{"metadata":{"id":"001e20256410d0f578ef64da76af53cd","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/f55b80f8-ee7f-46a0-b1fd-135a2aa6b68e/retrieve"},"pageCount":1,"title":"","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"Introduction","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":65,"text":"• Agrifood systems (AFS) play an important role in reducing poverty and food insecurity. In 2019, an estimated 1.23 billion people worked in AFS globally (Davis et al., 2023) • AFS are a far greater source of livelihood in low-income countries, where 73 percent of working men and women are employed in AFS, compared with 53 percent of working men and women in lower-middle-income countries."},{"index":2,"size":39,"text":"• Women engage in all segments of AFS -as farmers, entrepreneurs, wage employees as well as unpaid contributing family workers (Christiaensen et al., 2021), however, robust estimates of the number of women in different segments of AFS are missing."},{"index":3,"size":16,"text":"• This study provides the first documented global estimates of employment in AFS disaggregated by sex."}]},{"head":"Definition of AFS","index":2,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":36,"text":"• AFS refers to activities related to the production, processing, distribution, sale, and consumption of products originating from agriculture, forestry, fishery. We consider employment all activities regardless of whether they are performed for pay or profit."},{"index":2,"size":68,"text":"• At the ISIC 2-digit level, we can identify AFS by the following ISIC codes and divisions shown below. ). The modelled estimates, however, are only disaggregated by broad sectors (e.g., agriculture and total employment). To address this issue, we use the ILO modelled estimates to measure employment in agriculture and total employment and develop an econometric model to impute the missing non-agricultural AFS employment as described below."}]},{"head":"Categories","index":3,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Methods","index":4,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Results","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":48,"text":"• Globally, 38 percent of AFS workers were women in 2019. While globally a larger number of men than women are employed in AFS, women constitute over 50 percent of all AFS workers in sub-Saharan Africa and over 40 percent of all agrifood-system workers in several other regions"},{"index":2,"size":56,"text":"• Women comprised 38 percent of all agricultural workers in 2019. On average, in SSA women made up 47 percent of agricultural workers, while only 13 percent of agricultural workers in Northern Africa were women. The share of women among agricultural workers is also rather low in LAC --only 22 percent of agricultural workers are women."},{"index":3,"size":28,"text":"• In off-farm AFS, women represent 41 percent of workers, ranging from 60% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 23 and 13 percent in Eastern Asia and Northern Africa, respectively"},{"index":4,"size":26,"text":"• Consistent with a process of structural transformation, countries with a higher GDP per capita have a smaller share of their workforce in AFS (Panel A)."},{"index":5,"size":30,"text":"• Panels B and C show that even within AFS, as countries develop people move out of agriculture and into off-farm activities such as processing, transport, trade, storage, and marketing."},{"index":6,"size":28,"text":"• At any level of development, a larger share of men's employment than women's employment is in agriculture (Panel B); the opposite holds for off-farm AFS (Panel C)."},{"index":7,"size":46,"text":"• A larger share of working women than men globally in both agriculture and off-farm agrifood systems are in vulnerable forms of self-employment, which include own-account and contributing family workers. • Vulnerable employment is significantly more common in agriculture than in the non-agriculture segment of AFS"},{"index":8,"size":23,"text":"• In agriculture, 86 percent of female workers compared to 76 percent of male workers in are engaged in vulnerable forms of employment"}]}],"figures":[{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "}],"sieverID":"8442905c-777f-441f-a04f-27953f7c658a","abstract":"In 2019, 36 percent of working women and 38 percent of working men were employed in agrifood systems.• This reflects an overall decrease of 8 and 9 percentage points since 2005 for women and men, respectively.• This decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in agricultural employment, whereas the share off-farm agrifood-system employment has remained relatively constant since 2005."}