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Run multiple WhatsApp accounts on a single smartphone Run multiple WhatsApp accounts on a single smartphone WhatsApp is one of the most popular messenger app that also lets you share pictures, videos, music files and so on. By now, everyone of us have WhatsApp in our smartphones. I prefer WhatsApp among other messaging apps due to its simplicity and instant messaging service. Run multiple WhatsApp accounts on a single smartphone Although each and everything is quite handy in WhatsApp, but “What’s the most disturbing part that you came across?” Run multiple WhatsApp accounts on a single smartphone If you run dual SIM in your Android smartphones, you might be willing to enjoy two separate WhatsApp account for your two different telephone numbers on your smartphone. Isn’t it? However, this is where WhatsApp puts limitations on its users. WhatsApp users can not use more than one WhatsApp account on their mobile devices. However, you are probably wondering: “How do I find an excellent solution for this problem that actually works?” Today, I am introducing you Android app — OGWhatsApp — that allows users to run multiple WhatsApp accounts on a single smartphone. METHOD 1: USING OGWhatsApp OGWhatsApp is an Android app that allows you to use two separate WhatsApp accounts on your single Android device without any need to root your Android device. While running your normal WhatsApp account on your smartphone, you can follow some simple steps (below) in order to run a different WhatsApp account on the OGWhatsApp. Follow these simple steps to go: Step 1: Take a complete backup of your WhatsApp data and restore it.Step 2: Delete all the WhatsApp data by going to Settings>apps>WhatsApp>Clear Data.Step 3: Rename the /sdcard/WhatsApp directory to /sdcard/OGWhatsApp. You can use any file manager for Android to do this task, or from Windows.Step 4: Uninstall your original WhatsApp app from your Android device.Step 5: Now install OGWhatsApp in your Android smartphone.Step 6: Once installed, remember to verify your old number that was previously registered with the original WhatsApp to OGWhatsApp. That is it.Step 7: Now re-install the official WhatsApp for your other number from the play store. This is crazy: Enjoy two separate WhatsApp accounts for both telephone numbers on your single Android device without even rooting your Android device. Our Services 1>Bulk Sms Advertisement 2>Web hosting,designing and development 3>Facebook Fan Pages And Status Likes 4>Software Designing and development 5>Website Domains For any of the above mentioned sevices contact us at: (+91)89015-53414,(+91)98123-03234

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39399

Q: Why do browser vendors make their own css properties? Why do browser vendors make their own css properties, even they know these properties will not pass the w3c validation before approved and added by w3c? What is the purpose? Is for their own testing, or for web developers, or to demonstrate browser capabilities to the world and to the W3C organizations and to CSS development team of W3C? is it like a beta version of demonstration? if i use any browser specific for now can they remove that property's support from future versions.will i have to edit my css in future For example: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/CSS_Reference/Mozilla_Extensions A: Responsible browser vendors (the big ones, excluding IE), know what the web will look a few years later. I don't know where you get the "not pass" part. They only implement things the browsers will support in a few years It's about giving the tools to design the web for modern and future browsers. Yeah, we can say it's a beta. Yes and no, it's unlikely they will remove support for the extensions part. What the W3C is thinking about is the syntaxis. Let's take gradient for an example: -webkit-gradient( linear, left bottom, left top, color-stop(0.2, rgb(86,45,199)), color-stop(0.6, rgb(112,72,239)) ) -moz-linear-gradient( center bottom, rgb(86,45,199) 20%, rgb(112,72,239) 60% ) Both these codes generate the same gradient. As you can see, there's no standard procedure, the syntaxis is both confusing and different for webkit and mozilla based browsers. But let's imagine in two or three years, the implementation is done. Now you just have to add another line of code for the standard. gradient: center bottom #colorFrom opacityFrom #colorTo opacityTo; Now both engines will understand the gradient statment and if it's specified after the extension ones, this last one will be the one to interpret.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39400

The estimation of hepatic blood flow with indocyanine green: comparison between the continuous infusion and single injection methods. We compared the estimation of hepatic blood flow obtained using a continuous infusion of indocyanine green with that obtained after a single intravenous injection of indocyanine green in 35 patients with liver disease. There was no significant difference in the values of hepatic blood flow measured by these two methods, and there was a close correlation between the continuous infusion and single injection methods (r = 0.926, p less than 0.001). In a second group of nine patients with cirrhosis, we evaluated the effect of sampling from the right versus left hepatic vein on hepatic blood flow estimation. There was no significant difference between the two estimates and a good correlation was found (r = 0.878, p less than 0.001). Since values of hepatic blood flow measured after a single indocyanine green injection are similar to those measured using the more classical continuous infusion method, the single injection method may be preferable since it requires only 15 min to be performed.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39408

Q: Is it possible to create anonymous objects from abstract classes / interfaces in VB.NET? Is it also possible to create anonymous objects of interfaces and abstract classes? For example, in Scala, I can do: trait Something { val someProperty: Int } val mySomething = new Something() { override val someProperty: Int = 42 } Is this possible in VB.net, too, and if yes, how do I do this? Searching this issue did not yield any usable results, or I just did not hit the correct keywords. The only results I got were about anonymous types like this documentation page and this tutorial on MSDN. However this does not seem to work as expected when I do something like: Public MustInherit Class Something Public MustOverride ReadOnly Property SomeProperty as Integer End Class and where I want to use it: Dim mySomething As New Something With mySomething ' I expect to provide an implementation for the property here End With The compiler complains that 'New' cannot be used on a class that is declared 'MustInherit'. Is such an approach not possible in VB.net or do I do something wrong? A: No, in VB if you want a class that implements an interface or inherits from a particular base class, it's up to you to actually define such a class. You've found the closest feature already - anonymous types - but you don't get to choose their base type nor have them implement any interfaces.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39418

No comments. Chris, I'll have the summary to you shortly. Jeff

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39422

alter_onetable_stmt ::= 'ALTER' 'TABLE' table_name 'ADD' 'CONSTRAINT' constraint_name constraint_elem opt_validate_behavior | 'ALTER' 'TABLE' 'IF' 'EXISTS' table_name 'ADD' 'CONSTRAINT' constraint_name constraint_elem opt_validate_behavior

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39429

Running with iOS: Strava Run vs. RunKeeper vs. Nike+ Is Nike+ still the one to beat in the iOS running space? Ars investigates. In May of 2006, Apple teamed up with Nike to announce a running tracker for use with the iPod nano. To put this moment in perspective, Apple had just opened its now-iconic flagship Fifth Avenue store days earlier. Usain Bolt shook in his golden Puma shoes as the world was encouraged to get off its collective behind and run with the help of their music players. Apple and Nike kept the momentum in 2009 when Apple announced its iPhone 3GS with built-in Nike+ support, and again in 2010 with the Nike+ GPS app, which eliminated the need for its proprietary shoe sensor. 2012 brought NikeFuel, a proprietary point system that tracks your activity; it's like a calorie, but with more dancing cartoon characters. Nike ruled the running roost and, for a time, it was good. But with all its success, Nike’s cumbersome Web interface for Nike+ was left to languish, and its competitors caught up. Developers took advantage of the iPhone’s GPS capabilities and created a whole host of outdoor running apps, attempting to topple the king that was Nike+. Finally, in June of this year, Nike redesigned its entire Nike+ offering. Since we have a small (but growing) contingency of runners at Ars, we wanted to see how Nike's updated Nike+ Running app stacked up against some of the competition. Strava Run Strava looks fantastic. The simple Web interface is accompanied by an even lovelier mobile UI for iOS and Android devices. Nike+ has its bells and whistles that encourage the average Joe to get off their couch, but Strava's clean interface seems to be more appealing to those who already wake up at 5am and just want a no-nonsense analysis of their performance. In addition to tracking your data, it allows you to plug in your latest endeavor manually, along with the ability to track your routes via GPS. Integration with various Garmin devices is also available, should you not want you take your iPhone along for your trek. But not everything is roses: Strava’s social features are pretty shallow. While you can add friends, share runs with the requisite social networks, join clubs, and compare stats down to the section of road, there’s no way to directly challenge a buddy in a race or achieve a goal together—a much-loved feature in Nike+. Strava offers its own “Strava Challenges," which are running or cycling goals that encourage certain aspects of training such as climbing a certain number of feet or beating your personal best. Depending on your locale, however, their challenges can be impossible to complete and therefore may end up being useless to you. Strava, the student that just missed the Dean's List. Signing up for an account via Strava's signup form or Facebook was simple, and within minutes I was ready to strap on my FiveFingers and go out for a light jog. Right away, a huge disappointment that I discovered during my run was the lack of on-screen audio controls. My running headphones aren’t remote-equipped, so changing tunes was a task that severely hampered my pace. Strava offers a premium subscription plan, which adds an incredibly detailed analysis of your activities as well as filtered leaderboards based on age and weight to see how you measure up to your competition. While it isn’t for everyone, I found myself wondering if I should at least try the premium plan just to see if I would enjoy the extra data points. Strava's premium features do come at a pretty high cost for what you get, though. For $6 per month or $60 per year, Strava charges a pretty penny for its more detailed analysis of your performance. While some of the features may seem a little gimmicky ("Suffer Score"? Really?), serious statistics-oriented athletes may still relish the extra details. After my run, I felt conflicted about how to think about Strava. Nike’s app was better suited for my song-changing disposition, while Strava’s simple interface encouraged me to crunch numbers like an out-of-shape Ivan Drago. I found myself glancing at the app’s simple display of my stats throughout the day, something I’ve never done with Nike+. There were no emoticons asking me if it was chilly outside, no prominently displayed buttons asking me to share my less-than-ideal workout with others. And while I don’t think I’m ready to switch from Nike+, Strava delighted the statistician in me by showing me the raw numbers. RunKeeper RunKeeper is another longtime competitor in the fitness tracking game, using GPS and manual entry to track your running, cycling, or even cross-country skiing activities. The app seems to be the preferred alternative to Nike’s offering, boasting over 6 million users in 2011. What sets RunKeeper apart from the rest of the pack is the amount of data that it allows you to store within your profile. You can track your weight loss and fitness level as well as your sleeping habits. The ability to see multiple data points and how they relate to one another is delightful, and is no doubt useful to someone who wants to see if their habits have any correlation with one another. RunKeeper’s website is one of the more bland entrants in the design category. While Strava’s interface is decidedly minimal and Nike’s colorful, RunKeeper seems to be aiming for a unique kind of “boring” aesthetic. On the plus side, it does let you enter information manually, something Nike does not allow. The iOS and identical Android app is in a similar predicament; it’s not especially delightful to look at, but it gets the job done. The ability to change the screen orientation is a huge boon for me, as I like to take a glance at my iPhone while it's strapped to my arm. Gets the job done. But that's as much as I can say about it. RunKeeper’s running mode suffered from an oversight similar to Strava’s app: no built-in playback controls. While you could choose a playlist before you began your run, changing songs involved the same home button double-tap and swiping as it did on Strava’s app. During my run, RunKeeper surprised me with a “coach” that relayed statistics to me every few minutes in a very pleasant voice, similar to Nike’s. And unlike the rest of the apps I tested, RunKeeper's GPS tracking was more precise than the competition. It gave me a reading down to the hundredth of a mile rather than the tenth that has become the norm. Like Nike, a pace/elevation chart was also available, but what comes as a bittersweet feature is the inclusion of speed in the chart. Unfortunately, the speed overlay is the same color as the pace overlay, which is not very helpful when they’re all displayed together. What may make RunKeeper more appealing than other fitness apps is its Health Graph. Unlike Nike or Strava, RunKeeper allows a variety of fitness apps to access your account and add their own data to it using RunKeeper’s Health Graph API. With the ability to track weight loss, sleeping patterns, diet, and body measurements, RunKeeper is marketing itself as a central hub for all of your health-based activity, running included. Another fitness service, MapMyRun, offers a similar API, but RunKeeper’s Health Graph implementation seems to be significantly more popular. The integration extends beyond apps into physical products like the Withings WiFi Body Scale and FINIS SwimSense Performance Monitor, just to name a few. In looking for an app that integrates with RunKeeper's Health Graph, I stumbled upon the weightlifting-specific app Gym Hero. When asked why he decided to use RunKeeper's Health Graph, Gym Hero cofounder Jannis told me it was mostly about consolidation. “We’re a two-man gang doing this next to our day job, so creating our own graph was out of the question. We wanted to build upon the health graph because it’s a great idea (consolidating all your health related data in a place that’s open and where you can pull out your own data anytime)," he told Ars. The Health Graph, app promotion on its site, and a dedicated following make RunKeeper quite popular despite some of its downsides. It is pretty easy to see why. With a fresh coat of paint, RunKeeper could be the ideal fitness database for developers and users alike. Nike+ Running Nike’s now-redesigned experience was a much-needed change to the company's previous unusable site and buggy iOS app. First, Nike added to its iOS app GPS coordinates for your outdoor runs along with a map of your route, viewable (sometimes) on Nike’s website. No longer is the Nike+ sensor necessary to track your runs through the wild roads of suburbia. On the app's splash page, Nike prominently displays your total miles along with information pertinent to the masses like number of runs, calories burned, and the day you last ran. Any goal you have created on the website shows up at the bottom of the screen, a little reminder of a promise you once made to yourself and can still keep if you put those sneakers on. The ability to start a run almost always remains in a corner, save for when looking at a previous run. But a feature I previously took for granted in Nike+ Running was its music integration. Where I would occasionally pause a workout when attempting to change a song, the buttons now have their own section in their respective corners. Touchscreen mishaps are now a thing of the past with this new layout, and switching songs has never been easier—an oversight by almost every other running app I looked at. What's old is new, and better than before. Patrick Austin The run was pretty accurate in my experience, never missing a beat when I climbed a set of stairs or decided to do some light fartlek training. The soft voice of what I can only assume to be Siri’s more beloved sister popped up, informing me of my pace and distance. When finished, you have the option of syncing your run with Nike’s online presence. On Nike’s redesigned website, nearby routes that were plotted and named by other runners are suggested to you as well. I’m not a man who would go four miles away from his home to run another four miles, but I did see the appeal in this feature. When synced and viewed online, a visual representation of your pace as it relates to your elevation is shown underneath your GPS route. After I synced my most recent run, the shockingly abrupt and flashy appearance of Fuelee, Nike+’s mascot, alerted me to an achievement of sorts: my fastest 5K. (I closed his little window, silently hoping that I would see him do yet another jig the next time I logged in for some other unforeseen accomplishment.) The price to be a part of Nike’s + community has steadily decreased since its inception, no doubt due to free alternatives that may lure prospective buyers away. With somewhat pricey options like the Nike FuelBand, SportWatch GPS, and SportBand, the purchase of an iOS or Android device is enough to get you in the club. And although each runner has his or her own preferences when it comes to apps, the Nike+ Running app is still top dog in my book. Its appealing interface, both mobile and stationary, makes it easy to learn and use. And its use of NikeFuel, while forgettable, is just interesting enough to keep me running a little longer. I’m coming for you, Usain. I guess I stick with Runkeeper (on Android) because at the end of my runs all I need is how far, how fast, and about how many calories. So I guess anything would work with me. Although Runkeeper will do cycling too, which is nice. I only tried nike+ ios app for 1 day or not, then I deleted it. It's pretty silly that it stops recording when the screen is turned off! I wonder why Ars does not mention this. I think Micoach is a better alternative. I've tried RunKeeper, Nike+, XTrail, iSmoothRun and Kinetic GPS for (all for iOS). I keep coming back to Kinetic GPS. Nice UI, Audio controls, good assortment of options for my runs. Hadn't heard of Strava Run until this post. Will take a look at that as well. IMHO it's the best because it gives you a Workout-Plan creates speed zones and monitors your speed after it. The best for real training. Nike+ is kind of nice because it's social but it doesn't give you those fundamental features... I guess I stick with Runkeeper (on Android) because at the end of my runs all I need is how far, how fast, and about how many calories. So I guess anything would work with me. Although Runkeeper will do cycling too, which is nice. I strongly suggest runners and cyclists Check out Runmeter, not mentioned here, as well as sensor firm Wahoo Fitness. I use the Runmeter app and the wahoo Bluetooth HR monitor, and found this head and shoulders the best running app. Also, as much as its integrated to social, you don't need a web account if you would prefer to dump your run data and maps straight into iCal like I do Endomondo is the way to go. I use the iOS app and love it. It tracks a huge range of activities (cycling included) and seems spot-on with distance, speed, etc. The additional features of mapping, graphs with speed/vertical distance, and the ghost races are all really nice. Definitely meets my needs. How do these on phone apps comapre to the gps watches (garmin, mike +, and motoactv)? Compare isn't quite right (although Garmin does have a really strong website now for working out http:\\connect.garmin.com ) they really should be accessed by how well they work together. Again, another plus for Runkeeper is its ability to connect to my Garmin watch and download the run directly into my profile. I doubt the Nike site does, but ARS should have looked at this for RK and SR. Like some of the other RK users - I don't care about a fancy/flashy app on my phone. Heck since I bought my Garmin 410 a couple of months ago, I haven't even touched the app (don't need it). What I care about is the quality of the website and the tools it has for reporting and reviewing workouts. For this, Runkeeper blows them all away! I really like the interface of Nike+, but there are two things keeping me from fully adopting it. First, is that you can't edit your runs or enter them manually. I want to be able to track everything, even if I don't have my phone with me. Second, there is no way to program intervals. I want to program in intervals (e.g. 400m repeats), but I only have the option of running for a set distance or a set time. I plan to stick with runkeeper for now. Although the ability to switch songs mid-run would be great, there is just no chance that I will use the touchscreen to do so. I don't even glace at my watch (which I wear out of habit more than anything else) while running. I've toyed with the idea of looking for headphones with forward/back controls but I doubt I'd really end up using them because it would still take me off my pacing -- plus, I like my running headphones cheap and relatively disposable as they will be abused Runkeeper's voice telling me my total time and per-mile pace every mile is awesome and there are other notification options but those are the ones I care about mid-run. I paid for the app a few years ago to get this feature and it was worth it (even though it is free now). Saves me from having to look at my watch while running. None of the social features interest me much. For those that might care, Runkeeper is integrated with Fitocracy, though. With my iPhone 3GS, Runkeeper's GPS tracking in Central Park was ... frustrating at first as it would regularly under-count my mileage by almost 10% but also occasionally screw up completely. But, I think my last 100 runs there were accurately tracked and my new Android has had no issues at all. As a wish-list feature, I think voice-turn-by-turn directions would be great for those times I am running somewhere new; like visiting my parents in Oregon, for instance. Otherwise, I think it would be hard for me to give up Runkeeper for its accuracy, its three-plus years of my running history, and its audio mileage updates. On Nike+:What I find really frustrating is that the app that comes bundled with the shoe sensor is not the same as the the GPS app. I would think that after having paid $20 for the shoe sensor, I'd at least be entitled to the the suite of applications, but that isn't true. That said, the app that comes with the shoe sensor is horrendously inaccurate (even after several calibrations for runs and walks). I went ahead and paid the additional $1.99 for the Nike+ GPS app, and have been happy so far, but I still find that it's not as accurate as I'd like it to be (Running on iPhone 4). I only tried nike+ ios app for 1 day or not, then I deleted it. It's pretty silly that it stops recording when the screen is turned off! I wonder why Ars does not mention this. I think Micoach is a better alternative. AFAIK, that's not the case anymore. Background recording works (I don't own an iOS device so I can't confirm, but I do know people that have it installed and that's what they say). If you're using RunKeeper on Android, just use a music player (PowerAMP/Spotify?) that has lockscreen controls. Then you don't have to dig through anything to change tracks. Just turn on the screen and hit the button. I've been using RunKeeper since last spring and have issues with GPS reception and the ability to edit runs. I run in a wooded area that is sunken between two highways in a populated area, and one of those is a major interstate. The GPS gets flakey if the iPhone 3GS I am using is put in my pocket, and can suddenly place me a mile away and then back. The usual 3.3 mile run can easily become 5 with a few momentary glitches. Once when a couple police cruisers entered the trail for a medical emergency, and passed close to me on the narrow trail, my mileage count quickly jumped up to 12. Sudden jumps such as these ought to be filtered out since it impossible to run or even drive that fast in many cases. The app also knows the path typically run, so jumping off and then back on the path at impossible speeds should trigger some correction. The speed bar graph shows me running faster than a min/mile at these times. Aside from auto correction, without a way to edit these errors manually, the workout data is ruined and damages the overall stats unless the entire session is deleted. This happens too often for me and I'd like the ability to select the impossibly high bars on the speed graph and "cancel" them, smoothing out that area using data from surrounding bars. A more intuitive approach incorporating the map is probably needed though. A pedometer option like Nike+ offers probably helps the app understand when false jumps in the GPS coords occur without user intervention. With GPS data I imagine the app has an idea of the average stride length to make the pedometer more accurate when GPS becomes spotty. One other issue is I forget to turn RunKeeper off when I get back to my car and end up running at 50+ mph for a couple minutes. I end up having to delete the entire run. If I could manually erase the end of a run, maybe with a slider of some sort, it would help. If the app could detect driving and set cut point on the slider automatically, even better. Nike did two things that are really nice with the new Nike+ design. First, they eliminated the need to swap between multiple websites to review run data, fuel band data, etc. It is now all laid out nicely on one page. Second, they got rid of the ridiculous requirement for flash to be installed just to view the site. I don't have flash installed, so I used to just rely on my phone for everything. Now I can log into the website and view stats from my computer without a problem. I really like the new design. Any suggestions for the best running app for head to head challenges and encouragement with a buddy across the state? We both run with iPhones for music, but use other devices for speed, distance, etc (a Polar RX800 and Timex GPS, respectively). I would prefer to not use Facebook, but will if I have no choice. Instant notifications of runs and and real time encouragement would be a huge plus. I might even get out of bed and run if I know my buddy just started his run? If you're using RunKeeper on Android, just use a music player (PowerAMP/Spotify?) that has lockscreen controls. Then you don't have to dig through anything to change tracks. Just turn on the screen and hit the button. I use the Headset Button Controller app to start, stop, fast forward and rewind tracks through my headphones. It works really well and is pretty customizable. Unless you're looking for a specific track, you don't have to look at the screen at all. I like SportsTracker Pro on Android for run tracking. It gives lots of data, splits, altitude, etc. and is very accurate for mileage. It also gives voice feedback at intervals you set. There are some enhancements I'd love to see for it (let me set a goal and count backwards from it, for example), but all in all it's a good, well-designed app. It's been a while since I compared the various apps but when I looked a year or two ago it was the only app that did interval/speed training well. It was easy to set up a run with various speeds on the web, and when you are running it notifies you by voice when you need to start going faster/slower. It also gives you a visual cue if you are above/below or in your desired zone. have the other apps caught up in this regard? When I looked before the Nike app could not do speed variations at all, nor could run keeper (but I think runkeeper has added something similar since I last used it?) Thumbs down to all the subscription based services. As mi coach and some of the others mentioned here are free to use I'm not sure why anyone in their right mind would pay monthly for such a service. TLDR: mi couch rocks because it tells you what to do verus just telling you what you did. I've been using RunKeeper since last spring and have issues with GPS reception and the ability to edit runs. [...snip...] Aside from auto correction, without a way to edit these errors manually, the workout data is ruined and damages the overall stats unless the entire session is deleted. This happens too often for me and I'd like the ability to select the impossibly high bars on the speed graph and "cancel" them, smoothing out that area using data from surrounding bars. A more intuitive approach incorporating the map is probably needed though. You can edit the run data on the RunKeeper web site. I've had to do it once, where an erroneous starting point gave me a better than four minute mile. I strongly suggest runners and cyclists Check out Runmeter, not mentioned here, as well as sensor firm Wahoo Fitness. I use the Runmeter app and the wahoo Bluetooth HR monitor, and found this head and shoulders the best running app. Also, as much as its integrated to social, you don't need a web account if you would prefer to dump your run data and maps straight into iCal like I do Check out Runmeter reviews and ratings I have tried Nike+ MotionX and RunKeeper but I still end up on Runmeter. Compare isn't quite right (although Garmin does have a really strong website now for working out http:\\connect.garmin.com ) they really should be accessed by how well they work together. Again, another plus for Runkeeper is its ability to connect to my Garmin watch and download the run directly into my profile. I doubt the Nike site does, but ARS should have looked at this for RK and SR. Like some of the other RK users - I don't care about a fancy/flashy app on my phone. Heck since I bought my Garmin 410 a couple of months ago, I haven't even touched the app (don't need it). What I care about is the quality of the website and the tools it has for reporting and reviewing workouts. For this, Runkeeper blows them all away! +1 I absolutely hated the GPS for real time tracking on both my iPhone 3G and my Nexus S. Bought a Garmin 310xt and that solved that. From what I've experienced, the tracking from a dedicated watch/gps unit far exceeds that of a GPS enabled smartphone. I liked RunKeeper for awhile until I started doing multisport workouts. For some reason, RK cannot properly evaluate the workout on a multisport activity from the Garmin. About 90% of my workouts do not import correctly (either by importing the TCX manually or using the Garmin plugin - the last "lap" of each workout gets cut off). The tool is useless if I can't accurately get data into it. To be fair, it's been a couple of months since I bothered to try because I stopped using it, they may have fixed it. They wouldn't even acknowledge the issue when I reported it though... Now I just use the Garmin Connect website. Reports aren't as detailed as RK's, but the data is accurate and I like the auto upload of the data from my watch as soon as it gets into bluetooth range of my computer. Before committing to just using GC, Endomondo was my next choice and seems to be the site where a lot of RKs abandoning users migrate to. I also should add, I'm a triathlete and swims are a regular part of my workouts with my Garmin. No smartphone app can currently meet those needs so feel free to completely disregard everything I've said. Any suggestions for the best running app for head to head challenges and encouragement with a buddy across the state? We both run with iPhones for music, but use other devices for speed, distance, etc (a Polar RX800 and Timex GPS, respectively). I would prefer to not use Facebook, but will if I have no choice. Instant notifications of runs and and real time encouragement would be a huge plus. I might even get out of bed and run if I know my buddy just started his run? Try endomondo, you can compete on a route, and can see when your Endo friends are out running/biking/whatever. I've tried Nike+ (admittedly a couple of years ago) and for whatever reason it wasn't as accurate as my wrist-mounted Garmin 205. I had them both on at the same time and went for multiple runs of 1 mile to compare accuracy. Although it was nice that Nike+ thought I went 1.2 miles in 9 minutes instead of 1 mile in 9 minutes--I knew I had lined up a 1 mile course by using my car odometer, and the Garmin was more accurate. Maybe the iOS apps have improved recently, but I prefer the $100 Garmin + $100 iPod Nano strapped to me over a phone that will cost me $600 to get replaced when I get stuck in a rainstorm or drop the thing. I think there is still an argument to be made for a single use gadget that does its job really well. A phone may very well do everything equally well in the future, but I don't believe it's there, yet. Compare isn't quite right (although Garmin does have a really strong website now for working out http:\\connect.garmin.com ) they really should be accessed by how well they work together. Again, another plus for Runkeeper is its ability to connect to my Garmin watch and download the run directly into my profile. I doubt the Nike site does, but ARS should have looked at this for RK and SR. Like some of the other RK users - I don't care about a fancy/flashy app on my phone. Heck since I bought my Garmin 410 a couple of months ago, I haven't even touched the app (don't need it). What I care about is the quality of the website and the tools it has for reporting and reviewing workouts. For this, Runkeeper blows them all away! +1 I absolutely hated the GPS for real time tracking on both my iPhone 3G and my Nexus S. Bought a Garmin 310xt and that solved that. From what I've experienced, the tracking from a dedicated watch/gps unit far exceeds that of a GPS enabled smartphone. I liked RunKeeper for awhile until I started doing multisport workouts. For some reason, RK cannot properly evaluate the workout on a multisport activity from the Garmin. About 90% of my workouts do not import correctly (either by importing the TCX manually or using the Garmin plugin - the last "lap" of each workout gets cut off). The tool is useless if I can't accurately get data into it. To be fair, it's been a couple of months since I bothered to try because I stopped using it, they may have fixed it. They wouldn't even acknowledge the issue when I reported it though... Now I just use the Garmin Connect website. Reports aren't as detailed as RK's, but the data is accurate and I like the auto upload of the data from my watch as soon as it gets into bluetooth range of my computer. Before committing to just using GC, Endomondo was my next choice and seems to be the site where a lot of RKs abandoning users migrate to. I also should add, I'm a triathlete and swims are a regular part of my workouts with my Garmin. No smartphone app can currently meet those needs so feel free to completely disregard everything I've said. Got a garmin 910xt for my bday, and haven't looked back. Used runkeeper regularly before, but a dedicated unit is so much better, though I admit I don't listen to tunes while I exercise. (Partially a safety issue, but mostly I just don't like to.) Auto uploads, automultisport, and waterproof construction really make a dedicated unit like the garmin just so much better. Also, if you're running without a heart rate monitor, you're missing out on a lot of important fitness data, and more accurate calorie burn info. It's really helped me, especially on the bike, to know when I'm goofing off too much. And I'm with the earlier post, can't recommend www.dcrainmaker.com enough. That guy's reviews are ridiculous.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39430

Do asthma patients with panic disorder really have worse asthma? A comparison of physiological and psychological responses to a methacholine challenge. Panic disorder (PD) has been linked to worse asthma outcomes. Some suggest that asthmatics with PD have worse underlying asthma; others argue that worse outcomes are a result of their tendency to over-report symptoms. This study aimed to measure physiological and psychological responses to a simulated asthma attack (methacholine challenge test: MCT) in asthmatics with and without PD. Asthmatics with (n = 19) and without (n = 20) PD were recruited to undergo a MCT. Patients completed subjective symptom questionnaires (Panic Symptom Scale, Borg Scale) before and after a MCT. Physiological measures including heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) were also recorded. Analyses, adjusting for age and sex, revealed no difference in methacholine concentration required to induce a 20% drop in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: F = 0.21, p = .652). However, PD patients reported worse subjective symptoms, including greater ratings of dyspnea (F = 8.81, p = .006) and anxiety (F = 9.44, p = .004), although they exhibited lower levels of physiological arousal (i.e., HR, SBP/DBP). An interaction effect also indicated that PD, relative to non-PD, patients reported more panic symptoms post-MCT (F = 5.05, p = .031). Asthmatics with PD report higher levels of subjective distress, despite exhibiting lower levels of physiological arousal, with no evidence of greater airway responsiveness. Results suggest that worse outcomes in PD patients may be more likely due to a catastrophization of bodily symptoms, rather than worse underlying asthma. Interventions designed to educate patients on how to distinguish and manage anxiety in the context of asthma are needed.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39434

{#Fa} Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) recognizes that public health and clinical interventions are often collaborative, multifaceted, multicomponent, and multisite with diverse participants, stakeholders, and partnerships ([@R1]). As such, evaluation of these efforts cannot rely solely on linear approaches to assess the complex mix of individual, familial, organizational, economic, environmental, and other contextual factors that contribute to the success of interventions. In light of that complexity, it is critically important that researchers, evaluators, and program implementers not focus solely on program outcomes but also spend time to rigorously examine and describe how the program's components produced the reported outcome ([@R2]). It is important that they faithfully execute the implementation plan, success being contingent on the "degree to which a program is delivered as originally designed" ([@R3]) with consideration to local context to improve adoptability and sustainability ([@R2]). In early 2018, PCD addressed these important considerations by introducing Implementation Evaluation, a new article type that provides the journal's readers (program planners, policy makers, evaluators, researchers, and diverse stakeholders) with information on how to refine evaluation methods, make health system improvements, strengthen collaborations and partnerships, build organizational infrastructure, measure return on investments, and enhance data collection approaches ([www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_authors/types_of_articles.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_authors/types_of_articles.htm)). Implementation Evaluation articles provide insights into factors that affect the ability of public health practice to successfully package and disseminate effective interventions implemented and evaluated in real-world settings. PCD's interest in this area extends to research that examines which factors positively or negatively impact the diffusion of proven interventions and the degree of integrity needed to generate success. Specific program elements such as "adherence to intervention, exposure, or dose, quality of delivery, participant responsiveness and program differentiation" are all factors associated with implementation fidelity ([@R4]). Implementation Evaluation articles published by PCD offer readers timely research that examines in comprehensive ways how evidence-based interventions are implemented in comparable real-world settings. PCD was fortunate in its inaugural year of introducing this new article type to receive many outstanding submissions. The journal is excited to present this collection of 5 articles that highlight research findings from implementation evaluation efforts that address a variety of topics: 1. a call to action for public health professionals to advance dissemination and implementation science; 2. use of an alcohol surveillance system to assess quality, usefulness, and timeliness of data; 3. the application of a pragmatic framework to guide health care systems in assessing implementation and impact of an evidence-based physical activity program; 4. an assessment of the effectiveness and cost benefit of a program for weight loss and diabetes prevention in a rural setting; and 5. an evaluation of activities to reduce the intake of sodium in community settings. As part of its effort to provide more research on topics related to implementation evaluation, PCD has recruited associate editors and editorial board members with considerable experience and expertise in implementation dissemination, implementation science, and implementation evaluation. The evolution of work occurring in these areas has expanded over the past 25 years, with the fundamental goal of better identifying program components in public health that contribute to achieving success in population health outcomes. A major component of this goal is to find cost-effective ways to disseminate effective interventions in alignment with local context and real-world settings. An essay from authors Estabrooks, Brownson, and Pronk of our editorial board and associate editor teams provides an overview of dissemination and implementation science, including a review of frameworks, models, theories, concepts, and principles over the past 25 years ([@R5]). These authors discuss the importance of developing individual and team-based skills and abilities among public health professionals that increase adoption and scalability of evidence-based interventions. Public health surveillance systems are an important aspect of implementation evaluation in collecting and analyzing timely data and disseminating findings that guide public health response to pressing public health issues ([@R5]). Public health surveillance systems, when developed in with input from stakeholders, can be implemented and sustained on an ongoing basis ([@R6]). Hagemery and colleagues conducted an assessment of the alcohol surveillance system to assess quality usefulness and timeliness of data ([@R7]). Researchers completed this assessment through data collection, systematic literature searches, and an interview with the New Mexico Department of Health's alcohol epidemiologist. Authors assessed that the alcohol surveillance system in New Mexico was a useful, stable, and acceptable system capable of monitoring trends and identifying interventions to reduce the prevalence of alcohol-attributable morbidity and mortality in New Mexico ([@R7]). Authors discuss how findings from the assessment were used to enhance the state's alcohol-related surveillance efforts. The evaluation process used by researchers may be useful to others interested in assessing strengths and areas for improvement regarding alcohol-related surveillance at the state level. In addition to public health surveillance systems, other systems-based approaches must strike a balance between rigor and relevance in considering ways to evaluate the adoption, scalability, and sustainability of interventions ([@R8]). Hence, implementation science research, evaluation, and practice should use tailored evaluation designs that carefully align with the components of the intervention ([@R9]). Stoutenberg and coauthors applied the RE-AIM framework, an approach to planning and evaluating factors related to internal and external validity, to guide health care systems in assessing the implementation and impact of the Exercise is Medicine (EIM) program ([@R10]). EIM is an initiative that integrates physical activity assessment, prescription, and patient referrals as a standard of care ([@R10]). Authors provide recommendations and insights into ways the EIM in health systems can be effectively implemented and evaluated. Economic evaluations are another aspect of implementation evaluation that is becoming increasingly helpful in informing decision-making to operationalize and sustain implementation strategies and best practices ([@R11]). Economic evaluations are critical to public health professionals, health care organizations, and funders interested in deciding how to maximize use of limited fiscal and human resources ([@R11]). McKnight and associates assessed the effectiveness and cost benefit of replicating a 12-week wellness program targeting adults in 4 rural locations ([@R12]). Researchers reported information on participation, completion, and changes in several health outcomes and discussed how a combination of factors influenced researchers' ability to achieve results similar to those derived in the original wellness program. Finally, the collection includes research on reducing intake of sodium in community settings, which has remained a national public health issue ([@R13]). This public health goal is particularly important given that diets high in salt are linked to high blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for stroke among adults ([@R14]). Community-based salt reduction programs may be effective in a range of settings, but more robust evaluation methods are needed. Scaling up these efforts in coordination with national initiatives could provide the most effective and sustainable approach to reducing population salt intake ([@R15],[@R16]). In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP) to help increase consumers' options for lower-sodium foods and create healthier food environments in communities ([@R17]). CDC's SRCP funded and provided technical assistance to 8 recipients to increase the availability and purchase of lower-sodium food options by implementing 1) food service guidelines and nutrition standards, 2) procurement practices, 3) meal and/or menu modifications, and 4) environmental strategies and behavioral economics approaches to increase consumers' options of lower-sodium foods ([@R17]). Long and coauthors present findings generated from baseline and 1-year follow-up from the SRCP implemented in Arkansas ([@R18]). Researchers describe how program staff worked closely with personnel in a school district and in a community meal program to implement intervention activities to reduce dietary sodium among the food options available and served. Researchers reported that mean sodium content of meals was reduced among participants in both the schools and the community meal program. This collection of articles from PCD's first year of Implementation Evaluation articles represents an exciting new area of focus for the journal. PCD will continue to identify and publish cutting-edge implementation evaluation research that helps all populations benefit from the dissemination of new and proven discoveries. Toward that end, the journal seeks to gain a deeper understanding of how factors like staffing capacity, economics, leadership support, and intervention fidelity influence scaling up and sustaining proven, culturally appropriate, and setting-relevant interventions. PCD is also committed to publishing articles that use implementation evaluation findings to identify circumstances under which intervention activities should be reduced or discontinued because of factors such as premature adoption (implementing intervention activities before or without having proven evidence of effectiveness), harmful effects, or wasteful use of fiscal or human resources ([@R19]). PCD encourages authors to visit the Author's Corner section of the journal's website at [www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_authors/index.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_authors/index.htm) to learn more about requirements for submitting an Implementation Evaluation manuscript for consideration. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors\' affiliated institutions. *Suggested citation for this article:* Jack L Jr. Promoting the Science and Practice of Implementation Evaluation in Public Health. Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:180645. DOI: <https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.180645>.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39450

687 So.2d 207 (1996) Grady DOLLAR v. STATE. CR-94-1853. Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama. January 19, 1996. Rehearing Denied March 8, 1996. Mark Dutton, Moulton, for Appellant. Jeff Sessions, Atty. Gen., and Gregory O. Griffin, Sr., Asst. Atty. Gen., for Appellee. PATTERSON, Judge. Grady Dollar appeals from the trial court's restitution order, which was entered pursuant to his convictions for arson in the second *208 and third degree. Dollar pled guilty, and was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment for his conviction for second degree arson and to 12 months in jail for his conviction for third degree arson, the two sentences to be served concurrently. Dollar was also ordered to pay $50 to the victims' compensation fund, and restitution, if any was claimed. Subsequent to a restitution hearing, Dollar was ordered to pay the victim $23,403.00. The restitution order was later amended to order Dollar to pay additional restitution, in the amount of $25,403.00, to American Bankers Insurance Company. Dollar raises three issues on appeal. I. Dollar contends that the trial court erred by ordering him to pay restitution. He argues that his plea agreement was conditioned on restitution being paid only if the state submitted a restitution claim within 30 days of the entry of Dollar's plea. The record does not support Dollar's interpretation of these facts. The record contains neither the plea agreement itself nor a transcript of the hearing at which he entered his plea. He relies on the judgment entry, reflected in the case action summary, in order to prove the alleged terms of the alleged plea agreement. In fact, the case action summary shows only that Dollar entered a guilty plea and that he was subsequently sentenced. It does not show that he relied upon any promise or agreement by the state. In fact, the case action summary does not show that the state promised or agreed to anything in exchange for the plea. This court cannot predicate error on a silent record. Walters v. State, 585 So.2d 206 (Ala.Cr.App.1991). II. Dollar contends that the trial court's restitution order is defective, because, he argues, it fails to state the factual basis upon which the trial court relied in setting the restitution. The record shows that Dollar has not presented this issue to the trial court in any form at any time. Therefore, this issue is not preserved for appellate review. See Edams v. State, 501 So.2d 574 (Ala.Cr. App.1986); and Stork v. State, 475 So.2d 622 (Ala.Cr.App.1984), reversed on other grounds, 475 So.2d 623 (Ala.1985). III. Dollar contends that the trial court erred by amending the restitution order, because, he contends, the trial court no longer had jurisdiction over the matter. The original restitution order was issued on May 18, 1995. The order was amended on June 27, 1995. In Rose v. State, 598 So.2d 1040 (Ala.Cr. App.1992), we observed in a footnote: "In Pickron v. State, 475 So.2d 599 (Ala. 1985), the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed this Court's holding in Pickron v. State, 475 So.2d 593 (Ala.Cr.App.1984), that a motion to amend or correct a sentence, another post-trial motion, falls within the coverage of Rule 13 (now Rule 24, A.R.Crim.P.), even though such a motion is not within the specific language of the rule." Id., at 1044, n. 2. Rule 24.2(b), Ala.R.Crim. P., provides as follows: "A motion in arrest of judgment shall be filed within thirty (30) days after sentence is pronounced. The court may act on its own motion in arresting judgment only during the period in which a motion to arrest would be timely." In this case, the trial court, on it's own motion, amended the restitution order more than 30 days after the pronouncement of the final judgment. Based upon Pickron and Rule 24.2, we find that the trial court no longer had jurisdiction over the matter when it amended the restitution order. Therefore, we reverse the trial court's judgment with respect to the amended restitution order only. We remand this cause to the trial court with instructions that it vacate the amendment to the restitution order, and restore the restitution order as it stood before the amendment. REVERSED AND REMANDED. All Judges concur.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39452

And one of my favourites that I failed to mention....Contact: And my favourite quote from that movie''........ Ellie Arroway to a small group of children................... "I'll tell you one thing about the universe, though. The universe is a pretty big place. It's bigger than anything anyone has ever dreamed of before. So if it's just us... seems like an awful waste of space. Right"? Lucas et al merely recreated atmospheric combat in a supposedly weightless environment, yet failed to grasp/understand how things actually move in such an environment. It looks good, of that there is no doubt, and almost certainly reflects the perception that every 7 year old has of what it might be like. But realistic? Ha ha. Nice one! Made me smile! What works in Sci-Fi you find the most important for the development of the genre, including movies, books (both fiction and non-fiction), theories, etc.? Click to expand... War of the Worlds, of course. Rossum's Universal Robots. Not many books out there that have actually created new words. And also the first serious look at artificial life. The Machine Stops. Predicted the societal problems caused by the Internet. In 1909. Brave New World. A Martian Odyssey. First decent attempt at a description of life on Mars. The Marching Morons. Good description of devolution caused by birth control. Starship Troopers and Forever War. Both were the beginnings of thoughtful looks at future war. Also could add Ender's Game here. Stranger in a Strange Land. What it's like to be an alien - told by an alien. Ringworld. Started the SF genre of macroengineering. Perhaps also the Titan series by Brin. Neuromancer. Started cyberpunk. The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. One of the first hard-SF stories that included a societal component. 1984, of course. Yeah, that's not the right word. I didn't mean they move or act realistically. Just that the ships seemed so real you could touch them. Like nothing we'd seen before. I guess simply unprecedented special effects is what I mean. I don't have a clue what is or isn't important. I just know what I liked. My favorite science fiction novel of all time is Arthur Clarke's The City and the Stars. It's just beautifully written from a literary point of view. (Which isn't surprising since Clarke actually wrote it twice. The earlier version was called 'Against the Fall of Night'. It's very good too and to Clarke's surprise, both versions remained in print.) It has that sense of wonder and transcendence that originally attracted me to science fiction. It has staggering scale, both in terms of time (a unimaginably-future Earth billions of years from now that has lost its oceans and become like today's Mars) and space (the entire galaxy, and beyond space and time entirely). It has lots of contemporary touches, which are extraordinary given that the book was written back in 1956. It has artificial intelligences and immortal human selves stored for eternity in computer memories. And it has the same historical pathos that you (and I) expressed in the 'giving up space exploration' thread. It's about precisely the choice that thread discusses. The whole story is about a far future remnant of immortal (sort of) humanity living endlessly reincarnated lives in an eternal city run by AIs, a society that's turned its back on the rest of the universe and turned instead to the pursuit of pleasure. But while the secret of their origins has been edited out of their memories, the spectre of what they've lost hangs over them in the sky, where the constellations themselves are artificial, artifacts of stars moved around by long gone space-faring civilization. So they never look at the sky and are hardly able to even think about it without inexplicable terror. So their whole society is built around ignoring anything the lies beyond their city's opaque dome. Human curiosity has been lost for good. Except that the AIs turn out to be more humane and far wiser than these last-humans, since while the "humans" have forgotten, the AIs haven't. Because they can't tell, they create a brand new human self in their depths that hasn't already lived a million pointless empty lives, incarnate him in a physical body in the same way the recorded selves are endlessly reembodied, and then feed his curiosity, guiding him on a voyage of discovery, helping him recover for himself a tiny fragment of the lost history of the human race and what the unimaginable destiny of the rest of humanity was. Arthur Clarke was newly emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 at the time this novel was written, and it's tempting to read it as his take on Buddhism, with the eternal city in which human selves are endlessly reincarnated as samsara, the world of endless suffering, and the destiny that the rest of humanity chose and the city's residents rejected as nirvana.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39459

--- abstract: 'A set is effectively chosen in every class of $\fd02$ sets modulo countable.' author: - 'Vladimir Kanovei[^1]' title: 'Definable selector for $\fd02$ sets modulo countable' --- Let $\cnt$ be the equivalence relation of equality modulo countable, that is, $X\cnt Y$ iff the symmetric difference $X\sd Y$ is (at most) countable. Does there exist an , , an effective choice of an element in each equivalence class of sets of certain type? The answer depends on the type of sets considered. For instance, the question answers in the positive for the class of closed sets in Polish spaces by picking the only perfect set in each equivalence class of closed sets. On the other hand, effective selectors for $\cnt$ do not exist in the domain of $\Fs$ sets, , in the Solovay model (in which the axiom of choice AC holds and all ROD sets are LM and have the Baire property) by [@1 Theorem 5.5]. Our goal here is to prove that $\Fs$ is the best possible for such a negative result. There exists a definable selector for $\cnt$ in the domain of $\fd02$ sets in Polish spaces. [($\fd02$ = all sets simultaneously $\Fs$ and $\Gd$.)]{} We’ll make use of the following lemma. If $X$ is a countable $\Gd$ set in a Polish space then the [closure]{} $\clo X$ is countable. Therefore if $X\cnt Y$ are $\fd02$ sets then $\clo X\cnt\clo Y$. Otherwise $X$ is a countable dense $\Gd$ set in an uncountable Polish space $\clo X$, which is not possible. [Difference hierarchy.]{} It is known (see  [@kDST 22.E]) that every $\fd02$ set $A$ in a Polish space $\dX$ admits a representation in the form $A=\bigcup_{\et<\vt}(F_\et\bez H_\et)$, where $\vt<\omi$ and $F_0\qs H_0\qs F_1\qs H_1\qs\dots F_\et\qs H_\et\qs\dots$ is a decreasing sequence of closed sets in $\dX$, defined by induction so that $F_0=\dX$, $H_\et=\clo{F_\et\bez A}$, $F_{\et+1}=H_\et\cap \clo{F_\et\cap A}$, and the intersection on limit steps. The induction stops as soon as $F_\vt=\pu$. The key idea of the proof of Theorem \[mt\] is to show that if $A\cnt B$ are $\fd02$ sets then the corresponding sequences of closed sets $$\left. \bay{l} F_0^A\qs H^A_0\qs F^A_1\qs H^A_1\qs\dots F^A_\et\qs H^A_\et\qs\dots \\[1ex] F_0^B\qs H^B_0\qs F^B_1\qs H^B_1\qs\dots F^B_\et\qs H^B_\et\qs\dots \eay \right\} \quad (\et<\vt=\vt^A=\vt^B),\snos {A shorter sequence is extended to the longer one by empty sets if necessary.}$$ satisfying $A=\bigcup_{\et<\vt}(F^A_\et\bez H^A_\et)$ and $B=\bigcup_{\et<\vt}(F^B_\et\bez H^B_\et)$ as above, also satisfy $F^A_\et\cnt F^B_\et$  and  $H^A_\et\cnt H^B_\et$  —   for all $\et<\vt$. It follows that the perfect kernels $\pk{F^A_\et}$, $\pk{F^B_\et}$ coincide: $\pk{F^A_\et}=\pk{F^B_\et}$, and $\pk{H^A_\et}=\pk{H^B_\et}$ as well. Therefore the sets $\Phi(A)=\bigcup_{\et<\vt}(\pk{F^A_\et}\bez \pk{H^A_\et})$ and $\Phi(B)$ coincide (whenever $A\cnt B$ are $\fd02$ sets), and $A\cnt\Phi(A)$ holds for each $\fd02$ set $A$, so $\Phi$ is a selector required, ending the proof of the theorem. Thus it remains to prove \[\*\]. We argue by induction. We have $F^A_0=F^B_0=\dX$ (the underlying Polish space). Suppose that $F^A_\et\cnt F^B_\et$; prove that $H^A_\et\cnt H^B_\et$. By definition, we have $H^A_\et=\clo{F^A_\et\bez A}$ and $H^B_\et=\clo{F^B_\et\bez B}$, where $(F^A_\et\bez A)\cnt (F^B_\et\bez B)$ (recall that $A\cnt B$ is assumed), hence $H^A_\et\cnt H^B_\et$ holds by Lemma \[fdL\]. It’s pretty similar to show that if $F^A_\et\cnt F^B_\et$ (and then $H^A_\et\cnt H^B_\et$ by the above) then $F^A_{\et+1}\cnt F^B_{\et+1}$ holds. This accomplishes the step $\et\to\et+1$. Finally the limit step is rather obvious. Coming back to the mentioned result of [@1 Theorem 5.5], it is a challenging problem to prove that the equivalence relation $\cnt$ on $\Fs$ sets is not ROD-reducible to the equality of Bodel sets in the Solovay model. As established in [@kl], it is true in some models (including  Cohen and random extensions of $\rL$) that every OD and Borel set is OD-Borel (, has an OD Borel code). In such a model, there is an effective choice of a set and its Borel code, by an OD function, in every class of Borel sets containing an OD set. The author thanks Philipp Schlicht for useful comments. [10]{} V. Kanovei and V. Lyubetsky. 147 (2019), 1277-1282. A. Kechris. . Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995 S. M[ü]{}ller, P. Schlicht, D. Schrittesser, T. Weinert. . , 1811.06489 v4. [^1]: IITP RAS, Bolshoy Karetny, 19, b.1, Moscow 127051, Russia. Partial support of RFBR grant 17-01-00705 acknowledged. [[email protected]]{}.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39470

#pragma once #include <string> #include "Entities/Platformer/PlatformerHelper.h" class HexusOpponentData; class LocalizedString; class GuanoPetrified : public PlatformerHelper { public: static GuanoPetrified* deserialize(cocos2d::ValueMap& properties); cocos2d::Vec2 getDialogueOffset() override; LocalizedString* getEntityName() override; static const std::string MapKey; protected: GuanoPetrified(cocos2d::ValueMap& properties); virtual ~GuanoPetrified(); private: typedef PlatformerHelper super; };

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39472

[On-scene medical response]. In cases of exceptional medical emergencies, the setting up and organisation of a response to the increased need for medical aid are complex. Command of the operations and responsibilities are assured by specific people depending on the seriousness of the situation. Each role is identified.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39474

thanks -----Original Message----- From: Germany, Chris Sent: Thursday, March 14, 2002 8:22 AM To: Kelly, Katherine L.; Parks, Joe Subject: FW: duke Job Title: Commercial Manager Location: Houston, TX Business Unit: Duke Energy Field Services Source Code: DRA008840 Responsibilities Include: Responsible for securing natural gas supply through long-term transportation, processing, compression, and production handling agreements. Draft, develop, and negotiate new contracts and maintain existing commercial contracts. Coordinate with various internal groups including reserves, engineering, planning and legal to develop and manage all aspects of new projects from inception to implementation. Direct daily activities of pipeline and plant operations as it relates to commercial activity. Participate and support company efforts in managing interests in partnership activities. Evaluate and pursue pipeline interconnects or pipeline/gas plant acquisition opportunities. Knowledge and understanding of commercial transactions including identifying and understanding market opportunities, risks, and deal structuring. Perform other related duties as business conditions dictate. Minimum Qualifications: Bachelors degree in Business Administration, Engineering, Accounting, Marketing or other comparable degree. Seven years industry experience including evaluating, preparing and negotiating business development opportunities. Must understand and be capable of developing and evaluating economic modeling of projects. Proficient with spreadsheet applications. Excellent communication, interpersonal, and organization skills. Desired Qualifications: Ten years experience in the natural gas or energy industry, including experience preparing, evaluating and negotiating term business development opportunities within the Midstream (gathering and processing) market. Excellent working knowledge of gas processing economics. Knowledge of the natural gas supply grid, particularly offshore, and industry participants. Interested individuals may submit either expressions of interest or resume's to Southern Division Human Resources -- 5718 Westheimer, Suite 2000, Houston, TX 77057 or Fax to 713-627-6617. Interested, qualified candidates may submit an electronic interest form <http://resumebuilder.webhire.com/resume_add.asp?company=duke> for this position. NOTE: You must enter the source code when submitting your resume. The source code for this position is DRA008840. Equal Opportunity Employeer

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39476

Luohu Foreign Languages School Luohu Foreign Languages School (罗湖外语学校), or LFLS, is a First-Class School of Guangdong Province located in Liantang Sub-district, Luohu District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province. It is both a high school and a junior middle school. History On 24 April 1999, the People's Government of Luohu District built Luohu Foreign Languages School at the original address of the Shenzhen School of Technology. In May 2005 LFLS became a First-Class School of Luohu District. In April 2003 LFLS became a First-Class School of Shenzhen City. In April 2004 LFLS became a First-Class School of Guangdong Province. In September 2007 Liantang Middle School Campus came into service as the junior section of LFLS. Campus LFLS has two campuses: Headquarters: Senior section, located at Xianhu Road. Liantang Middle School Campus: Junior section, located at Guowei Road. Principal 1999～2006: Chen Han'gang 2006～2013 Yuan Liangping 2013～now Ning Ge Campus activity Xmas garden party "Super Star" Campus Singer Contest Campus sports meeting Reading Month References External links Official website of Luohu Foreign Languages School Official website of Luohu Foreign Languages School (Junior Section) Category:High schools in Shenzhen Category:Educational institutions established in 1999 Category:Schools in China Category:1999 establishments in China

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39478

Student athletes, sudden cardiac death, and lifesaving legislation: a review of the literature. The purpose of this article is to present findings of a literature review examining the use of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) for student athletes experiencing sudden cardiac arrest and variances in state legislation regarding the mandatory placement of AEDs in school gymnasiums and athletic fields. A broad search of computerized databases was conducted utilizing PubMed, Medline, CINHAHL, and the Cochrane Databases, which provided a broad but not exhaustive review of the current literature related to student athletes, sudden cardiac death, and the use of AEDs. The articles were evaluated and graded using Stetler's strength of evidence guidelines. A total of 17 articles are included in this literature review (Stetler's Grade I, n = 1; Grade II, n = 2; Grade III, n =2; Grade IV, n = 5; Grade V, n = 3; and Grade VI, n = 4). The literature produced few meta-analyses of controlled studies, experimental studies, and quasi-experimental studies on the topic of student athletes at risk for sudden cardiac death. The majority of the literature is based on expert opinion, case reports, and retrospective data sets. The literature does support the correlation of early cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation with increased survival rates among persons experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. Additional evidence-based research is needed to support the long-term outcomes of AED legislation and its utility in sparing the lives of student athletes. However, the evidence supporting early intervention, a coordinated emergency plan, and rapid emergency medical services response is conclusive enough to warrant state or federal legislation mandating that AEDs be present in all school gyms and athletic fields.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39483

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to data communication networks and more particularly to a method and apparatus for reassembling streaming files from separate connections. 2. Related Art Replicating an entire file onto multiple file servers is a technique that can be used to speed up the delivery of data. Once the data has been replicated onto multiple servers, and the servers have been geographically dispersed, the data can be delivered to an end user from the closest available server. In addition, the data can be delivered from multiple servers simultaneously, where each server provides a portion of the total file. However, replicating the full file onto a large number of servers uses large amounts of expensive disk storage. For instance, a system consisting of a hundred servers with 100 gigabytes of storage each would have a total of 10,000 gigabytes of storage available if data were not replicated. If all files must be fully replicated onto each server, however, the system would only be able to store 100 gigabytes of unique files. U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/275,408, entitled “Splitting and Redundant Storage on Multiple Servers”, filed Mar. 12, 2001, describes a method and apparatus for dividing a file into multiple sub-files and storing the sub-files onto one or more servers. The servers may be distributed over different geographical locations. When an end user wants the file to be delivered in a streaming fashion, the sub-files can be transmitted in parallel from one or more servers, which increases the rate at which data can be delivered. While splitting and distributed storage provides many advantages, it creates a daunting re-assembly task for the end-user's machine. Accordingly, there is a need in the technology for a method and apparatus for overcoming the aforementioned problems.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39485

Heart The heart is the core of all sentient objects in the game. It is a physical object and it is the only object in the game that can generate energy. A heart is a physical object. The mass of a heart determines how much energy it generates per second. There is no concept of storing the energy a heart produces in any form of container. The energy a heart generates over a period of time (like one second) is either utilized or it is lost forever.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39487

Lion looks back on golden opportunity The British & Irish Lions Tour to New Zealand 2017 Lion looks back on golden opportunity Mervyn Davies is hoping Wales can record their second win over the Springboks when the two sides meet next month, but the legendary Lion believes his countryman should already have achieved that feat. Wales face South Africa for the 24th time on June 5 having only won once in the 100-year history of the fixture yet double Lions tourist Davies believes they should be going for a hat-trick. Arguably the greatest No8 of all time, Davies was a key member of an outstanding Welsh team in the late 1960s and '70s - a team that came oh so close to beating the Boks 40 years ago Wales' only win to date came in June 1999, in the Millennium Stadium's inaugural match, but there has been another significant clash, on 24 January, 1970, which Davies and fellow Lion Gareth Edwards have good reason to remember well. Edwards, who led the side out as Wales' youngest captain, scored a try deep into injury time which remains one of the most iconic moments of a golden era for the Welsh game. The try tied the game at 6-6, but the man widely recognised as the game's best-ever player proved he was fallible by missing the conversion that would have sealed an historic victory in horrific conditions. Davies, who was a fresh face in the Wales side at that time but went on to play in seven Lions Tests on the historic 1971 and 1974 tours of New Zealand and South Africa, maintains they should have come away with a victory. "It was a day that I will never forget, for a host of different reasons," said Davies. "Yes, we should have won and yes, we had chances to do so. However, it was not to be and all of us who took part have to accept that it was an opportunity missed, but an experience that we will always remember. "I couldn't tell you the Wales line up, I still can't believe the weather conditions and I find it hard to explain just how I felt to wear the red of Wales against three of my real rugby heroes. "For me, it was the realisation of a dream. I had spent the previous few years in awe of the Springbok back row of Greyling, Bedford and Ellis and here I was, playing for my country and up against that trio." The match came to life in the second half with a try, against the run of play, by South African left wing Syd Nomis. The two sides traded penalties, but refusing to give up and trailing by only three points to South Africa's unconverted try and penalty, Wales responded by spreading the ball wide. Deep into injury time, 1977 Lions skipper Phil Bennett, playing out of position on the right wing, fed 1971 Lions star Barry John who kicked high and wide to centre Ian Hall. Having secured the ball, Hall set up a ruck 10 metres from the South African line after which Edwards, spotting that Nomis was embroiled in the ruck and unable to defend the far side of the field, darted along the blindside to quite literally splat down for the score that brought the sides level. The match very nearly became Wales's first victory over South Africa, but despite stepping up with confidence in a bid to land the conversion, Edwards left his kick short and wide, forcing Wales to wait another 29 years before breaking their duck.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39489

Cricket South Africa approves panel to appoint Proteas head coach Cricket South Africa (CSA) has promised to finalise the appointment of the new Proteas head coach, hinting that he could be on board before the September, board chairman Chris Nenzani said. Nenzani also noted that Advocate Norman Arendse, SC, Rihan Richards, Oupa Nkagisang, Gary Kirsten and Eric Simons, would serve on the selection panel to

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39500

Q: iframe disable on hover effect i couldnot disable effect of the element within iframe attribute when you hover on it. are there any alternatives to solve the current problem ?? here is my code and raw solution: iframe id="clock1" src="http://free.timeanddate.com/clock/i52azneg/n2253/szw110/szh110/hbw0/hfc000/cf100/hgr0/fav0/fiv0/mqcfff/mql15/mqw4/mqd94/mhcfff/mhl15/mhw4/mhd94/mmv0/hhcbbb/hmcddd/hsceee" frameborder="0" width="110" height="110"></iframe> script> $("iframe#clock1").contents().find("#hov").hide(); /script> A: This hover effect is coming from the original website. You can solve this using following code. <div title="Your title Here"> <iframe id="clock1" src="http://free.timeanddate.com/clock/i52azneg/n2253/szw110/szh110/hbw0/hfc000/cf100/hgr0/fav0/fiv0/mqcfff/mql15/mqw4/mqd94/mhcfff/mhl15/mhw4/mhd94/mmv0/hhcbbb/hmcddd/hsceee" frameborder="0" width="110" height="110" style="pointer-events: none;"></iframe> </div> Anyway I don't recommend this because the message is to give credit for the developer. This is not ethically correct.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39503

Failure of alefacept in the treatment of vitiligo. Vitiligo is a common acquired pigmentary disorder with a profound psychosocial impact. The exact pathogenesis of vitiligo is not fully understood; however, vitiligo appears to be an autoimmune disease involving T-cell-mediated melanocyte destruction. Recently, complete clearance of coexisting vitiligo without recurrence over 2 years was reported in 2 psoriasis patients treated with alefacept. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of alefacept in the treatment of vitiligo. After providing informed written consent, 4 adult patients with widespread vitiligo (covering a body surface area ≥5%) were treated with weekly intramuscular injections of 15 mg alefacept for 12 weeks. All patients were monitored clinically, by laboratory investigation, and by digital image analysis. All patients were followed up with for 24 weeks. All patients tolerated alefacept well, without any adverse events. None of the patients showed any repigmentation. However, 1 patient developed new depigmented patches during treatment with alefacept. A pilot study with a small number of patients. Alefacept as a monotherapy for vitiligo treatment did not result in any patient improvement, and further evaluation in larger studies may be required.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39507

[Ctla-4 blockade: a new hope for the immunotherapy of malignant melanoma]. Ipilimumab (Yervoy) is a monocLonal antibody designed to block cytotoxic T cell antigen 4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory receptor of T lymphocytes. This drug is the first to receive US FDAs approval for advanced stage malignant melanoma in the last 13 years. So far, no survival benefit was achieved for this patient group with single drug or combination chemo- and chemo-immunotherapy. In phase II and III trials, up to 15% of patients had melanoma regressions, with a decreased hazard ratio of death of 0.72 compared to the standard chemotherapy with Dacarbazine. The development of Ipilimumab marks a success in deciphering the check-point control on the immune response. Activated T cells over-express CTLA-4 molecule on their surface and become susceptible to its inhibitory effect. CTLA-4 decreases the signaling network derived by antigen recognition of T cells. Alongside of its therapeutic effect, the CTLA-4 blockade enhances autoimmune responses. Severe diarrhea results from toxicity to the colonic mucosa which may eventuate in perforation and, in rare cases, death. Other adverse events of varying severity occur in many patients and include skin eruption, uveitis, endocrinopathies such as thyroiditis and hypophysitis and autoimmune hepatitis. Ipilimumab toxicity is reversible with systemic use of corticosteroids, but the use of TNF inhibitors is sometimes indicated in the absence of resolution. The clinical success of the CTLA-4 blockade motivated intense searches for additional check-point modifiers, such as PD-1 molecule, with encouraging preliminary results. Ipilimumab's entry into the clinic is the opening of a new chapter in the immunotherapy of melanoma in particular, and of cancer, in general.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39512

1. Introduction {#sec0005} =============== Neurocysticercosis (NCC) caused by the larval stage of the pig tapeworm *Taenia solium* is a serious neurological disease ([@bib0130]). In humans, epilepsy, headache and impaired vision are common clinical presentations of NCC and leading causes of morbidity. Dementia, learning difficulties and changes in cognition are often secondary sequelae of humans with NCC ([@bib0045]). In endemic areas NCC is estimated to be responsible for one third of all late onset epilepsy cases ([@bib0080]) and causes substantial health and economic burdens in the affected populations ([@bib0015], [@bib0090], [@bib0120], [@bib0125]). Whilst in humans these neuropathologic and clinical aspects have been well studied and documented, there is limited information on the symptomatology the parasite causes in pigs. A number of researchers have previously reported the rarity of signs developed in association with porcine cysticercosis and a limited number of studies exploring the latter ([@bib0045], [@bib0105]). However, in a study conducted in India, eye blinking, tearing and excessive salivation were reported as clinical signs suggestive of porcine NCC. To confirm presence of cysticerci in the brain and correlate the signs to NCC, the pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination ([@bib0095]). Since the animals included in the study of [@bib0095] were chosen based on the signs observed by animal caretakers and as the pigs had to be sacrificed for gross pathology and histopathology examination at the end of the MRI scans, the signs could not be reconfirmed. Furthermore, as the study design did not include control pigs, it is not known if the reported signs occurred due to the health conditions of the animals or their environment during the study. Another study by [@bib0075] reported clinical manifestations such as dullness, sluggishness, somnolence, apathy and loss of consciousness in pigs naturally infected with *T. solium* cysticerci. The observed clinical manifestations were only considered as suggestive of NCC because no control pigs were available in that study. In pigs, seizures have been observed to be caused by salt poisoning, dehydration or pseudo rabies ([@bib0055]), however, the zoonotic parasite *T. solium* has never been reported as an agent causing seizures in this species. The aim of the present study was to describe possible clinical manifestations associated with NCC and correlate the manifestations to the number, location and distribution of cysticerci in brains of naturally infected pigs in Tanzania. 2. Materials and methods {#sec0010} ======================== 2.1. Animals {#sec0015} ------------ The study was carried out at the experimental animal facilities at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro, Tanzania. Infected pigs were purchased from farmers in the rural area of Kongwa district, Dodoma region, an area where *T. solium* is known to be highly prevalent ([@bib0070]). To ascertain presence of infection, the pigs were diagnosed by tongue examination ([@bib0035]). Pigs with more than three cysticerci under the tongue were included in the study. As the sensitivity of the diagnostic method is low, non-infected pigs were purchased from smallholder farmers in villages of Morogoro rural district, Morogoro region, where the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis is known to be low (Ngowi, personal communication). Pigs not sexually mature (maturity determined by age (younger than 6 months) and size (lower than 50 cm in height) or in poor condition (under two thirds of the average weight of 40 kg for a healthy adult pig and visibly ill (covered with ectoparasites and/or with injuries)) were excluded. Infected pigs were purchased first and non-infected pigs were matched with infected ones a posteriori by applying the same exclusion criteria. On arrival of the pigs at SUA, all animals were checked for hard ticks and lice. To eliminate possible confounders (endoparasites and ectoparasites) pigs were treated twice, at an interval of two weeks, with a subcutaneous injection of 0.3 mg/kg of ivermectin (ivermectin 1.0%) ([@bib0010]). Ivermectin was considered safe, as no adverse effects were observed in a study on ivermectin in pigs with cysticercosis ([@bib0070]). 2.2. Study design {#sec0020} ----------------- An observational study was carried out on 16 pigs naturally infected with *T. solium* and 15 non-infected pigs. A parallel group design was formed. As the disease cannot spread between pigs, three to four infected pigs and their respective controls were randomly chosen and housed together. All pigs were housed under equal conditions in pens (4 × 3 m) with a cement floor and walls. The pens were cleaned every day and the pigs were fed twice a day with commercial dry pig feed. Water was provided *ad libitum* and after morning feeding the animals were provided with forage (*Leucaena leucocephala* or *Amaranthus spinosus*). The mean room temperature of the stable was of 25 °C. Light was present from 6:00 am until 7:00 pm. Pigs were kept at the experimental animal facilities for one month. During the first two weeks of acclimatisation, the pigs were observed during the day (7:30 am until 6:00 pm). Abnormal occurrences such as: trembling, twitching, uncontrolled movements of rostrum, mouth rigidity and ear paralysis, eye blinking, dribbling, salivating, body stiffening, ataxia, tonic/clonic contractions, panting, collapse of the animal and stereotypic walking in circles were recorded when observed. After two weeks of acclimatisation, the pigs were continuously videotaped for 14 consecutive days using close circuit television cameras (Velleman^®−^ CCTVPROM16). One camera was mounted above each pen in a central position, permitting a top down view of the whole pen. Each pig was colour-marked using coloured stock markers on its back and on its sides to allow individual identification on the video recordings. The videos of the animals where abnormal occurrences were observed during the acclimatisation period were scanned for abnormal behaviour using fast forward video visualization. At the end of the video recording period, all 31 pigs (infected and non-infected) were slaughtered by a local butcher. After bleeding, the carcasses of the pigs were transported to the pathology laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at SUA. There the animals were decapitated at the atlanto-occipital joint ([@bib0005]). To remove the brain from the cranium the procedure described by [@bib0005] was adopted. To evaluate the distribution of the cysticerci, the cerebral part of the brain was divided into its left and right hemisphere. Thereafter each hemisphere was divided into frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe and cerebellum using sulci as landmarks. Each lobe was carefully sliced to examine and enumerate cysticerci. The cysticerci were evaluated to determine whether they were located in the extra-parenchymal part (parts not completely surrounded by brain tissue) i.e. subarachnoid dorsal and subarachnoid base or in the parenchymal part of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe and cerebellum. Cysticerci that could not be located were counted as cysticerci found on the cutting board. Furthermore, the cysticercus developmental stage (vesicular, colloidal or calcified) was recorded ([@bib0040]). 2.3. Seizure classification {#sec0025} --------------------------- Seizures were classified according to a modified version of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) seizure system developed for dogs ([@bib0060]). The seizure classification summary (Table S1) used is available in Supplementary material. Seizures were divided into four categories: Partial, complex partial, partial with secondary generalization and generalized ([@bib0060]). 2.4. Data analysis {#sec0030} ------------------ Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2010 and analysed using the statistical software R (R [@bib0025]). Descriptive statistics were performed to compute means and proportions of cysticerci in different parts of the brain. Multiple logistic regression was adopted to assess the effect of age, total number and location of cysticerci on presence of seizures. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 2.5. Research ethics {#sec0035} -------------------- Practices employed in the study were approved by SUA, Morogoro, Tanzania (Ref. no. RPGS/R/AS/42/2014) and in accordance with the national guidelines of ethics for health research and to the Animal welfare act (2008) ([@bib0065], [@bib0115]). 3. Results {#sec0040} ========== 3.1. Seizures {#sec0045} ------------- During the study period two infected pigs were observed having seizures. Seizures occurred recurrently in both pigs. The average seizure duration was 20:51 minutes (Standard Deviation (SD) 14:20 minutes). Video clip 1--7 (available in the electronic version) show the abnormal behaviours observed during a seizure. ### 3.1.1. Description of seizures in pig 1 {#sec0050} Observed autonomic signs were chewing motions with foamy salivation and dribbling, ear rigidity, eye blinking and panting. Motor signs included tremor, ataxia and tonic/clonic muscle contractions followed by a sudden diminution of all muscle function leading to collapse (Video clip 1---available in the electronic version). Stereotypic walking in circles was observed in several occasions after the occurrence of the autonomic and motor signs (Video clip 2---available in the electronic version). Vomiting also occurred during a seizure (Video clip 3---available in the electronic version). During the post-ictal phase the pig gave the impression of being disoriented as bumping into walls and stumbling over the feeding and water trough was observed (Video clip 4---available in the electronic version). According to the modified version of the ILAE seizure systems, seizures in pig 1 were classified as partial with secondary generalization and generalized. ### 3.1.2. Description of seizures pig 2 {#sec0055} Observed autonomic signs were uncontrolled movements of mouth and rostrum, dribbling, eyes widening, blinking and ear paralysis. Others signs were brief respiratory arrests, mouth paralysis with continuous swallowing movements of throat and tongue. Also chewing and salivating were common. Observed motor signs included tonic muscular contractions and/or clonic movements like trembling of certain body parts or regions (e.g. head or whole body). Body stiffness and ataxia followed (Video clip 5---available in the electronic version). Other observed motor signs were unwanted repeated lifting of one limb and unbalanced walking. Stereotypic walking in circles was also observed in several occasions during a seizure (Video clip 6 and 7---available in the electronic version). Consciousness seemed to be preserved during partial seizures, while impaired during secondary generalization. According to the modified version of the ILAE seizure systems, seizures in pig 2 were classified as partial seizures, complex partial and partial with secondary generalization. 3.2. Cysticercus distribution and location {#sec0060} ------------------------------------------ Brain cysticerci were found in all 16 pigs classified as *T. solium* infected by tongue examination. No cysticerci were found in any of the 15 control pigs. Cysticerci found in the brains were vesicular and colloidal. Calcified cysticerci were not detected in any of the brains. The number of cysticerci varied from 4 to 418 cysticerci, with a median of 67.5 cysticerci and a mean of 106.7 ± 28.8 standard error of the mean ([Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}). [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"} describes the distribution and localisation of cysticerci found in the 16 infected pigs. The mean age of the pigs was 18.3 months ± 8.2 standard deviation ([Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}). Although only two pigs were observed having seizures, multiple logistic regression analysis found this to be significantly related to age (p \< 0.001) but not to total number, distribution and localisation of cysticerci in the brain. 4. Discussion {#sec0065} ============= This is the first study that has monitored a group of non-infected pigs and pigs naturally infected with *T. solium* in a controlled environment continuously for one month. Results of this study have shown that pigs with NCC can develop clinical signs and suffer from seizures like humans with NCC associated epilepsy. In this study, seizures could be detected as the animals were extensively monitored many days in a row. In sub-Saharan Africa pigs are usually left to roam freely and therefore neither controlled nor observed by their owners. Furthermore, pig farmers might not be aware of seizures in pigs or if occurring they might relate it to "possession of bad spirits" as in sub-Saharan Africa, epilepsy is believed to be contagious and caused by witchcraft or evil spirits ([@bib0020], [@bib0135]). People with epilepsy are stigmatized; hence, if farmers observed seizures in pigs, they might fear stigmatization and omit to report it to authorities or researchers. This might potentially explain the lack of previous documentation of seizures in pigs by pig farmers. The occurrence of seizures and their average duration in this study were in line with studies on epilepsy in other animal species, where they were also observed to vary largely ([@bib0060]). The autonomic and motor signs observed during seizure manifestations in the two pigs were consistent with signs observed in seizures of other species ([@bib0060]). Two studies had previously reported signs of NCC in pigs ([@bib0075], [@bib0095]). [@bib0095] reported eye blinking, tearing and excessive salivation to be suggestive signs of NCC. In this study eye blinking and salivation were observed, however not to an extent that these signs could be useful to identify pigs with cysticercosis. Abnormal signs observed in this study were more in line with those of [@bib0075]; however dullness, sluggishness and apathy could not be reported, as a clear definition of the terms was not provided by the authors. In this study, age has shown to be a factor associated with seizures, with older pigs being more prone to express seizures compared to younger ones. This corresponds with knowledge obtained from studies in humans, where seizures were reported to be a frequent manifestation in patients with degenerating cysticerci ([@bib0050]). Moreover the probability of older pigs having degenerating cysticerci is higher compared to younger pigs ([@bib0140], [@bib0105]). Vesicular and colloidal cysticerci were found in both pigs with seizures showing on-going immuno-inflammatory reaction in the brain. This is also in line with studies carried out in humans, where patients suffering from NCC had prominent immuno-inflammatory reactions provoking parasite destruction and leading to clinical manifestations ([@bib0040]). In the present study, no associations were observed between seizures and number, distribution and localisation of cysticerci in the pig brain. Similar results were also obtained in a study on 29 symptomatic NCC patients, where no significant associations were observed between presence of seizures and number and localisation of the cysticerci in the human brain ([@bib0100]). In this study, both pigs with seizures had a high number of cysticerci, while in humans also a single cysticercus can lead to seizures ([@bib0085]). Results of study carried out on 20 symptomatic NCC patients by [@bib0105] showed symptoms to be significantly associated with the presence of cysticercus in the subarachnoid base of the human brain. In the two pigs of this study that showed seizures, the latter was not observed. The latter might be explained by the fact that symptomatic subarachnoid NCC in humans takes years to develop symptoms ([@bib0040]). Finally, [@bib0105] found clear differences between porcine and human cysticercosis however, our results run contrary to those conclusions. The clinical and biological similarities with human NCC associated epilepsy found in this study together with the functional and anatomical similarities of the pig and human brain make the pig a promising model to further understand the aetiology of epilepsy and the relationship between epilepsy and NCC in both humans and pigs ([@bib0110]). Animals were treated with ivermectin twice at the beginning of the study. An inflammatory response around cysts which may lead to seizures cannot be ruled out, however, in a study by [@bib0070] no adverse effects were observed when ivermectin was used in pigs with cysticercosis ([@bib0070]). A study on humans, reported that ivermectin may have an effect on human cysticercosis, however the authors concluded that ivermectin did not give rise to any side effects in treated patients ([@bib0030]). 5. Conclusion {#sec0070} ============= Results of this study have shown that pigs with NCC can develop clinical signs and suffer from seizures like humans with NCC associated epilepsy. Results of this study could potentially open up a new experimental pathway to explore the aetiology of neurological symptoms in humans. However, further studies are warranted to deepen our knowledge on why some pigs with NCC suffer from seizures, while others are asymptomatic. Moreover pigs with NCC and especially those clinically affected should be further studied, as the animal welfare aspect should not be neglected. Appendix A. Supplementary data {#sec0080} ============================== The following are Supplementary data to this article: The study was partly supported by: the Center for Research in Pig Production and Health (CPH Pig) in Copenhagen, Denmark; Bill and Melinda Gates foundation under the ICTC-project (Integrated Control of Taeniosis/Cysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa) and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) with its project: SLIPP-project (Securing rural Livelihoods through Improved smallholder Pig Production in Mozambique and Tanzania), file no. 09-007LIFE. The authors would like to acknowledge Mr M. Asheri and Mr F. Mafuru of the Department of Animal Science and Production at SUA for their assistance in taking care of the animals and Mr. M. Mlekwanyuma of the Department of Veterinary Pathology at SUA for the technical assistance during post-mortem examination of the pigs. Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.025](10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.025){#intr0005}. ###### Number of brain cysticerci, pig age in months and presence or absence of seizures in 16 *T. solium* naturally infected pigs. Table 1 ------------------------------------------- Pig\ No of brain\ Pig age\ Seizures ID cysticerci (months) ------ -------------- ---------- ---------- 1 247 36 1 2 241 36 1 3 47 18 0 4 418 18 0 5 4 24 0 6 178 12 0 7 4 24 0 8 88 12 0 9 27 12 0 10 21 18 0 11 36 8 0 12 90 12 0 13 10 8 0 14 117 18 0 15 41 18 0 16 136 18 0 ------------------------------------------- ###### Distribution and localisation of brain cysticerci found in 16 *T*. *solium* naturally infected pigs. Table 2 Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Both hemispheres ---------------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ ----- ------ Distribution  Frontal 309 34.0 281 37.6 590 36.3  Temporal 200 18.0 149 24.3 349 21.5  Parietal 114 19.8 164 13.9 278 17.1  Occipital 179 26.8 222 21.8 401 24.7  Cerebellum 3 0.4 3 0.4 6 0.4  Ventricles 17 1.0 8 2.1 25 1.5 Location  Subarachnoid dorsal 356 44.2 347 42.4 703 43.3  Subarachnoid base 41 5.1 35 4.3 76 4.7  Parenchyma 408 50.7 437 53.3 845 52.0 Cutting board 58 \*No: number.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39513

[center][url=http://www1.flightrising.com/forums/ann/2117160/][img]http://flightrising.com/dropbox/updates/sweetheart_2017.png[/img][/url][/center] [br]A flight of friends has come to Sornieth this week. [url=http://www1.flightrising.com/forums/ann/2117160]Click here to read more about today's update[/url][more] [br][br][size=4][b]Love is in the Air[/b][/size] From now until February 18th at 22:00, the following seasonal items will be available, after which time they will cycle out until love is in the air once more~ [indent][b]Vista: Lovebirds[/b] is available in the [url=http://flightrising.com/main.php?p=market&tab=spec&type=0]treasure marketplace.[/url] [/indent] [center][item=vista: lovebirds][/center] [indent][b]Sweetheart Swan[/b] is available through [url=http://www1.flightrising.com/trading/swipp]Swipp's Swap Stand[/url] for 25 sparrow skulls and 20 Carpenter Wax. (don't worry, we've added this trade to swipp's pool multiple times over. So much so that you may get a bit tired of seeing swans this week!)[/indent] [center][item=sweetheart swan] = 25 [item=sparrow skull] + 20 [item=carpenter wax][/center] [indent][b]Enamored Swan[/b] is available through [url=http://www1.flightrising.com/trading/baldwin]Baldwin's Bubbling Brew[/url] for a limited time. Alchemists level 3 and above can bring this beautiful bird to life! [/indent] [center][item=enamored swan] = [item=copper muck]+[item=silver muck]+[item=orange goo]+[item=green ooze] [img]http://flightrising.com/dropbox/familiars/swan_large.png[/img][/center] [br][br][size=4][b]Gathering Additions[/b][/size] Dragon clans with a skill of 31 or greater in [url=http://flightrising.com/main.php?p=gather]insect catching[/url] now have a chance to harvest these new items. [center][item=Dusty Cicada][item=Glass Cicada][item=Southern Grass Cicada][/center] [br][br][size=4][b]Dragon Breed Vistas[/b][/size] Ridgeback dragon vistas are now available in the [url=http://flightrising.com/main.php?p=market&tab=spec&type=0]treasure marketplace[/url]. [center][item=vista: ridgeback dragons][/center] [br][br][b][size=4]Trickmurk Circus 2017 Skin & Accent Contest[/size][/b] A reminder that the fourth annual Trickmurk Circus will begin February 19, 2017. To celebrate we are running a skin and accent contest honoring the shadow flight.[url=http://www1.flightrising.com/forums/skin/2105144] Click here for more information![/url] [center][url=http://www1.flightrising.com/forums/skin/2105144][img]http://flightrising.com/dropbox/shadow_contest.png[/img][/url][/center] [br][br][size=4][b]Additional Updates:[/b][/size] [LIST] [*]The [b]coliseum skin and accent contest [/b]has been judged. There were 122 winning entries. Winners will be notified and prizes distributed throughout this week. Great job everyone! [*][b]Breed Change: Wildclaw[/b] has cycled back into the [url=http://flightrising.com/main.php?p=market&tab=spec&type=1]gem marketplace[/url]. This item will be available until [b]February 20, 2017[/b] at 22:00 server time. [*]The [b]Auction House revamp[/b] is coming! To best prepare you, we've [url=http://www1.flightrising.com/forums/frd/2114654][b]posted a preview thread where you can ask questions[/b][/url] and join in on the discussion. [/LIST]

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39523

A mixture of compounds, or analytes, can be separated by pumping the mixture through a separating device such as a chromatographic column using a process known as liquid chromatography, a variant of which is known as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The separation of the sample is caused by analytes having different affinity for the chromatographic packing material within the column. The separated sample flows out of the chromatographic column continuously, but with the separated analytes emerging from the column at different times. The individual compounds comprising the analyte may then pass through various detection devices such as an ultraviolet light absorbance detector, a mass spectrometer, a fluorescence detector and the like to assist in determining the composition of the sample. The analytes may also be delivered to a receiver where each analyte might be stored in separate containers in a manner known as fraction collection. In some cases, a small amount of the column effluent may be directed to the inlet of another sample analysis device, such as a mass spectrometer to further analyze each individual analyte. The delivery of at least a portion of the column effluent to a further liquid analysis device is referred to as “second dimension” analysis, and is commonly employed in complex liquid analysis. An example application for two dimensional liquid analyses is in the purification of a synthesized compound during the development of a new drug. Often, the products of the synthesis include the desired synthesized compound (with a known molecular weight), reactants and side products, all of which are analytes in the synthesis sample. In this example, a “first dimension” analysis carries out analytical or preparative scale separation, such as through an HPLC column, with a dedicated detection means such as a high flow rate refractive index detector or an ultraviolet light detector monitoring column effluent. A “second dimension” analysis may preferably utilize a second, separate flow path to capture a portion of the column effluent and direct the flow to a secondary analysis device, such as a mass spectrometer. Such combined instruments in a “two-dimensional” arrangement are becoming increasingly used to extend the understanding of the purity of compounds in a liquid scale. For a second-dimension analysis device, such as a mass spectrometer, to function optimally, a controlled low mass rate of the eluent from the first dimension HPLC column containing the analyte should be delivered. Such mass or flow rates should be easily adjustable and closely controllable despite variations in the flow rate of the first dimension system. The flow rate should be reproducibly controlled, which facilitates second-dimension identification of the purity of an eluting peak of the desired synthesized compound to allow the collection of pure analyte in individual fractions. An experienced analyst may select a desired carrier fluid to transfer the analyte into the second-dimension detector, which second dimension carrier fluid may be different from the mobile phase used to perform the first-dimension preparative separation of the synthesized compound. Certain mobile phase fluids used to perform chromatographic separations may contain dissolved buffer salts which can cause fouling of a different second dimension analysis device such as a mass spectrometer, and certain organic components of the mobile phase can inhibit optimum ionization of the analytes which is required in a mass spectrometer. Proper selection of the carrier solvent reduces the effect on the mass spectrometer of the first-dimension analyte-mobile phase being transferred into the mass spectrometer. In addition, the analyte mass transfer rate into the mass spectrometer should be small, and generally should be a small fraction of the total analyte flow rate in the first dimension. A large mass rate to a mass spectrometer can result in a lingering or tailing signal that distorts the results of a mass spectrometer, and a large mass rate can change the dielectric properties of the system and cause a momentary loss of signal. Some forms of secondary analysis devices may be better suited for receiving inlet flow at a rate that is significantly less than the flow rate typically passed through an HPLC separation column. Although modern mass spectrometers are designed with sample introduction systems wherein the flow rate of the inlet mobile phase can be as much as several milliliters per minute, such mass spectrometers utilize expensive high volume turbo molecular pumps and high volume roughing pumps to handle the large solvent loads. Reducing inlet flow rate can reduce or eliminate the need for such expensive equipment, and may also facilitate superior second dimension analysis. A desired approach, therefore, for second dimension liquid analysis is to supply only a representative portion of the first dimension flow to the second dimension analysis device. An example conventional mechanism for diverting a small fractional volume of analytes from a first dimension analysis system is shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,890,489, and 7,575,723, assigned to the same assignee as in this application, and incorporated herein by reference. Conventional “mass rate attenuators” or flow diversion apparatus typically do not permit sustained, continuous flow of a secondary analysis stream to a second dimension analysis device, which may be harmful to sensitive analysis equipment, such as in mass spectrometers. Moreover, conventional devices employ a “back and forth” switching mechanism transferring the analyte from the first dimension analysis to the secondary flow stream for the second dimension analysis, and then returning the carrier fluid flowing in the secondary flow stream back into the first dimension effluent. Returning the second dimension carrier liquid to the first dimension flow can contaminate the first dimension flow, which can frustrate efforts to obtain separated and purified analytes in the first dimension effluent. It would therefore be of value to provide a device that is capable of separating out a very small closely controlled portion of a larger first dimension stream, and divert that portion along a secondary path without returning any portion of the flow from the second dimension to the first dimension flow stream.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39548

Q: Jshell /env command not allowing to Set More than one Jar file in Classpath Hi I am using JDK11 on windows 10 operating system and Jshell version I am using is 11.0.1. I am trying to execute the various Jshell commands and got stuck in execution of below commands I have a sample program which is using the classes from more than one JAR file Employee.jar and spring-context-5.1.3.jar files. After login to Jshell I am using the below command to set the class path in Jshell but it is throwing the error jshell> /env -class-path D:\JshellClassPath\Employee.jar:D:\JshellClassPath\spring-context-5.1.3.jar | File 'D:\JshellClassPath\Employee.jar:D:\JshellClassPath\spring-context-5.1.3.jar' for '--class-path' is not found. if I set only one Jar file and execute the above command it is working fine but why I am not able to set multiple Jar files /env command? A: On Windows platform you have to use ; as separator instead of :.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39568

I Don't Know (Mika Nakashima song) "I Don't Know" is Mika Nakashima's 26th single, released on July 23, 2008. It is a collaboration with owarai group Morisanchuu (森三中), released under the name Mica 3 Chu (Mikasanchuu), and is her first single to be released as a CD+DVD format in addition to the regular CD only format. 'I Don't Know' is Mika's first English-language single. 'I Don't Know' and its B-side, 'Shut Up,' are sung entirely in English. Track listing Charts Oricon sales chart (Japan) External links http://www.mikanakashima.com/ http://www.kumonoito.net/ Category:2008 singles Category:Mika Nakashima songs Category:Songs written by Mika Nakashima Category:2008 songs

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39585

Octocat Octocat may refer to: Octocat, mascot for the source-code hosting service GitHub Octocat, part cat, part octopus character in the 2010 animated series Spliced Octocat Adventure, five-part animated video by filmmaker David O'Reilly

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39592

Abstract: The main objective of this thesis is to improve the automated assessment of programming assignments from the perspective of assessment tool developers. We have developed visual feedback on functionality of students' programs and explored methods to control the level of detail in visual feedback. We have found that visual feedback does not require major changes to existing assessment platforms. Most modern platforms are web based, creating an opportunity to describe visualizations in JavaScript and HTML embedded into textual feedback. Our preliminary results on the effectiveness of automatic visual feedback indicate that students perform equally well with visual and textual feedback. However, visual feedback based on automatically extracted object graphs can take less time to prepare than textual feedback of good quality. We have also developed programming assignments that are easier to port from one server environment to another by performing assessment on the client-side. This not only makes it easier to use the same assignments in different server environments but also removes the need for sandboxing the execution of students' programs. The approach will likely become more important in the future together with interactive study materials becoming more popular. Client-side assessment is more suitable for self-studying material than for grading because assessment results sent by a client are often too easy to falsify. Testing is an important part of programming and automated assessment should also cover students' self-written tests. We have analyzed how students behave when they are rewarded for structural test coverage (e.g. line coverage) and found that this can lead students to write tests with good coverage but with poor ability to detect faulty programs. Mutation analysis, where a large number of (faulty) programs are automatically derived from the program under test, turns out to be an effective way to detect tests otherwise fooling our assessment systems. Applying mutation analysis directly for grading is problematic because some of the derived programs are equivalent with the original and some assignments or solution strategies generate more equivalent mutants than others.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39594

There should not be any laws against Nature. We the American People now know that Cannabis Sativa, aka Hemp, is the most sustainable plant on this Earth. Not only do want a sustainable society, we NEED a sustainable society and we know that bringing hemp back will not only help us heal our planet, our society, and our people but will also allow us to rebuild an economy that we can believe in. We ask for all laws against Hemp be repealed, and all patents, specifically US Patent 6630507 - "Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants" be relinquished. Thank YOU.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39606

Citation {#SECID0EOGAC} ======== Costa DNR, Mathis WN, Marinoni L (2016) A revision of the shore-fly genus *Lamproclasiopa* Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 631: 1--99. doi: [10.3897/zookeys.631.10718](10.3897/zookeys.631.10718) Introduction {#SECID0E2GAC} ============ The need for revision of *Lamproclasiopa* [@B15] is abundantly apparent. Over half of the included species (13 of 24 species) were undescribed previous to this paper, and the genus has never been treated comprehensively. We also document in this revision how the nomenclatural history of the genus is reflective of changing concepts in classification that resulted from an improved understanding of the tribal phylogeny ([@B36], [@B37]). While change is seemingly inevitable in science, including the classification of shore flies, an objective of taxonomy/systematics is a stable classification and nomenclature. These objectives are best achieved with discovery of accurate and well-documented phylogenetic relationships of the included taxa, as well as their accurate and detailed descriptions. Although we focus primarily on descriptive details in this revision, including keys, illustrations and photographs, we also provide a brief phylogenetic framework for the genus and to a lesser degree for species groups within the genus. [@B15] first described *Lamproclasiopa* as a subgenus within the genus *Discocerina* Macquart and included *Discocerina facialis* Hendel, which he described in the same paper, as the type species. Hendel (p. 80) also included *Discocerina chalybea* Hendel in *Lamproclasiopa*. Hendel's name for *Discocerina facialis*, however, was preoccupied ([@B31]) and was corrected when [@B34]: 7) proposed *Lamproclasiopa hendeli* as a replacement new name. [@B10], [@B11], [@B12]) continued usage of *Lamproclasiopa* as a subgenus but changed its concept to include those species of *Discocerina* with a bare parafacial and three facial setae. The type species of *Lamproclasiopa* (*Lamproclasiopa hendeli*), however, only has two facial setae. Toward the end of Cresson's illustrious career ([@B10]: 116), he described yet another subgenus within *Discocerina*, *Basila* (type species: *Ditrichophora nadineae* Cresson) for those species with two facial setae and a bare parafacial. Cresson's precedent was adopted by Wirth in his catalogs for the shore-fly fauna of the New World ([@B33], [@B34]) and by [@B24] in their world catalog. [@B36] recharacterized *Lamproclasiopa* as part of their phylogenetic revision of the tribe Discocerinini, and the former subgenus was accorded generic status. Their recharacterization essentially reverted back to Hendel's original diagnosis of two facial setae, but they also included a bare parafacial. Their revised concept of *Lamproclasiopa* included 10 New World species and one species, *Lamproclasiopa laevior* (Cresson), from the Indian Subcontinent. [@B12] published the first synopsis of Neotropical Discocerinini, which was the last in a series of synopses for the region that he produced. Cresson included 28 species in four genera, and some of these species were based on tentative identifications. Over twenty years later, [@B34] produced the first catalog of shore flies from the Neotropical Region and listed 30 species in the same four genera. In recent revisions ([@B25], [@B26]; [@B20]), herein, and in a forthcoming revision of the Neotropical species of *Discocerina* (Costa et al. in prep), we treat 38 species so far in seven genera from the fauna of Brazil alone. The purpose of this paper is to revise species of the genus *Lamproclasiopa*, including description of thirteen undescribed species. This revision of *Lamproclasiopa* Hendel directly results from recent field work in southern Brazil that is part of an overall survey of the shore flies of this biologically diverse country. Although it is recognized that field and laboratory work are complimentary, even synergistic, the balance too often favors laboratory work. Herein we emphasize how extensive field work is a necessary and desirable compliment to comprehensive research at the desk level and eventually to publication. An objective of the field work in 2009-2010 and 2015 was the shore-fly fauna from the state of Paraná and to a lesser degree from Amazonas, Santa Catarina and São Paulo and resulted in numerous specimens of Discocerinini. Our sampling from Brazil (specimens recently collected and those from museums), however, is mostly from the southern states, and given this incomplete sampling, we anticipate additional species will yet be collected and eventually added to this diverse fauna. The same patchiness or in some cases the total lack of sampling applies to the Neotropical fauna in general. Responsible collecting of the Neotropical shore-fly fauna needs to be encouraged and to receive sustained support. Methods and materials {#SECID0ENPAC} ===================== The descriptive terminology, with the exceptions noted in [@B19] and [@B22], follows [@B28]. Because specimens are small, usually less than 2.60 mm in length, study and illustration of the male terminalia required use of a compound microscope. We have followed the terminology for most structures of the male terminalia that other workers in Ephydridae have used (references in [@B19]; [@B22], [@B23]), such as surstylus. [@B35] suggested that the pre- and postsurstylus correspond with the pre- and postgonostylus and that the subepandrial sclerite is the same as the medandrium. The terminology for structures of the male terminalia is provided directly on Figs [3--6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. We use the term basal flagellomere for the large antennomere beyond the pedicel. We prefer this term over "first flagellomere" as there may be more than one flagellomere involved, and basal does not imply a number or numbers. We likewise do not use "postpedicel" ([@B30]) for this antennomere because at least the multisegmented arista is beyond the pedicel in addition to the large antennomere, and postpedicel is thus ambiguous and lacking precision. Dissections of male terminalia were performed following [@B1] and [@B14]. Abdomens were removed with microforceps and macerated in a sodium hydroxide solution. Cleared genitalia were then transferred to glycerin for observation, description, and illustration. The dissected abdomen was placed in a plastic microvial filled with glycerin and attached to the pin supporting the remainder of the insect from which it was removed. These structures for species of *Lamproclasiopa* are minute, and for accurate determinations using them, we often had to use a compound microscope to see them clearly. The species descriptions are composite and not based solely on holotypes. One head and two venational ratios used in the descriptions are based on three specimens (largest, smallest, and one other): gena-to-eye ratio -- genal height (immediately below maximum eye height)/eye height; costal vein ratio -- the straight line distance between the apices of R~2+3~ and R~4+5~/distance between the apices of R~1~ and R~2+3~; M vein ratio -- the straight line distance along vein M between crossveins dm-cu and r-m/distance apicad of dm-cu. Distribution maps were made using ESRI ArcView GIS 3.2. Longitude and latitude coordinates were obtained for the locality where each specimen was collected and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. If unavailable directly from specimen labels, longitude and latitude were estimated using gazetteers and maps to determine the geographical coordinates. Localities of specimens were plotted on a world land projection, presented within ESRI ArcView layouts and exported as encapsulated postscript(EPS) files. The habitus illustrations are digital photographs taken with a Visionary Digital System. The images series obtained were combined by Zerene Stacker and Photoshop CS5 was used to adjust the color and make minor corrections (e.g., remove debris). Illustrations of male terminalia were made in Adobe Illustrator CS5. Many specimens examined for this study are in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.(USNM) and in the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil(DZUP). We also borrowed and studied numerous specimens, especially primary types from the following museums: AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York (David A. Grimaldi) ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Jon K. Gelhaus and Jason D. Weintraub) BMNH The Natural History Museum (formerly the British Museum (Natural History)), London, England, United Kingdom (Kim Goodger) DEBU Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Stephen A. Marshall) INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (Márcio Oliveira, José Albertino Rafael and Rosaly Ale-Rocha) IOC Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Jane Costa.) MNCR-A Colección de Entomología del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica (including collections of former INBio) (Silvia Lobo C.) MNRJ Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Márcia Souto Couri) MZLU Museum of Zoology, Lund University (Roy Danielsson) MZUSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Carlos José Einicker Lamas) NMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria (Peter Sehnal) UMCE Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile (Patricia Estrada M.) Taxonomy {#SECID0EGPAE} ======== Tribe. Discocerinini -------------------- Animalia Diptera Ephydridae Cresson 1. Discocerinini[@B3]: 228 \[as Discocerini\]. Type genus: Discocerina[@B18]. [@B10]: 104 \[correct spelling, as a "new tribe" in key\]. [@B27]: 435 \[diagnosis, monophyly\]. [@B24]: 163-186 \[world catalog\]. [@B36]: 5-51 \[tribal revision\]. [@B37]: 1-34 \[phylogenetic review of tribe\]. ### Diagnosis. A tribe of Gymnomyzinae that is distinguished from other tribes of the subfamily by the following combination of characters: *Head*: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; ocellar setae well developed, inserted anterolaterad of anterior ocellus; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted anteromediad of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae, reclinate seta inserted anteromediad of larger, posterior, proclinate seta); pseudopostocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly divergent, usually at least half length of ocellar setae. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista bearing 4-6 dorsal rays, inserted along length of arista; conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like. Face generally shallowly arched, frequently more prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, not conspicuously pitted, rugose, tuberculate, or carinate. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; proboscis with number of pseudotracheae quite variable; lacinia Y-shaped with narrow posteromedial arm, dorsal arm spatulate; 2 different kinds of cibarium: (1) primitive type with dispersed medial sensillae arranged sparsely in a horizontal line; (2) advanced type with medial sensillae arranged densely in a sinuous line. *Thorax*: Mesonotum generally microtomentose, frequently densely so, although variable; mesonotal setae weakly developed, only posteriormost pair of dorsocentral and acrostichal conspicuous; postsutural supra-alar seta usually evident although sometimes reduced or absent; prescutellar acrostichal setae inserted approximate and posterior of alignment of posteriormost dorsocentral setae; scutellar disc usually densely setulose; scutellum bearing 2 large, marginal setae: notopleural setae 2, inserted at same level near ventral margin, in some genera notopleuron bears setulae in addition to the two large notopleural setae (Figs [2](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [9](#F4){ref-type="fig"}); anepisternum with 2 subequal setae inserted along posterior margin. Wing with vein R~2+3~ moderately long. Foreleg normally developed, not raptorial with greatly enlarged femur. {#F1} ![*Lamproclasiopa laevior* (Cresson). (Sri Lanka. N. E. District: Horton Plains) **3** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **4** same, lateral view **5** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **6** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g002){#F2} *Abdomen*: Five tergites visible, usually not densely covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrium; anterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus, ventral margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus; gonite paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula ([@B37], Figs [99](#F34){ref-type="fig"}--[100](#F35){ref-type="fig"}). ### Discussion. Several of the characters noted in the diagnosis are synapomorphies and establish the tribe's monophyly ([@B37]). These are as follows: (1) ocellar setae inserted slightly in front of alignment of anterior ocellus; (2) reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital seta; (3) conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like; (4) prescutellar acrostichal setae small and inserted close together and behind the transverse alignment of the posteriormost dorsocentral setae (secondarily lacking in some species); and (5) presurstylus of the male terminalia either lacking or fused indistinguishably with the ventral margin of the epandrium. Larvae are microphagous and in other aspects are similar to those of Hyadinini (Ilytheinae). As currently characterized, the tribe Discocerinini is one of the richest tribes within the family Ephydridae (225 species), and numerous additional species, especially from tropical zones, remain to be described. Many of the undescribed species are already in collections, and undoubtedly numerous others await collection. With the recent phylogenetic review of the tribe ([@B37]) and description of additional genera and subgenera, there are now 13 genera and two subgenera. Two genera are monotypic and have relatively localized distributions: *Galaterina* in the Solomon and Andaman Islands and *Pectinifer* limited to the Neotropics ([@B20]). Other genera are more speciose and widespread. *Aquachasma* (24 species), *Facitrichophora* (4 species), *Hydrochasma* (10 species), and *Polytrichophora* (nominate subgenus) (22 species) are found in the New World. The distributions of *Lamproclasiopa* (24 species) and *Orasiopa* (15 species) extend from the New World into the Australasian and Oriental Regions. *Diclasiopa* (4 species), *Gymnoclasiopa* (25 species), *Hecamedoides* (26 species) and *Ditrichophora* (39 species) have been recorded from all Regions except the Neotropics. Two genera, *Discocerina* (20 species) and *Polytrichophora* (subgenus *Sklodowskopa*) (10 species), are essentially cosmopolitan. ### Phylogenetic considerations. [@B37] proposed division of Discocerinini into four groups of genera (their proposed synapomorphies are provided in parentheses): 1. The *Gymnoclasiopa* group with *Gymnoclasiopa* (aedeagus with lateromedial appendices and facial setae arranged close to eye margin); 2. The *Diclasiopa* group with *Diclasiopa*, *Ditrichophora*, *Hecamedoides* and *Pectinifer* (gonite elongated, that is tapered apically); 3. The *Lamproclasiopa* group with *Galaterina*, *Lamproclasiopa*, and *Orasiopa* (subgenera *Orasiopa* and *Reymontopa*) (palpal setae with papilla-like bases); and 4. The *Discocerina* group with *Aquachasma*, *Discocerina*, *Facitrichophora*, *Hydrochasma* and *Polytrichophora* (nominate subgenus and subgenus *Sklodowskopa*) (reduced number of pseudotracheae, modified cibarium and the ventral receptacle bearing anterodorsal projection). [@B37] acknowledged that groups three and four together (*Aquachasma*, *Discocerina*, *Galaterina*, *Hydrochasma*, *Lamproclasiopa*, *Orasiopa*, and *Polytrichophora*) form a clade that is the best supported lineage within the tribe, being based on (1) notopleuron setulose and (2) gonites elongated and bar-like without an anterior projection or the gonite is fused with the hypandrium (character 32.1-2). As such, we prefer the continued recognition of these seven genera as a single group, the *Discocerina* group, and use subgroups for further division of this group (the *Lamproclasiopa* and the *Discocerina* groups of [@B37]). In the classification that [@B37] proposed (their character numbers are in parentheses), the *Lamproclasiopa*-subgroup has palpal setae with papilla-like bases (character 13). Within the *Lamproclasiopa* subgroup, the monophyly of the genus *Lamproclasiopa* is established by two characters (autapomorphies): (1) postsutural supra-alar (character 11 in [@B37]) and (2) prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking (character 22 in [@B37]). The monophyly of its sister group, the combined *Galaterina* + *Orasiopa*, is confirmed by an increased number of pseudotracheae (convergent with *Pectinifer*). Thus, in the most recent classification, *Lamproclasiopa* is the sister-group of the combined lineage of *Galaterina* + *Orasiopa*, and these three genera together form an assemblage that is now the *Lamproclasiopa* subgroup. ### Key to genera of Discocerinini ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- 1 Notopleuron bare of setulae **2** -- Notopleuron setulose in addition to 2 large setae **6** 2 Forefemur bearing distinct row of stout, short setae along apical half of posteroventral surface **3** -- Forefemur lacking row of short, stout setae along posteroventral surface **4** 3 Face metallic shiny bearing white microtomentose spots laterally; forefemur slightly enlarged ***Pectinifer* Cresson** -- Whole face shiny or completely covered with microtomentum; forefemur normally developed ***Ditrichophora* Cresson** 4 Postsutural supra-alar seta strong, distinct, longer than posterior notopleural seta. Face with dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity ***Diclasiopa* Hendel** -- Postsutural supra-alar seta very short or absent, if distinguishable distinctly shorter than posterior notopleural seta. Face without dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity **5** 5 Hindtibia with a preapical, ventral, spur-like seta; face rather prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, sometimes transversely carinate; facial series of setae inserted in some distance to parafacial, comprising 2-3 large setae; dorsal seta inserted slightly medially from other setae and arising from distinct, shiny papilla, with a small, slightly dorsoclinate seta laterad of dorsal seta ***Hecamedoides* Hendel** -- Hindtibia lacking a preapical, ventral spur-like seta; face rather flattened, antennal grooves not always sharply defined ventrally; facial series of setae inserted very close to parafacial, comprised of 2 large setae; dorsal seta not arising from a shiny papilla and lacking a smaller seta laterad of dorsal seta ***Gymnoclasiopa* Hendel** 6 Mesonotum bearing numerous, long setulae ***Galaterina* Zatwarnicki & Mathis** -- Mesonotum lacking numerous, long setulae 7 7 Face with 2 or more conspicuous rows of setae/setulae on each side, parallel to facial suture setal row medial, with a row(s) of setulae between setal row and parafacial **8** -- Face with a single row of setae laterally **10** 8 Face with setae and setulae of rows inclinate or ventroinclinate ***Facitrichophora* Mathis & Zatwarnicki** -- Face with secondary series of dorsolaterally inclined setae laterad to primary series (*Polytrichophora* Cresson) **9** 9 Parafacials becoming 3-4 times wider ventrally; gena high, at least 1/4 eye height subgenus ***Polytrichophora* Cresson** -- Parafacials 2-3 times wider ventrally; gena narrow, less than 1/4 eye height subgenus ***Sklodowskopa* Zatwarnicki** 10 Gena and lower part of parafacial broad; lateral margin of abdomen usually with gray to whitish microtomentose areas, these usually wedge shaped **11** -- Gena and parafacial rather narrow; abdomen lacking wedge-shaped, light-colored areas laterally **12** 11 Head subglobose, oral opening comparatively large; dorsum of tergites darker dorsomedially than on lateral margins, but without contrasting areas ***Hydrochasma* Hendel** -- Head not subglobose, oral opening comparatively small; dorsum of tergites 2-4 extensively dark gray to black with sharply contrasted gray lateral margin or with wedge-shaped silvery-gray areas ***Aquachasma* Zatwarnicki** 12 Parafacial bearing setulae ***Discocerina* Macquart** -- Parafacial lacking setulae **13** 13 Facial series of setae 2, these well separated, distance between subequal to length of basal flagellomere; parafacial very narrow at anteroventral margin of eye; postsutural supra-alar and prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking ***Lamproclasiopa* Hendel** -- Facial series of setae 3-4, distance between setae conspicuously less than length of basal flagellomere; parafacial evenly wide throughout length; postsutural supra-alar and prescutellar acrostichal setae present (*Orasiopa* Zatwarnicki & Mathis) **14** 14 Species slender; antenna largely yellow; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays; palpus yellow; knob of halter dark; thorax and abdomen gray microtomentose; legs mostly yellow (sometimes midfemur dark) subgenus ***Orasiopa* Zatwarnicki & Mathis** -- Species compact; antenna dark brown or black; arista bearing usually 7--11 dorsal rays; palpus brownish or black; knob of halter white; coloration of thorax and abdomen dark brown or black; legs mostly dark brown to black subgenus ***Reymontopa* Zatwarnicki** ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- Genus. Lamproclasiopa --------------------- Animalia Diptera Ephydridae Hendel 1. Lamproclasiopa[@B15]: 79 \[as a subgenus of Discocerina\]. Type species: Lamproclasiopa facialis[@B15], original designation. [@B36]: 36 \[status as a genus; generic diagnosis\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B24]: 168-169 \[world catalog\]. [@B37]: 16-19 \[recharacterization in phylogenetic review of tribe\]. 2. Basila[@B10]: 116. Type species: Ditrichophora nadinae[@B3], original designation. [@B36]: 36 \[synonymy\]. ### Diagnosis. *Lamproclasiopa* is distinguished from other genera of Discocerinini by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.7--3.0 mm; generally sparsely to densely microtomentose, subshiny to dull species (Figs [2](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [9](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [25](#F10){ref-type="fig"}, [57](#F20){ref-type="fig"}, [69](#F24){ref-type="fig"}). *Head*: One proclinate and one reclinate pair of fronto-orbital setae. Arista usually bearing 5 dorsal rays, rarely 6. Face moderately prominent at level of dorsal facial seta; antennal grooves generally distinctly defined ventrally; face lacking secondary series of setae; facial setae 2, dorsal setae not arising from shiny papilla, lacking a dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity; parafacial narrow to moderately wide throughout length, lacking ventroclinate setulae; gena generally short but very high in the *polita* group. Eye generally oval, moderately microsetulose, bearing interfacetal setulae (sometimes not discernible by light stereomicroscope). Proboscis with 7 pseudotracheae; cibarium of primitive type with 4 medial sensillae arranged in a horizontal row and 4 moderate posterior sensillae. *Thorax*: Anterior notopleural seta inserted near middle toward ventral margin, distance between anterior and posterior setae slightly less than half distance between postpronotal seta and anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron bearing several setulae in addition to 2 larger setae; presutural supra-alar seta usually present, well developed; postsutural supra-alar seta lacking; acrostichal setae, including prescutellar pair, lacking, only tiny setulae present. Wing variable, mostly to completely hyaline in most species but some with maculation pattern; costa bearing 5--6 long, dorsal setae between humeral and subcostal breaks; costal vein ratio varying between 0.40--0.90. Forefemur normally developed, lacking row of short, stout setae along posteroventral surface; hindtibia lacking a preapical, ventral, spur-like seta. Stem of halter blackish brown, knob white to whitish yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergites usually unicolorous, lacking pale-colored areas laterally; male tergite 4 longer than tergite 3. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U in posterior view, dorsal arch complete; arms separate ventrally beyond cerci, surface covered with setae; cercus not fused with epandrium, in posterior view semicircular or crescent-shaped; gonites variously shaped, usually symmetrical, separate from hypandrium, in lateral view generally lunate without setulae; aedeagus longer than wide, mostly tubular, in ventral view navicular, without projections, in lateral view cigar-shaped or tapered toward apex; phallapodeme separate from aedeagus, in ventral view variously shaped; in lateral view irregularly triangular with distinct ventral projection; hypandrium in ventral view U- or Y-shaped with long posterolateral arms (incision reachs to 1/3--1/2 hypandrial length, in lateral view flat, sometimes slightly arched; ejaculatory apodeme absent. Female terminalia: Ventral receptacle without operculum, C-shaped stalk with broader head. ### Distribution (Figs [7](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, [14](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, [36](#F13){ref-type="fig"}, [59](#F21){ref-type="fig"}, [81](#F28){ref-type="fig"}, [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}, [111](#F39){ref-type="fig"}, [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Oriental, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. ### Discussion. With the exception of *Lamproclasiopa laevior* (Cresson), which is a very disjunct species, occurring only on the Indian Subcontinent, the other congeners are found thus far only in the New World and there primarily in the Neotropics. In the older literature, including catalogs, this genus was frequently treated as a subgenus of *Discocerina* (see generic and species' synonymies). We have arranged all recognized species into species groups based primarily on similarity, both external features and structures of the male terminalia. These groups are not necessarily monophyletic, although some are. Within a species group, the species are treated in alphabetical order. ### Key to species of *Lamproclasiopa* ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 1 Gena high to very high (gena-to-eye ratio between 0.30--0.64) and with an acutely sharp genal/postgenal margin (Figs [26](#F10){ref-type="fig"}, [38](#F14){ref-type="fig"}) **2** -- Gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio less than 0.20) and with genal/postgenal margin rounded **4** 2 Frons nearly bare, shiny (Figs [37](#F14){ref-type="fig"}, [38](#F14){ref-type="fig"}). Distal 3 tarsomeres black; male tergite 5 narrowly rounded posteriorly ***Lamproclasiopa polita* (Edwards)** -- Frons with anterior half densely microtomentose (Fig. [24](#F10){ref-type="fig"}). Distal 2--3 tarsomeres yellow; male tergite 5 truncate posteriorly **3** 3 Female frons with broad, transverse stripe on anterior half; male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third ***Lamproclasiopa lapaz* sp. n.** -- Female frons mostly bare, shiny, at most with an anteromedial spot and at base of ocellar setae and on some parts of ocellar triangle (Fig. [25](#F10){ref-type="fig"}); male mesonotum with broad stripe of microtomentum, stronger anteriorly, becoming weaker posterior (Fig. [24](#F10){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa auritunica* sp. n.** 4 Wing maculate, at least over crossveins or generally conspicuously infuscation (Figs [58](#F20){ref-type="fig"}, [62](#F22){ref-type="fig"}, [70](#F24){ref-type="fig"}) **5** -- Wing generally hyaline, lacking a maculation pattern or general infuscate **8** 5 Wing generally infuscate with blackish veins and crossveins (Fig. [132](#F46){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa fumipennis* (Wirth)** -- Wing with pattern of spots or with a spot over crossveins but not generally infuscate **6** 6 Only crossveins r-m and dm-cu with darkened cloud; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein (Fig. [62](#F22){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa mancha* sp. n.** -- Wing with numerous dark spots; vein R~2+3~ angulate subapically and bearing a stump vein with a posteroapical orientation, a second stump vein near middle (Figs [58](#F20){ref-type="fig"}, [70](#F24){ref-type="fig"}) **7** 7 Mesonotum with 4 brown interrupted vittae, each with elongate, mostly separate spots, none in acrostichal row (Fig. [69](#F24){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa painteri* (Cresson)** -- Mesonotum with 7 brown, mostly entire vittae, including a medial vitta in acrostichal area (Fig. [57](#F20){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa balsamae* (Cresson)** 8 Head, thorax, and abdomen generally shiny black, only tarsi and antennal grooves yellow or cinereous (Figs [1--2](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [8--9](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [98--99](#F34){ref-type="fig"}) **9** -- Body with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose **11** 9 Face completely shiny black (Fig. [8](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa brunnea* sp. n.** -- Face microtomentose, silver white to golden **10** 10 Frons generally shiny black; coxae blackish brown ***Lamproclasiopa hendeli* (Wirth)** -- Frons microtomentose, silvery white or golden; forecoxae light gray (Fig. [98--99](#F34){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* sp. n.** 11 Forebasitarsomere white, contrasted with black apical tarsomeres (Fig. [2](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa laevior* (Cresson)** -- Forebasitarsomere yellow to slightly blackish yellow, not distinctly contrasted with coloration of apical tarsomeres **12** 12 Gena relatively high, height subequal to height of basal flagellomere **13** -- Gena relatively short, height about ½ height of basal flagellomere **18** 13 Presutural supra-alar seta lacking; katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin **14** -- Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like **15** 14 Pocket between epandrial arms of male uniformly U-shaped ***Lamproclasiopa nadineae* (Cresson)** -- Pocket between epandrial arms of male bottle-shaped, with basal half as a narrower neck and apical half wider (Fig. [94](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa aliceae* sp. n.** 15 Eyes covered with tiny, dense setulae; facial microtomentum gray; frons concolorous with mesonotum **16** -- Eyes covered with very sparse setulae or bare; facial microtomentum gray or dark gray; anterior portion of frons usually yellowish orange to some degree **17** 16 Epandrium higher than wide; aedeagus thin, narrowly funnel-like, straight (Figs [135--138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa puella* (Cresson)** -- Epandrium as high as wide; aedeagus wide, with apex acutely pointed and curved (Figs [128--131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa caligosa* sp. n.** 17 Aedeagus thin, narrowly funnel-like, straight; gonites without laterodorsal extensions (Fig. [116--117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa aracataca* (Cresson)** -- Aedeagus wider, curved laterally; gonites with laterodorsal extensions (Fig. [130--131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa curva* sp. n.** 18 Antenna yellow (Figs [75](#F26){ref-type="fig"}, [86](#F30){ref-type="fig"}) **19** -- Antenna extensively darkened dorsally, only basoventral portion of basal flagellomere and pedicel partially orange to yellowish **21** 19 Tibiae entirely black; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; frons and face distinctly two-toned ***Lamproclasiopa nana* (Williston)** -- Tibiae partially or entirely yellow; frons and face generally unicolorous; presutural supra-alar lacking **20** 20 Tibiae black brown with the distal third yellow; frons with 2 small shiny black areas lateroanteriorly ***Lamproclasiopa furvitibia* sp. n.** -- Tibiae entirely yellow; frons without shiny black areas (Figs [86--87](#F30){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* sp. n.** 21 Face with a mediovertical, narrowly triangular, sparsely microtomentose spot (Fig. [18](#F8){ref-type="fig"}) ***Lamproclasiopa triangularis* sp. n.** -- Face mostly shiny black, especially medial portion, this area lacking a microtomentose, triangular pattern **22** 22\. Foretarsus blackish yellow, apical tarsomeres becoming darker ***Lamproclasiopa zerafael* sp. n.** -- Foretarsus yellow, apical tarsomeres yellow or becoming darker **23** 23 Foretarsus yellowish, apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened ***Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa* (Cresson)** -- Foretarsus completely yellow ***Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis* sp. n.** ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- The *laevior* group (*Lamproclasiopa laevior*) {#SECID0E11BG} ---------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body generally subshiny to shiny black. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; gena moderately high (gena-to-eye ratio 0.16-0.22); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural areas generally shiny black. Wing hyaline to very faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~4+5~ extended gradually toward costa, curved gently subapically, not angulate or bearing a stump vein. Femora and tibiae black; foretarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres white, tarsomere 3 darkened, apical 2 tarsomeres black; mid- and hindtarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres yellow, apical 3 tarsomeres blackish; forefemur lacking 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Epandrial sides in posterior view uniformly thin, thinner than width of cerci; cerci almost same height as epandrium; hypandrium generally U-shaped, narrow, without a wide projection ventrally. **Remarks.** For the present, *Lamproclasiopa laevior* is the only included species in this species group, and among all known congeners, this is the only species known to occur only in the Old World. Its anomalous and disjunct distribution (see "Remarks" for this species) is perhaps partially explained by the proposed sister group of *Lamproclasiopa*, which is the combined lineage of *Galaterina + Orasiopa* ([@B37]). The latter two genera are found primarily in the Old World (*Orasiopa mera* (Cresson) occurs also in the New World, probably as an introduction), and there are many species of *Orasiopa* that occur in the Oriental Region ([@B24]). Thus far, however, no species of either *Galaterina* or *Orasiopa* are known from the Indian Subcontinent. We suggest that this may also well represent sampling error rather than actual distributions of all included species whether described or not. The shore-fly fauna of the Oriental Region has not been well sampled. ### Lamproclasiopa laevior Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 1--2](#F1){ref-type="fig"} [, 3--6](#F2){ref-type="fig"} [, 7](#F3){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora laevior[@B7]: 200 \[India. Darjeeling, Behar; HT ♂, ANSP (6509)\]. 2. Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) laevior. [@B11]: 59 \[generic combination\]. [@B24]: 168 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa laevior. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.85--2.65 mm, generally black, subshiny to shiny species. *Head*: Frons black, very sparsely microtomentose, anterior half shiny, posterior subshiny, transition from shiny to subshiny gradual. Antenna black, densely microtomentose, appearing velvety black. Face black, sparsely microtomentose, antennal grooves and lateral areas shiny, otherwise subshiny, lacking prominent, vertical stripes; face bearing 2--3 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial blackish yellow; gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16--0.22. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area concolorous with mesonotum, subshiny black. Wing hyaline to very faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~4+5~ extended at gradual to costa, not angulate subapically or bearing a stump vein; costal vein ratio 0.47--0.55; M vein ratio 0.60--0.62. Femora and tibiae black; Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; foretarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres white, tarsomere 3 darkened, apical 2 black; mid- and hindtarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres yellow, apical 3 tarsomeres blackish. *Abdomen*: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs [3--6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [3](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) generally vertically oval, each lateral arm narrow, almost parallel sided, acutely pointed ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. [4](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) with dorsal 2/3 rectangular, basal 1/3 almost twice width as dorsal portion, widest subventrally, apex broadly rounded, posteroventral portion bearing several larger setulae; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [3](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrowly semicircular, medial margin nearly straight, gradually tapered toward ventral apex, this apex acutely pointed, dorsal apex with medial short, digitiform extension, in lateral view (Fig. [4](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) semicircular; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly elongate, somewhat rod-like, ventral 1/3 narrower than dorsal 2/3, in ventral view (Fig. [5](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) very robustly C-shaped with medial concavity, wider than high; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) tubular, gradually tapered to apex, apex generally broadly rounded with very apex narrowed, curved anteriorly at nearly right angle; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) very narrow, L-shaped, apex toward base of aedeagus acutely pointed, apex toward hypandrium slightly flared and truncate, in ventral view (Fig. [5](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) as an elongate hourglass, expanded at each apex and truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) narrowed posteriorly, then abruptly expanded to widest point subanteriorly, anterior margin abruptly narrowed, digitiform, in ventral view (Fig. [5](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) generally U-shaped, lateral arms widest at midlength, anterior margin broadly rounded, deep, posterior emargination narrowed on anterior 1/3, thereafter posterior more than twice anterior width. #### Type material. The holotype male of *Ditrichophora laevior* Cresson is labeled "Darjeeling Fruhstorfer/9233/TYPE Ditrichophora LAEVIOR E. T. Cresson, Jr. \[maroon-red; "Ditrichophora LAEVIOR" handwritten\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a rectangular block of foam), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, and in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the ANSP (6509). A female paratype (ANSP) bears the same locality label as the holotype. #### Type locality. India. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Cooch Behar (26°24.7\'N, 89°23.1\'E). The holotype was apparently collected in the foothills of the Himalayas in the state of West Bengal between Darjeeling and Cooch Behar. #### Other specimens examined. INDIA. Meghalaya: Shillong (Botanical Gardens; 25°34.6\'N, 91°53.2\'E), 20 Apr 1980, A Freidberg (9♂, 2♀; USNM). SRI LANKA. Central Province: Horton Plains (6°48.7\'N, 80°47.3\'E), 23 Apr 1980, W. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe & L. Jayawickrema (9♂, 4♀; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [7](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Oriental: India (Meghalaya, West Bengal), Sri Lanka. {#F3} #### Remarks. Although similar and perhaps related to *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis*, this species is distinguished from congeners by the white forebasitarsomere, which is contrasted with the black, apical tarsomeres; the short gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.10--0.14); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs [3--6](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The distribution of this species is anomalously disjunct. Except for this species, which is found on the Indian Subcontinent, all other congeners occur in the New World, especially in tropical zones, which are many thousands of kilometers from India and Sri Lanka. This distributional anomaly prompts a number of questions. For example, is this species indeed a valid congener? If so, what is it related to? How did it come to be found on the Indian Subcontinent when other congeners occur in the New World? Although our responses to these and other questions are not wholly satisfactory, often being based on tenuous evidence, we offer some thoughts and observations. Based on morphological evidence, both external and from structures of the male terminalia, we affirm that this is a congener within the genus *Lamproclasiopa*. Within *Lamproclasiopa*, we suggest that this species, being generally characterized by homoplasious characters, would probably be near the base of the evolutionary stem or node giving rise to all other included congeners. See also our remarks under the species group. As we noted in the introduction, however, characterization of *Lamproclasiopa* has only become reasonably well resolved in recent decades, resulting in earlier recognized species, including this species, being first described in another genus. [@B7] first described this species in *Ditrichophora* then transferred it to the subgenus *Lamproclasiopa* within *Discocerina* ([@B11]). Over 50 years later, [@B36] accorded generic status to *Lamproclasiopa* and included this species along with other congeners in this genus. The *hendeli* group (*Lamproclasiopa brunnea*, *Lamproclasiopa hendeli*) {#SECID0EWKAI} ------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Diagnosis.** Body generally subshiny to shiny black, only tarsi and antennal grooves yellow or cinereous. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; frons sparsely microtomentose; genal height variable, moderately high to high (gena-to-eye ratio 0.12--0.25); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing generally hyaline to very faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellowish. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Cerci around 2/5 height of epandrium; hypandrium generally wide, with arms long or short dorsally, not U-shaped. **Remarks.** This species group is mostly based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. These are the bases for recognition of this species group. ### Lamproclasiopa brunnea sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/2875BDA6-0054-4F85-AC3A-8B75173BBA37 [Figs 8--9](#F4){ref-type="fig"} [, 10--13](#F5){ref-type="fig"} [, 14](#F6){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.60 mm. *Head*: Frons shiny black brown, with ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate densely setulose. Antenna blackish brown, slightly lighter than head, posterior margin of flagellomere light brown; face blackish brown, shiny; parafacial yellowish brown. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.12--0.15. *Thorax*: Mesonotum shiny black, covered with microtomentum; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region less microtomentose, anepisternum and katepisternum almost bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.52--0.64; M vein ratio 0.59--0.65; Legs blackish brown except yellowish tarsi; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like. *Abdomen*: Generally shiny black, bare of microtomentum; tergites 3--5 equal in length and larger than tergites 1--2. Male terminalia (Figs [10--13](#F5){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [10](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion very thin, each lateral arm gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest on apical third, apex rounded, oriented medially, ventral half with slightly increased number of setulae, in lateral view (Fig. [11](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) as roughly rectangular, slightly wider ventrally with rounded posteroventral portion, pointed anteroventrally; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [10](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, generally shallowly arched, ventral and dorsal apices acutely pointed, setulose evenly along length, in lateral view (Fig. [11](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) as an inverted drop; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [13](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) rod-like, dorsal fourth curved basally and pointed, in ventral view (Fig. [12](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly bar-like, curved, apex toward aedeagal base tapered, pointed apically, apex toward hypandrium bluntly rounded; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [13](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) more or less rectangular, basal third wider than apical portion, narrowest medially, apex angulate, in ventral view (Fig. [12](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, after slightly bulbous base parallel sided, apex tapered, pointed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [13](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) as a dissected triangle, with an obvious keel, vertex toward hypandrium sharply tapered, acutely pointed, vertex toward aedeagal base thumb-like, keel narrow, moderately elongate, pointed, in ventral view (Fig. [12](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) as an asymmetrical spool, wider toward aedeagal base, apex toward hypandrium shallowly trilobed; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [13](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, irregularly rod-like, shallowly sinuous, both apices narrowly rounded; in ventral view (Fig. [12](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) robustly Y-shaped, with base wide, lateral margins almost serrate, arms of Y posterior, flared posterolateral, each arm thin, digitiform, forming posterior, evenly rounded, moderately deep emargination. {#F4} ![*Lamproclasiopa brunnea* sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José. Moravia) **10** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **11** same, lateral view **12** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **13** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g005){#F5} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa brunnea* is labeled "COSTA RICA. Prov. San José. Moravia. Zurquí de Moravia, Tower path. 1600m. 2--9 AGO 2013. Proyeto ZADBI. Mix methods, ZADBI-1076/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa brunnea* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in MNCR-A. Thirty-eight paratypes (20♂, 18♀; MNCR-A, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: COSTA RICA. **Cartago.** Paraíso, Parque Nacional Tapantí (09°43.3\'N, 83°46.5\'W; 1600 m), 4--11 Ago 2013, Proyeto ZADBI (1♀; MNCR-A). **Guanacaste.** Macizo Miravalles, Cabro Muco Station (10°43.1\'N, 84° 51.3\'W; 1100 m), 15 Mar--2 Abr 2003, J. Azoifeifa. (1♀; MNCR-A). #### Type locality. Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°02.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W; 1588 m). #### Distribution (Fig. [14](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Costa Rica (Cartago, Guanacaste, Puntarenas, San José). {#F6} #### Etymology. The species epithet, *brunnea*, is of Latin derivation and means brown, referring to the dark brown color of this species, especially its head. #### Remarks. This species is very similar and superficially appear to be closely related to *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis*, as evidenced by the generally dark brown body color and yellowish parafacies of both species. The thoracic pleural area of *Lamproclasiopa brunnea*, however, is more sparsely microtomentose. Moreover, the frontal microtomentum of *Lamproclasiopa brunnea* covers only the fronto-orbital plates and the ocellar triangle, which easily distinguishes this species from *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis*. ### Lamproclasiopa hendeli Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Wirth) [Figs 15--17](#F7){ref-type="fig"} [, 36](#F13){ref-type="fig"} 1. Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) facialis[@B15]: 79. 2. Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) hendeli[@B34]: 7 \[replacement name for Discocerina facialis[@B15], not [@B31]\]. [@B24]: 168 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa hendeli. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.50 mm. *Head*: Frons broader than long, 1.5 times as wide as an eye; glossy black with anterior margin reddish yellow, between ocelli and fronto-orbits somewhat dull by very fine reddish brown microtomentose. Pedicel black, slightly whitish dusted dorsally; basal flagellomere red yellow, darkened along outer margin; arista with 5 long rays dorsally. Face protruded in lateral view; dorsal half of face with distinct antennal grooves, these separated by a vertical ridge, just ventrad of ventral margin of antennal grooves a transverse ridge. Ventral portion of face flat, receded towards oral margin; face silvery white, microtomentose with 2 vertical stripes toward middle. Gena moderately high, ¼ height of eye; silvery white at edge of eye; with 1 strong seta. *Thorax*: Shiny black, smooth; central portion and scutellar disc covered with very short and fine reddish brown microtomentum that reduces the shine; within this microtomentum on mesonotum, shiny black dots at bases of short setae. No prescutellar pair of setae or supra-alar seta. Legs shiny black; tarsi reddish yellow. Wing grayish hyaline, with yellow veins; costal section II about 1.5 times as long as costal section I; veins R~4+5~ and M~1~ parallel, last section of M~1~ twice as long as penultimate section. Halters with black stem and light yellow knob. Calypteres with dark brown margins and hairy. *Abdomen*: Concolorous with mesonotum, with dense, short, black setulae; tergites 3--5 almost equally long. Male terminalia (Figs [15--17](#F7){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [15](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, only slightly narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, dorsal arch relatively narrow, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin evenly rounded, lacking medial or ventral extensions, ventral portion bearing numerous, loosely clustered, long setulae; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to pointed apex, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view rod-like, shallowly curved, banana-like, very slightly wider toward hypandrium than toward aedeagal base, in ventral view shallowly curved, distinctly expanded on portion toward hypandrium with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, lateral margin with a wide, short irregularly shaped keel; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [17](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) very elongate, narrowly triangular, almost parallel sided, tapered evenly to moderately narrow, rounded apex, in ventral view as an elongate, very narrow, parallel-sided, rod-like structure, basal end shallowly and bluntly rounded, apical 1/5 tapered toward narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [17](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) more or less irregularly triangular, with moderately long, narrow extensions toward aedeagal base and hypandrium, keel distinct, relatively narrow, irregular, somewhat pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [17](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) generally narrow, rod-like, very shallowly sinuous, in ventral view almost rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin shallowly emarginate, posterior margin more deeply emarginate, moderately deeply and broadly U-shaped, depth of emargination about half length of anterior portion. ![*Lamproclasiopa hendeli* (Wirth) (redraw from [@B36]) **15** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **16** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **17** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g007){#F7} #### Type material. The holotype male of Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) facialis Hendel was published as "1 ♂, Cuesta von Cillutiucara, Bolivien, 3200 m (Fassl) ." The holotype male is housed in the NMW. #### Type locality. Bolivia. La Paz: Sillutincara (= Cilluntincara) (16°17\'S, 67°54\'W; 3200 m). #### Distribution (Fig. [36](#F13){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz). #### Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta*, this species is distinguished from this congener by the shiny black frons and blackish brown coxae. [@B12]: 148) suggested that this species could be *Discocerina nitida* Cresson. We confirm that this is an included species in *Lamproclasiopa*, and further, that it is not related to *Discocerina nitida*. The illustrations of this species in [@B36] are of the holotype and are further evidence that it is a congener within *Lamproclasiopa*. Our description of external features was extracted and interpreted from M. Kotrba's English translation of Hendel's original description, as we did not have access to the holotype. Although we have repeatedly inquired about and asked to examine the holotype male of this species, our requests were ignored. Fortunately, however, we have the illustrations of structures of the male terminalia that Zatwarnicki ([@B36]) produced of the holotype male, and these are the basis for much of our diagnosis of this species. The *triangularis* group (*Lamproclasiopa triangularis*) {#SECID0EGCBI} -------------------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body generally subshiny to shiny black. *Head*: Frons mostly brownish black to black; frons sparsely microtomentose; ventral half of face with a microtomentose triangle, sometimes dorsal angle of triangle extended dorsally to level of base of antennae, base of triangle sometimes partially bare, otherwise face largely bare, black except for yellow to yellowish orange lateral margins adjacent to parafacial and antennal grooves; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.10); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellowish. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Cerci slightly wider dorsally than ventrally; aedeagus in lateral view robust, almost rectangular, only slightly tapered on apical half. **Remarks.** This species group currently includes only *Lamproclasiopa triangularis*, which exhibits unique character states in the triangular microtomentose area on the face and the robust, rectangular aedeagus in lateral view. ### Lamproclasiopa triangularis sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/1A4E189A-B737-4B14-8591-12D1102AE698 [Figs 18--19](#F8){ref-type="fig"} [, 20--23](#F9){ref-type="fig"} [, 81](#F28){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.65--2.10 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. *Head*: Frons generally mostly brownish black to black, moderately microtomentose, subshiny; mesofrons more microtomentose, tan to brown; some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, especially scape and pedicel, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellow to yellowish orange coloration. Ventral half of face with a microtomentose triangle (Fig. [18](#F8){ref-type="fig"}), sometimes dorsal angle of triangle extended dorsally to level of base of antennae, base of triangle sometimes partially bare, otherwise face largely bare, black except for yellow to yellowish orange lateral margins adjacent to parafacial and antennal grooves; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.10. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly whitish gray microtomentose; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.74--0.79; M vein ratio 0.55--0.59. Legs, except tarsi, black; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellow; apical tarsomere slightly darker than other tarsomeres. *Abdomen*: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male a single, deeply U-shaped plate, length about twice width, opening of U posterior. Male terminalia (Figs [20--23](#F9){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [20](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, verticolateral arms gradually becoming wider, width wider than width of cercus, in lateral view (Fig. [21](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, elongate, overall as a robust, irregular tear drop with an anteroventral, short, shallowly pointed projection; cercus in posterior view (Fig. [20](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) bar-like, elongate, narrow, with dorsal half wider than ventral half, slightly tapered from dorsum to ventral margin, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. [21](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. [22](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) as an inverted, robust comma, in lateral view (Fig. [23](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) bar-like, shallowly arched; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [23](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) robust, narrowly and irregularly rectangular, widest basally, thereafter slightly tapered to truncate apex, in ventral view (Fig. [22](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrow, narrowly ovate, acutely pointed apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [23](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) as a deeply dissected triangle, extended keel rounded apically, each extended arm narrow, in ventral view (Fig. [22](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) narrow spindle shaped with a medial bulge, basal and apical widths subequal; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. [22](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) as a robust V-shaped structure, vertex especially robust, in lateral view (Fig. [23](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, elongate, shallowly arched. {#F8} ![*Lamproclasiopa triangularis* sp. n., male paratype (Peru. Madre de Dios: Manu) **20** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **21** same, lateral view **22** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **23** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g009){#F9} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa triangularis* is labeled "PERU. Madre de Dios: Manu, Rio Manu, 250 m\[,\] Pakitza,12°7\'S, 70°58\'W \[11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W\], 9--23 Sep 1988\[,\] Amnon Freidberg/USNM ENT 00118309 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa triangularis* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Forty three paratypes (21♂, 22♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype but with W. N. Mathis as the collector. #### Type locality. Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W; 250 m). #### Other specimens examined. BRAZIL. **Amazonas**: Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (03°05.9\'S, 59°58.2\'W; 50 m), 7 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂, 6♀; INPA, USNM). **Paraná**: Antonina, Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira (25°19\'S, 48°41,6\'W), 8 Feb 2010, D. Negoseki (1♂; DZUP). **São Paulo**: Ubatuba, Cachoeira da Lage (23°17.6\'S, 44°52.1\'W; 100 m), 30 Mar 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 3♀; DZUP, USNM). ECUADOR. **Orellana**: Rio Tiputini (0°38.2\'S, 76°8.9\'W), 12--26 Aug 1999, W. N. Mathis, A. Batista, M. Kotrba (7♂, 2♀; USNM). GUYANA. Kaieteur Falls (5°10.7\'N, 59°29.2\'W; 570 m), 7 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Kanuku Mountains, Kumu River and Falls (3°15.9\'N, 59°43.5\'W), 28--30 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Kanuku Mountains, Moco Moco River (3°18.2\'N, 59°38.9\'W), 29 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). Lethem (25 km SE; 3°18.2\'N, 59°38.9\'W), 4--5 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM). PERU. **Madre de Dios**: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W; 250 m), 9--23 Sep 1988, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (21♂, 23♀; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [81](#F28){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas, Paraná, São Paulo), Ecuador (Orellana), Guyana, Peru (Madre de Dios). #### Etymology. The species epithet, *triangularis*, is of Latin derivation, meaning triangular, and refers to the small triangular microtomentose area on the face of this species. #### Remarks. This species is distinguished from congeners by the triangle-shaped facial spot that is sparsely microtomentose. The triangle is situated medially on the ventral half of the face and is sometimes slightly elongated. Also distinguishing this species are the robust (thick) aedeagus in lateral view with its truncate apex and the narrow and elongated keel of the phallapodeme. The *polita* group (*Lamproclasiopa auritunica*, *Lamproclasiopa lapaz*, *Lamproclasiopa polita*) {#SECID0EKSBI} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body generally shiny black. *Head*: Gena high to very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.30--0.64; merger of posterior genal margin and lateral postgenal margins forming a sharply angulate, joint margin (convergently similar to *Athyroglossa*). *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; katepisternum and anepisternum mostly to entirely bare, shiny black. Wing generally hyaline to faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Keel of phallapodeme short and sometimes difficult to discern. **Remarks.** This species group appears to be monophyletic based on the following two synapomorphies: (1) gena high to very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.30--0.64; (2) merger of posterior genal margin and lateral postgenal margins forming a sharply angulate, joint margin (convergently similar to *Athyroglossa*). Both of the new species included in the species group, *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* and *Lamproclasiopa lapaz*, are very similar to each other, and together, form a separate lineage that is distinguished by synapomorphies, such as the broad, truncate dorsal, epandrial margin in posterior view, the anterior extension of the epandrium, and the division of the aedeagus into a basiphallus and distiphallus. Certainly these characters are unique within *Lamproclasiopa*, and are the basis for the monophyly of these two species as a separate and distinct lineage. ### Lamproclasiopa auritunica sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/1854E006-D51C-4FA1-B50D-DA92F39754E7 [Figs 24--26](#F10){ref-type="fig"} [, 27--30](#F11){ref-type="fig"} [, 36](#F13){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.30--2.80 mm; generally a shiny black species. *Head*: Frontal microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum over slightly more than anterior half of frons, also within ocellar triangle (Fig. [24](#F10){ref-type="fig"}), female with microtomentum only around bases of fronto-orbital setae and ocellar setae, thereafter as a thin stripe within ocellar triangle extended posteromedially, convergent within ocellar triangle, and a small medial spot just before anterior margin (Fig. [25](#F10){ref-type="fig"}). Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3--4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, facial microtomentum in both sexes generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female with some bare areas, especially at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42--0.64; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. *Thorax*: Mesonotum shiny black, pattern of microtomentum evident as a broad band, much denser anteriorly, becoming sparse posteriorly, microtomentum extended onto scutellar disc; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.50--0.58; M vein ratio 0.59--0.78. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2--3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2--3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. *Abdomen*: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia (Figs [27--30](#F11){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [27](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly hexagonal with dorsal 2/3 quadrate, as wide as high, corners rounded, ventral third with lateral margin slanted medially ventrally and ventral margin shallowly concave, dorsal portion thinly developed, lateral portions wide, each subequal to width of cercal cavity, setulae more or less evenly distributed laterally, thereafter with a gap, then clumped ventrolaterally, in lateral view (Fig. [28](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) more or less and irregularly L-shaped, thin dorsally, with an obtusely angulate ventral portion and a moderately narrow anterior extension with a flared, somewhat truncate anterior margin; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [27](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, moderately thin, generally shallowly arched, lunate, ventral and dorsal apices tapered, in lateral view elongate, narrow, elliptical; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [30](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) as 2 structures, basiphallus L-shaped with a digitiform process from one arm, distiphallus shallowly arched, wider basally, with ribbon-like extension, in ventral view (Fig. [29](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) with basiphallus spindle-like, elongate, distiphallus rectangularly ovate; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [30](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) L-shaped, each arm narrow and of equal length, in ventral view Y-shaped with base shorter than either arm; gonite in lateral view irregularly pear-like, in ventral view (Fig. [29](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) rod-like; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [30](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) thin, elongate, width irregular and with a short, thin process near middle, in ventral view (Fig. [29](#F11){ref-type="fig"}) robust, with anterior 2/3 diamond-shaped, posterior third widely and shallowly U-shaped. {#F10} ![*Lamproclasiopa auritunica* sp. n. (Bolivia. Oruro: Paznã) **27** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **28** same, lateral view **29** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **30** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g011){#F11} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* is labeled "**BOLIVIA. Oruro**: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2\'S, 66°54.7\'W, 3750 m), 22 Mar 2001\[,\] Wayne N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00119995 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in USNM. Three paratypes (1♂, 2♀; USNM) bear the following label data: Bolivia. Oruro: Challapata (45 km S; 19°12.9\'S, 66°47.7\'W, 3690 m), 22 Mar 2001, A. Freidberg, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Bolivia. La. Paz: Tiahuanaco Ruins (16°33.7\'S, 68°40.7\'W; 3870m), 28 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♀;USNM); Patacayama (7 km NE; 17°9.5\'S, 67°56.7\'W; 3800m), 21 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). #### Type locality. Bolívia. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2\'S, 66°54.7\'W, 3750 m). #### Distribution (Fig. [36](#F13){ref-type="fig"}). *Neotropical*: Bolivia (La Paz, Oruro). #### Etymology. The species epithet, *auritunica*, is of Latin derivation, meaning coat of gold, and refers to the golden microtomentum that covers much of the head of this species. #### Remarks. This species is very similar and closely related to *Lamproclasiopa lapaz* and to a lesser degree *Lamproclasiopa polita* but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons mostly bare, shiny black, lacking a broad, transverse stripe as in *Lamproclasiopa lapaz*; male mesonotum with a broad longitudinal band over entire length, although it is weaker posteriorly, not on anterior third only. Structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic. ### Lamproclasiopa lapaz sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/6F5AC7A7-4A10-4FC3-BC73-7C97C2C5621F [Figs 31--35](#F12){ref-type="fig"} [, 36](#F13){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.40--2.97 mm; generally a shiny black species. *Head*: Frontal and facial microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum on the frons, also within ocellar triangle, anterior laterals of frons bare, shiny black, Female frons with broad, transverse stripe of microtomentum on the center; male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third. Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3--4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, male facial microtomentum generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female face most bare, with silvery microtometum at the ventral portion of face and at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42--0.54; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. *Thorax*: Mesonotum shiny black, male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third, with a thin lateral extension at level of suture and extended along posterior margin of notopleuron; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.40-0.51; M vein ratio 0.69--0.83. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with some lateral areas microtomentose but lacking vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2--3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2--3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. *Abdomen*: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia (Figs [31--35](#F12){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [31](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) with dorsal half transversely rectangular, lateral margin shallowly convex, dorsal margin broadly truncate, very thin above cercal cavity, ventral half thinner than dorsal half, demarcation sharply angulate, thereafter ventral extensions almost parallel sided, ventral margin broadly bilobed with moderately deep, thin, incision, setulae clumped, at ventral margin, at beginning of ventral half and at 2 sites along dorsal margin, in lateral view (Fig. [32](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) with posterior portion linear, thinnest dorsally and subventrally, thereafter ventrally enlarged, clavate, with well-developed anterior, hook-like extension, hook angulate rather than rounded, bearing setulae at vortices of angles; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [32](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, elongate, rod-like, slightly wider dorsally, apparently fused ventrally with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. [33](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly lunate; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [35](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) as 2 structures of differing lengths, elongate basiphallus curved, irregularly tapered, base of basiphallus T-shaped, bar formed by pointed, lateral projections, apex of basiphallus acutely pointed and more curved, distiphallus less than half length of basiphallus, shallowly curved, otherwise rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. [34](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) with basiphallus as a thick, inverted Y, incised gap narrowly and deeply U-shaped with a heart-shaped extension at base, distiphallus with base within apical gap of basiphallus, narrow, straight, rod-like; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [35](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) C-shaped, each arm expanded apically, in ventral view as 2 stacked, moderately broad, short arrowheads; gonite in lateral view irregularly clavate, narrow, elongate, straight, rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. [34](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) shorter than gonite in lateral view, rod-like; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [35](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) thin, elongate, irregularly clavate basally with midlength, short projections, in ventral view (Fig. [34](#F12){ref-type="fig"}) as 2 irregular, almost parallel, rectangular sclerites, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, with a W-shaped base with narrow arms extended posteriorly and slightly laterally, and 2 short medial bumps along base. ![*Lamproclasiopa lapaz* sp. n. (Bolivia. La Paz: La Paz) **31** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **32** same, lateral view **33** hypandrium **34** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **35** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g012){#F12} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa lapaz* is labeled "**BOLIVIA. La Paz**: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7\'S, 68°04.3\'W; 4130m), 19 Mar 2001\[,\] Wayne N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00119994 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa lapaz* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, parts in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the USNM. Two female paratypes bear the following label data: Bolivia. La Paz (NE; 16°27.4\'S, 68°06\'W; 3940m), 19 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). #### Type locality. BOLIVIA. La Paz: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7\'S, 68°04.3\'W; 4130m). #### Distribution (Fig. [36](#F13){ref-type="fig"}). *Neotropical*: Bolivia (La Paz). {#F13} #### Etymology. The species epithet, *lapaz*, refers to the capital of Bolivia, La Paz, where the type series was collected. La Paz is Spanish for peace, which we embrace and recommend to all. #### Remarks. This species is very similar both of the other species of the *polita* group, especially *Lamproclasiopa auritunica*, but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons with broad, transverse stripe on anterior half (female frons in *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* is mostly bare, shiny black); male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third only (male mesonotum in *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* has a broad longitudinal band over entire mesonotal length, although it is weaker posteriorly). Shapes of structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic. ### Lamproclasiopa polita Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Edwards) [Figs 37--38](#F14){ref-type="fig"} [, 39--42](#F15){ref-type="fig"} [, 104](#F36){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora polita[@B13]: 117. 2. Discocerina (Basila) polita. [@B12]: 149 \[generic combination\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B16]: 24 \[list, Argentina\]. [@B17]: 13 \[Argentina catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa polita. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.60--2.70 mm; generally a shiny black species. *Head*: Frons shiny black. Antenna black except for basoventral yellowish orange to orange of basal flagellomere. Face black except for silvery gray, microtomentose antennal grooves, microtomentum sometimes extended ventrally onto ventral portion of face, in lateral view rounded, obtusely angulate, greatest extension at midheight. Antenna black. Gena high; gena-to-eye ratio 0.30--0.34. *Thorax*: Mesonotum and pleural areas shiny black; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing hyaline, immaculate; costal vein ration 0.43--0.45; M vein ratio 0.52--0.57. Legs black, mostly shiny except for yellow basal 2 tarsomeres; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; *Abdomen*: Tergites shiny black, almost completely bare of microtomentum; male tergite 5 more or less triangular, posterior margin narrowly rounded. Male terminalia (Figs [39--42](#F15){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [39](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) more or less oval, flattened dorsally, narrowed ventrally, setulae more evident ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. [40](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) longer than wide, ventral half robust, widest just ventrad of midheight, narrowly rounded at apex; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [39](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, elongate, slightly curved, ventral apex narrowly pointed, in lateral view (Fig. [40](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) as an elongated teardrop, shallowly curved, wider dorsally, ventral portion becoming narrower ventrally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [42](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, posterior margin more or less evenly developed, anterior margin with angular protuberance, ventral apex shallowly bifurcate, in ventral view (Fig. [41](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) robustly developed medially, apices thin, angulate laterally; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [42](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) clavate, base narrower than globular apex, rounded apically, in ventral view (Fig. [41](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) with base quadrate with short triangular extension; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [42](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) robustly L-shaped, in ventral view (Fig. [41](#F15){ref-type="fig"}) dome-like; hypandrium in lateral view L-shaped, anterior portion longer and more robustly developed than narrow, posterior portion, in ventral view (Fig. [41](#F15){ref-type="fig"}), slightly more than semicircular, broadly and evenly rounded. {#F14} ![*Lamproclasiopa polita* (Edwards). (Chile. Osorno: Anticura) **39** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **40** same, lateral view **41** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **42** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g015){#F15} #### Type material. The holotype female of *Ditrichophora polita* Edwards is labeled "Holotype/Type/Argentina: Terr. Río Negro. F.&M. Edwards. B.M. 1927--63./Lake Gutiérrez 3--14.xi.1926./*Ditrichophora polita* Edw. F. W. Edwards det. 1932/HOLOTYPE *Ditrichophora polita* Edwards det. J.E. Chainey, 1995/NHMUK010240990. The holotype is double mounted (glued to a plastic triangle), is in good condition, and is deposited in the BMNH. #### Type locality. Argentina. Río Negro: Lake Gutiérrez (41°11.5\'S, 71°23.7\'W). #### Other specimens examined. CHILE. **Atacama**: Huasco (28°28\'S, 71°13.1\'W), 21 Oct 1957, L. E. Peña (1♂, 1♀; USNM). **Cautin**: Temuco (20 km E; 38°44\'S, 72°35\'W), 7 Jan 1951, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (1♀; USNM). **Coquimbo**: Incahuasi (27°02\'S, 68°18\'W), 30 Sep 1952, P. G. Kuschel (13♂, 7♀; USNM); Ovalle (32 km SE; 30°36\'S, 71°11\'W), 12 Dec 1950, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (3♂, 2♀; USNM). **Lanquihue**: Peulla (41°28\'S, 72°57.7\'W) (1?; BMNH); Puerto Varas (41°18.6\'S, 72°59.6\'W) (1♂; BMNH). **O'Higgins**: Río Claro (5 km N Rengo; 34°24\'S, 70°52\'W; 300 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). **Osorno**: Anticura (4 km W; 37°40\'S, 72°01\'W; 400 m), 3 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 4♀; USNM); Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m), 5--12 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Lago Puyehue (SE shore; 40°45\'S, 72°25.2\'W), 6--10 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM); Lago Rupanco, El Encanto (40°49\'S, 72°28\'W), 6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Laguna El Pato (41°10\'S, 73°40\'W; 1100 m), 13 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM); Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40°41\'S, 72°21\'W; 530 m), 7--8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 2♀; USNM). **Santiago**: El Alfalfal (33°30\'S, 70°11\'W; 1320 m), 22 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM); Quebrada de la Plata (near Maipú; 33°30\'S, 70°55\'W; 550 m; Malaise trap), 12 Mar 1986, M. E. Irwin (1♂; USNM). **Talca**: Río Lircay (11 km N Talca; 35°23\'S, 71°39\'W; 85 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 7♀; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Argentina (Río Negro), Chile (Atacama, Cautin, Coquimbo, Lanquihue, Malleco, O'Higgins, Osorno, Santiago, Talca). #### Remarks. Although similar to *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* and *Lamproclasiopa lapaz* in having a high gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.30--0.34), this species is unlike these two species by having a nearly bare and shiny male frons; a triangular-shaped male tergite five, which is narrowly rounded posteriorly; a rounded epandrium, and an aedeagus without any kind of division. The *ecuadoriensis* group (*Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis*, *Lamproclasiopa zerafael*) {#SECID0EE3CI} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio 0.05--0.12); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta variable, well developed in *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis*, lacking in *Lamproclasiopa zerafael*; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing generally hyaline to very faintly infumate (*Lamproclasiopa mancha* with crossveins r-m and dm-cu with darkened cloud); vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Keel of phallapodeme short and sometimes difficult to discern. **Remarks.** This species group, like the *hendeli* group, is mostly based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. These are the bases for recognition of this species group. Structures of the male terminalia of *Lamproclasiopa zerafael* are quite different from all congeners, especially the very robust aedeagus that is slightly asymmetrical, and the very wide and dissected hypandrium in ventral view. ### Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/148D944E-D393-46B5-A9F5-1E9031EA655E [Figs 43--44](#F16){ref-type="fig"} [, 45--48](#F17){ref-type="fig"} [, 104](#F36){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore-fly species, body length 1.55--1.80 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. *Head*: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, ocellar triangle extended to anterior margin of frons, some specimens with grayish red areas along anterior margin just dorsad of antennal bases, parafrons with narrowly oval, densely microtomentose areas at anterolateral corner. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face narrow, mostly shiny black, especially over greater medial portion, extreme lateral margin adjacent to parafacial yellowish, narrow whitish gray, transverse band just ventrad of antennal base and through dorsal portion of antennal grooves, ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, yellow dorsally, adjacent to eye, black ventrally and extended to gena. Gena short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.04--0.06. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.80--0.81; M vein ratio 0.61--0.64. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1--2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4--5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. *Abdomen*: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male as 2 sternites, length nearly twice greatest width, anterior margin narrow, becoming slightly wider on anterior 1/3, thereafter tapered to a posterolateral point, lateral margin straight, medial margin angulate. Male terminalia (Figs [45--48](#F17){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [45](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) robustly oval, arched and thin dorsally, gradually becoming wider ventrally than narrowed on apical 1/3, in lateral view (Fig. [46](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) with dorsal 2/3 thirds narrow, strap-like, thereafter ventrally abruptly widened with anterior, pointed extension, ventral margin broadly rounded; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [45](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrowly semicircular, ventral apex more acutely pointed than more widely produced dorsal margin, in lateral view (Fig. [46](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly, narrowly semihemispherical, wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in lateral view narrowly rod-like, arched, only slightly wider toward aedeagal base than toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. [47](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) robustly hook-like with shank of hook narrow and rounded portion very robustly developed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [48](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) L-shaped, arm extended to aedeagal base slightly more robust, length of both arms about equal, in ventral view (Fig. [47](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) as a dog bone, expanded at each apex; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [48](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, robust, sinuous, more or less parallel sided, in ventral view (Fig. [47](#F17){ref-type="fig"}) as a very robust H with long posterior arms, lateral margins conspicuously sinuous, anterior emargination shallowly concave, posterior emargination deep, broadly U-shaped. {#F16} ![*Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis* sp. n. (Ecuador. Orellana: Rio Tiputini) **45** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **46** same, lateral view **47** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **48** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g017){#F17} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis* is labeled "**ECUADOR.** Prt. Or\[e\]\[l\]lana: RioTiputini (0°38.2\'S, 76°8.9\'W), 12--26 Aug 1999,W.N.Mathis, A. Baptista, M. Kotrba/USNM ENT 00118307 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Four paratypes (3♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. #### Type locality. Ecuador. Orellana: Río Tiputini Biodiversity Station (0°38.2\'S, 76°8.9\'W). #### Distribution (Fig. [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}). *Neotropical*: Ecuador (Orellana). #### Etymology. The species epithet, *ecuadoriensis*, refers to the country of Ecuador, where this species was collected. #### Remarks. This species is similar to *Lamproclasiopa laevior* and *Lamproclasiopa polita*, although it can be distinguished from congeners by the densely microtomentose anterolateral, narrowly oval black velvet spots on the frons; the narrow, shiny black face; the comparatively elongate costal section III (section III slightly less than section II); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs [45--48](#F17){ref-type="fig"}). ### Lamproclasiopa zerafael sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/3BA512CE-7CF2-4236-868D-0833AC936736 [Figs 49--50](#F18){ref-type="fig"} [, 51--54](#F19){ref-type="fig"} [, 104](#F36){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.50--2.05 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. *Head*: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face mostly shiny black, especially medially and laterally, between with some areas sparsely microtomentose and in antennal grooves, dorsal half; antennal grooves evident , dorsad of dorsoclinate facial pair of setae; ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, black. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.07. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.75--0.89; M vein ratio 0.58--0.61. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1--2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4--5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. *Abdomen*: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs [51--54](#F19){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [51](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, vertical, lateral arms essentially parallel sided, wider than width of cercus, in lateral view (Fig. [52](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) widest at ventral 1/3, ventral margin step-wise rounded, overall as a robust tear drop with an anterior, short, shallowly pointed projection at widest width; cercus in posterior view (Fig. [51](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) bar-like, elongate, narrow, parallel sided, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. [52](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. [53](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) triangular, with basal angle projected into narrow process, in lateral view (Fig. [54](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) obtusely angulate, extension toward aedeagal base slightly thinner; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [54](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) irregular, wider apically, margin irregular, in ventral view (Fig. [53](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) slightly wider subapically, irregularly rounded apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [54](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) angulate, L-shaped, extension toward hypandrium shallowly angulate subapically, in ventral view (Fig. [53](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) spindle shaped, with basal portion much wider than apical portion; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. [53](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) as a very wide and short structure, anterior and posterior emarginations shallow, anterior arms with oblique crossbar, in lateral view (Fig. [54](#F19){ref-type="fig"}) as an irregular H, with lateral portions of H irregular. {#F18} ![*Lamproclasiopa zerafael* sp. n. (Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus) **51** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **52** same, lateral view **53** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **54** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g019){#F19} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa zerafael* is labeled "**BRAZIL.** Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8\'S, 59°58.5\'W; 40 m), 5 May 2010, D. & W. N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00118311 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa zerafael* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, INPA \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in INPA. Fourteen paratypes (11♂, 2♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: BRAZIL. **Amazonas**: Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (03°05.9\'S, 59°58.2\'W; 50 m), 7 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 11♀; DZUP, INPA, USNM); Reserva Cuieiras (02°35.2\'S, 60°07.2\'W; 110 m), 8 May 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂; INPA, USNM). #### Type locality. Brazil. Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8\'S, 59°58.5\'W; 40 m). #### Distribution (Fig. [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}). *Neotropical*: Brazil (Amazonas). #### Etymology. The species epithet, *zerafael*, refers to José (Zé) Albertino Rafael, student of Diptera and Zoraptera (especially the Amazonian fauna) and who kindly hosted and guided us while in Manaus, Amazonas. The name is a noun in apposition. #### Remarks. This species is distinguished from congeners, especially *Lamproclasiopa triangularis*, by having a sparsely microtomentose body generally, a mostly shiny black face; a short gena (height about half height of basal flagellomere), a hyaline wing, a blackish yellow foretarsus. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species, especially the relatively gross, thickened aedeagus that is slightly asymmetrical, the wide and thinly dissected hypandrium, and the funnel-shaped gonites in ventral view. The *painteri* group (*Lamproclasiopa balsamae*, *Lamproclasiopa mancha*, *Lamproclasiopa painteri*) {#SECID0EZUDI} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio between 0.05--0.10); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing with numerous dark spots (*Lamproclasiopa balsamae*, *Lamproclasiopa painteri*) or with darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu (*Lamproclasiopa mancha*); vein R~2+3~ either angulate subapically and bearing a stump vein with a posteroapical orientation, a second stump vein near middle (*Lamproclasiopa balsamae*, *Lamproclasiopa painteri*) or vein R~2+3~ with apex more abruptly curved toward costa (*Lamproclasiopa mancha*). Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. **Remarks.** This species group comprises species with some pattern in the wing and is thus distinctive from all others, which have mostly hyaline or very faintly infumate wings. The pattern, however, differs. For *Lamproclasiopa balsamae* and *Lamproclasiopa painteri* the pattern comprises numerous distinctive brown spots, and vein R~2+3~ is distinctly angulate subapically with the apices abruptly angled subapically toward costa. At the vertex of the abrupt, subapical angle there is also a stump vein and often another stump vein near middle of this vein. Certainly these two species form a monophyletic lineage. The inclusion of *Lamproclasiopa mancha* in this species group may be artificial, as the pattern in the wing is quite different (see species description of *Lamproclasiopa mancha*). ### Lamproclasiopa balsamae Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 55--58](#F20){ref-type="fig"} [, 59](#F21){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora balsamae[@B5]: 77. 2. Discocerina (Basila) balsamae. [@B12]: 149 \[generic combination, review\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa balsamae. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.65--1.85 mm. *Head*: Frons bi- or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.10. *Thorax*: Mesonotum with 7 brown vittae, including a medial vitta along acrostichal area (Fig. [57](#F20){ref-type="fig"}); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. [58](#F20){ref-type="fig"}); vein R~2+3~ distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.67--0.68; M vein ratio 0.66--0.71. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. {#F20} #### Type material. The holotype female of *Ditrichophora balsamae* Cresson is labeled "Puerto Castilla B. F. Hond. 6-V-26. R. H. Painter, Co \["B. F." handwritten /TYPE No. 6365 Ditrichophora BALSAMAE E T Cresson, Jr. \[red; "6365 Ditrichophora BALSAMAE" handwritten\]/1182." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of fine foam), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6365). #### Type locality. Honduras. Colón: Puerto Castilla (16°0.5\'N, 85°57.7\'W). #### Other specimens examined. BRAZIL. **Rio de Janeiro**: Gavea (22°58.6\'S, 43°13.7\'W), Mar 1929, H. Souza Lopes (6♀; IOC). COSTA RICA. **San José**: Pedregoso (9° 22.45\'N, 83° 43.2\'W), D. L. Rounds (1♀; USNM). EL SALVADOR. **La Liberdad**: Santa Tecla (12 km NW; 13°45.1\'N, 89°22.1\'W), Oct 1953, W. B. Heed (1♀; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [59](#F21){ref-type="fig"}). *Neotropical*: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Costa Rica (San José), El Salvador (La Liberdad), Honduras (Colón). {#F21} #### Remarks. Although very similar and apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa painteri*, this species is distinguished from congeners by the number and entirety of the mesonotal stripes. There are seven longitudinal vittae, including a medial vitta in the acrostichal area. A male of this species is unavailable, and thus, our diagnosis is incomplete for structures of the male terminalia. ### Lamproclasiopa mancha sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/A9F90349-9066-4D6B-8D7B-7AF6C13B5DEF [Figs 59](#F21){ref-type="fig"} [, 60--62](#F22){ref-type="fig"} [, 63--66](#F23){ref-type="fig"} #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.55--2.10 mm. *Head*: Frons mostly yellowish to golden tan, especially outline of mesofrons and fronto-orbits, anterior portion immediately dorsad of antennae yellowish orange, microtomentum denser and whiter at base of fronto-orbital setae. Antenna yellow to yellowish orange; basal flagellomere slightly brownish dorsally. Face black but completely to mostly silvery white microtomentose, often with medial, darker stripe with microtomentum thinner, otherwise lacking prominent, vertical stripes; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery to creamy white; gena very short. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.05--0.07. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly tannish to golden tan microtomentose; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny, contrasted with densely microtomentose mesonotum. Wing hyaline except for conspicuous darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu (Fig. [62](#F22){ref-type="fig"}); vein R~2+3~ with apex more abruptly curved toward costa; costal vein ratio 0.51--0.60; M vein ratio 0.59--0.65. Femora mostly black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae mostly brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs [63--66](#F23){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [63](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, inverted U-shaped, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, ventral margin bearing loose cluster of longer setulae, in lateral view widest subventrally, ventral margin more narrowly rounded; cercus in posterior hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, with somewhat evenly scattered setulae, those toward ventral margin longer; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [66](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) somewhat rod-like, shallowly curved, both ends tapered, in ventral view (Fig. [65](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) knife-like, medial end blade-like, lateral extension narrow with apical portion curved and pointed; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [66](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) as an angulate funnel, comparatively wide basally, thereafter apically angles posteroventrally, tapered to narrowly pointed apex, in ventral view (Fig. [65](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) an elongate, narrow funnel; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [66](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly Y-shaped, keel long, narrow, linear; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. [65](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) as 2 narrow, parallel sided, thin sclerites, with posterior connection, in lateral view (Fig. [66](#F23){ref-type="fig"}) an elongate, slender, rod-like structure, bulbous posteriorly, shallowly bifurcate anteriorly. {#F22} ![*Lamproclasiopa mancha* sp. n. (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) **63** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **64** same, lateral view **65** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **66** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g023){#F23} #### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa mancha* is labeled "**BRAZIL.** Paraná: Curitiba, UFPR \[Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica\] (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m),6 Feb2010\[,\] D. & W. N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00118310 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa mancha* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni DZUP \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in DZUP. Twenty-nine paratypes (24♂, 5♀; DZUP, USNM) bear the same locality data as the holotype, with dates from 9 Dec 2009--13 Feb 2010. #### Type locality. Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m). #### Other specimens examined. ARGENTINA. **Misiones**: Puerto Bemberg (25°55\'S, 54°37\'W), 13 Oct 1950, L. C. Shum (1♀; USNM). BRAZIL. **Paraná**: Colombo (Santa Monica tennis club; 25°23.1\'S, 49°08.8\'W; 860 m), 18 Mar 2015, Daniel N. R. Costa (1♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m), 1--4 Feb 2010, 13--17 Out 2014, Daniel N. R. Costa (13♂, 4♀; DZUP); Morro do Araçatuba (Município de Tijucas do Sul; 25°53.8\'S, 49°01.2\'W; 910 m), 27 Feb 2015, W. N. Mathis (1♀; DZUP). **Santa Catarina**: Nova Teutônia (27°11\'S, 52°23\'W; 3--500 m), Jul-Nov 1970, 1971, F. Plaumann (9♂, 4♀; MZUSP). **São Paulo**: Itú (23°15.9\'S, 47°17.9\'W), Sep 1960, M. A. V. D'Andretta (8♂, 2♀; MZUSP). #### Distribution (Fig. [59](#F21){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo). #### Etymology. The species epithet, *mancha*, is the Portuguese word for a stain and refers to the darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and dm-cu, diagnostic of this species. #### Remarks. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the wing pattern. The wing is mostly hyaline except for darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu; and vein R~2+3~ has the apex more abruptly curved toward the costa. Sometimes the darkened spots over the crossveins are slightly faded. ### Lamproclasiopa painteri Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 59](#F21){ref-type="fig"} [, 67--70](#F24){ref-type="fig"} [, 71--74](#F25){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora painteri[@B5]: 76. 2. Discocerina (Basila) painteri. [@B12]: 149 \[generic combination\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa balsamae, of authors, not Cresson \[misidentification\]. [@B36]: 36 \[generic combination\]. 4. Lamproclasiopa painteri. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.15--1.80 mm. *Head*: Frons bi- or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.08--0.09. *Thorax*: Mesonotum with 4 elongate, mostly separated spots (Fig. [69](#F24){ref-type="fig"}); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. [70](#F24){ref-type="fig"}); vein R~2+3~ distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.76--0.87; M vein ratio 0.66--0.75. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergite 5 of male truncate posteriorly. Male terminalia (Figs [71--74](#F25){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior (Fig. [71](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) view roundly U-shaped, bluntly oval, narrower dorsally and ventrally, slightly wider at midheight, lateral arm becoming wider ventrally, curved medially ventral margin ventromedial gap V-shaped, ventral angle bearing loosely clustered setulae; cercus hemispherical, pointed dorsomedially, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [74](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) robustly rod-like, shallowly curved toward aedeagal base, shaped like a banana, in ventral view shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base narrow, thumb-like, thereafter moderately wide, widest subapically; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [74](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) comparatively narrowly truncate basally, thereafter expanded, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to rounded apex, apex with short, recurved anterior point, in ventral view (Fig. [73](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) as an elongate, shallowly rounded, narrowed medially, basal margin somewhat truncate with shallow, medial emargination, apical margin tapered to angulate, rounded apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [74](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) Y-shaped with one arm of Y a short, irregularly narrow keel, keel irregularly tapered, pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [74](#F25){ref-type="fig"}) narrowed basally, apical ½-2/3 wider, narrowly rectangular, rounded anteriorly, in ventral view as a very broad, short H with short arms, anterior emargination broadly V-shaped, posterior emargination very broadly and shallowly U-shaped. {#F24} ![*Lamproclasiopa painteri* (Cresson). (Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza) **71** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **72** same, lateral view **73** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **74** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g025){#F25} #### Type material. The holotype female of *Ditrichophora painteri* Cresson is labeled "Puerto Castilla B. F. Hond. 6-V-26 \[6 May 1926\] R. H. Painter, Co \["B. F." handwritten\]/TYPE No. 6366 Ditrichophora PAINTERI E.T.Cresson, Jr, \[red; "6366 Ditrichophora PAINTERI" handwritten\]/1182." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of fine foam), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6366). Three paratypes (2♂, 1♀; ANSP) bear the same locality label as the holotype. #### Type locality. Honduras. Colón: Puerto Castilla (16°0.5\'N, 85°57.7\'W). #### Other specimens examined. BELIZE. **Stann Creek**: Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary (16°47\'N, 88'30\'W), 5--6 Apr 1993, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 8♀; USNM); Maya Center: Cabbage Haul Creek (16°48\'N, 88°23\'W), 3 Apr 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). BRAZIL. **Amazonas**: Marco (near Leticia=Tabatinga; 04°13.9\'S, 69°56\'W), Aug 1960, H. L. Carson, W. B. Heed (1♂; USNM). **Pará**: Oriximiná-Obidos, estrada (01°47.7\'S, 55°36\'W), Nov 1969 (1♂; MZUSP); Tucuruí, Morro do Senador (03°59.4\'S, 49°44.8\'W), Dec 2001, J. A. Rafael, J. Vidal (1♀; INPA). **Paraná**: Antonina, Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira (25°19\'S, 48°41,6\'W), 8 Feb 2010, D. N. R. Costa (3♂; DZUP). **Rio de Janeiro**: Gávea (22°59.2\'S, 43°14.7\'W), 31 Mar 1937, H. de Souza Lopes (5♂, 1♀; ANSP, MNRJ + 2♂; NMNH). ECUADOR. **Orellana**: Río Tiputini (0°38.2\'S, 76°8.9\'W), 12--26 Aug 1999, W. N. Mathis, A. Baptista, M. Kotrba (5♀; USNM). GUYANA. Moco-Moco (30 km E Lethem in Kanuku Mountains; 3°18.2\'N, 59°39.0\'W), 29 Apr 1995, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 3♀; USNM). PANAMA. **Colon**: Juan Gallegos (9°37\'N, 79°34\'W), 10 Jul 1982, R. B. Kimsey (1♀; USNM). PERU. **Madre de Dios**: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W; 250 m), 9--23 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (27♂, 20♀; USNM). TRINIDAD and TOBAGO. Tobago. **St. John**: Charlotteville (5 km S; 11°18.9\'N, 60°34.5\'W), Hermitage River and beach, 22 Apr-11 Jun 1993, 1994, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 5♀; USNM); Parlatuvier (creek; 11°17.9\'N, 60°35\'W), 20 Apr-14 Jun 1993, 1994, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). **St. Paul**: Argyle Falls (11°15\'N, 60°35\'W), 21 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Roxborough (6 km NNW; 11°16\'N, 60°35.4\'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (13♂, 14♀; USNM). Trinidad. **Caroni**: Talparo (2 km N, 10°31\'N, 61°17\'W), 22 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). **St. George**: Filette (1 km SE; 10°47\'N, 61°21\'W), Yarra River, 25 Jun 1993; W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). **Victoria**: Basse Terre (7 km E; 10°07\'N, 61°14\'W), 27 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM). VENEZUELA. Caife, Jan 1943, P. J. Anduze (2♀; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [59](#F21){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Belize (Stann Creek), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro), Ecuador (Orellana), Guyana, Honduras (Colón), Peru (Madre de Dios), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela. #### Remarks. Although similar to *Lamproclasiopa balsamae*, this species is distinguished from that species and all other congeners by having a conspicuously spotted wing, as in *Lamproclasiopa balsamae*, and by having the mesonotum with four stripes, each as a short series of two to four more or less elongated spots. In *Lamproclasiopa balsamae* there are seven distinct and complete or nearly complete stripes. Structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species. The illustration of *Lamproclasiopa balsamae* that Mathis and Zatwarnicki (2001) published is actually that of *Lamproclasiopa painteri*. The locality of the specimen from Venezuela is a mystery to us. We have checked and rechecked the spelling on the label, "Caife," but have been unable to locate this name on maps or gazetteers. Perhaps it is a misspelling. The *nana* group (*Lamproclasiopa nana*) {#SECID0E4GBK} ---------------------------------------- **Diagnosis.** Body with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose. *Head*: Frons and face distinctly two-toned; antenna yellow; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.10); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing generally hyaline to faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae entirely black. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Dorsal epandrial margin interrupted, each lateral arm of the epandrium robustly developed; hypandrium in ventral view rectangular. **Remarks.** This species group, comprising a single species, is very distinctive among all congeners and is easily recognized. Although distinctive, it is apparently related to the *furvitibia* group. ### Lamproclasiopa nana Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Williston) [Figs 75--76](#F26){ref-type="fig"} [, 77--80](#F27){ref-type="fig"} [, 81](#F28){ref-type="fig"} 1. Discocerina nana[@B31]: 396. 2. Ditrichophora nana. [@B2]: 159 \[generic combination\]. 3. Discocerina (Basila) nana. [@B12]: 149 \[review\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B21]: 824 \[review of Williston's St. Vincent species\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 4. Lamproclasiopa nana. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. [@B29]: 177 \[list, Hispaniola\]. #### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.60-2.40 mm. *Head*: Frons distinctly two toned, fronto-orbits and narrow, medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue. Antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with 2 setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely golden-white microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.10. *Thorax*: Mesonotum almost uniformly colored and invested with light dusting of microtomentum, lacking distinct stripes or isolated spots; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.71--0.90; M vein ratio 0.57--0.62. Coxae, femora and tibiae black, tarsi yellow; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. *Abdomen*: Tergites shiny black. Male terminalia (Figs [77--80](#F27){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [77](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) disconnected dorsally, each lateral portion vertically elongate and robustly developed, height nearly 3× width, ventral portion on each side tapered laterally to medial, pointed apex, sloping ventral margin more conspicuously setulose, setulae mostly straight, also setulose dorsally, these setulae shallowly curved; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [77](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) very narrowly developed, elongate, bearing more setulae dorsally, linear; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [80](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) shallowly and broadly zigzagged, each apex narrowed, in ventral (Fig. [79](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) view linear, rod-like; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [80](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) generally rectangular, more broadly developed apically, apical margin slightly emarginate, with an elongate, narrow membranous extension, in ventral view an elongate, narrow, rod-like structure, narrowly truncate basally, apex roundly tapered to narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [80](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) with distinctive, relatively broad keel, each extended process abruptly narrowed, in ventral view elongate with each end wider and with short, midheight papilla-like extensions laterally; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [80](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) mostly rectangular with posterior, narrow process angled toward aedeagus, in ventral view (Fig. [79](#F27){ref-type="fig"}) rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin produced to form a short, medial point, posterior margin very shallowly concave. {#F26} ![*Lamproclasiopa nana* (Williston). (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) **77** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **78** same, lateral view **79** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **80** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g027){#F27} #### Type material. The lectotype male of *Discocerina nana* Williston (designated by [@B21]: 824) is labeled "Co-type \[circular label with a yellow border\]/1000 feet/\[a black, square label\]/St. Vincent, W.I. H. H. Smith./W.Indies. 1907--66./Discocerina nana Will. \[handwritten, two red submarginal borders\]/LECTOTYPE Discocerina nana Will. ♂ By W.N.Mathis \[handwritten except for "LECTOTYPE" and "By", black sub-border\]." the lectotype is double mounted (pin in a rectangular piece of cardboard), is in good condition, and is deposited in the BMNH. There are also eight paralectotypes as follows: BMNH (5♂, 1♀), AMNH (1♂, 1♀). Williston, in the original description, noted that the type series included "Numerous specimens." #### Type locality. West Indies. St. Vincent (13°15\'N, 61°11\'W). #### Other specimens examined. BOLIVIA. **La Paz**: Guanay (22 km SE; 15°17.8\'S, 68°15.6\'W; 540 m), 17 Mar 2001, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). BRAZIL. **Paraná**: Colombo (Santa Monica tennis club; 25°23.1\'S, 49°08.8\'W; 860 m), 18 Mar 2015, Daniel N. R. Costa (1♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4\'S, 49°13.6\'W; 880 m), 20--31 Aug 2012, Daniel. N. R. Costa (5♂; DZUP); Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m), 6--13 Feb 2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM). COLOMBIA. **Antioquia**: Medellín (6°14.1\'N, 75°34.5\'W; coffee finca; 1525 m), Nov 1955, W. B. Heed (2♂; USNM). **Cauca**: Popayán (30 km N; 2°36\'N, 76°31.6\'W), M. R. Wheeler (1♂; USNM). **Valle de Cauca**: Palmira (3°32.4\'N, 76°18.4\'W), Mar 1958, M. R. Wheeler (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Cali (10 km W; 3°26.7\'N, 76°37.3\'W; 1640 m), 20 Mar 1955, E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross (1♂; USNM). COSTA RICA. **Cartago**: Juan Viñas (09°53.6\'N, 83°15.3\'W), 28 Apr 1910, P. P. Calvert (1♀; ANSP); La Suiza (9°51.5\'N, 83°37.5\'W), 6 May 1926, P. Schild (3♀; ANSP, USNM). **Puntarenas**: Pedregosa (09°08.4\'N, 83°43.5\'W), D. L. Rounds (1♀; ANSP). San José: Moravia, Zurquí de Moravia (Tower path; 10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W, 1600 m), 6 Sep-29 Dec 2012, 2013, Project ZADBI (2♂, 5♀; MNCR-A). CUBA. **Sancti Spiritus**: Topes de Collantes (21°55.2\'N, 80°02\'W; 350 m), 10 Dec 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). DOMINICA. Antrim Valley (15°20.7\'N, 61°22.2\'W; 305 m), 17 Mar 1956, J. F. G. Clarke (1♂, 3♀; USNM). Clarke Hall (15°24.5\'N, 61°23.7\'W), 16 Jan-21--31 Mar 1965, W. W. Wirth (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Fond Figues River (15°24\'N, 61°18\'W; 122 m), 30 Jan-22 Apr 1965, 1966, R. J. Gagné, W. W. Wirth (9♀, 2♀; USNM). G'leau Gommier near Belles (15°25.4\'N, 61°20.4\'W), 17 Mar 1956, J. F. G. Clarke (2♂, 6♀; USNM). Layou River (15°25.8\'N, 61°21.4\'W; 5 km E), 23 Mar 1989, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Pont Cassé (15°22.7\'N, 61°20.6\'W), 12 Feb-18 Jun 1965, 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis, W. W. Wirth (11♂, 2♀; USNM). South Chiltern Estate (15°14.8\'N, 61°21.8\'W), 2 Feb 1965, W. W. Wirth (1♀; USNM). Toucari (2 km S; 15°36.6\'N, 61°27.8\'W), 21 Mar 1989, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). Trafalgar Falls (15°19\'N, 61°21\'W; 365 m), 6 Mar-19 Jun 1965, 1991, R. J. Gagné, D. and W. N. Mathis, W. W. Wirth (4♂, 4♀; USNM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. **Barahona**: San Rafael (18°01.9\'N, 71°08.4\'W), 22 Mar 1999, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM). **La Vega**: Jarabacoa (5 km S; 19°05.8\'N, 70°36.5\'W; 640 m), 8-20 May 1995, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 2♀; USNM); Paso de la Vaca, road from Monseñor Nouel to Constanza (19°04\'N, 70°16.9\'W; 1500 m), 27 Dec 1955, J. Maldonado Capriles (1♂, 1♀; USNM). **Pedernales**: Rio Mulito (21 km N Pedernales; 18°09.3\'N, 71°45.6\'W; 270 m), 18-20 Mar 1999, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). **San Jose de Ocoa**: San Jose de Ocoa (30.6 km N; 18°49.5\'N, 70°30\'W; 914 m), 30 Jul 1991, D. Grimaldi, J. Stark (2♂; AMNH). JAMAICA. **Portland**: Reach Falls (18°01.8\'N, 76°18.7\'W), 15 May 1996, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (1♂; USNM); Reach Falls, Drivers River (18°01.9\'N, 76°18.7\'W; 70 m), 25 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Section (0.5 km E; 18°05.2\'N, 76°43.9\'W; 1020 m), 28 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 4♀; USNM). **St. Andrew**: Cinchona (18°04.4\'N, 76°39.3\'W; 1400 m), 29 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (3♀; USNM); Hardwar Gap (18°04.2\'N, 76°44\'W), 17 May 1996, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (2♂; USNM); Hardwar Gap (18°04.2\'N, 76°44\'W; 1170 m), 27 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM); Hollywell (18°05.2\'N, 76°43.9\'W; 1100 m); 28 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (7♂; USNM); Mavis Bank (near coffee factory; 18°01.4\'N, 76°39.7\'W; waterfall), 21-23 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Mavis Bank (1.5 km W; 18°01.4\'N, 76°39.9\'W), 22 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM); Mavis Bank (1.7 km E; 18°02.4\'N, 77°39.5\'W; 575 m), Yallahs River, 21-22 Apr-1 May 2000, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Newcastle (6 km S; 18°04.3\'N, 76°42.6\'W; 950 m; waterfall), 30 Apr 2000, W. N. Mathis (14♂; USNM). PERU. **Cuzco**: Paucartambo, Puente San Pedro (ca 50 km NW Pilcopata; 13°03.3\'S, 71°32.8\'W; 1600 m), 3 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). **Madre de Dios**: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W; 250 m), 9-23 Sep 1988, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). PUERTO RICO. Adjuntas (near; 18°09.7\'N, 66°46.6\'W), 22 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (25♂, 4♀; USNM). El Verde (18°13.5\'N, 66°0-3.2\'W; near biological station road), 3 Feb 1989, S.A. Marshall (1♂, 6♀; GUE). El Yungue (18°18.4\'N, 65°45.6\'W), 20-22 Mar 1954, J. Maldonado Capriles (1♂; USNM). Maricao, Los Viveros (18°10.5\'N, 66°59.2\'W), 21 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Maricao (4 km WNW; 18°10.7\'N, 66°59.6\'W), 21 Sep 1995, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). ST. LUCIA. Fond St. Jacques (13°50\'N, 61°02\'W), 13-14 Jun 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis (16♂, 8♀; USNM). Soufrière Botanical Garden (13°51\'N, 61°04\'W), 12 Jun 1991, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). ST. VINCENT. **St. Patrick**: Hermitage (6 km E Spring Village at Cumberland River; 13°14\'N, 61°13.2\'W; 550 m), 9 Jul 1989, M. Sorensson, B. Mårtensson (8♂, 2♀; MZLU); Hermitage (13°15\'N, 61°12.9\'W), 9 Sep 1997, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Tobago. **St. John**: Charlotteville (2 km S; 11°19\'N, 60°33\'W), 10 Jun 1993, 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Parlatuvier (creek; 11°17.9\'N, 60°35\'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). **St. Paul**: Roxborough (6 km NNW; 11°16\'N, 60°35.4\'W), 20 Apr 1994, W. N. Mathis (8♂, 6♀; USNM); Roxborough (6.5 km N; 11°17\'N, 60°35\'W), 14 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Trinidad. **St. George**: Marianne River (9 km S; 10°46\'N, 61°18\'W), 25 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Mount St. Benedict (10°39\'N, 61°24\'W), 18-21 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Mount St. Benedict (10°39\'N, 61°24\'W; creek near base), 19 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). #### Distribution (Fig. [81](#F28){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz), Brazil (Paraná), Costa Rica (Cartago), Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Valle de Cauca), Peru (Cuzco, Madre de Dios), Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent). {#F28} #### Remarks. This species is beautifully and strikingly colored, especially the head, and this color pattern distinguishes it from congeners. These characters, as noted in this species' diagnosis, are as follows: Frons distinctly two toned; fronto-orbits narrow; medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons, other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue; antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with two setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely golden-white microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose; wing hyaline. Just as the color pattern of the head is unique among congeners, the structures of the male terminalia likewise represent a departure from the more typical pattern. This is especially evident in the shape of the epandrium, which exhibits a dorsal gap and the lateral arms are greatly thickened. Like many other species of *Lamproclasiopa*, there are loosely clustered setulae along the ventromedial margin. The cerci are slender and comparatively elongated. The internal structures are more typical, although the aedeagus in lateral view is more rectangular than being narrowly triangular and a slender, membranous distiphallus is often exposed. ### The *furvitibia* group (*Lamproclasiopa furvitibia*, *Lamproclasiopa xanthocera*) {#SECID0EEOCK} **Diagnosis.** Body with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; antenna yellow; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio less than 0.06-0.09); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta lacking; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing generally hyaline to very faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae variable, mostly black with apex yellow or entirely yellow. *Abdomen*: Male terminalia: Ventral epandrial margin bearing a cluster of setulae; aedeagus in lateral view with margins irregular. **Remarks.** This species group is partially based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. Moreover, the ventral epandrial margins bear a cluster of closely set setulae (also expressed in a few other congeners) and the aedeagus in lateral view is irregular, sinuous. These are the bases for recognition of this species group. #### Lamproclasiopa furvitibia sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/9B556FB7-2108-4B56-8999-3D9AC58D4D03 [Figs 14](#F6){ref-type="fig"} [, 82--85](#F29){ref-type="fig"} ##### Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 2.00-2.24 mm. *Head*: Frons with yellowish tan to golden tan microtomentum, with slightly silver white microtomentum anteriorly and two small areas shiny black, without microtomentum; mesofrons evident by slight lateral lines. Antenna yellow; basal flagellomere with slightly darker dorsal margin. Face completely and more or less uniformly silvery white microtomentose, lacking vertical stripes; 2 prominent facial setae, dorsal seta at midheight, other seta near epistomal margin; parafacial thin, more densely silvery white microtomentose than face. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.07--0.09. *Thorax*: Generally black. Mesonotum black with thin, golden brown microtomentum, subshiny, slightly less dense than microtomentum of frons; presutural supra-alar seta lacking; pleural areas more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, blackish brown to black, becoming less microtomentose ventrally and posteriorly, subshiny to shiny. Wing completely hyaline, lacking darkened areas; costal vein ratio 0.59--0.60; M vein ratio 0.70--72. Femora grayish to blackish brown, subshiny; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae blackish brown with distal third yellow; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergites shiny black, with little or very sparse microtomentum. Male terminalia (Figs [82--85](#F29){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [82](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) nearly as wide as high, as in inverted, bow-shaped U, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. [83](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) tear-drop shaped, widest ventrally, ventral margin broadly rounded and bearing distinct row or setulae; cercus in posterior view (Fig. [82](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, ventral portion diffuse, membranous, generally uniformly setulose, in lateral view (Fig. [83](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly and irregularly semicircular, slightly wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in ventral view (Fig. [84](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) more or less irregularly triangular, narrowed toward aedeagal base, wider toward hypandrium, in lateral view (Fig. [85](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) moderately elongate, rod-like, shallowly curved, end toward hypandrium narrower than opposite end; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. [84](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly elongate, 6× longer than wide, basal half wider than narrow apical half, tapered, base narrowly bifurcate, apical half digitiform, apex narrowly rounded; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [85](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) triangular, angular extensions toward aedeagal base and toward hypandrium digitiform, extension toward aedeagal base longer than extension toward hypandrium, keel robust, tapered, apex narrowly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. [84](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, bone-like, with apical and basal cross, both apices truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. [84](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) with anterior 2/3 more or less rectangular, lateral margin scalloped, posterior 1/3 slightly flared laterally, thumb-like extensions, posterior margin deeply emarginate, broadly V-shaped, in lateral view (Fig. [85](#F29){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, shallowly angularly rod-like, an elongate and shallow Z. ![*Lamproclasiopa furvitibia* sp. n. (Costa Rica. San José: Moravia) **82** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **83** same, lateral view **84** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **85** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g029){#F29} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa furvitibia* is labeled "COSTA RICA. Prov. San José. Moravia. Zurquí de Moravia, Tower path. 1600m. 6--13 SEP 2013. Proyeto ZADBI. Malaise trap \#1, 0m, ZADBI-1136. -84:00:57 10:02:58 \#107741/INB0004403109 INBIOCRI COSTA RICA \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa furvitibia* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni MNCR-A \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in MNCR-A. Thirty-four paratypes (13♂, 21♀; MNCR-A, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: COSTA RICA. **Cartago.** Paraíso, Parque Nacional Tapantí (09°43.3\'N, 83°46.5\'W; 1600 m), 9 Mar -- 29 Sep 2013, Proyeto ZADBI (7♂, 14♀; MNCR-A). **Puntaneras.** Coto Brus, Las Alturas Biological Station (08°56.7\'N, 82°50\'W; 1500--1600 m), 7--13 May 2013, Proyeto ZADBI (1♀; MNCR-A). **Guanacaste.** Macizo Miravalles, Cabro Muco Station (10°43.1\'N, 84° 51.3\'W; 1100 m), 22 Jun--9 Jul 2003, J. Azoifeifa. (2♂; MNCR-A). ##### Type locality. Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W; 1588 m). ##### Distribution (Fig. [14](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Costa Rica (San José, Puntaneras). ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *furvitibia*, is of Latin derivation, meaning darkened tibia and refers to the partially darkened tibiae, one of the distinguish features of this species. ##### Remarks. This species is closely related to *Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* but can be distinguished from it by having two small shiny black areas on the anterolateral portion of the frons and by having mostly blackish brown tibiae with the distal third being yellow. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species from congeners. #### Lamproclasiopa xanthocera sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/B35ED0F5-9221-4E9B-A7E5-0E66ED7FADB1 [Figs 86--87](#F30){ref-type="fig"} [, 88--91](#F31){ref-type="fig"} [, 104](#F36){ref-type="fig"} ##### Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.73--2.18 mm. *Head*: Frons with yellowish tan to golden tan microtomentum, some areas slightly darker; parafrons with slightly thinner investment of microtomentum; mesofrons evident by slight lateral lines. Antenna yellow; basal flagellomere with slightly darker dorsal margin. Face completely and more or less uniformly silvery white microtomentose, more thinly microtomentose ventrally except for extreme ventral margin, lacking vertical stripes; 2 prominent facial setae, dorsal seta at midheight, other seta near epistomal margin; parafacial thin, more densely silvery white microtomentose than face. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06--0.08. *Thorax*: Generally black. Mesonotum black with thin, golden brown microtomentum, subshiny, although less dense than microtomentum of frons; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae pleural areas more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, blackish brown to black, becoming less microtomentose ventrally and posteriorly, subshiny to shiny. Wing completely hyaline, lacking darkened areas; costal vein ratio 0.59--0.60; M vein ratio 0.57--0.65. Femora grayish to blackish brown, subshiny; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae and tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergites shiny black, with little or very sparse microtomentum. Male terminalia (Figs [88--91](#F31){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [88](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) nearly as wide as long, as in inverted U, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. [89](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly triangular, widest ventrally, ventral margin broadly rounded; cercus in posterior view (Fig. [88](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, uniformly setulose, in lateral view (Fig. [89](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly semicircular, slightly wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in ventral view (Fig. [90](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) more or less triangular, narrowed toward aedeagal base, wider toward hypandrium, in lateral view (Fig. [91](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, rod-like, end toward hypandrium narrower than opposite end; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. [90](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly elongate, 6× longer than wide, nearly parallel sided, apex pointed, in lateral view (Fig. [91](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, L-shaped, short arm basally, wider, thereafter parallel sided, membranous on apical ¼; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [91](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) triangular, angle toward aedeagal base digitiform, longer than extension toward hypandrium, keel tapered, apex rounded, in ventral view (Fig. [90](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) rectangular, apical 1/3 to hypandrium slightly tapered, both apices truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. [90](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) as a broad, short H with posterior arms flaring posterolaterally, posterior margin broadly emarginate, anterior margin shallowly concave; in lateral view (Fig. [91](#F31){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, rod-like, anterior apex irregular. {#F30} ![*Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* sp. n., male holotype (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba) **88** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **89** same, lateral view **90** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **91** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g031){#F31} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* is labeled "**BRAZIL.** Paraná: Curitiba, UFPR \[Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica\] (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m),1--2Feb2010\[,\] D. & W. N. Mathis/USNM ENT 00118308 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni DZUP \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in DZUP. Paratypes are as follows: BRAZIL. **Paraná.** Morro do Araçatuba (Município de Tijucas do Sul; 25°53.8\'S, 49°01.2\'W; 910 m), 27 Feb 2015, W. N. Mathis (2♀; DZUP, USNM). **São Paulo.** Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Salesópolis (23°32\'S, 45°50.8\'W), Aug 1969, N. Papavero (1♀; MZUSP). ##### Type locality. Brazil. Paraná. Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m). ##### Distribution (Fig. [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo). ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *xanthocera*, is of Latin derivation, meaning yellow horn and refers to the yellow antenna, one of the distinguishing features of this species. ##### Remarks. Although similar to *Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa*, this species is distinguished from it and other congeners by having a generally microtomentose body, yellow antenna with little or no darkening along dorsal surfaces, a hyaline wing, and a blackish yellow foretarsus. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species, especially the elongate, thick, and conspicuously sinuous aedeagus with an apical papilla-like apex. ### The *nadineae* group (*Lamproclasiopa aliceae*, *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta*, *Lamproclasiopa nadineae*) {#SECID0EAEDK} **Diagnosis.** Body generally shiny black. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; gena moderately high (gena-to-eye ratio 0.13--0.22); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta lacking; katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black. Wing generally hyaline to faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. **Remarks.** Two of the species in this species group, *Lamproclasiopa aliceae* and *Lamproclasiopa nadineae*, form a monophyletic lineage that is characterized by synapomorphies (presutural supra-alar seta lacking; katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin). These two species are likewise unique in occurring only in the Nearctic Region. The inclusion of *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* in this group may be artificial, having a homoplasious basis. We have not discovered a synapomorphy that is unique to these three species. #### Lamproclasiopa aliceae sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/FE0C666F-5C59-416E-A3DE-E66AB7937A60 [Figs 92--93](#F32){ref-type="fig"} [, 94--97](#F33){ref-type="fig"} [, 111](#F39){ref-type="fig"} ##### Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.80--2.10 mm. *Head*: Frons with dorsal 2/3 bearing brown, moderately sparse microtomentum, thereafter ventrally with a transverse bear, shiny black band, then a more grayish microtomentose, transverse band just before margin and dorsad of antennal bases. Ventral portion of face mostly unicolorous, moderately grayish brown microtomentose, antennal grooves more densely, whitish gray microtomentose; parafacial grayish white to creamy white. Gena moderately high, height subequal to height of basal flagellomere. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.14--0.17. *Thorax*: Mesonotum moderately sparsely brown microtomentose, mostly appearing subshiny black, lacking elongate spots; presutural supra-alar seta lacking. Katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black. Wing hyaline and lacking stump veins; costal vein ratio 0.55--0.63; M vein ratio 0.51--0.55. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; femora black; tibiae with basal 2/3-¾ black, apical ¼-1/3 yellowish; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergites very sparsely microtomentose medially to complete bare laterally, mostly shiny black. Male terminalia (Figs [94--97](#F33){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [94](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) roundly U-shaped except for incised ventromedial opening or pocket, widest at midheight, each lateral arm distinctly wider basally, ventromedial pocket between epandrial arms bottle-shaped, with dorsal half as a narrowed neck and ventral half wider than high, in lateral view (Fig. [95](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, angulate, widest just ventrad of cercal cavity, angulate, epandrial arm expanded at apex; cercus hemispherical, gradually tapered ventrally to broadly rounded apex, evenly setulose over length; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [97](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) robustly rod-like, essentially straight, narrower and abruptly curved toward aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. [96](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) clavate, wider toward hypandrium, much narrower, digitiform on extension toward aedeagal base; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [97](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) more or less funnel-like, curved subapically, widest basally, thereafter apically curved to acute point, in ventral view (Fig. [96](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) longer than wide, straight, base expanded, lateral margins of base rounded, thereafter apically evenly tapered to point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [97](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) as an inverted Y with an elongate, narrow, extension toward aedeagal base, keel elongate, narrow, parallel sided, apex irregularly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. [96](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) hourglass-like, sub-rectangular at apex toward aedeagal base, broadly expanded with lateral phalanges toward hypandrium, this apex truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [97](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrow, bar-like, narrowed anteriorly, in ventral view (Fig. [96](#F33){ref-type="fig"}) robustly X-shaped to quadrate with lateral and poster margins concave. {#F32} ![*Lamproclasiopa aliceae* sp. n. (USA. New Mexico: Silver City) **94** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **95** same, lateral view **96** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **97** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g033){#F33} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa aliceae* is labeled "**U\[nited\]S\[tates of\]A\[merica\]. N\[ew\]M\[exico\].** Grant: Silver City (32°46.4\'N, 108°16.5\'W; 1790 m), 14 Aug 2007,D.&W.N.Mathis/USNM ENT 00118306 \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa aliceae* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Eight paratypes (7♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM) bare the same label data as the holotype. ##### Type locality. United States. New Mexico. Grant: Silver City (Big Ditch; 32°46.4\'N, 108°16.5\'W; 1790 m). The "Big Ditch" is a large, canal-sized ditch that traverses Silver City, and during dry-weather seasons, the ditch has a small stream running through it. The ditch is frequently scoured out when heavy rains occur, sometimes resulting in flash floods in the "Big Ditch." The type series was collected when dry weather prevailed. ##### Distribution (Fig. [111](#F39){ref-type="fig"}). Nearctic: United States (New Mexico). ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *aliceae*, is a Latin genitive patronym to honor Alice Joy Brown† (nee Peacock, 1931--2016), a wonderful friend and supporter. ##### Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa nadineae*, this species is distinguished from that species by the shape of the ventral portion of the epandrium, which has a bottle-shaped gap ventrally between the lateral arms. From other congeners, this species is distinguished by the shiny black katepisternum, especially its anterior half, and the anteroventral portion of the anepisternum. The forefemur also bears 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on the apical half of the posteroventral margin. #### Lamproclasiopa argentipicta sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/D26C06A0-302A-4EDE-B2E5-70D6C9DB50E7 [Figs 98--99](#F34){ref-type="fig"} [, 100--103](#F35){ref-type="fig"} [, 104](#F36){ref-type="fig"} ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.90--3.20 mm. *Head*: Frons with two longitudinal, grayish microtomentose stripes; fronto-orbits and narrow, medial triangular area shiny black. Antenna blackish brown. Face with light silver microtomentum, except for shiny black lateral margins; parafacials white, microtomentose. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16--0.22. *Thorax*: Mesonotum shiny black, covered with brownish microtomentum; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region less microtomentose, anepisternum and katepisternum almost bare, concolorous with mesofrons. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.45--0.50; M vein ratio 0.57. Forecoxae light gray, mid and hind coxae blackish brown; forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; femora and tibiae blackish brown, except for distalmost part of tibiae, yellowish; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Generally shiny blackish brown, sparsely microtomentose; tergites 5 larger than previous tergites. Male terminalia (Figs [100--103](#F35){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [100](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) with dorsal 2/3 quadrate, as wide as high, corners rounded, ventral third as 2 thumb-like projections, dorsal portion thickly developed, as wide or wider than width of lateral structure, setulae evenly distributed dorsally and laterally, becoming very sparse ventrally, ventral extensions bearing tiny setulae in verticomedial alignment, apically with cluster of small setulae, in lateral view (Fig. [101](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) as 2 right angles, dorsal portion more robust, thick, then a right anterior angle, then a ventral right angle to form digitiform extension that bears closely set setulae along anterior margin; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [102](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, moderately thin, generally shallowly arched, slightly ventrally than dorsally, dorsal angle with vertex narrowly rounded, ventral apex acutely pointed, in lateral view elongate, narrow, ventral portion tapered; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [103](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) as an irregular funnel, tapered from thick base to pointed apex, narrowed more abruptly on apical 1/8 then narrowly pointed at right angle, in ventral view (Fig. [102](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) generally clavate, gradually becoming wider from truncate base toward apex, widest subapically, thereafter abruptly narrowed to slender, digitiform apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [103](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly triangular with vertex toward aedeagal base elongate and narrow, keel narrow, subequal to process extended toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. [102](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) narrow, elongate with a sub-basal cross-piece and narrow, lateral extensions, thereafter almost parallel sided; gonite in lateral view irregularly rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. [102](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) wider than high and with a mediobasal, short, digitiform projection; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [103](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) thin, elongate, rod-like, shallowly curved, slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly, in ventral view (Fig. [102](#F35){ref-type="fig"}) robustly U-shaped with thickened base, broadly rounded anterior margin and deeply U-shaped posterior emargination. {#F34} ![*Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José: Moravia) **100** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **101** same, lateral view **102** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **103** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g035){#F35} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* is labeled "COSTA RICA. Prov. San José. Moravia. Zurquí de Moravia, Tower path. 1600m. 9--16 AGO 2013. Proyeto ZADBI. Malaise trap \#1, 0m, ZADBI-1018. -84:00:57 10:02:58 \#107537/INB0004433874 INBIOCRI COSTA RICA \[plastic bar code label\]/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni MNCR-A \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in MNCR-A. Three paratypes (1♂, 2♀; MNCR-A, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. ##### Type locality. Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W; 1588 m). ##### Distribution (Fig. [104](#F36){ref-type="fig"}), Neotropical: Costa Rica (San José). {#F36} ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *argentipicta*, is of Latin derivation and means painted with silver, referring to the silver microtomentose areas of this species, especially its face. ##### Remarks. This species is apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa hendeli*, based on external features, such as the shiny black body and the face that is covered with silver gray microtomentum. The male terminalia, however, are unique within *Lamproclasiopa*, with two setulose projections ventrally and with the ventral projection of the phallapodeme being very thin, appearing to be almost fused with the hypandrium. #### Lamproclasiopa nadineae Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 105--106](#F37){ref-type="fig"} [, 107--110](#F38){ref-type="fig"} [, 111](#F39){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora nadineae[@B4]: 166. 2. Discocerina (Basila) nadineae. [@B10]: 116 \[generic combination\]. [@B33]: 738 \[Nearctic catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa nadineae. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.65--2.50 mm. *Head*: Frons generally microtomentose but unevenly, microtomentum on ocellar triangle and especially along anterior margin just dorsad of antennal bases gray and denser, otherwise sparse and grayish brown to brown, areas toward anterior margin of frons yellowish orange to red; ocellar triangle extended to anterior margin. Antenna dark brown dorsally, extensively yellow to yellowish orange ventrobasally. Face generally microtomentose, becoming bare laterally, most prominent anteriorly in lateral view at ventral margin of antennal grooves; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.13--0.17. *Thorax*: Mesonotum black with uniform, fine, thin investment of gray to brown microtomentum, lacking pattern of spots; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae. Katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black. Wing hyaline, lacking any maculation pattern or stump veins; costal vein ratio 0.50--0.52; M vein ratio 0.55--0.61. Forefemur with 4--5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; legs generally black except for yellowish apices, yellowish apices of tibiae more extensive; tarsi yellow. *Abdomen*: Tergites subshiny to shiny black, generally lacking microtomentum or very sparse. Male terminalia (Figs [107--110](#F38){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [107](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral opening, oval, narrower dorsally, broadly rounded, widest at midheight, each lateral arm distinctly wider, ventromedial margin nearly straight, bearing cluster of setae ventrally; cercus hemispherical, gradually tapered ventrally to broadly rounded apex, evenly setulose over length; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [108](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) robustly rod-like, slightly curved, narrower toward hypandrium, in ventral view clavate, wider toward hypandrium, much narrower, digitiform on extension toward aedeagal base; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [110](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) more or less rectangular, widest apically and anteroventral corner more narrowly produced than posterodorsal corner, base rounded with slight, dorsal extension, in ventral view (Fig. [109](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) as a relatively short, moderately narrow structure, base rounded and with an medioapical papilla, apex moderately broadly rounded; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [110](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) as a spike-heeled shoe with an elongate, narrow, extension toward aedeagal base, keel moderately long, narrow, irregularly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. [109](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) with thumb-like narrow process toward aedeagal base, thereafter toward hypandrium with right angle laterally, hypandrial 2/3 widest sub-basally thereafter concave to truncate apex; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [110](#F38){ref-type="fig"}) conspicuously sinuous, narrow, elongate, in ventral view robustly X-shaped with truncate anterior margin, lateral margins concave, posterior margin deeply V-shaped. {#F37} ![*Lamproclasiopa nadineae* (Cresson). (USA. California. Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve) **107** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **108** same, lateral view **109** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **110** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g038){#F38} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Ditrichophora nadineae* Cresson is labeled "Berkeley Hills Alameda Co. IV.20.'08. Cal./♂/TYPE Ditrichophora NADINEAE E. T. Cresson. Jr. \[maroon red; "Ditrichophora NAEINEAE" handwritten." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a thin, rectangular piece of card), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6348). Four paratypes (1♂, 3♀; ANSP) bear the same locality label as the holotype. ##### Type locality. United States. California. Alameda: Berkeley Hills (37°53.5N, 122°16.1\'W). ##### Other specimens examined. UNITED STATES. Arizona. **Cochise**: Portal, Southwestern Research Station (31°53\'N, 109°12.4\'W), 5--9 Jun 1972, W. W. Wirth (1♂; USNM). California. **Alameda**: Berkeley (37°52.3\'N, 122°16.4\'W), 23 Mar 1919, B. Brookman, T. Aitken (1♀; USNM). Berkeley Hills (37°53.5\'N, 122°16.1\'W), 8 Mar-11 May 1908 (2♂, 3♀; ANSP). **Humboldt**: Willow Creek (40°56.4\'N, 123°37.9\'W), 26 Jul 1951, A. H. Sturtevant (1♂; USNM). **Kern**: Kern Canyon (35°41.8\'N, 118°40.1\'W), 1 Apr 1950, A. H. Sturtevant (2♂, 1♀; USNM). **Los Angeles**: Arcadia, Arboretum (34°8.6\'N, 118°3.2\'W), 14 Set 1949, A. H. Sturtevant (2♂, 5♀; USNM); Pasadena (34°9.4\'N, 118°7.9\'W), 15, 17 Feb 1950, A. H. Sturtevant (3♂, 3♀; USNM); Rio Hondo (33°55.9\'N, 118°10.5\'W), 15 Feb 1950, A. H. Sturtevant (2♂, 2♀; USNM). **Marin**: Lagunitas Creek (38°4.8\'N, 122°49.6\'W), 19 Oct 1947, W. W. Wirth (1♂; USNM); Muir Woods (37°53.6\'N, 122°34.4\'W), 7 Aug 1915, A. L. Melander (1♀; ANSP, USNM). **Riverside**: Riverside (33°57.2\'N, 117°23.8\'W), 3 Feb-5 May 1935, A. L. Melander (2♂, 1♀; ANSP, 5♂, 3♀; USNM). **San Mateo**: Corte Madera Creek (37°24.1\'N, 122°14.3\'W), 28 Oct 1953, P. H. Arnaud (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Stanford University, Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (37°24\'N, 122°14.5\'W; 110 m), 14-17 Feb 2006, 2007, P. H. Arnaud, Jr. & M. M. Arnaud (29♂, 20♀; USNM); Searsville Lake (37°24.3\'N, 122°14.3\'W), 5 May 1953, P. H. Arnaud (1♂, 3♀; USNM). **Santa Clara**: Stevens Creek County Park (37°17.1\'N, 122°4.6\'W), 13 Mar 1976, L. Bezark (1♂; USNM). **Siskiyou**: Gasquet (41°50.7\'N, 123°58.2\'W), 18 Sep 1934, A. L. Melander (1♀; ANSP). Oregon. **Benton**: Cary's Grove (44°22.6\'N, 123°36.1\'W), 2 Sep 1974, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 3♀; USNM); Corvallis (44°33.9\'N, 123°15.7\'W), 1 Aug 1935, K. Gray, (1♂; USNM); Philomath (1.6 km SW; 44°31.8\'N, 123°22.9\'W), 29 May 1972, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Rock Creek (6.4 km SW Philomath; 44°30.1\'N, 123°26.2\'W), 29 May 1972, W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). **Douglas**: Elkton (43°38.25\'N, 123°34.1\'W), 28 Jul 1951, A. H. Sturtevant (1♀; USNM). **Lane**: Burp Hollow at Long Tom River (44°09.5\'N, 123°25.4\'W), 30 Jun 1988, R. Danielsson (3♂; MZLU). **Lincoln**: Waldport (10.4 km E; 44°25.6\'N, 123°56.25\'W), 27 May 1972, W. N. Mathis (4♂, 5♀; USNM). **Polk**: Helmick State Park (44°46.9\'N, 123°14.2\'W), 20 March 1972, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). **Washington**: Hillsboro (45°31.3\'N, 122°59.3\'W), 9 Apr 1936, K. Gray, J. Shuh (1♀; USNM). **Yamhill**: Carlton (45°17.6\'N, 123°10.65\'W), 31 Jul 1951, A. H. Sturtevant (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Washington. **Pierce**: Dupont (5 km WSW; 47°03.8\'N, 122°41.7\'W), 13 Apr 1971, W. N. Mathis (3♀; USNM); Gig Harbor (47°19.8\'N, 122°34.8\'W), 17 May-9 Jun 1971, W. N. Mathis (18♂, 3♀; USNM). MEXICO. **Puebla**: Puebla (9.6 km SW; 18°58.4\'N, 98°16.9\'W), 2 Jul 1953, University of Kansas Mexican Expedition (1♂; USNM). ##### Distribution (Fig. [111](#F39){ref-type="fig"}). Nearctic: United States (California, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington). Neotropical: Mexico (Puebla). {#F39} ##### Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa aliceae*, this species is distinguished from that species and other congeners by the absence of a presutural supra-alar seta; the shiny black katepisternum, especially the anterior half; the shiny black anteroventral portion of the anepisternum; and the presence of four to five stout, peg-like setae on the apical third of the forefemur along the posteroventral margin. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species from *Lamproclasiopa aliceae*. So far as we know, however, the distribution of this species and of *Lamproclasiopa aliceae* do not overlap, with this species only known from the west coast of North America and Puebla in Mexico. The non-overlapping distributions of these two species may be a function of sample error, however. ### The *puella* group (*Lamproclasiopa aracataca*, *Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa*, *Lamproclasiopa caligosa*, *Lamproclasiopa curva*, *Lamproclasiopa fumipennis*, *Lamproclasiopa puella*) {#SECID0E1UEK} **Diagnosis.** Head, thorax, and abdomen variable, either generally shiny black or with extensive surfaces sparsely to densely microtomentose. *Head*: Frons and face generally unicolorous; gena moderately high (gena-to-eye ratio less than 0.11--0.19); genal/postgenal margin rounded. *Thorax*: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; katepisternum either thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny, or especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black. Wing generally hyaline to very faintly infumate; vein R~2+3~ curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like. **Remarks.** This is the largest species group with six included species and its recognition is based on homoplasious characters. Thus, the group may be artificial. The included species are quite similar, however, and are the bases for our recognition and diagnosis of the group. #### Lamproclasiopa aracataca Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 81](#F28){ref-type="fig"} [, 112--113](#F40){ref-type="fig"} [, 114--117](#F41){ref-type="fig"} 1. Discocerina aracataca[@B9]: 5. 2. Discocerina (Lamproclasiopa) aracataca. [@B12]: 149 \[review\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B24]: 168 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa aracataca. [@B36]: 36 \[generic combination\]. ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80-2.35 mm. *Head*: Frons dull, anterior margin yellowish orange in some degree, posterior portion grayish black, concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with frons entirely grayish black, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, blackish gray, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white, contrasted with face. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.17. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish black, finely microtomentose, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with fine, sparse setulae, sometimes almost bare. Wing completely hyaline, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~2+3~ with apical portion a continued extension of angle at merger with costa; costal vein ratio 0.50-0.53; M vein ratio 0.57-0.63. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs [114--117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [114](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, widest a midheight, dorsal arch very narrow, gap at ventral margin widely and shallowly U-shaped with lateral margins becoming wider ventrally, each lateral arm widest ventrally with short, medial extension, almost touching opposite medial extension, ventral extension bearing numerous setulae loosely organized as a group; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to narrowly rounded apex, more setulose dorsally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) robustly rod-like, almost straight, wider toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. [116](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, apex toward hypandrium widest, with a medial, blunt, short extension; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrowly triangular, tapered evenly to narrowly rounded apex, in ventral view (Fig. [116](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) as an elongate, very narrow, rod-like structure, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to apex, apex with a short nipple; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) more or less triangular, with moderately long, narrow extensions toward aedeagal base and hypandrium, keel distinct, relatively narrow, somewhat blunt apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [117](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) generally narrow, rod-like, basal third obtusely angulate, narrowed, digitiform, apical 2/3 narrowly rectangular, in ventral view (Fig. [116](#F41){ref-type="fig"}) as a very broad, robust H with short arms, emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly, anterior emargination shallow, posterior emargination more deeply excavate, broadly and rounded U to V-shaped. {#F40} ![*Lamproclasiopa aracataca* (Cresson). (Chile. Bío Bío: Santa Barbara) **114** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **115** same, lateral view **116** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **117** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g041){#F41} ##### Type material. The holotype female of *Discocerina aracataca* Cresson is labeled "Colombia Ujhelyi/Aracataca 1912. II./825/Holo-TYPE Discocerina ARACATACA E. T. Cresson Jr \[red; "Discocerina ARACATACA" handwritten\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a thin rectangular piece of foam), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6541). ##### Type locality. Colombia. Magdalena: Aracataca (10°35.6\'N, 74°12\'W). ##### Other specimens examined. ARGENTINA. **Chubut**: El Hoyo (42°3.8\'S, 71°31.6\'W), 21 Jan 1965, A. Kovacks (1♀; AMNH). **Río Negro**: Correntoso (41°5.94\'S, 71°26.65\'W), Nov 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Lago Nahuel Huapi (east end; 41°06.5\'S, 71°12.4\'W) (1♂; BMNH); Puerto Blest (41°2.6\'S, 71°49.6\'W), 2 Dec 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (1♂, 1♀; USNM); San Carlos de Bariloche (41°06.5\'S, 71°12.4\'W) (1♂; BMNH); Nov 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (4♂, 2♀; USNM). CHILE. **Araucaína**: Angol (37°48\'S, 72°43\'W), 15 Set 1931, D. S. Bullock (1♂; USNM). **Aysen**: Puerto Puyuguapi (44°19.5\'S, 72°33.5\'W), Feb, 13 Out 1939, G. H. Schwable (1♀; USNM). **Bío Bío**: El Abanico (37°20\'S, 71°31W), 31 Dec 1950, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (1♀; USNM); Nuble (40 km E San Carlos; 36°24.5\'S, 71°31.5\'W), 23 Dec 1950, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (4♂, 2♀; USNM); Santa Barbara (25 km E; 37°29.3\'S, 72°4.1\'W; 350 m), 24 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (12♂, 1♀; USNM). **Coquimbo**: Incahuasi (29°13.6\'S, 71°0.7\'W), 30 Sep 1952, P. G. Kuschel (3♂; USNM); La Serena (50 km S; 30°21.25\'S, 71°15.1\'W), 1 Dec 1950, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (1♀; USNM). **Lanquihue**: Casa Pangue (41°03\'S, 71° 52\'W), Dec 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (1♂, 3♀; USNM); Castro (41°27.7\'S, 72°56.1\'W) (ex.; BMNH); Ensenada (41°12.6\'S, 72°32.3\'W) (ex.; BMNH); Los Riscos (41°13.7\'S, 72°44.7\'W), 14 Sep 1954, P. G. Kuschel (2♂, 1♀; USNM); Peulla (41°28\'S, 72°57.7\'W) (1♂; BMNH); Puerto Montt (41°28\'S, 72°56\'W), Dec 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (2♂, 1♀; USNM); Puerto Varas (41°18.6\'S, 72°59.6\'W) (2♂; BMNH); Dec 1926, R. C. & E. Shannon (2♂, 1♀; USNM). **Los Lagos**: Chiloé Island, Chepu (on seashore; 42°5\'S, 73°59.65\'W), Oct 1958, G. Kuschel (11♂, 3♀; USNM); Chiloé Island, Ancud (41°52\'S, 73°50\'W), 20--28 Jan, 1952, G. Kuschel. (1♀; AMNH). **Los Rios**: Valdivia (25 km. N; 39°35.56\'S, 73°14.55\'W), 26 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). **Maule**: Cajon de Rio Claro, (S. E. Los Quenes; 34°59.9\'S, 70°49\'W; 1000--1200m), 9 Oct 1966, E. I. Schlinger (1♂; USNM). **O'Higgins**: Río Claro (5 km N Rengo; 34°24\'S, 70°52\'W; 300 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (16♂, 2♀; USNM). **Osorno**: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m), 1--6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (26♂, 23♀; USNM); Anticura (4 km W; 37°40\'S, 72°01\'W; 400 m), 3 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Anticura (6 km W; 37°40\'S, 72°01\'W; 400 m), 3 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Río El Gringo (40°41\'S, 71°59\'W; 1015 m), 13 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Lago Puyehue (SE shore; 40°45\'S, 72°25.2\'W), 6--10 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (9♂, 6♀; USNM); Lago Rupanco, El Encanto (40°49\'S, 72°28\'W), 6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Laguna El Espejo (40°44.5\'S, 72°19.67\'W), 7 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Laguna El Pato (40°40.6\'S, 72°0.2\'W; 1100 m), 13 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (3♀; USNM); Laguna El Toro (40°45.2\'S, 72°18.5\'W; 780 m), 8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (3♂, 3♀; USNM); Pucatrihue (40°32.6\'S, 73°43.1\'W), 27--30 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (7♂, 9♀; USNM); Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40°41\'S, 72°21\'W; 530 m), 7--8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (5♂, 5♀; USNM). **Santiago**: El Alfalfal (33°30.1\'S, 70°11.7\'W; 1320 m), 22 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (13♂, 4♀; USNM); Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada, Maipu (33°31\'S, 70°47\'W; 510 m), 16 Aug 1966, M. E. Irwin (2♀; USNM); Río Maipo (7 km E San José de Maipo; 33°35.8\'S, 70°22.1\'W; 1065 m), 22 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). **Talca**: Río Lircay (11 km N Talca; 35°23\'S, 71°39\'W; 85 m), 23 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). **Valparaíso**: Marga Marga (road to Colliguay; 33° 5.6\'S, 71°12.8\'W), 14--15 Mar 1964, L. E. Peña (2♂, 2♀; USNM). PERU. **Junin**: Tarma (11°25\'S, 75°41.2\'W; 3000 m). 11 Jul 1965, P. & B. Wygodzinsky (2♀; AMNH). **Lima**: San Jeronimo de Surco (11°53.1\'S, 76°26.4\'W; 1900--2100 m), 17 Aug 1965, P. & B. Wygodzinsky (2♂, 3♀; AMNH). ##### Distribution (Fig. [81](#F28){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Argentina (Chubut, Río Negro), Chile (Aracunaína; Aysen, Bío Bío, Coquimbo, Lanquihue, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Maule, O'Higgins, Osorno, Santiago, Talca, Valparaíso), Colombia (Magdalena), Peru (Junin, Lima). ##### Remarks. This species is very similar and apparently closely related to *Lamproclasiopa puella* and is difficult to distinguish from that species using external characters. The diagnostic characters presented in original descriptions (anterior margin of frons yellowish orange, antenna mostly yellowish than grayish black, in opposition to *Lamproclasiopa puella*) are inconsistent, and specimens of *Lamproclasiopa puella* could be identified as *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* and vice versa using them. We propose a more reliable character: Scutellar disc covered with fine, sparse setulae, sometimes appearing almost bare. The more definitive diagnostic characters are the shapes of structures of the male terminalia, especially the wide ventral apices of the epandrium, the phallapodeme that has an extended keel, and the gonite in ventral view that is nearly truncate basally. The shape of the hypandrium in ventral view is very similar to that of *Lamproclasiopa puella* with posterior arms that are less flared. #### Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 118--119](#F42){ref-type="fig"} [, 120--123](#F43){ref-type="fig"} [, 139](#F49){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora bisetulosa[@B8]: 7. 2. Discocerina (Basila) bisetulosa. [@B12]: 148 \[generic combination\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B16]: 24 \[list, Argentina\]. -[@B17]: 13 \[Argentina catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. ##### Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.45--2.10 mm. *Head*: Frons with golden tan to slightly darker microtomentum, parafrons with slightly thinner investment of microtomentum; mesofrons evident by slight lateral lines. Antenna yellow; basal flagellomere with darker dorsal margin. Face completely and more or less uniformly silvery white microtomentose, more thinly microtomentose ventrally except for extreme ventral margin, vertical lacking stripes; 2 prominent facial setae, dorsal seta at midheight, other seta near epistomal margin; parafacial thin, more densely silvery white microtomentose than face. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.12. *Thorax*: Mesonotum with golden brown microtomentum, subshiny, although less dense than microtomentum of frons; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural areas more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, blackish brown to black, becoming less microtomentose ventrally and posteriorly, subshiny to shiny. Wing completely hyaline, lacking darkened areas; costal vein ratio 0.47--0.60; M vein ratio 0.55--0.75. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apical 1/4 of tibiae yellowish; tarsi yellowish, apical 1--2 tarsomeres darkened. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs [120--123](#F43){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [120](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, widest a midheight, dorsal arch very narrow, gap at ventral margin widely and shallowly U-shaped with lateral margins becoming wider ventrally, each lateral arm widest ventrally with short, medial extension, almost touching opposite medial extension, ventral extension bearing numerous setulae loosely organized as a group; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to narrowly rounded apex, more setulose dorsally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [123](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) robustly rod-like, almost straight, wider toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. [122](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, apex toward hypandrium widest, with a medial, blunt, short extension; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [123](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, narrowly triangular, tapered evenly to narrowly rounded apex, in ventral view (Fig. [122](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) as an elongate, very narrow, rod-like structure, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to apex, apex with a short nipple; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [123](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) as an inverted Y, each arm digitiform, process toward aedeagal base longer than other 2, in ventral view (Fig. [122](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly rectangular, robustly rod-like with shallow indentations toward hypandrium, keel digitiform; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [123](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) generally narrow, rod-like, essentially straight, basal third more thinly developed than anterior half, not obtusely angulate, in ventral view (Fig. [122](#F43){ref-type="fig"}) as a very broad, robust H with long posterior arms, lateral margins conspicuously sinuous, anterior emargination V-shaped, posterior emargination deep, broadly U-shaped. {#F42} ![*Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa* (Cresson). (Argentina. Buenos Aires: José C. Paz) **120** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **121** same, lateral view **122** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **123** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g043){#F43} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Ditrichophora bisetulosa* Cresson is labeled "Paraguay Friebrig/S\[an\].Bernardino 1907. XI-/TYPE Ditrichophora BISETULOSA E. T. Cresson, Jr. \[red; "Ditrichophora BISETULOSA" handwritten\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a thin rectangular piece of fine foam), is in good condition (some setulae missing or displaced), and is deposited in the ANSP (6574)\]. ##### Type locality. Paraguay. Cordillera: San Bernardino (25°18.8\'S, 57°18\'W). ##### Other specimens examined. ARGENTINA. **Buenos Aires**: Buenos Aires (34°36\'S, 58°22.9\'W), 21 Oct 1926, F. & M. Edwards (1♂; USNM); San Isidro (34°29.6\'S, 58°32.6\'W), 2 Sep 1927, R. C. Shannon (1♀; ANSP. 1♂, 1♀; USNM); José C. Paz (34°31\'N, 58° 46\'W), 24 Aug 1939, A. Ogloblin (2♂; USNM). **Misiones**: Santa Ana (27°22.1\'S, 55°34.9\'W), 9 Dec 1949, H. Aesel (1♂; USNM). URUGUAY. **Montevideo**: Montevideo (34°53.3\'S, 56°11\'W), 15 Jan 1965, E. F. Legnef (2♂; USNM). ##### Distribution (Fig. [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Misiones), Paraguay (Cordillera), Uruguay (Montevideo). ##### Remarks. This species is very similar to *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* externally and in the shape of structures of the male terminalia. These similarities indicate that these two species are closely related. The differences, although seemingly slight, are consistent, and are the basis for our continued recognition of this species. This species is distinguished from *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* by being slightly shinier externally and by the shape of structures of the male terminalia: the hypandrium has a less well-developed base, and the phallapodeme has a narrow keel. #### Lamproclasiopa caligosa sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/EB6EA466-B799-4FC2-A080-25CFD27494EF [Figs 124--127](#F44){ref-type="fig"} [, 139](#F49){ref-type="fig"} 1. Lamproclasiopa puellaof authors, not Cresson (misidentification). [@B36]: 41 \[illustration of male terminalia\]. ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80-2.80 mm. *Head*: Frons dull, uniformly grayish black concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with anterior margin yellowish orange, except for ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital stripe slightly grayer, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes, some specimens with anterior margin faintly reddish orange. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, grayish black, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white anteriorly, grayish black ventrally, similar to facial color. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.15-0.18. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish to brownish black, finely microtomentose, faintly subshiny, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with strong setulae. Wing completely hyaline to faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~2+3~ with apical portion a continued extension of angle at merger with costa; costal vein ratio 0.45-0.55; M vein ratio 0.54-0.59. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs [124--127](#F44){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [124](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) generally oval, as high as wide, dorsal portion thin, each lateral arm gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest subapically, apex tapered, shallowly recurved, rounded pointed, ventral half with slightly increased number of setulae; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [124](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, generally shallowly arched, ventral half generally tapered to acute point, slightly curved, setulose on dorsal 2/3; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [127](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) rod-like, shallowly arched, apical half toward aedeagal base digitiform, almost parallel sided, basal half wider than apical half, apex truncate with tiny, narrow emargination, basolateral margin irregularly serrate, in ventral view (Fig. [126](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly clavate apical half narrow, parallel sided, basal half becoming wider with subapical notch, thereafter thumb-like; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [127](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly funnel-like, wider basally, apical 2/3 tapered to acutely pointed and curved apex, in ventral view (Fig. [126](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, tapered very gradually from base to subapex, apical portion more abruptly tapered to pointed apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [127](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) shallowly L shaped, each arm tapered to narrowed apex, short arm toward hypandrium 1/3 length of longer and wider than dorsal arm toward aedeagal base, shallow keel at vertex, slightly extended, in ventral view (Fig. [126](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) as an inverted bottle with basal 2/3 very shallowly arched, nearly parallel sided, neck robust, slightly flared apically, apex with medial, short, narrow emargination; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [127](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly rod-like, sinuous, both apices tapered, posterior apex narrowly digitiform, anterior apex tapered to acute point, in ventral view (Fig. [126](#F44){ref-type="fig"}) with anterior half robustly developed, more or less quadrate, anterolateral corners slightly extended anteriorly, anterior margin shallowly emarginate, posterior extensions elongate, slightly tapered, directed posterolaterally, posterior margin deeply emarginate, widely U-shaped. ![*Lamproclasiopa caligosa* sp. n. (Chile. Osorno: Anticura) **124** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **125** same, lateral view **126** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **127** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g044){#F44} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa caligosa* is labeled "CHILE. Osorno: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m), 5 Feb 1978\[,\], W. N. Mathis/HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa caligosa* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a block of plastic), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in USNM. Five paratypes (5♂, DZUP, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype. A male paratype (USNM) is as follows: CHILE. Bío Bío: Santa Bárbara (25 km E; 37°44.4\'S, 71°47.9\'W; 350 m), 24 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis. ##### Other specimens examined. CHILE. **Bío Bío**: Santa Barbara (25 km E; 37°29.3\'S, 72°4.1\'W; 350 m), 24 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). **Osorno**: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m), 1-6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (19♂, 26♀; USNM); Laguna El Toro (40°45.2\'S, 72°18.5\'W; 780 m), 8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM); Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40°41\'S, 72°21\'W; 530 m), 7-8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). ##### Type locality. Chile. Osorno: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m). ##### Distribution (Fig. [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Chile (Bío Bío, Osorno). ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *caligosa*, is of Latin derivation and means misty, obscure or uncertain, referring to the difficulty in distinguishing this species from congeners, especially *Lamproclasiopa puella*. ##### Remarks. Externally, this species is very similar to *Lamproclasiopa puella*, leading to the confusion and misidentification of this species with *Lamproclasiopa puella* ([@B36]). The structures that [@B36] illustrated of the so-called *Lamproclasiopa puella* are actually of this species. This species is distinguished from *Lamproclasiopa puella* by the posterior hypandrial arms being more widely separated and more flared laterally, and the aedeagal base in lateral view is wider, almost bulbous, and has a more abrupt taper after the basal one-third, and the apex is curved anteriorly and acutely pointed. #### Lamproclasiopa curva sp. n. Animalia Diptera Ephydridae http://www.zoobank.org/AA7B9380-0C01-4C56-92D0-7B7EBB231538 [Figs 128--131](#F45){ref-type="fig"} [, 139](#F49){ref-type="fig"} ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80--2.35 mm. *Head*: Frons dull, anterior margin yellowish orange in some degree, posterior portion grayish black, concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with frons entirely grayish black, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, blackish gray, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white, contrasted with face. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.11--0.18. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish black, finely microtomentose, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with fine, sparse setulae, sometimes almost bare. Wing completely hyaline, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~2+3~ with apical portion a continued extension of angle at merger with costa; costal vein ratio 0.43--0.45; M vein ratio 0.56--0.58. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1--2 tarsomeres darkened. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs [128--131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [128](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) generally oval, almost as wide as high, dorsal portion thinner, each lateral arm gradually becoming wider ventrally, ventral half with sides almost parallel sided, apex almost truncate, shallow arched, ventral 1/4 with slightly increased number of setulae, in lateral view (Fig. [129](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) higher than wide, dorsal half thinner and tapered to acute apex, ventral half becoming expanded, ventral margin shallowly rounded with short, anterior extension, extension tapered to anterior point; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [128](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, moderately thin, curvature very slight, almost straight, ventral half generally tapered to acute point, more setulose on dorsal half, in lateral view (Fig. [129](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) rounded posteriorly, tapered from dorsum to ventral point; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) robust developed, higher than wide, with posterior margin extended, keel-like, margin serrate, anterior margin straight, in ventral view (Fig. [130](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) with irregularly rectangular base, dorsal extension narrow, parallel sided, curved medially; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly funnel-like, wider basally, apical 3/4 tapered to acutely pointed and straight apex, in ventral view (Fig. [130](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, uniquely and asymmetrically curved laterally, forming banana-like structure, apical half more curved, tapered to bluntly rounded apex, basal margin bilobed with deep and rather narrow medial incision; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) shallowly L shaped, each arm tapered to narrowed, short arm toward hypandrium 1/3 length of longer, digitiform process, keel at vertex of L, robustly developed, elongate, slightly longer than dorsal arm, in ventral view (Fig. [130](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) as an robustly rod-like with shallowly sinuous sides, ventral apex slightly flared and shallowly bilobed, dorsal apex truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [131](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly rod-like, conspicuously sinuous, both apices tapered, in ventral view (Fig. [130](#F45){ref-type="fig"}) asymmetrical with one lateral half shorted than opposite lateral half, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin deeply emarginate, U-shaped with elongate posterolateral extensions. ![*Lamproclasiopa curva* sp. n. (Chile. Lanquihue: Casa Pangue) **128** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **129** same, lateral view **130** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **131** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g045){#F45} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Lamproclasiopa curva* is labeled "Casa Pangue (41°03\'S, 71° 52\'W), Llanquihue, Chile Dec1926, R&EShannon//HOLOTYPE ♂ *Lamproclasiopa curva* Costa, Mathis & Marinoni, USNM \[red\]." The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, and in an attached microvial) and deposited in the USNM. One paratype (1♂; USNM) bears the same label data as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: CHILE: **Los Lagos**: Chiloé Island, Chepu (on seashore; 42°5\'S, 73°59.65\'W), Oct 1958, G. Kuschel (4♂; USNM). **Other specimen examined.** CHILE. **Malleco**: Angol (37°48\'S, 72°43\'W), 18 Oct 1931, D. S. Bullock (1♂; USNM). ##### Type locality. Chile. Lanquihue: Casa Pangue (41°03\'S, 71° 52\'W). ##### Distribution (Fig. [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Chile (Lanquihue, Los Lagos, Malleco). ##### Etymology. The species epithet, *curva*, is of Latin derivation and means curved, bent, or arched, referring to the curved aedeagus of this species. ##### Remarks. Externally, this species is very similar to *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* and *Lamproclasiopa puella*, and we primarily rely on structures of the male terminalia to distinguish between these three species. The most obvious distinguishing characters are the asymmetry of the aedeagus and hypandrium in ventral view. The curved aedeagus is the basis for this species name. Other distinguishing characters of this species are the extended, narrowly rectangular keel of the phallapodeme and the gonal width with serrations along some of its posterior margin. #### Lamproclasiopa fumipennis Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Wirth) [Figs 132](#F46){ref-type="fig"} [, 139](#F49){ref-type="fig"} 1. Discocerina (Basila) fumipennis[@B32]: 53; [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 2. Lamproclasiopa fumipennis. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. ##### Diagnosis (based on Wirth's original description). This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length about 3.00 mm; generally subshiny, blackish; sides of body with more or less dull brown microtomentum. *Head*: 1.2× broader than high. Frons 1.4× as broad as long; frons and occiput densely brown microtomentose; 1 pair of proclinate and 1 pair of reclinate fronto-orbitals, ocellar setae more widely separated than posterior ocelli, situated at a level about midway between bases of fronto-orbitals and anterior ocellus; pseudopostocellar setae 1/2 length of ocellar setae; medial and lateral vertical seta well developed. Basal flagellomere and palpus yellowish brown; arista with 5 dorsal rays. Face, parafacials, and gena gray, microtomentose; 2 pairs of strong facial setae; a row of very fine setulae at each parafacial suture; parafacial narrow, bare. *Thorax*: Mesonotal and discal setulae numerous and unordered; notopleuron and anepisternum with sparse setulae. A pair of strong humeral setae; notopleural setae strong, both pairs located near notopleural suture, anterior pair slightly closer to posterior pair than to humeral setae; presutural setae, supra-alar setae and prescutellar setae well developed; a somewhat weaker pair of postalar setae; lateral and apical pairs of scutellar setae each about as long as prescutellar setae. Wing densely brown infuscate (Fig. [132](#F46){ref-type="fig"}), veins blackish; costal section II 2.2× as long as section III; apex of vein R~3+4~ not noticeably curved into costa. Halter with yellow knob. Knees narrowly pale brownish; basal 2 tarsomeres yellowish, apical 3 brown; setae and setulae of legs and abdomen rather strong; no flexor armature on femora. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion thin, gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest subapically, apex tapered, rounded pointed, apex and dorsal half bearing more setulae, in lateral view with dorsal half almost parallel sided, ventral portion expanded, with rounded ventral margin and shallow, anterior point subapically; cerci in posterior view elongate, thin, ventral half tapered to acute point, slightly curved, setulose on dorsal half, in lateral view elongate, thin, dorsal half wider than ventral portion, tapered toward ventral apex; in about as wide as long, narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin mostly evenly rounded, with a shallow medioventral extension, more or less evenly setulose along length; cercus narrowly hemispherical, slightly curved, gradually tapered toward ventral apex; gonite in lateral view rod-like, shallowly arched, apices tapered, with broad, short process beyond midlength, in ventral view irregularly V-shaped, arm toward aedeagal base much longer, tapered, more basal arm short, digitiform; aedeagus in lateral view narrowly funnel-like, wider basally, apical half tapered to narrow, parallel-sided extension, in ventral view elongate, thin, tapered very gradually from base to apex, narrow apex rounded, base arched; phallapodeme in lateral view L shaped, each arm tapered to narrowed apex, keel at angle, slightly extended, in ventral view narrowly spindle shaped, apices expanded, end toward hypandrium bifurcate; hypandrium in lateral view rod-like, shallowly arched, in ventral view with anterior half robustly developed, more or less quadrate, anterolateral corners rounded, anterior margin shallowly emarginated, posterior extensions elongate, tapered, posterior margin deeply emarginate, V-shaped. {#F46} ##### Type material. The holotype female of Discocerina (Basila) fumipennis Wirth is labeled "Chile. Juan Fernández Islands, Masatierra, Plazoleta del Yunque (33°38.8\'S, 78°50.1\'W); HT ♀, UMCE\]." Holotype female, allotype male, Masatierra, Plazoleta del Yunque, 200 meters, 9 January 1952, (in dense forest). ##### Other specimens examined. CHILE. **Valparaíso**: Juan Fernández Islands, Robinson Crusoe Island (Plazoleta, trail sweep; 33°38.8\'S, 78°50.3\'W), 1--8 Jan 1993, S. A. Marshall (17♂, 2♀; DEBU, USNM); (quebrada S side Mirador, fern forest, 20 pans; 33°38.7\'S, 78°51.1\'W), 1--10 Jan 1993, S. A. Marshall (1♂; DEBU); (El Yunque Trail; 33°39\'S, 78°50.6\'W), 9 Jan 1993, S. A. Marshall (4♂; USNM); (English Bay; 33°37.2\'S 78°50.9\'W), 5 Jan 1993, S. A. Marshall (1♂, 1♀; DEBU). ##### Type locality. Chile. Valparaíso: Juan Fernández Islands, Masatierra, Plazoleta del Yunque (33°38.8\'S, 78°50.1\'W; 200 m; dense forest). ##### Distribution (Fig. [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Chile (Valparaíso: Juan Fernández Islands.) ##### Remarks. Our diagnosis of this species is partially based on Wirth's original description (1955), as we have not been given access to the holotype, which is a female, or to the male paratype, which Wirth designated as the allotype. When [@B32] described this species, he wrote the following as a comparative diagnosis. This species is (p. 54) "Most closely related to Discocerina (Basila) puella (Cresson) from Chile, but that species has the wings hyaline, the body much duller, microtomentose above and the tarsi entirely yellow. Discocerina (Basila) polita (Edwards) from Chile is a polished, metallic black species with hyaline wings." We concur with Wirth that this species is indeed closely related to *Lamproclasiopa puella* and suggest, further, that these two "species" may be conspecific. Externally there are some differences, as Wirth noted and as we have confirmed herein (see key and respective diagnoses). Moreover, we have observed that these external differences, although slight, are consistent. The populations are separable. The shapes of structures of the male terminalia, however, are essentially the same for *Lamproclasiopa puella* and the darkened specimens from the Juan Fernández Islands. Thus, while we have observed that a level of genetic diversification has occurred in the island populations, the question of whether it is sufficient to represent speciation remains an open question---the dilemma of diversified, allopatric populations. For the present, we are continuing to recognize the populations from the islands as a separate species, especially as we have not been able to study the type series. Our records indicate that this is the only congener known to occur on the Juan Fernández Islands. #### Lamproclasiopa puella Animalia Diptera Ephydridae (Cresson) [Figs 133--134](#F47){ref-type="fig"} [, 135--138](#F48){ref-type="fig"} [, 139](#F49){ref-type="fig"} 1. Ditrichophora puella[@B6]: 91. 2. Discocerina (Basila) puella. [@B12]: 148 \[generic combination\]. [@B34]: 7 \[Neotropical catalog\]. [@B16]: 24 \[list, Argentina\]. --[@B17]: 13 \[Argentina catalog\]. [@B24]: 165 \[world catalog\]. 3. Lamproclasiopa puella. [@B36]: 39 \[generic combination\]. ##### Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80--2.80 mm. *Head*: Frons dull, uniformly grayish black concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with anterior margin yellowish orange, except for ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital stripe slightly grayer, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes, some specimens with anterior margin faintly reddish orange. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, grayish black, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white anteriorly, grayish black ventrally, similar to facial color. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16--0.19. *Thorax*: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish to brownish black, finely microtomentose, faintly subshiny, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with strong setulae. Wing completely hyaline to faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R~2+3~ with apical portion extended at same angle to costa; costal vein ratio 0.42--0.46; M vein ratio 0.55--0.60. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1--2 tarsomeres darkened. *Abdomen*: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs [135--138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. [135](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion thin, gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest subapically, apex tapered, rounded pointed, apex and dorsal half bearing more setulae, in lateral view (Fig. [136](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) with dorsal half almost parallel sided, ventral portion expanded, with rounded ventral margin and shallow, anterior point subapically; cerci in posterior view (Fig. [135](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, ventral half tapered to acute point, slightly curved, setulose on dorsal half, in lateral view (Fig. [136](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, dorsal half wider than ventral portion, tapered toward ventral apex; in about as wide as long, narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin mostly evenly rounded, with a shallow medioventral extension, more or less evenly setulose along length; cercus narrowly hemispherical, slightly curved, gradually tapered toward ventral apex; gonite in lateral view (Fig. [138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) rod-like, shallowly arched, apices tapered, with broad, short process beyond midlength, in ventral view (Fig. [137](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) irregularly V-shaped, arm toward aedeagal base much longer, tapered, more basal arm short, digitiform; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. [138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly funnel-like, wider basally, apical half tapered to narrow, parallel-sided extension, in ventral view (Fig. [137](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) elongate, thin, tapered very gradually from base to apex, narrow apex rounded, base arched; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. [138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) L shaped, each arm tapered to narrowed apex, keel at angle, slightly extended, in ventral view (Fig. [137](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) narrowly spindle shaped, apices expanded, end toward hypandrium bifurcate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. [138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) rod-like, shallowly arched, in ventral view (Fig. [138](#F48){ref-type="fig"}) with anterior half robustly developed, more or less quadrate, anterolateral corners rounded, anterior margin shallowly emarginated, posterior extensions elongate, tapered, posterior margin deeply emarginate, V-shaped. {#F47} ![*Lamproclasiopa puella* (Cresson). (Chile. Osorno: Anticura) **135** epandrium and cerci, posterior view **136** same, lateral view **137** internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus \[shaded\], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view **138** same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.](zookeys-631-001-g048){#F48} ##### Type material. The holotype male of *Ditrichophora puella* Cresson is labeled "HOLOTYPE/Casa Pangue 4--10.xii.1926./S.Chile: Llanquihue Prov F.&M. Edwards. B.M.1927--63./Holo-TYPE *Ditrichophora puella* E. T. Cresson Jr./NHMUK010240992". The holotype is double mounted (glued to a plastic triangle) and is in good condition (head missing), and is deposited in BMNH. ##### Type locality. Chile. Lanquihue: Casa Pangue (41°03\'S, 71°52\'W; 779 m). ##### Other specimens examined. CHILE. **Aysen**: Puerto Puyuguapi (44°19.5\'S, 72°33.5\'W), Feb, 13 Out 1939, G. H. Schwable (1♀; USNM). **Lanquihue**: Los Riscos (41°13.7\'S, 72°44.7\'W), 14 Sep 1954, P. G. Kuschel (1♂; USNM); **Osorno**: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m), 1--6 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (11♂, 4♀; USNM); Lago Puyehue (SE shore; 40°45\'S, 72°25.2\'W), 6--10 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM); Pucatrihue (40°32.6\'S, 73°43.1\'W), 27--30 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis (4♂; USNM); Puyehue (20 km E.; 40°38.8\'S, 72°5.1\'W), 25 Jan 1951, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross (1♂; USNM); Termas de Aguas Calientes (1 km SE; 40°41\'S, 72°21\'W; 530 m), 7--8 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (13♂, 8♀; USNM); Volcan Puyehue (40°36.7\'S, 72°8.4\'W; 1400 m), 4 Feb 1978, W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). ##### Distribution (Fig. [139](#F49){ref-type="fig"}). Neotropical: Chile (Aysen, Lanquihue, Osorno). {#F49} ##### Remarks. This species is challengingly similar to *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* and distinguishing between them is difficult. The diagnostic characters presented in the original descriptions (frons entirely grayish black, antenna mostly grayish black than orange, in opposition to *Lamproclasiopa aracataca*) are inconsistent, and specimens of *Lamproclasiopa puella* could easily be identified as *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* and vice versa. We dissected the male holotype to confirm the identity of *Lamproclasiopa puella*, and based on these characters we propose the more reliable, external character: scutellum covered with strong setulae. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species, especially the narrow aedeagus that is straight in ventral view and the less flared posterior hypandrial arms. We have studied specimens from Juan Fernández Islands and these specimens have wings slightly darker than specimens from the continent (Fig. [132](#F46){ref-type="fig"}). This corresponds to Wirth's description of *Lamproclasiopa fumipennis*, but terminalia structures clearly correspond to *Lamproclasiopa puella*. As we have not been given access to the holotype of *Lamproclasiopa fumipennis*, we decided not to propose this synonymy as yet. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### XML Treatment for Discocerinini ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa laevior ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa brunnea ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa hendeli ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa triangularis ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa auritunica ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa lapaz ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa polita ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa zerafael ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa balsamae ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa mancha ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa painteri ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa nana ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa furvitibia ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa xanthocera ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa aliceae ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa argentipicta ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa nadineae ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa aracataca ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa caligosa ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa curva ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa fumipennis ###### XML Treatment for Lamproclasiopa puella We gratefully acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of many organizations and individuals who contributed to the field work and production of this paper. Photographs of the specimens, especially the faces, were expertly taken with a Visionary Digital System. For reviewing an early draft of this paper we thank Anthony "Tony" G. Irwin and Tadeusz Zatwarnicki, and Jens-Hermann Stuke reviewed the final draft. We thank T. Zatwarnicki in particular for allowing us access to an early version of an important paper on the phylogeny of the tribe Discocerinini and usage of some of his illustrations of structures of the male terminalia ([@B36]). Marion Kotrba very kindly translated Hendel's description of *Lamproclasiopa facialis* and we gratefully thank her and acknowledge her time and efforts. We thank the curators and collections managers who loaned collections or facilitated work in their museums: David A. Grimaldi (AMNH), Jon K. Gelhaus and Jason D. Weintraub (ANSP), José Albertino Rafael and Rosaly Ale-Rocha (INPA), and Carlos José Einicker Lamas (MZUSP). This study was supported by grants from CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -- Brazil (Process number 234167/2014--9) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -- Brazil), including a recent field work in Brazil (December 2009-June 2010) that resulted in the vast majority of specimens from Brazil that were studied in this paper (CNPq, Visiting Researcher/Process number 401609/2009--0), which we gratefully acknowledge. The ZADBI project was funded by U.S. National Science Foundation grant DEB 1145890 to B. Brown and A. Borkent. We thank Dianne Mathis for helping with all aspects of the production of this paper, especially the field work in Brazil. We also thank A. Bernardo Carvalho and his lab (Elisa Carvalho, Monica Carvalho, Susana Vaz) for hosting us while conducting field work along the coast of São Paulo, and José Albertino Rafael and Rosaly Ale-Rocha (INPA) for hosting us while working at INPA and conducting field work in the general environs of Manaus. 01\. *Lamproclasiopa aliceae* sp. n. (United States. New Mexico. Grant: Silver City (Big Ditch; 32°46.4\'N, 108°16.5\'W; 1790 m)), 02\. *Lamproclasiopa aracataca* (Cresson) 03\. *Lamproclasiopa argentipicta* sp. n. (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W)) 04\. *Lamproclasiopa auritunica* sp. n. (Bolívia. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2\'S, 66°54.7\'W, 3750 m).) 05\. *Lamproclasiopa balsamae* (Cresson) 06\. *Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa* (Cresson) 07\. *Lamproclasiopa brunnea* sp. n. (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W)) 08\. *Lamproclasiopa caligosa* sp. n. (Chile. Osorno: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39\'S, 72°10\'W; 430 m)) 09\. *Lamproclasiopa curva* (Chile. Los Lagos: Chiloé Island, Chepu (on seashore; 42°5\'S, 73°59.65\'W)) 10\. *Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis* sp. n. (Ecuador. Orellana: Río Tiputini Biodiversity Station (0°38.2\'S, 76°8.9\'W)) 11\. *Lamproclasiopa fumipennis* (Wirth) 12\. *Lamproclasiopa furvitibia* sp. n. (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8\'N, 84°0.6\'W)) 13\. *Lamproclasiopa hendeli* (Wirth) 14\. *Lamproclasiopa laevior* (Cresson) 15\. *Lamproclasiopa lapaz* sp. n. (Bolívia. La Paz: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7\'S, 68°04.3\'W; 4130m)) 16\. *Lamproclasiopa mancha* sp. n. (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m)) 17\. *Lamproclasiopa nadineae* (Cresson) 18\. *Lamproclasiopa nana* (Williston) 19\. *Lamproclasiopa painteri* (Cresson) 20\. *Lamproclasiopa polita* (Edwards) 21\. *Lamproclasiopa puella* (Cresson) 22\. *Lamproclasiopa triangularis* sp. n. (Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6\'S, 71°16.9\'W; 250 m)) 23\. *Lamproclasiopa xanthocera* sp. n. (Brazil. Paraná. Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9\'S, 49°14\'W; 915 m)) 24\. *Lamproclasiopa zerafael* sp. n. (Brazil. Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8\'S, 59°58.5\'W; 40 m)) [^1]: Academic editor: R. Meier

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39614

--- layout: model title: Progressive shift model-language: webppl --- A model of progressive vs. imperfective aspect by Becky Jarvis and Gunnar Lund: ~~~~ //Generate the state space given a number of events var stateGen = function(numberBins) { var stateSoFar = [] var binSize = 1 / numberBins var binArray = _.range(0, numberBins) var eventPop = map(function(x){return Math.round(((binSize/2)+(binSize*x))*100)/100}, binArray) var newEvents = stateSoFar.concat(eventPop) return newEvents } //Power set helper function, from lexical uncertainty model. var powerset = function(set){ if(set.length==0){ return [set] } var r = powerset(set.slice(1)) // exlude first element var element = [set[0]] // first element var new_r = r.concat(map(function(x){ element.concat(x) }, r)) return new_r } //Generate the states and then apply the powerset (removing empty set) var allstates = stateGen(5) var powersetStates = filter(function(x){return x.length>0},powerset(allstates)) //Return uniform draw of the powerset of states. var statePrior = function() { return uniformDraw(powersetStates) } //utterances and utterancePrior function; requires null utt due to threshold semantics var utterances = ["prog", "impf",""] var cost = { "prog": 5, "impf": 1, "": 100 } var utterancePrior = function() { var uttProbs = map(function(u) {return Math.exp(-cost[u]) }, utterances); return categorical(uttProbs, utterances); }; //List of possibe thetas var possibleThetas = [0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1] //Generate ordered pair <thetaR, thetaImpf> s.t. thetaImpf is greater than or equal to thetaR var thetaGen = function(number, stateSoFar) { var stateSoFar = stateSoFar == undefined ? [] : stateSoFar if (number != -1) { var newThetaN = map(function(x){if (x >= possibleThetas[number]){return [possibleThetas[number], x]}}, possibleThetas) var newThetas = stateSoFar.concat(newThetaN) return thetaGen(number-1, newThetas) } else { return remove(null, stateSoFar) } } //the possibleThetas.length argument is essentially an index for the recursive function. var thetas = thetaGen(possibleThetas.length) var thetasPrior = function(){ return uniformDraw(thetas) } //Generates the bins from the different thetas var thetaBins = function(numberBins, theta) { var newBins = [0] var binSize = theta / numberBins var binArray = _.range(0, numberBins) var binPop = map(function(x){return (binSize)+(binSize*x)}, binArray) var newEvents = newBins.concat(binPop) return newEvents } //meaning fxn: checks to make sure at least one event is contained in every bin. var meaningFn = function(state, bins, index, stateSoFar){ var stateSoFar = stateSoFar == undefined ? [] : stateSoFar if (index != bins.length-1){ var inBin = any(function(x){return x>bins[index] && x<=bins[index+1]}, state) var eventsInBins = stateSoFar.concat(inBin) return meaningFn(state, bins, index+1, eventsInBins) } else { return all(function(x){return x==true}, stateSoFar) } } //Actually apply the meaning function for the utterances var meaning = function(utterance, binsR, binsT, state) { if (utterance == "prog") { return meaningFn(state, binsR, 0) } else if (utterance == "impf") { return meaningFn(state, binsT, 0) } else { return true } } //Alphas and bins var alpha = 1 var nBins = 2 //our actors: var literalListener = cache(function(utterance, thetaR, thetaT) { return Infer({model: function() { var state = statePrior(); var binsR = thetaBins(nBins, thetaR); var binsT = thetaBins(nBins, thetaT); condition(meaning(utterance, binsR, binsT, state)) return state; }}); }); var speaker = cache(function(state, thetaR, thetaT) { return Infer({method: "enumerate"}, function() { var utterance = utterancePrior(); factor(alpha * literalListener(utterance, thetaR, thetaT).score(state)); return utterance; }); }); var pragmaticListener = function(utterance) { return Infer({method: "enumerate"}, function() { var state = statePrior(); var thetas = thetasPrior(); var thetaR = thetas[0] var thetaT = thetas[1] factor(speaker(state, thetaR, thetaT).score(utterance)); return {state: state, thetaR: thetaR, thetaT: thetaT}; }); }; viz.marginals(pragmaticListener("prog")) ~~~~

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39621

Cost of privatisation versus government alcohol retailing systems: Canadian example. Alcohol retail monopolies have been established in many countries to restrict alcohol availability and thus, minimise alcohol-related harm.The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of the privatisation of alcohol sales on the burden and direct health-care, law enforcement costs and indirect costs (lost productivity due to disability or premature mortality) in Canada. Simulation modelling. International Guidelines for the Estimation of the Avoidable Costs of Substance Abuse were used. All burden and costs were compared with the baseline taken from the aggregate Cost Study on Substance Abuse in Canada 2002. If all Canadian provinces and territories were to privatise alcohol sales we assume that consumption would increase from 10% to 20% based on available Canadian literature. Under the 10% scenario the costs would increase from 6% ($828 million) and under the 20% scenario costs would increase 12% ($1.6 billion).This increase is substantially greater than the tax and mark-up revenue gained from increased sales,and represents a net loss. Alcohol-attributable burden and associated costs will increase markedly if all Canadian provinces and territories gave up the government alcohol retailing systems.For public health and economic reasons, governments should continue to have a strong role in alcohol retailing.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39627

Evidence-based education and nursing pressure ulcer prevention textbooks: does it match? The education of nurses has influenced the way of nursing practice for a long time. Nurse educators are required to offer up-to-date educational material, and textbooks are the most frequently used sources of knowledge during a nurse's education. In this study, researchers investigated the extent to which textbooks were evidence based regarding preventing pressure ulcers and knowing what recommendations to make for nursing students and publishers of nursing textbooks. Educators at nursing schools in Germany were contacted by telephone to identify the most often used nursing textbooks. The recommendations of the German Expert Standard of Pressure Ulcer Prevention were compared with the content of the textbooks in a content analysis. Additionally, teachers were asked what additional material they were using to help prepare lectures. Only one of the four analysed textbooks complied with the recommendations of the German Expert Standard. Contents of the other books were incomplete. The authors of some books did not mention any up-to-date scientific evidence. The teachers often used additional material such as the German Expert Standard and research articles to prepare their lectures. German nursing textbooks were classified into research-based and authoritative texts. Because of the fast development and availability of research findings, one recommendation is that new forms of "textbooks" such as CD ROMs should be considered.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39629

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to patient transport systems, and more particularly, to a patient transport system for transferring an immobile patient from a bed to a gurney or vice versa. 2. Description of the Prior Art It appears to be widely accepted that a major, if not the major, work-related complaint among nurses and hospital nursing staff is back injuries caused by lifting patients and getting them in and out of a bed and to and from a gurney or a stretcher as it is commonly referred to. A survey of existing practices and techniques suggests that there is no widely adopted simple and safe method of transferring patients from a bed to a gurney, or vice versa, without lifting them. There are hoist-type lifts where the patient is suspended in a sling. The sling must be first manipulated under the patient and then the patient must be physically lifted, changing the shape of the body and applying pressures different from those existing on the patient when lying prone in bed. There are also roller boards which are inserted partially under the patient and then the patient is pulled onto the roller board. Again, the patient must be manipulated to allow the board to be inserted and then the body is pulled onto the board. In the end, the patient ends up on the board, not on the gurney or the bed. An additional disadvantage of the roller board is that either the patient must cooperate with the transferrer or more than one transferrer is required to effect the transfer. Patients have also been known to drop off the roller boards and to land on the floor between the bed and the gurney. An earlier patent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/330,808, which is hereby incorporated by reference, solves this age-old problem of transferring patients from a bed or a gurney and vice versa. That patent application discloses an apparatus for transporting a patient and includes a base, a patient supporting member attached to the base, a conveyor attached to the base and a removable sheet. The sheet has a first end and a second end where the sheet first end is removably attached to the conveyor and the sheet second end is free. The sheet is adapted to be positioned on the patient supporting member, such as a mattress. In operation, an end of the sheet, which is attached to the conveyor, is rotated around a roller thereby moving the patient from the bed to a gurney or vice versa. However, the conveyor disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/330,808 requires that the roller remain affixed to the bed or gurney, or the complete conveyor be removed from the bed or gurney. This results in a problem of storing the conveyor in a hospital room and transporting the conveyor when it is not attached to the bed or gurney. Further, typically hospital beds vary in length and in many cases can be adjusted so that their lengths vary. In this case, a conveyor, such as that disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/330,808, may be inoperative if the length of the roller is different from that of the length of the bed. Further, if the length of the bed is varied during operation, then such a fixed length roller could affect the operation of the bed. Therefore, it is an object of my invention to allow a patient, while lying in a prone position and completely immobile, to be moved, by one person of relatively low strength, safely from the bed to the gurney and vice versa, and to accommodate various bed lengths with one conveying apparatus. It is also an object of my invention to provide a patient transport system for a bed or a gurney which can be easily engaged with the bed or gurney and removed. My invention is an apparatus for transporting a patient that includes a base, a patient supporting member attached to the base, a conveyor removably secured to the base, and a sheet. The sheet has a first end and a second end, where the first end is attached to the conveyor. The sheet is adapted to be positioned onto the patient supporting member. The base and the patient supporting member can form a bed, a gurney or an apparatus that converts from a gurney to a wheelchair or vice versa. The conveyor includes a roller rotatably secured to the base, where the roller can be made of graphite fibers, aluminum, fiberglass or steel. The roller includes a first end and a second end. The sheet first end is attached to the roller and two bearings which are removably and rotatably secured to respective first and second ends of the roller. Each bearing includes a first leg and a second leg attached to the first leg. The first and second legs define an open ended roller receiving recess that receives an end of the roller. A tip extends from one of the legs into the roller recess. Preferably, the tip extends from the first leg, which includes an inner surface having a first section and a second section, where the tip extends at an interface of the two sections. The second leg includes a first segment and a depending second segment. The second segment is secured to the first leg. Inner surfaces of the first segment, second segment and second section define a roller engaging recess. The second section inner surface is concave shaped. A pair of collars are provided on both ends of the roller, wherein the bearings are received between the collars. The sheet is removably attached to the conveyor by a flexible strap having one end releasably attached to the roller and the other end releasably attached to the sheet. Preferably, a clip is releasably secured at one end of the strap for attaching to the sheet. The length of the strap can be adjusted. Preferably, Velcro(copyright) fasteners are provided on an end of the strap and along the length of the roller so the strap can be releasably secured to the roller. The roller can be provided with a telescopic arrangement so that its length can be adjusted, wherein the roller includes a first longitudinally extending member that slidably receives a second longitudinally extending member with a recess defined in the first longitudinally extending member. Preferably, the recess has the same geometric shape as a cross-sectional shape of the second longitudinal member. A segmented handle can be attached to the roller. An annular member is slidably received by the second longitudinally extending member and a flexible strip is secured to the annular member. A tube can be attached to the base and a post can be attached to the bearing, or vice versa. The post is slidably received by the tube so that the bearing is removably secured to the base. A pawl and ratchet arrangement can be secured to the roller and bearing to prevent the roller from rotating in a defined direction. My invention can be used on a bed, a gurney or a convertible gurney that converts from a gurney to a wheelchair. My invention is also a method for transporting a patient from a bed to a gurney or vice versa using the above-described conveyor including the steps of: placing a sheet on one of the mattress of the bed and the patient supporting surface of the gurney, Positioning the patient on the sheet, attaching the conveyor to the other of the bed and the gurney having the sheet, positioning the gurney adjacent to the bed so that the conveyor is along a side of the other of the gurney and the bed, the side being furthest away from the one of the bed and the gurney having the sheet, removably attaching the sheet to the roller, rotating the roller and thereby winding the sheet around the roller, moving the patient on the sheet from the one of the bed and gurney toward the roller onto the other of the bed and the roller, and removing the roller from the one of the bed and the gurney. The method can also include the steps of attaching the sheet to straps secured to the roller and adjusting the length of the straps after the patient begins to be moved on the sheet so that all of the straps are taut.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39630

Fort d'Uxegney The Fort d'Uxegney, or Fort Roussel, is part of the fortifications of Épinal. It was built near the village of Uxegney between 1882 and 1884, and was modernized in 1910. It is an example of a Séré de Rivières system fortification. It retains its armament and is maintained as a museum. Located northwest of Épinal, the Fort d'Uxegney is part of a line of sixteen major fortifications designed to bar the advance of a German army into France. It retains a functioning example of an eclipsing Galopin turret. Armed with a 155mm gun, the assembly weighs 250 tons and was installed in 1907. A considerable amount of the fort's equipment remains in place, including kitchens, living facilities and details of armament, in an unusually good state of preservation. Description The fort was situated at an altitude of 379 meters above the valley of the Avière with the mission of controlling the Épinal-Mirecourt axis, the Épinal-Nancy railway and the Canal de l'Est. The fort was laid out in a pentagon, surrounded by a ditch. Construction took only two years (1882–1884). The fort includes fortified barracks, storage facilities and magazines, and shelters for troops. The stone buildings of variegated cut stone were built in the open, then covered with earth from the excavation of the ditch and the leveling of the natural terrain. The initial garrison comprised 287 men, and the construction cost of the original fort amounted to about 1.7 million francs.. The principal armament consisted of five 155mm and five 120mm de Bange or Lahotolle guns on the three forward-facing walls of the fort, in the open air on platforms. The first improvements came in 1892, when the fort's entry, powder magazine, a cistern, an infantry shelter and a number of other spaces were covered with concrete. From 1900 a series of spiral queue de cochon (pig tail-shaped) infantry shelters were placed on and around the fort. The second major phase of work, executed from 1910, completely transformed the fort. A retractable or "eclipsing" turret was installed, mounting a 155mm gun. Another turret mounted two 75mm guns with shortened barrels, and two more turret mounted machine guns. Two casemates de Bourges mounted two 75mm guns in each casemate to cover the intervals between the forts to either side of Uxegney, while armored observation points were created with steel cupolas or cloches. Further concrete reinforcement was placed, while subterranean passages linked all sections of the fort. The defenses were improved with the addition of counterscarp positions in the outer walls of the ditch. A small central electrical plant was installed as well. The cost of these renovations came to 1.2 million francs. The renovated fort's garrison comprised 15 officers, 36 non-commissioned officers and 416 enlisted men. In 1914 a further project to add two 155mm gun turrets in a separate armored battery was proposed, but was canceled by the outbreak of war. History The Fort d'Uxegney saw no action during World War I, as the Germans did not advance into the area around Épinal. Between World War I and World War II the fort remained military property and was kept under maintenance. Along with the neighboring Fort de Bois l'Abbé, Fort d'Uxegney was used as an ammunition depot.. During World War II the Germans left Uxegney intact even as they stripped other forts around Épinal. The French army used both forts as ammunition depots until 1960. They were afterwards abandoned. Present status Since 1989 the Association pour la Restauration du Fort d'Uxegney et de la Place d'Épinal (ARFUPE) has restored and maintained the Uxegney site. The fort may be visited between May and September. The Fort de Bois l'Abbé was used after 1960 by private tenants, but was restored by ARFUPE beginning in 1995. It may be visited on special occasions. References This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding French Wikipedia article as of April 12, 2010 External links Site de l'Association pour la Restauration du Fort d'Uxegney et de la Place d'Epinal Fort d'Uxegney at fortiffsere.fr Fort d'Uxegney at Chemins de mémoire Category:Séré de Rivières system Category:Fortifications of Épinal Category:World War I museums in France Category:Ammunition dumps

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39634

The turtles were originally rescued from the waters off Massachusetts by the New England Aquarium. Record numbers of hypothermic sea turtles have been rescued from the frigid waters off Cape Cod in the last few weeks. Experts say an unseasonably warm November delayed the turtles' migration to warmer waters. The turtles got stranded when the temperatures in Cape Cod Bay dropped quickly. Dozens of rescued sea turtles have been flown to SeaWorld and other wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Florida. The turtles will be returned to their natural habitat when ocean temperatures are warmer.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39644

Home page Pandora's Gallery Custom Framing and Art is located in Calgary's northwest Crowfoot Crossing shopping centre. Pandora's framing designers bring over 30 years of art and framing experience to every consultation. Our friendly and helpful staff will guide you through the hundreds of frames and all the other details and decisions that go into the finished framing design. Pandora's uses the best quality conservation and archival framing materials in all our custom picture framing. Let us design a unique framing showcase for your art and collectibles to guarantee a lifetime of enjoyment. We will create beautiful, sophisticated designs to enhance your art and collectibles for your home or office. From unique hand-painted mat embellishments to dazzling shadow boxes, our framing designers will custom make a truly beautiful setting for your treasures. Pandora's Gallery also features art prints, giclees, photo frames and art cards to enhance your home decor.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39645

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex. Ever since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar cortex has been recognized as one of the most regularly structured and wired parts of the brain formed by a rather limited set of distinct cells. Its rather protracted course of development, which persists well into postnatal life, the availability of multiple natural mutants, and, more recently, the availability of distinct molecular genetic tools to identify and manipulate discrete cell types have suggested the cerebellar cortex as an excellent model to understand the formation and working of the central nervous system. However, the formulation of a unifying model of cerebellar function has so far proven to be a most cantankerous problem, not least because our understanding of the internal cerebellar cortical circuitry is clearly spotty. Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. Here, we provide a short overview of cerebellar cortical interneuron diversity, and we summarize some recent results that are hoped to provide a primer on current understanding of cerebellar biology.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39649

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dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39661

Search form 14 January 2017 One More Day at Lake Hoare Weather Window This morning there was a two hour break in the weather. A helicopter was able to come into the valley and take one-half of our team back to the lab. Byron, Jeb, Matt, Andy and I stayed back at Lake Hoare. Tomorrow there won't be any flights because Sunday is a day off for the pilots. The five of us at Lake Hoare will head out in the morning to walk to Many Glaciers Pond where we need to collect samples. It has been great staying at Lake Hoare Camp; this is a fantastic field camp. Lake Hoare Camp hut viewed from the east. Lake Hoare Camp Rae Spain and Renee Noffke are the camp managers at Lake Hoare. They spend the entire field season here at Lake Hoare and play a critical role in supporting all of the science that happens in the Dry Valleys. Lake Hoare Camp is a place where you get a warm welcome and an exquisite hot meal. Rae and Renee also coordinate the other field camps and helo-ops (helicopter operations) within the valley. Renee Noffke and Rae Spain are the camp managers for Lake Hoare Camp and for the other camps in Taylor Valley. Energy at Camp In a permanent field camp you need electricity and fuel for heating and cooking. Here at Lake Hoare most of the electricity is generated by solar panels and managed with batteries and an inverter. The solar panels must be rotated throughout the day to keep them oriented towards the sun. There is also a backup generator for times when there isn't enough sunshine to keep up with the electricity demands. The generator and heater run on diesel fuel. The kitchen stove runs on propane. Solar panels provide most of the power for Lake Hoare Camp. The solar panels at Lake Hoare camp charge a batter system. The inverter changes the electricity to AC current for the hut. Diesel fuel is used for the heater in the Lake Hoare hut. Water at Camp Water for camp comes from chunks of the glacier that break off. These pieces of glacier are referred to as ice berries and the ice berries are melted for drinking and washing water. All of the grey water is collected in 55 gallon drums and shipped back to McMurdo. The water is used sparingly to save on the work of harvesting ice berries and more importantly to minimize the amount of waste water that is produced. Ice from the Canada Glacier is melted for drinking water at Lake Hoare Camp. Byron Adams moving ice berries from the lake to the hut at Lake Hoare Camp. Bathrooms at Camp One of the first stops on our arrival tour was the bathroom. There are multiple options at Lake Hoare Camp for going to the bathroom. There are toilets that empty into buckets. These human waste buckets are then taken back to McMurdo and then returned to the U.S. in shipping containers. Two urinals empty into 55 gallon drums. There are also two rocket toilets. The rocket toilets use propane to burn the human waste that accumulates into a small pile of ash. The ash is very light and non-hazardous so it can be flown back to McMurdo easily and disposed with the regular landfill material. These outhouses at Lake Hoare Camp use buckets for collecting waste. The waste is frozen and transported back to McMurdo to be shipped back to the United States. Rocket Toilets burn the human waste into a small pile of ash. These toilets are a convenient way to reduce the amount of waste that must be shipped back from the field camp. The inside of a rocket toilet outhouse. Science at Camp The primary purpose of the camp is to provide a place for scientists to stay when their work requires them to be in the field overnight. Some projects require extended field stays or have samples that must be processed while still in the field. There are three science labs at Lake Hoare Camp to accommodate lab work while in the field. There is a radiation lab, a chemistry lab and an instrument lab. One of the three science labs at Lake Hoare. Inside of the chemistry lab at Lake Hoare Comments I watched a documentary w/ Anthony Bourdain and saw that Rae Spain (camp manager) was a really good cook. I was wondering if someone there could hook me up w/her somehow to get some of her great recipes This site is supported by the National Science Foundation under award 0956825. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this site are those of the PIs and coordinating team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39673

The treatment of agitation during initial hospitalization after traumatic brain injury. Agitation after traumatic brain injury is disruptive for patient care, distressing, and difficult to treat. The use of propranolol has been advocated to control agitation after brain injury. It reportedly lacks some of the deleterious cognitive and emotional effects of other medications and physical restraints. This study was designed to test if propranolol is effective in reducing agitated behavior. Subjects had traumatic closed-head injury treated at a combined Level I Trauma Center and Rehabilitation Center. Twenty-one subjects met the criteria of agitation and were treated with propranolol or placebo in a double-blind fashion. The intensity of agitation was significantly lower in the treatment group although the number of episodes were similar. The use of restraints was also significantly lower in the treatment group. The results support the effectiveness of propranolol in reducing the intensity of agitation during the initial hospitalization after closed-head injury.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39675

The 2020 NFL Draft is a short three days a way, and rumors are flying around as expected. Last week, the Atlanta Falcons were reportedly "strangely interested" in quarterbacks. While that report was referring to (roughly) the 10-20 range on the board, Peter King of NBC offered a more sensible take in his Football Morning in America piece this morning. King cited the Falcons (along with the Baltimore Ravens) as a potential second-round destination for former Alabama and Oklahoma quarterback Jalen Hurts. Most found the previous report about the Falcons being interested in a QB in the first round ridiculous, given Matt Ryan's $62 million cap hit in the event of a trade, as well as the fact that there's little evidence to suggest a rapid decline in his production. Still, Ryan will be 35 years old whenever the 2020 season kicks off, and one could understand why the Falcons may want to add a young talent to the QB room. The efficacy of the Ravens run first offense with Lamar Jackson under the helm the past two seasons has seemingly drawn teams to Hurts more than most expected. ESPN's Mel Kiper projected him to be selected No. 49 by the Pittsburgh Steelers in his latest mock, and noted he'll be surprised if Hurts slips out of the second round. Grabbing a talent like Hurts in the second round is inherently more defensible than the Falcons dedicating first-round draft capital to a quarterback in their current landscape, but it's still a decision that will be met with skepticism from fans who believe all of the club's eggs should be in the basket of winning a championship in 2020. In the event Hurts is in fact drafted to Atlanta, he would probably slot in third behind Matt Schaub on the depth chart, and be at the helm of some sort of rushing package as a change-up/short yardage option for the Falcons' standard offense under Dirk Koetter and Ryan. If Hurts gets scooped up before the No. 47 pick, look for the Falcons to further address the defense or potentially pick up an interior offensive lineman. With the Falcons first-round selection likely dedicated towards the defense (whether it be a cornerback, pass rusher, or otherwise), the second round now represents a territory of mystery for Falcons fans. Thomas Dimitroff is seemingly leaving no stone unturned as he makes an effort to get Atlanta back on the right track after missing the playoffs in back-to-back seasons. At Falcon Report, we want to provide you with the best Atlanta Falcons experience. Please take this short survey of five questions to let us know how we're doing. Take the Survey

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39680

Q: How to get switch case values I was wondering if there is a way to get the values of every case in a switch statement? When you provide a not implemented case, I would like to throw some exception and provide a list of available case values. switch (partName.Trim().ToLower()) { case "engine": //something break; case "door": //something break; case "wheel": //something break; default: throw new NotImplementedException($"Available parts are {????}."); } A: Short answer: no. There is no way of doing this programmatically. Longer answer: you can work around this with an enum, eg public enum Parts { engine, door, wheel } ... if (Enum.TryParse(partName, out Parts part)) { switch (part) { case Parts.engine: //something break; case Parts.door: //something break; case Parts.wheel: //something break; } } else { var listOfValues = string.Join(", ", Enum.GetNames(typeof(Parts))); throw new NotImplementedException($"Available parts are {listOfValues}."); } This isn't a complete solution as I might forget to add a case for one of the enum values and I'll get a confusing error telling me that the value I supplied is supported when it's not. But that limitation aside, it will work if the switch is correctly implemented. A: As has been already said, switch is of no help to you in this scenario. If you wanted, you could ditch the switch in favour of configured map with actions, e.g. (non-language-specific code): Map<String, Action> transformations = Map.of( Pair("engine", EngineTransformation()), Pair("door", DoorTransformation()), Pair("wheel", WheelTransformation()), ); var partName = partName.Trim().ToLower(); if (!transformations.contains(partName) { throw new NotImplementedException( $"Available parts are {}.", transformations.getKeys() ); } var someResult = transformations.get(partName).getValue().execute();

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39685

Analyse Asia Podcast #6: From Adventures to Communities in Southeast Asia - bleongcw http://blcw.me/1sBUxgP ====== bleongcw Synopsis for Episode 6: In this episode, Kristine Lauria, the country manager Elance-oDesk in Singapore joined us for a conversation on her interesting work in building and managing communities in Singapore (TheList.SG and Walkabout.SG). Starting from San Francisco, she told the story of her adventures in Asia through her blog: UrbanHikers. After settling in Singapore, she created two major initiatives which have infused the culture of community building and engagement in the Singapore entrepreneurial ecosystem (and they are still in running today): TheList.SG and Walkabout.SG. She also discussed her thoughts on Blk 71 and the startup real estate in Singapore, best practices on community building and engagement and on a larger scale, on her thoughts about other rising entrepreneurial ecosystems across Southeast Asia.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39692

If you like ethical homeware and value ecological projects, you should directly head to Folkk’s Kickstarter page and support them. Initiated by Nova Iskra, the project aims to connect craft artisans with designers to produce quality homeware that’s both modern and traditional. Folkk is a design-driven project that goes with human values. It aims to empower artisans and create quality, long lasting products, not industrial plastic shit you’ll throw away a few weeks later. On the company’s website, you will find a presentation of the current designers and artisans, the goal of the Kickstarter campaign is to enable these artisans to keep on working and pass their knowledge, but also to start working with new artisans and designers. You can see below a small selection of designs produced by Folkk’s designers and artisans, don’t forget you can obtain these by supporting the Kickstarter campaign.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39698

We lead. With your help, we'll continue to. Greetings from Maine! As has been requested of everyone, I’ve decided to step up and do my part to get Democrats elected in Maine. Here is some of the necessary information you’ll need to run for office — particularly our State Legislature — in 2016. I won’t get into the Congress, as our class isn’t up for election this year in the Senate, and in the House, we have a strong Democrat in Chellie Pingree in ME-01. We also have a solid Democratic candidate in ME-02, Emily Cain, to take on incumbent Bruce Poliquin, who rode the coattails of a bear-baiting referendum to get elected as Governor Paul LePage was re-elected in 2014. Emily is joined in the primary by Joe Baldacci. Joe is the brother of the last Democratic governor, John, and has promoted strengthening the minimum wage in Bangor while on the City Council. 2016 is an extremely important year, as holding the line in the Legislature means that the governor will not be able to enact his strong anti-welfare agenda, or push his income tax cuts through without a citizen’s initiative. I can’t stress enough how important it is to draft progressive, hard-working candidates for every seat, and to help them get elected. That means you, fair Democrat. I know that, because you read that paragraph, that you are filled with a deep desire to run for office, and you’re looking to me seeking answers. So you want to run for the State Legislature... (Rule #1 : The second you have this idea, and know you’re going to do it, design a palm card and have it ready. Immediately. We’ll get there later.) In truth, we do very well in drafting at least a candidate on paper to run in just about every seat in the state. But the fact we just have paper candidates isn’t a good thing. So take a look at our districts, and ask yourself if you know someone living in that Republican district who wants to try to take a seat. A great time to run is when someone is running for their fourth term, so when they term out you’re the heir apparent. You can find out who represents you here. I would also stress the importance of running in primaries against Democrats who you disagree with. You can research people’s votes on this website. I recommend the Advanced Bill Search, it’s very robust, or at least it was before this latest update — I don’t know what they may have broken since. Hate how they stand on your issues? Primary them! Why am I so cavalier about this? Because you have two things going for you that make life easy: ease of ballot access, and the Maine Clean Election Act. Ballot Access The guide where I’m pulling this information from is here. There aren’t major changes in the 2016 guide, but they will have one coming out, so I encourage you to review it. There are no changes in the signature requirements. The filing deadline for candidates is March 15th every year, aside from holidays and weekends and blah blah. None of that matters this year, so petitions for ballot access are due at the Secretary of State’s office, on the 4th floor of the Burton Cross Building, at 111 Sewall Street by 4 PM. But you aren’t going to be worried about that, because yours will be in early, right? By like, February 1st. And you will take a selfie at the window and post it all over social media like every other candidate ever. Other stuff you need to know: You have to be enrolled in the Democratic Party prior to January 1, 2016, to run as a Dem. You have to be 21, a one year Maine resident, and live in the district three months prior to the election for the House. You need to be 25 to run for the Senate. Note that this means you can take out petitions for a seat, even if you live elsewhere, provided you land in your new district before March. Not that I can think of a reason to do that, but meh. You can’t start circulating petitions until January 1st, but you can pick them up early. You need a minimum of 25 signatures to run for House, and a maximum of 40. For Senate, it’s a minimum of 100 and a maximum of 150. These people must be registered as Democrats. Feel free to ask for some voter registration cards at the Secretary of State — one block will do — and keep some on you for these occasions. Just make sure you submit the voter registration cards WITH the petitions for verification and make it clear they signed the card before the petition. Make sure your town/city clerk fills out the Certification of Candidate Enrollment for you, on any one of your petitions. Your signatures all need to be witnessed by a circulator, who does not need to be you, nor do they need to be a resident of Maine. That circulator then needs to sign the oath on the petition in the presence of a Notary Public. This seems like it’s hard, but you can’t swing a dead cat in Maine without hitting a Notary Public. Go check out the list, I bet you know someone who is one. When you do that, fill out the Candidate’s Consent form, too. Also, please don’t have someone else collecting signatures for you, even though you can. If you can’t get your signatures, don’t run. It’s super easy to get your signatures, and you’ll be doing the harder work of qualifying for Clean Elections. Only one town per petition. It isn’t a legal requirement, but imagine having to take the same petition to 12 towns when you’re running for Senate. Sound awful? It is. Happened to me once on a citizen’s initiative campaign. Never happened again, I’ll tell ya what. You’ll turn your petitions into the town(s), they’ll verify your signatures. Have what you need? Great! If not? Sad trombone, back out you go. Don’t submit more than the maximum. There are different instructions for running as an independent, but you, fearless Democrat, aren’t doing that! Right? ...right? Okay, so you’ve got your petitions, you know what to do with them, it isn’t even January 1st yet, and you’re raring to go. Yay! You are a good candidate, and we love you. There is something else that I personally hope you do, although it is not required by any means — and that is run as a Clean Elections candidate. You can still run traditional and collect contributions that way, but if you do, you, my friend, are on your own! “But I think big money in politics sucks! Ed, isn’t there a better way?” Of course there is, dear reader. I’m glad you asked. In 1996, Maine established a comprehensive campaign finance system called the Maine Clean Election Act, otherwise known as the Ordinary People Can Run For Office Act. (It isn’t really otherwise known as that.) We had a Supreme Court decision that basically crippled the system for a few years, but this past November we passed a citizen’s initiative that bolstered the system’s strength and made it viable again. Therefore, you should use it. For starters, here is the guide I’ll be pulling information out of for you. Forms in general are on this page. Now, here are the things you need to know. You’ll want to read the guide yourself for some of these items, which are more specific than the ballot access end. So let’s get the initial forms out of the way... You can register with the Ethics Commission now. Complete your Candidate Registration and your Declaration of Intent and submit them, and you’re allowed to raise money. You’ll also want to set up a campaign bank account and submit the Vendor Form and Direct Deposit form ASAP (they take a month to process it). Have a treasurer who knows what they’re doing, and can track basic financial expenses. Either set up an Employer Identification Number with the IRS and use that on the Vendor Form, or use the candidate’s SSN. The IRS thing takes like five minutes and removes liability from the candidate, so I suggest doing it. Seed Money Contributions You are allowed to raise some seed money for your campaign in a more traditional sense. You can raise up to $100 per person, from anyone in the country qualified to donate to campaigns. This includes yourself. You can’t give your campaign more than $100 . Seed money contributions are limited to $1,000 for House candidates and $3,000 for Senate candidates. Here are some pointers: Ask all your close friends and family for donations. Shamelessly. If you don’t feel comfortable doing so, put down the lance, and do not tilt at this windmill. You can’t win an election if you don’t feel comfortable asking people you know for help. “All I want for Christmas is a better government. Don’t give me fruitcake, send me $20 for my campaign.” You know, shameless. Extend out to your networks after that. Kossacks you’re close to, Facebook friends, you know the people I mean. The people who donate to all the campaigns they like. Guess what? They like you more. Ask for $100. Do not use ActBlue. I don’t dislike ActBlue, but clean candidates shouldn’t use it. One, it’s a PAC. It skirts the finance rules. Two, they take 3% of your money in fees, and you have to file that as an expenditure, and you can’t raise more money to cover the loss. Three, it’s harder to sort out contributions if you go over your limit. Because you raised all your contributions in cash or check, you now find yourself easily able to refund donations over your limit so you raise exactly what you’re allowed to, and then stop asking. Take this pile of money, and order your palm cards, a handful of $5 money orders, and plan a simple, personalized piece that is very cheap. After that, totally up to you. Leave some left over for incidentals, more money orders, etc. You can find ways to spend it if you need to. Spend all of it before you turn in your MCEA Request for Certification and your Seed Money Report. If you don’t, you lose it, as your MCEA contribution is reduced by whatever you have left. If you think you’re ordering light on the palm cards, boost your numbers. Whatever. Just don’t have any left. I think I brought the seed money down to like 7 cents. Couldn’t find a damn way to use it. Sigh. Qualifying Contributions What makes the MCEA function is the Qualifying Contribution. You travel around your district asking people to contribute $5 to the Maine Clean Election Fund. When you’ve collected enough contributions, you get certified as a Clean Election candidate, and they send you a direct deposit of: $500 for an uncontested House primary $2,500 for a contested House primary $2,000 for an uncontested Senate primary $10,000 for a contested Senate primary The House uncontested budget sucks. Be mindful of your budgeting. June is a long way away. Burn your Seed Money on all the stuff you need, and then you can use the $500 for whatever else comes up. You could consider lawn signs now. Some small vendors will do a deal where they give you half your signs now and half later. But be careful, you can go broke fast. Anyway, this is kind of off topic, but also where it makes sense to discuss it in the timeline. So, here is how the Qualifying Contribution system works. First, you need 60 of these for a House race, and 175 for a Senate race. It can be a long, tedious process, but it’s worth it. For this part, unlike petitions, I would encourage you to have friends help you raise money. You knock on the door of a Democrat in your district. Extra points if you use the database to initially target people who gave QCs in the past to others. (Talk to the party and get access, play around with it. It’s free.) Have a great chat, and of course they love you, because you’re awesome. Ask them for a $5 check, payable to the Maine Clean Election Fund. Be prepared to explain how Clean Elections works. People still have no idea, sometimes. But they don’t have a check. All they have is cash. Well, it so happens you’re carrying $5 bills to make change, and those money orders I told you to get. They hand you $5, you hand them a money order. They fill it out the same way, but make sure they put their name on it legibly. ( Important: Re-deposit that $5 into the campaign bank account.) Have them fill out the Qualifying Contribution form. Keep your checks matched up with your form, don’t get them all mixed up, that gets messy. Only one town per form. Ask your friends in the district to donate online. On or around January 1, a big “Contribute” button will pop up on the Ethics Commission website. If they donate online, everything is done for you — you just need to print the forms when you’re ready to submit. When you’re ready to submit, make a spreadsheet of all your $5 donors and their towns of residence and submit it with your Request for Certification. Review the campaign guide before submitting! This part can be complicated. And congratulations. You’re financed. You get the cash mentioned above, and assuming you survive your primary, you will have an additional $5,000 for House or $20,000 for Senate deposited shortly after the results of the primary election are certified. But wait. There’s more. The revamp of the MCEA offers the opportunity for additional funding; in fact, you can get up to three times as much as your initial general election disbursement in total. All you need to do is go out and collect more checks. Anytime before October 18, 2016, candidates can submit more checks for more funding. House candidates must submit 15 at a time, Senate submits 45. Each side may do that up to eight times a piece. If they do so, House candidates get $1,250 per 15 checks, up to a total of $10,000 for 120. Senate candidates get $5,000 per 45 checks, up to a total of $40,000 for 360. So this is how one navigates getting on the ballot and such for the state legislature. This is not all inclusive; that’s why there are guides. Please peruse them, and feel free to ask questions. I know the answers to most of the stuff in the guides, having run four campaigns for legislative races in Maine. But I won’t be your treasurer. Don’t even try. Good luck!

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39699

[Surgical therapy of bronchial cancer]. Over the last decades the medical and social importance of bronchial carcinoma has increased because of its incidence and poor prognosis. Until recently only surgery has offered the chance of a cure for non-small-cell lung cancer with a 5-year-survival of 25%. Today with the development of tissue-sparing techniques curative treatment is accessible also to patients with limited lung function and centrally located tumors.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39706

[Implementation of paragraph 11b of the German Animal Welfare Act on the basis of the so-called "Quality Breeding" Report]. Enforcement of paragraph 11b of the German Animal Welfare Act is a responsibility of breeders and their organisations as well as executive local authorities. The Report on Defective Breeds of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture describes numerous breeding traits which are in conflict with animal welfare and gives valuable information for fancy or pet breeding. Yet a selection has to be made for taking legal actions, following specific criteria. With four examples different cases are presented, each requiring a different approach by the veterinarian authorities. Court decisions in Hessen concerning bans on breeding white cats and crested ducks show that the paragraph 11b is executable.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39711

The present invention relates in general to bleed elements in evaporative emission canisters for vehicle fuel systems, and, more specifically, to a deflector for retaining a carbon scrubber element. Evaporative emissions systems are used in conjunction with the fuel systems of gasoline-powered vehicles to prevent release of hydrocarbon fuel vapors into the atmosphere. A typical carbon canister design uses a bleed emission treatment section to provide reduced emissions occurring during the diurnal (i.e., inactive) state of the vehicle. A large primary carbon bed handles the majority of fuel vapor during vehicle use and refueling. A bleed emission region close to the atmospheric vent uses an activated carbon scrubber element to capture low concentration hydrocarbon vapor from being expelled into the environment. Typically, the activated carbon element is held by a plastic molded tube generally open at both ends. This tube provides structure protecting the relatively fragile carbon element. An O-ring seal between this tube and the venting access of the mating shell has been used to assure a tight seal. Another separate molded piece is placed around the bleed tube to act as a bleed deflector or flow diverter so that vapors are routed through a zig-zag path to double back for entry into the bleed tube. Very limited packaging space is available within the carbon canister. Therefore, it would be desirable to eliminate the separate bleed tube, o-ring seal, and any compliance media packed around the carbon element that is often used to protect the fragile element.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39718

The Legend Goes Limited: Toyota 86 Comes With Fresh Additions! Posted by Georgi Boychev on 20 June 2017, 04:39 PM Toyota team has always been keen to showcase new editions of the 86 coupe. And we do understand why: this machine is simply incredible. In fact, it is one of these vehicles that define the whole engineering and styling concept of the whole brand. And now, as it seems, Toyota feels ready to unveil the latest edition: it is a limited one and adds new features and tons of exclusive goodies. Let's find out more! Notable features First of all, there will be only 60 units. All of them would be offered to buyers in Australia and all of them will feature rather exquisite additions: larger Brembo performance brakes, advanced Sachs dampers, revised body shape and more. Also, buyers and audience will be pleased to know that there is also a new special body finish: Solar Orange with extra depth of tone. Sweet. As it comes to design and styling, Toyota knows how it's done. And we see this craftsmanship incorporated within the spirit of this limited 86 coupe: there are 10-spoke 17-inch anthracite alloy wheels, revised body shapes and curves. Drivetrain system This new 86 coupe comes with an already installed high-performance package that contributes to car's balanced chassis, lowered center of gravity and new front-engine/rear-wheel-drive configuration. The engine is a 2.0-liter aluminum machine with direct injection and four cylinder. Mated with a six-speed manual gearbox, it is capable of producing a total of 203hp (152kW) and 221Nm of torque between 6400 and 6800rpm.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39719

, 1 s, and 1 m when three letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, s: 1, m: 4}. 3/14 Calculate prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from {r: 16, x: 1, m: 3}. 12/19 Three letters picked without replacement from glglgallga. What is prob of picking 1 l, 1 g, and 1 a? 4/15 Two letters picked without replacement from tltpcklltkppcpxx. Give prob of picking 1 x and 1 c. 1/30 What is prob of picking 2 x, 1 f, and 1 h when four letters picked without replacement from efxffefhhhxhh? 4/143 What is prob of picking 2 v and 2 q when four letters picked without replacement from {v: 3, u: 1, q: 5}? 5/21 Calculate prob of picking 2 e and 1 r when three letters picked without replacement from kree. 1/4 What is prob of picking 4 t when four letters picked without replacement from ttttttt? 1 What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 r when two letters picked without replacement from ccwckrqruuuc? 4/33 Four letters picked without replacement from {r: 11, w: 1, q: 6}. Give prob of picking 3 q and 1 w. 1/153 What is prob of picking 1 e, 1 y, 1 j, and 1 t when four letters picked without replacement from {j: 3, e: 12, t: 1, y: 4}? 48/1615 Two letters picked without replacement from maamm. What is prob of picking 2 m? 3/10 Four letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, p: 4, j: 3, m: 3}. What is prob of picking 3 j and 1 l? 1/330 What is prob of picking 2 c when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 5}? 1 Three letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, h: 1, e: 1, t: 1, k: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 k and 2 v? 3/28 Calculate prob of picking 3 e when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, e: 7}. 7/44 Calculate prob of picking 2 c and 2 f when four letters picked without replacement from zfzzcycccgfc. 2/99 Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, g: 2, z: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 x, 1 z, and 1 g. 4/35 What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from ccocccco? 3/7 What is prob of picking 2 e when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 3, w: 2, g: 1, x: 1, e: 3}? 1/15 Three letters picked without replacement from {b: 5, l: 8}. Give prob of picking 3 l. 28/143 What is prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, r: 7}? 7/15 Calculate prob of picking 2 v and 1 a when three letters picked without replacement from ddvaaadv. 3/56 Two letters picked without replacement from fxbiixffiffzftbbx. What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 t? 3/136 What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 n when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, n: 2, z: 2}? 1/9 Two letters picked without replacement from xxaxaxxajjaxaaajjx. Give prob of picking 2 x. 7/51 Two letters picked without replacement from tkpppppktptttptkp. What is prob of picking 2 t? 15/136 Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, a: 1, i: 2, f: 1, h: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 a and 1 f? 1/21 Two letters picked without replacement from {w: 7, s: 5}. What is prob of picking 2 s? 5/33 Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 7, s: 2, w: 1}. Give prob of picking 3 x and 1 w. 1/6 Calculate prob of picking 2 c and 1 r when three letters picked without replacement from rcrrrrcrcr. 7/40 What is prob of picking 1 r and 3 b when four letters picked without replacement from bybztztltzbltbtrtlb? 5/1938 What is prob of picking 1 s and 1 v when two letters picked without replacement from pssvy? 1/5 Two letters picked without replacement from ccccsccssccss. What is prob of picking 2 s? 5/39 Four letters picked without replacement from blabyabbaaa. What is prob of picking 1 y, 1 a, 1 l, and 1 b? 2/33 Three letters picked without replacement from btbfbfttttftt. Give prob of picking 3 b. 1/286 What is prob of picking 2 b when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 8, e: 3, b: 2, w: 1, x: 5}? 1/171 Three letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, x: 3, n: 2, s: 3, r: 3, g: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 g and 1 r? 3/364 Calculate prob of picking 2 i when two letters picked without replacement from iiiiiicciiiiiiciiiii. 68/95 Calculate prob of picking 1 w and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from {w: 7, s: 4}. 28/55 Calculate prob of picking 2 g and 2 s when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 10, u: 1, s: 2, k: 1}. 45/1001 Calculate prob of picking 2 f and 2 s when four letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, y: 3, s: 5, f: 2, w: 1, b: 3}. 2/273 What is prob of picking 1 m and 2 k when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 7, m: 4, d: 2}? 42/143 What is prob of picking 1 x and 1 w when two letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, w: 8}? 24/55 Three letters picked without replacement from laaqleaeeeaaaaaaaqaa. What is prob of picking 1 l and 2 a? 11/95 Four letters picked without replacement from {p: 9, c: 5}. What is prob of picking 2 p and 2 c? 360/1001 Calculate prob of picking 1 a and 2 i when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, a: 4, i: 2, z: 2, p: 3}. 2/143 What is prob of picking 1 i and 3 d when four letters picked without replacement from {d: 5, i: 14}? 35/969 Three letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, a: 7, f: 4, d: 3, s: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 s and 2 d. 3/560 What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from yywcwwwmyywwwcywwtmw? 1/95 Calculate prob of picking 3 i when three letters picked without replacement from ggttiigggiigiit. 4/91 Three letters picked without replacement from cbbbccbccccccccbccc. What is prob of picking 2 c and 1 b? 455/969 Calculate prob of picking 2 v when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, v: 2}. 1/10 Calculate prob of picking 1 e, 1 v, and 2 x when four letters picked without replacement from vvevvvxvvxxvcv. 27/1001 Calculate prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from rsssrsssssssrs. 3/91 Four letters picked without replacement from oefqofpeccoc. Give prob of picking 1 f, 2 e, and 1 o. 2/165 Calculate prob of picking 3 p and 1 z when four letters picked without replacement from {r: 6, i: 1, p: 4, z: 4, a: 2}. 4/595 Two letters picked without replacement from atzhbbad. What is prob of picking 1 h and 1 z? 1/28 Four letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, a: 1, b: 7}. What is prob of picking 1 j and 3 b? 5/18 Four letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, h: 2, w: 4, l: 4, x: 3}. Give prob of picking 1 l, 1 h, and 2 w. 12/455 Four letters picked without replacement from fppubenu. What is prob of picking 1 n, 1 b, 1 p, and 1 f? 1/35 Calculate prob of picking 2 q and 2 h when four letters picked without replacement from {q: 2, h: 2}. 1 Two letters picked without replacement from ihiiihiiiiiiihiiiiii. Give prob of picking 1 i and 1 h. 51/190 Three letters picked without replacement from bjxhtph. Give prob of picking 1 h, 1 x, and 1 j. 2/35 Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 4, d: 2, z: 1, r: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 i? 1/9 Four letters picked without replacement from ihihiihtwhmaithmiima. What is prob of picking 4 i? 7/969 Calculate prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from drdrr. 3/10 What is prob of picking 2 x and 1 e when three letters picked without replacement from eeeeeexexeeexeeeeeee? 17/380 Two letters picked without replacement from kkxkkkqfbfkxkkkqpx. Give prob of picking 1 p and 1 f. 2/153 Three letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, a: 5, f: 3, o: 8, r: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 m, 1 o, and 1 a? 2/19 Three letters picked without replacement from {h: 10, x: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 h and 1 x. 9/22 What is prob of picking 3 a and 1 m when four letters picked without replacement from agooohhaamo? 1/330 Three letters picked without replacement from nsykayyikkki. What is prob of picking 2 i and 1 s? 1/220 What is prob of picking 3 f when three letters picked without replacement from bfqf? 0 Calculate prob of picking 1 a and 1 b when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, a: 1, n: 3}. 1/10 Four letters picked without replacement from ikyxxkxxkxkxix. What is prob of picking 4 x? 5/143 Calculate prob of picking 3 k when three letters picked without replacement from {k: 7, i: 3}. 7/24

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39726

Andy Rawll of MetalTalk conducted an interview with legendary Swedish guitarist Yngwie J. Malmsteen about his forthcoming blues album, "Blue Lightning". You can watch the entire chat below. A few excerpts follow (transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). On the inspiration behind "Blue Lightning": Yngwie: "It's a funny thing. I've been told by people since as long as I can remember, 'You're just noodling around onstage.' They would go, 'You should do a blues album.' I always said, 'Nah. I don't think so.' But, about a year ago, Mascot came to me and said, 'Hey, blues album.' I said 'Maybe bluesy.' That's what we did. We picked some classic songs and we originally said we're going to pick them together, but I picked them, and they liked it. That's how we did it. I was basically touring the 'World On Fire' album, then going into the studio for a bit, then going out on tour, so it wasn't one shot in the studio. I quite enjoyed it, actually. I had a lot of fun doing this." On his vocal performance on "Blue Lightning": Yngwie: "I'm quite pleased with it, yeah. It was a funny thing: My studio, like I told you, I have this new [equipment] brought in, every time we started doing new stuff in the studio, it's like an inspiration to go in and do something. I had this brand-new vocal microphone they gave me from a company called Neve. It's a really amazing vocal mic. So, a lot of times it was inspiring to hear all the sounds coming out of the microphones. It was a lot of fun. That's what it was, yeah." On what other guitar players have inspired him: Yngwie: "Very early on in my life and career, my musical life, so to speak, I actually leaned away from the guitar players and was very much into classical violin. That's in 99.9999 percent of my influences, especially [Niccolò] Paganini, but I hear guitar players, I've heard guitar players since then, of course, that I admired greatly, like Alan Holdsworth — many other things. I like guitar players you probably wouldn't think, like Angus Young and Brian May. They're all great. I think there's a lot of great guitar players out there. As far as influence? No." On playing with DEEP PURPLE vocalist Ian Gillan's solo band in 1990: Yngwie: "It was a lot of fun. We actually played 'Speed King'. We played 'Demon's Eye', I think. We played 'Black Night', 'Lucille' and one more, but I actually had an even more interesting — I did a tour with DEEP PURPLE in 2009. It was with Don Airey and Steve Morse and the last show was in Tokyo. They said, 'Hey, come up and play with us.' That particular night, Jon Lord happened to be in town. Jon Lord came up and I came up and we did 'Smoke On The Water'. It was crazy. That was really good. That was a lot of fun." On the 1978 "Powerhouse" demo that helped launch his career: Yngwie: "To be honest with you, I didn't know what to expect about anything. That was a few years before I moved out, so I did everything I could in Sweden. It wasn't going very well. [Laughs] I made a lot of tapes and I would send them out all the time. I sent them to Guitar Player magazine and they said, 'You got to come to the States.' That was in '82." Malmsteen will release "Blue Lightning" globally on March 29 via Mascot Records/Mascot Label Group.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39727

**(-2340) Simplify g**(-8)/g**(-2/53)*g/g**34*g**(-3/14) assuming g is positive. g**(-30553/742) Simplify v*v/v**(-3/20)*v*v*v*v**(2/15)*v**(-3/5)*v**(-9) assuming v is positive. v**(-259/60) Simplify (r/r**(-9))/r*r**(-8)/r*(r/(r**9/r))**(-45) assuming r is positive. r**315 Simplify ((w**(-9/8)/w)/(w**(-7/5)*w))/(w*w**(-10)*w/(w/w**(1/3)*w)) assuming w is positive. w**(953/120) Simplify (m/m**21)/((m*m**(-9/5))/m)*(m**(-11))**(-1) assuming m is positive. m**(-36/5) Simplify (b**(-1)/b*b/(b*b**14*b)*b*b)/(b**(-2/7)*b)**(-24) assuming b is positive. b**(15/7) Simplify (w**(-2)*w)**13*(w*w**13*w*w*w)/w*w**(-5) assuming w is positive. w**(-2) Simplify g*g/g**(-7/5)*g**(3/2)*(g/(g*g**(-4)/g))**14 assuming g is positive. g**(749/10) Simplify (p**(-4/5)*(p**(-3)*p)/p)/((p/p**(-3))/p*p*p**(2/5)) assuming p is positive. p**(-41/5) Simplify (j**(-14)*j**(3/4)*j)**38 assuming j is positive. j**(-931/2) Simplify (j*j**(-2/51))/(j/j**(6/7))*((j*j/j**(-12))/j)/j*j**(-11) assuming j is positive. j**(649/357) Simplify ((r*r**2)/(r/(r**5*r)))/(r/(r*r*r**(-6)))**(-25/4) assuming r is positive. r**(157/4) Simplify (i**(-1/13)/(i*i*i/i**(2/11)))/(i*i**(-3/11)*i/i**22*i) assuming i is positive. i**(2342/143) Simplify q**7/q*q*q/(q*q**(-7/3)/q*q)*(q*q**(1/9))/q*q**(-1/3) assuming q is positive. q**(82/9) Simplify ((m**11/(m*m/(m/((m/m**(-1/13))/m))))/((m/(m**(1/5)/m*m*m*m*m*m))/(m/(m/m**(-5/7))*m)))**(-11/4) assuming m is positive. m**(-67111/1820) Simplify (y**(-15)*y**(-17))/(y**8)**(16/5) assuming y is positive. y**(-288/5) Simplify (b*((b/(b*b*b/b**12))/b*b)/b*b)/b*b*b*b**2*b**(1/6)*b*b/(b/(b*(b**11/b)/b*b*b)) assuming b is positive. b**(163/6) Simplify ((r**(2/5)/r*r)**(-1/10)*r**(-1)*r/r**(1/5))**(-24) assuming r is positive. r**(144/25) Simplify (z**12*z*z**(6/5))/(z**0*z**(-2/9)) assuming z is positive. z**(649/45) Simplify (p**(1/3)/p**(-2/3))**3 assuming p is positive. p**3 Simplify ((j**(7/2)*j**(2/5))/(j**(-1/2))**(-3/23))**36 assuming j is positive. j**(15876/115) Simplify n*n**(-3/8)*(n/(n*(n*n/(n*n**(-2/79)/n))/n))/n*n**(4/3)/(n/(n*n**(3/28))) assuming n is positive. n**(533/13272) Simplify r**(-3)/(r*r*r/((r**(-3/5)*r)/r))*((r*r/(r/((r/(r*(r**(10/3)/r)/r*r)*r)/r))*r)/r)/(r/r**(-2/11)) assuming r is positive. r**(-1504/165) Simplify (((r**5*r)/r)/(r*r*r*r**(-3/14)/r*r*r*r))/(((r*r/(r/r**(-5/7)))/r*r)/((r/r**7)/r)) assuming r is positive. r**(-99/14) Simplify ((q*q**(-16)*q)/(q*q**(-1/38)))**(-14) assuming q is positive. q**(3983/19) Simplify (t*t**(9/5)*t)**20/((t*t**14/t)/t)**23 assuming t is positive. t**(-223) Simplify q**(-7)/(((q**8/q)/q)/q)*q**(-4/7)/q**(-1/3) assuming q is positive. q**(-257/21) Simplify (a**6)**29/(a**(-3/4))**(-46) assuming a is positive. a**(279/2) Simplify (j**(2/13))**31*(j**(1/5))**(1/4) assuming j is positive. j**(1253/260) Simplify (d/(d**(-9)/d))/(d/(d/d**(2/9)))*(d/(d/d**2)*d)**(5/8) assuming d is positive. d**(911/72) Simplify (c**(3/5)*c)**(-14/15)*(c/((c*c**(-15)*c)/c))/c**(-2/17) assuming c is positive. c**(17371/1275) Simplify (i**(-8)/(i/i**(-34)))**(-23) assuming i is positive. i**989 Simplify (g**(2/13)/g*g)**(-33)*g/((g/g**(1/2))/g)*g/((g**(5/4)*g)/g) assuming g is positive. g**(-199/52) Simplify (q/q**(-2/31)*q*((q*q**(1/8))/q)/q)/(q**(3/5)/(q/(q*q**20*q*q)*q)) assuming q is positive. q**(-25309/1240) Simplify (p**(-1/3))**(7/5)/(p*p**(-2/33)*p*p*p/(p*p**(-2/9))*p) assuming p is positive. p**(-2291/495) Simplify ((i/(i**31*i*i))/i**(2/5))/(i**(-15))**(11/4) assuming i is positive. i**(177/20) Simplify ((f*f*f**(1/2))**16*(f*(f*f/(f**(1/2)*f))/f*f)**(1/21))**(8/7) assuming f is positive. f**(2244/49) Simplify ((i**(-30)*i/(i*i**(-29)))**(2/51))**(2/29) assuming i is positive. i**(-4/1479) Simplify (k**(-13)/(k*k/(k*k**18*k*k)))/(k**(-3)/k**(8/7)) assuming k is positive. k**(71/7) Simplify (n**(-7/4)*n)/n*n*n**(-9)/n*(n**(5/4)/n)/n*n/(n*n**2/n)*n assuming n is positive. n**(-23/2) Simplify w**(7/4)*w**9*w**13/w**(-6) assuming w is positive. w**(119/4) Simplify n**8/(n*n**(2/23))*(n**(-6)/n)**39 assuming n is positive. n**(-6120/23) Simplify (m**5/m**(-1/2)*m**(-3/4)*m**(-1/2))**(1/4) assuming m is positive. m**(17/16) Simplify (a**13/(a**(-18)*a))/(a*a*a/(a*a/(a/(a/a**(-2)))*a)*a*a/(a**(-1/8)/a)) assuming a is positive. a**(231/8) Simplify (((n**(3/10))**(-12))**(-9))**(-4/11) assuming n is positive. n**(-648/55) Simplify (h*h**(-8)/h)/h**(2/3)*(((h*h*h**(-1))/h)/h)**(-1) assuming h is positive. h**(-23/3) Simplify n**31*n/n**(14/9)*((n/n**(-3))/n)**(-9/7) assuming n is positive. n**(1675/63) Simplify (q*q**(-1/8)/q*q)**1*q*q*q*q**(-4)*q*q*q**(-18)*q assuming q is positive. q**(-121/8) Simplify (m**5/m)**(-50)/(m*(m/m**6)/m*m)**(-33) assuming m is positive. m**(-332) Simplify ((q/((q/((q/((q*q**(-2/85))/q))/q))/q))/(q**14/q))**11 assuming q is positive. q**(-11198/85) Simplify ((r**3*r)/r*r**(-1/15))/((r/r**(-2/17))/(r*r**(-6/7))) assuming r is positive. r**(3496/1785) Simplify (p**0)**39*(p**(-16/9)/p)/p**(3/13) assuming p is positive. p**(-352/117) Simplify g**2*g*g*g**(-10)/g*(g**(-2))**(-7/4) assuming g is positive. g**(-7/2) Simplify x**(-27)*x**(-9)/x*x**(1/2)/x*x**(-15/8) assuming x is positive. x**(-315/8) Simplify (z*z/(z*z*z/z**(-2/13)))**(-3/20)/(z**(20/3)*z*(z/(z**(-12/7)/z))/z*z) assuming z is positive. z**(-12239/1092) Simplify ((k**(-2/9))**(-48)*(k*k**(-2/3)/k)**(2/33))**(-4) assuming k is positive. k**(-4208/99) Simplify ((z*z**(1/4)/z)**47*(z**(-2/7))**17)**(-25) assuming z is positive. z**(-4825/28) Simplify (c**(-4/9)*c*c**(3/2)*c*c**(-8)*c/(c*c/(c/c**(2/19))))**(5/9) assuming c is positive. c**(-8635/3078) Simplify (s/s**(3/5)*s**16)**(4/7) assuming s is positive. s**(328/35) Simplify (o**(-15)*o*o**(-14)*o*o)/((o**(-4/3)/o)/(o*o/((o**(-23)/o)/o*o)*o)) assuming o is positive. o**(10/3) Simplify ((y*y**(-1))**(-41)*(y*y**(1/4)*y)**(36/5))**(-3/22) assuming y is positive. y**(-243/110) Simplify ((a/(a*(a*a**(-2/23))/a*a))/a*a**9)**(-37) assuming a is positive. a**(-6031/23) Simplify h**(-1/4)*h*(h/h**(-10))/h*h**(-1)/(h/h**(-3)) assuming h is positive. h**(23/4) Simplify ((v**7*v)/(v*v/v**(3/7)))/(v**(-5)/(v**(1/5)*v)) assuming v is positive. v**(442/35) Simplify ((j**7/(j*(j**0*j)/j))/(j**1*j/j**(4/5)))**(-2/51) assuming j is positive. j**(-16/85) Simplify (s*s*s*s/(((s*s**0)/s)/s*s))**(-27)*s**(-2)/(s/(s/(s/(s**14/s)))) assuming s is positive. s**(-98) Simplify ((j*j**(-4/7)*j)/(j/(j/(j*j**(-5)*j)))*(j**(2/17)*j)/(j*(j**(1/18)/j)/j*j))**(-45) assuming j is positive. j**(-58805/238) Simplify (h**(-9/7)/(h**23/h))/(h/(h/(h/(h/h**(-3/2)*h))))**(2/135) assuming h is positive. h**(-4394/189) Simplify (c/(c*c**12*c)*(c*(c/((c*c/(c*(c/(c*c**(-1/6)*c*c*c*c))/c))/c))/c*c)/c*c)/((c**0*c)/(c*c*c**(-2/11))) assuming c is positive. c**(-991/66) Simplify ((s/s**21*s)**(1/31))**(-29) assuming s is positive. s**(551/31) Simplify (b*b/(b**(-8)/b))**(-49)*b**(-27)*b**(-7/5) assuming b is positive. b**(-2837/5) Simplify ((s**(-3)/s)/(s/(s**(-6)*s)))/(s**(-1/14)*s**(-13/5)*s) assuming s is positive. s**(-583/70) Simplify (h*h**(-3))**(9/10)/((h*h*h*h**2*h)/((h**(2/11)*h)/h*h)) assuming h is positive. h**(-364/55) Simplify (((((a**(10/3)*a)/a)/a)/a**(-2/13))**(-10))**(4/19) assuming a is positive. a**(-3880/741) Simplify (p**(3/4)/p)/p*(p/(p**(-5)*p))/p*p*(p**(-4))**40 assuming p is positive. p**(-625/4) Simplify (a**(-5)*a/a**(-8))**(1/50) assuming a is positive. a**(2/25) Simplify ((v**(-4/7)/v)/v)**8/((v*((v/(v**1/v))/v)/v)/v)**(-10) assuming v is positive. v**(-214/7) Simplify (u/u**(-1/26)*u**(-2/31))**(-28) assuming u is positive. u**(-10990/403) Simplify (u/(u/(u**14/u)*u))**(1/54)*u*u*u*u/(u*u**(-3/5))*u/((u/((u/(u/u**(-4/5)))/u))/u)*u assuming u is positive. u**(181/45) Simplify (q**(-6/13)*q*q)/(q/((q*q/(q/(q*q*q**(10/9))*q))/q))*(q**(4/9)*q)**(-13/4) assuming q is positive. q**(-319/156) Simplify (s*s*s*s**(-6))**(2/3)*((s/(s*s**8))/s)/(s*s**(-7/3)) assuming s is positive. s**(-29/3) Simplify (k*k/(k/k**2*k))**(-1/47)*k**9*k/(k*k/((k*k*k**13)/k*k*k)) assuming k is positive. k**(1126/47) Simplify ((w*w**22)**(-45))**(1/12) assuming w is positive. w**(-345/4) Simplify ((p/(p/((p**(-9/4)*p*p)/p*p)))/p*p)/(p/(p*p**(-4))*p)*p/p**(-1/6)*p*((p/(p*p**5))/p)/p assuming p is positive. p**(-121/12) Simp

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39729

A Date In Time This Vintage May 1951 Parents' Magazine is complete and is in good condition. The magazine measures approx. 8 1/4 x 10 3/4. This front cover features an Official Mother's Day Poster By Norman Rockwell.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39732

I don't always clean the house But when I do,I think it will help me get laid 973 shares

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39734

The streaming service severed ties with Spacey following multiple accusations of sexual misconduct. The streaming service had already confirmed that Spacey would not be appearing in the sixth and final series of ‘House Of Cards’, after multiple allegations of sexual misconduct were made against him, with the focus instead being pulled to Robin Wright’s character, Claire Underwood. NetflixRobin Wright as Claire Underwood in the new series of 'House Of Cards' In the short clip, Claire addresses the camera, saying: “I’ll tell you this, though, Francis. When they bury me, it won’t be in my backyard. And when they pay their respects, they’ll have to wait in line.” The camera then pans out to reveal that Claire is standing at her late husband’s grave, with the epitaph reading: “Frank Underwood… 46th President of the United States Of America.” ‘House Of Cards’ tweeted the clip on Thursday afternoon, along with the message: “You should have known.” “Kevin and I knew each other between action and cut,” she explained, when asked if there had ever been any “red flags” about her co-star during filming. “I didn’t really... I didn’t know the man. I knew the incredible craftsman that he is.” NetflixKevin Spacey's character will no longer appear in 'House Of Cards' Co-star Patricia Clarkson recently lauded Wright for “leading the charge” that ended up in a sixth series being made, when it looked like the show’s future was in doubt. Clarkson told ‘The Talk’: “It was truly the great Robin Wright rallying. We have beautiful showrunners… and they killed themselves to rethink the whole show. It’s only eight episodes. “Robin led all of this charge so that people would save their livelihoods because when the show goes away some people don’t get paid.” The sixth series of ‘House Of Cards’ will debut on Netflix in on 2 November. Rape Crisis services for women and girls who have been raped or have experienced sexual violence - 0808 802 9999

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39752

Church of St Andrew & St Mary, Pitminster The Church of St Andrew & St Mary in Pitminster, Somerset, England was built around 1300 and has been designated as a Grade I listed building. The current church was built on the site of an earlier Saxon church. The tower has a square first stage, an octagonal belfry and a lead covered spire. During a Victorian restoration in 1869, George Gilbert Scott rebuilt the north aisle and south porch. The interior is distinguished by effigy tombs of three generations of the Colles family who were lords of the manor in the 16th and 17th centuries. The font is from the 15th century. The Anglican parish is part of the Blackdown benefice within the archdeaconry of Taunton. See also List of Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane List of towers in Somerset List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells References Further reading Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1300 Pitminster Pitminster Pitminster

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39759

Git from the Bottom Up (2009) [pdf] - brudgers http://ftp.newartisans.com/pub/git.from.bottom.up.pdf ====== jonahx Web version: [http://jwiegley.github.io/git-from-the-bottom- up/](http://jwiegley.github.io/git-from-the-bottom-up/) A nice resource in the same vein -- build a bare bones git in javascript: [http://kushagragour.in/blog/2014/01/build-git-learn- git/](http://kushagragour.in/blog/2014/01/build-git-learn-git/) And finally, Linus's one page explanation of git's central concepts for the initial commit of git: [https://github.com/git/git/tree/e83c5163316f89bfbde7d9ab23ca...](https://github.com/git/git/tree/e83c5163316f89bfbde7d9ab23ca2e25604af290) ~~~ rezzo I have just created EPUB and MOBI versions from the latest commit on the original book's repository (2015-08-03): [https://github.com/johnrezzo/git- from-the-bottom-up-ebook](https://github.com/johnrezzo/git-from-the-bottom-up- ebook) ------ erikb This is the right way to learn Git. I don't know how good this is, but I feel most of the strange unintuitiveness of git went away and was replaced by a feeling of productivity since I understood what happens under git's hood. ~~~ brudgers The big take away for me was the idea of blobs and trees as Hickeyian values and commits as Von Neumann places. [1] If there is one weakness is the article it is ending with _stash_ , which to me seems to be a bit of a feature in search of a workflow more than something that enhances distribution and sharing among a team in so far as the class of problem it addresses seems to result from larger issues of team structure and workflow [if it's worth saving then the whole team should know about it and have access]. It's useful to know about, but placing it at the end makes it seem like a high order bit rather than something for a corner case. [1]: [http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Value- Values](http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Value-Values) ~~~ JoshTriplett I find stash useful primarily as a place to hold things for a few minutes, and no longer. In particular, I frequently use "git stash", followed by "git pull --rebase", and if all went well, "git stash pop". I could just as easily do "git commit -a -m 'WIP'", "git pull --rebase", and "git reset HEAD^", but I find stash more intuitive. ~~~ brudgers That sort of gets at my point, stash makes sense in a corner of a high disciplined workflow. But the article presents it as approaching "best practice" and as a belt to sport with one's lederhosen. By analogy it's a bit like multiple inheritance in C++, on occasion and for some people it might be just the thing, but it's probably not a good starting assumption at the design phase. Though again, it's a minor criticism and mostly related to the impression of importance positioning it at the end of the article suggests [i.e. placing the strongest point in paragraph four of the five paragraph essay]. ~~~ davvolun > as a belt to sport with one's lederhosen That sounds to my American ears like the most German thing I've ever heard. ------ userbinator Talking about merges in Git always reminds me of this Linus post: [http://marc.info/?l=linux- kernel&m=139033182525831](http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=139033182525831) _there 's clearly a balance between "octopus merges are fine" and "Christ, that's not an octopus, that's a Cthulhu merge"._ (Also, GitHub's logo is reminiscent of the "octopus merge".) ------ TechieKid Related, for visual learners, Git for ages 4 and up: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ffBJ4sVUb4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ffBJ4sVUb4) ~~~ m1keil this is awesome, thank you! ------ ziyao_w Seems to be down ATM. Archive link: [http://web.archive.org/web/20150906053023/http://ftp.newarti...](http://web.archive.org/web/20150906053023/http://ftp.newartisans.com/pub/git.from.bottom.up.pdf) ------ bhaumik There's also Git from the Inside Out: [https://codewords.recurse.com/issues/two/git-from-the- inside...](https://codewords.recurse.com/issues/two/git-from-the-inside-out) *Part of a new publication by Recurse Center/Hacker School ------ xjia Related: [https://git-scm.com/book/en/v1/Git-Internals-Git- Objects](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v1/Git-Internals-Git-Objects) (and other sections in that chapter) ~~~ ben_straub This chapter was updated for the 2nd edition: [https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Git-Objects](https://git- scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Git-Objects) ------ kranner My favourite introduction to Git internals is by Scott Chacon: [https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals- pdf/releases](https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals-pdf/releases) ------ carltonf This is the document got me really understand Git. It's really helpful to know the internals as the surface of Git is too many to comprehend on their own. ------ lukego This was the first explanation of Git that made sense to me. ------ e19293001 What tool was used to create this document? ~~~ copperx Could be pain Tex, but I doubt it. Could be troff, but because it was easily converted to html, I doubt that to. Best bet is Markdown + some typesetter. ------ hasenj Old but gold. This is how I learned git, and I think it's the only proper way. Actually I did `git help tutorial` first to get started.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39764

http://www.theonion.com/onion3745/bandaged_bin_laden.html Regards, Stephen R. Harrington Sr. Specialist, Trader Support Group Enron Net Works, LLC work: 713-853-7619 cell: 713-444-7279 pager or email: [email protected]

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39767

Q: Ansible get first element from list Suppose I have the following vars_file: mappings: - primary: 1.1.1.1 secondary: 2.2.2.2 - primary: 12.12.12.12 secondary: 11.11.11.11 and hosts file 1.1.1.1 12.12.12.12 5.5.5.5 and the following playbook task - name: Extract secondary from list debug: msg: "{{ (mappings | selectattr('primary', 'search', inventory_hostname) | list | first | default({'secondary':None})).secondary }}" The current task works and will give empty string when no match are found, but I would like to know if there is a better way/cleaner way of doing it without passing a dictionary to the default constructor. A: An option would be to use json_query - debug: msg: "{{ mappings | json_query(\"[?primary=='\" + inventory_hostname + \"'].secondary\") }}" , but selectattr works too - debug: msg: "{{ mappings | selectattr('primary', 'equalto', inventory_hostname) | map(attribute='secondary') | list }}"

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39776

builder > A.scala B.scala compiling Set(A.scala, B.scala) Changes: Map() builder > A.scala compiling Set(A.scala) Changes: Map(trait A -> List(Changed(Definition(A.S))[type S changed from A.this.S[_] to A.this.S flags: <deferred>])) invalidate B.scala because inherited method changed [Changed(Definition(A.S))[type S changed from A.this.S[_] to A.this.S flags: <deferred>]] compiling Set(B.scala) B.scala:2: error: B.this.S does not take type parameters type F = S[Int] ^

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39777

Cocaethylene in meconium specimens. Cocaethylene, a metabolite of cocaine and ethanol, exhibits cardiac and neurobehavioral effects. In order to determine the prevalence of this compound in meconium specimens, samples which gave a positive result for benzoylecgonine using fluorescence polarization immunoassay were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for cocaine, cocaethylene and benzoylecgonine. Deuterated cocaine, cocaethylene and benzoylecgonine were used as internal standards. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry cutoff concentrations of 5.0 ng/g were utilized for all analytes. Of the 361 specimens which consecutively confirmed positive for cocaine or benzoylecgonine, 114 (31.6%) tested positive for cocaethylene. Further, cocaethylene accumulates in greater concentrations in meconium than urine, and is a useful analyte for identifying fetal alcohol exposure.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39782

Participatory action research with self-help groups: an alternative paradigm for inquiry and action. Presents participatory action research (PAR) as a scientific paradigm most relevant for inquiry and action with self-help groups. "Subjects" individual and collective involvement in the design, conduct, and utilization of research, and scientists' involvement in action to improve group functioning, are among the hallmarks of PAR. Such an approach is most consistent with self-help characteristics and ideology: highly participative membership, aprofessional leadership, localist and grass-roots orientation, and respect for experience-based knowledge. Conducting research and action for change that simultaneously generates useful knowledge and advances group goals requires new scientific roles and techniques. The orthodoxy of the conventional scientific paradigm is problematic for productive inquiry about self-help and for aiding self-help groups.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39784

Blogsale – UPDATED Hello everyone! After a weekend spent decorating, i decided to have a wardrobe clearout. Please take a look at the pictures, lots of the clothes i havent even wore before their brand new with tags. My first blogSALE features; Lipsy, River Island, AX Paris,Little Mistress, Newlook, Peacocks, Love Label. I am also selling some clothes on ebay if you would like to check it out, the link is just below! If you would like to buy any of these, please comment below with the item you would like and your paypal email so i can invoice you. All these prices include postage and UK post only sorry. http://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/cathdean65 Will dispatched within 1 – 2 working days as soon as payment has been recieved. 1. BRAND NEW WITH TAGS Pixie Lott cocktail dress by Lipsy. Its more green in person, jade green. Lovely dress never got round to wearing it so i thought i’d sell it. Size 10. If i havent sold this by friday it will be going on ebay. £25 with UK only postage included. Will be sent first class recorded. 2. AX Paris size 12, lace skater dress. Only worn a couple of times, still immaclare like new condition. Its a lovely style dress great length and pulls you in. Paid £30 for it last year so will take £15 with free UK first class post. More photos (http://i58.tinypic.com/wb2hqe.jpg) 3. Brand NEW with tags, Little Mistress dress size 12. Never been worn however there is a slight click at the front but it is not noticeable. Beautiful colour, with one shoulder. Paid £45 for it, buy for £25 with UK first class recorded included. 6. Lipsy Mac, brand new but without tags, never been worn you can see its still new. A Dark grey colour with black faux leather piping. Good quality Mac, lipsy displayed on each button. Paid £75 for it, accept £30 with First class recorded UK post included. More images: (http://i62.tinypic.com/193769.jpg) (http://i61.tinypic.com/2dwd93.jpg) 7. New Look Sweetheart neckline, peplum dress. Size 12. In a lovely red strecthy scuba material. Worn once for a wedding. Still immaculate. It has the bone structure going down the front, to pull you in. Paid £25 for it, accept £12 with free UK post included.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39789

Shadow Jubilee Shadow Jubilee for six years was the holder of the record for the longest measured horns of any Texas Longhorn cow, with a measured spread of 89.9375" tip to tip and 98.4375" total measured on Oct. 27, 2012. At 10 years old, she weighed 1236 lbs and currently lives on Shamrock Valley Ranch of Lapeer, Michigan owned by James and Barbara Steffler. Shadow Jubilee was featured during the Millennium Futurity held at the Glen Rose Expo Center. She was bred and raised in Ohio, purchased by James Steffler of Lapeer, Michigan, and made her first public appearance in the state of Texas. Visitors and participants to the 2010 Millennium Futurity & Sale had an added treat that year, with many coming to the event just to see Shadow Jubilee. She was billed as the longest horned tip-to-tip Texas Longhorn cow in history and was exhibited under the front entry canopy of the Expo Center. This was her one public appearance before going on to embryo transplant production. Jubilee, will be 13 years old on May 5, 2013. A daughter of The Shadow, she was born and raised at Dickinson Cattle Co., Inc. (DCCI) of Barnesville, Ohio. Many of the nation's leading registered Texas Longhorn cattle are bred and raised at DCCI; however, Texas producers are the ranch's major buyers. References Category:Individual cows

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39791

// CLOSE ICONS // ----------- .close { float: right; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: @baseLineHeight; color: @black; text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,1); .opacity(20); &:hover { color: @black; text-decoration: none; .opacity(40); cursor: pointer; } }

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39801

Kanye West – White Dress (Full Version) Music Fri, 12 Oct, 2012 80.6K Here is the full version for Kanye West’s “White Dress”, From RZA’s new film “The Man With The Iron Fists” soundtrack cd, it will be in stores on October 23rd and the film will be in theaters on November 2nd.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39816

Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 2004–2006 This is a list of members of the 51st Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 2004 to 2006, as elected at the 2004 state election held on 7 February 2004. On 21 July 2005, the Labor member for Redcliffe, Ray Hollis, resigned. Liberal candidate Terry Rogers won the resulting by-election on 20 August 2005. On 25 July 2005, the Labor member for Chatsworth and former Deputy Premier, Terry Mackenroth, resigned. Liberal candidate Michael Caltabiano won the resulting by-election on 20 August 2005. On 28 February 2006, the Labor member for Gaven, Robert Poole, resigned. National Party candidate Dr Alex Douglas won the resulting by-election on 1 April 2006. The member for Noosa, Cate Molloy, left the Labor Party on 20 August 2006 after losing preselection to recontest her seat at the 2006 election. She served out the final month of her term as an independent. See also 2004 Queensland state election Beattie Ministry (Labor) (1998–2007) References Category:Members of Queensland parliaments by term Category:21st-century Australian politicians

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39820

Internal medical devices for delivery of therapeutic agents in conjunction with a source of electrical power is the subject of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/077,603 (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0262412) to Atanasoska et al. (hereinafter “the '603 application”), filed Mar. 20, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/055,930 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,645). These applications describe processes for delivering a therapeutic agent to a location within a blood vessel. The disclosures of these applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The '603 application describes devices for delivery of therapeutic agents to a diseased location based on electric field effects (i.e., delivery is electrically assisted), such as iontophoresis, electroporation, or both. The '603 application generally relates to internal drug delivery devices which contain a source of therapeutic agents, electrodes and power sources for applying voltages across the first and second electrodes. The power sources may be adapted, for example, to promote electrically assisted therapeutic agent delivery within a subject, including electroporation and/or iontophoresis. The therapeutic agent sources are polymeric regions that contain one or more types of electrically conductive polymers and one or more types of charged therapeutic agents or are polymeric regions that contain one or more types of ion-conductive polymers and one or more types of charged therapeutic agents. By placing the therapeutic agent within a polymer region, movement of the therapeutic agent is restricted and thus more precise local dosing of the therapeutic agent is possible. This design is also advantageous in that it allows one to provide different therapeutic agents or different therapeutic agent dosages for different sections of the device, which can be beneficial in various instances (e.g., where vulnerable plaque is located on one side of a vessel). Iontophoresis is an electrochemical process by which an electric field is used as a driving force to move a drug into a subject. This technique typically requires two or more electrodes for creating an electric field as well as a drug that carries a net electrical charge at the local physiological pH. Electroporation methods use short, high-voltage pulses to create transient pores in the cell membranes or in organelles within the cells. This transient, permeabilized state can be used to load cells and organelles with a wide variety of therapeutic agents, for example, genes, proteins, small molecule drugs, dyes, tracers, and so forth. Voltage may be applied to at least temporarily retain the therapeutic agent within the device (e.g., via iontophoresis of a charged therapeutic agent in the direction of an internal electrode). Voltage may be applied to release the therapeutic agent (e.g., via iontophoresis of a charged therapeutic agent in the direction of an electrode that is external to the therapeutic agent source, or via neutralization of a conductive polymer which leads to expulsion of a charged therapeutic agent from the device). The voltage also may be applied to promote electroporation. Iontophoretic retention and release can be induced by application of a variety of electrical stimuli including: (a) constant current, (b) constant voltage, (c) current scan/sweep, e.g., via a single sweep or multiple sweeps, (d) voltage scan/sweep, e.g., via a single sweep or multiple sweeps, (e) current square waves or other current pulse wave forms, (f) voltage square waves or other voltage pulse wave forms including exponential voltage output pulses, and (g) a combination of different current and voltage parameters. For electroporation, high voltage pulses are generally used to create the transient pores within cells exposed to the electric field, allowing the cells to be loaded with therapeutic agent (e.g., due to diffusion, migration or both). The density and size of the transient open pores of the cell membrane depend, for example, on the electric field parameters and polarity. This can be used to tailor the entry of various therapeutic agents of various sizes into the cell membranes or into organelles within the cells. The '603 application describes electrodes adapted to have tissues of a subject positioned between them upon deployment of the medical device within the subject, such that an electric field may be generated, which has a vector that is directed into the tissue. Furthermore, the therapeutic agent sources are adapted to introduce the one or more therapeutic agents into the as-generated electric field. This may result, for example, in increased electroporation efficiency, increased iontophoresis efficiency (e.g., where one or more charged therapeutic agents are employed), or both. The '603 application also describes ion-conductive polymeric regions, which are polymeric regions that permit movement of ions and the movement of charged therapeutic agents. Like other ionic species, charged therapeutic agents move in response to concentration gradients and in response to electric fields. In addition to allowing ion movement, ion-conductive polymeric regions are also capable of maintaining therapeutic agents in an ionized form, as opposed to a charge-neutral form. Charge-neutral species are generally not transported in response to an electric field. Polymers suitable for maintaining therapeutic agents in ionized form commonly have cation and/or anion coordinating sites, which are capable of forming complexes with ions, or they are themselves ionized. Polyelectrolytes may be employed as ion conductive polymers. Polyelectrolytes are polymers having multiple (e.g., 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, or more) charged sites (e.g., ionically dissociable groups). The '603 application also describes conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole. Conductive polymers commonly feature a conjugated backbone (e.g., a backbone containing an alternating series of single and double carbon-carbon bonds). Conductive polymers are typically semi-conductors in their neutral state. However, upon oxidation or reduction of the polymer to a charged state (e.g., polypyrrole is positively charged when oxidized and is neutral when reduced), the electrical conductivity is understood to be changed from a semi-conductive regime to a semi-metallic regime. Oxidation and reduction are believed to lead to charge imbalances that, in turn, can result in a flow of ions into or out of the material. These ions typically enter/exit the material from/into an ionically conductive medium associated with the polymer. For example, it is well known that dimensional changes are effectuated in electroactive polymers, including conductive polymers, by the mass transfer of the ions (which are surrounded by a shell of water molecules) into or out of the polymers. The mass transfer of ions into and out of the material leads to an expansion or contraction of the polymer, delivering significant stresses (e.g., on the order of 1 MPa) and strains (e.g., on the order of 30%). The fact that oxidation and reduction of conductive polymers is associated with the flow of ions into or out of the material makes these materials useful for retention and/or delivery of charged therapeutic agents. The properties of polypyrroles and other conductive polymers allow them to provide a mechanical component to the therapy, making them particularly desirable for delivery of charged therapeutic agents, for example, in conjunction with electroporation procedures.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39827

Q: Probability of reaching node A from node B in exactly X steps I have a three-node matrix with two edges (A-B and A-C). I would like to determine what the probability is starting from B and ending at C in exactly 100 steps. I have only written out probabilities: P(A|B) = 1 P(B|A) = 0.5 P(A|C) = 1 P(C|A) = 0.5 But there are so many combinations of ways to get from B to C in exactly 100 steps using these probabilities. Any suggestions on how to continue this problem? A: After an odd number of steps you must be at A and after an even number of steps you will be in either B or C, each with probability 0.5, therefore after 100 steps the probability of being in C is 0.5 Edit More formally we can define a Markov chain with transition matrix: $$ T = \left(\array{0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}\\1&0&0\\1&0&0}\right) $$ Now we can compute $T^2$ and $T^3$ to show that for $n\ge 1$, $T^{2n-1}=T$: $$ T^2 = \left(\array{1&0&0\\0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}\\0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}}\right) $$ $$ T^3 = \left(\array{0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}\\1&0&0\\1&0&0}\right) = T $$ Therefore we calculate that $T^{100}=T^2$ and that $x_0 T^{100} = x_0 T^2$ $$ x_0 T^2 = \left(\array{0&1&0}\right) \left(\array{1&0&0\\0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}\\0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}}\right) = \left(\array{0&\tfrac{1}{2}&\tfrac{1}{2}}\right) $$

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39833

Send this page to someone via email RIO DE JANEIRO – Russia has been ordered to return their gold medals from the 2008 Beijing Olympics 4x100m women’s relay, after Yulia Chermoshanskaya tested positive for a banned substance in a reanalysis of her sample. The International Olympic Committee disqualified her for testing positive for steroid use. “The Russian Federation team is disqualified from the women’s 4x100m relay. The corresponding medals and diplomas are withdrawn and shall be returned,” it said. READ MORE: 11 positives from London 2012 doping retests, including 4 Russians Her relay teammates in that competition were Aleksandra Fedoriva, Yulia Gushchina and Yevgeniya Polyakova. Belgium were second in that race and Nigeria won bronze. The IOC stores samples for a decade to test with newer methods or for new substances and conducted targeted retests ahead of the Rio Olympics. Story continues below advertisement A total of 98 samples were positive in reanalysis of samples from both the Beijing Games and the 2012 London Olympics.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39852

Word Reference Light is an unofficial app to use the WordReference.com online dictionary. It offers a very lightweight alternative to the website and offers a very slick and modern UI. You can easily translate words, get sample sentences and hear their pronunciations. Word Reference Light is also compatible with Cortana! Just ask for instance : "Word Reference translate water to Spanish" to get the instant translation of any word in the blink of an eye. All the following languages are supported: - English - Spanish - French - Italian - Catalan - German - Dutch - Swedish - Russian - Portuguese - Polish - Romanian - Czech - Greek - Turkish - Chinese - Japanese - Korean - Arabic

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39855

[Epidural anesthesia with a combination of narcotic analgesics and local anesthetics in the surgical treatment of arterial occlusion of the leg]. Comparative characteristics of epidural anesthesia with local anesthetics and a combination of the latter with narcotics in the reconstruction of arterial segments of lower extremities in 123 patients were given. The use of narcotics decreases the frequency of introduction of the drugs into the epidural space, does not induce persistent arterial hypotension and practically excludes different complications associated with epidural anesthesia.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39861

Repeated ruminal acidosis challenges in lactating dairy cows at high and low risk for developing acidosis: feeding, ruminating, and lying behavior. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the susceptibility to ruminal acidosis, as defined through differences in days in milk (DIM), milk production level, and ration composition, influences cow feeding, ruminating, and lying behavior and whether these behaviors change during an acute bout of ruminal acidosis. Eight ruminally cannulated cows were assigned to 1 of 2 acidosis risk levels: low risk (LR, mid-lactation cows fed a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio diet) or high risk (HR, early lactation cows fed a 45:55 forage:concentrate diet). As a result, diets were intentionally confounded with DIM and milk production to represent 2 different acidosis risk scenarios. Cows were exposed to an acidosis challenge in each of three 14-d periods. Each period consisted of 3 baseline days, a feed restriction day (restricting total mixed ration to 50% of ad libitum intake), an acidosis challenge day (1 h meal of 4 kg of ground barley/wheat before allocating the total mixed ration), and a recovery phase. Feeding, rumination, and standing/lying behavior were recorded for 2 baseline days, on the challenge day, and 1 and 4 d after the challenge day for each cow. Across the study, there were no differences in measures of standing, lying, or feeding behavior between the 2 groups of cows. The HR cows did, on average, spend less time ruminating (491 vs. 555 min/d) than the LR cows, resulting in a lesser percentage of observed cows ruminating across the day (44.6 vs. 48.1%). The acidosis challenge resulted in changes in behavior in all cows. Compared with the baseline, feeding time increased on the first day after the challenge (395 vs. 310 min/d), whereas lying time decreased (565 vs. 634 min/d). Rumination time decreased the first day following the challenge (436 min/d) relative to the baseline (533 min/d), but increased the following day (572 min/d). Fewer cows were observed to be ruminating at a given time on the first day following the challenge as compared with the baseline period. Despite this, on a herd level, numerous observations of the proportion of cows ruminating at any one time would need to be taken to accurately detect an acute bout of acidosis using changes in rumination behavior. Overall, these results suggest that risk of acidosis may have little overall effect on general behavior, with the exception of rumination. Furthermore, an acute bout of acidosis alters behavioral patterns of lactating dairy cows, particularly rumination behavior, and identification of these changes in behavior through repeated measurements may assist in the detection of an acidosis event within a herd.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39865

Identification of adjuvants that enhance the therapeutic antibody response to host IgE. In the development of a novel vaccine against atopic allergies, we have screened for adjuvants that enhance the therapeutic antibody response against self immunoglobulin E (IgE). The response against self IgE is induced by administration of a vaccine antigen, which contains both self and non-self IgE regions, together with an adjuvant. We evaluated five commonly used adjuvants; Freund's, aluminium hydroxide, ISCOMs, Montanide ISA 51 and Montanide ISA 720, and found that the mineral oil-based adjuvants; Montanide ISA 51 and Freund's induced at least 5-10-fold higher anti-self IgE titers than any of the other candidates. However, with one exception, Alum, the immune responses against the carrier, i.e. the non-self regions, were similar for all adjuvants, indicating that the ability to induce responses against self and non-self antigens differ among adjuvants. The responses against non-self IgE were more than 50-fold higher than antibody responses against self IgE in both the Freund's and Montanide 51-administered animals, indicating that the response against self molecules is markedly inhibited by tolerance-inducing mechanisms. Co-administration of Montanide ISA 51 with immuno-stimulatory substances from bacteria; muramyldipeptide (MDP), monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPL) or a formyl-methionine-containing tripeptide (fMLP), did not elevate the anti-self IgE response. Hence, adjuvants based on pure mineral oil without additional immuno-stimulatory substances appear to be the best adjuvant candidates in therapeutic vaccines aimed at regulating the in vivo levels of self-proteins.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39868

List of Dirty Sexy Money characters These are the characters in ABC television drama, Dirty Sexy Money. Main characters Recurring characters Including number of appearances as of the end of December 2008, with 19 episodes (out of 23) aired. Notes A. The role of Andrea Smithson was played by Brooke Smith in the Pilot episode. B. The role of Kiki George was played by Elle Fanning in the Pilot episode, and by Chloë Grace Moretz during the rest of Season 1, and the beginning of Season 2. C. The role of Ellen Darling was played by Kiersten Warren in the Pilot episode. Notable guest appearances Several celebrities have made minor appearances as themselves in the series. Dan Rather visits the Darling party in the pilot episode, and in episode 2x03, 'The Star Witness', he moderates a debate in which Patrick participates. Peter Bogdanovich also makes an appearance in the pilot, producing a theater play in which Juliet is due to have a part. Kenny G is hired by the Darlings to play the saxophone at Ellen's funeral in episode 2x02, 'The Family Lawyer'. The Weepies are hired by Jeremy to do a personal gig for him an Nola, in episode 2x03, 'The Star Witness'. Joel Madden visits the opening of Lisa's new gallery in episode 2x05, 'The Verdict'. References Category:Lists of American drama television series characters

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39876

Kerikeri Gamer Sunday, 20 August 2017 It has been a while... It is about 9 months since I posted anything here. Work, play and continuing exploration of New Zealand has kept me busy.But anyway, today I am about to embark upon a game based upon the battle Marsaglia. This was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in Italy on 4 October 1693, between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat and the army of the Grand Alliance under Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.Wikipedia - Battle of Marsaglia The armies: Catinat's French army was about 35,000 strong and the army of the Grand Alliance was about 30,000 strong.I have used the map below and the OOBs listed on the Nafziger site linked below: Thursday, 24 March 2016 James blocks William's advance near Salisbury I played this game back in February but have only just got round to writing it up. After the battle fought a fews days earlier both sides licked their wounds and planned their next actions. James was 1st to act, the desertions from his army had slowed following his victory but he was still losing some commanders, with 4 senior commanders slipping away after the battle. Although after James' earlier victory the rank and file troops were now unsure if William could now win and were reluctant to act. James had received news of a revolt in Wales in support of William, but this had not filtered down to the troops yet. Which is why he decided to attack William, before the news from Wales could have any impact upon his army. I reflected the desertions of James' officers in the game by reducing the CV of their replacements by 1 from 8 down to 7. Losses to morale were reduced by 2 so some units were starting with hits on them. Units that had routed off the table started as shaken, in retrospect I think this was too harsh perhaps 2 hits would have been better.. James' army had 4 brigades of horse and 6 of foot and a slight advantage in number of cannon and William had 3 brigades of horse and 5 of foot. The initial troop deployments: James' army is on the right side of the table. William secured his left flank by occupying a small manor with one foot brigade supported by cavalry, hoping to draw James into an attack on the manor which would negate his numerical disadvantage. William moved first and advanced his infantry to line the hedges alongside the road, unfortunately the ground was a bit heavy going and the troops made slow progress through the fields. Confusion reigned on William's right flank with one brigade of horse misinterpreting their orders and heading back to the camp (a blunder on the very 1st command roll of the game). James troops were slow in moving forward surrendering initiative to William. One of the central foot brigades of William were in a hurry to get to grips and advanced far further than they were ordered to (another blunder rolled). On the left flank the horse, still weakened from the previous battle moved to cover the gap to the left of the manor house as James' force advanced. James had committed 3 brigades to this attack which evened up the odds slightly on the rest of the field, as William had hoped. James commits his right flank to the attack on William's horse. James' horse are successful in pushing back William's troops, as James sends a second foot brigade supported by light guns to join the fight on his right flank, thus leaving an even match on the rest of the field. William commits his foot in the centre as James launches his horse in attack on William's right flank With William's horse on his left flank destroyed James' horse redeploy to take advantage of the situation. William's right flank horse supported by an infantry brigade try to hold back James' horse. The brigade of horse returning from their visit back to the camp just in time to shore up William's right flank (3 failed command rolls to get back on the table after the blunder). James' feeling confident the battle is going his way commits a foot brigade to the fray as well. In the centre the infantry battle hots up with both sides committing more troops to the fray. Despite destroying nearly an entire brigade of James' foot by their firepower William's foot brigade holding the manor is now badly shaken and all looks lost for them. They occupied 3 brigades of James troops for 6 turns giving the rest of William's army the opportunity for an even fight. Disaster in the combat in the centre for William, the dice gods had deserted him. James' foot were successful in pushing back William's main thrust. The end of the battle, William with his left flank and centre beaten orders a withdrawal. The victory belongs to KIng James. Is this the end or just the beginning of a new English Civil War? Aftermath: William had only 4 foot and 1 horse units intact at the end of the battle, 3 foot and 1 horse units had taken light casualties and 2 foot and 3 horse units had taken moderate casualties. There were 8 foot and 1 horse units shaken and 3 foot and 6 horse units had routed off the table. William was only able to escape with his lighter artillery pieces, the rest were left on the battlefield. James was left with 11 foot and 3 horse units intact, 4 foot and 4 horse units had taken light casualties and 4 foot and 5 horse units had taken moderate casualties. There were 3 foot and 3 horse units shaken and 2 foot and 1 horse units had routed off the table. Tuesday, 2 February 2016 William advances on London It is November 1688 and William of Orange has landed in Devon at the head of a Dutch army. His aim is to depose the King of England, Scotland and Ireland and place his wife, James' daughter Mary on the throne. That is the history, here I diverge. Rather than indecision and eventually fleeing, James has decided to fight. He has lost some troops and a few commanders, but many are waiting to see who is going to win before nailing their colours to anyones mast. William is hoping that English commanders and troops will come over to him, and that James' unpopularity will benefit him. William is marching slowly towards London, hoping to put pressure on King James. Heading further east William finds that King James has garrisoned a small town on an important crossing point on his path to London. William has had reports from his spies that James' army is 2 days march away so he chooses to attack... Figures are the excellent League of Augsburg range from Pendraken Miniatures William's information was wrong, was it false information from spies? James' army was a lot nearer. A brigade of cavalry appears on Williams left flank at the start of turn 7 Also a brigade of horse rides into the town from the nearby woods Confusion reigned after defeating the townspeople, the turncoats failed to move from the ford for 2 turns The joy of Pike & Shotte rules, the Dutch Guards trying to rally blundered and retreated back behind the river Aided by the stalling turncoats and the arrival of James' cavalry the defence of the town looks a lot less difficult Finally moving, the turncoats mass to take the town The cavalry clash on William's left wing with the English faring the worst King James' troops are still some way away from the main battle James' cavalry getting ready to charge the Dutch right wing William is redeploying his troops to face the new threat from James The aftermath of the cavalry battle, a shattered Dutch right wing and the English cavalry still relatively fresh A brigade of infantry arrive from William's camp Looking towards William's left flank, the Dutch & allies in the town have been repulsed. It is late in the day as James is marshalling his forces for a final assault. End of the final turn, William stages a well organised withdrawal from the field as night comes in. James' forces held the town and William's army came off worst but it is still in reasonable shape, as James was unable to finish off William's army before nightfall. There will be a follow up battle, but will James suffer any more troops or commanders deserting his cause?

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39885

TNF and ubiquitin at the crossroads of gene activation, cell death, inflammation, and cancer. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for innate immunity, but deregulated TNF signaling also plays an eminent role in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer-related inflammation. The signals that mediate both the beneficial and the harmful effects of TNF are initiated when TNF binds to its receptors on the surface of target cells. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is ubiquitously expressed, whereas TNFR2 is mainly expressed on lymphocytes and endothelial cells. This review focuses on the molecular and physiological consequences of the interaction of TNF with TNFR1. The different outcomes of TNF signaling originate at the apical signaling complex that forms when TNF binds to TNFR1, the TNFR1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC). By integrating recently gained insight on the functional importance of the presence of different types of ubiquitination in the TNF-RSC, including linear ubiquitin linkages generated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), with the equally recent elucidation of the mode in which ubiquitin-binding domains interact with specific di-ubiquitin linkages, this review develops a new concept for the way the concerted action of different ubiquitination events enables the TNF-RSC to generate its signaling output in a spatio-temporally controlled manner. Finally, it will be explained how these new findings and the emerging concept of differential ubiquitination governing the TNF-RSC may impact future research on the molecular mechanism of TNF signaling and the function of this cytokine in normal physiology, chronic inflammation, and cancer.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39890

Q: Setting center and resolution on initialization of view results in center going to [NaN, NaN] on zooming with mouse I'm using the following to initialize my view for the map in openlayers 4. var olview = new ol.View({ center: ol.proj.fromLonLat(coords), resolution: resolution, minResolution: 0.025, maxResolution: 2500, projection: 'EPSG:3857' }); The coords and resolution are passed as arguments to the function that creates the view. When zooming with the mouse the center of the map goes to [NaN, NaN]. Using the or the plus/minus buttons or animate function on the view works as expected, and after animating the view the zoom functionality works as expected. A: The cause was that the resolution was being passed as a string. Openlayers doesn't check types or convert them, so passing types that aren't the expected type in the documentation can cause things to break (here's an issue discussing it). Setting resolution to parseFloat(resolution) fixed the problem.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39891

Q: How change the color of a nokia.maps.map.StandardMarker without do a new object? I have been trying something like that: laststmarker is a nokia.maps.map.StandardMarker ncolor is a string= #0000FF laststmarker.brush=ncolor; laststmarker.brush="{color:'"+ncolor+"'}"; laststmarker.brush={color:ncolor}; and other things, how do i change the color without remove and add it again to the map? A: The important thing to note here is that the brush is immutable - that means that you can't update the parameter directly - you need to use the setter e.g. marker.set("brush" , { color :"#FF0000"}); - this is usually followed by map.update(-1,0); in order to refresh the map. The example below highlights a marker when the mouse pointer hovers over it. You need to use your own app id and token to get it to work. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=7; IE=EmulateIE9" /> <base href="http://www.wrc.com/" /> <title>Highlighing a marker</title> <meta name="description" content="" /> <meta name="keywords" content="" /> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <script language="javascript" src="http://api.maps.nokia.com/2.2.4/jsl.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script> </head> <body> <p> Place your pointer over the marker to highlight it.</p> <div id="gmapcanvas" style="width:600px; height:600px;" >&nbsp;</div><br/><br/> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Don't forget to set your API credentials // // Replace with your appId and token which you can obtain when you // register on http://api.developer.nokia.com/ // nokia.Settings.set( "appId", "YOUR APP ID GOES HERE"); nokia.Settings.set( "authenticationToken", "YOUR AUTHENTICATION TOKEN GOES HERE"); ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// map = new nokia.maps.map.Display(document.getElementById('gmapcanvas'), { 'components': [ // Behavior collection new nokia.maps.map.component.Behavior() ], 'zoomLevel': 5, // Zoom level for the map 'center': [41.0125,28.975833] // Center coordinates }); // Remove zoom.MouseWheel behavior for better page scrolling experience map.removeComponent(map.getComponentById("zoom.MouseWheel")); var normalMarker = new nokia.maps.map.StandardMarker(new nokia.maps.geo.Coordinate(41.0125,28.975833), {brush: {color: "#FF0000"}}); normalMarker.addListener("mouseover" , function(evt) { normalMarker.set("brush" , { color :"#0000FF"}); map.update(-1,0); }, false); normalMarker.addListener("mouseout" , function(evt) { normalMarker.set("brush" , { color :"#FF0000"}); map.update(-1,0); }, false); map.objects.add(normalMarker); // ]]> </script> </body> </html>

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39899

Frank Merriwell's Alarm: or, Doing His Best “That is not complimentary to me!” she exclaimed. “It shows you remembered my half-sister far better than you did me.” “Your half-sister? Then you are not Vida!” “No, thank you!” – with another haughty toss of the head. “Then – then you must be – Isa Isban!” “How remarkable that you should guess it,” she said, with biting sarcasm. “But – you – you must remember it has been some time since I saw you, and – and I saw Miss Melburn last.” “You saw me first, and you were so interested in me that you followed me from Reno to Carson City. After that you met my sister, and now you mistake me for her! I am extremely complimented, Mr. Merriwell! Never mind. You are not so many! Perhaps you will introduce your friends. Some of them may have a better memory than you.” For once in his life, at least, Frank was “rattled.” He introduced Browning as Rattling and Diamond as Brownton, while he completely forgot Harry’s name. The girl laughed sharply, plainly enjoying his embarrassment. She shook hands with all but Toots, saying: “Mr. Merriwell doesn’t seem to be at his best. It is possible he has ridden too far to-day.” Then Frank pulled himself together, and immediately became as cool and collected as usual, which was no easy thing to do. “I beg your pardon, Miss Isban, but I was just thinking I had not ridden far enough.” He said it in his most suave manner, but the shot went home, and it brought still more color to her flushed cheeks. “Oh!” she cried, with the same toss of her head, “if your wheel is not broken, it is not too late to make several more miles before absolute darkness comes on.” Diamond edged up to Frank, and whispered: “Careful, Merry! You’re getting her very angry, and she is a mighty fine girl. Go easy, old man!” This was very amusing to Merriwell, for but a short time before Diamond had expressed himself quite freely in regard to the girl, and it was plain his ideas had undergone a change since seeing her. “Don’t worry,” Frank returned. “She won’t mind a little scrap. I think she will enjoy it. She is that kind.” This did not seem to satisfy the young Virginian, who immediately set about making himself as agreeable as possible with Isa. The boys were invited to sit down, and seats were provided for all of them. Frank became rather serious, for thoughts of Hodge’s misfortune began to trouble him, and he remembered that this girl was responsible for it all. Isa did not look a day older than when he had last seen her, and it was hard to realize that she was a woman with an experience and a dead husband. Browning was silent and apparently contented. He seemed to take great satisfaction in sitting down and resting. After a little silence, Isa observed, seeming to take a malicious satisfaction in what she said: “One of Mr. Merriwell’s friends had not forgotten me, at least.” “It might have been better for him if he had,” returned Frank, in a manner that surprised himself, for never before had he made such an ungallant remark. The girl’s eyes blazed and she bit her lip. It seemed that she was on the point of an outburst, but she restrained herself and laughed. That laugh was defiant and angry. “Oh, well, I don’t know!” she said. “The person I speak of may find I will stand by him better than some of his friends who would have looked on while he was dragged away to jail.” This was a surprise to Frank, for it showed that the girl knew something about the adventure with Bill Higgins, which had taken place that day. “So you have seen him since?” asked Merry, eagerly. “Where is he?” “Find out.” “I shall be able to find out in time, I think, Miss Isban.” “As far as he is concerned, you need not worry, for I do not think he cares to see you again.” “I do not believe that. He knows me too well, and he trusts me.” “He thought he knew you, but he did not fancy you would remain passive and see him placed under arrest.” “I did not.” “What did you do?” “I did not have an opportunity to do much except save his life.” “Save his life?” “Yes.” “How?” “I kept him from being bored by a bullet from Bill Higgins’ gun.” “How did you do so much?” “I spoiled Higgins’ aim.” “Well, that was most remarkable! I presume you expect him to show the utmost gratitude for a service that any man might render another!” She snapped her fingers toward Frank, laughing scornfully: “That’s where you fool yourself. Mr. Hodge has told me that he hoped he might never meet you again. He has found other and better friends.” “Perhaps you speak the truth.” The manner in which Frank uttered the words implied not only a doubt but a positive belief that she was not speaking the truth and she did not misunderstand them. Her teeth clicked together, gleaming beyond her curved, red lips, and her hands were clinched. On her white fingers were a number of rings, set with diamonds, which flashed and blazed like her eyes. “I care not whether you think I speak the truth or not,” she said, and turned her back upon him. Diamond evinced positive distress. “I can’t understand you, Merriwell!” he said, in an aside. “It is not at all like you. Why, you are always gallant and courteous to ladies.” “That is right,” agreed Frank, with deep meaning. “I am.” Jack did not like that. “And you mean to insinuate that this beautiful girl is not a lady?” “I have my doubts.” “Still it seems to me that you have made a bad break in your treatment of her. You were very rude. That is not the way to treat a young lady.” “It is not the way to treat the most of them; but, my dear fellow, you will have to learn that they differ as much as men. If you were to treat all men with the utmost courtesy and consideration, you would find that not a few would regard you as a weak-kneed slob. They would impose on you, and their opinion of you would sink lower and lower as you permitted them to continue their impositions without giving back as good as they sent. In this respect, there is a class of women who resemble men. Of course you cannot handle them as you would men, but you can’t be soft with them. A man who insulted you you would knock down. You can’t strike a woman, but you can strike her in a different way, and, in nine cases out of ten, if she is of a certain sort, she will think all the more of you in the end.” “Well, I am sure you have made a mistake with Miss Isban. I could see her deep anger and hatred for you in her eyes. She would like to strangle you this minute.” “I haven’t a doubt of it,” coolly smiled Frank, his manner showing not the least concern. “She will hate and despise you as long as she lives.” “If so, it will make little difference to me.” Up to this time Jack had not dreamed that Frank could be anything but courteous and bending to a lady, and now the Southerner saw there was a turn to his friend’s character that he had not suspected. Merriwell had not been at all brutal in his manner, but his words had touched Isa Isban like blows of a whip. They had stung her and stirred her blood, although they were spoken in a way that showed the natural polish and training of their author. In truth the girl longed to fly at Frank Merriwell’s throat. She felt that she could strike him in the face with her hands and feel the keenest delight in doing so. As she turned toward him again, there came a sharp knock on the door. CHAPTER XXIII. – A KNOCK ON THE DOOR The old man looked startled, and the girl showed signs of alarm. “Quick, Drew!” she whispered. “Is the door fastened?” “Yes!” quavered the old man. “My revolver – where is it?” “On the shelf – where you placed it.” With a spring that reminded the boys of the leap of a young pantheress, she reached the shelf and snatched a gleaming pistol from it. Then she faced the door again, the weapon half raised. “Yes; but I didn’t ’low you’d get here so soon. It’s a long distance to Carson, and – ” “Never mind that,” quickly spoke the man, interrupting Drew, as if he feared he would say something it were better the boys did not hear. “My horse is outside. Where shall I put him?” “In the shed. I’ll show ye. Come on.” The old man went out, followed by the newcomer, and the door was left open slightly. Toots quietly slipped out after them. Isa Isban came back into the room. “I do not care to be seen here by everybody who may come along,” she explained; “but this person is all right, for Drew knows him.” This was rather strange to all of the boys except Frank, but Merry instantly divined that she was afraid of Higgins and more than half expected the big sheriff would follow her there. The secret signal and the air of mystery and apprehension shown by the girl and the old man convinced Merriwell that all was not right. Isa had at one time “shoved the queer” for a band of men who made counterfeit money, and Bart Hodge had told Frank quite enough to convince Merriwell that she was still in the same dangerous and unlawful business. The thoughts which ran riot in Merry’s head were of a startling nature, but his face was calm and passive, betraying nothing of what was passing in his mind. Once more Diamond set about making himself agreeable to Isa, and she met him more than halfway. She laughed and chatted with him, seeming to have forgotten that such a person as Frank Merriwell existed. Browning sat down in a comfortable position where he could lean against the wall, and proceeded to fall asleep. After a short time Toots came slipping into the cabin, his eyes rolling, and his whole manner betraying excitement and fear. He would have blurted out something, but Frank gave him a signal that caused him to be silent. At the first opportunity the colored boy whispered in Merry’s ear: “Marser Frank, de bes’ fing we can do is teh git out ob dis ’bout as soon as we kin do it, sar.” “What makes you think that?” asked Merriwell, cautiously. “We am in a po’erful ba-ad scrape, sar.” “What do you mean?” “It am mighty ba-ad folks dat libs heah, sar.” “Bad? In what way?” “Dey hab done suffin’ dat meks dem skeered ob de ossifers ob de law.” “How do you know?” “I done hears de ol’ man and de young man talkin’.” “What did they say?” “Say dat ossifers am arter ’em. De young man say dat he have to run from Carson City to ’scape arrest, sar.” “He is the horseman I saw ahead of us in the valley,” said Frank. “He must have seen us coming and concealed himself, expecting we would pass him. It is plain he did not wish to be seen.” “Suah’s yeh bawn, boy! He has been doin’ suffin’ mighty ba-ad, an’ he’s dangerous. He said he wouldn’t be ’rested alive, sar.” “This is very interesting,” nodded Frank. “It seems that we are in for one more exciting adventure before we finish the tour.” “I don’ like it, sar – ’deed I don’! No tellin’ what such folks will do. He am feelin’ po’erful ugly, fo’ he say suffin’ ’bout trubble wif his wife an’ ’bout habbin’ her follerin’ him. Dat am how it happen he wur comin’ from de wes’ ’stead ob de eas’. He done dodge roun’ teh git ’way from his wife, sar.” “He is a brave and gallant young man,” smiled Merriwell. “I admire him very much – nit!” “You know my real name – you know everything! I suppose you are here to secure evidence against me. You are looking for a divorce.” “A divorce?” “Exactly.” “I do not understand you.” “You understand well enough. We have not been married so very long, and our married life hasn’t been any too happy. You have accused me of abusing you – you have threatened to leave me.” The girl looked bewildered. “What is the matter with the man?” she murmured. “Is he crazy?” The man seemed puzzled by her manner, and the witnesses of the remarkable scene were absolutely at sea; they could not understand what it was about. “I am not crazy,” said the young man; “but I was a fool to marry you. You were not worth the trouble I took to get you. I should have let the other fool have you, instead of plotting to disgrace him in the eyes of your uncle and aunt, so I could get you.” A great light dawned on Frank Merriwell. “Great fortune!” he mentally exclaimed. “This is the fellow who married Vida Melburn, Isa’s half-sister, and he thinks this girl is his wife! They used to look so much alike that it was difficult to tell one from the other. “Married – married to you?” cried the girl. “Not on your life! Why, I never saw you before, although I have heard of you.” The man seemed staggered for a moment, and then, with a cry of anger, he leaped upon her. “What is your game?” he hissed, as he shook her savagely. “What are you up to? I thought you a soft, innocent little girl, and now you are showing yourself something quite different. I believe you played me for a sucker! And you want a divorce! Well, here is cause for it!” Then he choked her. Frank went at him like a cyclone. “You infernal villain!” he cried, as his hands fell on the man, and he tore the gasping girl from his clutches. “No one but a brute ever lays hands on a woman in anger, and a brute deserves a good drubbing almost any time. Here is where you get it!” Then he proceeded to polish off the girl’s assailant in a most scientific manner, ending by flinging him in a limp and battered condition into a corner of the room. Diamond had hastened to support the girl when Frank snatched her from her assailant, but she repulsed him and flung him off, saying, hoarsely: “Let me alone! I am all right! I want to see this fight!” With interest she watched Frank whip the man whom she had called Kent, though she swayed and panted with every blow, her eyes glittering and her cheeks flushed. As Merriwell flung the fellow into the corner, the girl straightened up and threw back her head, laughing: “Well, he was a soft thing, and that is a fact! Think of being thrashed by a boy! Drew, is it possible this is our Carson City agent, whom you called ‘a good man,’ when you were speaking of him this evening? Such a chap would blow the whole game if he were pinched. I wouldn’t trust him.” The old man stood rubbing his shaking hands together, greatly agitated and unable to say a word. Then there came a thunderous knock on the door, and a hoarse voice demanded admittance. CHAPTER XXIV. – THE SHERIFF’S SHOT Old Drew was greatly frightened, and Davis showed alarm. “Hold that door – hold that door one minute!” cried Isa. “It will give us time to get out of the way!” Bruce Browning’s shoulder went against the door, and he calmly drawled: “Anybody won’t come in here in a hurry.” “Come!” whispered the girl, catching hold of Hart; “we must get away! quick!” Davis leaped after them. “It will not be a good thing for me to be seen here,” he said. “If there is a way of getting under cover, you must take me along.” “That’s right,” nodded Isa, “for you would peach if you were pinched. Come!” By the way of the door that led into the back room they disappeared. Rap-bang! rap-bang! rap-bang! “Open this door instanter!” Higgins roared the order from the outside. “What’s your great rush?” coolly inquired Browning. A volley of fierce language flew from the sheriff’s lips. “I’ll show yer!” he thundered. “Down goes ther door if ye don’t open it immediate!” “Be good enough, Mr. Drew, to ascertain if our friends are under cover yet,” said Frank. The old man hobbled into the back room, was gone a moment, and then reappeared, something like a look of relief on his withered face. “They’re gone,” he whispered. “Will it be all right to open the door?” “I reckon ye’ll have to open it.” “All right. Admit Mr. Higgins, Bruce.” Browning stepped away from the door, lifting the iron bar. Instantly it flew wide open, and, with a big revolver in each hand, the sheriff strode heavily into the room. Behind him came another man, who was also armed and ready to do shooting if necessary. Higgins glared around. “Whatever does this mean?” he asked, astonished by the presence of the bicycle boys. “Whatever does what mean?” asked Frank, innocently. “You critters bein’ here. I don’t understand it.” “We are stopping here for the night.” “Sho! Is that it? Well, you’re not the only ones. Where are the others?” “What others?” “One in particler – the one you helped to get away to-day. You’ll have to square with me for that.” “I presume you mean Mr. Hodge?” “That’s whatever.” “I think your memory is at fault, sir. I did not aid him in getting away, but you owe me thanks for keeping you from shooting him. He would have made the unlucky thirteenth man.” “Well, hang me if you ain’t got nerve! All the same, you’ll have to take your medicine for aiding a criminal.” “He has not been proved a criminal yet, sir.” “Oh, you know all about it! Well, he’s somewhere round this ranch, and I’m going to rope him. Watch the front, Britts.” “All right, sir,” said the man who accompanied Higgins. Then the big sheriff strode into the back room, picking up the lamp to aid him in his search. Frank held his breath, wondering what Higgins would find. After four or five minutes the sheriff came back, and he was in a furious mood.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39912

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS No. 10-16-00361-CV IN RE JORDAN RENEE HAMONS Original Proceeding MEMORANDUM OPINION Relator’s petition for writ of mandamus is denied. AL SCOGGINS Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins (Chief Justice Gray dissenting) Petition denied Opinion delivered and filed January 11, 2017 [OT06] 

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39914

Table of Contents PART IIUNITED STATES: THE WEAKENING GIANT // 25 Chapter 3 The Declining U.S. Automobile and Steel Industries // 37 Chapter 4 U.S. Computer Industry–a winner to date // 51 Chapter 5 The Role of Government in U.S. Industry // 75

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39919

List of shipwrecks in 1904 The list of shipwrecks in 1904 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1904. January 4 January 7 January 8 January 9 January 16 January 18 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 28 January 29 January 30 January February 1 February 2 February 3 February 6 February 8 February 9 February 11 February 12 February 13 February 14 February 21 February 22 February 23 February 24 February 25 February 27 February 28 February March 2 March 3 March 4 March 6 March 10 March 11 March 13 March 17 March 18 March 23 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 31 March Unknown date April 9 April 11 April 12 April 13 April 14 April 16 April 20 April 23 April 25 April 26 April 30 April May 3 May 12 May 13 May 14 May 15 May 16 May 17 May 18 May 22 May 24 May 26 May 29 May 30 May June 3 June 4 June 13 June 15 June 16 June 17 June 18 June 20 June 22 June 23 June 26 June 28 June 30 June July 2 July 4 July 5 July 6 July 10 July 11 July 13 July 15 July 16 July 20 July 21 July 22 July 24 July 25 July 25 July 28 July 29 July Unknown date August 2 August 3 August 4 August 6 August 7 August 8 August 9 August 11 August 13 August 14 August 16 August 17 August 18 August 19 August 20 August 21 August 24 August 25 August 28 August 31 August September 1 September 2 September 3 September 4 September 5 September 9 September 10 September 11 September 14 September 15 September 18 September 22 September 25 September 26 September 29 September 30 September Unknown date October 1 October 3 October 4 October 5 October 8 October 10 October 11 October 12 October 16 October 17 October 22 October 23 October 24 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 28 October 29 October 30 October November 2 November 4 November 6 November 7 November 10 November 11 November 12 November 13 November 14 November 15 November 16 November 17 November 18 November 19 November 21 November 22 November 23 November 24 November 26 November 28 November 29 November 30 November Unknown date December 2 December 3 December 4 December 5 December 6 December 7 December 8 December 9 December 10 December 11 December 12 December 13 December 14 December 15 December 16 December 18 December 19 December 22 December 25 December 26 December 27 December Unknown date Unknown date References 1904 Ship

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39922

American Artists School The American Artists School was a progressive independent art school in New York City associated with socialism and the American Radical movement. The school was founded in April 1936 at 131 West 14th Street. Its founders and board of directors included members and former members of the John Reed Club such as William Gropper, as well as contributors to the New Masses and the Daily Worker, and notable artists such as Margaret Bourke-White and Louis Schanker. Harry Gottlieb was its first director. The school emphasized art that was not only technically excellent but also alive to the social and class realities of the day, and stressed socially relevant content. A statement from the school's brochure of 1936 reads, "The American Artists School established [as] its fundamental premise...that the student must be developed as an independent thinker at the same time he is trained to be a competent artist. We believe that America contains infinite painting material, and that the student who learns to understand and appreciate it cannot but evolve into a socially constructive artist." The school suffered from financial difficulties and closed in the spring of 1941; however, the significant role it played in integrating art and society in the thirties was recognized by both the liberal and radical press. Personnel Students at the school included Jacob Lawrence, Theodoros Stamos, Lucille Wallenrod, Ad Reinhardt, Elaine de Kooning, Jack McLarty, Harry Shoulberg, Milton Resnick, and Fay Kleinman. Teachers included the sculptor Joseph Konzal, the cartoonist Fred Ellis, Philip Evergood, Milton Hebald, Sol Wilson, Louis Schanker and Francis Criss. Russian-born Anton Refregier was a member of the faculty and at one point Chairman of the Board. Sources Marquardt, Virginia Hagelstein. "The American Artists School: Radical Heritage and Social Content Art." Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4. (1986), pp. 17-23. Artists on the Left, by Andrew Hemingway Category:Art schools in New York City Category:Defunct schools in New York City Category:1936 establishments in New York (state) Category:1941 disestablishments in New York (state) Category:Educational institutions established in 1936 Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1941 Category:Culture of Manhattan

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39923

module.exports = { name: 'workspace', preset: '../../jest.config.js', transform: { '^.+\\.[tj]sx?$': 'ts-jest', }, moduleFileExtensions: ['ts', 'tsx', 'js', 'jsx', 'html'], globals: { 'ts-jest': { tsConfig: '<rootDir>/tsconfig.spec.json' } }, };

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39925

Q: Comparison of custom data type with parameters I am learning Haskell and trying to implement this program. I have a custom data type data CalculatorInput = Exit | Error String | Operator (Int -> Int -> Int) | Number Int then I have a method getInput which returns a value of this type. Now i am confused how to dispatch on values of this type. I have a method simpleCalculator :: Int -> (Int -> Int -> Int) -> IO () simpleCalculator ans op = do input <- getInput -- here i got the type as result if input == Exit then return() else if input == Number x then ans = ans op x; print ans else simpleCalculator ans op I want to know whether the input is a Number x I tried to use case as well: simpleCalculator :: Int -> (Int -> Int -> Int) -> IO () simpleCalculator ans op = do input <- getInput -- here i got the type as result --case input of -- Exit -> return () -- Error x -> print x -- Number n -> ans = ans op x; print ans -- getting error here, multiple statement not possible -- _ -> simpleCalculator ans op I tried to create instance of Eq as well instance Eq CalculatorInput where (==) Exit Exit = True (==) (Number x) (Number y) = x == y (==) _ _ = False How can I compare custom data types with parameters or have multiple statements in a case branch? A: You're almost on the right track with your non-working code: simpleCalculator :: Int -> (Int -> Int -> Int) -> IO () simpleCalculator ans op = do input <- getInput -- here i got the type as result case input of Exit -> return () Error x -> print x Number n -> ans = ans op x; print ans _ -> simpleCalculator ans op You can nest do notations allowing you to write the following correct program: simpleCalculator :: Int -> (Int -> Int -> Int) -> IO () simpleCalculator ans op = do input <- getInput -- here i got the type as result case input of Exit -> return () Error x -> print x Number n -> do let theAns = ans op x print theAns _ -> simpleCalculator ans op As for the Eq instance, you can let the compiler do the work for you by using derivation, i.e. writing data CalculatorInput = Exit | Error String | Operator (Int -> Int -> Int) | Number Int deriving Eq

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39927

# FLAC - Free Lossless Audio Codec # Copyright (C) 2001-2009 Josh Coalson # Copyright (C) 2011-2016 Xiph.Org Foundation # # This file is part the FLAC project. FLAC is comprised of several # components distributed under different licenses. The codec libraries # are distributed under Xiph.Org's BSD-like license (see the file # COPYING.Xiph in this distribution). All other programs, libraries, and # plugins are distributed under the GPL (see COPYING.GPL). The documentation # is distributed under the Gnu FDL (see COPYING.FDL). Each file in the # FLAC distribution contains at the top the terms under which it may be # distributed. # # Since this particular file is relevant to all components of FLAC, # it may be distributed under the Xiph.Org license, which is the least # restrictive of those mentioned above. See the file COPYING.Xiph in this # distribution. # # customizable settings from the make invocation # USE_OGG ?= 1 USE_ICONV ?= 1 USE_LROUND ?= 1 USE_FSEEKO ?= 1 USE_LANGINFO_CODESET ?= 1 # # debug/release selection # DEFAULT_BUILD = release F_PIC := -fPIC # returns Linux, Darwin, FreeBSD, etc. ifndef OS OS := $(shell uname -s) endif # returns i386, x86_64, powerpc, etc. ifndef PROC ifeq ($(findstring Windows,$(OS)),Windows) PROC := i386 # failsafe # ifeq ($(findstring i686,$(shell gcc -dumpmachine)),i686) # MinGW-w64: i686-w64-mingw32 ifeq ($(findstring x86_64,$(shell gcc -dumpmachine)),x86_64) # MinGW-w64: x86_64-w64-mingw32 PROC := x86_64 endif else ifeq ($(shell uname -p),amd64) PROC := x86_64 else PROC := $(shell uname -p) endif endif endif ifeq ($(PROC),powerpc) PROC := ppc endif # x64_64 Mac OS outputs 'i386' in uname -p; use uname -m instead ifeq ($(PROC),i386) ifeq ($(OS),Darwin) PROC := $(shell uname -m) endif endif ifeq ($(OS),Linux) PROC := $(shell uname -m) USE_ICONV := 0 endif ifeq ($(findstring Windows,$(OS)),Windows) F_PIC := USE_ICONV := 0 USE_LANGINFO_CODESET := 0 ifeq (mingw32,$(shell gcc -dumpmachine)) # MinGW (mainline): mingw32 USE_FSEEKO := 0 endif endif debug : BUILD = debug valgrind : BUILD = debug release : BUILD = release # override LINKAGE on OS X until we figure out how to get 'cc -static' to work ifeq ($(OS),Darwin) LINKAGE = -arch $(PROC) else debug : LINKAGE = -static valgrind : LINKAGE = -dynamic release : LINKAGE = -static endif all default: $(DEFAULT_BUILD) # # GNU makefile fragment for emulating stuff normally done by configure # VERSION=\"1.3.3\" CONFIG_CFLAGS=$(CUSTOM_CFLAGS) -DHAVE_STDINT_H -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H -DHAVE_CXX_VARARRAYS -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 ifeq ($(OS),Darwin) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DFLAC__SYS_DARWIN -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H -arch $(PROC) else CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_SOCKLEN_T endif ifeq ($(PROC),ppc) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DWORDS_BIGENDIAN=1 -DCPU_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN=0 else CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DWORDS_BIGENDIAN=0 -DCPU_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN=1 endif ifeq ($(OS),Linux) ifeq ($(PROC),x86_64) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -fPIC endif endif ifeq ($(OS),FreeBSD) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H endif ifneq (0,$(USE_ICONV)) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_ICONV ICONV_LIBS = -liconv else ICONV_LIBS = endif ifneq (0,$(USE_OGG)) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DFLAC__HAS_OGG=1 OGG_INCLUDES = -I$(OGG_INCLUDE_DIR) OGG_EXPLICIT_LIBS = $(OGG_LIB_DIR)/libogg.a OGG_LIBS = -L$(OGG_LIB_DIR) -logg OGG_SRCS = $(OGG_SRCS_C) else CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DFLAC__HAS_OGG=0 OGG_INCLUDES = OGG_EXPLICIT_LIBS = OGG_LIBS = OGG_SRCS = endif OGG_INCLUDE_DIR=$(HOME)/local/include OGG_LIB_DIR=$(HOME)/local/lib ifneq (0,$(USE_LROUND)) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LROUND endif ifneq (0,$(USE_FSEEKO)) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_FSEEKO endif ifneq (0,$(USE_LANGINFO_CODESET)) CONFIG_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET endif

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39933

Q: Interpreting multinomial logistic regression in scikit-learn I am running a multinomial logistic regression for a classification problem involving 6 classes and four features. Here is the code: from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.20) logreg = LogisticRegression(multi_class = 'multinomial', solver = 'newton-cg') logreg = logreg.fit(X_train, Y_train) output2 = logreg.predict(X_test) logreg.intercept_ logreg.coef_ logreg.classes_ And I get the following output: Intercept array([-1.33803785, -1.55807614, -1.63809549, -0.05199907, 3.72777888, 0.85842968]) Coefficients array([[ 3.59830486, 5.1370334 , 1.32336325, 4.89734568], [ 3.5507364 , 5.2459697 , 1.48523684, 4.81653704], [ 3.35193267, 5.40124363, 2.04869296, 3.885547 ], [ -5.4930705 , 5.49483357, 1.96479926, -6.7624365 ], [ -8.61513183, -3.77761893, -7.79363153, -11.72171457], [ 3.6072284 , -17.50146139, 0.97153921, 4.88472135]]) Classes array([u'Dropper', u'Flat', u'Grower', u'New User', u'Non User', u'Stopper'], dtype=object) I am not able to interpret the models. As I understand multinomial logistic regression, for K possible outcomes, running K-1 independent binary logistic regression models, in which one outcome is chosen as a "pivot" and then the other K-1 outcomes are separately regressed against the pivot outcome. As per this, there must be 5 equations for the 6 classes. But here there are 6. How come? A: As the probabilities of each class must sum to one, we can either define n-1 independent coefficients vectors, or n coefficients vectors that are linked by the equation \sum_c p(y=c) = 1. The two parametrization are equivalent. See also in Wikipedia Multinomial logistic regression - As a log-linear model. For a class c, we have a probability P(y=c) = e^{b_c.X} / Z, with Z a normalization that accounts for the equation \sum_c P(y=c) = 1. These probabilities are the expected probabilities of a class given the coefficients. They can be computed with predict_proba To have better insight of the coefficients, please consider the left plot in this example. example http://scikit-learn.org/dev/_images/plot_logistic_multinomial_001.png In this example there are 3 classes a, b, c and 2 features x0, x1. The class is noted y. After the fit of a multinomial logistic, each class as a coefficients vector C with 2 components (for the 2 features): (C_a0, C_a1), (C_b0, C_b1), (C_c0, C_c1) There is also an intercept (aka biais) I for each class, which are always unidimensional: I_a, I_b, I_c The dash line represents the hyperplane defined by C and I: example: for class a, the hyperplane is defined by the equation x0 * C_a0 + x1 * C_a1 + I_a = 0 This is the hyperplane where P(y=a) = e^{x0 * C_a0 + x1 * C_a1 + I_a} / Z = 1 / Z. If C_a0 is positive, when x0 increases P(y=a) increases. If C_a0 is negative, when x0 increases P(y=a) decreases. However this is not the decision boundary. The decision boundary between classes a and b is defined by the equation: p(y=a) = p(y=b) which is e^{x0 * C_a0 + x1 * C_a1 + I_a} = e^{x0 * C_b0 + x1 * C_b1 + I_b} or again x0 * C_a0 + x1 * C_a1 + I_a = x0 * C_b0 + x1 * C_b1 + I_b. This boundary hyperplane is visible in the plot by the background colors. If C_a0 - C_b0 is positive, when x0 increases P(y=a) / P(y=b) increases. If C_a0 - C_b0 is negative, when x0 increases P(y=a) / P(y=b) decreases.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39934

Approximately 20% of women experience an episode of major depression, a rate that is twice that of men.^[@ref1]^ The period of greatest vulnerability for women appears to be the childbearing years, with the initial onset of depression most likely to occur between the ages of 25 and 44.^[@ref2]^ Several forms of depression are unique to women because of their apparent association with changes in reproductive hormones: premenstrual dysphorias, including premenstrual syndromes (PMSs) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), postpartum depression (PPD), and depression in the perimenopausal period. The link among these depressive disorders appears to be a sensitivity to normal shifts in gonadal hormones, which affect, neuroregulatory systems that play a role in affective disorders.^[@ref3],[@ref4]^ Such shifts occur during the menstrual cycle, in pregnancy and postpartum, and with ovarian aging in the years leading to the menopause. Historically, depression has been underrecognized and undertreated. Until recently, diagnostic criteria were imprecise, clinical trials of purported treatments for menstrually related depressions were lacking or poorly done, and treatment options were generally unsupported by scientific data. Over the last two decades, considerable scientific research has focused on the depressions unique to women. This review examines the evaluation and treatment of depression that occurs premenstrually, postpartum, and in the perimenopause based on the current clinical literature. Premenstrual dysphorias ======================= Of the depressive disorders that affect only women, PMSs are the most extensively studied. Severe PMS is a chronic mood disorder that continues for many years in reproductive-age women.^[@ref5]^ The etiology remains unconfirmed. Moderate-to-severe forms of the syndrome result in diminished functioning and impaired relationships that cannot be dismissed as trivial. The *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders*, 4th cd *(DSM-IV)* provides specific diagnostic criteria for severe dysphoric PMS termed PMDD.^[@ref6]^ Prevalence ---------- Survey studies indicate that up to 40% of menstruating experience some difficulty with premenstrual symptoms.^[@ref7],[@ref8]^ When premenstrual distress is dominated by emotional symptoms such as irritability, nervousness, tension, and depressed mood, it is a powerful predictor of treatment-seeking behavior. In a recent community-based study, 22% of menstruating women rated moderate-to-severe premenstrual distress on an analog measure of distress; this subjective distress was highly correlated with each of the impairment variables, occupation, leisure, partner, and friends.^[@ref9]^ Other studies show that approximately 3% to 10% of reproductive-age women met the specific criteria for PMDD.^[@ref10],[@ref11]^ Depression and PMS/PMDD ----------------------- By definition, PMDD is a severe and dysphoric form of PMS. Symptoms of irritability, emotional hypersensitivity, increased anxiety and food cravings, sleep difficulties, and decreased concentration characterize PMDD as well as depression, particularly atypical depression. A lifetime history of depression ranges from about 20% to 76% in samples of women diagnosed for PMS or PMDD,^[@ref12],[@ref13]^ with the higher rates substantially greater than the lifetime prevalence of about 20% for major depression in the female population of this age-group.^[@ref1]^ A family history of depressive illness is common in women with PMS/PMDD.^[@ref5]^ Women who seek treatment for premenstrual symptoms frequently have other emotional disorders, most commonly depressive disoders, substance abuse, or anxiety. Conversely, women who have mood disorders frequently experience worsening of symptoms premenstrually.^[@ref14]^ In spite of these observable similarities, increasing evidence suggests that PMS/PMDD is not a simple variant of depression, but a distinct disorder. While depressive symptoms characterize a substantial number of women with severe perimenstrual distress, there is also a sizeable group of women who do not suffer from either depression or anxiety symptoms, but experience severe or moderate perimenstrual distress with symptoms of irritability, nervousness, and tension.^[@ref9]^ On the basis of epidemiologic findings, the researchers posited that the features of irritability and tension irrespective of the presence of depressive symptoms may form the core symptoms of the disorder, a premise also advanced by Eriksson, on the basis of results of antidepressant treatment studies.^[@ref15],[@ref16]^ Data from epidemiologically based twin studies indicated that the degree to which premenstrual symptoms shared generic and environmental risk factors with major depression was modest, a possible indication that there is no close etiologic relationship between the two disorders.^[@ref17]^ The evidence that severe PMS/PMDD responds much more robustly to serotonergic antidepressants than to other antidepressants that are clearly effective for depressive disorders suggests differences in underlying mechanisms. There is also empirical evidence that a good response of PMS/PMDD patients to serotonergic antidepressants is not. explained by depressive symptoms or a history of depression.^[@ref18],[@ref19]^ The rapid response of several days rather than several weeks of PMS patients to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the efficacy of SSRIs at low doses, and the efficacy of other serotonin agonists, including fenfluramine^[@ref20]^ and buspirone,^[@ref21]^ which are not effective for depression, all suggest that the underlying mechanisms of severe PMS/PMDD differ from other depressive disorders. Evaluation ---------- The diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoria, PMS, or PMDD is made primarily on the basis of the symptom pattern and the exclusion of other possible diagnoses. The essential elements are confirmation of the expected relationship of the symptoms to the menstrual cycle, ie, that the symptoms occur premenstrually and remit with menses; that the symptoms are distressing and warrant treatment, ie, that the symptoms impair usual functioning; and that the symptoms are not due to another physical or mental disorder. These elements are incorporated in the diagnostic criteria for PM\'DD, which, in addition, requires at least 5 of 11 specified symptoms that are severe premenstrually and remit with menses.^[@ref6]^ It is underscored that the symptom *pattern,* rather than specific symptoms or the number of symptoms, defines the disorder. For a PMS/PMDD diagnosis, it is essential to confirm the symptom pattern for two to three menstrual cycles with prospective daily symptom ratings maintained by the patient, especially if the symptoms are mild. Less than half the women who report PM.S provide daily symptom reports that corroborate their retrospective reports,^[@ref22]^ which are less reliable when symptoms are not consistent and severe.^[@ref23]^ The major consideration after identifying the symptom pattern is whether the condition is purely PMS/PMDD or a premenstrual exacerbation of other psychiatric problems or medical conditions. Premenstrual exacerbation of symptoms may occur in other conditions such as asthma,^[@ref24],[@ref25]^ migraine,^[@ref26]^ seizure disorders,^[@ref27]^ alcohol intake,^[@ref28],[@ref29]^ depression,^[@ref14]^ and schizophrenia.^[@ref30]^ There is no laboratory test that identifies PMS/PMDD, and such tests are useful only if there are other questions that might, be answered. PMS and PMDD are based on regular menstrual cycles within the normal range of 22 to 35 days, and patients with irregular cycling should be examined for other conditions. Standard hematology and blood chemistry profiles are conducted to confirm general good health. A thorough examination includes a review of current and past psychiatric status, particularly mood and anxiety disorders that are commonly associated with PMS/PMDD. A gynecologic examination is important to rule out problems such as endometriosis, which might account for the symptoms. Serotonergic antidepressants ---------------------------- The serotonergic antidepressants, particularly the SSRIs, appear to be the treatment of choice for severe PMS and PMDD at this time. Modulating serotonergic function is consistent with the dominant theoretical view that the normal gonadal steroid fluctuations of the menstrual cycle trigger an abnormal serotonergic response in vulnerable women. Indications of abnormalities in markers of serotonergic transmission in women with severe PMS include evidence of a lowered platelet imipramine binding (a peripheral marker of serotonin \[5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT\] function) in the luteal phase,^[@ref31]^ decreased platelet 5-HT content and 5-HT uptake during the luteal phase,^[@ref32],[@ref33]^ and significantly decreased whole blood 5-HT levels premenstrually.^[@ref34]^ PMS patients showed a lower 5-HT response to tryptophan (a 5-HT precursor) during the luteal phase compared with the follicular or midluteal phases.^[@ref35]^ Challenge tests depleting tryptophan provoked PMS symptoms,^[@ref36]^ while tryptophan supplementation relieved PMS symptoms in open-label treatment.^[@ref37]^. Following administration of the serotonin -releasing fenfluramine, the women with PMDD had a significantly blunted prolactin response compared with the normal controls.^[@ref38]^ Fenfluramine administered to PMS subjects improved depressed mood and food cravings.^[@ref20]^ Administration of the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (*m*-CPP) showed improvement of PMS symptoms in the luteal phase and a blunted response to Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in both the follicular and luteal phases of the PMS subjects compared with normal controls.^[@ref39]^ Although existing information does not indicate a causal relationship between serotonin and PMS, the data suggest involvement of the serotonergic system in this disorder. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of SSRIs in treatment of PMS/PMDD concluded that these drugs were an effective first-line therapy, with the overall standard mean difference in favor of SSRIs equivalent to an odds ratio of 6.91.^[@ref40]^ Efficacy has been clearly shown for fluoxetine,^[@ref41]-[@ref46]^ sertraline,^[@ref18],[@ref47]-[@ref50]^ paroxetine,^[@ref51]^ citalopram,^[@ref52]^ venlafaxine,^[@ref53]^ and clomipramine.^[@ref54],[@ref55]^ Open-label studies showed that nefazodone^[@ref56]^ and fluvoxamine^[@ref57]^ also had response frequencies in PMS treatment similar to those in the placebo-controlled studies of SSRIs. The only medication with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of PMDD are fluoxetine and sertraline. In all reports of SSRI and other serotonergic antidepressant treatments for PMS/PMDD, the effective doses have remained at the low end of the dose range. An adequate trial of a serotonergic antidepressant is at least two menstrual cycles with a third cycle if there is partial response. If a patient has an insufficient response or continuing side effects with an initial SSRI, another SSRI can be tried.^[@ref58]^ Side effects are common with the onset of treatment, but are usually transient and disappear during the first treatment cycle. The most common side effects include headache, nausea, insomnia, fatigue or lethargy, diarrhea, decreased concentration, and dizziness. Decreased libido is also a common side effect of SSRI treatment, although the few published reports of PMS patients identified a relatively low incidence of decreased sexual interest or reduced orgasm of 10% to 12%.^[@ref18],[@ref53]^ In contrast, the frequency of less sexual arousal reported by women in depression studies ranged from 32% (sertraline) to 40% (paroxetine).^[@ref59]^ Whether there is a true difference between PMS and major depression patients with respect to this side effect, is not known, but the PMS/PMDD reports clearly are from acute treatment trials, do not represent a systematic assessment of sexual function, and may not represent, experience with longer maintenance treatment. Luteal phase closing -------------------- The use of medication only in the symptomatic luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is of particular interest in PMS/PMDD because of the cyclic pattern of the symptoms, which includes a clear symptom-free interval each month, and the rapid response of these patients to SSRIs. A number of preliminary studies examined luteal phase dosing regimens of SSRIs and consistently reported efficacy.^[@ref48]-[@ref50],[@ref52],[@ref60],[@ref61]^ Two large multicenter trials reported efficacy of fluoxetine^[@ref62]^ and sertraline^[@ref13]^ administered for the last 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle. As with daily dosing, the mean doses remained low and the medications were well tolerated. No studies to date have reported discontinuation symptoms with luteal phase dosing. Although several reports suggested superiority of luteal phase dosing over daily dosing, none were designed or sufficiently powered to answer this question. Overall, the studies indicate that luteal phase dosing is effective for clearly diagnosed PMS/PMDD; previous daily treatment with an SSRI is not required; response is usually at the low end of the dose range; side effects are similar to those seen in continuous dosing; and discontinuation symptoms do not appear to be a problem in the luteal phase dosing regimens. Other antidepressants --------------------- The antidepressant response in PMS/PMDD appears to be associated with potent, serotonergic activity and is not a general antidepressant effect. Other antidepressants, which are clearly effective for major depression, such as desipramine (a tricyclic noradrenergic antidepressant),^[@ref18]^ buproprion (with weak inhibition of both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake),^[@ref45]^ and maprotoline (a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor),^[@ref51]^ were no more effective than the placebo in PMS treatment. Long-term treatment of PMS/PMDD ------------------------------- All published studies of treatment efficacy for PMS/PMDD are based on acute treatment of 2 to 3 months\' duration. Anecdotal reports and several small pilot investigations^[@ref63]-[@ref66]^ suggest that PMS symptoms return within several months if medication is stopped. It also appears that untreated symptoms do not resolve spontaneously, as may occur in depression, but continue for many years, based on information from clinical trials, which report that the duration of the disorder is in the range of 8 to 10 years prior to treatment. Well-designed, long-term maintenance studies have not been conducted for this disorder, but these observations suggest that long-term maintenance treatment may be appropriate for patients with severe PMS/PMDD, particularly if they experience a rapid return of symptoms after responding to medication. Insufficient response to serotonergic antidepressants ----------------------------------------------------- The overall response of PMS/PMDD patients to SSRIs is approximately 60% in controlled trials, but up to 40% may not have sufficient response. No strong predictors of response have been identified.^[@ref19]^ An expert consensus group recommended the common clinical practice of shifting to a second SSRI when the patient has an insufficient response or is intolerant to the initial SSRI.^[@ref58]^ Augmenting an SSRI with other medications has not been tested in PMS/PMDD studies. Switching to another class of medication that has shown efficacy for PMS/PMDD, such as anxiolytics or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, is suggested, but there are no data that indicate whether nonresponders to an SSRI will respond to another class of medication. Nonresponse may also be due to other comorbid disorders. A thorough review of the diagnosis and adjustments of the premenstrual doses of medication for the primary disorder should be considered before pursuing other treatments for PMS. Other treatments ---------------- ### *Hormonal treatment* Hormonal treatments for PMS/PMDD are not supported by consistent scientific information in spite of evidence of hormonal involvement in the disorder.^[@ref67]^ GnRH agonists, such as depot leuprolide^[@ref68],[@ref69]^ and intranasal buserelin,^[@ref70],[@ref71]^ effectively reduce PMS symptoms, but arc of limited use because of the risks associated with low estrogen levels, particularly osteoporosis, and these medications are viewed as appropriate only as a diagnostic tool or for patients who do not respond to other treatments. Results of preliminary investigations of add-back therapy using low-dose estrogen and progesterone in conjunction with a GnRH agonist are inconsistent and do not yet definitively indicate that this is a safe as well as effective approach for long-term treatment.^[@ref72]-[@ref74]^ Limited data indicate that tibolone (a selective estrogen enzyme modulator) administered with a GnRH agonist in PMS treatment protects against the bone loss observed with GnRH agonists and docs not reduce the therapeutic effect of the agonist.^[@ref75]^ There are few randomized, placebo-controlled studies of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a treatment for severe PMS or PMDD, and no consistent scientific evidence of their efficacy for the disorder.^[@ref76],[@ref77]^ A triphasic OC was more effective than placebo only for physical symptoms of breast pain and bloating.^[@ref76]^ A recent trial of an OC containing a new progestin, an analog of spironolactone with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity, showed a consistent reduction of both physical and behavioral PMS symptoms including dysphoric mood, but additional studies with sufficient statistical power are needed.^[@ref78]^ From a clinical perspective, OCs are widely viewed as both improving and worsening PMS symptoms. Combination OCs have both estrogenic and progestational effects that vary considerably among the more than 40 compounds available in the USA. Relative absorption of the hormones, peripheral conversion, the degree of follicular development in the placebo interval, individual susceptibility to monophasic or triphasic formulations, and side effects have large variations among women and are not well understood in relation to PMS. Moreover, OCs can have side effects of water retention, bloating, appetite changes, and depressed mood, which are also PMS symptoms. Some studies showed that OC users had fewer PMS symptoms than nonusers overall,^[@ref79]^ but other investigations found few symptom differences between the two groups and no difference with respect to mood changes.^[@ref80]^ In sum, there is little empirical support or guidance for OCs as a treatment for PMS/PMDD,^[@ref81]^ although it is reasonable to try OCs, particularly when contraception is also required. If mood symptoms are predominant and persist, a serotonergic antidepressant is considered the first-line therapy. Estrogen therapy with dose regimens sufficient to suppress ovulation significantly decreased the dysphoric mood and physical symptoms of PMS.^[@ref82]-[@ref84]^ However, estrogen must be cycled with progesterone to reduce the risk of uterine cancer, and the extent to which exogenous progesterone results in return of PMS symptoms remains unclear. Progesterone treatment, of PMS was advocated for many years, but numerous studies, including three large randomized controlled trials, failed to show improvement significantly greater than placebo for the mood and behavioral symptoms of PMS.^[@ref85]-[@ref87]^ ### *Anxiolytics* Alprazolam and buspirone showed modest efficacy for PMS in some studies,^[@ref87]-[@ref91]^ but not others.^[@ref92],[@ref93]^ The well-known risk of dependence with alprazolam must be considered, and this medication should be tried only when the patient, has symptoms clearly limited to the luteal phase (so that the medication is stopped for at least 2 weeks in each cycle) and no history of substance abuse. These medications offer an alternative to antidepressants, but the extent to which patients who fail to respond to antidepressants respond to these anxiolytics is not known. ### *Nonpharmacologic approaches* Numerous nonpharmacologic approaches have been advocated for PMS, but few are supported by solid empirical evidence.^[@ref94]^ A large study of calcium supplementation (600 mg twice daily) for PMS reduced premenstrual depression, fatigue, edema, and pain significantly more than the placebo. However, the severity of the dysphoric mood symptoms was not indicated, and further information is required to determine the efficacy of this treatment for premenstrual dysphorias.^[@ref95]^ A meta-analysis showed that vitamin B~6~ was about twice as likely as placebo to improve PMS symptoms overall, with an odds ratio for improvement, in depressive symptoms of 1.69, but the researchers concluded that the quality of the studies was too poor to have confidence in the results.^[@ref96]^ There was no significant dose response, indicating that the amount of vitamin B~6~ did not affect improvement, and reports of peripheral neuropathies with doses exceeding 200 mg preclude the use of megadoses.^[@ref96]^ Several reports of cognitive therapies show improvement of premenstrual symptoms.^[@ref94]^ Other complementary and alternative therapies showed no convincing evidence of efficacy for PMS in a review of randomized controlled trials (dietary supplements, 13 trials; herbal medicines, 7 trials; biofeedback, 2 trials; homeopathy, relaxation, massage, reflexology, and chiropractic, 1 trial each).^[@ref97]^ Emerging from a long history with little understanding and many treatments of doubtful effect, clinically significant PMS is now recognized as a chronic disorder that impairs functioning and personal relationships for a sizeable number of women. Serotonergic antidepressants are the first-line treatment at this time. Using these medications only in the symptomatic luteal phase is effective for women without, other comorbid disorders. Hormonal treatments for PMS are not supported by consistent scientific data on efficacy and safety, in spite of evidence of hormonal involvement in the disorder. Perimenopause ============= When women are in their forties, anovulation becomes more frequent and menstrual cycles are altered in length and frequency.^[@ref98]^ This reproductive transition extends for 2 to 8 years before the menopause, which is defined as the point where there was no menstrual bleeding for 12 months.^[@ref99]^ The mean duration of the perimenopausal transition is about 5 years; the onset occurs between the ages of 39 and 51 years for 95% of women.^[@ref100]^ Although cycle irregularity is the traditional clinical marker for perimenopause, it is increasingly clear that hormonal changes and distressing menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes can occur before observed cycle changes, which are an unreliable indicator of the perimenopause.^[@ref101]^ Prevalence of depression ------------------------ Among the most controversial issues in the transition to menopause is its association with depression. Whether there is an association, what the causes are, and how such depression should be treated are questions that continue to have no definitive answers. Epidemiologic studies based on self-report of menopausal status and dysphoric mood have consistently shown that most postmenopausal respondents do not report high rates of depressive symptoms and that reported depressive symptoms were not related to menopause per se but to other health problems,^[@ref102]-[@ref104]^ and suggest that menopause does not cause depressive illness.^[@ref105]^ The National Comorbidity Study reported 30-day estimates of major depression of 5.0% and lifetime estimates of 21.8% for women aged 45 to 54 years, slightly lower than the estimates for the 35- to 44-ycar age-group, which had the highest, rates of depression.^[@ref106]^ However, the rates of recurrent depression were highest, in the 45- to 54-year age-group when compared with older women.^[@ref107]^ The Massachusetts Health Study^[@ref102]^ found that in the cohort of women aged 45 to 55 years at baseline prior depression was the variable most predictive of subsequent depression, based on self-report of depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale.^[@ref108]^ The chance of a *recurrence* of depression is high (50% after a first episode, 70% after two episodes, and 90% after three episodes)^[@ref109]^ and may coincide with the perimenopausal years. Most cross-sectional studies suggest that women in the 40- to 55-year age-group are more likely to report depressive symptoms than pre- and postmenopausal women. In the current Study of Women\'s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), 40.5% of the sample of women aged 40 to 55 years reported that they had felt depressed within the past 2 weeks.^[@ref110]^ Dennerstein et al defined perimenopausal status from bleeding patterns and reported that 38% of late perimenopausal women reported depressive symptoms in the previous 2 weeks compared to 26% of the premenopausal and 28% of the postmenopausal women.^[@ref111]^ Bosworth et al reported that 28.9% of women aged 45 to 54 years had a high level of depressive symptoms based on an abbreviated CES-D scale, but found no association between the depressive symptoms and menopausal stage defined by the women\'s perceptions.^[@ref112]^ Soares et al identified 28.7% of women aged 40 to 58 years attending a menopause clinic as meeting *DSM-IV* criteria for depressive disorders.^[@ref113]^ While all these studies suggest an increased prevalence of depressive symptoms and possibly depressive illness in the transition to menopause, whether these depressive symptoms are associated with hormonal fluctuations or changes that characterize the transition to menopause remains unclear. Estrogen as an antidepressant ----------------------------- Estrogen treatment is widely believed to improve depressive symptoms in menopausal women,^[@ref114]-[@ref118]^ but study results are inconclusive because of large variations in study design and measures, hormonal status and diagnosis of the subjects, the estrogen compound, dose, and duration of use, and failure to find an effect greater than the placebo response.^[@ref119]-[@ref122]^ Burt et al^[@ref123]^ identified six studies that included perimenopausal women for estrogen treatment of depressive symptoms. Only two studies were placebo-controlled; only one of these showed significant improvement with estradiol compared with placebo after 4 months of treatment, but the treatment advantage over placebo was not sustained after 12 months of treatment.^[@ref124]^ In an uncontrolled study of women judged to be depressed or not depressed on the basis of the Beck Depression Inventory, only the group that was not depressed responded to standard replacement doses (0.3-0.625 mg/day) of conju-gated estrogen.^[@ref125]^ Pharmacologic doses of estradiol (5-25 mg/day) showed improvement greater than placebo in women diagnosed with depressive disorders^[@ref126]^ and in a study of postmenopausal women with scores signifying mental distress (1-4 mg/day).^[@ref127]^ Conclusions cannot be drawn from the conflicting results of these studies, which are limited by designs that do not clearly identify essential variables, such as menopausal status and diagnosis of depression, and also lack comparability in the form and dose of estrogen treatment. Two recent well-designed studies found 17β-estradiol to be effective for depression in perimenopausal women. Both studies clearly diagnosed depression, endocrinologically defined perimenopausal status and administered transdermal 17β-estradiol (the major circulating estrogen in women) using randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind designs and showed that estrogen may be an effective treatment for major or minor depression in perimenopausal women. Soares et al^[@ref128]^ reported remission of depression in 68% of the estradiol group compared with 20% of the placebo group after 12 weeks. Schmidt et al^[@ref129]^ showed a full or partial response for 80% of the estradiol group compared with 22% of the placebo group after 6 weeks of estradiol. A progestin added at 7 weeks did not negate improvement with one exception of worsening of early morning waking. Both studies indicated that the effect of estradiol on mood was independent of hot flashes - an important finding that suggests that the improvement of depressed mood with estrogen treatment, was not simply a result of improving hot flashes. Both studies identified a rapid onset of antidepressant response in perimenopausal depression. However, the brief duration of the progestin use may be inadequate to determine whether long-term progesterone use reduces the beneficial estradiol effect on mood.^[@ref116]^ Further studies are needed to confirm these positive findings and determine long-term effects of estradiol treatment. Estrogen administration throughout the cycle may be more effective than the standard OC regimen for decreasing depressive symptoms in perimenopausal women. Blümel et al compared a standard OC (20 μg ethinyl estradiol and 150 mg desogestrel for 21 days followed by placebo for 7 days) with the same OC followed by only 2 days of placebo and 5 days of 10 μg ethinyl estradiol in a randomized trial.^[@ref130]^ Depressive, vasomotor, and somatic symptoms and sexual function improved significantly more in the group with estrogen continued throughout the cycle. The results were interpreted by the researchers to indicate that increasing the days with estrogen in women using OCs restimulated estrogen receptors and improved cerebral neurochemistry. Antidepressant medications -------------------------- The SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline) and other serotonergic antidepressants such as venlafaxine, nefazodone, and clomipramine are currently viewed as the first-line treatment for most depressive disorders because of extensive data supporting their efficacy, the minimal need for dose titration, and generally favorable side-effect profiles.^[@ref58]^ However, there is growing evidence of gender differences and effects of menstrual status in treatment response and tolerability to SSRIs. Women with chronic major depression were more likely to respond to sertraline compared with men, who were more likely to respond to the tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine.^[@ref131]^ Menstrual status affected this response, with premenopausal women significantly more likely to respond to the serotonergic than a tricyclic antidepressant, while the postmenopausal women responded similarly to both medications. The postmenopausal women who were taking imipramine also had significantly lower attrition rates than premenopausal women. Similar results were observed in a comparison of fluoxetine with maprotiline.^[@ref132]^ Other observations of postmenopausal women identified an interaction between estrogen status and antidepressant therapies: women who were using estrogen replacement therapy and received fluoxetine had a greater antidepressant response than the women who received only fluoxetine^[@ref133]^; similarly, older depressed women who received both estrogen and sertraline responded better than those who received only sertraline.^[@ref134]^ Another trial of fluoxetine in depressed menopausal women failed to find any effect of estrogen therapy, but the subjects were younger (≥45 years of age) and menopausal status was determined only by age, limiting interpretation and comparisons of the results.^[@ref135]^ Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that menstrual status is an important consideration in selecting an antidepressant for women, and that the estrogen status (which differs in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women) may be associated with the response to antidepressants. Management of depression in perimenopausal women ------------------------------------------------ Current consensus guidelines for treatment of depression in perimenopausal women recommend an antidepressant for severe depression.^[@ref58]^ Data indicate that an SSRI may be preferred to a tricyclic antidepressant for women who are not postmenopausal. For women with previous episodes of depression, the general guideline is to prescribe the antidepressant used in the previous episode if the patient had a satisfactory response. Transdermal estradiol (0.05-0.10 mg/day) may be of benefit for perimenopausal women with major or minor depression, based on preliminary but consistent findings of two new studies.^[@ref128],[@ref129]^ Minor mood symptoms associated with the perimenopause are also improved with estrogen therapy.^[@ref116]^ A progestin must also be prescribed for women with a uterus and may reduce the improvement of depressed mood in some women. Estrogen therapy is generally contraindicated for women with breast cancer, any potentially estrogen-dependent malignancy, active liver disease, and active thrombosis. Speroff et al indicate close surveillance for women with seizure disorders, familial hyperlipidemias, and migraine headaches.^[@ref136]^ Other considerations include a history of breast disease, history of stroke, myocardial infarction or thrombosis, and active gall bladder disease or gallstones. The estradiol dose of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does not suppress ovulation or provide contraception for perimenopausal women, who continue to be at risk of pregnancy until the menopause.^[@ref137]^ For contraceptive protection and for estrogen-related symptoms such as hot flashes, an OC with estrogen rather than HRT may be preferred for perimenopausal women. However, there is no evidence at this time that OCs effectively treat major or minor depression in perimenopausal women. Recent studies suggested that reducing the placebo interval of OCs and extending estradiol through the cycle improved depressive symptoms, but these findings do not extend to women diagnosed with depressive illness. The association of cardiovascular events with estrogen is dose-related and the current low-dose OCs (\<50 μg ethinyl estradiol) can be used by perimenopausal women with normal blood pressure.^[@ref137]^ Smokers over age 35 should not use OCs. A frequently asked question is whether estrogen and antidepressant therapies can be combined. The strongest rationale for using both medications is the known benefits of each. In addition to its psychotropic effect, estradiol reduces menopause-related hot flashes, improves vaginal dryness, is protective against bone loss, which may result in osteoporosis, and may be protective against cardiovascular disease.^[@ref137]^ Recent evidence indicates that estrogen can produce an antidepressant response in perimenopausal women with major or minor depression.^[@ref128],[@ref129]^ Antidepressants are clearly effective for dysphoric mood. Although preliminary findings have suggested that the combined use of HRT and serotonergic antidepressants enhanced the antidepressant response, these observations pertained to elderly depressed women and cannot be generalized to perimenopausal women. There are no studies of combined estrogen and antidepressant therapies in women identified as perimenopausal. To assess perimenopausal depression, the pattern and severity of the depressive symptoms should be determined. Perimenopausal status is suggested by the presence of vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes or irregular menstrual cycles, although it is entirely possible that a perimenopausal woman has neither, particularly in the early stages of the menopausal transition. Careful physical examination and medical history should be obtained to determine other coexisting conditions, previous experience of any depressive disorder, the onset of the depressive symptoms in conjunction with menstrual cycle changes, and to identify risk factors and contraindications for estrogen therapy. A follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level greater than 20 IU/L is a hormonal marker of the perimenopause, but single measures are considered unreliable because of sporadic follicular activity and competence. The decline in mean estrogen levels occurs primarily in the year before menopause,^[@ref138]^ although there is considerable individual variability. Burger et al recently reported that mean estrogen levels started to decrease about 2 years before the final menstrual period, but fell substantially only in the year before the final menses with the most rapid decrease around the time of the final menstrual period.^[@ref139]^ Recognition that the perimenopause can extend over a number of years and that the hormonal shifts that occur in this transition may be associated with depressive symptoms is important for patient care. However, scientific data to guide treatment of depression in the perimenopause are limited and inconclusive. Estrogen therapy may be helpful for major or minor depression as well as for depressive symptoms linked to the menopause. OCs containing estrogen are another possible option for perimenopausal women, who still require contraceptive protection, but there is no consistent evidence at this time of their antidepressant effects. The hormone doses of OCs are considerably higher than those of HRT, but only the HRT dose levels of estrogen have shown antidepressant effects in perimenopausal women at this time. Serotonergic antidepressants are clearly effective for depressive illness, and are now widely considered the first-line treatment for moderate-to-severe depressive illness or a repeated episode of depression in perimenopausal women. Postpartum depression ===================== The months following childbirth have been recognized throughout history as a period of increased risk of depression for vulnerable women, although diagnostic criteria have emerged only in recent decades, and there are few well-designed controlled studies of treatment efficacy. Two defining characteristics of PPD are its occurrence at a time of large hormonal shifts and its high likelihood of recurrence with subsequent pregnancies. Prevalence ---------- PPD is a nonpsychotic depression that meets the diagnostic criteria for major depression and occurs within several months of delivery as defined in the *DSM-IV*.^[@ref6]^ The point-prevalence of PPD within 6 to 9 weeks of delivery is about 12%. ^[@ref140],[@ref141]^ Postpartum psychosis is uncommon, but potentially lethal to the woman or the infant, and occurs in 1 to 2 per 1000 women following childbirth, with onset usually within 2 to 4 weeks of delivery.^[@ref142]^ Mood lability, or "baby blues" within the initial days following delivery is very common, with estimates up to 80% for brief periods of symptoms such as tearfulness, fatigue, and insomnia that occur within the first 2 weeks of childbirth, peaking at about 5 days postpartum.^[@ref143]^ It was long believed that women were at decreased risk of depressive disorders during pregnancy, and few studies examined associations between depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. However, studies show that depression can increase steadily from the second trimester of pregnancy to 9 weeks postpartum,^[@ref140],[@ref143]^ with little difference in prevalence (9% in the second trimester; 12% postpartum) or even greater prevalence during pregnancy than postpartum.^[@ref144],[@ref145]^ Data also indicate that the depressive symptoms differ when compared during pregnancy and in early and later postpartum periods, corroborating both the occurrence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and identifying differing vulnerabilities to depression throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.^[@ref146]^ PPD is strongly associated with previous depressions. A recent review indicated that the increased risk was 25% for women with a history of depression, 50% for women with previous PPD, and 75% for women with depression during the current pregnancy.^[@ref58]^ Twenty-nine percent of women diagnosed with late luteal phase disorder and 43% of women diagnosed with PMS had experienced PPD, suggesting possible association with premenstrual syndromes.^[@ref147],[@ref148]^ Other risk factors for PPD include poor social support and chronic stressors.^[@ref149]^ Treatment of postpartum depression ---------------------------------- Reported treatments for PPD include antidepressants, hormones, and psychotherapy, but there is a paucity of well-designed controlled studies, samples are small and there are no definitive conclusions. ### *Antidepressants* Sertonergic antidepressants with reported efficacy for PPD include fluoxetine in double -blind study,^[@ref150]^ and sertraline, venlafaxine, and fluvoxamine in open studies.^[@ref151]-[@ref153]^ Results in the sertraline study suggested that response is swift (by 2 weeks) and at low doses, but these findings were not supported in another retrospective record review.^[@ref154]^ The many antidepressants available are clearly effective for depression but are generally unstudied for PPD. Other considerations in the selection of an antidepressant are the patient\'s tolerability of side effects and the response to a previously prescribed antidepressant. For women with previous episodes of depression, the general guideline is to prescribe the antidepressant used in the previous episode if the patient had a satisfactory response. A major concern about drug therapy for breast-feeding mothers is the effect of medication on the infant.^[@ref155]^ In small studies, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine, clomipramine, imipramine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine were not detected in quantifiable amounts in infant, plasma and all infants were thriving.^[@ref156]-[@ref161]^ The results are encouraging, but cannot be generalized to all infants exposed to these medications. Because of the high risk of repeated PPD, the question of prophylactic treatment is important but unanswered. In the only controlled study of an antidepressant administered as a prophylactic, the tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline, initiated immediately postpartum in nondepressed women at risk of a subsequent PPD, was not better than placebo; 25% of the women in each group had a recurrence of PPD.^[@ref162]^ ### *Hormone treatments* Sublingual 17β-estradiol (1 mg, 3 to 8 times/day to achieve a serum concentration of 400 pmol/L) in open treatment for 8 weeks resulted in rapid and significant improvement for women with severe PPD.^[@ref163]^ The women had very low serum estradiol concentrations at the pretreatment baseline (mean = 21.7 pg/mL), but whether the low estradiol levels differed from those of asymptomatic postpartum women could not be determined in the absence of a control group. Women with postpartum psychosis also responded to 17β-estradiol treatment in a similar study conducted by the same researchers.^[@ref164]^ Transdermal 17β-estradiol (delivery of 200 μg/day for 6 months) was significantly better than placebo for PPD, meeting criteria for major depressive disorder.^[@ref165]^ The response occurred in the first month of treatment and was sustained for the 6 months of the randomized, double-blind study. The effect on symptoms of a progestin added after 3 months was not reported; endometrial curettage at the end of treatment showed endometrial changes (sic) in three women, which resolved on follow-up. A very small open pilot study administered estrogen immediately after delivery to prevent recurrent PPD.^[@ref166]^ A much lower relapse rate than expected in the ensuing year (9% versus an expected 35% to 60% without prophylaxis) suggested the utility of estrogen for high-risk women and supported the hypothesis that PPD may be triggered by rapid changes in the levels of estradiol in vulnerable women. However, possible problems with highdose estrogen therapy such as the need to administer coagulants and the interference of estrogen with breast milk are not yet answered.^[@ref167]^ Evidence does not support progesterone treatment for PPD.^[@ref168]^ Nor is there scientific evidence to support the prophylactic use of progesterone to prevent the recurrence of PPD. A randomized controlled trial of norethisterone enanthate given within hours of delivery reported an *increased* risk of developing PPD.^[@ref169]^ ### *Psychotherapy* Although there is increasing evidence that antidepressants are relatively safe, concerns for possible effects of pharmacologic treatments in the infants supports psychotherapy as the treatment for PPD in breast-feeding mothers. Evaluation of women mild-to-moderate major depression, who were randomized to interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) or wait-list condition for 12 weeks demonstrated significantly greater improvement in PPD and social adjustment for the psychotherapy group.^[@ref170]^ Another study reported that fluoxetine and six sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy were each effective for minor and major depression occurring in the first 6 to 8 weeks postpartum, but also found no advantage to receiving both treatment modalities.^[@ref171]^ ### *Management* The most serious problem in the management of PPD is its underrecognition and undertreatment. Maternal depression can impair mother-infant bonding and affect cognitive and emotional development.^[@ref172]^ Women with a history of PPD or another mood disorder require close observation and prompt treatment of depressive symptoms. However, detection of possible PPD has been poor in routine clinical evaluation.^[@ref173]^ Identification of possible PPD significantly increased when a simple screening scale was used (6% vs 35%).^[@ref173]^ Another study showed that the rate of diagnosis of PPD increased from about. 4% to 11% following the implementation of a universal screening of postpartum women.^[@ref141]^ A brief screening scale (eg, the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale)^[@ref171]^ appears to be an essential tool for identifying women who may have clinically significant depression in the postpartum period. Consensus guidelines indicate that the first-line treatment of PPD is antidepressants whether or not the mother is breast-feeding.^[@ref58]^ Although case-series comparisons have consistently reported no clinically significant differences in the infants of mothers taking or not taking antidepressant medications, relatively small numbers of women and their infants have been studied, and the findings are not sufficient to generalize to all infants at this time. Thus, it remains important to consider the risk/benefit equation for each woman in selecting treatment for PPD. Conclusions =========== Serotonergic antidepressants are generally the first-line treatment for menstrually related depressions - PPD, premenstrual dysphorias, and depression in the perimenopause - using regimens that are proven for major depression. While there is increasing evidence that the reproductive hormones are involved in these disorders, knowledge of their use as effective and safe treatments is still limited. Preliminary studies indicate that estrogen replacement therapy is effective for major and minor depression in perimenopausal women with or without a history of depression. Pilot data suggest that estradiol may be effective for severe PPD. Progesterone is clearly not effective for depressive symptoms in PMS/PMDD, the postpartum or perimenopause. Safety concerns for medications during pregnancy and breast-feeding point to psychotherapy as the treatment for PPD, but the risk calculation of each treatment modality should be made on an individual basis. No one treatment entirely fits each of these complex disorders with their still-heterogeneous populations, and a one-fits-all treatment approach is not possible. Nonetheless, understanding knowledge of the causes and treatments of women\'s depressions is increasing, and many women with these disorders can obtain relief with effective medical treatment. ACTH : adrenocorticotropic hormone GnRH : gonadotropin-releasing hormone HRT : hormone replacement therapy 5-HT : 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) m-CPP : m-chlorophenylpiperazine OC : oral contraceptive PMDD : premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMS : premenstrual syndrome PPD : postpartum depression SSRI : selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39936

using System; namespace HotChocolate.Types { public interface ICompletedDependencyDescriptor { ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn<T>() where T : ITypeSystemMember; ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn<T>(bool mustBeCompleted) where T : ITypeSystemMember; ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn(Type schemaType); ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn( Type schemaType, bool mustBeCompleted); ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn(NameString typeName); ICompletedDependencyDescriptor DependsOn( NameString typeName, bool mustBeCompleted); } }

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39937

I generally refuse to be drawn into the Yellen-Summers horse race because (a) everything that can be said, has been said, (b) I have no original information or insight, and (c) it’s all speculation anyway. But I’m going to comment on one parenthesis in Felix Salmon’s good summary post, since it has broader application: Summers is, to put it mildly, not good at charming those he considers to be his inferiors, but he’s surprisingly excellent at cultivating people with real power. In my personal experience, especially in the business world, this is absolutely the worst personality trait you can find in anyone you are thinking of hiring. You see it a lot, especially in senior executives. Unfortunately, at the time of hiring, you only see the ability to manage up—not the inability to treat subordinates decently. By the time you figure it out, you’ve already suffered serious organizational damage. (Thanks to my friend Marcus Ryu for identifying this problem so clearly.) Powerful, self-confident people—like Barack Obama—are especially vulnerable, because they tend to make decisions based on intuitive judgments, and they form those judgments based on personal impressions—exactly the thing that two-faced psychopaths are good at making. (I’m not saying that Larry Summers is necessarily a psychopath, mind you—but apparently a lot of corporate CEOs are.) This is just another reason that it makes sense to hire people based on their objective records, not the warm fuzzy feeling you get from the job interview. Thankfully, Summers has a record to go on. Hopefully Obama will keep it in mind.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39946

local T = true local F = false terra check() var a = true return not true == false end assert(check() == true) terra check2() return not T == F end assert(check2() == true) terra check3() return not T == not not T end assert(check3() == false) terra check4() return not not T == T and not not F == F and true == T and false == F end assert(check4() == true) terra foo() return not false end assert(foo() == true)

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39958

Q: How can I merge several hashes into one hash in Perl? In Perl, how do I get this: $VAR1 = { '999' => { '998' => [ '908', '906', '0', '998', '907' ] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '991' => [ '913', '920', '918', '998', '916', '919', '917', '915', '912', '914' ] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '996' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '995' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '994' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '993' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '997' => [ '986', '987', '990', '984', '989', '988' ] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '101' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '102' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '103' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '104' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '105' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '106' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '995' => { '107' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '994' => { '910' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '993' => { '909' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '993' => { '904' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '994' => { '985' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '994' => { '983' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '993' => { '902' => [] } }; $VAR1 = { '999' => { '992' => [ '905' ] } }; to this: $VAR1 = { '999:' => [ { '992' => [ '905' ] }, { '993' => [ { '909' => [] }, { '904' => [] }, { '902' => [] } ] }, { '994' => [ { '910' => [] }, { '985' => [] }, { '983' => [] } ] }, { '995' => [ { '101' => [] }, { '102' => [] }, { '103' => [] }, { '104' => [] }, { '105' => [] }, { '106' => [] }, { '107' => [] } ] }, { '996' => [] }, { '997' => [ '986', '987', '990', '984', '989', '988' ] }, { '998' => [ '908', '906', '0', '998', '907' ] }, { '991' => [ '913', '920', '918', '998', '916', '919', '917', '915', '912', '914' ] } ]}; A: I think this is closer than anybody else has gotten: This does most of what you want. I did not store things in arrays of singular hashes, as I don't feel that that is useful. Your scenario is not a regular one. I've tried to genericize this to some extent, but was not possible to overcome the singularity of this code. First of all because it appears you want to collapse everything with the same id into a merged entity (with exceptions), you have to descend through the structure pulling the definitions of the entities. Keeping track of levels, because you want them in the form of a tree. Next, you assemble the ID table, merging entities as possible. Note that you had 995 defined as an empty array one place and as a level another. So given your output, I wanted to overwrite the empty list with the hash. After that, we need to move the root to the result structure, descending that in order to assign canonical entities to the identifiers at each level. Like I said, it's not anything that regular. Of course, if you still want a list of hashes which are no more than pairs, that's an exercise left to you. use strict; use warnings; # subroutine to identify all elements sub descend_identify { my ( $level, $hash_ref ) = @_; # return an expanding list that gets populated as we desecend return map { my $item = $hash_ref->{$_}; $_ => ( $level, $item ) , ( ref( $item ) eq 'HASH' ? descend_identify( $level + 1, $item ) : () ) ; } keys %$hash_ref ; } # subroutine to refit all nested elements sub descend_restore { my ( $hash, $ident_hash ) = @_; my @keys = keys %$hash; @$hash{ @keys } = @$ident_hash{ @keys }; foreach my $h ( grep { ref() eq 'HASH' } values %$hash ) { descend_restore( $h, $ident_hash ); } return; } # merge hashes, descending down the hash structures. sub merge_hashes { my ( $dest_hash, $src_hash ) = @_; foreach my $key ( keys %$src_hash ) { if ( exists $dest_hash->{$key} ) { my $ref = $dest_hash->{$key}; my $typ = ref( $ref ); if ( $typ eq 'HASH' ) { merge_hashes( $ref, $src_hash->{$key} ); } else { push @$ref, $src_hash->{$key}; } } else { $dest_hash->{$key} = $src_hash->{$key}; } } return; } my ( %levels, %ident_map, %result ); #descend through every level of hash in the list # @hash_list is assumed to be whatever you Dumper-ed. my @pairs = map { descend_identify( 0, $_ ); } @hash_list; while ( @pairs ) { my ( $key, $level, $ref ) = splice( @pairs, 0, 3 ); $levels{$key} |= $level; # if we already have an identity for this key, merge the two if ( exists $ident_map{$key} ) { my $oref = $ident_map{$key}; my $otyp = ref( $oref ); if ( $otyp ne ref( $ref )) { # empty arrays can be overwritten by hashrefs -- per 995 if ( $otyp eq 'ARRAY' && @$oref == 0 && ref( $ref ) eq 'HASH' ) { $ident_map{$key} = $ref; } else { die "Uncertain merge for '$key'!"; } } elsif ( $otyp eq 'HASH' ) { merge_hashes( $oref, $ref ); } else { @$oref = sort { $a <=> $b || $a cmp $b } keys %{{ @$ref, @$oref }}; } } else { $ident_map{$key} = $ref; } } # Copy only the keys that do not appear at higher levels to the # result hash if ( my @keys = grep { !$levels{$_} } keys %ident_map ) { @result{ @keys } = @ident_map{ @keys } if @keys; } # then step through the hash to make sure that the entries at # all levels are equal to the identity descend_restore( \%result, \%ident_map );

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39966

Q: Is there an alternative to Dropbox which has an smaller CPU overhead Ok, this is not necessarily strictly Mac, however it does affect my Macs differently. I have an 5 years old iMac which is ok with Dropbox running all the time, while my brand new MBP (2017) struggle with Dropbox's CPU overhead (struggles is an exaggeration but it does get the fan running at full blast most of the time). I'm a heavy user and have the higher plan, which means there are some files that are constantly being modified, yet I find it extremely annoying to have it happening. Is there an alternative which uses less resources? A: This annoyed me too so I built Rsync Client. It's like an FTP app but uses rsync, and it only runs when you invoke it, so it's not relentlessly chewing resources. It works with many backend storage service providers, so you control where your data goes.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39974

In an enterprise or Internet e-commerce environment, an internal business process or business-to-business (“B2B”) transaction often involves integration of services that are provided by multiple applications. Some of the service tasks involved in a workflow may require expensive resources. As is typical in a B2B environment, such resources may not always be reliable when provided remotely via the Internet. As a result, often an entire business transaction or B2B transaction is aborted due to the failure of a single task. This results in a costly loss of time and resources. It is known, regarding complex and expensive computer workflow products, to provide for the insertion of recoverable checkpoints in a business flow to mitigate the impact of a failed step. Thus, a workflow engine in this type of expensive workflow product would restart a failed flow from the last recoverable checkpoint instead of from the beginning of the overall process flow. This “persistent checkpoint” capability is typically built into this type of workflow product; however, this approach significantly increases the complexity of the associated workflow engines. Accordingly, it typically leads to bulky and high-priced software, as well as expensive hardware platforms to run the software. In addition to their cost, these types of products do not usually perform well in certain environments that require a small footprint and lightweight workflow engines, such as in a client-side or browser-based computing model. For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a significant need in the art for workflow recovery systems and methods that are light-weight, inexpensive, adaptable to a wide range of low-end and medium-end platforms, and capable of handling sophisticated business workflows.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39977

Reality Expansion Pack for Carenado F33A XP11 Carenado released the Beechcraft F33A Bonanza for X-Plane 11. We created the Reality Expansion Pack for it. Go grab it with a huge 60% discount if you already own REP for the old F33A from the X-Plane.org store. What you find in the package This is the Reality Expansion Pack as you know it, with all the bells and whistles you’re used to. It’s REP v3.4.4.

dataset_first_40k.jsonl/39985