{"metadata":{"id":"0022f81da00813d316b6bc6c9dd14f4f","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/4451fa02-50ee-41b9-b3a0-0d759575490d/retrieve"},"pageCount":150,"title":"","keywords":["Crossbreeding","Growth","Reproductive","preference","Gurage","Silte","Wolayta","Arbegona"],"chapters":[{"head":"List of Abbreviations","index":1,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"List of Tables","index":2,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"List of Figures","index":3,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"ABSTRACT","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":123,"text":"Monitoring studies in four selected districts of southern Ethiopia were conducted from October 2016 and June 2017 on whole sampled households with general objective of evaluating performances of Bonga rams and its progenies in the areas. A total of 320 HH were considered purposively for the household survey and 382 pregnant ewes mated with either Bonga or local ram were monitored. Descriptive statistics and comparative means of data from survey were analyzed by using SPSS, 2011 ver. 20 and an index was used for qualitative data ranking. The growth performance data were subjected to Generalized Linear Model procedures of the SAS, 2012 ver. 9.3 and Tukey Kramer test was used to compare means which were significant in the least squares analysis of variance."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"The growth performances of Bonga cross were 2.9±0. "}]},{"head":"INTRODUCTION 1.Background and Justification","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":169,"text":"Ethiopia is believed to be one of the major gateways for domestic sheep migration from Asia into Africa (Devendra and McLeroy, 1982;Melesse et al, 2013). With 30.7 million sheep among this 99.72% indigenous, 0.22% crossbred and 0.06% exotic (CSA, 2016/17) and there are highly diversified indigenous sheep types (14 traditional populations according to Gizaw et al., 2008) which are parallel to the diverse Agro-ecology, ethnic communities and production systems (Galal, 1983). These sheep types are highly adaptable to a broad range of environments (Tsedeke, 2007). They support regular income in both tangible and/or intangible manners to a large human population through the sale of live animals and skins (Abebe et al., 2010) and provide their owners with a vast range of products and services such as immediate cash income, meat, milk, skin, manure (Adane and Girma, 2008). They are also considered as living bank against the various environmental calamities (crop failure, drought and flooding) and have socio-cultural values for diverse traditional communities (Edea et al., 2010;Melesse et al., 2013)."},{"index":2,"size":198,"text":"In spite of such a wide range of genetic diversity and vast number of sheep in the country, the average productivity is generally below optimum. Thus, sheep improvement efforts were started as far back as in 1944 in Ethiopia; through cross breeding indigenous sheep types with sheep breeds imported from various countries. But, most crossbred sheep were neglected by farmers as they did not meet the preference of the farmers (Tibbo, 2006;Gizaw and Getachew, 2009). This is mainly However, there is no information on either the performance of these disseminated elite Bonga rams or their crossbred progenies in their new environments. Farmers adoption and perception about the breeding programs using Bonga rams in different Agro-ecologies of the disseminated areas has also not collected. Due to this reason, Gutu et al (2015) recommended that; it is equally important to consider adaptability of Bonga sheep to other areas before wider scale distribution of breeding rams to different parts of the region/country. Therefore, the present study aims to generate information on performance of the disseminated rams and their progenies that would help in further improvements of the dissemination strategy and develop suitability map for disseminating improved elite Bonga rams in future."}]},{"head":"Objectives","index":6,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"General objective","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":35,"text":"o To evaluate performances of Bonga rams and its progenies in selected areas of southern Ethiopia o To identify opportunities and constraints of cross breeding efforts using Bonga sheep breed as one of the parents."}]},{"head":"Specific objectives","index":8,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"LITERATURE REVIEW","index":9,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Origin of Ethiopian Sheep Breeds","index":10,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":72,"text":"The history of the domesticated sheep goes back to between 11000 and 9000 BC, with the domestication of the wild mouflon in ancient Mesopotamia. A minority of historians once posited a contentious African theory of origin for Ovis Aries (Blench et al, 1999). These sheep were primarily raised for meat, milk, and skins. However, the exact line of descent between domestic sheep and their wild ancestors is unclear (Hiendleder et al, 2002)."},{"index":2,"size":63,"text":"A number of theories have been advanced as to the time and the routes by which sheep were introduced into Ethiopia. African sheep are thought to be of Near Eastern origin (Epstein, 1954;Epstein, 1971;Edea, 2008). According to Epstein, (1954) Epstein (1971) and Ryder, (1984), the earliest sheep in Africa were thin-tailed and hairy and fat-tailed and introduced to East Africa through North Africa."}]},{"head":"Sheep Breeds of Ethiopia","index":11,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":78,"text":"Ethiopia is believed to be one of the major gateways for domestic sheep migration from Asia to Africa (Edea, 2008) and has a large farm animal genetic diversity. The existence of this diversity is largely due to its geographical location near the historical entry point of many livestock populations from Asia, its diverse topographic and climatic conditions; the huge livestock population's size and wide range in production systems (Workneh et al., 2004;Assefa, 2010). However, according to Gizaw (2008) "}]},{"head":"Sheep Crossbreeding Efforts in Ethiopia","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"According "}]},{"head":"Reproductive Performances of sheep in Ethiopia","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":79,"text":"Good reproductive performance is a prerequisite for any successful genetic improvement and it determines production efficiency (Edea, 2008). Study suggests that differences exist in reproductive performance between indigenous sheep breeds and their variation allow for the  (Dhaba, 2013 andSolomon, 2007). The result of Tsedeke (2007) for age at puberty of local Alaba sheep were 6.7 and 6.9 months for male and female respectively. These were in close agreement with Edea (2008) and Dhaba (2013) but not with Amelmal (2011)."}]},{"head":"Age at first lambing","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":90,"text":"Total life time production (life time lamb crop) can be increased by encouraging first lambing at an early age (Amelmal, 2011). Age at first lambing is affected by breed, husbandry and management practices and has wide variation among African sheep. In most traditional systems, first lambing occurs at 450-540 days (15 -18 months) when ewe weights are 80-85 percent of mature size (Wilson, 1986) and Poor nutrition, disease or parasitic burdens and genotype limit early growth and which may delay early sexual maturity resulting in late age at first lambing."},{"index":2,"size":54,"text":"Year and season of birth in which the ewe lamb was born influence age at first lambing through their effect on feed supply and quality during different season (Mukasa-Mugerwa and Lahlou-Kassi, 1995). The difference was attributed to the variation in availability and quality of feed resource across the difference seasons. Wilson and Murayi (1988)  "}]},{"head":"Lambing interval","index":15,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":82,"text":"The interval between two successive parturitions is called lambing interval and one of the main components of reproductive performance which is affected by the breed (Wilson and Murayi, 1988), season (Abebe, 1999), year of lambing (Niftalem, 1990), season (Mengiste, 2008) parity of ewes, post-partum body weight and management practice (Gautsch, 1987), type of management, nutrition, type of mating (Mukasa-Mugerwa and Lahlou-Kassi, 1995; Gbangboche et al., 2006). Management practices and restrictions on breeding also prolong the interval between lambing (Suleiman et al., 1990)."},{"index":2,"size":28,"text":"In condition of good management adequate nutrition lambing interval of 8 months can be achieved facilitating three lambing from indigenous sheep in two years (Sani and Tiwari, 1974)."},{"index":3,"size":45,"text":"According to Gizaw et al (2007) in association with the above thought Gumuz breed had an average lambing interval of 6.64 ±1.13 months and thus this breed can produce three lambing in two years even under the traditional management system but the work of ( "}]},{"head":"Litter size","index":16,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":115,"text":"Litter size is largely determined by ovulation rate but is also modified by fertilization rate and embryonic and fetal losses (Gatenby, 1986) and ovulation rate can be dependent on breed, level of nutrition, season and age (Haresign, 1985). Significantly age of the dam can have effect on number of lambs per lambing. Until the age of five years or fourth parity liter size increases then it decreased slightly above this age (Wilson et al., 1984). Some studies have shown that there is increased litter size with an increase in parity and higher litter size at fifth parity (Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009); peak prolificacy is generally achieved between 4 and 8 years of age (Notter, 2000)."},{"index":2,"size":106,"text":"Level of nutrition has effect on litter size in that, poor nutrition during service period lead to reduced ovulation rates and increase embryonic mortality and consequently decrease litter size (Gautsch, 1987). The percentage of ewes having twins in tropical sheep breeds, generally range between 0 and 50% (Gatenby, 1986)   (Wilson, 1982). Litter size is influenced by genotype, parity, season, and ewe body weight at mating (Mukasa-Mugarwa and Lahlou-Kassi, 1995) and management system is also a major source of variation in litter size as reported by Mekuriaw et al. (2013). Some representative litter size of indigenous sheep of Ethiopia Has been summarized in Table 3.  (Deribe, 2009)."},{"index":3,"size":64,"text":"The major couses for lamb mortality in Bonga area were disease, cold stress (in wet season), predators according to Metsafe, (2015) and unknown causes Fisseha (2015). However, causes of lamb mortality are directly associated to the production and the management system (Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009). According to (Tibbo, 2006) more than half percentage of early lamb mortalities was an important losses associated to managements."}]},{"head":"Feed sources and feeding strategy of sheep","index":17,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"The review of Addis (2015) "}]},{"head":"MATERIAL and METHODS","index":18,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Description of the Study Areas","index":19,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":79,"text":"The study was conducted in selected four zones of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), where improved using Bonga rams from Boka-Shuta community in Addiyo District of Kaffa Zone. The SNNPR is located in the southern and south western part of Ethiopia. The total area of the region is estimated to be 110,931.9 square km which is approximately 10% of the country's total area (Official website of SNNPR, 2012). The region has 14 zones and 8 special District."},{"index":2,"size":14,"text":"Based on Bonga ram distribution information, four zones were selected for the current study."},{"index":3,"size":41,"text":"One district from each of these zones have been selected purposively based on accessibility of infrastructure, number of rams distributed, and Agro-ecology of the district. The details of Agro-ecology and production system of selected districts are as shown in table 6."}]},{"head":"Silte Zone","index":20,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"The administrative center (Worabe) was located at 173 km from Addis Ababa and 177 km from the regional city Hawassa. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_Zone "}]},{"head":"Sidama zone","index":21,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":23,"text":"The zone is located 275km south of Addis Ababa and has 19 Districts. The zone covers 6972.1 square kilometer and lies between 6.14-7. "}]},{"head":"Introduction of Bonga Ram in the Study Areas","index":22,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":23,"text":"The year of introduction and number of Bonga ram introduced, year wise, up to study time (16 th   April, 2016) is presented in "}]},{"head":"Sampling Technique","index":23,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":24,"text":"The study Districts were selected purposively based on distribution of Bonga rams. The respondent farmers for survey study were selected as per details in "}]},{"head":"Animal Identification and Data recording","index":24,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":84,"text":"Farmer selection, Animal identification and data records were done between October 2016 and June 2017. Thus, total of 382 pregnant ewes from 301 farmers were identified based on secondary data from the Office of livestock and fishery resource development and experts of animal husbandry consultation through house to house visiting as indicated in table 7. The development agents (DA) was trained on the method of animal identification and data recording. Training and demonstration was done before commencement of the study for enumerators (development agents)."},{"index":2,"size":84,"text":"Background /reproductive/ history of all selected ewes were identified and recorded at first by using earlier developed format (Haile et al, 2011). Data was collected during the monitoring period includes: parity of dam, genetic group of ram, date of birth, type of birth, sex of lamb, coat color and tail type of lamb, lamb birth and growth weights up to six months by using weighing balance (50kg), and litter size/prolificacy, twinning rate, weaning rate and mortality rate by using format (Haile et al, 2011)."},{"index":3,"size":36,"text":"The breeding soundness of the disseminated rams' information were collected from each location. The data includes, libido, Body condition score, testicle circumference, mating performance and other aspects of the ram were assessed in the respected area."}]},{"head":"Data Management and Statistical Analysis","index":25,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":61,"text":"All collected data were entered and managed into Microsoft Excel 2016. The collected survey data through questionnaire were subjected to crosstabs of descriptive statistics and compare means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 2011 ver. 20). Chi square (X 2) test was used to test the significance differences of the variables and an index was used for qualitative data ranking."},{"index":2,"size":41,"text":"The recorded growth performance and reproductive data were subjected to General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2012 ver. 9.3). The growth performance analyzed were birth weight, weight at 60, 90 (This is the weaning weight), 120"},{"index":3,"size":15,"text":"and 180 days and Average Daily Body Weight Gain (ADG) from 0-90, and 90-180 days."},{"index":4,"size":25,"text":"Tukey Kramer test was used to compare more than two effects of means which were significant in the least squares analysis of variance (SAS 9.3)."},{"index":5,"size":80,"text":"The fixed effects fitted in the model of growth traits included the effects of location (Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona); breed (local, Bonga cross); sex (male, female); parity (1….6); birth type (Single, twin and multiple) and season of birth (Spring (September-November) and Dry (December-February) and the interaction effect of location by breed. The fixed effects fitted in the model of reproductive traits included the effects of location (location (Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona) and breed (local, Bonga cross)."}]},{"head":"Model 1:","index":26,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":6,"text":"The statistical model for growth performance: "}]},{"head":"RESULTS and DISCUSIONS","index":27,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"General Characteristics of households","index":28,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"General information","index":29,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":25,"text":"The result of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the selected respondent households (HH) considered for survey study is presented in table 10. The total (Overall)"},{"index":2,"size":122,"text":"proportion of male headed household is 75% and 83% for Bonga and local ram users, whereas the remainders are female headed, respectively. The overall average educational background showed that a major proportion of respondent households were able to (a) read / write (38 and in the flock size (Table 13). The results reflected that use of Bonga ram for crossing with local ewes is showing increasing trend in the study area. However, the X 2 estimated showed significant differences in the grazing practice of Bonga crossbred and local lambs. The possible reason for majority of farmers tethering goats may be to avoid damage to the standing crops in and around private grazing land, which was was major source of grazing (Table 16)."},{"index":3,"size":26,"text":"Edea (2008) reported that majority (53 %) of farmers in Addiyo Kaka (Bonga) area practiced tethered grazing system and this is in agreement with present finding.   "}]},{"head":"Types of Supplementary Feed","index":30,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":14,"text":"The result on the type of supplementary feed along with source is presented in "}]},{"head":"Feed Shortage and Reasons for Feed Shortage","index":31,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":48,"text":"The survey result showed that there was feed shortage problem in all study sites (Figure 3). The results clearly revealed that more than 90 % respondents reported that feed shortage is the main problem for animal production in general and sheep production in particular in all areas studied. "}]},{"head":"Watering Management","index":32,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Sources of Water for sheep","index":33,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":19,"text":"The main water sources for sheep in the study area were presented in table 20. As shown in this   "}]},{"head":"Shortage of Water for sheep and Reasons for Shortage","index":34,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":148,"text":"The results of the survey of respondent farmers in the study areas is presented in figure 5. The overall results revealed that 71.9% of respondents faced the problem of water shortage in the area. The results also showed that water shortage was acute in Ezha site (97.   The FGD also showed that the breeding strategy of farmers in all study districts aimed to improve growth rate and reproductive performance of local sheep through crossing local ewes with Bonga Ram and improving income gain through sale of fast grower Bonga cross lambs at early ages. Thus, farmers followed terminal crossing breeding strategies through using Bonga rams as breeding sire and selected local and Bonga cross female sheep as breeding ewes, selling Bonga cross ram lambs before mating in the study areas currently. Moreover, farmers in Damot Pulasa exercise purchasing of best local breeding ewes from market for breeding purpose."},{"index":2,"size":20,"text":"Farmers have no complaints for present breeding strategies; rather they have interest to introduce Bonga ewe lambs in the areas."},{"index":3,"size":19,"text":"Bereket et al (2017) reported that terminal sheep crossbreeding with Bonga sires as Best fit practice in SNNPRS, Ethiopia."}]},{"head":"Farmers Selection Criteria:","index":35,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":104,"text":"The traditional selection criteria of farmers, based on FGD, in each study areas have been summarized in table 20. The study showed that body size, coat colour and mothering ability were the three traits considered for ewe selection in all the four districts. In Damot Pulasa and Arbegona districts twining was considered as an important selection criterion However, polled (hornless) was also a characteristic considered in Arbegona district. The studies of Gameda In case of breeding males, the common selection criteria were body condition, coat color in all the four districts but horn was only in three districts (Alicho Worero District is an exception)"},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"and tail in only one district (Damot Pulasa)."},{"index":3,"size":60,"text":"The possible reason for body size and/or body condition as selection criteria may be the association of this trait with growth rate as farmers were interested is fast growing lambs to generate more income. Another possible reason may be that Bonga rams being large sized, farmers assume that crossing these rams with small sized ewes may lead to reproductive problems. "}]},{"head":"Bonga ram using Trends","index":36,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"The Bonga rams were introduced in these areas by either regional government or NGOs (Non-  "}]},{"head":"Culling of Local Rams after Introduction of Bonga Rams","index":37,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"The result of culling practices is presented in "}]},{"head":"Mating systems:","index":38,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":142,"text":"During FGD in all sites, it was revealed that before introduction of Bonga ram in their community, the famers were using breeding rams randomly (from rams existing in own flock/ neighbor flock / from ram brought in the market for sale). The results of the mating systems followed by the respondent farmers before introduction of Bonga rams are presented in figure 7. Broadly the mating system followed was either controlled (Selected rams were used for mating by the farmers) or uncontrolled (Rams used for mating were not selected but depended on the rams available at mating time). The results (overall) showed 24 and 76 % of BRU respondents were exercising controlled and uncontrolled mating, respectively, before introduction of Bonga rams in their area. However, 25 and 75% of Non-BRU farmers in the area continue to exercise controlled and uncontrolled mating systems, respectively. "}]},{"head":"Mating season:","index":39,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":14,"text":"The results of mating season in the study areas are presented in table 23   "}]},{"head":"Management of Bonga Rams and its Progeny","index":40,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":142,"text":"The results of special management given to Bonga rams are presented in figure 11. The overall results showed that no special management (71.25%) of Bonga rams and its progeny was carried by majority of respondent farmers in all districts. The present result was in disagreement with reports of Demeke et al. (2015) for Awassi Menz crossbred sheep in North Shoa. The respondent farmers reported that, since Bonga rams and its progeny easily adapted the environment and consumed locally available feeds, so there was no need of special management. Similarly, the farmers in Bonga ram home track, give special feeding and managements for fattening sheep only whereas no such special management is given other Bonga rams used for mating. However, respondent farmers in Arbegona districts (45%) provided special management for Bonga rams and its progeny. This may be attributed to awareness of farmers.  "}]},{"head":"Ranking of Traits by Farmers in Bonga Rams and Crossbreds","index":41,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":45,"text":"The result of farmer's preference of traits in Bonga and its crossbred rams were ranked and is presented in table 28. The results showed that among physical traits the respondent farmers uniformly ranked size, appearance and coat color as first, second and third rank (Preference)"},{"index":2,"size":56,"text":"for preferring Bonga and its Crossbred Rams in all the three districts. However, among performance traits, similar uniformity observed for growth rate which was ranked as number one trait (0.48, 0.50, 0.48 and 0.48 in Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona districts, respectively.) for preferring Bonga and its Crossbred Rams in all the three districts."},{"index":3,"size":30,"text":"The traits ranked second and third were different in the four districts. The d feed adaptability ranked as second (0.18), prolificacy (and libido) and diseases tolerance ranked as third (0.17) "}]},{"head":"Performance traits","index":42,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":38,"text":"Disease tolerance 0 13 15 41 0.17 0 14 12 40 0.17 0 7 24 38 0.16 0 6 12 24 0.10 40 63 143 0.15 Feed Adaptability 2 12 7 37 0.18 0 11 12 34 0. "}]},{"head":"Perception of NBRU Farmers about Bonga Rams","index":43,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":44,"text":"The non-Bonga ran user farmers' perception about Bonga ram including its crossbred progeny is presented in table 29. The overall results revealed that majority (66.9 %) of NBRU respondent farmers had seen the performance of both Bonga rams as well as their crossbred progeny."},{"index":2,"size":77,"text":"Similarly, majority (81.87 5) of NBRU respondent farmers had interest to use Bonga rams for mating with their ewes. The discussion with these respondent farmers showed that they were not aware about the good attributes of Bonga rams at the time of introduction of Bonga rams in their area. This indicated that these farmers were ready to use Bonga rams in future and thus more number of Bonga rams may be needed to meet the increasing demand.  "}]},{"head":"Reproductive performance","index":44,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"The results of reproductive performance, based on interviews of BRU respondents, of sheep are presented in table 30."}]},{"head":"Age at First Service (AFS):","index":45,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":83,"text":"Most of the findings revealed that age at first mating for both sexes is not fixed and sheep are left to nature to reproduce. The effect of genetic group, location and breed by location interaction on AFL was highly significant (P<0.001). The AFS for Bonga crosses were lower than local sheep in all study sites and the difference was highly significant (P<0.001). The present findings of AFS for crossbred in both sexes was lower than the reports of Edea (2008) in Bonga breed."},{"index":2,"size":47,"text":"The AFS was estimated to be 9.12±2. The finding of breed effect was associated with fast growth and early weaning of genetic groups. Different scholars agree that, genetic as well as environmental factors, and the interaction between these, clearly affect sexual development, i.e. earlier attainment of puberty."},{"index":3,"size":81,"text":"Besides, Younis, et al., (1978) reported that, body weight has more influence on puberty than the age. Farmers also reported that AFS in single born male lambs was lower than multiple birth lambs. This may be attributed to higher body weight of single birth lambs. The location difference may be attributed to management practice of farmers in respective areas. In general, respondent farmers reported that, after introduction of Bonga ram in the area AFS for both sexes were reduced (Appendix 11)"}]},{"head":"Age at First Lambing (AFL):","index":46,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":74,"text":"AFL is positively correlated with AFS (puberty). The effect of breed, location and genetic group by location interaction on AFL was significant (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). The significant effect of genetic group effect was in agreement with Ermias, (2014) and Amelmal, (2011). The results showed that Bonga crossbreds lambed at an earlier age (11.5±0.9 months) compared to local (13.9±1.6 months) ewes. This may possibly be due to the heterosis between two genetic groups."},{"index":2,"size":78,"text":"The AFL for Bonga crossbreds was 11.6±0. The respondent BRU farmers, based on interview (Figure 12), reported that twining rate increased after crossing local sheep with Bonga rams. Compared to this majority of NBRU respondents, based on interview (Figure 13), reported that breeding ewes give single birth (31.3%), twin birth (17.5 to 44.4%, higher values were not common), and rarely triple birth (6.9%). However triple type of birth was not reported by any of NBRU in Arbegona district.   "}]},{"head":"B. Two Month Body Weight:","index":47,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":30,"text":"The effect of location, genetic group (Breed), season of birth, parity, type of birth and location X genetic group (Breed) interaction on two-month body weight (Table 32A and Table 33A)"},{"index":2,"size":41,"text":"were highly significant (P<0.001) whereas the effect of sex birth was found to be nonsignificant (Table 32A). The overall least square mean of two-month body weight was 7.57 kg and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 21.27% in the present study."},{"index":3,"size":61,"text":"The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of two-month body weight for four locations were 6.7±0.5, 6.4±0.5, 7.1±0.5 and 7±0.5 kg in Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona respectively. The six-parity wise comparison of these means showed that two-month body weight of Damot Pulasa -Ezha and Ezha -Arbegona pairs means were significantly different whereas all other pair differences were non-significant."},{"index":4,"size":47,"text":"The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of two-month body weight for Bonga sired crossbreds and local lambs were 8±0.5 and 5.5±0. weight is advantageous because improving this trait will be reflected in increasing the weaning weight and thus lambs could be weaned at an earlier age."},{"index":5,"size":16,"text":"The least square means of two-month body weight for season of birth were 7±0.5 and 6.6±0.5"},{"index":6,"size":94,"text":"kg. for autumn and winter seasons, respectively, and the difference was significant(P<0.001). The pair-wise comparisons of location X genetic group (Breed) interactions showed that LSM of two-month body weight of Bonga crossbred and local lambs were significantly (P<0.001) different in all locations. The differences in the LSM of two-month body weight of Bonga crossbred lambs in the four locations were all non-significant. Similarly, the only the local lambs of Ezha location were significantly different from local lambs in the remaining three locations whereas these lambs showed non-significant differences among themselves in the remaining locations."}]},{"head":"Lambs borne harvest","index":48,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"C. Three Month Body Weight:","index":49,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":68,"text":"The effect of location, genetic group (Breed), season of birth, parity, type of birth and sex on three-month body weight (Table 32A) were highly significant (P<0.001) whereas the effect of location X genetic group (Breed) interaction was found to be non-significant (Table 33A). The overall least square mean of three-month body weight was 10.68 kg and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 17.43 % in the present study."},{"index":2,"size":139,"text":"The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of three-month body weight for Bonga sired crossbreds and local lambs were 11.4±0.6 and 8.3±0.6 kg, respectively. The difference in the two genetic groups was highly significant (P<0.001 The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of three-month body weight for four locations were 9.8±0.6, 9.4±0.6, 10.5 ±0.6 and 9.8±0.6 kg in Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona respectively. The pair wise comparison of these means showed that three-month body weight of Damot Pulasa with other locations means were significantly different whereas all other pair differences were non-significant. The difference may be due to variation in the feeding management of the four locations and small flock structure of sheep (Table 12 and 13) because 40 and 67.5% of BRU and NBRU respectively provide supplementary feeds for sheep (Table 18) in the area."},{"index":3,"size":80,"text":"The three-month weight of lambs borne during harvest season was higher than winter seasons and the difference was significant (P<0.001). The effect of season is associated with difference in feed and disease situation (Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009). The effect of parity had showed a significant effect (p<0.001) on threemonth weight of lambs. The pair wise comparisons showed that LSM of 1-6, 3-6 and 4-6 parities were significant (P<0.001) and like birth and twomonth weight, parity have effect on three-month weight."},{"index":4,"size":61,"text":"The least square means of three-month body weight for single, twin, triplet and quadruplet lambs were 11.4±0.3, 10.8±0.3, 10±0.5 and 7.2±2, respectively. The difference in the LSM between single born lambs differed (P<0.001) with all other type of births (Twin, Triplet) except quadruplet. Due to individual feeding of milk during suckling, the single borne lambs weighted heavier than multi borne lambs."},{"index":5,"size":71,"text":"The current study revealed that three months' weight of Bonga cross lamb excelled local sheep in same management practices of farmers for both sheep types in the areas. The result was in high agreement with farmers' trait preference in all study sites; thus, they ranked growth rate as first criteria (Table 28) for preference of Bonga sheep. The current findings were in agreement with Belete (2009) and Kebede et al. (2016)."}]},{"head":"D. Pre-weaning Daily Average Gain (PrDAG):","index":50,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":121,"text":"The effect of location, genetic group (Breed), season of birth, type of birth and sex on PrDAG (Table 32A) were highly significant (P<0.001) whereas the effect of parity and location X genetic group (Breed) interaction was found to be non-significant (Table 33A). The overall least square mean of PrDAG was 87.99 g/day and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 20.74 % in the present study. The PrDAG of lambs borne in harvest season gains 8.4 g/day more than lambs borne in dry season and the difference was significant (P<0.001). the possible reason may be that during dry season there is paucity of forage. Similarly, male lambs gain 5.1g/day more than female lambs in this study and the difference was significant (P<0.001). "}]},{"head":"Disease Adaptation of Bonga Crosses","index":51,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Types of Diseases Commonly Occurring:","index":52,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":30,"text":"The FGD in the four locations revealed that there was high occurrence of Ovine Pasturolisis,  (Edea, 2008) and the prevalence of ovine pasteurellosis was high in the area (Fisseha, 2015)."}]},{"head":"Nature of Disease Treatment:","index":53,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":44,"text":"The nature disease treatment in the study area is presented in table 36. The respondent farmers in both groups reported that diseases were cured by using either traditional treatment or modern veterinary care or both these types. The results revealed that higher proportion (57. "}]},{"head":"B. Monitoring Study","index":54,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":24,"text":"The mortality (pre-weaning and post-weaning) and weaning rate of lambs from data recorded in monitoring study is presented in figure 16 and 17 respectively."},{"index":2,"size":193,"text":"The pre and post weaning mortality rate was 4.8 and 2.5 % for Bonga cross lambs at Alicho Worero, 2.1 and 0 % for Ezha, 1.1 and 1.1 % for Arbegona and 1.6 and 0 % for Damot Pulasa in the present study. The pre and post weaning mortality rate for local lambs at Alicho Worero (7.1 and 3.8), Ezha (5.3 and 0), Arbegona (1.8 and 0) and Damot Pulasa (2.3 and 0) recorded during monitoring study (Figure 16). The results showed that, more mortality rate was observed in pre-weaning than post-weaning age. The low rate of post-mortality for both lamb groups were observed at Alicho Worero and Damot Pulasa sites. However, the monitoring data showed that, the pre and post weaning mortality rate of local lamb groups were higher than Bonga cross lambs in all study areas. The possible reason was that pre weaning body weight of Bonga cross lambs were significantly higher than local lambs and this possibly contributed to less mortality  The weaning rate of Bonga crossbreed and local lambs presented in figure 16. The results showed that, the proportion of Bonga crossbreed weaning rate was higher than local lambs."},{"index":3,"size":18,"text":"However, the weaning rate of both groups of lamb was greater than 90 % in all study areas."},{"index":4,"size":164,"text":"Figure 15: Lamb Weaning rate from monitored data Berhanu and Aynalem (2011) also, reported that season has significant effect on mortality. The possible reason for higher mortality in wet season may be high humidity accompanied with heat, which provided favorable atmosphere for microbial growth. ). Thus, more than half percentage of early lamb mortalities was an important losses associated to managements (Tibbo, 2006). According to farmer's performance traits preference for Bonga rams (Table 28), the growth rate of its progenies ranked first followed by feed adaptability, disease tolerance and libido (mating performance) of Bonga rams ranked as second, third and fourth in all study areas, respectively, except Arbegona (libido (mating performance, feed adaptability and disease tolerance ranked as second, third and fourth). The current finding was in agreement with the report of Mirkena et al, (2010) that adaptive performance particularly disease resistance, survival and reproductive trait. However, high mortality of 36% was reported for Washera ram distributed in North Shewa (Getachew et al, 2010)."},{"index":5,"size":232,"text":"The results of FGD and personal communication with respondent farmers in the study areas revealed that good quality body size and its appearance, attractive marketable coat color and temperament (Table 28) attracted farmers to use Bonga ram in the study area. The farmers interest accompanied with good adaptability of Bonga ram in the area possibly convinced regional as well as district government to introduce Bonga crossbreeding followed by further expansion in the area. The BRU respondents reported that mating performance (Libido) of Bonga rams was higher than local rams in the study area (table 43). The earlier observation of farmer's traits preference for Bonga rams (Table 28) also showed that libido was considered as an important trait by BRU respondents. However, during the study time none of reproductive related defects, fertility, and mating depression problems were reported for disseminated Bonga rams in the study districts.   were slaughtered by BRU respondents slaughtered for home consumption. The X 2 test showed that the differences in the percentage of slaughter and number of sheep slaughtered across locations were significant. The results further showed that there was no change (55.6 %) followed by increased (30.6 % and decreased (13.8 %) percent in the home meat consumption among BRU respondents but the differences were not statistically significant. The main reason that farmers focus on selling of Bonga cross lambs with good price than slaughter for home consumption.   "}]},{"head":"Recommendations","index":55,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Based on above views, the following recommendations were forwarded;"},{"index":2,"size":26,"text":"i. The shortage of Bonga breeding ram in the areas should be addressed on priority so that all local flocks in the study area are improved;"},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"ii.  "}]}],"figures":[{"text":"Figure 1 18 Figure 2 :Figure 3 .Figure 4 .Figure 5 .Figure 6 .Figure 7 :Figure 8 :Figure 9 :Figure 10 .Figure 11 .Figure 12 :Figure 13 :Figure 15 :Figure 16 :Figure 16 :Figure 17 : Figure 1 Map of the Study Areas 18 Figure 2: Bonga ram and its crosses grazing system in the study area 32 Figure 3. Feed Shortage problem 35 Figure 4. Reasons for feed shortage in the Study site (%) 36 Figure 5. Shortage of Water in the study site 38 Figure 6. Reasons for Water Shortage during Dry Season in the Study Site 38 Figure 7: Selection of Ewes for Cross Breeding with Bonga ram 41 Figure 8: Mating system of sheep in the study area before introduction of Bonga rams 44 Figure 9: Farmers Awareness about Inbreeding before Bonga ram Introduction 46 Figure 10. Special management for Bonga ram or its cross 48 Figure 11. Perception of NBRU Farmers about growth performance of Bonga cross progeny 53 Figure 12: Occurrence of Twining after Use of Bonga Rams 59 Figure 13: Prolificacy (Based on type of births) of Ewes of NBRU respondent Farmers 59 Figure 15 : Pre and Post Weaning Mortality (from monitored study) 75 Figure 16: Lamb Weaning rate from monitored data 75 Figure 16: Bonga ram Adaptive performance 80 Figure 17: Sheep flock structure of respondents before and after Bonga sheep crossing 81 "},{"text":" because of the inadequate participation of sheep rearers in the implementation of the breeding program. The productivity of sheep in the country is largely constrained by feed shortage, disease, poor infrastructure, lack of market information and technical capacity, besides lack of planned breeding programs and breeding policies (Solomon et al., 2013). The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and BOKU University, Vienna in collaboration with national and regional research systems in Ethiopia initiated community-based breeding programs in four regions representing different Agro-ecologies that are the habitats of four indigenous sheep breeds (Afar, Bonga, Horro, and Menz) (Haile et al., 2011). According to Haile et al. (2014) and Gutu et al. (2015), preliminary results of the evaluation carried out on performance of the breeding programs indicated a promising result of the breeding programs in three communities (Bonga, Menz and Horro) and the efforts of community-based breeding programs for small ruminants where successful in the Country (FAO, 2015). Currently, Southern Agriculture Research Institute (SARI) Bonga Agricultural Research Centre and ICARDA are undertaking Bonga sheep community-based breeding program through organizing cooperatives. From 16 Bonga sheep community-based breeding cooperatives, 2637 breeding rams were selected from Boka-Shuta Bonga sheep community. Out of these selected rams, 1435 rams were distributed for genetic improvement in the local sheep of different areas in Ethiopia from year 2012 up to 2014. "},{"text":"o To evaluate reproductive performances and breeding soundness of Bonga rams distributed in south Ethiopia; To evaluate growth performances of crossbred progenies of Bonga and local sheep in these areas; o To understand the farmers' perception about use of Bonga ram in their areas; and "},{"text":" , the Ethiopian sheep can be broadly grouped in four groups (sub-alpine short-fat-tailed, highland long-fat-tailed, lowland fat-rumped, lowland thin-tailed), and nine genetically distinct breeds encompassing all traditional types (Fourteen) of sheep. In spite of such a wide range of genetic diversity and vast number of sheep, with average holding ranges between 3.7 (Abebe, 2010) to 31.6 (Getachew et al.2010) of sheep per household. The present Ethiopia's sheep population the second in Africa and sixth in the world (Demelashet al. 2006; Mengesha and Tsega, 2012). "},{"text":" schemes to sustain cross-breeding at the nucleus centers and at the village level. The distribution of the improved genotypes of these programs was indiscriminate and unplanned, resulting in failure of the breeding programs and threatened to dilute the sheep genetic diversity in the country. "},{"text":"Yhijklmno=μ+ 2 : Bh +Li +Xj +Pk + Tl +Sm+ Zn + ehijklmno, Where; Y ehijklmno = Observed weight for n th lamb at different age μ = Overall population mean Bh = Fixed effect of h th genetic group (h =Local lamb; Bonga cross). Li= Fixed effect of the i th location (i= 1, …,4) Xj = Fixed effect of j th sex (j=1,2) Pk = Fixed effect of k th parity (k= 1…,6) Tl= Fixed effect of l th type of birth (l= 1….,4) Sm= Fixed effect of m th season (m = 1,2) Sn= Fixed effect of n th interaction (n = B h , L i ) ehijklmno= Random error Model The statistical model for reproductive performance Yijkl=μ + Bi +Lj + Ik + eijkl, Where; Yijkl = Observed values of the sheep reproductive performance μ = Overall population mean Bi = Fixed effect of i th genetic group (i =Local; Bonga cross). Lj = Fixed effect of the j th location (i= 1, …,4) Ik= Fixed effect of k th interaction (k = Bi, Lj) eijkl= Random error Parameters like Pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality rate, twinning rate, weaning rate was computed on percentage basis using their respective formulas below. Multiple birth rate = { (\uD835\uDC41\uD835\uDC62\uD835\uDC5A\uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC52\uD835\uDC5F \uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC53 \uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC5A\uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC60 \uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC5F\uD835\uDC5B \uD835\uDC46\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5B\uD835\uDC54\uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC52 \uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC5F \uD835\uDC47\uD835\uDC64\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5B \uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC5F \uD835\uDC47\uD835\uDC61\uD835\uDC5F\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5D\uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC52\uD835\uDC61 \uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC5F \uD835\uDC44\uD835\uDC62\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC51\uD835\uDC5F\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5D\uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC62\uD835\uDC61) \uD835\uDC47\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC61\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC59 \uD835\uDC5B\uD835\uDC62\uD835\uDC5A\uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC52\uD835\uDC5F \uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC53 \uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC5A\uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC60 \uD835\uDC4F\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC5F\uD835\uDC5B } X 10 Pre-weaning mortality rate = { Number of lambs died before weaning (upto 3 months of age) Total number of lambs born } X 100 Post-weaning mortality rate = { Number of lambs died after weaning upto 180 days of age Total number of lambs born } X 100 Weaning rate = { Number of lambed weaned Total number of lambs born } X 100 Pre-weaning ADG (gm/day) = { Weaning weight−Birth weight Weaning age } Post-weaning ADG (gm/day) = { Post−weaning weight (180 days age) − Birth weight Post−weaning age } "},{"text":" The BRU respondent farmers in the four locations showed that majority (70 and 72.5% in Alicho Worero and Damot Pulasa districts, respectively) of them give supplementary feeding to their sheep (Bonga crossbreds and local). The possible reason for supplementary feeding in these two districts may be to generate more income by sale of fast growing surplus stock at an early marketing age. The second important reason maybe education background of farmers in the study area was a good opportunity to learn farmers easily about sheep breeding and husbandry practices. In the other two districts (Ezha and Arbegona) the introduction of Bonga crossbreeding was only 1-2-year-old and thus farmers had less number of surplus stocks. "},{"text":"Figure 3 .Figure 4 . Figure 3. Feed Shortage problem "},{"text":"Figure 5 . Figure 5. Shortage of Water in the study site "},{"text":"Figure 6 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 5 . 1 . Figure 6. Reasons for Water Shortage during Dry Season in the Study Site "},{"text":"( 2010), Tadele (2010), Haile et.al. (2011) and Gutu et.al (2014) also showed that body size, coat color and mothering ability were selection criteria for Bonga sheep. However, polled as a selection criteria were in agreement with Metsafe et al (2017). "},{"text":"Figure 7 : Figure 7: Selection of Ewes for Cross Breeding with Bonga ram "},{"text":"Figure 8 : Figure 8: Mating system of sheep in the study area before introduction of Bonga rams "},{"text":"Figure 9 : Figure 9: Farmers Awareness about Inbreeding before Bonga ram Introduction "},{"text":"Figure 10 . Figure 10. Special management for Bonga ram or its cross "},{"text":"Figure 11 . Figure 11. Perception of NBRU Farmers about growth performance of Bonga cross progeny "},{"text":"Figure 12 : Figure 12: Occurrence of Twining after Use of Bonga Rams "},{"text":"Figure 13 : Figure 13: Prolificacy (Based on type of births) of Ewes of NBRU respondent Farmers "},{"text":" season weighted heavier than dry season. Due to crop over of the season; the surplus of the feed is available for lambs and lactating ewes. However, the birth season effect observed byLakew et al. (2014)  for Dorper × Local Crossbred was not signifiant. The least square means of two-month body weight for six parities were 5.9±0.5, 6.4±0.5, 6.2±0.5, 5.9±0.5, 6.7 ±0.5 and 7.5±0.5 kg for 1 to 6 parities, respectively. The pair wise comparisons showed that LSM of 1-6, 3-6 and 4-6 parities were significant like birth weight.The least square means of two-month body weight for single, twin, triplet and quadruplet lambs were 8.5±0.2, 7.8±0.2, 6.9±0.4 and 4±1.7, respectively. The difference in the LSM between single born lambs differed significantly (P<0.001) with all other type of births (Twin, Triplet and quadruplet). "},{"text":" The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of PrDAG for Bonga sired crossbreds and local lambs were 92.2± 5.4 and 64.8± 5.5 g/day, respectively. The difference in the two genetic groups was significant (P<0.001). The current findings of PrDAG for Bonga cross lambs in the study areaswas comparable with Deribe et al. (2017), Ayele et al. (2015), Mekuriaw et al. (2013) but lower than Aynalem et al. (2014), Lakew et al. (2014) and Hassen et al. (2004). However, daily average body weight gain of Bonga crosses was higher by 27.4 g/day than local sheep at the same management system. The possible reason for this may be the Heterotic effect of crossbreds. The least mean squares (LSM ± SE) of PrDAG for four locations were 77.7±5.4, 70.9±5.6, 88.7 ±5.6 and 76.6±5.7 g/day in Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona, respectively. PrDAG of lambs in Damot Pulasa district were superior than the rest three districts. The pair wise comparison of these means showed that PrDAG of Damot Pulasa with Alicho Worero, Damot Pulasa with Ezha, Damot Pulasa with Arbegona, and Alicho Worero with Ezha pair means were significantly (P<0.001) different whereas all other pair differences were non-significant. "},{"text":" in crossbreds compared to local lambs. Both Gemeda et al.(2005)  and Berhanu and Aynalem (2011) too reported that survival rate of lamb was significantly affected by birth weight. "},{"text":"Figure 14 : Figure 14 : Pre and Post Weaning Mortality (from monitored study) "},{"text":" The report of Mukasa-Mugarwa and Lahlou-Kassi, (1995) showing a depression in rams' fertility during the rainy season of Ethiopian sheep breeds was in disagreement with current finding for disseminated Bonga rams. "},{"text":"Figure 16 : 4 . 12 . 1 . Figure 16: Bonga ram Adaptive performance "},{"text":"5 . Success Story of BRU Respondent: W/ro Ormo Kalili is a 50-year-old and Lives Silte Zone Alicho Worero district Wezir one Kebele. Her house is around FTC and lives with her husband. After introduction of Bonga Ram in her village she never used Local breeding Ram. Up to this study she crossed 9 local ewes with Bonga ram and got 22 lambs. From 22 cross sheep, she sold 9, slaughter 5 for home consumption and 4 given to relatives as gift and celebration support (Pledge/dowry). During researcher's observation in her flock, except local breeding ewes no local sheep types was seen rather than Bonga cross. She sold Bonga cross fattened ram to local market, farmers and relatives with minimum 2500 and maximum 7000-8000 Et. Birr. According to her, they were live in grass sheltered house before selling of Bonga cross sheep and now they changed their house to thin shelter. Her husband said that the meat and fat composition on ribs is higher in Bonga crossbreds than local sheep. Due to this and good meat test they prefer Bonga cross for home meat consumption. In general, W/ro Ormo and her husband were happy by introduction of Bonga Ram in their community and principles of crossbreeding with Bonga ram. Thus, they believe that crossing with Bonga rams increase income and keep food security (sheep meat consumption). "},{"text":"ooo Population were decreased due to decreasing grazing land in the area.  Production trends relatively increased due to market demand increasing every year. Population were decreased due to decreasing grazing land and shortage of feed resources in the area. Population decreasing due to Feed shortage in the area Production They haven't breeding strategy  They didn't use improved ram  Uncontrolled breeding system  Inbreeding Farmers were killed their time by searching serving ram around urban and long distances of village They Improving their income through selling of cross sheep  Improving marketable colors such as, red, light red and white red (\" Selection of breeding Ram and female Purchasing of best female from market and crossing with Bonga ram o Farmers who keep local ram in the immediately sold their local ram Their sheep production or breeding were dual purpose i.e. improving their local sheep type and improving soil fertility  Using Bonga ram by Elders told as, they know that, selecting of both male and female for breeding purpose improve their local sheep type. But they didn't practice Some Just only, they focus on maleness, that who keep/have mature male, o then, they take female ewe that show heat and search those ram in the community o During the discussion farmers also use market as an opportunity instead of searching ram within community. After introduction of Bonga ram in the area, they have a norm that; Any farmer should be use Bonga ram according to NGO (Bonga ram introducer)  Accordingly, Without any payment o Ram holders must keep ram until end of service time Then at the end of the service farmers take the ram as their own. He sold 6 ram lambs for thin house construction by 5500 at age of four month  Manure /compose  Improve food security, since cross lambs are fast grower;  Reduces Ram problem in the community. For example, in the past Farmers killed their time by searching serving ram around urban and long distances of village (e.g. from Damot Pulasa (Olola) to Bodit (administrative city of Damot Gale) and they pay up to 3 Et. birr per ewe for ram owners. Good performed Lambs where seen in the flock  EX. Large body sized, Lang and fat tailed, red and white colored, hornless lambs are seen in the community  Lambs are reach at early age to market even at 2 They didn't use other ram except Bonga, but NGO was introduced Doyogena, Dorper and Bonga, \"IF you bring three rams for me I will use/ prefer Bonga, because Bonga is best ram for me\" thought from one elder/key informant. Body size improved  Mortality reduced/new borne lambs survive up to weaning  LI interval relatively reduced  Growth rate of lambs improved  Weaning age reduced/ Bonga cross is 3-4 month whereas for local 5-6 months  Growth rate of lamb is improved  Large body size and tail type is improving  Color is improved  Twin and triplet increased  AFS for both sex is improved. EX. Local  Twinning rate increased  Body size improved  Tail type and color improved Due to high market preference farmers in the area focus on selling rather than meat.  Since, Bonga ram/ewe lambs attract merchants and got premium in the market. For example, 5 & 7 month Bonga cross lamb sold at 900 & and 1200 birr in local market while, local lambs at the same age sold  Due to fast growth rate of cross lambs, there is great difference "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"Table 1 : Age at first lambing of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types 7  "},{"text":"Table 2 . Lambing Interval of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types 8  "},{"text":"Table 3 . Litter size of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types 10  "},{"text":"Table 4 . Average reproductive life span and life time lamb crop of some indigenous sheep 11  "},{"text":"Table 5 . Birth weight, three months' weight, six months' weight, pre-& post-ADG 12  "},{"text":"Table 6 . Agro-ecology and production system of study districts 18  "},{"text":"Table 7 : Number of Disseminated Bonga Rams in the Study Area 19  "},{"text":"Table 8 : Sampling structures for selection respondent farmers in study districts 20  "},{"text":"Table 9 : Details of sampling of ewes for monitoring studies 20  "},{"text":"Table 10 . Category-wise Proportion of Sex, Educational Level and Age (Years) of Respondent Farmers 26 Respondent Farmers 26  "},{"text":"Table 11 . Family sizes of households in the study 27  "},{"text":"Table 12 . Sheep flock structure of BRUs in the study areas (Mn± SD) 28  "},{"text":"Table 13 . Sheep flock structure for non-users in the study areas (Mn± SD) 28  "},{"text":"Table 14 . Local names of sheep in the study area 30  "},{"text":"Table 15 . Type of Grazing Land 31  "},{"text":"Table 16 : Grazing System of Sheep 32  "},{"text":"Table 17 : Supplementary Feeding Practiced by Respondent Farmers 33  "},{"text":"Table 18 : Common Supplementary feeds and sources for sheep in the study site 34  "},{"text":"Table 19 . Water sources for sheep in the study area (%) 37  "},{"text":"Table 20 : Farmers Selection Criteria 40  "},{"text":"Table 21 : Trends of Bonga ram keeping and using by BRU Farmers 42  "},{"text":"Table 22 . Culling Practices of local ram after introduction of Bonga ram 43  "},{"text":"Table 23 : Ewe Mating Seasons 45  "},{"text":"Table 24 : BRU Farmers Awareness about Inbreeding After Bonga Ram Introduction 46  "},{"text":"Table 25 . Source of information about the Performance of improved Bonga sheep 47  "},{"text":"Table 26 . Purpose of Keeping Bonga Cross Lambs 49 ix  "},{"text":"Table 27 : Farmers Perception on growth performance of Crossbreds and Local lamb 50  "},{"text":"Table 28 . Traits that farmers appreciate/like about Bonga ram and its crosses 51  "},{"text":"Table 29 : Perception of Bonga Rams by NBRU Farmers 52  "},{"text":"Table 30 : Reproductive Performance of sheep 57  "},{"text":"Table 31 : Birth type of sheep 58  "},{"text":"Table 32A : Least Square Means of Pre-weaning body weights(kg) and Weight Gain (gm) 64  "},{"text":"Table 33A : Least Square Means of Pre-weaning body weights(kg) and Weight Gain (gm) for location x Genetic group (Breed) Interaction 65  "},{"text":"Table 34A : Least Mean squares of Post-Weaning Body Weights (Kg) and Body Gains (gm) 70  "},{"text":"Table 35A : Least Mean squares for fixed effects of breed X Location Interaction for Post- Weaning Body Weight and Gain 71 Weaning Body Weight and Gain71  "},{"text":"Table 36 : Nature of Disease Treatment 72  "},{"text":"Table 37 : Mortality Occurrence in Sheep flocks 73  "},{"text":"Table 38 : Age-wise Occurrence of Mortality 74  "},{"text":"Table 39 : Season-wise Pre-weaning Lamb Mortality 76  "},{"text":"Table 40 : Causes of Lamb Mortality in the study site 77  "},{"text":"Table 41 : Occurrence of Abortion and Dystocia in Ewes in the Study area 78  "},{"text":"Table 42 : Survival rate of disseminated Bonga rams in the study districts. 79  "},{"text":"Table 43 : Disseminated Bonga Ram Physical Breeding Soundness in the Study area (Assessment based on monitoring study) 80 (Assessment based on monitoring study)80  "},{"text":"Table 44 : Number of Sheep Sold and Income Generated after Crossing 82  "},{"text":"Table 45 : Average Sale Price and Market Age of sheep (Based on BRU farmers) 83  "},{"text":"Table 46 : Status and sheep meat consumption after Bonga sheep crossing 84  "},{"text":"Table 47 : Constraints of Bonga Sheep Crossbreeding  "},{"text":" selection of suitable breeds for a given environment (Mukasa-Mugerwa and Lahlou-Kassi,1995).Age at first parturition is a good indicator of early sexual maturity in ewes. It is an economically important trait as greater population turnover and more rapid genetic progress can be obtained when sheep produce their first progenies at an earlier rather than later age. Early maturing females are also known to have a relatively long and fruitful reproductive life (Mukasa-Mugerwa and Lahlou-Kassi, 1995). Reproductive performance depends on various factors including age at first lambing, litter size, lambing interval and the life time productivity of the ewe, the last one being related to longevity(Sulieman et al., 1990; cited by Amelmal, 2011).  "},{"text":"Table 1 : investigated that lambs born for twins had longer age at first lambing than their counterpart singles born lambs. The age at first lambing for some of indigenous sheep breeds / types has been summarized in table 1. Age at first lambing of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types Breed/Type AFL(months) Source Breed/TypeAFL(months)Source Gumuz 13.67 Solomon (2007) Gumuz13.67Solomon (2007) Menz 16.5 Gautsch (1987) Menz16.5Gautsch (1987) Menz 15.22 Abebe (1999) Menz15.22Abebe (1999) Menz 17.06 Niftalem, 1990 Menz17.06Niftalem, 1990 Thin-tailed sheep 13.7 Mukasa-Mugerwa et al. (1986) Thin-tailed sheep13.7Mukasa-Mugerwa et al. (1986) Washera 15.46 Mengiste, 2008 Washera15.46Mengiste, 2008 Blackhead Ogaden 23.56 ± 3.63 Fikrte, 2008 Blackhead Ogaden23.56 ± 3.63Fikrte, 2008 Bonga 14.9 ± 3.1 Edea, 2008 Bonga14.9 ± 3.1Edea, 2008 Horro 13.3 ± 1.7 Edea, 2008 Horro13.3 ± 1.7Edea, 2008 Arsi-bale 12.7 Tsedeke, 2007 Arsi-bale12.7Tsedeke, 2007 Adilo 14.6 Getahun, 2008 Adilo14.6Getahun, 2008 Local sheep in Adaa Liban 17.07 Samuel, 2005 Local sheep in Adaa Liban17.07Samuel, 2005 Local sheep in Alaba 12.7 Tsedeke, 2007 Local sheep in Alaba12.7Tsedeke, 2007 Local sheep in Tocha 12.88±1.7 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Tocha12.88±1.7Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka 14.75±1.8 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka14.75±1.8Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta 14.77±1.8 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta14.77±1.8Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Illu Abba Bora 10 -13 Dhaba , 2013 Local sheep in Illu Abba Bora10 -13Dhaba , 2013 Local sheep in Gamogofa Zone 12.4±0.28 Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Gamogofa Zone12.4±0.28Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere 14.29±0.08 Yadeta, 2015 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere 14.29±0.08Yadeta, 2015  "},{"text":"Table 2 . Belete, 2009)  andEdea (2008)  indicates that lambing interval of Bonga and Horro ewes were around 8 and 7.8 ± Lambing Interval of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types Breed/Type LI(months) Source Breed/TypeLI(months)Source Gumuz 6.64 ±1.13 Solomon (2007) Gumuz6.64 ±1.13Solomon (2007) Menz 8.5 Tesfaye (2008) Menz8.5Tesfaye (2008) Menz 12.7-13.6 Niftalem, 1990 Menz12.7-13.6Niftalem, 1990 Menz 7.6-9.1 Abebe (1999) Menz7.6-9.1Abebe (1999) Local sheep around Dire Dawa 11.2-11.3 Aden (2003) Local sheep around Dire Dawa11.2-11.3Aden (2003) Afar sheep 9 Tesfaye (2008) Afar sheep9Tesfaye (2008) Washera 9.16 Mengiste, 2008 Washera9.16Mengiste, 2008 Blackhead Ogaden 10.46 Fikrte, 2008 Blackhead Ogaden10.46Fikrte, 2008 Bonga 8 Belete, 2009 Bonga8Belete, 2009 Bonga 8.9 ± 2.1 Edea, 2008 Bonga8.9 ± 2.1Edea, 2008 Horro 7.8 ± 2.4 Edea, 2008 Horro7.8 ± 2.4Edea, 2008 Arsi-bale 12.7 Tsedeke, 2007 Arsi-bale12.7Tsedeke, 2007 Local sheep in Gamogofa Zone 7.34±0.13 Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Gamogofa Zone7.34±0.13Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Gomma district 7.87-8.04 Belete, 2009 Local sheep in Gomma district7.87-8.04Belete, 2009 Local sheep in Alaba 9.19±0.08 Deribe, 2009 Local sheep in Alaba9.19±0.08Deribe, 2009 Local sheep in Tocha 11.62±3.8 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Tocha11.62±3.8Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka 10.33±4 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka10.33±4Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta 11.02±3.8 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta11.02±3.8Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Illu Abba Bora 9-12 Dhaba , 2013 Local sheep in Illu Abba Bora9-12Dhaba , 2013 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere 8.83±0.44 Yadeta, 2015 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere8.83±0.44Yadeta, 2015  "},{"text":"Table 3 . Litter size of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds/types Breed/Type Litter size Source Breed/TypeLitter sizeSource Gumuz 1.17 Solomon (2007) Gumuz1.17Solomon (2007) Menz 1.08 Gautsch (1987) Menz1.08Gautsch (1987) Menz 1.14 Agyemang et al. (1985) Menz1.14Agyemang et al. (1985) Menz 1.13 Mukasa-Mugerwa et al. (2002) Menz1.13Mukasa-Mugerwa et al. (2002) Menz 1.02 Niftalem (1990) Menz1.02Niftalem (1990) Thin tailed 1.30 Mukasa-Mugerwa and Teklye (1988) Thin tailed1.30Mukasa-Mugerwa and Teklye (1988) Afar sheep 1.03 Wilson (1982) Afar sheep1.03Wilson (1982) Washera 1.11 Mengiste, 2008 Washera1.11Mengiste, 2008 Blackhead Somali 1.04 Galal (1983) Blackhead Somali1.04Galal (1983) Bonga 1.40 Edea, 2008 Bonga1.40Edea, 2008 Horro 1.36 Edea, 2008 Horro1.36Edea, 2008 Horro 1.34 Abegaz et al. (2002) &Solomon and Gemeda (2000) Horro1.34Abegaz et al. (2002) &Solomon and Gemeda (2000) Adilo sheep 1.42 Getahun (2008) Adilo sheep1.42Getahun (2008) Local sheep in Gamogofa zone 1.3±0.04 Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Gamogofa zone1.3±0.04Fsahatsion, 2013 Local sheep in Alaba 1.51+0.04 Deribe, 2009 Local sheep in Alaba1.51+0.04Deribe, 2009 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere 1.19±0.42 Yadeta, 2015 Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere1.19±0.42Yadeta, 2015 Twining rate (percent)  Twining rate (percent) Local sheep in Tocha 24.75±7.9 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Tocha24.75±7.9Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka 37.8±12.9 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Mareka37.8±12.9Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta 39.06±17.9 Amelmal, 2011 Local sheep in Konta39.06±17.9Amelmal, 2011  "},{"text":"2.4.5. Reproductive life span and life time lamb crop  reported. These were in close agreement with Yadeta (2015) 10.52 ± 1.3 years for Local sheep reported. These were in close agreement with Yadeta (2015) 10.52 ± 1.3 years for Local sheep in Ada Barga and Ejere districts. in Ada Barga and Ejere districts. The life time lamb crop is very important trait to improve sheep productivity and profitability. The life time lamb crop is very important trait to improve sheep productivity and profitability. According to Edea (2008) on an average a Bonga and Horro ewe delivers 12.2 ± 1.80 and 15.3 According to Edea (2008) on an average a Bonga and Horro ewe delivers 12.2 ± 1.80 and 15.3 ± 4.3 lambs in her life time. Also, similar result was reported for Gumuz sheep (13.5 ± 1.76 ± 4.3 lambs in her life time. Also, similar result was reported for Gumuz sheep (13.5 ± 1.76 lambs) in Metema areas (Gizaw et al, 2007). lambs) in Metema areas (Gizaw et al, 2007). The results of the study for local ewe produce on average 8.57±3.7 (Tocha), 8.62±4.1 (Mareka) The results of the study for local ewe produce on average 8.57±3.7 (Tocha), 8.62±4.1 (Mareka) and 10.78±4.7 (Konta) lambs in her life time (Amelmal, 2011). This figure is much lower than and 10.78±4.7 (Konta) lambs in her life time (Amelmal, 2011). This figure is much lower than the figure reported by above two author and Average reproductive life span and life time lamb the figure reported by above two author and Average reproductive life span and life time lamb crop of some indigenous sheep breeds/types are summarized in table 4. crop of some indigenous sheep breeds/types are summarized in table 4. Long reproductive life span in tropical (unfavorable) condition is one of the adaptation traits of Long reproductive life span in tropical (unfavorable) condition is one of the adaptation traits of tropical livestock. According to Edea (2008) the average reproductive life span of Horro and tropical livestock. According to Edea (2008) the average reproductive life span of Horro and Bonga ewes were 7.9 ± 3.1 years and 7.4 ± 2.7 years, respectively. Long term reproductive Bonga ewes were 7.9 ± 3.1 years and 7.4 ± 2.7 years, respectively. Long term reproductive performance (long living, high fertility, ability to produce more offspring) of dams should be performance (long living, high fertility, ability to produce more offspring) of dams should be given more importance in selection programs (Edea, 2008). According to Gizaw (2008) in a given more importance in selection programs (Edea, 2008). According to Gizaw (2008) in a circumstance that of lack of comparative figures for Ethiopian breeds, quite long reproductive circumstance that of lack of comparative figures for Ethiopian breeds, quite long reproductive life span of Gumuz breed (8.5 years for ewes and 3.67 years for rams) was reported. life span of Gumuz breed (8.5 years for ewes and 3.67 years for rams) was reported. The average reproductive life span of Tocha, Mareka and Konta local ewes were 9.17±1.70, The average reproductive life span of Tocha, Mareka and Konta local ewes were 9.17±1.70, 9.82±1.51and 9.28±1.62 years, respectively (Amelmal, 2011) which is longer than the above 9.82±1.51and 9.28±1.62 years, respectively (Amelmal, 2011) which is longer than the above  "},{"text":"Table 4 . Average reproductive life span and life time lamb crop of some indigenous sheep  "},{"text":"Breed/type RLS of female (year) life time lamb crop Source  Bonga 7.9 ± 3.1 12.2 ± 1.80 Edea (2008) Bonga7.9 ± 3.112.2 ± 1.80Edea (2008) Horro 7.4 ± 2.7 15.3 ± 4.3 Edea (2008) Horro7.4 ± 2.715.3 ± 4.3Edea (2008) Gumuz 8.5 13.5 ± 1.76 Solomon (2007) Gumuz8.513.5 ± 1.76Solomon (2007) Tocha local sheep 9.17±1.70 8.57±3.7 Amelmal (2011) Tocha local sheep9.17±1.708.57±3.7Amelmal (2011) Mareka local sheep 9.82±1.51 8.62±4.1 Amelmal (2011) Mareka local sheep9.82±1.518.62±4.1Amelmal (2011) Konta local sheep 9.28±1.62 10.78±4.7 Amelmal (2011) Konta local sheep9.28±1.6210.78±4.7Amelmal (2011) Shinile and Erer local sheep 9.12 ± 1.6 8.18 ± 2.27 Fikrte (2008) Shinile and Erer local sheep9.12 ± 1.68.18 ± 2.27Fikrte (2008) Ada-Barga and Ejere 10.52 ± 1.3  Yadeta (2015) Ada-Barga and Ejere10.52 ± 1.3Yadeta (2015)  "},{"text":"2.5. Productive performance of Sheep in Ethiopia  (Kassahun, 2000; Mengiste, 2008). Parity, pre-mating weight of the dam, type of birth, sex and (Kassahun, 2000; Mengiste, 2008). Parity, pre-mating weight of the dam, type of birth, sex and season of birth also affect the growth. season of birth also affect the growth. Studies indicated that variation exits between indigenous sheep breeds for body weight traits Studies indicated that variation exits between indigenous sheep breeds for body weight traits (Kassahun; 2000; Sisay; 2002; Tibbo, 2006; Solomon; 2007). Among the indigenous sheep (Kassahun; 2000; Sisay; 2002; Tibbo, 2006; Solomon; 2007). Among the indigenous sheep breeds Horro and Bonga sheep breeds are large sized breeds and are superior in their body breeds Horro and Bonga sheep breeds are large sized breeds and are superior in their body weight Gizaw et al (2007) compared to most of the local sheep breeds. weight Gizaw et al (2007) compared to most of the local sheep breeds. The birth weight (3.24 kg) of the crossbred Local rift valley sheep with Dorper Sirinka The birth weight (3.24 kg) of the crossbred Local rift valley sheep with Dorper Sirinka agricultural research center, BED site in eastern Amhara region was heavier than the birth agricultural research center, BED site in eastern Amhara region was heavier than the birth weight (2.36 kg) of the indigenous sheep breeds in the area (Lakew et al, 2014) and birth weight weight (2.36 kg) of the indigenous sheep breeds in the area (Lakew et al, 2014) and birth weight (2.25 kg) of Dorper sheep lamb crosses in Wolayita and Siltie zones, southern Ethiopia (Ermias, (2.25 kg) of Dorper sheep lamb crosses in Wolayita and Siltie zones, southern Ethiopia (Ermias, 2014) but, lower than indigenous Bonga sheep breed reported 3.42 kg and 3.6 kg by Haile et al 2014) but, lower than indigenous Bonga sheep breed reported 3.42 kg and 3.6 kg by Haile et al (2014) and Metsafe (2015) respectively. Which is also, greater than Dorper sheep cross of (2014) and Metsafe (2015) respectively. Which is also, greater than Dorper sheep cross of 2.25 kg in for zones of southern region (Belete, 2014) as shown in table 5. However, non- 2.25 kg in for zones of southern region (Belete, 2014) as shown in table 5. However, non- genetic factors (sex, birth season, environment and birth type) have effect on growth genetic factors (sex, birth season, environment and birth type) have effect on growth performance of sheep. performance of sheep. Table 5. Birth weight, three months' weight, six months' weight, pre-& post-ADG Table 5. Birth weight, three months' weight, six months' weight, pre-& post-ADG Growth performance is a key production indicator as it has implication on the reproductive Growth performance is a key production indicator as it has implication on the reproductive efficiency of sheep (Momoh et al., 2013). Fast growth performance allows sheep to breed early efficiency of sheep (Momoh et al., 2013). Fast growth performance allows sheep to breed early and contribute more numbers of lifetime lamb crop. Faster rate of growth enables attaining an and contribute more numbers of lifetime lamb crop. Faster rate of growth enables attaining an early marketable weight (Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009). It is an important trait especially for early marketable weight (Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009). It is an important trait especially for mutton type breeds. An optimum level of growth determines the overall productivity of the mutton type breeds. An optimum level of growth determines the overall productivity of the flock and the economic return from the small ruminants. Growth performance of lambs is flock and the economic return from the small ruminants. Growth performance of lambs is determined by their body weight at various stages and daily body weight gain. Growth rate of determined by their body weight at various stages and daily body weight gain. Growth rate of lambs particularly during the early stages of life, is significantly influenced by breed lambs particularly during the early stages of life, is significantly influenced by breed (genotype), nursing ability of the ewe, the environment under which the animals are maintained (genotype), nursing ability of the ewe, the environment under which the animals are maintained including the availability of adequate feed supply in terms of both quantity and quality including the availability of adequate feed supply in terms of both quantity and quality  "},{"text":"Breeds Birth weight 3- month weight Pre- ADG 6-month weight Post- ADG Referenc e  Menz 2.3±0.04 9.3±0.6 80±7 13.7±0.3 40±3 Haile et al (2015) Menz2.3±0.049.3±0.680±713.7±0.340±3Haile et al (2015) Bonga 3.6±0.01 15.5±0.0 8 129.1±1.1 6 22.2±0.2 1 69.3±1. 4 Metsafe (2014) Bonga3.6±0.0115.5±0.0 8129.1±1.1 622.2±0.2 169.3±1. 4Metsafe (2014) Horro 3.12±0.1 3 11.7±0.5 90±6 17.3±0.8 60±9 Haile et al (2014) Horro3.12±0.1 311.7±0.590±617.3±0.860±9Haile et al (2014) Tumelie (Local) 2.36±0.0 5 8.5±0.14 67.78±1.6 0 11.92±0. 2 37.9±1. 2 Lakew et al. (2014) Tumelie (Local)2.36±0.0 58.5±0.1467.78±1.6 011.92±0. 237.9±1. 2Lakew et al. (2014) Tumelie (Local) X 3.24±0.0 14.9±0.2 129.9±2.2 20.43±0. 64.6±1. Lakew et Tumelie (Local) X3.24±0.014.9±0.2129.9±2.220.43±0.64.6±1.Lakew et Dorper 4 1 3 3 7 al. (2014) Dorper41337al. (2014) Local 2.72 8.367 NA NA NA Belete (2014) Local2.728.367NANANABelete (2014) Local X Dorper 2.25±1.7 17.3±0.9 NA NA NA Belete (2014) Local X Dorper2.25±1.7 17.3±0.9NANANABelete (2014)  "},{"text":"2.6. Farmers' Perception on Breed Improvement  According to Bereket et al (2017) the high diversified ethnic and cultural diversity affects the According to Bereket et al (2017) the high diversified ethnic and cultural diversity affects the adoption of the technology in Ethiopia, especially SNNPR. However, For the success of adoption of the technology in Ethiopia, especially SNNPR. However, For the success of indigenous sheep genetic improvement understanding the community breeding animal indigenous sheep genetic improvement understanding the community breeding animal preference is important (Solomon et al, 2013) preference is important (Solomon et al, 2013) Getachew et al (2016), farmers in Ethiopia showed keen interest to adopt and implement Getachew et al (2016), farmers in Ethiopia showed keen interest to adopt and implement breeding programs when they found them working and benefitting them. However, depending breeding programs when they found them working and benefitting them. However, depending on their level of experience and capacity, farmers might support either crossbreeding or pure on their level of experience and capacity, farmers might support either crossbreeding or pure breeding. Farmers are interested in adoption of sheep crossbreeding due to the fast growth of breeding. Farmers are interested in adoption of sheep crossbreeding due to the fast growth of crossbreds compared to their local sheep breeds in the Awassi × Menz and Farta x Washera crossbreds compared to their local sheep breeds in the Awassi × Menz and Farta x Washera crossbreeding attempts in the highlands of the Amhara region (Taye et al., 2011; Teferra et al., crossbreeding attempts in the highlands of the Amhara region (Taye et al., 2011; Teferra et al., 2014; Getachew et al 2016). According to Tibbo (2006) these crossbreeding programs were 2014; Getachew et al 2016). According to Tibbo (2006) these crossbreeding programs were failed because they not meet farmer's preference. Also, Gizaw et al. (2013) reported that the failed because they not meet farmer's preference. Also, Gizaw et al. (2013) reported that the existence of cross-breeding projects has a negative effect, 93% of the farmers interviewed in existence of cross-breeding projects has a negative effect, 93% of the farmers interviewed in the Menz region expressed their preference for Awassi sheep, which were introduced into the the Menz region expressed their preference for Awassi sheep, which were introduced into the area by the Awassi sheep cross-breeding project. area by the Awassi sheep cross-breeding project. According to Haile et al (2011), if farmers participate in whole process of breed improvement According to Haile et al (2011), if farmers participate in whole process of breed improvement program, the breeding program is success and farmer's adoption is very high. For example, program, the breeding program is success and farmer's adoption is very high. For example, according to Haile et al (2014) and Gutu et al (2015) Bonga community-based breeding according to Haile et al (2014) and Gutu et al (2015) Bonga community-based breeding program were success and the farmer's perception still high. According to the Kebede H. and program were success and the farmer's perception still high. According to the Kebede H. and Zekarias B. (2017) study on farmers' perception on performance of different disseminated Zekarias B. (2017) study on farmers' perception on performance of different disseminated breeding ram in Wolayita area show that the respondents in the area prefers breeding rams based breeding ram in Wolayita area show that the respondents in the area prefers breeding rams based on different traits and physical appearance, thus farmers in some areas appreciate Bonga sheep on different traits and physical appearance, thus farmers in some areas appreciate Bonga sheep for its ability to adapt and its progeny fast growth. And also, Mekuriaw et al (2012) reported for its ability to adapt and its progeny fast growth. And also, Mekuriaw et al (2012) reported that, Washera sheep have been more preferred by the farmers for their large body size, smooth that, Washera sheep have been more preferred by the farmers for their large body size, smooth hair, fast growth, big fat tail and attractive coat color and farmers' and pastoralists' preferences hair, fast growth, big fat tail and attractive coat color and farmers' and pastoralists' preferences are usually influenced by market forces to adopt cross-breeding (Gizaw et at., 2013). are usually influenced by market forces to adopt cross-breeding (Gizaw et at., 2013).  "},{"text":"2.7. Flock Structures and Lamb mortality Flock composition in terms of age and sex classes has been taken as an indicator of the management objectives for the owner and the production of the flock (Ayalew et al., 2002). Most of the time flock structure can reflect objective and strategy of the production. The study Most of the time flock structure can reflect objective and strategy of the production. The study Solomon, (2007) in north western lowland of Amhara region showed that among total sampled Solomon, (2007) in north western lowland of Amhara region showed that among total sampled Gumuz sheep under farmer's management condition, about 42.58% were adult females, while Gumuz sheep under farmer's management condition, about 42.58% were adult females, while the proportion of rams in a flock was only 5.8 %. In Menz sheep flock breeding ewes take a the proportion of rams in a flock was only 5.8 %. In Menz sheep flock breeding ewes take a major portion (46.8%) followed by lambs (19.2%) and ewe lambs (14.3%) and low proportion major portion (46.8%) followed by lambs (19.2%) and ewe lambs (14.3%) and low proportion (5.65%) of breeding rams and castrates (3.92%). Tesfaye, (2008) also reported in Afar pastoral (5.65%) of breeding rams and castrates (3.92%). Tesfaye, (2008) also reported in Afar pastoral breeding system that ewes were dominant (49.2%) followed by lambs (23.6%) and ewe lambs breeding system that ewes were dominant (49.2%) followed by lambs (23.6%) and ewe lambs (18.1%) as well as 2.83% breeding rams and 0.8% castrates. (18.1%) as well as 2.83% breeding rams and 0.8% castrates. Sheep ownership varies depending on the wealth status and the overall farm production Sheep ownership varies depending on the wealth status and the overall farm production objectives (Deribe, 2009). In the highlands, sheep are kept in small flocks of about 5 sheep per objectives (Deribe, 2009). In the highlands, sheep are kept in small flocks of about 5 sheep per household by nearly 40 % of all smallholders. The average flock size of sheep in Alaba was 5.0 household by nearly 40 % of all smallholders. The average flock size of sheep in Alaba was 5.0 (Tsedeke, 2007). However, the average sheep flock ranges from 3.7 (Abebe, 2010) to 31.6 (Tsedeke, 2007). However, the average sheep flock ranges from 3.7 (Abebe, 2010) to 31.6 (Getachew et al.2010) of sheep per household. (Getachew et al.2010) of sheep per household. Lamb mortality rate varies from one flock to another depending mostly on management level Lamb mortality rate varies from one flock to another depending mostly on management level (Awigichew, 2000). Lamb losses during pre-weaning period due to poor milking ability of dam (Awigichew, 2000). Lamb losses during pre-weaning period due to poor milking ability of dam and poor management before one year of age vary from 6.4 % to 45% (Deribe, 2009). The study and poor management before one year of age vary from 6.4 % to 45% (Deribe, 2009). The study on Horrro and Menz sheep of Ethiopian highlands show that slow growth rate associated with on Horrro and Menz sheep of Ethiopian highlands show that slow growth rate associated with mortality has been limiting factors for profitability of the indigenous sheep breeds (Tibbo, mortality has been limiting factors for profitability of the indigenous sheep breeds (Tibbo, 2006). Gemeda et al. (2005) and Berhanu and Aynalem (2011) reported that survival rate of 2006). Gemeda et al. (2005) and Berhanu and Aynalem (2011) reported that survival rate of lamb was significantly affected by birth weight. The higher mortality rate for lambs born in dry lamb was significantly affected by birth weight. The higher mortality rate for lambs born in dry season, compared to those born in the wet season was reported by season, compared to those born in the wet season was reported by  "},{"text":" the zone ranges from 13 to 30°C and the mean annual rainfall rages from 600-1600 mm. According to the CSA (2013/14) Livestock population of the zone are Districts. According to the CSA (2016/17) Livestock population of the zone are Cattle Districts. According to the CSA (2016/17) Livestock population of the zone are Cattle (841,729), Sheep (240,315), Goats (159,362), Horses (1,619), Mules (874), donkey (40,672), (841,729), Sheep (240,315), Goats (159,362), Horses (1,619), Mules (874), donkey (40,672), Poultry (1,019,67) and Beehives (57,294). Poultry (1,019,67) and Beehives (57,294). 3.1.3. Gurage zone 3.1.3. Gurage zone The administrative center (Welkite) was located at a distance of 158 km south -west of Addis The administrative center (Welkite) was located at a distance of 158 km south -west of Addis Ababa. The zone has a land size of about 5932 sq. Km and consists 15 District. The zone has Ababa. The zone has a land size of about 5932 sq. Km and consists 15 District. The zone has three Agro-ecological zones Highland (35%) Midland (62%) and lowland (3%). The annual three Agro-ecological zones Highland (35%) Midland (62%) and lowland (3%). The annual average temperature of average temperature of ). The zone has a total ). The zone has a total area of 2537.5 sq. km and lies between 7.43 -8.10 latitude and 37.86 to 38.53 longitudes, with area of 2537.5 sq. km and lies between 7.43 -8.10 latitude and 37.86 to 38.53 longitudes, with an elevation ranging from 1501 to 3500 m.a.s.l. Out of the total land size 3.42% is lowland an elevation ranging from 1501 to 3500 m.a.s.l. Out of the total land size 3.42% is lowland (LL), 73.57% Midland (ML) and 23.01% Highland (HL). The annual mean temperature ranges (LL), 73.57% Midland (ML) and 23.01% Highland (HL). The annual mean temperature ranges between 10.1-22.5oC and the annual mean rainfall ranges between 801-1200 mm. The zone between 10.1-22.5oC and the annual mean rainfall ranges between 801-1200 mm. The zone has 8 Districts. http://www.southinvest.gov.et/potentialSiltie.htm. The zone has twelve has 8 Districts. http://www.southinvest.gov.et/potentialSiltie.htm. The zone has twelve Districts. According to the CSA (2016/17) Livestock population of the zone are Cattle Districts. According to the CSA (2016/17) Livestock population of the zone are Cattle (547,666), Sheep (331,455), Goats (227,592), Horses (33,160), Mules (2,040), donkey (547,666), Sheep (331,455), Goats (227,592), Horses (33,160), Mules (2,040), donkey (126,539), Poultry (805,968) and Beehives (27,869). (126,539), Poultry (805,968) and Beehives (27,869). 3.1.2. Wolayta Zone 3.1.2. Wolayta Zone The administrative center (Sodo) was located at 330 km to the south-west of Addis Ababa and The administrative center (Sodo) was located at 330 km to the south-west of Addis Ababa and 160 km from Hawassa. The annual average temperature of the zone is 15.1°C and the mean 160 km from Hawassa. The annual average temperature of the zone is 15.1°C and the mean annual rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1300 mm. Regarding to the Agro -Ecology of the zone, annual rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1300 mm. Regarding to the Agro -Ecology of the zone, out of the total land size 3% is lowland, 57% Midland and 40% Highland. The zone has twelve out of the total land size 3% is lowland, 57% Midland and 40% Highland. The zone has twelve  "},{"text":"Table 6 . Agro-ecology and production system of study districts Location Lowla nd% Midlan d % Highla nd% Altitude (m.a.s.l) Longitude (North) Latitude (East) Production System LocationLowla nd%Midlan d %Highla nd%Altitude (m.a.s.l)Longitude (North)Latitude (East)Production System Arbegona 0 31.5 68.5 2985 6 0 39'60'' 38 0 44'60 '' Mixed farming Arbegona031.568.529856 0 39'60''38 0 44'60 ''Mixed farming Ezha 5% 66% 29% 2930 8 0 55'02'' 38 0 6' 22'' Mixed farming Ezha5%66%29%29308 0 55'02''38 0 6' 22''Mixed farming Damot Pulasa 0 100% 0 1919 7 0 00'08'' 37 0 47'34'' Mixed farming Damot Pulasa0100%019197 0 00'08''37 0 47'34''Mixed farming Alicho Worero 0 52% 48% 2295 7 0 55'02'' 38 0 7'42'' Mixed farming Alicho Worero052%48%22957 0 55'02''38 0 7'42''Mixed farming  "},{"text":"table 7 . The dissemination of improved Bonga ram was started in 2012 onward. The improved Bonga ram were introduced over the years in order to improve both productive and reproductive performance of local sheep type through crossbreeding with Bonga sheep. The Bonga rams were purchased from Bonga Sheep Community Based Breeding and Multiplication a cooperative, which is under Bonga Agriculture Research Center, by either government agencies or NGOs. The respondents in the study area reported that the beneficiary farmers contribute a potion on purchase cost on these rams and the is presented in (Appendix 11: Focus Group Discussion Results Focus Group Discussion Results  "},{"text":"Table 7 : Number of Disseminated Bonga Rams in the Study Area  "},{"text":"table 8  Location 2014 Year of Bonga ram Introduction 2015 2016 Total Location2014Year of Bonga ram Introduction 2015 2016Total Arbegona 0 27 33 60 Arbegona0273360 Ezha 0 28 0 28 Ezha028028 Damot Pulasa 0 27 44 71 Damot Pulasa0274471 Alicho Worero 30 75 0 105 Alicho Worero30750105 Total 30 157 77 264 Total3015777264  "},{"text":"Table 8 : Sampling structures for selection respondent farmers in study districts Stages Activity Sampling Technique Sample frame Criteria StagesActivitySampling TechniqueSample frameCriteria First Selection of Study Zone Purposively Gurage, Sidama, Silte and Wolayta Distribution of Bonga ram from Boka-Shuta community FirstSelection of Study ZonePurposivelyGurage, Sidama, Silte and WolaytaDistribution of Bonga ram from Boka-Shuta community Second Selection of Study Districts Purposively Ezha Arbegona Alicho (Silte), Damot-(Gurage), (Sidama), Pulasa (Wolayta) Introduction number of Bonga rams of high from Boka-Shuta community in Districts SecondSelection of Study DistrictsPurposivelyEzha Arbegona Alicho (Silte), Damot-(Gurage), (Sidama), Pulasa (Wolayta)Introduction number of Bonga rams of high from Boka-Shuta community in Districts     a) 40 respondents using a) 40 respondents using  Selection of   Bonga rams; and Selection ofBonga rams; and Third Respondents Randomly 320 farmers b) 40 respondents using ThirdRespondentsRandomly320 farmersb) 40 respondents using  for Survey   local rams from each for Surveylocal rams from each     district district  "},{"text":"Table 9 : Details of sampling of ewes for monitoring studies  "},{"text":"Location Local ewe x Local ram Local ewe x Bonga ram Total Number of ewes Number of Household Number of ewes Number of Household Number of ewes structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, field monitoring and secondary sources were used to gather qualitative and quantitative data on sheep breeding and production practices in the area. Structured questionnaires were prepared to collect information on the existing socioeconomic characters (sex, age, education level, household size, livestock possession and major production constraints), reproductive performances (age at first lambing, lambing interval, age at first service, flock structure, major feed sources and diseases of sheep in the area, sheep production system and husbandry practices from each flock owners and key informants via interview. 3.4. Data Collection Procedure     3.4. Data Collection Procedure       Number of Number of       Household Household Alicho Worero 39 34 50 50 89 65 Alicho Worero393450508965 Ezha 53 53 56 56 109 81 Ezha5353565610981 Damot Pulasa 37 37 42 42 79 78 Damot Pulasa373742427978 Arbegona 48 48 57 57 105 77 Arbegona4848575710577 Pooled 177 142 205 159 382 301 Pooled177142205159382301  "},{"text":"Table 10 . Category-wise Proportion of Sex, Educational Level and Age (Years) of Respondent Farmers    Alicho   Ezha   Damot Pulasa  Arbegona Overall AlichoEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaOverall  Respondents User Non-Users User Non-Users User Non-Users User Non-Users Users Non-Users RespondentsUserNon-UsersUserNon-UsersUserNon-UsersUserNon-UsersUsersNon-Users   N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N%N % Sex Male Female 33 83 27 68 35 88 38 95 22 55 30 75 30 75 38 95 120 75 133 83 7 18 13 33 5 13 2 5 18 45 10 25 10 25 2 5 40 25 27 17 SexMale Female33 83 27 68 35 88 38 95 22 55 30 75 30 75 38 95 120 75 133 83 7 18 13 33 5 13 2 5 18 45 10 25 10 25 2 5 40 25 27 17  Illiterate 16 40 23 58 8 27 5 13 11 28 12 30 5 13 12 30 40 25 52 33 Illiterate16 40 23 588 27 513 11 28 12 30 5 13 12 30 402552 33 Level Educational Read & Write Elementary School Secondary School High school 10 25 14 35 13 43 9 13 33 3 7.5 10 33 15 38 23 19 48 6 15 10 25 17 43 14 35 46 28.8 42 26 5 13 15 38 4 10 57 35.6 32 20 0 0 0 0 6 20 3 7.5 2 5 1 2.5 2 5 4 10 10 6.3 8 5 1 2.5 0 0 3 10 8 18 2 5 11 28 1 2.5 2 5 7 4.4 20 13 Level EducationalRead & Write Elementary School Secondary School High school10 25 14 35 13 43 9 13 33 3 7.5 10 33 15 38 23 19 48 6 15 10 25 17 43 14 35 46 28.8 42 26 5 13 15 38 4 10 57 35.6 32 20 0 0 0 0 6 20 3 7.5 2 5 1 2.5 2 5 4 10 10 6.3 8 5 1 2.5 0 0 3 10 8 18 2 5 11 28 1 2.5 2 5 7 4.4 20 13  >High school 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 0 0 4 10 0 0.0 6 4 >High school0000001 2.5 001 2.5 004 10 00.064  <30 2 5 5 13 6 20 3 8 11 28 7 18 6 15 11 28 25 17 26 16 <30255136 20 3811 28718 6 15 11 28 251726 16 group Age 31-40 41-50 51-60 15 38 15 38 16 40 18 45 11 37 13 33 12 30 10 25 15 38 6 15 54 9 30 12 30 10 25 19 48 14 35 19 48 48 4 10 2 5 10 33 2 5 5 13 3 8 4 10 1 3 23 32 36 15 65 41 47 29 8 5 group Age31-40 41-50 51-6015 38 15 38 16 40 18 45 11 37 13 33 12 30 10 25 15 38 6 15 54 9 30 12 30 10 25 19 48 14 35 19 48 48 4 10 2 5 10 33 2 5 5 13 3 8 4 10 1 3 2332 36 1565 41 47 29 8 5  >60 3 8 0 0 4 13 10 25 2 5 1 3 1 3 3 8 10 7 14 9 >6038004 13 10 252513133 8 10714 9  "},{"text":"Table 11 . Family sizes of households in the study Location Respondents Male Mean ± SD Female Mean ± SD Total Mean ± SD LocationRespondentsMale Mean ± SDFemale Mean ± SDTotal Mean ± SD Alicho BRUs 3.4±1.4 4.2±1.9 7.57±2.3 AlichoBRUs3.4±1.44.2±1.97.57±2.3 Worero Local Ram Users 2.83±1 3.28±1.3 6.05±2.1 WoreroLocal Ram Users2.83±13.28±1.36.05±2.1 Ezha BRUs Local Ram Users 3.8±1.3 3.3±1.5 3.57±1.4 3.35±1.3 7.37±2.3 6.65±2.1 EzhaBRUs Local Ram Users3.8±1.3 3.3±1.53.57±1.4 3.35±1.37.37±2.3 6.65±2.1 Damot Pulasa BRUs Local Ram Users 3.6±1.4 2.8±1.3 2.97±1.5 2.55±1.2 6.55±2 5.3±2 Damot PulasaBRUs Local Ram Users3.6±1.4 2.8±1.32.97±1.5 2.55±1.26.55±2 5.3±2 Arbegona BRUs Local Ram Users 4±1.54 3.4±1.6 3.58±1.9 3.5±1.98 7.58±3 6.85±2.5 ArbegonaBRUs Local Ram Users4±1.54 3.4±1.63.58±1.9 3.5±1.987.58±3 6.85±2.5 Overall BRUs Local Ram Users 3.69±1 3.06±1 3.58±1.8 3.17±1.5 7.26±2.5 6.2±2.37 OverallBRUs Local Ram Users3.69±1 3.06±13.58±1.8 3.17±1.57.26±2.5 6.2±2.37 4.1     4.1  "},{"text":".2 Sheep Flock Structures  (Abebe, 2010), 5 (Tsedeke, 2007) and 4 (Ermias, 2014). Large number of Bonga cross lambs (Abebe, 2010), 5 (Tsedeke, 2007) and 4 (Ermias, 2014). Large number of Bonga cross lambs were less than 6 months (2.4±1.2) of age whereas similar figure was 2.13±0.8 for local female were less than 6 months (2.4±1.2) of age whereas similar figure was 2.13±0.8 for local female sheep aged greater than 12 months (Table 12). Similarly, among non-BRUs respondents, the sheep aged greater than 12 months (Table 12). Similarly, among non-BRUs respondents, the lambs less than 6 months of age and female sheep greater than 12 month of age had large lambs less than 6 months of age and female sheep greater than 12 month of age had large number (1.14±1.2 and 1.8±0.9 for < 6 months' age and females > 12 months' age, respectively.) number (1.14±1.2 and 1.8±0.9 for < 6 months' age and females > 12 months' age, respectively.)  "},{"text":"Table 12 . Sheep flock structure of BRUs in the study areas (Mn± SD) Age Category (Month) Sex Breed Type Alicho Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Age Category (Month)SexBreed TypeAlichoEzhaDamot PulasaArbegona Overall Less than 6 Both Local Bonga cross 0.3±0.7 2.1±1.9 3.3±1. 2.4±1.1 0 0.1±0.6 0 2.4±1.2 0.1±0.47 2.4±1.4 Less than 6BothLocal Bonga cross0.3±0.7 2.1±1.9 3.3±1. 2.4±1.1 0 0.1±0.60 2.4±1.20.1±0.47 2.4±1.4   Local 0 0.5±0.6 0.1±0.3 0.18±0.5 0.17±0.5 Local00.5±0.6 0.1±0.3 0.18±0.50.17±0.5 6 up to Male Bonga cross 0.7±0.9 0.5±0.7 0.3±0.5 0.48±0.7 0.5±0.7 6 up toMaleBonga cross0.7±0.9 0.5±0.7 0.3±0.5 0.48±0.70.5±0.7 12  Local 0.1±0.3 1.2±0.6 0.3±0.7 0.7±0.9 0.54±0.8 12Local0.1±0.3 1.2±0.6 0.3±0.70.7±0.90.54±0.8  Female Bonga cross 0.8±1 0.8±0.7 0.4±0.6 0.83±0.8 0.7±0.8 FemaleBonga cross0.8±10.8±0.7 0.4±0.6 0.83±0.80.7±0.8   Local 0.2±0.6 0.1±0.3 0.1±0.3 0.03±0.16 0.1±0.38 Local0.2±0.6 0.1±0.3 0.1±0.3 0.03±0.16 0.1±0.38 Greater Male Bonga cross 0 0 0 0 0 GreaterMaleBonga cross00000 than 12  Local 1.8±0.7 2.8±0.8 1.8±0.7 2.13±0.8 2.1±0.86 than 12Local1.8±0.7 2.8±0.8 1.8±0.7 2.13±0.82.1±0.86  Female Bonga cross 1.1±1 0 0.1±0.2 0.13±0.4 0.33±0.7 FemaleBonga cross1.1±100.1±0.2 0.13±0.40.33±0.7   Local 0 0.03±0.2 0 0 0.01±0.08 Local00.03±0.2000.01±0.08 Fattened Castrated Bonga cross Local 0.1±0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.01±0.16 0.05±0.32 0.01±0.16 FattenedCastratedBonga cross Local0.1±0.3 00 00 00.01±0.16 0.05±0.32 0.01±0.16  Barren Bonga cross 0 0 0 0 0 BarrenBonga cross00000 Total Local Bonga cross 2.3±1.3 4.6±1.1 2.4±1.4 3.08±1.6 4.7±2.2 4.3±1.6 3.1±1.3 3.78±1.34 3±1.6 4±1.8 TotalLocal Bonga cross2.3±1.3 4.6±1.1 2.4±1.4 3.08±1.6 4.7±2.2 4.3±1.6 3.1±1.3 3.78±1.343±1.6 4±1.8  "},{"text":"Table 13 . Sheep flock structure for non-users in the study areas (Mn± SD) Age (Month) Sex Alicho Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Total Age (Month)SexAlichoEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaTotal Less than 6 Both 1.4±1.1 1.5±1.4 1±0.8 0.6±1.2 1.14±1.2 Less than 6Both1.4±1.1 1.5±1.41±0.80.6±1.21.14±1.2 6 up to 12 Male Female 0.2±0.6 0.9±0.9 0.3±0.6 0.6±0.9 1.2±1.1 0.7±0.7 0.6±0.9 1.3±1.3 0.5±0.8 1±1.1 6 up to 12Male Female0.2±0.6 0.9±0.9 0.3±0.6 0.6±0.9 1.2±1.1 0.7±0.70.6±0.9 1.3±1.30.5±0.8 1±1.1  Male 0.5±0.6 0.4±0.7 0.05±0.2 0.3±0.5 0.3±0.6 Male0.5±0.6 0.4±0.7 0.05±0.2 0.3±0.50.3±0.6 More than 12 Female 1.5±0.7 2.7±0.9 1.3±0.5 1.8±0.7 1.8±0.9 More than 12Female1.5±0.7 2.7±0.9 1.3±0.51.8±0.71.8±0.9  Castrated .05±0.3 0.3±0.6 0.08±0.3 0 0.1±0.4 Castrated .05±0.3 0.3±0.6 0.08±0.300.1±0.4 Unknown Barren 0 0.05±0.3 0 0 0.01±0.2 UnknownBarren00.05±0.3000.01±0.2 Total  4.4±1.9 7.1±2.9 3.5±1.5 4.6±2.6 4.9±2.7 Total4.4±1.9 7.1±2.9 3.5±1.54.6±2.64.9±2.7  "},{"text":"Origins of Sheep in the Study Area The FGD was held to identify the origin of local sheep type in the study area. The FGD in Alicho and Ezha Districts reported that local sheep presently maintained in these Districts have possibly originated from the Gummer sheep (Local name) present in the Gummer District of Gurage zone, SNNPR. This perception of the farmers may possibly be correct as to the origin of local sheep in these Districts. The local names of different sheep category assigned by different names in Silte, Gurage, Wolayta and Sidama zones have been summarized in table 15.The origin of local sheep types in Damot Pulasa (Wolayta Zone) and Arbegona (Sidama Zone)were not from their District or Zone. The participants reported that, the local sheep type was  "},{"text":"Table 14 . Local names of sheep in the study area Sheep Category Alicho (Silte) Location Damot Pulasa Ezha (Gurage) (Wolayita) Arbegona (Sidama) Sheep CategoryAlicho (Silte)Location Damot Pulasa Ezha (Gurage) (Wolayita)Arbegona (Sidama) Sheep Tay Tay Dorsa Gerecho SheepTayTayDorsaGerecho Dam/Ewe Taynite Tay Uziyo Gerewuama Dam/EweTayniteTayUziyoGerewuama Ram Ambuli Gundir Orgiya Gocho RamAmbuliGundirOrgiyaGocho Lamb Giligil Girangir  Wilile LambGiligilGirangirWilile Ewe lamb Kebint Noshash  Godane Ewe lambKebintNoshashGodane Ram lamb Korbosha Korbosha  Wililecho Ram lambKorboshaKorboshaWililecho 4.3 Feed Resources and Feeding Strategy   4.3 Feed Resources and Feeding Strategy  "},{"text":"3.1. Type of Grazing Land The ) especially in Ezha and Arbegona site. However, private farm land was the major grazing land for sheep in the study districtsThe studies of Edea, (2008) and Metsafe, (2015) in Bonga area also showed that the majority of farmers were using private grazing land for grazing of sheep in Adiyo kaka (home track of Bonga sheep) area. They also reported that the area used for communal grazing is shrinking due to its use for cultivation for crops.  Table 15. Type of Grazing Land   Table 15. Type of Grazing Land Groups Grazing Land Alicho Worero Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Over all Site GroupsGrazing LandAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaOver all Site  Private 67.5 67.5 67.5 80 70.63 Private67.567.567.58070.63 BRU Respondents Communal 22.5 0 5 0 6.87 BRU RespondentsCommunal22.50506.87  Both Land 10 32.5 27.5 20 22.5 Both Land1032.527.52022.5  Private 70 80 32.5 85 66.87 Private708032.58566.87 Non-BRU respondents Communal 20 0 12.5 0 8.13 Non-BRU respondentsCommunal20012.508.13  Both Land 10 20 55 15 25 Both Land1020551525  X 2 NS NS ** NS NS X 2NSNS**NSNS  Note; NS = non-significant, ** = Significant at 0.01,  Note; NS = non-significant, ** = Significant at 0.01, 4       4      Thus, 70.63%, Thus, 70.63%, 6.87% and 22.5% BRUs respondents use private, communal and both communal and private 6.87% and 22.5% BRUs respondents use private, communal and both communal and private grazing land for their sheep respectively whereas, 66.87%, 8.13, and 22% of NBRU respondents grazing land for their sheep respectively whereas, 66.87%, 8.13, and 22% of NBRU respondents use private, communal and both communal and private grazing respectively as shown in table. use private, communal and both communal and private grazing respectively as shown in table. However, X 2 test showed that, there is no difference of grazing land usage trend among BRUs However, X 2 test showed that, there is no difference of grazing land usage trend among BRUs and NBRUs between and within (except Damot Pulasa) location. And none of farmers in Ezha and NBRUs between and within (except Damot Pulasa) location. And none of farmers in Ezha and Arbegona site use Communal grazing land. In generally most of the farmers in all study and Arbegona site use Communal grazing land. In generally most of the farmers in all study  "},{"text":".3.2. Grazing System The  Pulasa (55%) and Arbegona (47.5%) practice tethered grazing of Bonga and its cross lambs Pulasa (55%) and Arbegona (47.5%) practice tethered grazing of Bonga and its cross lambs whereas at Alicho Worero (87.5%) practice free grazing alone (with other Sheep tethered) for whereas at Alicho Worero (87.5%) practice free grazing alone (with other Sheep tethered) for Bonga and its cross lambs. Bonga and its cross lambs.  "},{"text":"Table 16 : Grazing System of Sheep Responden t category Type of sheep Grazing System Alicho Worero Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Responden t categoryType of sheepGrazing SystemAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegona Overall   Free Mixed grazing 0 2.5 22.5 15 10 Free Mixed grazing02.522.51510 BRU Bonga and its crossbreds Tethered grazing 12.5 65 55 47.5 66.3 BRUBonga and its crossbredsTethered grazing12.5655547.566.3   Free grazing alone 87.5 32.5 22.5 37.5 23.7 Free grazing alone87.532.522.537.523.7   Free Mixed grazing 45 22.5 50 85 50.6 Free Mixed grazing4522.5508550.6 NBRU Local sheep Tethered grazing 55 77.5 50 15 49.4 NBRULocal sheepTethered grazing5577.5501549.4   Free grazing alone 0 0 0 0 0 Free grazing alone00000  "},{"text":"Bonga cross Tethered grazing at Damot Pulasa Bonga cross Free Mixed grazing at Arbegona Bonga Ram Tethered grazing with Local Ram at Ezha 4.3.3. Supplementary Feeding Practice The results on the supplementary feeding practiced by BRU and NBRU respondents across the four locations are presented in table 18. The overall survey results of BRU respondents showed that 19.38 % give supplementary feed for Bonga ram/ crossbreds separately, 46.25% no supplementary feed given and 34.38 % give supplementary feed without separating local sheep from Bonga ram/ crossbred sheep. The 62.5% NBRU rerspondents give supplementary feeding to local sheep which was higher than practiced for Bonga ram / crossbreds at all sites (Table18). In Ezha (Gurage) site, results showed that none of the BRU respondents give supplementary feed to Bonga ram/ crossbreds alone. However, 20 % of BRU respondents  "},{"text":"Table 17 : Supplementary Feeding Practiced by Respondent FarmersOn the other hand, NBRU farmers reported that, due to low growth and high pre-weaning mortality rate of local sheep, they provide supplementary feeds to accelerate growth and reduce pre-weaning mortality. Supplementary feeding Respodents Alicho Worero Districts Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall X 2 test Supplementary feedingRespodentsAlicho WoreroDistricts Ezha Damot PulasaArbegonaOverall X 2 test Yes BRU 30 0 40 7.5 19.38 ** YesBRU300407.519.38**  NBRU 50 82.5 67.5 50 62.5 ** NBRU5082.567.55062.5** No BRU 30 80 27.5 47.5 46.25 ** NoBRU308027.547.546.25**  NBRU 50 17.5 32.5 50 37.5 ** NBRU5017.532.55037.5** Yes (For all) BRU 40 20 32.5 45 34.8 ** Yes (For all)BRU402032.54534.8**  "},{"text":"table 19 . The results showed that Desho grass, Home leftover, Crop Residues and Frushica were common supplementary feed for sheep in all study districts. The Enset /Amicho was common supplementary feed in all districts except Ezha. Similarly, molasses is being fed as supplementary feed in Ezha district whereas sweet potato was used as supplementary feed in  "},{"text":"Table 18 : Common Supplementary feeds and sources for sheep in the study site Type of  Source of supplement  Type ofSource of supplement supplementary Feed Alicho Worero Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona supplementary FeedAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegona Frushica Purchased Purchased Purchased Purchased FrushicaPurchasedPurchasedPurchasedPurchased Enset/ Amicho Farm Produce Not Practice Farm Produce Farm Produce Enset/ AmichoFarm ProduceNot PracticeFarm Produce Farm Produce Crop Residues Farm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Crop ResiduesFarm ProduceFarm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Molasses Not Practice Purchased Not Practice Not Practice MolassesNot PracticePurchasedNot PracticeNot Practice Sweet Potato Not Practice Not Practice Farm Produce Not Practice Sweet PotatoNot PracticeNot PracticeFarm Produce Not Practice Home leftover Home Home Home Home Home leftoverHomeHomeHomeHome Desho grass Farm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Desho grassFarm ProduceFarm Produce Farm Produce Farm Produce Bole Purchased Purchased Not Practice Not Practice BolePurchasedPurchasedNot PracticeNot Practice  "},{"text":" table, that overall 68.8% and 81.6% of farmers used river and ponds as source of water for sheep during summer and dry season, respectively. In Damot Pulasa site farmer, has a pond donated by the NGO in the area, used pond water (33.75% in summer and 92.5 % in dry season) for watering sheep. The farmers in Arbegona and Damot Pulasa sites used rain water(27.55    and 15%, respectively) as watering source during summer season. Dejene (2010) reported that river was the main water source for sheep in Kafa area. Alicho Edja Damot Arbegona Overall Site AlichoEdjaDamotArbegonaOverall Site Worero  Pullasa   WoreroPullasa  "},{"text":"Table 19 . Water sources for sheep in the study area (%) Water Alicho Ezha  Damot Arbegona Overall Site WaterAlichoEzhaDamotArbegonaOverall Site Sources Worero   Pulasa     SourcesWoreroPulasa  Summ Dry Summ Dry Summ Dry Summ Dry Summ Dry SummDry SummDry SummDry SummDry SummDry  er  er  er  er  er  ererererer River 83.75 31.3 95 6.3 23.75 5 72.5 7.5 68.8 12.5 River83.75 31.3956.323.75572.57.568.812.5 Pond 8.75 66.3 2.5 85 33.75 92.5 0 82. 5 11.3 81.6 Pond8.7566.32.58533.75 92.5082. 511.381.6 Spring 3.75 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 Spring3.7502.5000001.60 River           River and 3.75 2.4 0 8.7 27.5 2.5 0 10 7.8 5.9 and3.752.408.727.52.50107.85.9 Pond           Pond Rain water 0 0 0 0 15 0 27.5 0 10.6 0 Rain water000015027.5010.60  "},{"text":" Moreover, the researcher was captured that farmers in all study site watering Bonga rams and its cross by previous trends and practices without separating local sheep. And also, Bonga cross adapted water shortage like local sheep in all study site. Thus, there were no any complains were reported during survey and Focus group discussion time about Bonga ram or its crossadaptability problem of water shortage in all study sites.  "},{"text":"Table 20 : Farmers Selection Criteria Traits  Alicho Worero Districts Damot Pulasa Ezha Arbegona TraitsAlicho WoreroDistricts Damot PulasaEzhaArbegona I. Breeding Females:       I. Breeding Females: Body Size Good body size Wide and Long body Good body size Big body size Body Size Good body sizeWide and Long bodyGood body sizeBig body size     size with Wattle    size with Wattle Horn  No consideration No consideration No consideration Polled (Hornless) HornNo consideration No considerationNo consideration Polled (Hornless) Coat colour  Red, Brown; and Dark Red with White head Light Red with White Dark and red with white head Red Coat colourRed, Brown; and Dark Red with White headLight Red with WhiteDark and red with white headRed Mothering ability Good milked Wider udder  Good Mothering for her lambs Wide udder size Mothering abilityGood milkedWider udderGood Mothering for her lambsWide udder size Type birth of No consideration Twining  No consideration Twining Type birthofNo consideration TwiningNo consideration Twining II. Breeding Males:       II. Breeding Males: Body  Good body Good body Good body Good body BodyGoodbodyGoodbodyGoodbodyGoodbody condition appearance,  appearance,  appearance, appearance, conditionappearance,appearance,appearance,appearance,   Big and long Big and long body Big and long Big and long body Big and longBig and long bodyBig and longBig and long body   body size  size  body size size body sizesizebody sizesize Coat color Red, Brown; and Grey, Red, and  Dark red, Red Coat color Red, Brown; andGrey, Red, andDark red,Red   Dark Red with White with Red Red   Dark Red withWhite with RedRed   white head  mixture     white headmixture Horn  No consideration Horned  Horned Polled (Hornless) HornNo considerationHornedHornedPolled (Hornless) Tail  No consideration Long tail  No consideration No consideration TailNo considerationLong tailNo consideration No consideration  "},{"text":".3. Selection of Ewes for crossing with Bonga Rams: The result of selection of local ewes for crossing with Bonga rams in the four study districts is presented in figure9. These results showed that majority of BRU respondent farmers (85.0, 82.5 and 65.0 %) do not practice selection of local ewes for crossing with Bonga rams in Alicho Worero, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona districts, respectively. However, 56.7 % (More than 50 %) of BRU respondent farmers practice ewe selection for crossing with Bonga rams in Ezha district. Farmers select breeding ewes with large body size and good body condition. This finding is in agreement with the report ofHaile et al. (2013) wherein large body size was used as selection criteria for Afar, Menz, Bonga and Horro ewes in Ethiopia. The possible reason for large body size of ewe as selection criteria may be attributed to the assumption of farmers that lambs born from good body condition and large body sized ewes have higher body weight.  "},{"text":" Practice Ewe Selection for Cross Breeding with Bonga ramNot Practice Ewe Selection for crss breeding with Bonga ram wider scale distribution of improved Bonga ram in the region as was reported byGutu et al.   (20014). This introduction of Bonga rams facilitated optimum availability of breeding rams.The results on trends in Bonga ram keeping and using by BRU Farmers is presented in table21.     15  17.5 35 29.3 1517.53529.3  56.7   56.7 85  82.5 65 70.7 8582.56570.7  43.3   43.3 Al i ch o E za Damot Arb egon a overal l Al i ch oE zaDamotArb egon a overal l   Pu l l asa  Pu l l asa  "},{"text":"Table 21 : Trends of Bonga ram keeping and using by BRU Farmers   Percentage of farmers (%)  Percentage of farmers (%) Location Owning Bonga ram Use another Breeding Ram (%) LocationOwning Bonga ramUse another Breeding Ram (%)  Yes No Yes No YesNoYesNo Alicho Worero 0.0 100.0 7.5 92.5 Alicho Worero0.0100.07.592.5 Ezha 33.3 66.7 3.3 96.7 Ezha33.366.73.396.7 Damot Pulasa 60.0 40.0 25.0 75.0 Damot Pulasa60.040.025.075.0 Arbegona 30.0 70.0 17.5 82.5 Arbegona30.070.017.582.5 Overall 30.7 69.3 14.0 86.0 Overall30.769.314.086.0 Perusal of this table (     Perusal of this table (  "},{"text":"Table 21 Bongaram by rotating from farmer to farmer and one farmer keep the ram for one month then shift to another farmer with the norm of good management and all farmers should use the ram freely.In Damot Pulasa site, the Bonga rams were maintained by model farmers and then other farmers (Not owning Bonga rams) use these ram for mating. The model farmer continues to maintain the Bonga ram and can dispose it off after prescribed age. However, in Arbegona area, the rams were maintained by model farmers. These rams were used by community member (A local group of farmers constituted for Bonga ram maintenance), who do not own Bonga ram, for mating in their flock free of cost but non-community members have to pay a nominal charge of 3 ET Birr / service. Haile et al (2014) reported that, the community decides how rams are managed and how they are shared in the community-based breeding sites. However, lack of ram mating pedigree records might be difficult to manage inbreeding problem in the study areas The results (Table21) also showed that majority of BRU farmers (96.7, 92.5, 82.5, 75.0 % in Ezha, Alicho Worero, Arbegona and Damot Pulasa Districts, respectively) prefer only to mate their ewes with Bonga rams. However, a small proportion of BRU farmers(3.3, 7.5, 17.5, 25.0 % in Ezha, Alicho Worero, Arbegona and Damot Pulasa Districts, respectively) give first preference to mating ewes with Bonga ram but if it is not available, when ewe is in heat, they then use any other available ram, preferably local.  "},{"text":"Table 22 . table 22. The overall results showed that 74.13 and 25.86 % of respondent farmers culled local rams through sale and castration, respectively. Culling Practices of local ram after introduction of Bonga ram     Location      Location Culling Practice Alicho Worero  Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Culling PracticeAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaOverall  N % N % N % N % N % N%N%N%N%N% Castratio n 18 58.06 5 25.0 0 0 7 20.58 3 0 25.8 6 Castratio n1858.06525.000720.583 025.8 6 By Sale 13 41.93 15 75 31 100 27 79.41 8 6 74.1 3 By Sale1341.931575311002779.418 674.1 3 N number of respondent farmers possessing local breeding rams at the time of introduction of N number of respondent farmers possessing local breeding rams at the time of introduction of     Bonga Rams.      Bonga Rams.  "},{"text":"Table 23 : Ewe Mating Seasons . The results (overall . The results (overall  "},{"text":"Table 24 : BRU Farmers Awareness about Inbreeding After Bonga Ram Introduction Inbreeding perception Districts Alicho Worero Ezha D/Pulasa Arbegona Overall Inbreeding perceptionDistricts Alicho Worero Ezha D/Pulasa ArbegonaOverall Avoided 80.8 100.0 47.5 100.0 75.5 Avoided80.8100.047.5100.075.5 Minimized 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.9 Minimized0.00.05.00.01.9 No change 19.2 0.0 47.5 0.0 22.6 No change19.20.047.50.022.6  "},{"text":"Farmers Perception on Bonga ram 4.6.1. Source of Information about Improved Bonga Breed:  The results of the source of information about good attributes of Bonga type of sheep in the The results of the source of information about good attributes of Bonga type of sheep in the study area is presented in table 28. The overall results showed that 80.1, 5.63, 4.38 and 3.75 % study area is presented in table 28. The overall results showed that 80.1, 5.63, 4.38 and 3.75 % of respondent farmers obtained information on good attributes of Bonga type sheep from of respondent farmers obtained information on good attributes of Bonga type sheep from Extension Experts / Public Meetings, friends, public media /FM and NGO, respectively. The Extension Experts / Public Meetings, friends, public media /FM and NGO, respectively. The district-wise results showed that 70, 85, 95 and 100 % of respondent farmers obtained district-wise results showed that 70, 85, 95 and 100 % of respondent farmers obtained information on the good attributes of Bonga rams from Extension Experts / Public Meetings in information on the good attributes of Bonga rams from Extension Experts / Public Meetings in Damot Pulasa, Alicho Worero, Ezha and Arbegona districts, respectively. This indicated that Damot Pulasa, Alicho Worero, Ezha and Arbegona districts, respectively. This indicated that extension experts play a great role in dissipation of knowledge (Good attributes of Bonga type extension experts play a great role in dissipation of knowledge (Good attributes of Bonga type sheep) among farmers. sheep) among farmers.  "},{"text":"Table 25 . Source of information about the Performance of improved Bonga sheep      Location     Location Source of Information Alicho Worero  Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Source of InformationAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaOverall  N % N % N % N % N % N%N%N%N%N% Public Media/ FM 4 10 2 5 0 0 0 0 7 4.38 Public Media/ FM41025000074.38 Extension & Public meeting 34 85 38 95 28 70 40 100 128 80.1 Extension & Public meeting34853895287040100128 80.1 Friends 2 5 0 0 6 15 0 0 9 5.63 Friends25006150095.63 From NGO 0 0 0 0 6 15 0 0 6 3.75 From NGO00006150063.75  "},{"text":"Table 26 . Purpose of Keeping Bonga Cross Lambs   Alicho Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall AlichoEzhaDamot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Purpose Keeping Sex N % N % N % N % N % Purpose KeepingSexN % N %N%N%N % Breeding / Male 14 35 15 37.5 18 45 6 15 53 33 Breeding /Male14 35 15 37.5184561553 33 Production Female 33 82.5 35 87.5 38 95 37 92.5 143 89 ProductionFemale 33 82.5 35 87.5389537 92.5 143 89 For Sale only Male Female 7 17.5 5 12.5 26 65 25 62.5 22 2 55 5 34 3 85 107 67 7.5 17 11 For Sale onlyMale Female 7 17.5 5 12.5 26 65 25 62.522 255 534 385 107 67 7.5 17 11 4.6.4.        4.6.4.  "},{"text":"Farmers Perception on Growth performance of Bonga Crossbred lambs  Perusal of results further showed, 10.6% reported that body size of new borne local lambs has Perusal of results further showed, 10.6% reported that body size of new borne local lambs has shown decreasing trend. shown decreasing trend.  "},{"text":"Table 27 : Farmers Perception on growth performance of Crossbreds and Local lamb   Improvement in Body Size  Improvement in Body Size  BRU   NBRU  BRUNBRU Location For Crossbred Lambs  for local Lambs LocationFor Crossbred Lambsfor local Lambs  Yes (%) No (%) Yes (%) No (%) Decrease in body size (%) Yes (%)No (%)Yes (%)No (%)Decrease in body size (%) Alicho Worero 97.5 2.5 27.5 72.5 0 Alicho Worero97.52.527.572.50 Ezha 100 0 12.5 75 12.5 Ezha100012.57512.5 Damot Pulasa 95 5 60 30 10 Damot Pulasa955603010 Arbegona 100 0 25 55 20 Arbegona1000255520 Overall 98 2 31.3 58.1 10.6 Overall98231.358.110.6  "},{"text":"Table 28 . Traits that farmers appreciate/like about Bonga ram and its crosses in Alicho Worero; feed adaptability as second (0.21) and disease tolerance as third (0.17) in in Alicho Worero; feed adaptability as second (0.21) and disease tolerance as third (0.17) in Ezha; feed adaptability as second (0.22) and disease tolerance third (0.16) in Damot Pulasa; and Ezha; feed adaptability as second (0.22) and disease tolerance third (0.16) in Damot Pulasa; and prolificacy as second (0.22) and feed adaptability as third (0.20) in Arbegona districts, prolificacy as second (0.22) and feed adaptability as third (0.20) in Arbegona districts, respectively. respectively. During focus group discussion in Damot Pulasa district it was reported that farmers prefer During focus group discussion in Damot Pulasa district it was reported that farmers prefer  "},{"text":"21 2 17 5 45 0.22 0 15 5 35 0.20 55 29 151 0.19 SNNP; due to Bonga ram's temperament, prolificacy and fast growth rate of its crossbred lambs. The Doyogena rams were reported to be aggressive. Kebede and Zekarias (2017) also reported that aggressive behavior of Doyogena ram is not preferred by farmer. Growth Rate 38 0 2 116 0.48 40 0 0 120 0.50 38 0 0 114 0.48 36 4 0 116 0.48 152 4 2 466 0.49 Growth Rate3802116 0.48 4000120 0.50 3800114 0.48 3640116 0.48 15242466 0.49 Prolificacy and Libido 0 15 11 41 0.17 0 10 9 29 0.12 0 12 9 33 0.14 4 11 19 53 0.22 48 48 156 0.17 Prolificacy and Libido015 11410.170109290.120129330.14411 19530.224848 156 0.17  "},{"text":"Table 29 : Perception of Bonga Rams by NBRU Farmers    Districts      Districts Alicho Worero  Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Alicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegonaOverall N % N % N % N % N % N%N%N%N%N% (I) NBRU seen Bonga ram crossbred progeny:      (I) NBRU seen Bonga ram crossbred progeny: Yes 60  70 62.5  75  66.9 Yes607062.57566.9 No 40  340 37.5  25  33.1 No4034037.52533.1 (          (  "},{"text":"II) NBRU had interest in using Bonga rams:  Yes 75 75 85 90 81.87 Yes7575859081.87 No 25 25 15 10 18.13 No2525151018.13 The results on the perception of NBRU respondent farmers regarding faster growth The results on the perception of NBRU respondent farmers regarding faster growth performance of Bonga ram crossbred progeny is presented in figure 11. The results showed that performance of Bonga ram crossbred progeny is presented in figure 11. The results showed that higher proportion of (64.3, 79, 84 and 93.3 % in Ezha, Alicho Worero, Damot Pulasa and higher proportion of (64.3, 79, 84 and 93.3 % in Ezha, Alicho Worero, Damot Pulasa and  "},{"text":" 3, 7.7±1.5, 7.4±1.4 and 6.8±1.4 months in Alicho Worero, Worero districts. Worero districts. The results showed that findings of AFS in crossbred males in this study area was 6.2±0.6, The results showed that findings of AFS in crossbred males in this study area was 6.2±0.6, 6.2±1.1, 5.8±0.3, 5.6±0.8 and 5.9±0.8 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, 6.2±1.1, 5.8±0.3, 5.6±0.8 and 5.9±0.8 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, respectively. Similarly, the AFS in local males was 10.3±1.5, 8.2±1.1, Arbegona and overall, respectively. Similarly, the AFS in local males was 10.3±1.5, 8.2±1.1, 8.0±1.2, 7.8±1.3 and 8.6±1.6 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and 8.0±1.2, 7.8±1.3 and 8.6±1.6 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, respectively. The results of AFS in crossbred females was 6.6±0.7, 6.5±1.1, 6.2±0.6, overall, respectively. The results of AFS in crossbred females was 6.6±0.7, 6.5±1.1, 6.2±0.6, 6.1±0.6 and 6.3±0.8 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, 6.1±0.6 and 6.3±0.8 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, respectively. Similarly, the AFS in local females was 9.8±1.6, 8.4±1.2, 7.8±1.2, 8.5±1.3 and respectively. Similarly, the AFS in local females was 9.8±1.6, 8.4±1.2, 7.8±1.2, 8.5±1.3 and 8.6±1.5 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, respectively. 8.6±1.5 months for Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Arbegona and overall, respectively. The results showed that lowest AFS in both local and crossbred lambs was observed in The results showed that lowest AFS in both local and crossbred lambs was observed in Arbegona district (7.8±1.3 and 5.6±0.8 months in local and Bonga ram crossbreds, respectively) Arbegona district (7.8±1.3 and 5.6±0.8 months in local and Bonga ram crossbreds, respectively) whereas the highest AFS was found among lambs of Alicho Worero (10.3±1.5 months) for whereas the highest AFS was found among lambs of Alicho Worero (10.3±1.5 months) for local lambs and Alicho Worero (6.2±0.6), Ezha (6.2±0.6) for crossbred lambs. local lambs and Alicho Worero (6.2±0.6), Ezha (6.2±0.6) for crossbred lambs.  "},{"text":"Table 30 : 8±1.9 months) was highest indicating that these ewes lambed at very old age. This AFL at Alicho Worero location was significantly different from all other values of AFL for the other three locations (Both for Crossbred and local females). The AFL of crossbred females showed non-significant difference among themselves at the four locations. The possible reason for late AFL among local females compared to crossbred females may be due to the fast growth among crossbreds. The overall results of AFL for Bonga crosses indicated that life time lamb crop could be increased in the all study areas. Reproductive Performance of sheep The overall results of type birth percentage (Based on monitoring study) for ewes mated by Bonga and local ram is presented in table 31. The results revealed that, the overall twining rate of Bonga crossbreds (51.7%) was much higher than local sheep (30.5%) in this study. Twining rate of Bonga crosses was higher than the report of Edea, (2008) and lower than the report of Gutu et al. (2014), both, based on survey of respondent farmers for Bonga and Horro CBB sites.The Quadruplet type of birth was recorded at Alicho Worero only whereas triplet type of births was recorded in all districts except Arbegona district. However, higher twining rate was observed in Ezha and Arbegona districts. The high litter size is economically important trait to improve sheep flock productivity.     Parameters  Parameters Effects Males AFS AFS Female AFL LI ALS EffectsMales AFSAFSFemale AFLLIALS   (Months) (Months) (Months) (Months) (LSM±SE) (Months)(Months)(Months)(Months)(LSM±SE) Overall  7.82±1.8 7.9±1.7 13.17±1.8 8.3±1.1 1.62±0.5 Overall7.82±1.87.9±1.713.17±1.8 8.3±1.11.62±0.5 Genetic Group (Breed) ** ** **  ** ** Genetic Group (Breed)**********  Local 8.6±1.6 8.6±1.5 13.9±1.6 8.5±1.1 1.46±0.5 Local8.6±1.68.6±1.513.9±1.68.5±1.11.46±0.5  Bonga Cross 5.9±0.8 6.3±0.8 11.5±0.9 7.5±0.7 1.75±0.3 Bonga Cross5.9±0.86.3±0.811.5±0.97.5±0.71.75±0.3 Location  ** ** *  ** ** Location*********  Alicho Worero 9.12±2.3 a 8.9±2.03 a 13.9±2.2 a 8.6±1.03 a 1.7±.0.05 a Alicho Worero 9.12±2.3 a 8.9±2.03 a 13.9±2.2 a 8.6±1.03 a 1.7±.0.05 a  Ezha 7.7±1.5 b 7.9±1.4 b 13.09±1.5 b 8.3±1.2 b 1.7±0.04 a Ezha 7.7±1.5 b7.9±1.4 b 13.09±1.5 b 8.3±1.2 b 1.7±0.04 a  Damot Pulasa 7.4±1.4 b 7.4±1.3 c 12.9±1.4 b 8.3±1.1 b 1.5±0.05 b Damot Pulasa 7.4±1.4 b7.4±1.3 c12.9±1.4 b 8.3±1.1 b 1.5±0.05 b  Arbegona 6.8±1.4 c 7.5±1.6 bc 12.6±1.6 c 8±1.08 c 1.4±0.05 c Arbegona 6.8±1.4 c7.5±1.6 bc 12.6±1.6 c 8±1.08 c1.4±0.05 c Location X Breed ** ** *  NS * Location X Breed*****NS* Alicho Local 10.3±1.5 a 9.8±1.6 a 14.8±1.9 a 8.9±0.9 1.7±0.06 b AlichoLocal10.3±1.5 a 9.8±1.6 a 14.8±1.9 a8.9±0.91.7±0.06 b Worero Bonga Cross 6.2±0.6 c 6.6±0.7 c 11.6±0.8 c 7.7±0.5 1.9±0.07 a WoreroBonga Cross 6.2±0.6 c6.6±0.7 c 11.6±0.8 c7.7±0.51.9±0.07 a Ezha Local Bonga Cross 6.2±1.1 c 8.2±1.1 b 8.4±1.2 b 13.7±1.1 b 6.5±1.1 c 11.5±1.2 c 8.2±1.2 NA 1.6±0.06 b 1.8±0.06 ac EzhaLocal Bonga Cross 6.2±1.1 c 8.2±1.1 b8.4±1.2 b 13.7±1.1 b 6.5±1.1 c 11.5±1.2 c8.2±1.2 NA1.6±0.06 b 1.8±0.06 ac Damot Local 8.0±1.2 b 7.8±1.2 b 13.4±1.4 b 8.3±1.1 1.4±0.08 b DamotLocal8.0±1.2 b7.8±1.2 b 13.4±1.4 b8.3±1.11.4±0.08 b Pulasa Bonga Cross 5.8±0.3 d 6.2±0.6 c 11.7±0.7 c  NA 1.7±0.06 ac PulasaBonga Cross 5.8±0.3 d6.2±0.6 c 11.7±0.7 cNA1.7±0.06 ac Arbegona Local 7.8±1.3 b 8.5±1.3 b 13.5±1.3 b 8.5±0.9 1.2±0.07 d Arbegona Local7.8±1.3 b8.5±1.3 b 13.5±1.3 b8.5±0.91.2±0.07 d  Bonga Cross 5.6±0.8 d 6.1±0.6 c 11.4±0.7 c 7.3±0.8 1.6±0.06 c Bonga Cross 5.6±0.8 d6.1±0.6 c 11.4±0.7 c7.3±0.81.6±0.06 c  "},{"text":" Berhanu and Aynalem, 2009)  and Farta (2.50±0.02 kg). However current birth weight was lower than Washera (2.61±0.0 kg) reported byMekuriaw et al., (2013). Lamb borne with Medium size at birth reduces loss of productivity. However, the increase in birth weight is also influenced by prenatal factors and thus this may not reflect true genetic merit. Similarly, the survey study conducted showed that 18.8 and 16.2% BRU and NBRU respondent farmers, respectively, reported Dystocia problem in the areas (Table41). A very high improvement in birth weight may possibly lead to increase in Dystocia rates. The least square means of birth weight for six parities were 2.3±0.2, 2.5±0.1, 2.5±0.1, 2.4±0.1, The least square means of birth weight for six parities were 2.3±0.2, 2.5±0.1, 2.5±0.1, 2.4±0.1, 2.6±0.2 and 2.8±0.2 kg for 1 to 6 parities, respectively. The pair wise comparisons showed that 2.6±0.2 and 2.8±0.2 kg for 1 to 6 parities, respectively. The pair wise comparisons showed that LSM ± SE of 1-6, 3-6 and 4-6 parities were significant (P<0.05). The highest birth weight was LSM ± SE of 1-6, 3-6 and 4-6 parities were significant (P<0.05). The highest birth weight was observed in 6th parties and the differences in parity due to ewe age. The same effects for Dorper observed in 6th parties and the differences in parity due to ewe age. The same effects for Dorper cross lambs was reported by Deribe et al. (2017) but non-significant effect of parity was cross lambs was reported by Deribe et al. (2017) but non-significant effect of parity was observed in Horro and Menz sheep (Aynalem, et al.,2014). observed in Horro and Menz sheep (Aynalem, et al.,2014). The least square means of birth weight for single, twin, triplet and quadruplet lambs were The least square means of birth weight for single, twin, triplet and quadruplet lambs were 2.8±0.1, 2.6±0.1, 2.6±0.1 and 2.6±0.5, respectively. The difference in the LSM ± SE between 2.8±0.1, 2.6±0.1, 2.6±0.1 and 2.6±0.5, respectively. The difference in the LSM ± SE between  "},{"text":"Table 32A : Least Square Means of Pre-weaning body weights(kg) and Weight Gain (gm) Effects Birth weight N LSM ± SE N LSM±SE 2Month weight 3Month weight 3PrDAG N LSM±SE LSM±SE EffectsBirth weight N LSM ± SE N LSM±SE 2Month weight 3Month weight 3PrDAG N LSM±SE LSM±SE Overall 532 2.58 508 7.57 473 10.68 87.99 Overall5322.585087.5747310.6887.99 R2  27.58  41.55  45.25 42.30 R227.5841.5545.2542.30 CV (%)  19.61  21.27  17.43 20.74 CV (%)19.6121.2717.4320.74 Location  *  **  ** ** Location******* Alicho Worero 124 2.62±0.2 ab 121 6.7±0.5 ab 115 9.8±0.6 b 77.7±5.4 b Alicho Worero 124 2.62±0.2 ab 121 6.7±0.5 ab 115 9.8±0.6 b77.7±5.4 b Ezha 170 2.66±0.2 ab 161 6.4±0.5 b 158 9.4±0.6 b 70.9±5.6 c Ezha 170 2.66±0.2 ab 161 6.4±0.5 b 158 9.4±0.6 b70.9±5.6 c Damot Pulasa 105 2.49±0.2 b 99 7.1±0.5 a 84 10.5±0.6 a 88.7±5.6 a Damot Pulasa 105 2.49±0.2 b 997.1±0.5 a84 10.5±0.6 a 88.7±5.6 a Arbegona 133 2.74±0.2 a 127 7±0.5 a 116 9.8±0.6 b 76.6±5.7 bc Arbegona 133 2.74±0.2 a 1277±0.5 a116 9.8±0.6 b 76.6±5.7 bc Genetic group (Breed) **  **  ** ** Genetic group (Breed)******** Bonga-Cross 304 2.9±0.2 287 8±0.5 260 11.4±0.6 92.2±5.4 Bonga-Cross 3042.9±0.22878±0.5260 11.4±0.692.2±5.4 Local 228 2.4±0.2 221 5.5±0.5 213 8.3±0.6 64.8±5.5 Local 2282.4±0.2221 5.5±0.5213 8.3±0.664.8±5.5 Season  NS  **  ** ** SeasonNS****** Autumn/Harvest Season 255 2.6±0.2 251 7±0.5 247 10.2±0.6 82.7±5.4 Autumn/Harvest Season2552.6±0.22517±0.5247 10.2±0.682.7±5.4 Winter/Dry season 277 2.7±0.2 257 6.6±0.5 226 9.5±0.6 74.3±5.5 Winter/Dry season 2772.7±0.2257 6.6±0.5226 9.5±0.674.3±5.5 Parity  *  **  ** NS Parity*****NS 1 59 2.3±0.2 b 54 5.9±0.5 b 49 8.8±0.6 b 71.9±7.7 1 592.3±0.2 b545.9±0.5 b498.8±0.6 b71.9±7.7 2 109 2.5±0.1 ab 106 6.4±0.5 ab 100 9.7±0.5 ab 78.5±5.3 2 109 2.5±0.1 ab 106 6.4±0.5 ab 100 9.7±0.5 ab78.5±5.3 3 189 2.5±0.1 b 185 6.2±0.4 b 175 9.3±0.5 b 76.1±5.2 3 1892.5±0.1 b 185 6.2±0.4 b 175 9.3±0.5 b76.1±5.2 4 117 2.4±0.1 b 109 5.9±0.5 b 99 9.2±0.5 b 75.2±5.3 4 1172.4±0.1 b 109 5.9±0.5 b999.2±0.5 b75.2±5.3 5 36 2.6±0.2 ab 33 6.7±0.5 ab 31 9.7±0.6 ab 79.9±5.9 5 362.6±0.2 ab33 6.7±0.5 ab31 9.7±0.6 ab79.9±5.9 6 23 2.8±0.2 a 21 7.5±0.5 a 19 10.6±0.7 a 82.3±6.5 6 232.8±0.2 a217.5±0.5 a19 10.6±0.7 a82.3±6.5 Type of Birth  *  **  ** ** Type of Birth******* 1 220 2.8±0.1 a 208 8.5±0.2 a 192 11.4±0.3 a 93±2.8 a 1 2202.8±0.1 a 208 8.5±0.2 a 192 11.4±0.3 a93±2.8 a 2 290 2.6±0.1 b 282 7.8±0.2 b 263 10.8±0.3 b 88.2±2.6 ab 2 2902.6±0.1 b 282 7.8±0.2 b 263 10.8±0.3 b 88.2±2.6 ab 3 21 2.6±0.1 ab 17 6.9±0.4 b 17 10±0.5 b 78.4±5.2 b 3 212.6±0.1 ab176.9±0.4 b1710±0.5 b78.4±5.2 b 4 1 2.6±0.5 ab 1 4±1.7 b 1 7.2±2 ab 54.3±19.2 ab 412.6±0.5 ab14±1.7 b17.2±2 ab 54.3±19.2 ab Sex  *  NS  ** ** Sex*NS**** Male 267 2.7±0.2 258 6.93±0.46 239 10.1±0.5 81±5.3 Male 2672.7±0.2258 6.93±0.46 239 10.1±0.581±5.3 Female 265 2.6±0.2 250 6.66±0.47 234 9.6±0.6 75.9±5.5 Female 2652.6±0.2250 6.66±0.47 234 9.6±0.675.9±5.5 Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), and SN not Significant Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), and SN not Significant  "},{"text":"Table 33A : Least Square Means of Pre-weaning body weights(kg) and Weight Gain (gm) for location x Genetic group (Breed) Interaction Effect Birth weight 2Month weight 3Month weight PrDAG EffectBirth weight2Month weight3Month weightPrDAG Location X Genetic group (Breed) NS ** NS NS Location X Genetic group (Breed)NS**NSNS Alicho Worero Bonga crosses 2.9±0.2 7.6±0.5 a 11.3±0.6 91.9±5.5 Alicho WoreroBonga crosses2.9±0.27.6±0.5 a11.3±0.691.9±5.5  Local 2.3±0.2 6.1±0.5 b 8.2±0.6 63.1±6 Local2.3±0.26.1±0.5 b8.2±0.663.1±6 Ezha Bonga crosses 3±0.2 8.2±0.5 a 11.1±0.6 85.7±5.8 EzhaBonga crosses3±0.28.2±0.5 a11.1±0.685.7±5.8  Local 2.3±0.2 4.9±0.5 7.6±0.6 55.8±5.9 Local2.3±0.24.9±0.57.6±0.655.8±5.9 Damot Pulasa Bonga crosses 2.7±0.2 8.5±0.5 a 12.2±0.6 104.8±6.1 Damot PulasaBonga crosses2.7±0.28.5±0.5 a12.2±0.6104.8±6.1  Local 2.5±0.2 6.1±0.5 b 8.8±0.6 72.4±6 Local2.5±0.26.1±0.5 b8.8±0.672.4±6 Arbegona Bonga crosses 3±0.2 8.4±0.5 a 11±0.6 86.4±9 ArbegonaBonga crosses3±0.28.4±0.5 a11±0.686.4±9  Local 2.4±0.2 6±0.5 b 8.7±0.6 67.5±6 Local2.4±0.26±0.5 b8.7±0.667.5±6  "},{"text":"Table 34A : Least Mean squares of Post-Weaning Body Weights (Kg) and Body Gains (gm) Effects 4Month Body Weight N LSM±SE 6month Body Weight N LSM±SE 6PrDAG LSM±SE Effects4Month Body Weight N LSM±SE6month Body Weight N LSM±SE6PrDAG LSM±SE Overall 375 12.89733 190 15.66053 76.62526 Overall37512.8973319015.6605376.62526 R2  44.3819  48.1435 50.1916 R244.381948.143550.1916 CV (%)  16.28996  19.29102 20.24018 CV (%)16.2899619.2910220.24018 Location  **  NS ** Location**NS** Alicho 92 11.2±0.6 b 48 15.1±0.9 74.2±4.3 b Alicho 9211.2±0.6 b4815.1±0.974.2±4.3 b Ezha 124 10.9±0.7 b 42 13.9±1 63.7±5.2 b Ezha 12410.9±0.7 b4213.9±163.7±5.2 b D/Pulasa 61 12.3±0.7 a 29 16.4±0.8 85.3±4.1 a D/Pulasa 6112.3±0.7 a2916.4±0.885.3±4.1 a Arbegona 98 11.5±0.7 ab 71 15.3±0.9 75.6±4.7 ab Arbegona 9811.5±0.7 ab7115.3±0.975.6±4.7 ab Genetic group (Breed)  **  ** ** Genetic group (Breed)****** Bonga-Cross 205 13±0.6 95 17.4±0.8 86±4 Bonga-Cross 20513±0.69517.4±0.886±4 Local 170 9.8±0.7 95 13±0.8 63.4±4 Local 1709.8±0.79513±0.863.4±4 Season  **  NS NS Season**NSNS Autumn/Harvest 225 12±0.6 151 15.7±0.7 74.4±3.8 Autumn/Harvest 22512±0.615115.7±0.774.4±3.8 Winter/Dry 150 11±0.7 39 14.7±0.9 75±4.7 Winter/Dry 15011±0.73914.7±0.975±4.7 Parity  NS  NS NS ParityNSNSNS 1 36 10.9±0.7 19 13.5±0.9 67.2±4.5 1 3610.9±0.71913.5±0.967.2±4.5 2 80 11.4±0.6 52 14.8±0.6 72.3±3 2 8011.4±0.65214.8±0.672.3±3 3 147 10.8±0.6 68 14.5±0.6 72.6±2.9 3 14710.8±0.66814.5±0.672.6±2.9 4 73 11.1±0.6 33 14.6±0.7 74.8±3.3 4 7311.1±0.63314.6±0.774.8±3.3 5 23 11.7±0.7 10 16.6±1.1 80.9±5.7 5 2311.7±0.71016.6±1.180.9±5.7 6 16 12.4±0.8 8 17.4±1.9 88±9.7 6 1612.4±0.8817.4±1.988±9.7 Type of Birth  **  ** ** Type of Birth****** 1 157 13.8±0.4 a 78 17.1±0.7 a 83.3±3.7 a 1 15713.8±0.4 a7817.1±0.7 a83.3±3.7 a 2 206 12.7±0.3 b 106 15.2±0.6 b 76.4±3.2 b 2 20612.7±0.3 b10615.2±0.6 b76.4±3.2 b 3 11 11.6±0.7 b 6 13.2±1.5 b 64.3±7.5 b 3 1111.6±0.7 b613.2±1.5 b64.3±7.5 b 4 1 7.8±2.2 b    417.8±2.2 b Sex  **  ** ** Sex****** Male 187 11.9±0.6 101 15.8±0.8 77.3±4.2 Male 18711.9±0.610115.8±0.877.3±4.2 Female 188 11±0.7 89 14.6±0.8 72.1±4.1 Female 18811±0.78914.6±0.872.1±4.1 Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** highly Significant at (P<0.001), and SN not Significant Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** highly Significant at (P<0.001), and SN not Significant  "},{"text":"Table 35A : Least Mean squares for fixed effects of breed X Location Interaction for Post-  Weaning Body Weight and Gain   Weaning Body Weight and Gain Effect 4Month Body Weight 6month Body Weight 6PrDA G Effect4Month Body Weight6month Body Weight6PrDA G Breed X Location Interaction * NS NS Breed X Location Interaction*NSNS Alicho Bonga crosses 12.9±0.7 a 17.4±0.9 87.6±4.6 AlichoBonga crosses12.9±0.7 a17.4±0.987.6±4.6 Worero Local 9.4±0.7 b 12.9±1 99.2±5.7 WoreroLocal9.4±0.7 b12.9±199.2±5.7 Ezha Bonga crosses Local 12.7±0.7 a 8.9±0.7 b 16.6±1.3 11.5±1.1 56.5±5.6 70.2±5 EzhaBonga crosses Local12.7±0.7 a 8.9±0.7 b16.6±1.3 11.5±1.156.5±5.6 70.2±5 Damot Pulasa Bonga crosses Local 14.1±0.8 a 10.5±0.7 b 19.7±1.1 13.5±1 70.2±6.5 82.89±5 Damot PulasaBonga crosses Local14.1±0.8 a 10.5±0.7 b19.7±1.1 13.5±170.2±6.5 82.89±5 Arbegona Bonga crosses Local 12.5±0.7 a 10.5±0.7 b 17.1±1 13.8 ±1 51.3±5.4 65.5±5.2 ArbegonaBonga crosses Local12.5±0.7 a 10.5±0.7 b17.1±1 13.8 ±151.3±5.4 65.5±5.2  "},{"text":"Major disease in the study area). Besides Development Agents (DA) in Damot Pulasa site reported that Kerato Conjunctives and Hemoncus is a problem in the area whereas Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) was reported to be occurring in Arbegona by DA. The Animal Health Experts at the Kebele level reported that mortality rate due Ovine Pasturolisis was medium in Alicho Worero and Damot Pulasa but low in Ezha and Arbegona sites (Personal communication). Besides the Animal Health Experts also reported that Cenorosis (Circling disease), locally called \"Marto\" in Arbegona, affects ram lambs and sire all over the year in Arbegona and Damot Pulasa site (Personal communication). The endo parasites, fasciollosis, eye diseases, Ector-parasites and pasteurellosis were reported by Ermias, (2014) as a major disease in the study districts of Wolayta and Silte zones. The common diseases which occur in Adiyo Kaka were pasteurellosis, coenuruses, diarrhea and lung worm  "},{"text":"Table 36 : 5, 52.2, 56.8 and 72.2 % in Alicho Worero, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona, respectively) of NBRU respondents use modern veterinary treatment for curing of diseases. Among BRU respondents, higher proportion (37.5, 82.5 and 62.5 %, respectively) use modern veterinary care in Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Arbegona, respectively, districts whereas in Alicho Worero equal proportion (37.5 % in each case) of respondents use either traditional treatment or modern veterinary care. The same findings were reported by Ermias (2014) for farmers practice of disease treatment in Wolayta and Silte areas. Nature of Disease TreatmentThe results on the occurrence of mortality in the sheep flocks in the study areas are presented in table 37. The BRU respondent in Alicho Worero, Ezha and Damot Pulasa locations reported lower occurrence of mortality in their flock ranging from 20 (Damot Pulasa), 25 (Alicho Worero) to 27.5 % (Ezha) only. However, the BRU respondents in Arbegona reported 55 % NBRU respondents showed that mortality is higher in lambs < 3 months' age compared to lambs > 3 months' age. Nature of treatment Respondents Alicho Worero Districts (%) Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Nature of treatmentRespondentsAlicho WoreroDistricts (%) Ezha Damot PulasaArbegonaOverall Traditional BRU 37.5 12.5 5 0 13.75 TraditionalBRU37.512.55013.75 practices NBRU 15 7.5 22.73 0 6.25 practicesNBRU157.522.7306.25 Modern BRU 37.5 37.5 82.5 62.5 55 ModernBRU37.537.582.562.555 Veterinary care NBRU 57.5 52.5 56.8 72.2 59.4 Veterinary careNBRU57.552.556.872.259.4  BRU 25 50 12.5 37.5 31.25 BRU255012.537.531.25 Both types NBRU 27.5 40 40.9 27.7 34.4 Both typesNBRU27.54040.927.734.4 4.9.4. Mortality Occurrence:      4.9.4. Mortality Occurrence:  "},{"text":"Table 38 : Age-wise Occurrence of Mortality Category of respondents Age group Alicho Worero Districts Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Category of respondentsAge groupAlicho WoreroDistricts Ezha Damot PulasaArbegona Overall  Lambs < 3 months 17.5 15 20 45 24 Lambs < 3 months17.515204524 BRUs Lambs >3 months 10 12.5 0 10 8 BRUsLambs >3 months1012.50108  No lamb Death 72.5 72.5 80 45 68 No lamb Death72.572.5804568  Lambs < 3 months 55 37.5 34 33 40 Lambs < 3 months5537.5343340  Lambs > 3 months 15 2.5 2 28 11 Lambs > 3 months152.522811 NBRUs Local adult Rams 10 2.5 0 0 3 NBRUsLocal adult Rams102.5003  Local adult Ewes 12.5 10 5 17 11 Local adult Ewes12.51051711  No mortality 7.5 47.5 59 22 35 No mortality7.547.5592235 Sign. Level ** ** ns ** ** Sign. Level****ns****  "},{"text":".6. Pre-weaning Lamb Mortality in different Seasons: The seasons-wise pre-weaning lamb mortality, based on respondent interviews, is presented in table 39. The results showed that overall pre-weaning lamb mortality was higher in dry season This result, also, was in agreement with Berhanu and Aynalem (2011) and Metsafe (2015) for Bonga lambs. The X 2 test showed significant difference in the occurrence of pre-weaning lamb mortality (Based on pooled data) between two seasons across all locations. Pre-Weaninig 4.9(54 %) compared to wet season (47.5%). Among the four locations similar trend was observed Post-Weaning Pre-Weaninig 4.9(54 %) compared to wet season (47.5%). Among the four locations similar trend was observed Post-Weaning 7.1 Alicho Worero (45% in wet and 70% in dry season) and Damot Pulasa (15.9% in wet and 47.3% 7.1 Alicho Worero (45% in wet and 70% in dry season) and Damot Pulasa (15.9% in wet and 47.3% in dry season) locations. The current finding in these two location (Alicho Worero and Damot 5.3 4.8 3.8 Pulasa) was in agreement with Deribe, (2009) around Alaba area. However, in the other two in dry season) locations. The current finding in these two location (Alicho Worero and Damot 5.3 4.8 3.8 Pulasa) was in agreement with Deribe, (2009) around Alaba area. However, in the other two 2.1 locations higher mortality was observed in wet season (57.5 and 75 % in Ezha and Arbegona 1.1 1.8 1.6 2.3 2.5 1.1 1.9 sites, respectively) compared to dry season (50 and 53.3 % in Ezha and Arbegona sites, 2.1 locations higher mortality was observed in wet season (57.5 and 75 % in Ezha and Arbegona 1.1 1.8 1.6 2.3 2.5 1.1 1.9 sites, respectively) compared to dry season (50 and 53.3 % in Ezha and Arbegona sites, Bonga respectively). 0.0 Local Bonga 0.0 Local Bonga 0.0 Local Bonga 0.0 Local Bonga respectively).0.0 Local Bonga0.0 Local Bonga0.0 Local Bonga0.0 Local cross  cross   cross  cross crosscrosscrosscross Alicho Worero Eza Arbegona Damot Pullasa Alicho WoreroEzaArbegonaDamot Pullasa 95.2 92.9 97.9  94.7 98.9  98.2 98.4 97.7 95.292.997.994.798.998.298.497.7 Bonga Local Bonga Local Bonga Local Bonga Local BongaLocal BongaLocal BongaLocal BongaLocal cross  cross   cross   cross crosscrosscrosscross Alicho Eza  Arbegona Damot AlichoEzaArbegonaDamot Worero       Pullasa WoreroPullasa  "},{"text":"Table 39 : Season-wise Pre-weaning Lamb MortalityThe causes of lamb mortality in the study area were presented in table 40. The overall survey results of BRUs and NBRUs respondent farmers showed that diseases (11.9 and 35 % in BRUs Season Respondent category Alicho Worero Ezha Districts Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall SeasonRespondent categoryAlicho WoreroEzhaDistricts Damot PulasaArbegonaOverall Wet season BRU 10 20 0 25 13.75 Wet seasonBRU102002513.75 (%) NBRU 35 37.5 15.9 50 33.75 (%)NBRU3537.515.95033.75  Pooled 45 57.5 15.9 75 47.50 Pooled4557.515.97547.50 Dry season BRU 12.5 0 20 20 13.2 Dry seasonBRU12.50202013.2 (%) NBRU 57.5 50 27.3 33.3 41.8 (%)NBRU57.55027.333.341.8  Pooled 70 50 47.3 53.3 54 Pooled705047.353.354 P-Value for pooled differences 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.002 0.000 P-Value for pooled differences0.0000.0000.0140.0020.000 Sign. Level for pooled differences ** ** * ** ** Sign. Level for pooled differences*********  "},{"text":"Table 40 : Causes of Lamb Mortality in the study site Respondent category Cause of mortality Alicho Worero Ezha Districts Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Respondent categoryCause of mortalityAlicho WoreroEzhaDistricts Damot PulasaArbegonaOverall  Poisoning 0 0 2.5 0 0.6 Poisoning002.500.6  Disease 15 5 0 27.5 11.9 Disease155027.511.9  Accident 7.5 5 5 7.5 6 Accident7.5557.56 BRU Unknown cause 7.5 10 12.5 10 10 BRUUnknown cause7.51012.51010  No mortality 70 80 80 55 71.5 No mortality7080805571.5  Pooled 100 100 100 100 100 Pooled100100100100100  Poisoning 5 2.5 6.8 0 3.8 Poisoning52.56.803.8  Disease 55 20 22.8 44.4 35 Disease552022.844.435  Accident 0 32.5 0 0 8.2 Accident032.5008.2 NBRU Unknown cause 32.5 32.5 13.6 38.9 28.6 NBRUUnknown cause32.532.513.638.928.6  No mortality 7.5 12.5 56.8 16.7 24.4 No mortality7.512.556.816.724.4  Pooled 100 100 100 100 100 Pooled100100100100100  "},{"text":".8. Occurrence of Abortion and Dystocia: The survey result of reproductive related problems of the ewe (Abortion and Dystocia) from both categories of respondent farmers is described in table 41. The overall percentage of BRU and NBRU respondents reported 34.4 % and 20.6% of abortions, respectively, in their ewes. Similarly, overall percentage of BRU and NBRU respondents reported 18.8 % and 16.2 % of Similarly, overall percentage of BRU and NBRU respondents reported 18.8 % and 16.2 % of dystocia, respectively, in their ewes. Furthermore, FGD revealed that both abortion and dystocia, respectively, in their ewes. Furthermore, FGD revealed that both abortion and Dystocia problems occurs mostly in dry season than other seasons. Farmers reported that toxic Dystocia problems occurs mostly in dry season than other seasons. Farmers reported that toxic grass (plant), mounting by aggressive ram lambs and striking of children/neighbor suddenly grass (plant), mounting by aggressive ram lambs and striking of children/neighbor suddenly was the major cause. Haftom (2015) reported that, toxic plant and brucellosis were the main was the major cause. Haftom (2015) reported that, toxic plant and brucellosis were the main causes of abortion for small ruminant in Tigray region. causes of abortion for small ruminant in Tigray region.  "},{"text":"Table 41 : Occurrence of Abortion and Dystocia in Ewes in the Study area Nature of Problem Respondent category Response Alicho Worero Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Nature of ProblemRespondent categoryResponseAlicho WoreroEzhaDamot PulasaArbegona Overall Abortion BRU Yes No 25 75 40 60 30 70 42.5 57.5 34.4 65.6 AbortionBRUYes No25 7540 6030 7042.5 57.534.4 65.6 (%) NBRU Yes No 15 85 32.5 67.5 13.6 86.4 22.2 77.8 20.6 79.4 (%)NBRUYes No15 8532.5 67.513.6 86.422.2 77.820.6 79.4 Dystocia BRU Yes No 22.5 77.5 27.5 72.5 5 95 20 80 18.8 81.2 DystociaBRUYes No22.5 77.527.5 72.55 9520 8018.8 81.2 (%) NBRU Yes No 15 85 15 85 9.1 90.9 27.8 72.2 16.2 83.8 (%)NBRUYes No15 8515 859.1 90.927.8 72.216.2 83.8 4        4  "},{"text":".10. Adaptation of Disseminated Bonga Rams in the Study Area Adaptive fitness is characterized by survival, health and reproductive related traits(Mirkena, et   al.,2010). The survival rate of disseminated Bonga rams in the study areas is presented in table42. The results revealed that, the survival rate of Bonga rams at Arbegona, Ezha, Damot Pulasa, Alicho Worero and Overall study areas were 93.3, 89.3, 97.2, 95.2 and 94.7% respectively. Alicho Worero and Overall study areas were 93.3, 89.3, 97.2, 95.2 and 94.7% respectively.  "},{"text":"Table 42 : Survival rate of disseminated Bonga rams in the study districts.  Arbegona Ezha Damot Pulasa Alicho Worero Overall ArbegonaEzhaDamot PulasaAlicho WoreroOverall Introduced Rams 60 28 71 105 264 Introduced Rams602871105264 Died Rams 4 3 2 5 14 Died Rams432514 Survival Rate 93.3 89.3 97.2 95.2 94.7 Survival Rate93.389.397.295.294.7 4.11      4.11  "},{"text":". Physical Breeding Soundness of Bonga rams in disseminated areas  The physical breeding soundness (body condition score, scrotal circumference, libido and other The physical breeding soundness (body condition score, scrotal circumference, libido and other reproductive related defects) of disseminated Bonga rams were observed under monitoring reproductive related defects) of disseminated Bonga rams were observed under monitoring study (Figure 16). The average body condition score (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC) and study (Figure 16). The average body condition score (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC) and body weight of Bonga sires in the disseminated areas is presented in table 43. The average body body weight of Bonga sires in the disseminated areas is presented in table 43. The average body condition score (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC) and body weight of Bonga sires was Alicho condition score (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC) and body weight of Bonga sires was Alicho Worero (4, 31.8 and 57.8), Ezha (3.4, 30.4, and 48.6, Damot Pulasa (3.6, 30.7 and 50.7), Worero (4, 31.8 and 57.8), Ezha (3.4, 30.4, and 48.6, Damot Pulasa (3.6, 30.7 and 50.7), Arbegona (3.6, 31 and 50) and Overall (3.7, 31 and 51.8), respectively, in study areas. The Arbegona (3.6, 31 and 50) and Overall (3.7, 31 and 51.8), respectively, in study areas. The scrotal circumference and BCS of disseminated Bonga ram in all study sites were satisfactory scrotal circumference and BCS of disseminated Bonga ram in all study sites were satisfactory (BCS > 3 and SC > 30cms). According to Gizaw and Thwaites, (1997) the mating weight and (BCS > 3 and SC > 30cms). According to Gizaw and Thwaites, (1997) the mating weight and SC varied from 30 kg -40 kg (Mating weight) and 27 cm -31 cm (SC) in a study on Horro SC varied from 30 kg -40 kg (Mating weight) and 27 cm -31 cm (SC) in a study on Horro rams. The SC in the present study is higher than this report. rams. The SC in the present study is higher than this report.  "},{"text":"Table 43 : Disseminated Bonga Ram Physical Breeding Soundness in the Study area (Assessment based on monitoring study) Location BCS SC ( LocationBCS SC (  "},{"text":"Cm) BW (kg) Libido Teeth Prepuce Sheath Testicles  Alicho Worero 4.0 31.8 57.8 High Normal Normal Normal Normal Alicho Worero4.031.857.8HighNormal Normal Normal Normal Ezha 3.4 30.4 48.6 High Normal Normal Normal Normal Ezha3.430.448.6HighNormal Normal Normal Normal Damot Pulasa 3.6 30.7 50.7 High Normal Normal Normal Normal Damot Pulasa3.630.750.7HighNormal Normal Normal Normal Arbegona 3.6 31.0 50.0 High Normal Normal Normal Normal Arbegona3.631.050.0HighNormal Normal Normal Normal Overall 3.7 31.0 51.8 High Normal Normal Normal Normal Overall3.731.051.8HighNormal Normal Normal Normal  "},{"text":"Table 28 ) .Figure 17: Sheep flock structure of respondents before and after Bonga sheep crossing  "},{"text":"Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After Alicho Edja Damot Pullasa Argebona Overall Sites 1.85 3.03 2.45 3.18 1.95 2.18 2.28 2.60 2.13 2.74 1[] 2.18 1.75 2.05 1.18 1.60 1.40 2.28 1.33 2.03 1.18 2.33 1.48 2.03 1.20 1.80 1.48 1.65 1.33 1.95 Ewes** (Alicho ns) Ewe lambs** Ram lambs** 4.12.2. Sale of Sheep and Income generated after introduction of Bonga Rams: The Bonga crossbreed sheep selling and income generating trends of BRU respondent farmers after crossbreeding is presented in table 44. The overall survey result indicates that 93.8% respondents sold sheep during last three years whereas 6.2 % did not sell any sheep during this respondents sold sheep during last three years whereas 6.2 % did not sell any sheep during this period. The result also showed that, BRU respondent farmers sold more number of Bonga cross period. The result also showed that, BRU respondent farmers sold more number of Bonga cross (2±1.5) than their local sheep (1.7± 1.4). The overall results showed that majority (80.2%) of (2±1.5) than their local sheep (1.7± 1.4). The overall results showed that majority (80.2%) of BRU respondents reported that the trend of sheep sale increased after use of Bonga rams BRU respondents reported that the trend of sheep sale increased after use of Bonga rams (crossbreeding) and the income of 96% respondents increased after Bonga sheep crossbreeding (crossbreeding) and the income of 96% respondents increased after Bonga sheep crossbreeding in the study sites. in the study sites.  "},{"text":"Table 44 : Number of Sheep Sold and Income Generated after Crossing (Based on BRU Respondent farmers)  Sheep sold after introduction of Bonga Rams Trend in sale of sheep after introduction of Bonga Rams Trend in income generated after crossing Sheep sold after introduction of Bonga RamsTrend in sale of sheep after introduction of Bonga RamsTrend in income generated after crossing Location Response (%) Number sold (Mean ± SD) Response (%) Response (%) LocationResponse (%)Number sold (Mean ± SD)Response (%)Response (%)  Yes No Local Bonga Crossbred Increased Not sure Increased No Chang e Yes NoLocalBonga CrossbredIncreasedNot sureIncreasedNo Chang e Alicho Worero 90 10 0.95± 1.6 2.9± 2.2 80.0 20.0 100 0 Alicho Worero9010 0.95± 1.62.9± 2.280.020.01000 Ezha 100 0 1.95± 1.2 1.73± 1.2 68.8 31.3 84.4 15.6 Ezha1000 1.95± 1.2 1.73± 1.268.831.384.415.6 Damot Pulasa 92.5 7.5 1.5± 1.2 2± 1.2 92.9 7.1 100 0 Damot Pulasa92.5 7.5 1.5± 1.22± 1.292.97.11000 Arbegona 92.5 7.5 1.7± 1.1 1.8± 1.4 80.6 19.4 100 0 Arbegona 92.5 7.5 1.7± 1.11.8± 1.480.619.41000 Overall 93.8 6.2 1.7± 1.4 2± 1.5 80.2 19.8 96 4 Overall93.8 6.2 1.7± 1.42± 1.580.219.8964 4.12.3.        4.12.3.  "},{"text":"Sale Price and Market Age of Sheep: The results of average sale price and market age of sheep are represented in table 45. The BRU respondent farmers in the study areas sell local and Bonga cross sheep at local market with average prices of 560 and 912.7 Et. Birr. at an average age of 7.7 and 5.6 months, respectively. Location wise average sale price and age for Bonga cross were 1168.8, 674.8, 731.8, and 935.5  "},{"text":"Table 46 : Status and sheep meat consumption after Bonga sheep crossing  Parameters Alicho Worero Districts Ezha Damot Pulasa Arbegona Overall Site P value ParametersAlicho WoreroDistricts Ezha Damot PulasaArbegonaOverall SiteP value (I) Do you slaughter Bonga Crossbreed?    (I)Do you slaughter Bonga Crossbreed? Response (%) Yes No 57.5 42.5 52.5 47.5 22.5 77.5 35 65 42 58 0.04 Response (%)Yes No57.5 42.552.5 47.522.5 77.535 6542 580.04 (II) Bonga Crossbreds Slaughtered:     (II) Bonga Crossbreds Slaughtered:  Number Mean ± SD 1.1±1.4 0.8±0.8 0.3±0.6 0.4±0.5 0.64±1 0.003 Number Mean ± SD 1.1±1.4 0.8±0.8 0.3±0.60.4±0.50.64±1 0.003  "},{"text":"Cross Ram Local Ewe Cross Lamb 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1.Conclusions The improved Bonga rams were distributed from Bonga sheep community-based breeding communities for genetic improvement in the local sheep of southern regions of Ethiopia and different parts of the country. Monitoring study was conducted from October 2016 and June 2017 from sampled households in Siltie, Gurage, Wolayita and Sidama zones of selected districts to evaluate the performances of Bonga rams and its progenies.Promising results were seen on growth performance, reproductive performances, feed and disease adaptability, farmer's perception and socio-economics on Bonga rams and its progenies in all study sites. Significantly higher values (P < 0.001) of all the growth performance attributes were observed in Bonga cross lambs compared local lambs. The growth performances of Bonga crosses were 2.9±0.2, 8±0.5, 11.4±0.6, 13±0.6 and 17.4±0.8 kg for birth, two-month, threemonth, four months and six-month weights respectively. The average daily gain for preweaning and post-weaning ADG weights was 92.2±5.4 and 86±4 gm respectively. than local sheep in the areas. The survival rate of Bonga rams at Arbegona, Ezha, Damot Pulasa and Alicho Worero were 93.3, 89.3, 97.2 and 95.2% respectively. After use of Bonga sheep breed as one of the parents in all sites, sheep flock structure of farmers increased from 4.79 to 6.72, farmers sold cross lambs at earlier ages and incomes from sheep sold increased (96%). Due to attractive and promising physical traits (Body size and appearance; Coat Color) and performance traits (fast growth rate, feed adaptability, prolificacy and disease tolerance) of Bonga rams and its progenies, more farmers were adopting Bonga sheep crossbreeding and there is no any farmer's preference, social, cultural and religious antagonisms on crossbreeding of Bonga rams in all study sites. However, the overall result showed that the sheep crossbreeding efforts were constrained by shortage of improved breed, feeds & water shortage, diseases and limitation of technical support which was ranked as first, second, second, third and fourth. Comparatively, the growth performances of local sheep were 2.4±0.2, 5.5±0.5, 8.3±0.6, Comparatively, the growth performances of local sheep were 2.4±0.2, 5.5±0.5, 8.3±0.6, 9.8±0.7, and 13±0.8 kg for birth, two-month, three-month, four months and six-month weights 9.8±0.7, and 13±0.8 kg for birth, two-month, three-month, four months and six-month weights respectively. The average daily gain for pre-weaning and post-weaning ADG weights was respectively. The average daily gain for pre-weaning and post-weaning ADG weights was 64.8±5.5 and 63.4±4 gm respectively. Location, genetic group, parity (except, 3, 4, 6-month 64.8±5.5 and 63.4±4 gm respectively. Location, genetic group, parity (except, 3, 4, 6-month weights and post-ADG), season of birth (except,6-month weight and post-ADG), birth type and sex had weights and post-ADG), season of birth (except,6-month weight and post-ADG), birth type and sex had significant effect on pre-weaning and post-weaning weights. significant effect on pre-weaning and post-weaning weights. The improvements in reproductive performance of sheep after Bonga sheep crossbreeding were The improvements in reproductive performance of sheep after Bonga sheep crossbreeding were observed in all study sites. The AFS for male, AFS for female, AFL and LI for Bonga crosses observed in all study sites. The AFS for male, AFS for female, AFL and LI for Bonga crosses were 5.9±0.8, 6.3±0.8, 11.5±0.9, and 7.5±0.7 months respectively. However, AFS for male, AFS were 5.9±0.8, 6.3±0.8, 11.5±0.9, and 7.5±0.7 months respectively. However, AFS for male, AFS for female, AFL and LI for local sheep were 8.6±1.6, 8.6±1.5, 13.9±1.6 and 8.5±1.1 months for female, AFL and LI for local sheep were 8.6±1.6, 8.6±1.5, 13.9±1.6 and 8.5±1.1 months respectively. ALS of ewe mated by Bonga and local ram were 1.75±0.3 and 1.46±0.5 respectively. respectively. ALS of ewe mated by Bonga and local ram were 1.75±0.3 and 1.46±0.5 respectively. The Bonga rams and its crossbred progeny showed high adaptation to locally available feeds The Bonga rams and its crossbred progeny showed high adaptation to locally available feeds and waters and tolerance to disease and parasite load in the areas. The pre and post weaning and waters and tolerance to disease and parasite load in the areas. The pre and post weaning  "},{"text":". Breeding Practice and Performance of Sheep The Bonga cross breeding programme in the study area has shown improvements in growth rate, reproductive performance and survival rate in all study areas. Thus this 2. How long is your sheep rearing experience? _______________(year) 2. How long is your sheep rearing experience? _______________(year) 3. Do you have Bonga breed or its crosses? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do you have Bonga breed or its crosses? 1. Yes2. No If yes, fill the following table  If yes, fill the following table S/n Breed type Sources of Sheep Purpose of keeping S/nBreed typeSources of SheepPurpose of keeping 1  Local  1Local 2  Bonga cross  2Bonga cross 3  Pure Bonga  3Pure Bonga 4  Others (specify  4Others (specify  For sources of sheep 1= Home born, 2= Inherited, 3= Purchased, 4= BoA, 6= others For sources of sheep 1= Home born, 2= Inherited, 3= Purchased, 4= BoA, 6= others  For purpose of keeping 1=Sale (income source), 2= Meat (home consumption) 3=Social For purpose of keeping 1=Sale (income source), 2= Meat (home consumption) 3=Social  and cultural functions, 4= Saving 5= others Specify and cultural functions, 4= Saving 5= others Specify 4. Flock structure of the Respondents 4. Flock structure of the Respondents Age Category E. Socio-Economic Characteristics of Bonga Sheep Crossbreeding Local Bonga cross Pure Bonga Others (specify) Total Age Category E. Socio-Economic Characteristics of Bonga Sheep Crossbreeding Local Bonga cross Pure Bonga Others (specify)Total Male 6 months to 1yr Female 6 months to 1. How long have you been use a Bonga Ram? ____________years. Male 6 months to 1yr Female 6 months to 1. How long have you been use a Bonga Ram? ____________years. 1yr 2. Flock structure before and after the use of Bonga Ram 1yr 2. Flock structure before and after the use of Bonga Ram Male > 1 year  Male > 1 year Female > 1 year  Female > 1 year Male lambs < 6  Male lambs < 6 months'  months' female lambs < 6  female lambs < 6 months'  months' Castrated male  Castrated male Fattened Female  Fattened Female Total   Total programme needs to be expanded to cover more areas; To sustain current cross breeding efforts in the areas and increase the net income of C1. What type of Breeding/mating system you use before introduction of Bonga Ram? iii. programme needs to be expanded to cover more areas; To sustain current cross breeding efforts in the areas and increase the net income of C1. What type of Breeding/mating system you use before introduction of Bonga Ram? iii.  farmers, complementary interventions (improved forages, periodic vaccinating/ 1. Controlled 2. Uncontrolled farmers, complementary interventions (improved forages, periodic vaccinating/ 1. Controlled 2. Uncontrolled deworming and other management aspects) should be incorporated in the program; 2. Do you use another breeding ram by your own rather than Bonga/its cross? deworming and other management aspects) should be incorporated in the program; 2. Do you use another breeding ram by your own rather than Bonga/its cross? iv. Awareness/ training to farmers concerning breeding management (inbreeding, merit and 1. Yes 2. No iv.Awareness/ training to farmers concerning breeding management (inbreeding, merit and 1. Yes 2. No demerits of crossbreeding, cross lamb breeding lines and culling) along with other 3. If yes, what is the source of this ram? demerits of crossbreeding, cross lamb breeding lines and culling) along with other 3. If yes, what is the source of this ram?  aspects of improved feeding managements needs to be organized on sustainable basis; 1. Born in the flock 2. Purchased from market 3. Gift from relatives aspects of improved feeding managements needs to be organized on sustainable basis; 1. Born in the flock 2. Purchased from market 3. Gift from relatives v. The strategy of using sires of other breeds (Other than Bonga) needs to be relooked after 4. Rent 5. v. The strategy of using sires of other breeds (Other than Bonga) needs to be relooked after 4. Rent 5.  comparative studies of different crossbreds; Others(Specify)_________________________________________________ comparative studies of different crossbreds; Others(Specify)_________________________________________________ vi. 4. And for how many years this ram served in your flock? ___________________ Further study is needed to develop value chain analysis and characterize carcass yield vi. 4. And for how many years this ram served in your flock? ___________________ Further study is needed to develop value chain analysis and characterize carcass yield  percentages and meat quality of Bonga sheep crosses in the region percentages and meat quality of Bonga sheep crosses in the region  "},{"text":"Average flock size before the use of Bonga ram Average flock size after the use of Bonga Ram  11. If yes, when? 1. Dry season 2. Wet season 3. Both Do you keep other breed/ its crosses? 1. Yes 2. No  11. If yes, when? 1. Dry season 2. Wet season 3. Both Do you keep other breed/ its crosses? 1. Yes2. No 12. Why shortage of water? 1. Drying of water sources S/n Breed type Sources of Sheep 2. Far distant from water sources Purpose of keeping 12. Why shortage of water? 1. Drying of water sources S/n Breed type Sources of Sheep2. Far distant from water sources Purpose of keeping 1 2 Local 3. Not allowed to use sources 4. Provide other livestock than sheep Others (specify 1 2Local 3. Not allowed to use sources 4. Provide other livestock than sheep Others (specify 5. others, specify ________________________________________ 4. Flock structure of the Respondents 5. others, specify ________________________________________ 4. Flock structure of the Respondents Age Category Local Others (specify) Total Age CategoryLocalOthers (specify)Total G. Sheep Health Management Male 6 months to 1 year    G. Sheep Health Management Male 6 months to 1 year Female 6 months to 1 year    Female 6 months to 1 year 1. Is there any common diseases and parasites that affect health and production of sheep in your Male > 1 year 1. Is there any common diseases and parasites that affect health and production of sheep in your Male > 1 year flock? Female > 1 year     flock? Female > 1 year 1. Yes 2. No Male lambs < 6 months'    1. Yes 2. No Male lambs < 6 months' 2. If Yes, what are those common diseases and parasites that affect health and production of female lambs < 6 months' sheep S/n Local name Which sheep group it Affects Seasons Castrated male or months, it occurs/ Affects Fattened ewe Symptoms Ram Ewe Lamb all C. 2. If Yes, what are those common diseases and parasites that affect health and production of female lambs < 6 months' sheep S/n Local name Which sheep group it Affects Seasons Castrated male or months, it occurs/ Affects Fattened ewe Symptoms Ram Ewe Lamb all C. 1      1 2      2 3      3 4      4 5      5 Sheep category Number owned Sheep category  Number owned Sheep categoryNumber ownedSheep categoryNumber owned Ewes Ewe lamb 3. So, what would you do when these sheep sick? 1. Treat with traditional practices 2. Ewes Ewe lamb Rams Rams Sales immediately 3. Slaughters immediately 4. Takes to veterinary center 5. Treat Ewes Ewe lamb 3. So, what would you do when these sheep sick? 1. Treat with traditional practices 2. Ewes Ewe lamb Rams Rams Sales immediately 3. Slaughters immediately 4. Takes to veterinary center 5. Treat Ram lambs with treatments of local traders 6. Others, specify_________________ Ram lambs Ram lambs with treatments of local traders 6. Others, specify_________________ Ram lambs 3. Have you sold sheep in the past three years? 1. Yes 2. No 4. Do you access to veterinary services in your locality/near distance? 3. Have you sold sheep in the past three years? 1. Yes 2. No 4. Do you access to veterinary services in your locality/near distance? 4. If yes, for what purpose? And how many sheep you sold and get total price (fill the following 1.Yes 2. No 4. If yes, for what purpose? And how many sheep you sold and get total price (fill the following 1.Yes 2. No table)     table)  Purpose Local Bonga cross Others (Specify) PurposeLocalBonga crossOthers (Specify)   #sold Total #sold Total #sold Total #soldTotal#soldTotal#soldTotal   animal Price animal Price animal Price animalPriceanimalPriceanimalPrice Cash for farm inputs (fertilizer,    Cash for farm inputs (fertilizer, seed, etc.)     seed, etc.) Cash income for children school    Cash income for children school Cash for family health treatments    Cash for family health treatments Shortage of grazing land and feeds    Shortage of grazing land and feeds Cash to purchase foods (HH    Cash to purchase foods (HH expense)     expense) To pay back credit     To pay back credit Others, specify     Others, specify  "},{"text":"Breeding Practice and Performance of Sheep E. Sheep Health Management 1 .What are the common diseases and parasites that affect health and production of your sheep Appendix 8:      Appendix 8:  Which sheep group it Affects Seasons or months,  Which sheep group it Affects Seasons or months, S/n Local Ram Ewe Lamb all it occurs/ Affects Symptoms S/n LocalRam Ewe Lamb allit occurs/ AffectsSymptoms name      name 1      1 2      2 3      3 4      4 5 MS 37.84 720.42 1021.09 79759.51 5MS37.84720.421021.0979759.51 2. What would you do when your sheep sick? Breed F-Value 147.25 277.47 294.72  239.50 2. What would you do when your sheep sick? Breed F-Value 147.25277.47294.72239.50  P-Value *** *** ***  *** P-Value************  MS 0.62 7.56 11.51  509.65 MS0.627.5611.51509.65 Parity F-Value 2.42 2.91 3.32  1.53 ParityF-Value2.422.913.321.53  P-Value * ** **  NS P-Value*****NS  MS 0.38 20.24 52.25  6600.13 MS0.3820.2452.256600.13 Season F-Value 1.48 7.80 15.08  19.82 SeasonF-Value1.487.8015.0819.82  P-Value NS ** ***  *** P-ValueNS******** Stakeholders MS Technically 0.82 26.48 Financially (amount) 20.65 Rank 1658.61 Stakeholders MSTechnically 0.8226.48Financially (amount) 20.65Rank 1658.61 Birth Type F-Value 3.20 10.20 5.96  4.98 Birth TypeF-Value3.2010.205.964.98  P-Value * *** ***  ** P-Value*********  MS 1.60 9.51 37.97  3119.96 MS1.609.5137.973119.96 Sex F-Value 6.22 3.66 10.96  9.37 SexF-Value6.223.6610.969.37  P-Value * NS **  ** P-Value*NS**** R2  27.58 41.55 45.25  42.30 R227.5841.5545.2542.30 CV%  19.61 21.27 17.43  20.74 CV%19.6121.2717.4320.74 Error MS 0.26 2.60 3.46  333.03 Error MS0.262.603.46333.03 Mean  2.58 7.57 10.68  87.99 Mean2.587.5710.6887.99 Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), *** Significant at (P<0.0001) and Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), *** Significant at (P<0.0001) and SN not Significant      SN not Significant S/n Constraints Rank Remark S/nConstraintsRankRemark 1      1 2      2 3      3  "},{"text":"ANNOVA for Post-Weaning Body Weights(kg) and Body Gains (gm)  Source of Variation 4Month 6month 6PrDAG Source of Variation4Month6month6PrDAG  MS 23.60 22.86 1748.56 MS23.6022.861748.56 Location F-Value 5.35 2.50 7.27 LocationF-Value5.352.507.27  P-Value *** NS *** P-Value***NS***  MS 912.35 689.68 18605.69 MS912.35689.6818605.69 Breed F-Value 206.69 75.57 77.35 BreedF-Value206.6975.5777.35  P-Value *** *** *** P-Value*********  MS 7.09 14.62 274.98 MS7.0914.62274.98 Parity F-Value 1.61 1.60 1.14 ParityF-Value1.611.601.14  P-Value NS NS NS P-ValueNSNSNS  MS 81.31 17.04 8.58 MS81.3117.048.58 Season F-Value 18.42 1.87 0.04 SeasonF-Value18.421.870.04  P-Value *** NS NS P-Value***NSNS  MS 47.51 85.13 1412.78 MS47.5185.131412.78 Birth Type F-Value 10.76 9.33 5.87 Birth TypeF-Value10.769.335.87  P-Value *** *** ** P-Value********  MS 53.79 64.70 1199.21 MS53.7964.701199.21 Sex F-Value 12.19 7.09 4.99 SexF-Value12.197.094.99  P-Value *** ** ** P-Value******* R2  44.38 48.14 50.19 R244.3848.1450.19 CV%  16.29 19.29 20.24 CV%16.2919.2920.24 Error MS 4.41 9.13 240.53 Error MS4.419.13240.53 Mean  12.90 15.66 76.63 Mean12.9015.6676.63 Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), *** Significant at (P<0.0001) and Note * Significant at (P<0.05), ** Significant at (P<0.001), *** Significant at (P<0.0001) and SN not Significant     SN not Significant  "},{"text":"Appendix 9: ANNOVA for Location X Genetic groups   Birth 2Month 3Month Pre-DAG 4Month 6month Post-DAG Birth2Month 3MonthPre-DAG4Month 6monthPost-DAG MS 0.38 18.58 6.42 897.68 14.84 15.08 485.13 MS0.3818.586.42897.6814.8415.08485.13 F-Value 1.5 7.4 1.9 2.7 3.4 1.7 2.1 F-Value1.57.41.92.73.41.72.1 P-Value 0.22 <.0001 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.18 0.11 P-Value0.22<.00010.130.040.020.180.11 R2 0.28 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.52 R20.280.440.460.430.460.500.52 CV% 19.58 20.87 17.38 20.62 16.13 19.18 20.06 CV%19.5820.8717.3820.6216.1319.1820.06 Significances NS *** NS * * NS NS SignificancesNS***NS**NSNS  "}],"sieverID":"86c833d2-d7da-4e28-9467-0e3a4310f00c","abstract":"In the first place, the author would like to thank the Almighty God, for supplying him health, wisdom and the inner strength and ability in his work and for his perfect protection and guidance of his life.The author is highly indebted to his major advisor Prof. Manzoor Ahmed Kirmani, Jimma university and Co-Advisor Dr. Aynalem Haile, ICARDA to express his deepest respect and sincere appreciation for their guidance, sound advice, their encouragement at all stages of his work. Their utmost cooperation, concrete suggestions, excellent teaching and constructive criticism from the initial conception to the end of this work are highly appreciated. The author would like to thank the Southern Agriculture Research Institute (SARI) for providing him study leave. The author would like to express warm thanks to Ato Asrat Tera (previous Livestock Research Director of SARI) and Bereket Zeleke (current Livestock Research Director of SARI) for supporting him during data collection. Th author special gratitude goes to the all Bonga Agriculture Research Center (BARC) stuffs for their encouragements and kind treatments during his study time. The authors special thanks go to the Arbegona (Sidama Zone), Alicho Worero (Silte Zone), Damot Pulasa (Wolayta Zone) and Ezha (Gurage Zone) Woreda Livestock and Fishery Development Office, especially data collectors (Shonkora Shora, Bereket Befikadu, TeshagerTadese and Sultan Kedir) from each respective district. Really, the researcher thankful for lovely farmers in each respective district those participating in this study for providing their time and their animal for free.Finally, the author hearty appreciation goes to his caring, loving and supportive beloved wife Meseret Mechalo (Mesy Yene) for her unreserved and always shining true love. To his lovely and cute kid Neryana, He would like to express again his thanks to God for his gift of Neryana.He would like to thank all his family. They were always supporting and encouraging he."}