mutant that does not inhibit RNA polymerase II ( Pol II ) transcription and nuclear / cytoplasmic transport was also defective in inhibiting Akt phosphorylation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These data illustrate that VSV utilizes a novel mechanism to alter this central player in cell signaling and oncogenesis.",
            "output": "VSV."
        },
        {
            "input": "It also suggests an inside - out model of signal transduction where VSV interruption of nuclear events has a rapid and significant effect on membrane signaling events.",
            "output": "VSV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by Kaposi ' s sarcoma - associated herpesvirus.",
            "output": "Kaposi ' s sarcoma - associated herpesvirus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Kaposi ' s sarcoma - associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is associated with multiple human malignancies, including Kaposi ' s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman ' s disease.",
            "output": "Kaposi ' s sarcoma - associated herpesvirus, KSHV, human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Following primary infection, KSHV typically goes through a brief period of lytic replication prior to the establishment of latency.",
            "output": "KSHV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDCs ) are the major producers of type 1 interferon ( IFN ), primarily in response to virus infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Toll - like receptors ( TLRs ) are key components of the innate immune system, and they serve as pathogen recognition receptors that stimulate the host antiviral response.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "pDCs express exclusively TLR7 and TLR9, and it is through these TLRs that the type 1 interferon response is activated in pDCs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Currently, it is not known whether KSHV is recognized by pDCs and whether activation of pDCs occurs in response to KSHV infection.",
            "output": "KSHV, KSHV."
        },
        {
            "input": "We now report evidence that KSHV can infect human pDCs and that pDCs are activated upon KSHV infection, as measured by upregulation of CD83 and CD86 and by IFN - alpha secretion.",
            "output": "KSHV, human, KSHV."
        },
        {
            "input": "We further show that induction of IFN - alpha occurs through activation of TLR9 signaling and that a TLR9 inhibitor diminishes the production and secretion of IFN - alpha by KSHV - infected pDCs.",
            "output": "KSHV."
        },
        {
            "input": "An in - depth analysis of original antigenic sin in dengue virus infection.",
            "output": "dengue virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "The evolution of dengue viruses has resulted in four antigenically similar yet distinct serotypes.",
            "output": "dengue viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Infection with one serotype likely elicits lifelong immunity to that serotype, but generally not against the other three.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Secondary or sequential infections are common, as multiple viral serotypes frequently cocirculate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Dengue infection, although frequently mild, can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) which can be life threatening.",
            "output": "Dengue, dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "DHF is more common in secondary dengue infections, implying a role for the adaptive immune response in the disease.",
            "output": "dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "There is currently much effort toward the design and implementation of a dengue vaccine but these efforts are made more difficult by the challenge of inducing durable neutralizing immunity to all four viruses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Domain 3 of the dengue virus envelope protein ( ED3 ) has been suggested as one such candidate because it contains neutralizing epitopes and it was originally thought that relatively few cross - reactive antibodies are directed to this domain.",
            "output": "dengue virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the anti - ED3 response in a cohort of patients suffering either primary or secondary dengue infections.",
            "output": "dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results show dramatic evidence of original antigenic sin in secondary infections both in terms of binding and enhancement activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This has important implications for dengue vaccine design because heterologous boosting is likely to maintain the immunological footprint of the first vaccination.",
            "output": "dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "On the basis of these findings, we propose a simple in vitro enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) to diagnose the original dengue infection in secondary dengue cases.",
            "output": "dengue, dengue."
        },
        {
            "input": "When it is too hot for photosynthesis: heat - induced instability of photosynthesis in relation to respiratory burst, cell permeability changes and H2O2 formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Photosynthesis rate ( A ( n ) ) becomes unstable above a threshold temperature, and the recovery upon return to low temperature varies because of reasons not fully understood.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We investigated responses of A ( n ), dark respiration and chlorophyll fluorescence to supraoptimal temperatures of varying duration and kinetics in Phaseolus vulgaris asking whether the instability of photosynthesis under severe heat stress is associated with cellular damage.",
            "output": "Phaseolus vulgaris."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cellular damage was assessed by Evans blue penetration ( enhanced membrane permeability ) and by H2O2 generation [ 3, 3 ' - diaminobenzidine 4HCl ( DAB ) - staining ].",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Critical temperature for dark fluorescence ( F ( 0 ) ) rise ( T ( F ) ) was at 46 - 48 ^ 0C, and a burst of respiration was observed near T ( F ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, A ( n ) was strongly inhibited already before T ( F ) was reached.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Membrane permeability increased with temperature according to a switch - type response, with enhanced permeability observed above 48 ^ 0C.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Experiments with varying heat pulse lengths and intensities underscored the threshold - type loss of photosynthetic function, and indicated that the degree of photosynthetic deterioration and cellular damage depended on accumulated heat - dose.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Beyond the ' point of no return ', propagation of cellular damage and reduction of photosynthesis continued upon transfer to lower temperatures and photosynthetic recovery was slow or absent.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conclude that instability of photosynthesis under severe heat stress is associated with time - dependent propagation of cellular lesions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A fluorescence resonance energy transfer - based fluorometer assay for screening anti - coxsackievirus B3 compounds.",
            "output": "coxsackievirus B3."
        },
        {
            "input": "In view of the need to develop a simple and rapid method to screen for antiviral therapeutic agents, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( FRET ) - based reporter system consisting of engineered mammalian cells expressing a cyan fluorescent protein - yellow fluorescent protein ( CFP - YFP ) pair linked by a short peptide containing the cleavage site of viral protease 2A ( 2A ( pro ) ) was developed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "By detecting the 2A ( pro ) produced early during the virus infection cycle, the CFP - YFP pair effectively identifies infectious coxsackievirus B3 ( CVB3 ), a picornavirus that causes viral myocarditis in humans.",
            "output": "coxsackievirus B3, CVB3, humans."
        },
        {
            "input": "The reporter system was used to screen a library of 2000 drugs and natural products for potential antiviral compounds.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The reporter cells were treated with the test compounds, challenged with CVB3, and then examined using a fluorometer at 24h post - infection.",
            "output": "CVB3."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sixty - four compounds, mostly therapeutic drugs, antimicrobial compounds and compounds with unknown functions, caused at least 50 % inhibition of 2A ( pro ) activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three known antiviral compounds, cosmosiin, ribavirin and baicalein, were also identified in the screening.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The developed method is an effective strategy for rapid screening, and identifies compounds that inhibit CVB3 2A ( pro ).",
            "output": "CVB3."
        },
        {
            "input": "This method should be a valuable aid in the antiviral drug discovery effort.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "One - step real - time reverse transcription - PCR assays for detecting and subtyping pandemic influenza A / H1N1 2009, seasonal influenza A / H1N1, and seasonal influenza A / H3N2 viruses.",
            "output": "pandemic influenza A / H1N1 2009, seasonal influenza A / H1N1, seasonal influenza A / H3N2 viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pandemic influenza A / H1N1 2009 ( A / H1N1pdm ) virus has caused significant outbreaks worldwide.",
            "output": "Pandemic influenza A / H1N1 2009 ( A / H1N1pdm ) virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "A previous one - step real - time reverse transcription - PCR ( rRT - PCR ) assay for detecting A / H1N1pdm virus ( H1pdm rRT - PCR assay ) was improved since the former probe had a low melting temperature and low tolerance to viral mutation.",
            "output": "A / H1N1pdm virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "To help with the screening of the A / H1N1pdm virus, rRT - PCR assays were also developed for detecting human seasonal A / H1N1 ( H1 rRT - PCR assay ) and A / H3N2 influenza viruses ( H3 rRT - PCR assay ).",
            "output": "A / H1N1pdm virus, human, seasonal A / H1N1, A / H3N2 influenza viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "H1pdm, H1, and H3 rRT - PCR assays were evaluated using in vitro - transcribed control RNA, isolated viruses, and other respiratory pathogenic viruses, and were shown to have high sensitivity, good linearity ( R ( 2 ) = 0. 99 ), and high specificity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition, the improved H1pdm rRT - PCR assay could detect two viral strains of A / H1N1pdm, namely, A / Aichi / 472 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm and A / Sakai / 89 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm, which have mutation ( s ) in the probe - binding region of the hemagglutinin gene, without loss of sensitivity.",
            "output": "viral strains of A / H1N1pdm, A / Aichi / 472 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm, A / Sakai / 89 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using the three rRT - PCR assays developed, 90 clinical specimens collected between May and October 2009 were then tested.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Of these, 26, 20, and 2 samples were identified as positive for A / H1pdm, A / H3, and A / H1, respectively, while 42 samples were negative for influenza A viruses.",
            "output": "A / H1pdm, A / H3, A / H1, influenza A viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "The present results suggest that these highly sensitive and specific H1pdm, H1, and H3 rRT - PCR assays are useful not only for diagnosing influenza viruses, but also for the surveillance of influenza viruses.",
            "output": "influenza viruses, influenza viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparison of commercial systems for extraction of nucleic acids from DNA / RNA respiratory pathogens.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study compared six automated nucleic acid extraction systems and one manual kit for their ability to recover nucleic acids from human nasal wash specimens spiked with five respiratory pathogens, representing Gram - positive bacteria ( Streptococcus pyogenes ), Gram - negative bacteria ( Legionella pneumophila ), DNA viruses ( adenovirus ), segmented RNA viruses ( human influenza virus A ), and non - segmented RNA viruses ( respiratory syncytial virus ).",
            "output": "human, Streptococcus pyogenes, Legionella pneumophila, human influenza virus A, respiratory syncytial virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "The robots and kit evaluated represent major commercially available methods that are capable of simultaneous extraction of DNA and RNA from respiratory specimens, and included platforms based on magnetic - bead technology ( KingFisher mL, Biorobot EZ1, easyMAG, KingFisher Flex, and MagNA Pure Compact ) or glass fiber filter technology ( Biorobot MDX and the manual kit Allprep ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "All methods yielded extracts free of cross - contamination and RT - PCR inhibition.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "All automated systems recovered L. pneumophila and adenovirus DNA equivalently.",
            "output": "L . pneumophila."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the MagNA Pure protocol demonstrated more than 4 - fold higher DNA recovery from the S. pyogenes than other methods.",
            "output": "S . pyogenes."
        },
        {
            "input": "The KingFisher mL and easyMAG protocols provided 1 - to 3 - log wider linearity and extracted 3 - to 4 - fold more RNA from the human influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.",
            "output": "human influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "These findings suggest that systems differed in nucleic acid recovery, reproducibility, and linearity in a pathogen specific manner.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aerosol drug delivery: developments in device design and clinical use.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aerosolised drugs are prescribed for use in a range of inhaler devices and systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Delivering drugs by inhalation requires a formulation that can be successfully aerosolised and a delivery system that produces a useful aerosol of the drug; the particles or droplets need to be of sufficient size and mass to be carried to the distal lung or deposited on proximal airways to give rise to a therapeutic effect.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Patients and caregivers must use and maintain these aerosol drug delivery devices correctly.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In recent years, several technical innovations have led to aerosol drug delivery devices with efficient drug delivery and with novel features that take into account factors such as dose tracking, portability, materials of manufacture, breath actuation, the interface with the patient, combination therapies, and systemic delivery.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These changes have improved performance in all four categories of devices: metered dose inhalers, spacers and holding chambers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulisers.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Additionally, several therapies usually given by injection are now prescribed as aerosols for use in a range of drug delivery devices.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and clinical use of aerosol devices over the past 10 - 15 years with an emphasis on the treatment of respiratory disorders.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Regulation of horizontal gene transfer in Bacillus subtilis by activation of a conserved site - specific protease.",
            "output": "Bacillus subtilis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mobile genetic element ICEBs1 is an integrative and conjugative element ( a conjugative transposon ) found in Bacillus subtilis.",
            "output": "Bacillus subtilis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The RecA - dependent SOS response and the RapI - PhrI cell sensory system activate ICEBs1 gene expression by stimulating cleavage of ImmR, the ICEBs1 immunity repressor, by the protease ImmA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found that increasing the amount of wild - type ImmA in vivo caused partial derepression of ICEBs1 gene expression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, during RapI - mediated derepression of ICEBs1 gene expression, ImmA levels did not detectably increase, indicating that RapI likely activates the protease ImmA by increasing its specific activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also isolated and characterized mutations in immA ( immA ( h ) ) that cause partial derepression of ICEBs1 gene expression in the absence of inducing signals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We obtained two types of immA ( h ) mutations: one type caused increased amounts of the mutant proteins in vivo but no detectable effect on specific activity in vitro; the other type had no detectable effect on the amount of the mutant protein in vivo but caused increased specific activity of the protein ( as measured in vitro ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Together, these findings indicate that derepression of ICEBs1 gene expression is likely caused by an increase in the specific activity of ImmA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Homologs of ImmA and ImmR are found in many mobile genetic elements, so the mechanisms that regulate ImmA - mediated cleavage of ImmR may be widely conserved.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Orientation of SecA and SecB in complex, derived from disulfide cross - linking.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "SecA is the ATPase that acts as the motor for protein export in the general secretory, or Sec, system of Escherichia coli.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "The tetrameric cytoplasmic chaperone SecB binds to precursors of exported proteins before they can become stably folded and delivers them to SecA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "During this delivery step, SecB binds to SecA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The complex between SecA and SecB that is maximally active in translocation contains two protomers of SecA bound to a tetramer of SecB.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The aminoacyl residues on each protein that are involved in binding the other have previously been identified by site - directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) spectroscopy; however, that study provided no information concerning the relative orientation of the proteins within the complex.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we used our extensive collection of single - cysteine variants of the two proteins and subjected pairwise combinations of SecA and SecB to brief oxidation to identify residues in close proximity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These data were used to generate a model for the orientation of the two proteins within the complex.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inactivation of the RluD pseudouridine synthase has minimal effects on growth and ribosome function in wild - type Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Escherichia coli rluD gene encodes a pseudouridine synthase responsible for the pseudouridine ( Psi ) modifications at positions 1911, 1915, and 1917 in helix 69 of 23S rRNA.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "It has been reported that deletion of rluD in K - 12 strains of E. coli is associated with extremely slow growth, increased readthrough of stop codons, and defects in 50S ribosomal subunit assembly and 30S - 50S subunit association.",
            "output": "K - 12 strains of E . coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Suppressor mutations in the prfB and prfC genes encoding release factor 2 ( RF2 ) and RF3 that restore the wild type - growth rate and also correct the ribosomal defects have now been isolated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These suppressors link helix 69 Psi residues with the termination phase of protein synthesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, further genetic analysis reported here also reveals that the slow growth and other defects associated with inactivation of rluD in E. coli K - 12 strains are due to a defective RF2 protein, with a threonine at position 246, which is present in all K - 12 strains.",
            "output": "E . coli K - 12, K - 12."
        },
        {
            "input": "This is in contrast to the more typical alanine found at this position in most bacterial RF2s, including those of other E. coli strains.",
            "output": "E . coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inactivation of rluD in E. coli strains containing the prfB allele from E. coli B or in Salmonella enterica, both carrying an RF2 with Ala246, has negligible effects on growth, termination, or ribosome function.",
            "output": "E . coli, E . coli B, Salmonella enterica."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results indicate that, in contrast to those in wild bacteria, termination functions in E. coli K - 12 strains carrying a partially defective RF2 protein are especially susceptible to perturbation of ribosome - RF interactions, such as that caused by loss of h69 Psi modifications.",
            "output": "E . coli K - 12."
        },
        {
            "input": "Effect of energetic constraints on distribution and winter survival of weasel males.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The absolute energy needs of small animals are generally lower than those of larger animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This should drive higher mortality of larger animals, when the environmental conditions deteriorate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, demonstration of the effect of energy constraints on survivals proved difficult, because the range of body mass within species is generally too small to produce enough variation for studying such an effect.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "An opportunity for an intraspecific study comes from weasels inhabiting the Bialowieza Forest ( north - eastern Poland ), which are characterized by a threefold variation in body mass.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We assumed that in summer larger weasel males are favoured by sexual selection, because they are more successful when competing for mates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We then tested whether they suffer higher mortality in winter, because they have difficulty finding sufficient food to satisfy their energy needs and / or because the additional foraging time would result in increased exposure to predation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We measured daily energy expenditures ( DEE ) of overwintering weasel males using the doubly labelled water ( DLW ) technique.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We constructed an energetic model predicting how individuals of different size are able to balance their energy budgets feeding on large and small prey while minimizing time spent hunting, thereby reducing their own exposure to predation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The range of body mass in overwintering weasels predicted by our model corresponded very well with the distribution of prey body mass in three different habitats within our study area.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Larger individuals were able to compensate for higher food requirements by using habitats with larger prey species than those available to smaller male weasels.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This effectively offset the expected negative association between body mass and winter survival predicted from considerations of energy balance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results show how energetic constraints affect body mass and spatial segregation of a species at the intra - specific level not only across large geographical ranges, but also within a relatively small area.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Bud set in poplar - - genetic dissection of a complex trait in natural and hybrid populations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* The seasonal timing of growth events is crucial to tree distribution and conservation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The seasonal growth cycle is strongly adapted to the local climate that is changing because of global warming.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We studied bud set as one cornerstone of the seasonal growth cycle in an integrative approach.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Bud set was dissected at the phenotypic level into several components, and phenotypic components with most genetic variation were identified.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "While phenotypic variation resided in the timing of growth cessation, and even so more in the duration from growth cessation to bud set, the timing of growth cessation had a stronger genetic component in both natural and hybrid populations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* Quantitative trait loci ( QTL ) were identified for the most discriminative phenotypic bud - set components across four poplar pedigrees.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The QTL from different pedigrees were recurrently detected in six regions of the poplar genome.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "* These regions of 1. 83 - 4. 25 Mbp in size, containing between 202 and 394 genes, form the basis for further molecular - genetic dissection of bud set.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus nsp1 protein suppresses protein translation in mammalian cells and in cell - free HeLa cell extracts but not in rabbit reticulocyte lysate.",
            "output": "transmissible gastroenteritis virus, rabbit."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nsp1 protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus ( TGEV ), an alphacoronavirus, efficiently suppressed protein synthesis in mammalian cells.",
            "output": "transmissible gastroenteritis virus, TGEV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Unlike the nsp1 protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, a betacoronavirus, the TGEV nsp1 protein was unable to bind 40S ribosomal subunits or promote host mRNA degradation.",
            "output": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, TGEV."
        },
        {
            "input": "TGEV nsp1 also suppressed protein translation in cell - free HeLa cell extract; however, it did not affect translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate ( RRL ).",
            "output": "TGEV, rabbit."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our data suggested that HeLa cell extracts and cultured host cells, but not RRL, contain a host factor ( s ) that is essential for TGEV nsp1 - induced translational suppression.",
            "output": "TGEV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Modification of nonstructural protein 1 of influenza A virus by SUMO1.",
            "output": "influenza A virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nonstructural protein 1 ( NS1 ) is one of the major factors resulting in the efficient infection rate and high level of virulence of influenza A virus.",
            "output": "influenza A virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although consisting of only approximately 230 amino acids, NS1 has the ability to interfere with several systems of the host viral defense.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the present study, we demonstrate that NS1 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A / Duck / Hubei / L - 1 / 2004 ( H5N1 ) virus interacts with human Ubc9, which is the E2 conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, and we show that SUMO1 is conjugated to H5N1 NS1 in both transfected and infected cells.",
            "output": "influenza, A / Duck / Hubei / L - 1 / 2004 ( H5N1 ) virus, human, H5N1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore, two lysine residues in the C terminus of NS1 were identified as SUMO1 acceptor sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "When the SUMO1 acceptor sites were removed by mutation, NS1 underwent rapid degradation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Studies of different influenza A virus strains of human and avian origin showed that the majority of viruses possess an NS1 protein that is modified by SUMO1, except for the recently emerged swine - origin influenza A virus ( S - OIV ) ( H1N1 ).",
            "output": "influenza A virus, human, swine - origin influenza A virus ( S - OIV ) ( H1N1 )."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interestingly, growth of a sumoylation - deficient WSN virus mutant was retarded compared to that of wild - type virus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Together, these results indicate that sumoylation enhances NS1 stability and thus promotes rapid growth of influenza A virus.",
            "output": "influenza A virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Acclimation to high CO2 in maize is related to water status and dependent on leaf rank.",
            "output": "maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "The responses of C ( 3 ) plants to rising atmospheric CO ( 2 ) levels are considered to be largely dependent on effects exerted through altered photosynthesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, the nature of the responses of C ( 4 ) plants to high CO ( 2 ) remains controversial because of the absence of CO ( 2 ) - dependent effects on photosynthesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, the effects of atmospheric CO ( 2 ) availability on the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome profiles of two ranks of source leaves in maize ( Zea mays L. ) were studied in plants grown under ambient CO ( 2 ) conditions ( 350 + / - 20 muL L ( - 1 ) CO ( 2 ) ) or with CO ( 2 ) enrichment ( 700 + / - 20 muL L ( - 1 ) CO ( 2 ) ).",
            "output": "maize, Zea mays."
        },
        {
            "input": "Growth at high CO ( 2 ) had no effect on photosynthesis, photorespiration, leaf C / N ratios or anthocyanin contents.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, leaf transpiration rates, carbohydrate metabolism and protein carbonyl accumulation were altered at high CO ( 2 ) in a leaf - rank specific manner.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although no significant CO ( 2 ) - dependent changes in the leaf transcriptome were observed, qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of transcripts encoding a Bowman - Birk protease inhibitor and a serpin were changed by the growth CO ( 2 ) level in a leaf rank specific manner.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Moreover, CO ( 2 ) - dependent changes in the leaf proteome were most evident in the oldest source leaves.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Small changes in water status may be responsible for the observed responses to high CO ( 2, ) particularly in the older leaf ranks.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Seasonal dynamics in the stable carbon isotope composition delta ^ 1 ^ 3C from non - leafy branch, trunk and coarse root CO2 efflux of adult deciduous ( Fagus sylvatica ) and evergreen ( Picea abies ) trees.",
            "output": "Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies."
        },
        {
            "input": "Respiration is a substantial driver of carbon ( C ) flux in forest ecosystems and stable C isotopes provide an excellent tool for its investigation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We studied seasonal dynamics in delta ^ 1 ^ 3C of CO2 efflux ( delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) ) from non - leafy branches, upper and lower trunks and coarse roots of adult trees, comparing deciduous Fagus sylvatica ( European beech ) with evergreen Picea abies ( Norway spruce ).",
            "output": "Fagus sylvatica, European beech, Picea abies, Norway spruce."
        },
        {
            "input": "In both species, we observed strong and similar seasonal dynamics in the delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) of above - ground plant components, whereas delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) of coarse roots was rather stable.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "During summer, delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) of trunks was about - 28. 2 % ( Beech ) and - 26. 8 % ( Spruce ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "During winter dormancy, delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) increased by 5. 6 - 9. 1 %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The observed dynamics are likely related to a switch from growth to starch accumulation during fall and remobilization of starch, low TCA cycle activity and accumulation of malate by PEPc during winter.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The seasonal delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) pattern of branches of Beech and upper trunks of Spruce was less variable, probably because these organs were additionally supplied by winter photosynthesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In view of our results and pervious studies, we conclude that the pronounced increases in delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( E ) of trunks during the winter results from interrupted access to recent photosynthates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The atypical OmpR / PhoB response regulator ChxR from Chlamydia trachomatis forms homodimers in vivo and binds a direct repeat of nucleotide sequences.",
            "output": "Chlamydia trachomatis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Two - component signal transduction systems are widespread in bacteria and are essential regulatory mechanisms for many biological processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These systems predominantly rely on a sensor kinase to phosphorylate a response regulator for controlling activity, which is frequently transcriptional regulation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In recent years, an increasing number of atypical response regulators have been discovered in phylogenetically diverse bacteria.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These atypical response regulators are not controlled by phosphorylation and exhibit transcriptional activity in their wild - type form.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms utilized by these atypical response regulators and the conserved characteristics of these atypical response regulators.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Chlamydia spp. are medically important bacteria and encode an atypical OmpR / PhoB subfamily response regulator termed ChxR.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, protein expression analysis supports that ChxR is likely exerting its effect during the middle and late stages of the chlamydial developmental cycle, stages that include the formation of infectious elementary bodies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the absence of detectable phosphorylation, ChxR formed homodimers in vitro and in vivo, similar to a phosphorylated OmpR / PhoB subfamily response regulator.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "ChxR was demonstrated to bind to its own promoter in vivo, supporting the role of ChxR as an autoactivator.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Detailed analysis of the ChxR binding sites within its own promoter revealed a conserved cis - acting motif that includes a tandem repeat sequence.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "ChxR binds specifically to each of the individual sites and exhibits a relatively large spectrum of differential affinity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Taken together, these observations support the conclusion that ChxR, in the absence of phosphorylation, exhibits many of the characteristics of a phosphorylated ( active ) OmpR / PhoB subfamily response regulator.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cold stress contributes to aberrant cytokinesis during male meiosis I in a wheat thermosensitive genic male sterile line.",
            "output": "wheat."
        },
        {
            "input": "The male sterility of a wheat thermosensitive genic male sterile ( TGMS ) line is strictly controlled by temperature.",
            "output": "wheat."
        },
        {
            "input": "When the TGMS line BS366 was exposed to 10 ^ 0C from the pollen mother cell stage to the meiosis stage, a few pollen grains were formed and devoid of starch.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We report here a large - scale transcriptomic study using the Affymetrix wheat GeneChip to follow gene expression in BS366 line anthers in response to cold stress.",
            "output": "wheat."
        },
        {
            "input": "Notably, many cytoskeletal signaling components were gradually induced in response to cold stress in BS366 line anthers.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the cytoskeleton - associated genes that play key roles in the dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton were dramatically repressed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Histological studies revealed that the separation of dyads occurred abnormally during male meiosis I, indicating defective male meiotic cytokinesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fluorescence labelling and subcellular histological observations revealed that the phragmoplast was defectively formed and the cell plate was abnormally assembled during meiosis I under cold stress.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Based on the transcriptomic analysis and observations of characterized histological changes, our results suggest that cold stress repressed transcription of cytoskeleton dynamic factors and subsequently caused the defective cytokinesis during meiosis I.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results may explain the male sterility caused by low temperature in wheat TGMS lines.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Characterizing the role of RNA silencing components in Cryptococcus neoformans.",
            "output": "Cryptococcus neoformans."
        },
        {
            "input": "The RNA interference ( RNAi ) mediated by homology - dependent degradation of the target mRNA with small RNA molecules plays a key role in controlling transcription and translation processes in a number of eukaryotic organisms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The RNAi machinery is also evolutionarily conserved in a wide variety of fungal species, including pathogenic fungi.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To elucidate the physiological functions of the RNAi pathway in Cryptococcus neoformans that causes fungal meningitis, here we performed genetic analyses for genes encoding Argonaute ( AGO1 and AGO2 ), RNA - dependent RNA polymerase ( RDP1 ), and Dicers ( DCR1 and DCR2 ) in both serotype A and D C. neoformans.",
            "output": "Cryptococcus neoformans, C . neoformans."
        },
        {
            "input": "The present study shows that Ago1, Rdp1, and Dcr2 are the major components of the RNAi process occurring in C. neoformans.",
            "output": "C . neoformans."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, the RNAi machinery is not involved in regulation of production of two virulence factors ( capsule and melanin ), sexual differentiation, and diverse stress response.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparative transcriptome analysis of the serotype A and D RNAi mutants revealed that only modest changes occur in the genome - wide transcriptome profiles when the RNAi process was perturbed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Notably, the serotype D rdp1Delta mutants showed an increase in transcript abundance of active retrotransposons and transposons, such as T2 and T3, the latter of which is a novel serotype D - specific transposon of C. neoformans.",
            "output": "C . neoformans."
        },
        {
            "input": "In a wild type background both T2 and T3 were found to be weakly active mobile elements, although we found no evidence of Cnl1 retrotransposon mobility.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, all three transposable elements exhibited enhanced mobility in the rdp1Delta mutant strain.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In conclusion, the RNAi pathway plays an important role in controlling transposon activity and genome integrity of C. neoformans.",
            "output": "C . neoformans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fur negatively regulates hns and is required for the expression of HilA and virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.",
            "output": "Salmonella enterica."
        },
        {
            "input": "Iron is an essential element for the survival of living cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, excess iron is toxic, and its uptake is exquisitely regulated by the ferric uptake regulator, Fur.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In Salmonella, the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 ( SPI - 1 ) encodes a type three secretion system, which is required for invasion of host epithelial cells in the small intestine.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A major activator of SPI - 1 is HilA, which is encoded within SPI - 1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "One known regulator of hilA is Fur.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mechanism of hilA regulation by Fur is unknown.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We report here that Fur is required for virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and that Fur is required for the activation of hilA, as well as of other HilA - dependent genes, invF and sipC.",
            "output": "Salmonella enterica."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Fur - dependent regulation of hilA was independent of PhoP, a known repressor of hilA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Instead, the expression of the gene coding for the histone - like protein, hns, was significantly derepressed in the fur mutant.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Indeed, the activation of hilA by Fur was dependent on 28 nucleotides located upstream of hns.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Moreover, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to show that Fur bound, in vivo, to the upstream region of hns in a metal - dependent fashion.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Finally, deletion of fur in an hns mutant resulted in Fur - independent activation of hilA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In conclusion, Fur activates hilA by repressing the expression of hns.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "MexT regulates the type III secretion system through MexS and PtrC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The type III secretion system ( T3SS ) is the most important virulence factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and its expression level varies in different isolates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We studied the molecular basis for such differences in two laboratory strains, PAK and PAO1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A chromosomal clone library from the high - T3SS - producer strain PAK was introduced into the low - producer strain PAO1, and we found that a mexS gene from PAK confers high T3SS expression in the PAO1 background.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Further tests demonstrated that both mexS and its neighboring mexT gene are required for the repression of the T3SS in PAO1, while the PAK genome encodes a defective MexS, accounting for the derepression of the T3SS in PAK and the dominant negative effect when it is introduced into PAO1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "MexS is a probable oxidoreductase whose expression is dependent on MexT, a LysR - type transcriptional regulator.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Various genetic data support the idea that MexS modulates the transcriptional regulator function of MexT.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In searching for the MexT - dependent repressor of the T3SS, a small gene product of PA2486 ( ptrC ) was found effective in suppressing the T3SS upon overexpression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, deletion of ptrC in the PAO1 background did not result in derepression of the T3SS, indicating the presence of another repressor for the T3SS.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interestingly, overexpression of functional mexS alone was sufficient to repress T3SS even in the absence of MexT, suggesting that MexS is another mediator of MexT - dependent T3SS repression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Overexpression of mexS alone had no effect on the well - known MexT - dependent genes, including those encoding MexEF efflux pump, elastase, and pyocyanin, indicating alternative regulatory mechanisms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A model has been proposed for the MexS / MexT - mediated regulation of the T3SS, the MexEF efflux pump, and the production of elastase and pyocyanin.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Complete genome sequence of the haloaromatic acid - degrading bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8.",
            "output": "Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8."
        },
        {
            "input": "Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain A8 was isolated from soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls.",
            "output": "Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain A8."
        },
        {
            "input": "It can use 2 - chlorobenzoate and 2, 5 - dichlorobenzoate as sole sources of carbon and energy.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This property makes it a good starting microorganism for further development toward a bioremediation tool.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The genome of A. xylosoxidans consists of a 7 - Mb chromosome and two large plasmids ( 98 kb and 248 kb ).",
            "output": "A . xylosoxidans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Besides genes for the utilization of xenobiotic organic substrates, it contains genes associated with pathogenesis, toxin production, and resistance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we report the complete genome sequence.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Complete genome sequences of three Erwinia amylovora phages isolated in north america and a bacteriophage induced from an Erwinia tasmaniensis strain.",
            "output": "Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia tasmaniensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fire blight, a plant disease of economic importance caused by Erwinia amylovora, may be controlled by the application of bacteriophages.",
            "output": "Erwinia amylovora."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we provide the complete genome sequences and the annotation of three E. amylovora - specific phages isolated in North America and genomic information about a bacteriophage induced by mitomycin C treatment of an Erwinia tasmaniensis strain that is antagonistic for E. amylovora.",
            "output": "E . amylovora, Erwinia tasmaniensis, E . amylovora."
        },
        {
            "input": "The American phages resemble two already - described viral genomes, whereas the E. tasmaniensis phage displays a singular genomic sequence in BLAST searches.",
            "output": "E . tasmaniensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Promoter discrimination at class I MarA regulon promoters mediated by glutamic acid 89 of the MarA transcriptional activator of Escherichia coli.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three paralogous transcriptional activators MarA, SoxS, and Rob, activate > 40 Escherichia coli promoters.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "To understand why MarA does not activate certain promoters as strongly as SoxS, we compared MarA, MarA mutants, and SoxS for their abilities to activate 16 promoters and to bind their cognate marbox binding sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Replacement of the MarA glutamic acid residue 89 with alanine greatly increased the marbox binding and activation of many class I promoters.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Like cells constitutive for SoxS, cells expressing the MarA with the E89A mutation were more resistant to superoxides than those harboring WT MarA.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The activities of several other E89 substitutions ranked as follows: E89A > E89G > E89V > WT > E89D.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increased binding and activation occurred only at class I promoters when the 12th base of the promoter ' s marbox ( a position at which there is no known interaction between the marbox and MarA ) was not a T residue.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore, WT MarA binding to a synthetic marbox in vitro was enhanced when the phosphate group between positions 12 and 13 was eliminated on one strand.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results demonstrate that relatively minor changes in a single amino acid side chain ( e. g., alanine to valine or glutamic acid to aspartic acid ) can strongly influence activity despite any evidence that the side chain is involved in positive interactions with either DNA or RNA polymerase.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We present a model which attributes the differences in binding and activation to the interference between the Beta - and gamma - carbons of the amino acid at position 89 and the phosphate group between positions 12 and 13.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A model - driven approach to quantify migration patterns: individual, regional and yearly differences.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Animal migration has long intrigued scientists and wildlife managers alike, yet migratory species face increasing challenges because of habitat fragmentation, climate change and over - exploitation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Central to the understanding migratory species is the objective discrimination between migratory and nonmigratory individuals in a given population, quantifying the timing, duration and distance of migration and the ability to predict migratory movements.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we propose a uniform statistical framework to ( i ) separate migration from other movement behaviours, ( ii ) quantify migration parameters without the need for arbitrary cut - off criteria and ( iii ) test predictability across individuals, time and space.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We first validated our novel approach by simulating data based on established theoretical movement patterns.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We then formulated the expected shapes of squared displacement patterns as nonlinear models for a suite of movement behaviours to test the ability of our method to distinguish between migratory movement and other movement types.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We then tested our approached empirically using 108 wild Global Positioning System ( GPS ) - collared moose Alces alces in Scandinavia as a study system because they exhibit a wide range of movement behaviours, including resident, migrating and dispersing individuals, within the same population.",
            "output": "moose, Alces alces."
        },
        {
            "input": "Applying our approach showed that 87 % and 67 % of our Swedish and Norwegian subpopulations, respectively, can be classified as migratory.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using nonlinear mixed effects models for all migratory individuals we showed that the distance, timing and duration of migration differed between the sexes and between years, with additional individual differences accounting for a large part of the variation in the distance of migration but not in the timing or duration.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Overall, the model explained most of the variation ( 92 % ) and also had high predictive power for the same individuals over time ( 69 % ) as well as between study populations ( 74 % ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "6.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The high predictive ability of the approach suggests that it can help increase our understanding of the drivers of migration and could provide key quantitative information for understanding and managing a broad range of migratory species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Citrate uptake in exchange with intermediates in the citrate metabolic pathway in Lactococcus lactis IL1403.",
            "output": "Lactococcus lactis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Carbohydrate / citrate cometabolism in Lactococcus lactis results in the formation of the flavor compound acetoin.",
            "output": "Lactococcus lactis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Resting cells of strain IL1403 ( pFL3 ) rapidly consumed citrate while producing acetoin when substoichiometric concentrations of glucose or l - lactate were present.",
            "output": "IL1403."
        },
        {
            "input": "A proton motive force was generated by electrogenic exchange of citrate and lactate catalyzed by the citrate transporter CitP and proton consumption in decarboxylation reactions in the pathway.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the absence of glucose or l - lactate, citrate consumption was biphasic.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "During the first phase, hardly any citrate was consumed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the second phase, citrate was converted rapidly, but without the formation of acetoin.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Instead, significant amounts of the intermediates pyruvate and alpha - acetolactate, and the end product acetate, were excreted from the cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It is shown that the intermediates and acetate are excreted in exchange with the uptake of citrate catalyzed by CitP.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The availability of exchangeable substrates in the cytoplasm determines both the rate of citrate consumption and the end product profile.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It follows that citrate metabolism in L. lactis IL1403 ( pFL3 ) splits up in two routes after the formation of pyruvate, one the well - characterized route yielding acetoin and the other a new route yielding acetate.",
            "output": "L . lactis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The flux distribution between the two branches changes from 85: 15 in the presence of l - lactate to 30: 70 in the presence of pyruvate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The proton motive force generated was greatest in the presence of l - lactate and zero in the presence of pyruvate, suggesting that the pathway to acetate does not generate proton motive force.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interbacterial macromolecular transfer by the Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis type IV secretion system.",
            "output": "Campylobacter fetus subsp . venerealis."
        },
        {
            "input": "We report here the first demonstration of intra - and interspecies conjugative plasmid DNA transfer for Campylobacter fetus.",
            "output": "Campylobacter fetus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gene regions carried by a Campylobacter coli plasmid were identified that are sufficient for conjugative mobilization to Escherichia coli and C. fetus recipients.",
            "output": "Campylobacter coli, Escherichia coli, C . fetus."
        },
        {
            "input": "A broader functional range is predicted.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Efficient DNA transfer involves the virB9 and virD4 genes of the type IV bacterial secretion system encoded by a pathogenicity island of C. fetus subsp. venerealis.",
            "output": "C . fetus subsp . venerealis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Complementation of these phenotypes from expression constructions based on the promoter of the C. fetus surface antigen protein ( sap ) locus was temperature dependent, and a temperature regulation of the sap promoter was subsequently confirmed under laboratory conditions.",
            "output": "C . fetus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gene transfer was sensitive to surface or entry exclusion functions in potential recipient cells carrying IncPalpha plasmid RP4 implying functional relatedness to C. fetus proteins.",
            "output": "C . fetus."
        },
        {
            "input": "The virB / virD4 locus is also known to be involved in bacterial invasion and killing of cultured human cells in vitro.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Whether specifically secreted effector proteins contribute to host colonization and infection activities is currently unknown.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Two putative effector proteins carrying an FIC domain conserved in a few bacterial type III and type IV secreted proteins of pathogens were analyzed for secretion by the C. fetus or heterologous conjugative systems.",
            "output": "C . fetus."
        },
        {
            "input": "No evidence for interbacterial translocation of the Fic proteins was found.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Canopy connectivity and the availability of diverse nesting resources affect species coexistence in arboreal ants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Arboreal ants are both diverse and ecologically dominant in the tropics.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Such ecologically important groups are likely to be particularly useful in ongoing empirical efforts to understand the processes that regulate species diversity and coexistence.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our study addresses how access to tree - based resources and the diversity of pre - existing nesting cavities affect species diversity and coexistence in tropical arboreal ant assemblages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We focus on assemblage - level responses to these variables at local scales.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We first surveyed arboreal ant diversity across three naturally occurring levels of canopy connectivity and a gradient of tree size.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We then conducted whole - tree experimental manipulations of canopy connectivity and the diversity of cavity entrance sizes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "All work was conducted in the Brazilian savanna or ' cerrado '.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our survey suggested that species richness was equivalent among levels of connectivity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, there was a consistent trend of lower species density with low canopy connectivity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This was confirmed at the scale of individual trees, with low - connectivity trees having significantly fewer species across all tree sizes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our experiment demonstrated directly that low canopy connectivity results in significantly fewer species coexisting per tree.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A diverse array of cavity entrance sizes did not significantly increase overall species per tree.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nevertheless, cavity diversity did significantly increase the species using new cavities on each tree, the species per tree unique to new cavities, total species using new cavities, and total cavity use.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The populations of occupied cavities were consistent with newly founded colonies and new nests of established colonies from other trees.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cavity diversity thus appears to greatly affect new colony founding and colony growth.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results contribute strong evidence that greater resource access and greater cavity diversity have positive effects on species coexistence in local arboreal ant assemblages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "More generally, these positive effects are broadly consistent with niche differentiation promoting local species coexistence in diverse arboreal ant assemblages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The contributions of this study to the understanding of the processes of species coexistence are discussed, along with the potential of the focal system for future work on this issue.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ontogeny and leaf gas exchange mediate the carbon isotopic signature of herbaceous plants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Values ( Delta ( i ) ) predicted by a simplified photosynthetic discrimination model, based only on diffusion through air followed by carboxylation, are often used to infer ecological conditions from the ^ 1 ^ 3C signature of plant organs ( delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( p ) ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recent studies showed that additional isotope discrimination ( d that includes mesophyll conductance, photorespiration and day respiration, and post - carboxylation discrimination ) can strongly affect delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( p ); however, little is known about its variability during plant ontogeny for different species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Effect of ontogeny on leaf gas exchange rates, Delta ( i ), observed discrimination ( Delta ( p ) ) and d in leaf, phloem and root of seven herbaceous species at three ontogenetic stages were investigated under controlled conditions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Functional group identity and ontogeny significantly affected Delta ( i ) and Delta ( p ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, predicted Delta ( i ) did not match Delta ( p ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "d, strongly affected by functional group identity and ontogeny, varied by up to 14 %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "d scaled tightly with stomatal conductance, suggesting complex controls including changes in mesophyll conductance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The magnitude of the changes in delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( p ) due to ontogeny was similar to that due to environmental factors reported in other studies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "d and ontogeny should, therefore, be considered in ecosystem studies, integrated in ecosystem models using delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( p ) and limit the applicability of delta ^ 1 ^ 3C ( leaf ) as a proxy for water - use efficiency in herbaceous plants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The pH regulatory factor Pac1 regulates Tri gene expression and trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum.",
            "output": "Fusarium graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fungi manage the adaptation to extra - cellular pH through the PacC transcription factor, a key component of the pH regulatory system.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "PacC regulates the production of various secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, the production of trichothecene is induced only under acidic pH conditions.",
            "output": "Fusarium graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we examined the role of the PacC homologue from F. graminearum, FgPac1, on the regulation of trichothecene production.",
            "output": "F . graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "An FgDeltaPac1 deletion mutant was constructed in F. graminearum which showed a reduced development under neutral and alkaline pH, increased sensitivity to H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) and an earlier Tri gene induction and toxin accumulation at acidic pH.",
            "output": "F . graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "A strain expressing the FgPac1 ( c ) constitutively active form of Pac1 exhibited a strongly repressed Tri gene expression and reduced toxin accumulation at acidic pH.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results demonstrate that Pac1 negatively regulates Tri gene expression and toxin production in F. graminearum.",
            "output": "F . graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease.",
            "output": "HIV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since the isolation of HIV, multiple transmissions are thought to have occurred between man and other old - world primates.",
            "output": "HIV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Assessment of samples from apes and human beings with African equatorial forest ancestry has traced the origin of HIV - 1 to chimpanzees, and dated its most recent common ancestor to 1908.",
            "output": "human, HIV - 1, chimpanzees."
        },
        {
            "input": "The evolution of HIV - 1 has been rapid, which has resulted in a complex classification, worldwide spread, and intermixing of strains; at least 48 circulating recombinant forms are currently identified.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition to posing a nearly insurmountable challenge for diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development, and prevention, this extreme and divergent evolution has led to differences in virulence between HIV - 1 groups, subtypes, or both.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "Coincidental changes in human migration in the Congo river basin also affected spread of disease.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Research over the past 25 years and advances in genomic sequencing methods, such as deep DNA sequencing, have greatly improved understanding and analysis of the thousands to millions of full infectious HIV - 1 genomes.",
            "output": "HIV - 1."
        },
        {
            "input": "A caffeyl - coenzyme A synthetase initiates caffeate activation prior to caffeate reduction in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii.",
            "output": "Acetobacterium woodii."
        },
        {
            "input": "The anaerobic acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii couples the reduction of caffeate with electrons derived from hydrogen to the synthesis of ATP by a chemiosmotic mechanism using sodium ions as coupling ions, but the enzymes involved remain to be established.",
            "output": "Acetobacterium woodii."
        },
        {
            "input": "Previously, the electron transfer flavoproteins EtfA and EtfB were found to be involved in caffeate respiration.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "By inverse PCR, we identified three genes upstream of etfA and etfB: carA, carB, and carC.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "carA encodes a potential coenzyme A ( CoA ) transferase, carB an acyl - CoA synthetase, and carC an acyl - CoA dehydrogenase.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "carA, - B, and - C are located together with etfA / carE and etfB / carD on one polycistronic message, indicating that CarA, CarB, and CarC are also part of the caffeate respiration pathway.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The genetic data suggest an initial ATP - dependent activation of caffeate by CarB.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To prove the proposed function of CarB, the protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Purified CarB activates caffeate to caffeyl - CoA in an ATP - and CoA - dependent reaction.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The enzyme has broad pH and temperature optima and requires K ( + ) for activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition to caffeate, it can use p - coumarate, ferulate, and cinnamate as substrates, with 50, 15, and 9 %, respectively, of the activity obtained with caffeate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expression of the car operon is induced not only by caffeate, p - coumarate, ferulate, and cinnamate but also by sinapate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "There is no induction by p - hydroxybenzoate or syringate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Complete genome sequence of Burkholderia rhizoxinica, an Endosymbiont of Rhizopus microsporus.",
            "output": "Burkholderia rhizoxinica, Rhizopus microsporus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Burkholderia rhizoxinica is an intracellular symbiont of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizopus microsporus.",
            "output": "Burkholderia rhizoxinica, Rhizopus microsporus."
        },
        {
            "input": "The vertically transmitted endosymbiont not only delivers the antimitotic macrolide rhizoxin to its host but is also essential for vegetative spore formation of the fungus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To shed light on the genetic equipment of this model organism, we sequenced the whole genome of B. rhizoxinica HKI 0454, thus providing the first genomic insight into an intracellular mutualist of a fungal species.",
            "output": "B . rhizoxinica HKI 0454."
        },
        {
            "input": "The 3. 75 - Mb genome consists of a chromosome and two strain - specific plasmids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The primary metabolism appears to be specialized for the uptake of fungal metabolites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Besides the rhizoxin biosynthesis gene cluster, there are 14 loci coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetase ( NRPS ) assembly lines, which represent novel targets for genomic mining of cryptic natural products.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore, the endosymbionts are equipped with a repertoire of virulence - related factors, which can now be studied to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial - fungal interaction.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Network topology: patterns and mechanisms in plant - herbivore and host - parasitoid food webs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Biological communities are organized in complex interaction networks such as food webs, which topology appears to be non - random.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gradients, compartments, nested subsets and even combinations of these structures have been shown in bipartite networks.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, in most studies only one pattern is tested against randomness and mechanistic hypotheses are generally lacking.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we examined the topology of regional, coexisting plant - herbivore and host - parasitoid food webs to discriminate between the mentioned network patterns.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also evaluated the role of species body size, local abundance, regional frequency and phylogeny as determinants of network topology.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found both food webs to be compartmented, with interaction range boundaries imposed by host phylogeny.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Species degree within compartments was mostly related to their regional frequency and local abundance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Only one compartment showed an internal nested structure in the distribution of interactions between species, but species position within this compartment was unrelated to species size or abundance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that compartmentalization may be more common than previously considered, and that network structure is a result of multiple, hierarchical, non - exclusive processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gel - based mass spectrometric and computational approaches to the mitochondrial proteome of Neurospora.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We have used gel electrophoretic techniques including isoelectric focusing, blue native, acid - urea, 16 - benzyldimethyl - n - hexadecylammonium chloride or SDS first dimensions and SDS Laemmli or tricine second dimensions to separate the proteins from highly - purified Neurospora mitochondria and sub - mitochondrial fractions ( membrane, soluble, protein complexes and ribonucleoproteins ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The products of 260 genes, many of them in multiple processed or modified forms, were identified by MALDI - TOF mass spectrometry.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This work confirms the existence, expression, and mitochondrial localization of the products of 55 Neurospora genes previously annotated only as predicted or hypothetical, and of 101 genes not identified in previous mass spectrometry studies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Combined with previous mass spectrometry studies, and re - evaluation of genome annotations, we have compiled a curated list of 358 proteins identified in proteomic studies that are likely to be bona fide mitochondrial proteins plus 80 other identified proteins that may be mitochondrial.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Literature data mining and computational predictions suggest that Neurospora mitochondria also contain another 299 proteins not yet identified in proteomics projects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Taken together, these data suggest that the products of at least 738 genes comprise the Neurospora mitochondrial proteome.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sequenced dermatophyte strains: growth rate, conidiation, drug susceptibilities, and virulence in an invertebrate model.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although dermatophytes are the most common cause of fungal infections in the world, their basic biology is not well understood.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The recent sequencing and annotation of the genomes of five representative dermatophyte species allows for the creation of hypotheses as to how they cause disease and have adapted to their distinct environments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "An understanding of the microbiology of these strains will be essential for testing these hypotheses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study is the first to generally characterize these five sequenced strains of dermatophytes for their microbiological aspects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We measured the growth rate on solid medium and found differences between species, with Microsporum gypseum CBS118893 having the fastest growth and Trichophyton rubrum CBS118892 the slowest.",
            "output": "Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also compared different media for conidia production and found that the highest numbers of conidia were produced when dermatophytes were grown on MAT agar.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ( MIC ) of nine antifungal agents and confirmed susceptibility to antifungals commonly used as selectable markers.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Finally, we tested virulence in the Galleria mellonella ( wax moth ) larvae model but found the results variable.",
            "output": "Galleria mellonella, wax moth."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results increase our understanding of the microbiology and molecular biology of these dermatophyte strains and will be of use in advancing hypothesis - driven research about dermatophytes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Relating the physical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides to virulence by atomic force microscopy.",
            "output": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa."
        },
        {
            "input": "Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) are an important class of macromolecules that are components of the outer membrane of Gram - negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.",
            "output": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa."
        },
        {
            "input": "P. aeruginosa contains two different sugar chains, the homopolymer common antigen ( A band ) and the heteropolymer O antigen ( B band ), which impart serospecificity.",
            "output": "P . aeruginosa."
        },
        {
            "input": "The characteristics of LPS are generally assessed after isolation rather than in the context of whole bacteria.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we used atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) to probe the physical properties of the LPS of P. aeruginosa strain PA103 ( serogroup O11 ) in situ.",
            "output": "P . aeruginosa strain PA103."
        },
        {
            "input": "This strain contains a mixture of long and very long polymers of O antigen, regulated by two different genes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "For this analysis, we studied the wild - type strain and four mutants, DeltaWzz1 ( producing only very long LPS ), DeltaWzz2 ( producing only long LPS ), DDeltaM ( with both the wzz1 and wzz2 genes deleted ), and Wzy:: GM ( producing an LPS core oligosaccharide plus one unit of O antigen ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Forces of adhesion between the LPS on these strains and the silicon nitride AFM tip were measured, and the Alexander and de Gennes model of steric repulsion between a flat surface and a polymer brush was used to calculate the LPS layer thickness ( which we refer to as length ), compressibility, and spacing between the individual molecules.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "LPS chains were longest for the wild - type strain and DeltaWzz1, at 170. 6 and 212. 4 nm, respectively, and these values were not statistically significantly different from one another.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wzy:: GM and DDeltaM have reduced LPS lengths, at 34. 6 and 37. 7 nm, respectively.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Adhesion forces were not correlated with LPS length, but a relationship between adhesion force and bacterial pathogenicity was found in a mouse acute pneumonia model of infection.",
            "output": "mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "The adhesion forces with the AFM probe were lower for strains with LPS mutations, suggesting that the wild - type strain is optimized for maximal adhesion.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our research contributes to further understanding of the role of LPS in the adhesion and virulence of P. aeruginosa.",
            "output": "P . aeruginosa."
        },
        {
            "input": "The minor pilin subunit Sgp2 is necessary for assembly of the pilus encoded by the srtG cluster of Streptococcus suis.",
            "output": "Streptococcus suis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gram - positive pili are composed of covalently bound pilin subunits whose assembly is mediated via a pilus - specific sortase ( s ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Major subunits constitute the pilus backbone and are therefore essential for pilus formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Minor subunits are also incorporated into the pilus, but they are considered to be dispensable for backbone formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The srtG cluster is one of the putative pilus gene clusters identified in the major swine pathogen Streptococcus suis.",
            "output": "swine, Streptococcus suis."
        },
        {
            "input": "It consists of one sortase gene ( srtG ) and two putative pilin subunit genes ( sgp1 and sgp2 ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, by constructing mutants for each of the genes in the cluster and by both immunoblotting and immunogold electron microscopic analysis with antibodies against Sgp1 and Sgp2, we found that the srtG cluster mediates the expression of pilus - like structures in S. suis strain 89 / 1591.",
            "output": "S . suis strain 89 / 1591."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this pilus, Sgp1 forms the backbone, whereas Sgp2 is incorporated as the minor subunit.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In accordance with the current model of pilus assembly by Gram - positive organisms, the major subunit Sgp1 was indispensable for backbone formation and the cognate sortase SrtG mediated the polymerization of both subunits.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, unlike other well - characterized Gram - positive bacterial pili, the minor subunit Sgp2 was required for polymerization of the major subunit Sgp1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because Sgp2 homologues are encoded in several other Gram - positive bacterial pilus gene clusters, in some types of pili, minor pilin subunits may contribute to backbone formation by a novel mechanism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Growth and reproductive costs of larval defence in the aposematic lepidopteran Pieris brassicae.",
            "output": "Pieris brassicae."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Utilization of plant secondary compounds for antipredator defence is common in immature herbivorous insects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Such defences may incur a cost to the animal, either in terms of survival, growth rate or in the reproductive success.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A common defence in lepidopterans is the regurgitation of semi - digested material containing the defensive compounds of the food plant, a defence which has led to gut specialization in this order.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Regurgitation is often swift in response to cuticular stimulation and deters predators from consuming or parasitizing the larva.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The loss of food and other gut material seems likely to impact on fitness, but evidence is lacking.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we raised larvae of the common crop pest Pieris brassicae on commercial cabbage leaves, simulated predator attacks throughout the larval period, and measured life - history responses.",
            "output": "Pieris brassicae, cabbage."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found that the probability of survival to pupation decreased with increasing frequency of attacks, but this was because of regurgitation rather than the stimulation itself.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "There was a growth cost to the defence such that the more regurgitant that individuals produced over the growth period, the smaller they were at pupation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The number of mature eggs in adult females was positively related to pupal mass, but this relationship was only found when individuals were not subjected to a high frequency of predator simulation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This suggests that there might be cryptic fitness costs to common defensive responses that are paid despite apparent growth rate being maintained.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "6.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results demonstrate a clear life - history cost of an antipredator defence in a model pest species and show that under certain conditions, such as high predation threat, the expected relationship between female body size and potential fecundity can be disrupted.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Huntington ' s disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Huntington ' s disease is a progressive, fatal, neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene, which encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine repeat in the huntingtin protein.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Huntington ' s disease has served as a model for the study of other more common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer ' s disease and Parkinson ' s disease.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These disorders all share features including: delayed onset; selective neuronal vulnerability, despite widespread expression of disease - related proteins during the whole lifetime; abnormal protein processing and aggregation; and cellular toxic effects involving both cell autonomous and cell - cell interaction mechanisms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pathogenic pathways of Huntington ' s disease are beginning to be unravelled, offering targets for treatments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Additionally, predictive genetic testing and findings of neuroimaging studies show that, as in some other neurodegenerative disorders, neurodegeneration in affected individuals begins many years before onset of diagnosable signs and symptoms of Huntington ' s disease, and it is accompanied by subtle cognitive, motor, and psychiatric changes ( so - called prodromal disease ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, Huntington ' s disease is also emerging as a model for strategies to develop therapeutic interventions, not only to slow progression of manifest disease but also to delay, or ideally prevent, its onset.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Natural history and intragenomic dynamics of the Transib transposon Hztransib in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea.",
            "output": "cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hztransib, recently identified from Helicoverpa zea, represents the first intact and transcriptionally active Transib element.",
            "output": "Helicoverpa zea."
        },
        {
            "input": "Its open reading frame was detected in Helicoverpa armigera, from which H. zea evolved, and in Helicoverpa assulta, the common ancestor of H. zea and H. armigera, but its remaining parts were found only in H. armigera.",
            "output": "Helicoverpa armigera, H . zea, Helicoverpa assulta, H . zea, H . armigera, H . armigera."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thirty - nine Hztransib insertion sites, all of which are polymorphic, were detected from eight populations of H. zea.",
            "output": "H . zea."
        },
        {
            "input": "Out of the 39 insertion sites, 35 were not frequently occupied, with 1 - 33 occurrences in a total of 128 individuals from the eight populations ( 16 larvae per population ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Its copy number ranged from 5. 8 to 14. 2 per individual, with putative intact copies always more abundant than internally deleted ones.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Taking this evidence together, Hztransib probably transferred to H. zea from H. armigera and most likely still retains its capacity to maintain structural integrity, increase copy number and remobilize in H. zea.",
            "output": "H . zea, H . armigera, H . zea."
        },
        {
            "input": "Identification of an extracellular polysaccharide network essential for cytochrome anchoring and biofilm formation in Geobacter sulfurreducens.",
            "output": "Geobacter sulfurreducens."
        },
        {
            "input": "Transposon insertions in Geobacter sulfurreducens GSU1501, part of an ATP - dependent exporter within an operon of polysaccharide biosynthesis genes, were previously shown to eliminate insoluble Fe ( III ) reduction and use of an electrode as an electron acceptor.",
            "output": "Geobacter sulfurreducens."
        },
        {
            "input": "Replacement of GSU1501 with a kanamycin resistance cassette produced a similarly defective mutant, which could be partially complemented by expression of GSU1500 to GSU1505 in trans.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Delta1501 mutant demonstrated limited cell - cell agglutination, enhanced attachment to negatively charged surfaces, and poor attachment to positively charged poly - d - lysine - or Fe ( III ) - coated surfaces.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wild - type and mutant cells attached to graphite electrodes, but when electrodes were poised at an oxidizing potential inducing a positive surface charge ( + 0. 24 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode [ SHE ] ), Delta1501 mutant cells detached.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Scanning electron microscopy revealed fibrils surrounding wild - type G. sulfurreducens which were absent from the Delta1501 mutant.",
            "output": "G . sulfurreducens."
        },
        {
            "input": "Similar amounts of type IV pili and pilus - associated cytochromes were detected on both cell types, but shearing released a stable matrix of c - type cytochromes and other proteins bound to polysaccharides.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The matrix from the mutant contained 60 % less sugar and was nearly devoid of c - type cytochromes such as OmcZ.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The addition of wild - type extracellular matrix to Delta1501 cultures restored agglutination and Fe ( III ) reduction.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The polysaccharide binding dye Congo red preferentially bound wild - type cells and extracellular matrix material over mutant cells, and Congo red inhibited agglutination and Fe ( III ) reduction by wild - type cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results demonstrate a crucial role for the xap ( extracellular anchoring polysaccharide ) locus in metal oxide attachment, cell - cell agglutination, and localization of essential cytochromes beyond the Geobacter outer membrane.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hyphal and cytoskeleton polarization in Tuber melanosporum: a genomic and cellular analysis.",
            "output": "Tuber melanosporum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Filamentous polarized growth involves a series of events including polarization of the cytoskeleton to selected growth sites, and the transport of secretory vesicles containing the components required for growth.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The availability of fungal genome sequences has recently led to the identification of a large number of proteins involved in these processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We have explored the Tuber melanosporum genome sequence by searching for homologs of genes known to play crucial roles in the morphogenesis and cell polarity of yeasts and filamentous fungi.",
            "output": "Tuber melanosporum, yeasts."
        },
        {
            "input": "One hundred and forty - nine genes have been identified and functionally grouped according to the deduced amino acid sequences ( 44 genes involved in cell polarity / morphogenesis, 39 belonging to the actin cytoskeleton and 66 involved in membrane dynamics, septation and exocytosis ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A detailed gene annotation has shown that most components of the cell polarity machinery, morphogenesis and cytoskeleton found in yeasts and filamentous fungi are conserved, although the degree of similarity varies from strong to weak.",
            "output": "yeasts."
        },
        {
            "input": "Microscopic analysis of quick - frozen truffle hyphae detected the characteristic subcellular components of the hyphal tip in septate filamentous fungi, while transcript profiles revealed a moderately variable pattern during the biological cycle.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Proteomics of cryoprotective dehydration in Megaphorura arctica Tullberg 1876 ( Onychiuridae: Collembola ).",
            "output": "Megaphorura arctica."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Arctic springtail, Megaphorura arctica Tullberg 1876 ( Onychiuridae: Collembola ), is one of the few organisms known to survive the extreme stresses of its environment by using cryoprotective dehydration.",
            "output": "Arctic springtail, Megaphorura arctica."
        },
        {
            "input": "We have undertaken a proteomics study comparing M. arctica, acclimated at - 2 ^ 0C, the temperature known to induce the production of the anhydroprotectant trehalose in this species, and - 6 ^ 0C, the temperature at which trehalose expression plateaus, against control animals acclimated at + 5 ^ 0C.",
            "output": "M . arctica."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using difference gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we identified three categories of differentially expressed proteins with specific functions, up - regulated in both the - 2 ^ 0C and - 6 ^ 0C animals, that were involved in metabolism, membrane transport and protein folding.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Proteins involved in cytoskeleton organisation were only up - regulated in the - 6 ^ 0C animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The pyrokinin / pheromone biosynthesis - activating neuropeptide ( PBAN ) family of peptides and their receptors in Insecta: evolutionary trace indicates potential receptor ligand - binding domains.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The pyrokinin / pheromone biosynthesis - activating neuropeptide ( PBAN ) family of G - protein - coupled receptors and their ligands have been identified in various insects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Physiological functions of pyrokinin peptides include muscle contraction, whereas PBAN regulates, among other functions, pheromone production in moths which indicates the pleiotropic nature of these peptides.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Based on the alignment of annotated genomic sequences, the pyrokinin / PBAN family of receptors have similarity with the corresponding structures of the capa or periviscerokinin receptors of insects and the neuromedin U receptors of vertebrates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In our study, evolutionary trace ( ET ) analysis on the insect receptor sequences was conducted to predict the putative ligand recognition and binding sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ET analysis of four class - specific receptors indicated several amino acid residues that are conserved in the transmembrane domains.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The receptor extracellular domains exhibit several class - specific amino acid residues, which could indicate putative domains for activation of these receptors by ligand recognition and binding.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "acon - 3, the Neurospora crassa ortholog of the developmental modifier, medA, complements the conidiation defect of the Aspergillus nidulans mutant.",
            "output": "Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa are ascomycetes that produce asexual spores through morphologically distinct processes.",
            "output": "Aspergillus nidulans, Neurospora crassa."
        },
        {
            "input": "MedA, a protein with unknown function, is required for normal asexual and sexual development in A. nidulans.",
            "output": "A . nidulans."
        },
        {
            "input": "We determined that the N. crassa ortholog of medA is acon - 3, a gene required for early conidiophore development and female fertility.",
            "output": "N . crassa."
        },
        {
            "input": "To test hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of asexual development in distinct fungal lineages it is important to understand the degree of conservation of developmental regulators.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The amino acid sequences of A. nidulans MedA and N. crassa ACON - 3 shared 37 % identity and 51 % similarity.",
            "output": "A . nidulans, N . crassa."
        },
        {
            "input": "acon - 3 is induced at late time points of conidiation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, medA is constitutively expressed and MedA protein localizes to nuclei in all tissue types.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nonetheless, expression of acon - 3 using its native promoter complemented the conidiation defects of the A. nidulans DeltamedA and medA15 mutants.",
            "output": "A . nidulans."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conclude that the biochemical activity of the medA orthologs is conserved for conidiation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Towards achievement of universal health care in India by 2020: a call to action.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To sustain the positive economic trajectory that India has had during the past decade, and to honour the fundamental right of all citizens to adequate health care, the health of all Indian people has to be given the highest priority in public policy.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We propose the creation of the Integrated National Health System in India through provision of universal health insurance, establishment of autonomous organisations to enable accountable and evidence - based good - quality health - care practices and development of appropriately trained human resources, the restructuring of health governance to make it coordinated and decentralised, and legislation of health entitlement for all Indian people.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "The key characteristics of our proposal are to strengthen the public health system as the primary provider of promotive, preventive, and curative health services in India, to improve quality and reduce the out - of - pocket expenditure on health care through a well regulated integration of the private sector within the national health - care system.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Dialogue and consensus building among the stakeholders in the government, civil society, and private sector are the next steps to formalise the actions needed and to monitor their achievement.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In our call to action, we propose that India must achieve health care for all by 2020.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "India ' s health financing system is a cause of and an exacerbating factor in the challenges of health inequity, inadequate availability and reach, unequal access, and poor - quality and costly health - care services.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Low per person spending on health and insufficient public expenditure result in one of the highest proportions of private out - of - pocket expenses in the world.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Citizens receive low value for money in the public and the private sectors.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Financial protection against medical expenditures is far from universal with only 10 % of the population having medical insurance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Government of India has made a commitment to increase public spending on health from less than 1 % to 3 % of the gross domestic product during the next few years.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increased public funding combined with flexibility of financial transfers from centre to state can greatly improve the performance of state - operated public systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Enhanced public spending can be used to introduce universal medical insurance that can help to substantially reduce the burden of private out - of - pocket expenditures on health.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increased public spending can also contribute to quality assurance in the public and private sectors through effective regulation and oversight.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In addition to an increase in public expenditures on health, the Government of India will, however, need to introduce specific methods to contain costs, improve the efficiency of spending, increase accountability, and monitor the effect of expenditures on health.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Continuing challenge of infectious diseases in India.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In India, the range and burden of infectious diseases are enormous.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The administrative responsibilities of the health system are shared between the central ( federal ) and state governments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Control of diseases and outbreaks is the responsibility of the central Ministry of Health, which lacks a formal public health department for this purpose.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tuberculosis, malaria, filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, leprosy, HIV infection, and childhood cluster of vaccine - preventable diseases are given priority for control through centrally managed vertical programmes.",
            "output": "HIV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Control of HIV infection and leprosy, but not of tuberculosis, seems to be on track.",
            "output": "HIV."
        },
        {
            "input": "Early success of malaria control was not sustained, and visceral leishmaniasis prevalence has increased.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inadequate containment of the vector has resulted in recurrent outbreaks of dengue fever and re - emergence of Chikungunya virus disease and typhus fever.",
            "output": "Chikungunya virus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Other infectious diseases caused by faecally transmitted pathogens ( enteric fevers, cholera, hepatitis A and E viruses ) and zoonoses ( rabies, leptospirosis, anthrax ) are not in the process of being systematically controlled.",
            "output": "hepatitis A, E viruses."
        },
        {
            "input": "Big gaps in the surveillance and response system for infectious diseases need to be addressed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Replication of the model of vertical single - disease control for all infectious diseases will not be efficient or viable.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "India needs to rethink and revise its health policy to broaden the agenda of disease control.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A comprehensive review and redesign of the health system is needed urgently to ensure equity and quality in health care.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We recommend the creation of a functional public health infrastructure that is shared between central and state governments, with professional leadership and a formally trained public health cadre of personnel who manage an integrated control mechanism of diseases in districts that includes infectious and non - infectious diseases, and injuries.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "ATP citrate lyase is required for normal sexual and asexual development in Gibberella zeae.",
            "output": "Gibberella zeae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) citrate lyase ( ACL ) is a key enzyme in the production of cytosolic acetyl - CoA, which is crucial for de novo lipid synthesis and histone acetylation in mammalian cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, we characterized the mechanistic roles of ACL in the homothallic ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae, which causes Fusarium head blight in major cereal crops.",
            "output": "Gibberella zeae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Deletion of ACL in the fungus resulted in a complete loss of self and female fertility as well as a reduction in asexual reproduction, virulence, and trichothecene production.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "When the wild - type strain was spermatized with the ACL deletion mutants, they produced viable ascospores, however ascospore delimitation was not properly regulated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although lipid synthesis was not affected by ACL deletion, histone acetylation was dramatically reduced in the ACL deletion mutants during sexual development, suggesting that the defects in sexual reproduction were caused by the reduction in histone acetylation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study is the first report demonstrating a link between sexual development and ACL - mediated histone acetylation in fungi.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expression of a Brassica napus heme oxygenase confers plant tolerance to mercury toxicity.",
            "output": "Brassica napus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Plant heme oxygenases ( HOs ) regulate biosynthesis of phytochrome which accounts for photo - acceptance and - morphogenesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recent studies have demonstrated that plant HOs also regulate many other physiological processes including response to environmental stimuli.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To elucidate the mechanism by which HOs regulate plant adaptation to heavy metal exposure, three novel HOs genes were isolated from rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) and their expression patterns were analysed.",
            "output": "rapeseed, Brassica napus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Alignment of deduced protein sequences revealed that the three BnHOs share high identity with their corresponding orthologos ( AtHO1 - 3 ) from Arabidopsis.",
            "output": "Arabidopsis."
        },
        {
            "input": "To investigate whether the BnHO regulates plant tolerance to Hg toxicity, we constructed B. napus transgenic plants overexpressing BnHO - 1.",
            "output": "B . napus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Under Hg stress, the transgenic plants had 1. 41 - 1. 59 folds higher biomass than the untransformants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, overexpression of BnHO - 1 resulted in less accumulation of Hg in some lines of transformants than in untransformants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The transgenic plants show lower abundance of reactive oxygen species and attenuated oxidative injury compared with the untransgenic plants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We cloned the promoter sequences of BnHO - 1 from B. napus.",
            "output": "B . napus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analysis revealed that the 1119 bp fragment contains a conserved Cd responsive element ( CdRE ) and others responding to multiple environmental stimuli.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Transient expression in tobacco leaves showed differential responses to heavy metals ( Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd ).",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "The rate - limiting step for CO ( 2 ) assimilation at different temperatures is influenced by the leaf nitrogen content in several C ( 3 ) crop species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Effects of nitrogen ( N ) supply on the limiting step of CO ( 2 ) assimilation rate ( A ) at 380 mumol mol ( - 1 ) CO ( 2 ) concentration ( A ( 380 ) ) at several leaf temperatures were studied in several crops, since N nutrition alters N allocation between photosynthetic components.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Contents of leaf N, ribulose 1 * 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ( Rubisco ) and cytochrome f ( cyt f ) increased with increasing N supply, but the cyt f / Rubisco ratio decreased.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Large leaf N content was linked to a high stomatal ( g ( s ) ) and mesophyll conductance ( g ( m ) ), but resulted in a lower intercellular ( C ( i ) ) and chloroplast CO ( 2 ) concentration ( C ( c ) ) because the increase in g ( s ) and g ( m ) was insufficient to compensate for change in A ( 380 ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The A - C ( c ) response was used to estimate the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation ( V ( cmax ) ) and chloroplast electron transport ( J ( max ) ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The J ( max ) / V ( cmax ) ratio decreased with reductions in leaf N content, which was consistent with the results of the cyt f / Rubisco ratio.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analysis using the C ( 3 ) photosynthesis model indicated that A ( 380 ) tended to be limited by RuBP carboxylation in plants grown at low N concentration, whereas it was limited by RuBP regeneration in plants grown at high N concentration.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conclude that the limiting step of A ( 380 ) depends on leaf N content and is mainly determined by N partitioning between Rubisco and electron transport components.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Comparative ionomics and metabolomics in extremophile and glycophytic Lotus species under salt stress challenge the metabolic pre - adaptation hypothesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The legume genus Lotus includes glycophytic forage crops and other species adapted to extreme environments, such as saline soils.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms will contribute to the discovery of new traits which may enhance the breeding efforts towards improved performance of legumes in marginal agricultural environments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here, we used a combination of ionomic and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( GC - MS ) - based metabolite profilings of complete shoots ( pooling leaves, petioles and stems ) to compare the extremophile Lotus creticus, adapted to highly saline coastal regions, and two cultivated glycophytic grassland forage species, Lotus corniculatus and Lotus tenuis.",
            "output": "Lotus creticus, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus tenuis."
        },
        {
            "input": "L. creticus exhibited better survival after exposure to long - term lethal salinity and was more efficient at excluding Cl - from the shoots than the glycophytes.",
            "output": "L . creticus."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, Na + levels were higher in the extremophile under both control and salt stress, a trait often observed in halophytes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ionomics demonstrated a differential rearrangement of shoot nutrient levels in the extremophile upon salt exposure.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Metabolite profiling showed that responses to NaCl in L. creticus shoots were globally similar to those of the glycophytes, providing little evidence for metabolic pre - adaptation to salinity.",
            "output": "L . creticus."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study is the first comparing salt acclimation responses between extremophile and non - extremophile legumes, and challenges the generalization of the metabolic salt pre - adaptation hypothesis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The rise of chronic non - communicable diseases in southeast Asia: time for action.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Southeast Asia faces an epidemic of chronic non - communicable diseases, now responsible for 60 % of deaths in the region.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The problem stems from environmental factors that promote tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and inadequate physical activity.",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "Disadvantaged populations are the hardest hit, with death rates inversely proportional to a country ' s gross national income.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Families shoulder the financial burden, but entire economies suffer as well.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although attempts to control non - communicable diseases are increasing, more needs to be done.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Health - care systems need to be redesigned to deliver chronic care that is founded on existing primary health - care facilities, but supported by good referral systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Surveillance of key modifiable risk factors is needed to monitor the magnitude of the problem and to study the effects of interventions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "All branches of government and all sectors of society have to get involved in establishing environments that are conducive to healthy living.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is in a unique position to make a united stand against chronic non - communicable diseases in the region.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inaction will affect millions of lives - often, the lives of those who have the least.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aberrant genome size and instability of Phytophthora ramorum oospore progenies.",
            "output": "Phytophthora ramorum."
        },
        {
            "input": "The functionality of the sexual cycle in the heterothallic pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of Sudden Oak Death, has recently been demonstrated.",
            "output": "Phytophthora ramorum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sexual reproduction could create genotypic variation and increase the pathogen ' s ability to adapt to other host plants or changing environments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genetic characterization using co - dominant microsatellite markers and flow cytometry of single - oospore progeny of crosses between a European A1 isolate and North American or European A2 isolates revealed a considerable number of non - Mendelian inheritance events.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This includes inheritance of more than two alleles at a locus and non - inheritance of alleles from one parent at another locus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The progenies were mitotically unstable: zoospore and hyphal tip derivatives of the progenies showed genotypic rearrangements and phenotypic variation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Flow cytometry confirmed variation and instability in DNA content of the single - oospore progenies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This indicates that single - oospore progenies not only display aberrant genomic and phenotypic variation due to meiotic irregularities, but also extra variation as a result of post - meiotic genomic rearrangements.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Independent duplications of alpha - amylase in different strains of Aspergillus oryzae.",
            "output": "Aspergillus oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aspergillus oryzae is a filamentous fungus that has arisen through the ancient domestication of Aspergillus flavus for making traditional oriental foods and beverages.",
            "output": "Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the many centuries A. oryzae has been used for fermenting the starch in rice to simple sugars, it has undergone selection for increased secretion of starch - degrading enzymes.",
            "output": "A . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "In particular, all A. oryzae strains investigated thus far have two or more copies of a gene encoding alpha - amylase, whereas A. flavus has only one.",
            "output": "A . oryzae, A . flavus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we investigate the duplications leading to these copies in three A. oryzae strains.",
            "output": "A . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "We find evidence of at least three separate duplications of alpha - amylase, an example of parallel evolution in a micro - organism under artificial selection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "At least two of these duplications appear to be associated with activity of transposable elements of the Tc1 / mariner class.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Both involve a 9. 1 kb element that terminates in inverted repeats, encodes a putative transposase and another putative protein of unknown function, and contains an unusual arrangement of four short internal imperfect repeats.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although & quot; unusual Mariners & quot; of this size have previously been identified in A. oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans, this is the first evidence we know of that at least some of them are active in modern times and that their activity can contribute to beneficial genetic changes.",
            "output": "A . oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Response of ecosystems to realistic extinction sequences.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recent research suggests that effects of species loss on the structure and functioning of ecosystems will critically depend on the order with which species go extinct.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, there are few studies of the response of natural ecosystems to realistic extinction sequences.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using an extinction scenario based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List, de Visser et al. sequentially deleted species from a topological model of the Serengeti food web.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Under this scenario, large - bodied species like top predators and mega - herbivores go extinct first.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The resulting changes in the trophic structure of the food web might affect the robustness of the ecosystem to future disturbances.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Host characteristics and environmental factors differentially drive the burden and pathogenicity of an ectoparasite: a multilevel causal analysis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Understanding the ecological factors driving the burden and pathogenicity of parasites is challenging.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Indeed, the dynamics of host - parasite interactions is driven by factors organized across nested hierarchical levels ( e. g. hosts, localities ), and indirect effects are expected owing to interactions between levels.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, we combined Bayesian multilevel models, path analyses and a model selection procedure to account for these complexities and to decipher the relative effects of host - and environment - related factors on the burden and the pathogenicity of an ectoparasite ( Tracheliastes polycolpus ) on its fish host ( Leuciscus leuciscus ).",
            "output": "Leuciscus leuciscus."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also tested the year - to - year consistency of the relationships linking these factors to the burden and the pathogenic effects of T. polycolpus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found significant relationships between the parasite burden and host - related factors: body length and age were positively related to parasite burden and heterozygous hosts displayed a higher parasite burden.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, both host - and environment - related factors were linked to pathogenic effects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pathogenicity was correlated negatively with host body length and positively with age; this illustrates that some factors ( e. g. body length ) showed inverse relationships with parasite burden and pathogenicity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Pathogenic effects were stronger in cooler upstream sites and where host density was lower.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Path analyses revealed that these relationships between environment - related factors and pathogenic effects were direct and were not indirect relationships mediated by the host characteristics.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Finally, we found that the strength and the shape of certain relationships were consistent across years, while they were clearly not for some others.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our study illustrates that considering conjointly causal relationships among factors and the hierarchical structure of host - parasite interactions is appropriate for dissecting the complex links between hosts, parasites and their common environment.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Experimental evidence for emergent facilitation: promoting the existence of an invertebrate predator by killing its prey.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recent theoretical insights have shown that predator species may help each other to persist by size - selective foraging on a shared prey.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "By feeding on a certain prey stage, a predator may induce a compensatory response in another stage of the same prey species, thereby favouring other predators; a phenomenon referred to as emergent facilitation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To test whether emergent facilitation may occur in a natural system, we performed an enclosure experiment where we mimicked fish predation by selectively removing large zooplankton and subsequently following the response of the invertebrate predator Bythotrephes longimanus.",
            "output": "Bythotrephes longimanus."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Positive responses to harvest were observed in the biomass of juvenile individuals of the dominant zooplankton Holopedium gibberum and in Bythotrephes densities.",
            "output": "Holopedium gibberum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hence, by removing large prey, we increased the biomass of small prey, i. e. stage - specific biomass overcompensation was present in the juvenile stage of Holopedium.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This favoured Bythotrephes, which preferentially feed on small Holopedium.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We argue that the stage - specific overcompensation occurred as a result of increased per capita fecundity of adult Holopedium and as a result of competitive release following harvest.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "If shown to be common, emergent facilitation may be a major mechanism behind observed predator extinctions and patterns of predator invasions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A clone - based transcriptomics approach for the identification of genes relevant for itaconic acid production in Aspergillus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Several Aspergillus species are well - known for the production of a variety of organic acids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this study, a cloned based transcriptomics approach was used to identify genes crucial in the biosynthesis pathway for one of these acids, itaconic acid.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "From a number of different Aspergillus terreus controlled batch fermentations, those cultures with the largest difference in itaconic acid titer and productivity were selected for mRNA isolation.",
            "output": "Aspergillus terreus."
        },
        {
            "input": "cDNAs derived from these mRNA samples were used for subsequent hybridization of glass slide arrays based on a collection of 5000 cDNA clones.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A selection of 13 cDNA clones resulting in the strongest ( > 10 - fold ) differential hybridization signals were identified and subsequently the inserts of these clones were sequenced.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sequence analysis revealed the presence of in total five different gene inserts among the sequenced clones.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "From one of these sequences, encoding a gene of the MmgE - PrpD family, the full length coding region was shown to encode one of the crucial itaconic acid pathway enzymes cis - aconitate decarboxylase, by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Expression of this gene in Aspergillus niger, which is a natural citric acid producer, resulted in itaconate production.",
            "output": "Aspergillus niger."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genome analysis suggests that in A. terreus the cis - aconitate decarboxylase gene is part of an itaconate acid related gene cluster including genes encoding two pathway specific transporters and a Zinc finger protein.",
            "output": "A . terreus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Interestingly, this cluster is directly linked to the large lovastatin gene cluster.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The outcome of competition between the two chrysomonads Ochromonas sp. and Poterioochromonas malhamensis depends on pH.",
            "output": "Poterioochromonas malhamensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "We investigated the effect of pH on the competition of two closely related chrysomonad species, Poterioochromonas malhamensis originating from circumneutral Lake Constance, and Ochromonas sp. isolated from a highly acidic mining lake in Austria ( pH - 2. 6 ).",
            "output": "Poterioochromonas malhamensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "We performed pairwise growth experiments between these two species at four different pH ranging from 2. 5 to 7. 0.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Heterotrophic bacteria served as food for both flagellates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Results were compared to growth rates measured earlier in single species experiments over the same pH range.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We tested the hypothesis that the acidotolerant species benefits from competitive release under conditions of acid stress.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The neutrophilic strain numerically dominated over the acidotolerant strain at pH 7. 0, but was the inferior competitor at pH 2. 5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "At pH 3. 5 and 5. 0 both strains coexisted.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Surprisingly, P. malhamensis prevailed over Ochromonas sp. under moderately acidic conditions, i. e. at the pH where growth rates of the latter peaked when grown alone.",
            "output": "P . malhamensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since bacterial food was not limiting, resource competition is improbable.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It appears more likely that P. malhamensis ingested cells of its slightly smaller competitor.",
            "output": "P . malhamensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Adverse effects mediated via allelopathy, either directly on the competing flagellate or indirectly by affecting its bacterial food, might also have affected the outcome of competition.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Differentially expressed genes in silkworm cell cultures in response to infection by Wolbachia and Cardinium endosymbionts.",
            "output": "silkworm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia and Cardinium are bacterial endosymbionts that are widely distributed amongst arthropods.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Both cause reproductive alterations, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminization.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Here we studied differentially expressed genes in Wolbachia - and Cardinium - infected Bm - aff3 silkworm cells using a silkworm microarray.",
            "output": "silkworm, silkworm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia infection did not alter gene expression or induce or suppress immune responses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, Cardinium infection induced many immune - related genes, including antimicrobial peptides, pattern recognition receptors and a serine protease.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Host immune responses differed, possibly because of the different cell wall structures of Wolbachia and Cardinium because the former lacks genes encoding lipopolysaccharide components and two racemases for peptidoglycan formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A few possibly non - immune - related genes were differentially expressed, but their involvement in host reproductive alteration was unclear.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Neuropeptide Y - like signalling and nutritionally mediated gene expression and behaviour in the honey bee.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Previous research has led to the idea that derived traits can arise through the evolution of novel roles for conserved genes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We explored whether neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) - like signalling, a conserved pathway that regulates food - related behaviour, is involved in a derived, nutritionally - related trait, the division of labour in worker honey bees.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Transcripts encoding two NPY - like peptides were expressed in separate populations of brain neurosecretory cells, consistent with endocrine functions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "NPY - related genes were upregulated in the brains of older foragers compared with younger bees performing brood care ( ' nurses ' ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A subset of these changes can be attributed to nutrition, but neuropeptide F peptide treatments did not influence sugar intake.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results contrast with recent reports of more robust associations between division of labour and the related insulin - signalling pathway and suggest that some elements of molecular pathways associated with feeding behaviour may be more evolutionarily labile than others.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer ' s disease and other neurological disorders.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) is a 299 - aminoacid protein encoded by the APOE gene.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three common polymorphisms in the APOE gene, epsilo2, epsilo3, and epsilo4, result in a single aminoacid change in the APOE protein.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "APOE epsilo2, epsilo3, and epsilo4 alleles strongly alter, in a dose - dependent manner, the likelihood of developing Alzheimer ' s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In particular, APOE epsilo4 is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer ' s disease whereas APOE epsilo2 is associated with decreased risk.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The effects of APOE genotype on risk of these diseases are likely to be mediated by differential effects of APOE on amyloid - Beta accumulation in the brain and its vasculature.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Response to treatment for Alzheimer ' s disease might differ according to APOE genotype.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because convincing evidence ties the APOE genotype to risk of Alzheimer ' s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, APOE has been studied in other neurological diseases.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "APOE epsilo4 is associated with poor outcome after traumatic brain injury and brain haemorrhage, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The possibility that APOE has a role in these and other neurological diseases has been of great interest, but convincing associations have not yet emerged.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Titrating the cost of plant toxins against predators: determining the tipping point for foraging herbivores.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Foraging herbivores must deal with plant characteristics that inhibit feeding and they must avoid being eaten.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Principally, toxins limit food intake, while predation risk alters how long animals are prepared to harvest resources.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Each of these factors strongly affects how herbivores use food patches, and both constraints can pose immediate proximate costs and long - term consequences to fitness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using a generalist mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ), our aim was to quantitatively compare the influence of plant toxin and predation risk on foraging decisions.",
            "output": "common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We performed a titration experiment by offering animals a choice between non - toxic food at a risky patch paired with food with one of five toxin concentrations at a safe patch.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This allowed us to identify the tipping point, where the cost of toxin in the safe food patch was equivalent to the perceived predation risk in the alternative patch.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "At low toxin concentration, animals ate more from the safe than the risky patch.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "As toxin concentration increased at the safe patch, intake shifted until animals ate mainly from the risky patch.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This shift was associated with behavioural changes: animals spent more time and fed longer at the risky patch, while vigilance increased at both risky and safe patches.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results demonstrate that the variation in toxin concentration, which occurs intraspecifically among plants, can critically influence the relative cost of predation risk on foraging.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We show that herbivores quantify, compare and balance these two different but proximate costs, altering their foraging patterns in the process.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This has potential ecological and evolutionary implications for the production of plant defence compounds in relation to spatial variation in predation risk to herbivores.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "What determines variation in home range size across spatiotemporal scales in a large browsing herbivore?",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Most studies of intraspecific variation in home range size have investigated only a single or a few factors and often at one specific scale.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, considering multiple spatial and temporal scales when defining a home range is important as mechanisms that affect variation in home range size may differ depending on the scale under investigation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We aim to quantify the relative effect of various individual, forage and climatic determinants of variation in home range size across multiple spatiotemporal scales in a large browsing herbivore, the moose ( Alces alces ), living at the southern limit of its distribution in Norway.",
            "output": "Alces alces."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Total home range size and core home range areas were estimated for daily to monthly scales in summer and winter using both local convex hull ( LoCoH ) and fixed kernel home range methods.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Variance in home range size was analysed using linear mixed - effects models for repeated measurements.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Reproductive status was the most influential individual - level factor explaining variance in moose home range size, with females accompanied by a calf having smaller summer ranges across all scales.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Variation in home range size was strongly correlated with spatiotemporal changes in quantity and quality of natural food resources.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Home range size decreased with increasing browse density at daily scales, but the relationship changed to positive at longer temporal scales.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, browse quality was consistently negatively correlated with home range size except at the monthly scale during winter when depletion of high - quality forage occurs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Local climate affected total home range size more than core areas.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Temperature, precipitation and snow depth influenced home range size directly at short temporal scales.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The relative effects of intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of variation in home range size differed with spatiotemporal scale, providing clear evidence that home range size is scale dependent in this large browser.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Insight into the behavioural responses of populations to climatic stochasticity and forage variability is essential in view of current and future climate change, especially for populations with thermoregulatory restrictions living at the southern limit of their distribution.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Npc1 is involved in sterol trafficking in the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum.",
            "output": "Fusarium graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ortholog of the human gene NPC1 was identified in the plant pathogenic, filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum by shared amino acid sequence, protein domain structure and cellular localization of the mature fungal protein.",
            "output": "human, Fusarium graminearum."
        },
        {
            "input": "The FusariumNpc1 gene shares 34 % amino acid sequence identity and 51 % similarity to the human gene, has similar domain structure and is constitutively expressed, although up - regulated in ungerminated macroconidia and ascospores.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "GFP - tagged Npc1p localizes to the fungal vacuolar membrane.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cultures derived from a Deltanpc1 mutant strain contain significantly more ergosterol than cultures of the wildtype.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Staining with the fluorescent, sterol binding dye filipin, shows that ergosterol accumulates in vacuoles of the Deltanpc1 mutant but not the wildtype strain.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Deltanpc1 mutant has a temperature dependent reduction in growth and greater sensitivity to the ergosterol synthesis inhibiting fungicide tebuconazole compared with the wildtype strain or the mutant complemented with wildtype Npc1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mutant also is significantly reduced in pathogenicity to wheat.",
            "output": "wheat."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results are consistent with the interpretation that Npc1p is important for normal transport of ergosterol from the vacuole and is essential for proper membrane function under particular environmental conditions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of the subclass Astomatia ( Ciliophora ) based on a sampling of six genera from West African oligochaetes ( Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae ), including description of the new genus Paraclausilocola n. gen.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To more confidently assess phylogenetic relationships among astome ciliates, we obtained small subunit ( SSU ) rRNA sequences from nine species distributed in six genera and three families: Almophrya bivacuolata, Eudrilophrya complanata, Metaracoelophrya sp.",
            "output": "Almophrya bivacuolata, Eudrilophrya complanata."
        },
        {
            "input": "1, Metaracoelophrya sp.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2, Metaracoelophrya intermedia, Metaradiophrya sp., Njinella prolifera, Paraclausilocola constricta n. gen., n. sp., and Paraclausilocola elongata n. sp.",
            "output": "Metaracoelophrya intermedia, Njinella prolifera, Paraclausilocola constricta n . gen . , n . sp ., Paraclausilocola elongata n . sp .."
        },
        {
            "input": "The two new species in the proposed new clausilocolid genus Paraclausilocola n. gen.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "are astomes with no attachment apparatus, two files of contractile vacuoles, and an arc - like anterior suture that has differentiations of thigmotactic ciliature on the anterior ends of the left kineties of the upper surface.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Phylogenetic analyses were undertaken using neighbor - joining, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The nine species of astomes formed a strongly supported clade, showing the subclass Astomatia to be monophyletic and a weakly supported sister clade to the scuticociliates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "There were two strongly supported clades within the astomes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, genera assigned to the same family were found in different clades, and genera assigned to the same order were found in both clades.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, astome taxa appear to be paraphyletic when morphology is used to assign species to genera.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Negotiating a noisy, information - rich environment in search of cryptic prey: olfactory predators need patchiness in prey cues.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Olfactory predator search processes differ fundamentally to those based on vision, particularly when odour cues are deposited rather than airborne or emanating from a point source.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "When searching for visually cryptic prey that may have moved some distance from a deposited odour cue, cue context and spatial variability are the most likely sources of information about prey location available to an olfactory predator.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We tested whether the house mouse ( Mus domesticus ), a model olfactory predator, would use cue context and spatial variability when searching for buried food items; specifically, we tested the effect of varying cue patchiness, odour strength, and cue - prey association on mouse foraging success.",
            "output": "house mouse, Mus domesticus, mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Within mouse - and predator - proof enclosures, we created grids of 100 sand - filled Petri dishes and buried peanut pieces in a set number of these patches to represent visually cryptic ' prey '.",
            "output": "mouse, peanut."
        },
        {
            "input": "By adding peanut oil to selected dishes, we varied the spatial distribution of prey odour relative to the distribution of prey patches in each grid, to reflect different levels of cue patchiness ( Experiment 1 ), odour strength ( Experiment 2 ) and cue - prey association ( Experiment 3 ).",
            "output": "peanut."
        },
        {
            "input": "We measured the overnight foraging success of individual mice ( percentage of searched patches containing prey ), as well as their foraging activity ( percentage of patches searched ), and prey survival ( percentage of unsearched prey patches ).",
            "output": "mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mouse foraging success was highest where odour cues were patchy rather than uniform ( Experiment 1 ), and where cues were tightly associated with prey location, rather than randomly or uniformly distributed ( Experiment 3 ).",
            "output": "Mouse."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, when cues at prey patches were ten times stronger than a uniformly distributed weak background odour, mice did not improve their foraging success over that experienced when cues were of uniform strength and distribution ( Experiment 2 ).",
            "output": "mice."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that spatial variability and cue context are important means by which olfactory predators can use deposited odour cues to locate visually cryptic prey.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "They also indicate that chemical crypsis can disrupt these search processes as effectively as background matching in visually based predator - prey systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Behaviour during elevated water temperatures: can physiology explain movement of juvenile Atlantic salmon to cool water?",
            "output": "Atlantic salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Temperature governs most physiological processes in animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ectotherms behaviourally thermoregulate by selecting habitats with temperatures regulating their body temperature for optimal physiological functioning.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, ectotherms can experience temperature extremes forcing the organisms to seek temperature refuge.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fish actively avoid potentially lethal temperatures by moving to cool - water sites created by inflowing tributaries and groundwater seeps.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) of different age classes exhibit different behavioural responses to elevated temperatures ( > 23 ^ 0C ).",
            "output": "Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar."
        },
        {
            "input": "Yearling ( 1 + ) and 2 - year - old ( 2 + ) Atlantic salmon often cease feeding, abandon territorial behaviour and swim continuously in aggregations in cool - water sites; whereas young - of - the - year ( 0 + ) fish continue defending territories and foraging.",
            "output": "Atlantic salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This study determined whether the behavioural shift in older individuals ( 2 + ) occurred when basal metabolic rate, driven by increasing water temperature, reached the maximum metabolic rate such that anaerobic pathways were recruited to provide energy to support vital processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Behaviour ( feeding and stress responses ), oxygen consumption, muscle lactate and glycogen, and circulating blood lactate and glucose concentrations were measured in wild 0 + and 2 + Atlantic salmon acclimated to water temperatures between 16 and 28 ^ 0C.",
            "output": "Atlantic salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Results indicate that oxygen consumption of the 2 + fish increased with temperature and reached a plateau at 24 ^ 0C, a temperature that corresponded to cessation of feeding and a significant increase in muscle and blood lactate levels.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "By contrast, oxygen consumption in 0 + fish did not reach a plateau, feeding continued and muscle lactate did not increase, even at the highest temperatures tested ( 28 ^ 0C ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To conclude, the experiment demonstrated that the 0 + and 2 + fish had different physiological responses to the elevated water temperatures.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results suggest that wild 2 + Atlantic salmon employ behavioural responses ( e. g. movement to cool - water sites ) at elevated temperatures in an effort to mitigate physiological imbalances associated with an inability to support basal metabolism through aerobic metabolic processes.",
            "output": "Atlantic salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "Food web complexity and allometric scaling relationships in stream mesocosms: implications for experimentation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mesocosms are used extensively by ecologists to gain a mechanistic understanding of ecosystems based on the often untested assumption that these systems can replicate the key attributes of natural assemblages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Previous investigations of stream mesocosm utility have explored community composition, but here for the first time, we extend the approach to consider the replicability and realism of food webs in four outdoor channels ( 4 m ( 2 ) ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The four food webs were similarly complex, consisting of diverse assemblages ( 61 - 71 taxa ) with dense feeding interactions ( directed connectance 0. 09 - 0. 11 ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mesocosm food web structural attributes were within the range reported for 82 well - characterized food webs from natural streams and rivers.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "When compared with 112 additional food webs from standing freshwater, marine, estuarine and terrestrial environments, stream food webs ( including mesocosms ) had similar characteristic path lengths, but typically lower mean food chain length and exponents for the species - link relationship.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Body size ( M ) abundance ( N ) allometric scaling coefficients for trivariate taxonomic mesocosm food webs ( - 0. 53 to - 0. 49 ) and individual size distributions ( - 0. 60 to - 0. 58 ) were consistent and similar to those from natural systems, suggesting that patterns of energy flux between mesocosm consumers and resources were realistic approximations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that stream mesocosms of this scale can support replicate food webs with a degree of biocomplexity that is comparable to ' natural ' streams.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The findings highlight the potential value of mesocosms as model systems for performing experimental manipulations to test ecological theories, at spatiotemporal scales of relevance to natural ecosystems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tuberculosis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tuberculosis results in an estimated 1 * 7 million deaths each year and the worldwide number of new cases ( more than 9 million ) is higher than at any other time in history.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "22 low - income and middle - income countries account for more than 80 % of the active cases in the world.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Due to the devastating effect of HIV on susceptibility to tuberculosis, sub - Saharan Africa has been disproportionately affected and accounts for four of every five cases of HIV - associated tuberculosis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In many regions highly endemic for tuberculosis, diagnosis continues to rely on century - old sputum microscopy; there is no vaccine with adequate effectiveness and tuberculosis treatment regimens are protracted and have a risk of toxic effects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increasing rates of drug - resistant tuberculosis in eastern Europe, Asia, and sub - Saharan Africa now threaten to undermine the gains made by worldwide tuberculosis control programmes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Moreover, our fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is inadequate.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, increased investment has allowed basic science and translational and applied research to produce new data, leading to promising progress in the development of improved tuberculosis diagnostics, biomarkers of disease activity, drugs, and vaccines.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The growing scientific momentum must be accompanied by much greater investment and political commitment to meet this huge persisting challenge to public health.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our Seminar presents current perspectives on the scale of the epidemic, the pathogen and the host response, present and emerging methods for disease control ( including diagnostics, drugs, biomarkers, and vaccines ), and the ongoing challenge of tuberculosis control in adults in the 21st century.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Characterization of an omega - class glutathione S - transferase in the stress response of the silkmoth.",
            "output": "silkmoth."
        },
        {
            "input": "The glutathione S - transferase ( GST ) superfamily is involved in detoxification of various xenobiotics.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using real - time PCR, mRNA encoding an omega - class GST of Bombyx mori ( bmGSTO ) was shown to be induced after exposure to various environmental stresses.",
            "output": "Bombyx mori."
        },
        {
            "input": "A soluble form of recombinant protein ( rbmGSTO ) was functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified to homogeneity.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Cys 38 and Pro 39 were found to be highly conserved in omega - class GSTs, and their roles were investigated by site - directed mutagenesis / kinetic analysis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mutations of Cys 38 and Pro 39 residues affected the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, indicating that the presence of Cys 38 and Pro 39 residues is important for bmGSTO activity.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thus, bmGSTO could contribute to increasing the environmental stress resistance of lepidopteran insects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Treatment advances in neonatal neuroprotection and neurointensive care.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Knowledge of the nature, prognosis, and ways to treat brain lesions in neonatal infants has increased remarkably.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Neonatal hypoxic - ischaemic encephalopathy ( HIE ) in term infants, mirrors a progressive cascade of excito - oxidative events that unfold in the brain after an asphyxial insult.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In the laboratory, this cascade can be blocked to protect brain tissue through the process of neuroprotection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, proof of a clinical effect was lacking until the publication of three positive randomised controlled trials of moderate hypothermia for term infants with HIE.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results have greatly improved treatment prospects for babies with asphyxia and altered understanding of the theory of neuroprotection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The studies show that moderate hypothermia within 6 h of asphyxia improves survival without cerebral palsy or other disability by about 40 % and reduces death or neurological disability by nearly 30 %.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The search is on to discover adjuvant treatments that can further enhance the effects of hypothermia.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Origin and evolution of the canal raphe system in diatoms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "One lineage of pennate diatoms has a slit through the siliceous cell wall, called a \" raphe, \" that functions in motility.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Raphid pennate diatoms number in the perhaps tens of thousands of species, with the diversity of raphe forms potentially matching this number.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three lineages - the Bacillariales, Rhopalodiales, and Surirellales - possess a complex and presumably highly derived raphe that is physically separated from the cell interior, most often by a set of siliceous braces.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because the relationship among these three lineages is unclear, the number of origins of the canal raphe system and the homology of it and its constitutive parts among these lineages, is equally unclear.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We reconstructed the phylogeny of raphid pennate diatoms and included, for the first time, members of all three canal raphid diatom lineages, and used the phylogeny to test specific hypotheses about the origin of the canal raphe.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The canal raphe appears to have evolved twice, once in the common ancestor of Bacillariales and once in the common ancestor of Rhopalodiales and Surirellales, which form a monophyletic group in our analyses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results recommend careful follow - up morphogenesis studies of the canal raphe in these two lineages to determine the underlying developmental basis for this remarkable case of parallel evolution.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Osteoporosis: now and the future.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by a systemic impairment of bone mass and microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "With an ageing population, the medical and socioeconomic effect of osteoporosis, particularly postmenopausal osteoporosis, will increase further.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A detailed knowledge of bone biology with molecular insights into the communication between bone - forming osteoblasts and bone - resorbing osteoclasts and the orchestrating signalling network has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Novel treatment strategies have been developed that aim to inhibit excessive bone resorption and increase bone formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The most promising novel treatments include: denosumab, a monoclonal antibody for receptor activator of NF - kappaB ligand, a key osteoclast cytokine; odanacatib, a specific inhibitor of the osteoclast protease cathepsin K; and antibodies against the proteins sclerostin and dickkopf - 1, two endogenous inhibitors of bone formation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This overview discusses these novel therapies and explains their underlying physiology.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Introduction of effective combined antiretroviral therapy has made HIV infection a chronic illness.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Substantial reductions in the number of AIDS - related deaths have been accompanied by an increase in liver - related morbidity and mortality due to co - infection with chronic hepatitis B and C viruses.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Increases in non - alcoholic fatty liver disease and drug - induced hepatotoxicity, together with development of hepatocellular carcinoma, also potentiate the burden of liver disease in individuals with HIV infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We provide an overview of the key causes, disease mechanisms of pathogenesis, and recommendations for treatment options including the evolving role of liver transplantation.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Adaptive trade - offs in juvenile salmonid metabolism associated with habitat partitioning between coho salmon and steelhead trout in coastal streams.",
            "output": "coho salmon, steelhead trout."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Adaptive trade - offs are fundamental to the evolution of diversity and the coexistence of similar taxa and occur when complimentary combinations of traits maximize efficiency of resource exploitation or survival at different points on environmental gradients.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Standard metabolic rate ( SMR ) is a key physiological trait that reflects adaptations to baseline metabolic performance, whereas active metabolism reflects adaptations to variable metabolic output associated with performance related to foraging, predator avoidance, aggressive interactions or migratory movements.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Benefits of high SMR and active metabolism may change along a resource ( productivity ) gradient, indicating that a trade - off exists among active metabolism, resting metabolism and energy intake.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We measured and compared SMR, maximal metabolic rate ( MMR ), aerobic scope ( AS ), swim performance ( UCrit ) and growth of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead and coho salmon held on high - and low - food rations in order to better understand the potential significance of variation in SMR to growth, differentiation between species, and patterns of habitat use along a productivity gradient.",
            "output": "steelhead, coho salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found that differences in SMR, MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate between steelhead trout and coho salmon were reduced in hatchery - reared fish compared with wild fish.",
            "output": "steelhead trout, coho salmon."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wild steelhead had a higher MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate than wild coho, but adaptations between species do not appear to involve differences in SMR or to trade - off increased growth rate against lower swim performance, as commonly observed for high - growth strains.",
            "output": "steelhead, coho."
        },
        {
            "input": "Instead, we hypothesize that wild steelhead may be trading off higher growth rate for lower food consumption efficiency, similar to strategies adopted by anadromous vs. resident brook trout and Atlantic salmon vs. brook trout.",
            "output": "steelhead, brook trout, Atlantic salmon, brook trout."
        },
        {
            "input": "This highlights potential differences in food consumption and digestion strategies as cryptic adaptations ecologically differentiating salmonid species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We hypothesize that divergent digestive strategies, which are common and well documented among terrestrial vertebrates, may be an important but overlooked aspect of adaptive strategies of juvenile salmonids, and fish in general.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Natal conditions alter age - specific reproduction but not survival or senescence in a long - lived bird of prey.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Natal conditions and senescence are two major factors shaping life - history traits of wild animals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, such factors have rarely been investigated together, and it remains largely unknown whether they interact to affect age - specific performance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "2.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We used 27 years of longitudinal data collected on tawny owls with estimates of prey density ( field voles ) from Kielder Forest ( UK ) to investigate how prey density at birth affects ageing patterns in reproduction and survival.",
            "output": "tawny owls."
        },
        {
            "input": "3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Natal conditions experienced by tawny owls, measured in terms of vole density, dramatically varied among cohorts and explained 87 % of the deviance in first - year apparent survival ( annual estimates ranging from 0 * 07 to 0 * 33 ).",
            "output": "tawny owls."
        },
        {
            "input": "4.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found evidence for senescence in survival for females as well as for males.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Model - averaged estimates showed that adult survival probability declined linearly with age for females from age 1.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, male survival probability, lower on average than for female, declined after a plateau at age 1 - 3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "5.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also found evidence for reproductive senescence ( number of offspring ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "For females, reproductive performance increased until age 9 then declined.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Males showed an earlier decline in reproductive performance with an onset of senescence at age 3.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "6.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Long - lasting effects of natal environmental conditions were sex specific.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Female reproductive performance was substantially related to natal conditions ( difference of 0 * 24 fledgling per breeding event between females born in the first or third quartile of vole density ), whereas male performance was not.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found no evidence for tawny owls born in years with low prey density having accelerated rates of senescence.",
            "output": "tawny owls."
        },
        {
            "input": "7.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Our results, combined with previous findings, suggest the way natal environmental conditions affect senescence varies not only across species but also within species according to gender and the demographic trait considered.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Post - splenectomy and hyposplenic states.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The spleen is crucial in regulating immune homoeostasis through its ability to link innate and adaptive immunity and in protecting against infections.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The impairment of splenic function is defined as hyposplenism, an acquired disorder caused by several haematological and immunological diseases.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The term asplenia refers to the absence of the spleen, a condition that is rarely congenital and mostly post - surgical.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although hyposplenism and asplenia might predispose individuals to thromboembolic events, in this Review we focus on infectious complications, which are the most widely recognised consequences of these states.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because of the high mortality, the fulminant course, and the refractoriness to common treatment of overwhelming infections caused by encapsulated bacteria, prevention through vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis is the basis of the management of patients who have had splenectomy or have hyposplenism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In this Review, we critically assess clinical and diagnostic aspects of splenic dysfunction and highlight new perspectives in the prevention of overwhelming post - splenectomy infections.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Priority actions for the non - communicable disease crisis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The UN High - Level Meeting on Non - Communicable Diseases ( NCDs ) in September, 2011, is an unprecedented opportunity to create a sustained global movement against premature death and preventable morbidity and disability from NCDs, mainly heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The increasing global crisis in NCDs is a barrier to development goals including poverty reduction, health equity, economic stability, and human security.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance propose five overarching priority actions for the response to the crisis - - leadership, prevention, treatment, international cooperation, and monitoring and accountability - - and the delivery of five priority interventions - - tobacco control, salt reduction, improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and technologies.",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "The priority interventions were chosen for their health effects, cost - effectiveness, low costs of implementation, and political and financial feasibility.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The most urgent and immediate priority is tobacco control.",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "We propose as a goal for 2040, a world essentially free from tobacco where less than 5 % of people use tobacco.",
            "output": "tobacco."
        },
        {
            "input": "Implementation of the priority interventions, at an estimated global commitment of about US $ 9 billion per year, will bring enormous benefits to social and economic development and to the health sector.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "If widely adopted, these interventions will achieve the global goal of reducing NCD death rates by 2 % per year, averting tens of millions of premature deaths in this decade.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Vaccination with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( PCV7 ) has significantly reduced the burden of pneumococcal disease and has had an important public health benefit.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because this vaccine targets only seven of the more than 92 pneumococcal serotypes, concerns have been raised that non - vaccine serotypes ( NVTs ) could increase in prevalence and reduce the benefits of vaccination.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Indeed, among asymptomatic carriers, the prevalence of NVTs has increased substantially, and consequently, there has been little or no net change in the bacterial carriage prevalence.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In many populations, pneumococcal disease caused by NVT has increased, but in most cases this increase has been less than the increase in NVT carriage.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We review the evidence for serotype replacement in carriage and disease, and address the surveillance biases that might affect these findings.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We then discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between near - complete replacement in carriage and partial replacement for disease, including differences in invasiveness between vaccine serotypes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We contend that the magnitude of serotype replacement in disease can be attributed, in part, to a combination of lower invasiveness of the replacing serotypes, biases in the pre - vaccine carriage data ( unmasking ), and biases in the disease surveillance systems that could underestimate the true amount of replacement.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conclude by discussing the future potential for serotype replacement in disease and the need for continuing surveillance.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Stillbirths: how can health systems deliver for mothers and babies?",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The causes of stillbirths are inseparable from the causes of maternal and neonatal deaths.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This report focuses on prevention of stillbirths by scale - up of care for mothers and babies at the health - system level, with consideration for effects and cost.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In countries with high mortality rates, emergency obstetric care has the greatest effect on maternal and neonatal deaths, and on stillbirths.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Syphilis detection and treatment is of moderate effect but of lower cost and is highly feasible.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Advanced antenatal care, including induction for post - term pregnancies, and detection and management of hypertensive disease, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes, will further reduce mortality, but at higher cost.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These interventions are best packaged and provided through linked service delivery methods tailored to suit existing health - care systems.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "If 99 % coverage is reached in 68 priority countries by 2015, up to 1 * 1 million ( 45 % ) third - trimester stillbirths, 201 000 ( 54 % ) maternal deaths, and 1 * 4 million ( 43 % ) neonatal deaths could be saved per year at an additional total cost of US $ 10 * 9 billion or $ 2 * 32 per person, which is in the range of $ 0 * 96 - 2 * 32 for other ingredients - based intervention packages with only recurrent costs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The contribution of the S - phase checkpoint genes MEC1 and SGS1 to genome stability maintenance in Candida albicans.",
            "output": "Candida albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genome rearrangements, a common feature of Candida albicans isolates, are often associated with the acquisition of antifungal drug resistance.",
            "output": "Candida albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, perturbations in the S - phase checkpoints result in the same sort of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements ( GCRs ) observed in C. albicans.",
            "output": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C . albicans."
        },
        {
            "input": "Several proteins are involved in the S. cerevisiae cell cycle checkpoints, including Mec1p, a protein kinase of the PIKK ( phosphatidyl inositol 3 - kinase - like kinase ) family and the central player in the DNA damage checkpoint.",
            "output": "S . cerevisiae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sgs1p, the ortholog of BLM, the Bloom ' s syndrome gene, is a RecQ - related DNA helicase; cells from BLM patients are characterized by an increase in genome instability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Yeast strains bearing deletions in MEC1 or SGS1 are viable ( in contrast to the inviability seen with loss of MEC1 in S. cerevisiae ) but the different deletion mutants have significantly different phenotypes.",
            "output": "Yeast, S . cerevisiae."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mec1Delta / Delta colonies have a wild - type colony morphology, while the sgs1Delta / Delta mutants are slow - growing, producing wrinkled colonies with pseudohyphal - like cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The mec1Delta / Delta mutants are only sensitive to ethylmethane sulfonate ( EMS ), methylmethane sulfonate ( MMS ), and hydroxyurea ( HU ) but the sgs1Delta / Delta mutants exhibit a high sensitivity to all DNA - damaging agents tested.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In an assay for chromosome 1 integrity, the mec1Delta / Delta mutants exhibit an increase in genome instability; no change was observed in the sgs1Delta / Delta mutants.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Finally, loss of MEC1 does not affect sensitivity to the antifungal drug fluconazole, while loss of SGS1 leads to an increased susceptibility to fluconazole.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Neither deletion elevated the level of antifungal drug resistance acquisition.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Postural deformities in Parkinson ' s disease.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Postural deformities are frequent and disabling complications of Parkinson ' s disease ( PD ) and atypical parkinsonism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These deformities include camptocormia, antecollis, Pisa syndrome, and scoliosis.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recognition of specific postural syndromes might have differential diagnostic value in patients presenting with parkinsonism.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The evidence to date suggests that postural deformities have a multifactorial pathophysiology.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Contributing factors include muscular rigidity; axial dystonia; weakness caused by myopathy; body scheme defects due to centrally impaired proprioception; and structural changes in the spine.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The relative contribution of these different factors varies between patients and across specific syndromes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying postural deformities in PD might ultimately lead us to more effective management strategies for these disabling and drug - refractory complications.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Tortricid moths reared from the invasive weed Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata, with comments on their host specificity, biology, geographic distribution, and systematics.",
            "output": "Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata."
        },
        {
            "input": "As part of efforts to identify native herbivores of Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata L.",
            "output": "Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata."
        },
        {
            "input": "( Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae ), as potential biological control agents against this invasive weed in Australia, ten species of Tortricidae ( Lepidoptera ) were reared from Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela: Amorbia concavana ( Zeller ), Platynota rostrana ( Walker ), Platynota helianthes ( Meyrick ), Platynota stultana Walsingham ( all Tortricinae: Sparganothini ), Rudenia leguminana ( Busck ), Cochylis sp.",
            "output": "Platynota stultana."
        },
        {
            "input": "( both Tortricinae: Cochylini ), Ofatulena duodecemstriata ( Walsingham ), O. luminosa Heinrich, Ofatulena sp.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "( all Olethreutinae: Grapholitini ), and Crocidosema lantana Busck ( Olethreutinae: Eucosmini ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Significant geographic range extensions are provided for O. duodecemstriata and R. leguminana.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These are the first documented records of P. aculeata as a host plant for all but O. luminosa.",
            "output": "P . aculeata."
        },
        {
            "input": "The four species of Sparganothini are polyphagous; in contrast, the two Cochylini and three Grapholitini likely are specialists on Leguminosae.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ofatulena luminosa is possibly host specific on P. aculeata.",
            "output": "P . aculeata."
        },
        {
            "input": "Host trials with Rudenia leguminana also provide some evidence of specificity, in contrast to historical rearing records.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To examine the possibility that R. leguminana is a complex of species, two data sets of molecular markers were examined: ( 1 ) a combined data set of two mitochondrial markers ( a 781 - basepair region of cytochrome c oxidase I ( COI ) and a 685 - basepair region of cytochrome c oxidase II ) and one nuclear marker ( a 531 - basepair region of the 28S domain 2 ); and ( 2 ) the 650 - basepair & quot; barcode & quot; region of COI.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analyses of both data sets strongly suggest that individuals examined in this study belong to more than one species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Evidence for the higher importance of signal size over body size in aposematic signaling in insects.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "To understand the evolution of warning coloration, it is important to distinguish between different aspects of conspicuous color patterns.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "As an example, both pattern element size and body size of prey have been shown to enhance the effectiveness of warning signals.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, it is unclear whether the effect of body size is merely a side effect of proportionally increasing pattern elements, or if there is an effect of body size per se.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These possibilities were evaluated by offering different sized artificial caterpillars with either fixed or proportionally increasing aposematic color signal elements to wild great tits, Parus major L.",
            "output": "great tits, Parus major L .."
        },
        {
            "input": "( Passeriformes: Paridae ).",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The birds ' hesitation time to attack each & quot; caterpillar & quot; was used as a measure of the warning effect.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The hesitation time showed a significant, positive size - dependence with the caterpillars whose pattern elements increased proportionally with their body size.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In contrast, no size dependence was found in the larvae with fixed - size signal elements.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Such a difference in mortality curves is consistent with the idea that pattern element size is a more important aspect than body size in enhancing a warning signal.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Since no evidence of an effect of body size per se on signal efficiency was found, this study does not support the hypothesis that aposematic insects gain more from large size than cryptic ones.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia wSinvictaA infections in natural populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta: testing for phenotypic effects.",
            "output": "wSinvictaA, fire ant, Solenopsis invicta."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that commonly infect many arthropods and some nematodes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In arthropods, these maternally transmitted bacteria often induce a variety of phenotypic effects to enhance their own spread within host populations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia phenotypic effects generally either provide benefits to infected host females ( cytoplasmic incompatibility, positive fitness effects ) or bias host sex ratio in favor of females ( male - killing, parthenogenesis, feminization ), all of which increase the relative production of infected females in host populations.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Wolbachia surveys have found infections to be exceedingly common in ants, but little is known at this juncture as to what phenotypic effects, if any, they induce in this group.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals from native populations of the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta commonly harbor one or more of three Wolbachia variants.",
            "output": "fire ant, Solenopsis invicta."
        },
        {
            "input": "One of the variants, wSinvictaA, typically occurs at low prevalence in S. invicta populations, appears to have been transmitted horizontally into S. invicta three or more times, and has been lost repeatedly from host lineages over time.",
            "output": "S . invicta, S . invicta."
        },
        {
            "input": "In order to determine the phenotypic effects and likely population dynamics of wSinvictaA infections in these ants, brood production patterns of newly mated fire ant queens were studied during simulated claustral founding and measured wSinvictaA transmission fidelity within mature single - queen families.",
            "output": "wSinvictaA, fire ant, wSinvictaA."
        },
        {
            "input": "No clear evidence was found for Wolbachia - induced cytoplasmic incompatibility, significant fitness effects, or male - killing.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Maternal transmission was perfect to both virgin queens and males.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Possible mechanisms for how this variant could be maintained in host populations are discussed.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Growth inhibition of Beauveria bassiana by bacteria isolated from the cuticular surface of the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis and the planthopper, Delphacodes kuscheli, two important vectors of maize pathogens.",
            "output": "Beauveria bassiana, corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis, Delphacodes kuscheli."
        },
        {
            "input": "The phytosanitary importance of the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis ( De Long and Wolcott ) ( Hemiptera: Cicadellidae ) and the planthopper, Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah ( Hemiptera: Delphacidae ) lies in their ability to transmit phloem - associated plant pathogens, mainly viruses and mollicutes, and to cause considerable mechanical damage to corn plants during feeding and oviposition.",
            "output": "corn."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fungi, particularly some members of the Ascomycota, are likely candidates for biocontrol agents against these insect pests, but several studies revealed their failure to invade the insect cuticle possibly because of the presence of inhibitory compounds such as phenols, quinones, and lipids and also by the antibiosis effect of the microbiota living on the cuticular surface of the host.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The present work aims to understand interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ( Balsamao - Crivelli ) Vuillemin ( Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae ) and bacterial antagonists isolated from the cuticular surface of D. maidis and D. kuscheli.",
            "output": "Beauveria bassiana, D . maidis, D . kuscheli."
        },
        {
            "input": "A total of 155 bacterial isolates were recovered from the insect ' s cuticle and tested against B. bassiana.",
            "output": "B . bassiana."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ninety - one out of 155 strains inhibited the growth of B. bassiana.",
            "output": "B . bassiana."
        },
        {
            "input": "Bacterial strains isolated from D. maidis were significantly more antagonistic against B. bassiana than those isolates from D. kuscheli.",
            "output": "D . maidis, B . bassiana, D . kuscheli."
        },
        {
            "input": "Among the most effective antagonistic strains, six isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ( Bacillales: Bacillaeae ( after B. subtilis ) ), one isolate of B. mycoides Flugge, eight isolates of B. megaterium de Bary, five isolates of B. pumilus Meyer and Gottheil, one isolate of B. licheniformis ( Weigmann ) Chester, and four isolates of B. subtilis ( Ehrenberg ) Cohn were identified.",
            "output": "Bacillus thuringiensis, B . subtilis, B . mycoides, B . megaterium, B . pumilus, B . licheniformis, B . subtilis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Mig1 is involved in mycelial formation and expression of the genes encoding extracellular enzymes in Saccharomycopsis fibuligera A11.",
            "output": "Saccharomycopsis fibuligera."
        },
        {
            "input": "The MIG1 gene of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera A11 was cloned from its genomic DNA using the degenerated primers and inverse PCR.",
            "output": "Saccharomycopsis fibuligera."
        },
        {
            "input": "The MIG1 gene ( 1152bp, accession number: HM450676 ) encoded a 384 - amino acid protein very similar to Mig1s from other fungi.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Besides their highly conserved zinc fingers, the Mig1 proteins displayed short conserved motifs of possible significance in glucose repression.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The MIG1 gene in S. fibuligera A11 was disrupted by integrating the HPT ( hygromycin B phosphotransferase ) gene into ORF ( Open Reading Frame ) of the MIG1 gene.",
            "output": "S . fibuligera."
        },
        {
            "input": "The disruptant A11 - c obtained could grow in the media containing hygromycin and 2 - deoxy - d - glucose, respectively.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "alpha - Amylase, glucoamylse, acid protease and Beta - glucosidase production by the disruptant and expression of their genes in the disruptant were greatly enhanced.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "This confirms that Mig1, the transcriptional repressor, indeed regulates expression of the genes and production of the extracellular enzymes in S. fibuligera A11.",
            "output": "S . fibuligera."
        },
        {
            "input": "At the same time, it was found that cell budding was enhanced and mycelial formation was reduced in the disruptant.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Morphological differences and molecular phylogeny of freshwater blooming species, Peridiniopsis spp.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "( Dinophyceae ) from China.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In 2008 - 2010, several freshwater dinoflagellate blooms caused by Peridiniopsis spp. were observed in China.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "P. penardii and P. niei sampled from various geographical localities were examined by means of light and scanning electron microscopy.",
            "output": "P . penardii, P . niei."
        },
        {
            "input": "After comparing morphological and molecular differences, the new freshwater variety Peridiniopsis penardii var. robusta var. nov.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "( Peridiniales, Dinophyceae ) found in Manwan Reservoir, Yunnan Province was described.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The new variety differed from P. penardii since it possessed numerous robust antapical spines and a conspicuous apical spine.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on SSU, LSU and ITS indicated P. niei, P. penardii and P. penardii var. robusta were closely related with P. kevei, and clustered into a monophyletic clade.",
            "output": "P . niei."
        },
        {
            "input": "The new variety possessed an endosymbiotic diatom which was similar to P. penardii and P. kevei, whereas the endosymbiont was not present in cells of P. niei.",
            "output": "P . niei."
        },
        {
            "input": "The endosymbiont SSU and ITS phylogenies showed that the endosymbionts of these three dinoflagellates were closely related to members of Thalassiosirales.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore it was concluded that the endosymbionts might originate from Discostella - like species.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Beta - Thymosin is upregulated by the steroid hormone 20 - hydroxyecdysone and microorganisms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Thymosins have diverse biological activities including actin - sequestering and tissue repair in vertebrates, however, there is little information about the function of thymosins in invertebrates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We isolated a Beta - thymosin gene in Helicoverpa armigera.",
            "output": "Helicoverpa armigera."
        },
        {
            "input": "It has two transcript variants, HaTHY1 and HaTHY2, encoding 19. 0 kDa and 14. 5 kDa peptides, respectively.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "HaTHY1 was mainly transcribed in the integument and midgut, while HaTHY2 was principally presented in the fat body and haemocytes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The transcript levels of HaTHY2 showed some fluctuation; there was an obvious increase at the metamorphic stage in the integument or fat body.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "HaTHY was able to be upregulated by 20 - hydroxyecdysone or by bacterial and viral challenge.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These data suggest that HaTHY is upregulated by the steroid hormone and by responses to microorganism infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The cell cycle gene MoCDC15 regulates hyphal growth, asexual development and plant infection in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.",
            "output": "rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Rice blast, caused by the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is a serious hindrance to rice production and has emerged as an important model for the characterization of molecular mechanisms relevant to pathogenic development in plants.",
            "output": "Magnaporthe oryzae, rice."
        },
        {
            "input": "Similar to other pathogenic fungi, conidiation plays a central role in initiation of M. oryzae infection and spread over a large area.",
            "output": "M . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, relatively little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that underlie conidiation in M. oryzae.",
            "output": "M . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "To better characterize these mechanisms, we identified a conidiation - defective mutant, ATMT0225B6 ( MoCDC15 ( T - DNA ) ), in which a T - DNA insertion disrupted a gene that encodes a homolog of fission yeast cdc15, and generated a second strain containing a disruption in the same allele ( DeltaMoCDC15 ( T - DNA ) ).",
            "output": "ATMT0225B6, MoCDC15 ( T - DNA ), yeast."
        },
        {
            "input": "The cdc15 gene has been shown to act as a coordinator of the cell cycle in yeast.",
            "output": "yeast."
        },
        {
            "input": "Functional analysis of the MoCDC15 ( T - DNA ) and DeltaMoCDC15 ( T - DNA ) mutants revealed that MoCDC15 is required for conidiation, preinfection development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.",
            "output": "M . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Conidia from these mutants were viable, but failed to adhere to hydrophobic surface, a crucial step required for subsequent pathogenic development.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "All phenotypic defects observed in mutants were rescued in a strain complemented with wild type MoCDC15.",
            "output": "wild type MoCDC15."
        },
        {
            "input": "Together, these data indicate that MoCDC15 functions as a coordinator of several biological processes important for pathogenic development in M. oryzae.",
            "output": "M . oryzae."
        },
        {
            "input": "Inactivation of a macronuclear intra - S - phase checkpoint in Tetrahymena thermophila with caffeine affects the integrity of the micronuclear genome.",
            "output": "Tetrahymena thermophila."
        },
        {
            "input": "Aphidicolin ( APH ), an inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha, arrested cell divisions in Tetrahymena thermophila.",
            "output": "Tetrahymena thermophila."
        },
        {
            "input": "Surprisingly, low concentrations of APH induced an increase of macronuclear DNA content and cell size in non - dividing cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In spite of the cell size increase, most proliferation of basal bodies, ciliogenesis and development of new oral primordia were prevented by the APH treatment.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The division arrest induced by APH was partly overridden by caffeine ( CAF ) treatment, which caused the fragmentation ( \" pulverization \" ) of the chromosomes in G2 micronuclei.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Somatic progeny of dividers with pulverized micronuclei ( APH + CAF strains ) contained aneuploid and amicronucleate cells.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The amicronucleate cells, after losing their oral structures and most of their cilia, and undergoing progressive disorganization of cortical structures, assumed an irregular shape ( \" crinkled \" ) and were nonviable.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "\" Crinkled \" cells were not formed after APH + CAF treatment of the amicronuclear BI3840 strain, which contains some mic - specific sequences in its macronucleus.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Most of the APH + CAF strains had a typical \" * \" - like conjugation phenotype: they did not produce pronuclei, but received them unilaterally from their mates and retained old macronuclei.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, 4 among 100 APH + CAF clones induced arrest at meiotic metaphase I in their wt mates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It is likely that the origin of such clones was enhanced by chromosome pulverization.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Analysis of the Fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat, barley and maize in South Africa provides evidence of species - specific differences in host preference.",
            "output": "Fusarium graminearum species complex, wheat, barley, maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "Species identity and trichothecene toxin potential of 560 members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex ( FGSC ) collected from diseased wheat, barley and maize in South Africa was determined using a microsphere - based multilocus genotyping assay.",
            "output": "Fusarium graminearum species complex, FGSC, wheat, barley, maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "Although three trichothecene types ( 3 - ADON, 15 - ADON and NIV ) were represented among these isolates, strains with the 15 - ADON type predominated on all three hosts.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "A significant difference, however, was identified in the composition of FGSC pathogens associated with Gibberella ear rot ( GER ) of maize as compared to Fusarium head blight ( FHB ) of wheat or barley ( P & lt; 0. 001 ).",
            "output": "FGSC, maize, wheat, barley."
        },
        {
            "input": "F. graminearum accounted for more than 85 % of the FGSC isolates associated with FHB of wheat and barley ( N = 425 ), and was also the dominant species among isolates from maize roots ( N = 35 ).",
            "output": "F . graminearum, FGSC, wheat, barley, maize."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, with the exception of a single isolate identified as an interspecific hybrid between Fusariumboothii and F. graminearum, GER of maize ( N = 100 ) was exclusively associated with F. boothii.",
            "output": "Fusariumboothii, F . graminearum, maize, F . boothii."
        },
        {
            "input": "The predominance of F. graminearum among FHB isolates, and the near exclusivity of F. boothii among GER isolates, was observed across all cultivars, collection dates, and provinces sampled.",
            "output": "F . graminearum, F . boothii."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because these results suggest a difference in host preference among species of the FGSC, we hypothesize that F. graminearum may be less well adapted to infect maize ears than other members of the FGSC.",
            "output": "FGSC, F . graminearum, maize, FGSC."
        },
        {
            "input": "Suitability of different media for in vitro cultivation of the ruminal protozoa species Entodinium caudatum, Eudiplodinium maggii, and Epidinium ecaudatum.",
            "output": "Entodinium caudatum, Eudiplodinium maggii, Epidinium ecaudatum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Three protozoal cultivation media were tested to determine the medium which best facilitated growth and viability of key B - type ciliates isolated from the sheep rumen.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Entodinium caudatum and Eudiplodinium maggii were grown anaerobically in 50 - ml flasks for 32 days in Caudatum - type ( C ), Kisidayova ( K ) or Dehority ( M ) medium.",
            "output": "Entodinium caudatum, Eudiplodinium maggii."
        },
        {
            "input": "On day 32, in media K and M, E. caudatum cell counts were high with 5. 6x10 ( 3 ) and 7. 8x10 ( 3 ) mL ( - 1 ), respectively, and the proportion of dead cells was low with 0. 6 and 1. 4 %, respectively.",
            "output": "E . caudatum."
        },
        {
            "input": "E. maggii concentrations when grown in medium M and C were 2. 7x10 ( 3 ) and 2. 4x10 ( 3 ) mL ( - 1 ), respectively, with 3. 9 and 14. 1 % dead cells.",
            "output": "E . maggii."
        },
        {
            "input": "Medium M, which favoured growth of both protozoa species, was tested again and Epidinium ecaudatum was included.",
            "output": "Epidinium ecaudatum."
        },
        {
            "input": "Protozoa were grown for a 4 - month period and samples were taken in the last two months on days 1, 7, 35 and 57.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Average cell concentrations were 10. 0, 0. 8 and 0. 5x10 ( 3 ) mL ( - 1 ) for E. caudatum, E. maggii, and E. ecaudatum, respectively.",
            "output": "E . caudatum, E . maggii, E . ecaudatum."
        },
        {
            "input": "In conclusion, medium M would appear to be the best choice for cultivating these three species in one medium.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Synganglion transcriptome and developmental global gene expression in adult females of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis ( Acari: Ixodidae ).",
            "output": "American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis."
        },
        {
            "input": "454 Pyrosequencing was used to characterize the expressed genes from the synganglion and associated neurosecretory organs of unfed and partially fed virgin and mated replete females of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis.",
            "output": "American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis."
        },
        {
            "input": "A total of 14, 881 contiguous sequences ( contigs ) was assembled, with an average size of 229 bp.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Gene ontology terms for Level 2 biological processes were assigned to 4366 contigs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Seven acetylcholinesterases, a muscarinic acetylcholine ( ACh ) receptor, two nicotinic ACh receptor Beta - subunits, two ACh unc - 18 regulators, two dopamine receptors, two gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) receptors, two GABA transporters, two norepinephrine transporters and an octopamine receptor are described.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Microarrays were conducted to examine global gene expression and quantitative real - time polymerase chain reaction was used to verify expression of selected neuropeptides.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Hierarchical clustering of all differentially expressed transcripts grouped part - fed and replete ticks as being more similar in terms of differentially expressed genes with unfed ticks as the outgroup.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nine putative neuropeptides ( allatostatin, bursicon - Beta, preprocorazonin, glycoprotein hormone alpha, insulin - like peptide, three orcokinins, preprosulphakinin ) and a gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor were differentially expressed, and their developmental expression and role in reproduction was investigated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The presence of eclosion hormone, corazonin and bursicon in the synganglion, which in insects regulate behaviour and cuticle development associated with moulting, suggest that this system may be used in ticks to regulate blood feeding, cuticle expansion and development related to female reproduction; adult ticks do not moult.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Endogenous regulation of the growth - rate responses of a spring - dwelling strain of the freshwater alga, Chlorella minutissima, to light and temperature.",
            "output": "Chlorella minutissima."
        },
        {
            "input": "The paper presents a laboratory investigation of the temperature - and light - dependence of autotrophic growth of the alga Chlorella minutissima.",
            "output": "Chlorella minutissima."
        },
        {
            "input": "It was isolated from the storage basin of a spring in the mountains of the Massif Central, France.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The alga was grown at temperatures between ( 10 and 35 ^ 0C ) and under irradiances from 30 to 550 mumol m ( - 2 ) s ( - 1 ), under a light / dark cycle.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results were fitted to selected descriptive models, seeking to express, as far as possible, the observed physiological behaviour of the strain and the minimum irradiance required to sustain net growth.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "At all temperatures, the maximum rates of growth observed are strikingly slower than those of other Chlorella strains and of other small algae, reported in the literature, even when correction is made for continuous light.",
            "output": "Chlorella strains."
        },
        {
            "input": "The Q10 statistic for growth at temperatures & gt; 20 ^ 0C rates is also noticeably lower than in other species, while the apparent threshold of any growth is about 8 ^ 0C.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Growth rates are readily light - saturated at all temperatures but with little evidence of adaptation of photosynthesis to low photon - flux rates.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "No short - term flexibility in these properties ( over a time - scale of days ) was demonstrated during the course of our experiments.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We deduce that the algal strain had become genetically adapted to the relatively constant, even - temperature and low - light conditions of the spring - water habitat whence it was originally isolated.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Characterization of the oxysterol - binding protein gene family in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.",
            "output": "yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti."
        },
        {
            "input": "The oxysterol - binding protein ( OSBP ) and OSBP - related proteins ( ORPs ) are sterol - binding proteins that may be involved in cellular sterol transportation, sterol metabolism and signal transduction pathways.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Four ORP genes were cloned from Aedes aegypti.",
            "output": "Aedes aegypti."
        },
        {
            "input": "Based on amino acid sequence homology to human proteins, they are AeOSBP, AeORP1, AeORP8 and AeORP9.",
            "output": "human."
        },
        {
            "input": "Splicing variants of AeOSBP and AeORP8 were identified.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The temporal and spatial transcription patterns of members of the AeOSBP gene family through developmental stages and the gonotrophic cycle were profiled.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "AeORP1 transcription seemed to be head tissue - specific, whereas AeOSBP and AeORP9 expression was induced by a bloodmeal.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Furthermore, over - expression of AeORPs facilitated [ ( 3 ) H ] - cholesterol uptake in Ae. aegypti cultured Aag - 2 cells.",
            "output": "Ae . aegypti."
        },
        {
            "input": "Identification and expression analysis of nervous wreck, which is preferentially expressed in the brain of the male silkworm moth, Bombyx mori.",
            "output": "silkworm moth, Bombyx mori."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sexually dimorphic neural circuits are essential for reproductive behaviour.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in the silkworm moth ( Bombyx mori ) brain, however, is unclear.",
            "output": "silkworm moth, Bombyx mori."
        },
        {
            "input": "We conducted cDNA subtraction screening and identified nervous wreck ( Bmnwk ), a synaptic growth regulatory gene, whose expression is higher in the male brain than in the female brain of the silkworm.",
            "output": "silkworm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Bmnwk was preferentially expressed in the brain at the late pupae and adult stages.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "In situ hybridization revealed that Bmnwk is highly expressed in the optic lobe of the male moth brain.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These findings suggest that Bmnwk has a role in the development and / or maintenance of the optic lobe in the male silkworm brain.",
            "output": "silkworm."
        },
        {
            "input": "Infraciliature of eight Triplumaria species ( Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida ) from Asian elephants with the description of six new species.",
            "output": "Asian elephants."
        },
        {
            "input": "Intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of Asian elephants were surveyed.",
            "output": "Asian elephants."
        },
        {
            "input": "Fourteen species in the order Entodiniomorphida were detected.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Nine Triplumaria species in the family Cycloposthiidae were found.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using the silver impregnation, two known species, T. antis and T. dvoinosi, were redescribed and six new species, T. sukuna n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., T. zuze n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., T. solea n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., T. suwako n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., T. fulgora n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., and T. harpagonis n.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "sp., were described.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "T. sukuna, T. zuze, T. solea, and T. suwako have the perivestibular polybrachykinety along the vestibular opening.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The buccal infraciliary bands of T. suwako are similar to those of T. selenica found from elephants and the buccal infraciliary bands of T. sukuna, T. zuze, and T. solea are similar to those of T. grypoclunis described from rhinoceroses.",
            "output": "T . selenica."
        },
        {
            "input": "T. antis, T. dvoinosi, T. fulgora, and T. harpagonis have the vestibular polybrachykinety extending down inside the vestibulum as found in rumen ciliates in the family Ophryoscolecidae.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The caudalial ciliary zones of T. dvoinosi and T. fulgora were retractable as found in rumen ophryoscolecids.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Raabena bella and Pseudoentodinium elephantis showed high composition values over 30 %.",
            "output": "Raabena bella."
        },
        {
            "input": "Ciliate densities in the three fecal samples were 0. 15, 1. 09, and 2. 07x10 ( 4 ) / ml.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Prolixicin: a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from Rhodnius prolixus with differential activity against bacteria and Trypanosoma cruzi.",
            "output": "Rhodnius prolixus, Trypanosoma cruzi."
        },
        {
            "input": "We identified and characterized the activity of prolixicin, a novel antimicrobial peptide ( AMP ) isolated from the hemipteran insect, Rhodnius prolixus.",
            "output": "Rhodnius prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Sequence analysis reveals one region of prolixicin that may be related to the diptericin / attacin family of AMPs.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Prolixicin is an 11 - kDa peptide containing a putative 21 amino acid signal peptide, two putative phosphorylation sites and no glycosylation sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "It is produced by both adult fat body and midgut tissues in response to bacterial infection of the haemolymph or the midgut.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Unlike most insect antibacterial peptides, the prolixicin gene does not seem to be regulated by NF - kappaB binding sites, but its promoter region contains several GATA sites.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Recombinant prolixicin has strong activity against the Gram - negative bacterium Escherichia coli and differential activity against several Gram - negative and Gram - positive bacteria.",
            "output": "Escherichia coli."
        },
        {
            "input": "No significant toxicity was demonstrated against Trypanosoma cruzi, the human parasite transmitted by R. prolixus.",
            "output": "Trypanosoma cruzi, human, R . prolixus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Development Time and Body Size in Eupolyphaga sinensis Along a Latitudinal Gradient From China.",
            "output": "Eupolyphaga sinensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The responses of organisms to temperature variations may be via short term responses of the phenotype ( phenotypic plasticity ), or they could involve long - term evolutionary change and adaptation ( via selection ) to the genotype.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "These could involve changes to the mean size of the animal or to the thermal reaction norm.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We examined the effects of various temperatures ( of 22, 25, 28, and 31 ^ 0C ) on development time, adult body size and preadult survivorship in three populations of the cockroach, Eupolyphaga sinensis ( Walker ), collected at different latitudes.",
            "output": "Eupolyphaga sinensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "We found substantial temperature - induced plasticity in development time, body size, and preadult survivorship, indicating that developmental temperatures have strong impacts on growth and life history traits of E. sinensis.",
            "output": "E . sinensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Genetic differences for development time, body size, and preadult survivorship were detected among populations, and the three traits exhibited highly significant variations in the responses of different populations to various temperature conditions, indicating genetic differences among populations in terms of thermal reaction norms.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We also found that two populations seem to support the beneficial acclimation hypothesis whereas the third mid - latitude population does not.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The results are likely because of differences in season length and voltinism, indicating that not only temperature regime but also its interactions with generation time ( and development time ), voltinism, and season length are likely to have considerable effects on insect development time and body size.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Overall, changes in development time, body size, and preadult survivorship in E. sinensis can all be regarded as adaptations to changing thermal regimes.",
            "output": "E . sinensis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Culture Independent Survey of the Microbiota of the Glassy - Winged Sharpshooter ( Homalodisca vitripennis ) Using 454 Pyrosequencing.",
            "output": "Glassy - Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The glassy - winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis ( Germar ), is an invasive pest that has spread across the southern and western United States.",
            "output": "glassy - winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis ( Germar )."
        },
        {
            "input": "H. vitripennis is highly polyphagous and voracious, feeding on at least 100 plant species and consuming up to 100 times its weight in xylem fluid daily.",
            "output": "H . vitripennis."
        },
        {
            "input": "The insect is a vector of the phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa ( Wells ), which is the causative agent of Pierce ' s disease in grapevines.",
            "output": "Xylella fastidiosa ( Wells )."
        },
        {
            "input": "To evaluate the microbial flora associated with H. vitripennis, total DNA extracts from hemolymph, alimentary canal excretions, and whole insect bodies were subjected to 16S rDNA pyrosequencing using the bTEFAP methodology and the resulting sequences ( 370 - 520 bp in length ) were compared with a curated high quality 16S database derived from GenBank http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov.",
            "output": "H . vitripennis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Species from the genera Wolbachia, Delftia ( formerly Pseudomonas ), Pectobacterium, Moraxella, Serratia, Bacillus, and many others were detected and a comprehensive picture of the microbiome associated with H. vitripennis was established.",
            "output": "H . vitripennis."
        },
        {
            "input": "Some of the bacteria identified in this report are initial discoveries; providing a breadth of knowledge to the microbial flora of this insect pest can serve as a reservoir of information for developing biological control strategies.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Infection by Mycorrhizal Fungi Increases Natural Enemy Abundance on Tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ).",
            "output": "Nicotiana rustica."
        },
        {
            "input": "The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF ) influences plant nutrient uptake, growth, and plant defensive chemistry, thereby directly influencing multi - trophic interactions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Different fungal isolates ( genotypes of the same fungal species ) have been shown to differ in nutrient uptake ability.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Plants infected with different AMF genotypes may vary in foliar nutrient or defensive chemical levels, potentially influencing multi - trophic interactions.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Using a completely randomized design, we compared the effect of two isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum W.",
            "output": "Glomus etunicatum."
        },
        {
            "input": "N.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Becker & amp; Gerdemann on silver leaf whitefly ( Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & amp; Perring ) ( Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae ) and parasitic wasp ( Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & amp; Zolnerowich ) ( Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ) abundance.",
            "output": "silver leaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, Eretmocerus eremicus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Whitefly populations were not influenced by AMF infection.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Parasite populations were higher on plants infected with the isolate collected from Georgia, even after controlling for whitefly abundance and plant architecture.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "We propose that AMF indirectly influences parasite abundance and parasitism through a change in leaf surface chemicals that affect parasitic wasps.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Because of the ubiquity of and genetic variation in AMF, multi - trophic interactions are likely to be strongly influenced by belowground processes.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ability of selected pupal parasitoids ( hymenoptera: pteromalidae ) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate.",
            "output": "stable fly."
        },
        {
            "input": "The ability of Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, and Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner to locate and attack stable fly hosts was evaluated under laboratory conditions.",
            "output": "Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia endius, Muscidifurax raptorellus, stable fly."
        },
        {
            "input": "Postfeeding third - instar stable fly larvae were released and allowed to pupate in two arena types: large 4. 8 liter chambers containing a field - collected, soiled equine bedding substrate; or 120 - ml plastic cups containing wood chips.",
            "output": "stable fly."
        },
        {
            "input": "At the time of fly pupariation, parasitoids were released and permitted 72 h to locate and attack hosts.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "On average, parasitism rates of freely accessible stable fly pupae in cups were not significantly different between parasitoid species.",
            "output": "stable fly."
        },
        {
            "input": "However, parasitism rates in chambers containing either Spalangia spp. were = 50 - fold more than M. raptorellus.",
            "output": "M . raptorellus."
        },
        {
            "input": "Additional intraspecies analysis revealed that parasitism rates both by S. cameroni and S. endius were not significantly different when pupae were freely accessible or within bedding, whereas M. raptorellus attacked significantly more pupae in cups than in the larger chambers where hosts were distributed within bedding.",
            "output": "S . cameroni, S . endius, M . raptorellus."
        },
        {
            "input": "These results suggest that Spalangia spp. are more suited to successfully locate and attack hosts in habitats created by equine husbandry in Florida.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        },
        {
            "input": "Therefore, commercially available parasitoid mixtures containing Muscidifurax spp. may be ineffective if used as a control measure at Florida equine facilities.",
            "output": "There is no related enetity."
        }
    ]
}