diff --git "a/iris_classification.ipynb" "b/iris_classification.ipynb"
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+++ "b/iris_classification.ipynb"
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+{
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0,
+  "metadata": {
+    "colab": {
+      "provenance": []
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "name": "python3",
+      "display_name": "Python 3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "python"
+    }
+  },
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 1. Load the Dataset\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The dataset you loaded has three classes of Iris species (setosa, versicolor, virginica) and four features (sepal length, sepal width, petal length, petal width). These features can predict the species."
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ZRclqpDjvjI5"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "!pip install datasets"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "collapsed": true,
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "jy7afuhZv2cm",
+        "outputId": "cf268477-3114-4976-851d-08236709d46f"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 76,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Requirement already satisfied: datasets in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (3.1.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: filelock in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (3.16.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.17 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (1.26.4)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pyarrow>=15.0.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (17.0.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: dill<0.3.9,>=0.3.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (0.3.8)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (2.2.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: requests>=2.32.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (2.32.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: tqdm>=4.66.3 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (4.66.6)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: xxhash in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (3.5.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: multiprocess<0.70.17 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (0.70.16)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: fsspec<=2024.9.0,>=2023.1.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from fsspec[http]<=2024.9.0,>=2023.1.0->datasets) (2024.9.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: aiohttp in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (3.11.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: huggingface-hub>=0.23.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (0.26.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: packaging in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (24.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pyyaml>=5.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from datasets) (6.0.2)\n",
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+            "Requirement already satisfied: aiosignal>=1.1.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (1.3.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.3.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (24.2.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: frozenlist>=1.1.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (1.5.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: multidict<7.0,>=4.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (6.1.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: propcache>=0.2.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (0.2.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: yarl<2.0,>=1.17.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (1.17.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: async-timeout<6.0,>=4.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from aiohttp->datasets) (4.0.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=3.7.4.3 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from huggingface-hub>=0.23.0->datasets) (4.12.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from requests>=2.32.2->datasets) (3.4.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from requests>=2.32.2->datasets) (3.10)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from requests>=2.32.2->datasets) (2.2.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from requests>=2.32.2->datasets) (2024.8.30)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.8.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas->datasets) (2.8.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2020.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas->datasets) (2024.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: tzdata>=2022.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas->datasets) (2024.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas->datasets) (1.16.0)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 77,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "g6I-DZGcvb-h"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "from datasets import load_dataset\n",
+        "\n",
+        "ds = load_dataset(\"scikit-learn/iris\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "import pandas as pd\n",
+        "\n",
+        "data = pd.DataFrame(ds['train'])\n",
+        "data.drop\n",
+        "data.head()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 309
+        },
+        "id": "F_LhJ80b2lPl",
+        "outputId": "5edb0950-e70b-4a8b-b00a-f62ba09fda7b"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 78,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "   Id  SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm      Species\n",
+              "0   1            5.1           3.5            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "1   2            4.9           3.0            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "2   3            4.7           3.2            1.3           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "3   4            4.6           3.1            1.5           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "4   5            5.0           3.6            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-07d581ff-9961-4c87-901e-422322a6e46b\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Id</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
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+              "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
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+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"data\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Id\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 43,\n        \"min\": 1,\n        \"max\": 150,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 150,\n        \"samples\": [\n          74,\n          19,\n          119\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.8280661279778629,\n        \"min\": 4.3,\n        \"max\": 7.9,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 35,\n        \"samples\": [\n          6.2,\n          4.5,\n          5.6\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.4335943113621737,\n        \"min\": 2.0,\n        \"max\": 4.4,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 23,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2.3,\n          4.0,\n          3.5\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.7644204199522617,\n        \"min\": 1.0,\n        \"max\": 6.9,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 43,\n        \"samples\": [\n          6.7,\n          3.8,\n          3.7\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.7631607417008414,\n        \"min\": 0.1,\n        \"max\": 2.5,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 22,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.2,\n          1.2,\n          1.3\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Iris-setosa\",\n          \"Iris-versicolor\",\n          \"Iris-virginica\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 78
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 2. Preprocess the Data\n",
+        "We need to split the data into training and testing sets for evaluation. We’ll also normalize the data to improve model performance.\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "XOfQg2PEv8Y4"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "data.info()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "MYfcugmwv_Ip",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "collapsed": true,
+        "outputId": "92bbd9d4-ee64-4da6-84a8-74b385cabcb6"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 79,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
+            "RangeIndex: 150 entries, 0 to 149\n",
+            "Data columns (total 6 columns):\n",
+            " #   Column         Non-Null Count  Dtype  \n",
+            "---  ------         --------------  -----  \n",
+            " 0   Id             150 non-null    int64  \n",
+            " 1   SepalLengthCm  150 non-null    float64\n",
+            " 2   SepalWidthCm   150 non-null    float64\n",
+            " 3   PetalLengthCm  150 non-null    float64\n",
+            " 4   PetalWidthCm   150 non-null    float64\n",
+            " 5   Species        150 non-null    object \n",
+            "dtypes: float64(4), int64(1), object(1)\n",
+            "memory usage: 7.2+ KB\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "data.drop('Id', axis=1, inplace=True)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "0fBxtkxa3Rf3"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 80,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "data.head()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 309
+        },
+        "collapsed": true,
+        "id": "RHb_Ysqq3VpO",
+        "outputId": "45a9f1a9-7d8a-439a-dcf1-3c2733bc7437"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 81,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "   SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm      Species\n",
+              "0            5.1           3.5            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "1            4.9           3.0            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "2            4.7           3.2            1.3           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "3            4.6           3.1            1.5           0.2  Iris-setosa\n",
+              "4            5.0           3.6            1.4           0.2  Iris-setosa"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-30a7afd4-77ad-4f43-a931-000d683e819c\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.9</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.7</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.6</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.1</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.6</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Iris-setosa</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-30a7afd4-77ad-4f43-a931-000d683e819c')\"\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-30a7afd4-77ad-4f43-a931-000d683e819c button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-30a7afd4-77ad-4f43-a931-000d683e819c');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-6b28db65-098a-426f-8e00-b1bd2fc4ef76\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-6b28db65-098a-426f-8e00-b1bd2fc4ef76')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-6b28db65-098a-426f-8e00-b1bd2fc4ef76 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "data",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"data\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.8280661279778629,\n        \"min\": 4.3,\n        \"max\": 7.9,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 35,\n        \"samples\": [\n          6.2,\n          4.5,\n          5.6\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.4335943113621737,\n        \"min\": 2.0,\n        \"max\": 4.4,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 23,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2.3,\n          4.0,\n          3.5\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.7644204199522617,\n        \"min\": 1.0,\n        \"max\": 6.9,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 43,\n        \"samples\": [\n          6.7,\n          3.8,\n          3.7\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.7631607417008414,\n        \"min\": 0.1,\n        \"max\": 2.5,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 22,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.2,\n          1.2,\n          1.3\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Iris-setosa\",\n          \"Iris-versicolor\",\n          \"Iris-virginica\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 81
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "refs: [Data science | Data Pre-processing using Scikit-learn| Iris dataset| Jay Patel@medium](https://jay190301.medium.com/data-science-data-pre-processing-using-scikit-learn-iris-dataset-1ba0a9ae04e6)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "LJPk_k_3wnV4"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Data Encoding\n",
+        "\n",
+        "1. label encoding"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "pECEH0dJw8bm"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder\n",
+        "\n",
+        "le = LabelEncoder()\n",
+        "data['Species'] = le.fit_transform(data['Species'])\n",
+        "data['Species'].value_counts()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "UhgqOteCvhCJ",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 244
+        },
+        "outputId": "6a8b0932-0d41-4a4b-e3f9-09ea5a7115fc"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 82,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "Species\n",
+              "0    50\n",
+              "1    50\n",
+              "2    50\n",
+              "Name: count, dtype: int64"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "<div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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+              "\n",
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+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>count</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>50</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>50</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>50</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div><br><label><b>dtype:</b> int64</label>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 82
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "le.classes_"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "TUZBxAjRv--O",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "3ce3dd07-5bb7-4f32-e75a-de81881b7a8a"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 83,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "array(['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'], dtype=object)"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 83
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "2. Onehot encoder"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "09l_XnFSxwfX"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder\n",
+        "\n",
+        "ohe = OneHotEncoder()\n",
+        "transformed_data = ohe.fit_transform(data['Species'].values.reshape(-1,1)).toarray()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "MF2ssgzqxqYF"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 84,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "ohe.categories_"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "nQcrvyC6x8Ht",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "b1244732-061f-4c86-acf2-5cd24a7a111e"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 85,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "[array([0, 1, 2])]"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 85
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "transformed_data = pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    transformed_data,\n",
+        "    columns=['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'],\n",
+        "    index=data.index\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "transformed_data.head()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "JHaxnvPEx_x9",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 224
+        },
+        "outputId": "06e1a530-04d3-44fa-e35c-0c2c4e07606a"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 86,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "   setosa  versicolor  virginica\n",
+              "0     1.0         0.0        0.0\n",
+              "1     1.0         0.0        0.0\n",
+              "2     1.0         0.0        0.0\n",
+              "3     1.0         0.0        0.0\n",
+              "4     1.0         0.0        0.0"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-66968b72-cc83-4997-b316-a76c4e00fd48\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>setosa</th>\n",
+              "      <th>versicolor</th>\n",
+              "      <th>virginica</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
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+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
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+              "</table>\n",
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+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
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+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
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+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-66968b72-cc83-4997-b316-a76c4e00fd48 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-66968b72-cc83-4997-b316-a76c4e00fd48');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-fea5ffe8-0444-49c9-b595-5c978161573e\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-fea5ffe8-0444-49c9-b595-5c978161573e')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
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+              "    <g>\n",
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+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-fea5ffe8-0444-49c9-b595-5c978161573e button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "transformed_data",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"transformed_data\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"setosa\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.47298376984040197,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.0,\n          1.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"versicolor\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.47298376984040197,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          1.0,\n          0.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"virginica\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.4729837698404015,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          1.0,\n          0.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 86
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Normalization\n",
+        "\n",
+        "$$\n",
+        "x' = \\frac{x - \\text{min}(x)}{\\text{max}(x) - \\text{min}(x)}\n",
+        "$$"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "vEvDpT7ZycYx"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler, StandardScaler\n",
+        "\n",
+        "mms = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0,1))\n",
+        "normalized_data = mms.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    normalized_data,\n",
+        "    columns=data.columns,\n",
+        ")\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "Jbrfax_ryUqB",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 439
+        },
+        "outputId": "a399d0ce-d4c3-4ad3-fa6f-6b49e1d444a5"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 87,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm  Species\n",
+              "0         0.222222      0.625000       0.067797      0.041667      0.0\n",
+              "1         0.166667      0.416667       0.067797      0.041667      0.0\n",
+              "2         0.111111      0.500000       0.050847      0.041667      0.0\n",
+              "3         0.083333      0.458333       0.084746      0.041667      0.0\n",
+              "4         0.194444      0.666667       0.067797      0.041667      0.0\n",
+              "..             ...           ...            ...           ...      ...\n",
+              "145       0.666667      0.416667       0.711864      0.916667      1.0\n",
+              "146       0.555556      0.208333       0.677966      0.750000      1.0\n",
+              "147       0.611111      0.416667       0.711864      0.791667      1.0\n",
+              "148       0.527778      0.583333       0.745763      0.916667      1.0\n",
+              "149       0.444444      0.416667       0.694915      0.708333      1.0\n",
+              "\n",
+              "[150 rows x 5 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-9bd05a87-b219-42d4-b828-f381e887a497\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.222222</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.625000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.067797</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.041667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.166667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.416667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.067797</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.041667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.111111</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.500000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.050847</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.041667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.083333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.458333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.084746</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.041667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.194444</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.666667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.067797</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.041667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>145</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.666667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.416667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.711864</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.916667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>146</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.555556</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.208333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.677966</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.750000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>147</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.611111</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.416667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.711864</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.791667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>148</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.527778</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.583333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.745763</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.916667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>149</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.444444</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.416667</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.694915</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.708333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>150 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-9bd05a87-b219-42d4-b828-f381e887a497')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-9bd05a87-b219-42d4-b828-f381e887a497 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-9bd05a87-b219-42d4-b828-f381e887a497');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-2f084637-9219-4250-b0f3-eb24ee3fb57e\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-2f084637-9219-4250-b0f3-eb24ee3fb57e')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-2f084637-9219-4250-b0f3-eb24ee3fb57e button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \")\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.23001836888273966,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 35,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.5277777777777779,\n          0.05555555555555558,\n          0.36111111111111094\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.18066429640090576,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 23,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.12499999999999989,\n          0.8333333333333333,\n          0.625\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.29905430846648523,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 43,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.9661016949152543,\n          0.47457627118644063,\n          0.4576271186440678\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.3179836423753504,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 22,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.04166666666666667,\n          0.4583333333333333,\n          0.5000000000000001\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.40961596025952024,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.0,\n          0.5,\n          1.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 87
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Standardization\n",
+        "\n",
+        "$$\n",
+        "z = \\frac{x - \\mu}{\\sigma}\n",
+        "$$"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "lSgmybXl196Y"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "standard_scaler = StandardScaler()\n",
+        "standardized_data = standard_scaler.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    standardized_data,\n",
+        "    columns=data.columns,\n",
+        ")"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "JeftVnOz0cAR",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 439
+        },
+        "outputId": "8a3d1c62-89ca-4d01-90e2-c7b0292c2855"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 88,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm   Species\n",
+              "0        -0.900681      1.032057      -1.341272     -1.312977 -1.224745\n",
+              "1        -1.143017     -0.124958      -1.341272     -1.312977 -1.224745\n",
+              "2        -1.385353      0.337848      -1.398138     -1.312977 -1.224745\n",
+              "3        -1.506521      0.106445      -1.284407     -1.312977 -1.224745\n",
+              "4        -1.021849      1.263460      -1.341272     -1.312977 -1.224745\n",
+              "..             ...           ...            ...           ...       ...\n",
+              "145       1.038005     -0.124958       0.819624      1.447956  1.224745\n",
+              "146       0.553333     -1.281972       0.705893      0.922064  1.224745\n",
+              "147       0.795669     -0.124958       0.819624      1.053537  1.224745\n",
+              "148       0.432165      0.800654       0.933356      1.447956  1.224745\n",
+              "149       0.068662     -0.124958       0.762759      0.790591  1.224745\n",
+              "\n",
+              "[150 rows x 5 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-8b584495-35de-4fad-a450-68cee5b31794\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>-0.900681</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.032057</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.341272</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.312977</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.143017</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-0.124958</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.341272</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.312977</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.385353</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.337848</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.398138</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.312977</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.506521</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.106445</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.284407</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.312977</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.021849</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.263460</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.341272</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.312977</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>145</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.038005</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-0.124958</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.819624</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.447956</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>146</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.553333</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-1.281972</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.705893</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.922064</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>147</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.795669</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-0.124958</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.819624</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.053537</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>148</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.432165</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.800654</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.933356</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.447956</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>149</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.068662</td>\n",
+              "      <td>-0.124958</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.762759</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.790591</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.224745</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>150 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-8b584495-35de-4fad-a450-68cee5b31794')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-8b584495-35de-4fad-a450-68cee5b31794 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-8b584495-35de-4fad-a450-68cee5b31794');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-ad8c74be-4be8-4a13-a134-cf43b561920b\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-ad8c74be-4be8-4a13-a134-cf43b561920b')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-ad8c74be-4be8-4a13-a134-cf43b561920b button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \")\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.0033500931359767,\n        \"min\": -1.870024133847019,\n        \"max\": 2.4920192021244283,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 35,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.432165404582356,\n          -1.6276883929597161,\n          -0.29484181807955234\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.0033500931359767,\n        \"min\": -2.438987252491841,\n        \"max\": 3.1146839106774356,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 23,\n        \"samples\": [\n          -1.7447783570956819,\n          2.1890720501492225,\n          1.0320572244889565\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.0033500931359765,\n        \"min\": -1.5687352207168408,\n        \"max\": 1.7863413146490472,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 43,\n        \"samples\": [\n          1.6726099066705424,\n          0.02350449098222449,\n          -0.03336121300702764\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.0033500931359767,\n        \"min\": -1.4444496972795189,\n        \"max\": 1.7109015831854495,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 22,\n        \"samples\": [\n          -1.3129767272601454,\n          0.001752972933591456,\n          0.13322594295296525\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.0033500931359767,\n        \"min\": -1.224744871391589,\n        \"max\": 1.224744871391589,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          -1.224744871391589,\n          0.0,\n          1.224744871391589\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 88
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Imputation of missing values\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "jhRacCGx4hHD"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer\n",
+        "import numpy as np\n",
+        "\n",
+        "imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='mean')\n",
+        "imputed_data = imputer.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    imputed_data,\n",
+        ").isnull().sum()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "3qqVM1ng2PsJ",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 275
+        },
+        "outputId": "af35c600-d995-4458-a5e6-a88e359526dd"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 89,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "0    0\n",
+              "1    0\n",
+              "2    0\n",
+              "3    0\n",
+              "4    0\n",
+              "dtype: int64"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "<div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div><br><label><b>dtype:</b> int64</label>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 89
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Discretization"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "i76NX2Ev463h"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "1. Quantile Discretization Transform"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "VMYOkM_L48kl"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.preprocessing import KBinsDiscretizer\n",
+        "\n",
+        "trans = KBinsDiscretizer(n_bins=10, encode='ordinal', strategy='quantile')\n",
+        "new_data = trans.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    new_data,\n",
+        "    columns=data.columns\n",
+        ")"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 541
+        },
+        "id": "gOVi2uYk4qcu",
+        "outputId": "7b51e4c9-9c89-42ac-bb78-465a7032d4bf"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 90,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stderr",
+          "text": [
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/preprocessing/_discretization.py:307: UserWarning: Bins whose width are too small (i.e., <= 1e-8) in feature 1 are removed. Consider decreasing the number of bins.\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/preprocessing/_discretization.py:307: UserWarning: Bins whose width are too small (i.e., <= 1e-8) in feature 3 are removed. Consider decreasing the number of bins.\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/preprocessing/_discretization.py:307: UserWarning: Bins whose width are too small (i.e., <= 1e-8) in feature 4 are removed. Consider decreasing the number of bins.\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm  Species\n",
+              "0              2.0           7.0            1.0           1.0      0.0\n",
+              "1              1.0           4.0            1.0           1.0      0.0\n",
+              "2              0.0           6.0            0.0           1.0      0.0\n",
+              "3              0.0           5.0            2.0           1.0      0.0\n",
+              "4              2.0           7.0            1.0           1.0      0.0\n",
+              "..             ...           ...            ...           ...      ...\n",
+              "145            8.0           4.0            7.0           8.0      1.0\n",
+              "146            7.0           1.0            7.0           7.0      1.0\n",
+              "147            7.0           4.0            7.0           7.0      1.0\n",
+              "148            6.0           7.0            8.0           8.0      1.0\n",
+              "149            5.0           4.0            7.0           6.0      1.0\n",
+              "\n",
+              "[150 rows x 5 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-bf52b457-f426-4a43-930b-98c9027f3efb\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>145</th>\n",
+              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>146</th>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>147</th>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>148</th>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>149</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>150 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-bf52b457-f426-4a43-930b-98c9027f3efb')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-bf52b457-f426-4a43-930b-98c9027f3efb button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-bf52b457-f426-4a43-930b-98c9027f3efb');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-dc4360c4-466d-437c-8c66-7111386f7bb9\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-dc4360c4-466d-437c-8c66-7111386f7bb9')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-dc4360c4-466d-437c-8c66-7111386f7bb9 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \")\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.830395898032167,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          8.0,\n          1.0,\n          4.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.3949611533748287,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 8.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 9,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2.0,\n          4.0,\n          3.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.7971621924901315,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9.0,\n          0.0,\n          5.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.5674698763560073,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 8.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 9,\n        \"samples\": [\n          8.0,\n          2.0,\n          6.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.47298376984040197,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 1.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          1.0,\n          0.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 90
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "2. Uniform Discretization Transform"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "vtHUC3pT5OTS"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "trans = KBinsDiscretizer(n_bins=10, encode='ordinal', strategy='uniform')\n",
+        "new_data = trans.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    new_data,\n",
+        "    columns=data.columns\n",
+        ")"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 439
+        },
+        "id": "XZaM1ewV5HjE",
+        "outputId": "874d7838-627a-4705-dc2f-084dff68bdd5"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 91,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm  Species\n",
+              "0              2.0           6.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "1              1.0           4.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "2              1.0           5.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "3              0.0           4.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "4              1.0           6.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "..             ...           ...            ...           ...      ...\n",
+              "145            6.0           4.0            7.0           9.0      9.0\n",
+              "146            5.0           2.0            6.0           7.0      9.0\n",
+              "147            6.0           4.0            7.0           7.0      9.0\n",
+              "148            5.0           5.0            7.0           9.0      9.0\n",
+              "149            4.0           4.0            6.0           7.0      9.0\n",
+              "\n",
+              "[150 rows x 5 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-1304f6c7-e84e-401a-adb4-2023cc6676a9\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>145</th>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>146</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>147</th>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>148</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>149</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>150 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-1304f6c7-e84e-401a-adb4-2023cc6676a9')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-1304f6c7-e84e-401a-adb4-2023cc6676a9 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-1304f6c7-e84e-401a-adb4-2023cc6676a9');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-0cd3e4a7-84a8-4d2d-949c-dee802626181\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-0cd3e4a7-84a8-4d2d-949c-dee802626181')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-0cd3e4a7-84a8-4d2d-949c-dee802626181 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \")\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.3315749206787793,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9.0,\n          1.0,\n          7.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.8075778842435182,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2.0,\n          4.0,\n          8.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.9708577087647687,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 9,\n        \"samples\": [\n          7.0,\n          1.0,\n          4.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 3.1659613014009933,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9.0,\n          1.0,\n          3.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 3.6941213351051103,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.0,\n          5.0,\n          9.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 91
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "3. KMeans Discretization Transform"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "uMFedD8J5V0U"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "trans = KBinsDiscretizer(n_bins=10, encode='ordinal', strategy='kmeans')\n",
+        "new_data = trans.fit_transform(data)\n",
+        "pd.DataFrame(\n",
+        "    new_data,\n",
+        "    columns=data.columns\n",
+        ")"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 507
+        },
+        "id": "q4KFEczX5SYj",
+        "outputId": "1a85ca09-5dc4-4dfc-9ccb-4aca2776bc21"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 92,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stderr",
+          "text": [
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/base.py:1473: ConvergenceWarning: Number of distinct clusters (3) found smaller than n_clusters (10). Possibly due to duplicate points in X.\n",
+            "  return fit_method(estimator, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/preprocessing/_discretization.py:307: UserWarning: Bins whose width are too small (i.e., <= 1e-8) in feature 4 are removed. Consider decreasing the number of bins.\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "     SepalLengthCm  SepalWidthCm  PetalLengthCm  PetalWidthCm  Species\n",
+              "0              2.0           6.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "1              1.0           4.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "2              1.0           4.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "3              0.0           4.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "4              1.0           6.0            0.0           0.0      0.0\n",
+              "..             ...           ...            ...           ...      ...\n",
+              "145            6.0           4.0            5.0           9.0      2.0\n",
+              "146            5.0           2.0            5.0           7.0      2.0\n",
+              "147            6.0           4.0            5.0           7.0      2.0\n",
+              "148            5.0           5.0            6.0           9.0      2.0\n",
+              "149            4.0           4.0            5.0           7.0      2.0\n",
+              "\n",
+              "[150 rows x 5 columns]"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-3fd513c8-3024-43ac-b9ef-8ccb4d2561cb\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>SepalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalLengthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>PetalWidthCm</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Species</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>...</th>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "      <td>...</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>145</th>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>146</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>147</th>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>148</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>149</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "<p>150 rows × 5 columns</p>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-3fd513c8-3024-43ac-b9ef-8ccb4d2561cb')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-3fd513c8-3024-43ac-b9ef-8ccb4d2561cb button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-3fd513c8-3024-43ac-b9ef-8ccb4d2561cb');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-18793189-0521-4508-8211-f03a5c9073be\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-18793189-0521-4508-8211-f03a5c9073be')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-18793189-0521-4508-8211-f03a5c9073be button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \")\",\n  \"rows\": 150,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.3191065162163307,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9.0,\n          1.0,\n          7.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SepalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.7795256135824453,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2.0,\n          4.0,\n          8.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalLengthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.551842778463346,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          8.0,\n          1.0,\n          2.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"PetalWidthCm\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 3.1587455386713343,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 9.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 10,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9.0,\n          1.0,\n          6.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Species\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.8192319205190405,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 2.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.0,\n          1.0,\n          2.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 92
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## In this dataset we use Standardization\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "q8Zl6Cp65pwQ"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# Extract features and labels\n",
+        "\n",
+        "X = data.drop('Species', axis=1)\n",
+        "y = data['Species']"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "4Y46_FZP5uQ_"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 93,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
+        "\n",
+        "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "fSEBRAIx6lMx"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 94,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "sc = StandardScaler()\n",
+        "X_train = sc.fit_transform(X_train)\n",
+        "X_test = sc.transform(X_test)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "cV2TNfaT6m-G"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 95,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 3. Choose a Model\n",
+        "\n",
+        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "prBHDhku7R2I"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression\n",
+        "\n",
+        "model = LogisticRegression()\n",
+        "model.fit(X_train, y_train)\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 80
+        },
+        "id": "-6h32lvi62pc",
+        "outputId": "c62a7a44-2f13-4f9f-e305-cb63918af714"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 96,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "LogisticRegression()"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "<style>#sk-container-id-2 {\n",
+              "  /* Definition of color scheme common for light and dark mode */\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-text: black;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-line: gray;\n",
+              "  /* Definition of color scheme for unfitted estimators */\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0: #fff5e6;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1: #f6e4d2;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2: #ffe0b3;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3: chocolate;\n",
+              "  /* Definition of color scheme for fitted estimators */\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-0: #f0f8ff;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-1: #d4ebff;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-2: #b3dbfd;\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-3: cornflowerblue;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  /* Specific color for light theme */\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, white)));\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
+              "  --sklearn-color-icon: #696969;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n",
+              "    /* Redefinition of color scheme for dark theme */\n",
+              "    --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
+              "    --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, #111)));\n",
+              "    --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
+              "    --sklearn-color-icon: #878787;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 {\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 pre {\n",
+              "  padding: 0;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-hidden--visually {\n",
+              "  border: 0;\n",
+              "  clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);\n",
+              "  clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\n",
+              "  height: 1px;\n",
+              "  margin: -1px;\n",
+              "  overflow: hidden;\n",
+              "  padding: 0;\n",
+              "  position: absolute;\n",
+              "  width: 1px;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {\n",
+              "  border: 1px dashed var(--sklearn-color-line);\n",
+              "  margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;\n",
+              "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
+              "  padding-bottom: 0.4em;\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-container {\n",
+              "  /* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }`\n",
+              "     but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }`\n",
+              "     so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the\n",
+              "     default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org.\n",
+              "     See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */\n",
+              "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
+              "  position: relative;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {\n",
+              "  display: none;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "div.sk-parallel-item,\n",
+              "div.sk-serial,\n",
+              "div.sk-item {\n",
+              "  /* draw centered vertical line to link estimators */\n",
+              "  background-image: linear-gradient(var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background), var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background));\n",
+              "  background-size: 2px 100%;\n",
+              "  background-repeat: no-repeat;\n",
+              "  background-position: center center;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Parallel-specific style estimator block */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item::after {\n",
+              "  content: \"\";\n",
+              "  width: 100%;\n",
+              "  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
+              "  flex-grow: 1;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel {\n",
+              "  display: flex;\n",
+              "  align-items: stretch;\n",
+              "  justify-content: center;\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  position: relative;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item {\n",
+              "  display: flex;\n",
+              "  flex-direction: column;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {\n",
+              "  align-self: flex-end;\n",
+              "  width: 50%;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {\n",
+              "  align-self: flex-start;\n",
+              "  width: 50%;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {\n",
+              "  width: 0;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Serial-specific style estimator block */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-serial {\n",
+              "  display: flex;\n",
+              "  flex-direction: column;\n",
+              "  align-items: center;\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  padding-right: 1em;\n",
+              "  padding-left: 1em;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Toggleable style: style used for estimator/Pipeline/ColumnTransformer box that is\n",
+              "clickable and can be expanded/collapsed.\n",
+              "- Pipeline and ColumnTransformer use this feature and define the default style\n",
+              "- Estimators will overwrite some part of the style using the `sk-estimator` class\n",
+              "*/\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Pipeline and ColumnTransformer style (default) */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable {\n",
+              "  /* Default theme specific background. It is overwritten whether we have a\n",
+              "  specific estimator or a Pipeline/ColumnTransformer */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Toggleable label */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "  display: block;\n",
+              "  width: 100%;\n",
+              "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
+              "  padding: 0.5em;\n",
+              "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
+              "  text-align: center;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
+              "  /* Arrow on the left of the label */\n",
+              "  content: \"▸\";\n",
+              "  float: left;\n",
+              "  margin-right: 0.25em;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-icon);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Toggleable content - dropdown */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
+              "  max-height: 0;\n",
+              "  max-width: 0;\n",
+              "  overflow: hidden;\n",
+              "  text-align: left;\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {\n",
+              "  margin: 0.2em;\n",
+              "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted pre {\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
+              "  /* Expand drop-down */\n",
+              "  max-height: 200px;\n",
+              "  max-width: 100%;\n",
+              "  overflow: auto;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
+              "  content: \"▾\";\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Pipeline/ColumnTransformer-specific style */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Estimator-specific style */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Colorize estimator box */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label label.sk-toggleable__label,\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label label {\n",
+              "  /* The background is the default theme color */\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* On hover, darken the color of the background */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Label box, darken color on hover, fitted */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label.fitted:hover label.sk-toggleable__label.fitted {\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Estimator label */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label label {\n",
+              "  font-family: monospace;\n",
+              "  font-weight: bold;\n",
+              "  display: inline-block;\n",
+              "  line-height: 1.2em;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label-container {\n",
+              "  text-align: center;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Estimator-specific */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator {\n",
+              "  font-family: monospace;\n",
+              "  border: 1px dotted var(--sklearn-color-border-box);\n",
+              "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
+              "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
+              "  margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator.fitted {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* on hover */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator:hover {\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Specification for estimator info (e.g. \"i\" and \"?\") */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Common style for \"i\" and \"?\" */\n",
+              "\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
+              "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
+              "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link {\n",
+              "  float: right;\n",
+              "  font-size: smaller;\n",
+              "  line-height: 1em;\n",
+              "  font-family: monospace;\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  border-radius: 1em;\n",
+              "  height: 1em;\n",
+              "  width: 1em;\n",
+              "  text-decoration: none !important;\n",
+              "  margin-left: 1ex;\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
+              "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
+              "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* On hover */\n",
+              "div.sk-estimator:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
+              "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover {\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  text-decoration: none;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
+              "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  text-decoration: none;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* Span, style for the box shown on hovering the info icon */\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link span {\n",
+              "  display: none;\n",
+              "  z-index: 9999;\n",
+              "  position: relative;\n",
+              "  font-weight: normal;\n",
+              "  right: .2ex;\n",
+              "  padding: .5ex;\n",
+              "  margin: .5ex;\n",
+              "  width: min-content;\n",
+              "  min-width: 20ex;\n",
+              "  max-width: 50ex;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
+              "  box-shadow: 2pt 2pt 4pt #999;\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
+              "  border: .5pt solid var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted span {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
+              "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover span {\n",
+              "  display: block;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* \"?\"-specific style due to the `<a>` HTML tag */\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 a.estimator_doc_link {\n",
+              "  float: right;\n",
+              "  font-size: 1rem;\n",
+              "  line-height: 1em;\n",
+              "  font-family: monospace;\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  border-radius: 1rem;\n",
+              "  height: 1rem;\n",
+              "  width: 1rem;\n",
+              "  text-decoration: none;\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
+              "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "/* On hover */\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 a.estimator_doc_link:hover {\n",
+              "  /* unfitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
+              "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
+              "  text-decoration: none;\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "\n",
+              "#sk-container-id-2 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted:hover {\n",
+              "  /* fitted */\n",
+              "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
+              "}\n",
+              "</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-2\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>LogisticRegression()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator fitted sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-2\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-2\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label fitted sk-toggleable__label-arrow fitted\">&nbsp;&nbsp;LogisticRegression<a class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://scikit-learn.org/1.5/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.html\">?<span>Documentation for LogisticRegression</span></a><span class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\">i<span>Fitted</span></span></label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content fitted\"><pre>LogisticRegression()</pre></div> </div></div></div></div>"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 96
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 4. Train the Model\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "VTIpDLia9KYN"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "y_pred = model.predict(X_test)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SBhwo4cZ85tF"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 97,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 5. Evaluate the Model\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "7PghPlKQ9OTQ"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report\n",
+        "\n",
+        "accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)\n",
+        "print(f\"Accuracy: {accuracy:.2f}\")\n",
+        "print(\"Classification Report:\")\n",
+        "print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "9N89xiJG9FOx",
+        "outputId": "aea846a4-aad0-440f-f37d-50807fe3fd57"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 98,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Accuracy: 1.00\n",
+            "Classification Report:\n",
+            "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
+            "\n",
+            "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00        10\n",
+            "           1       1.00      1.00      1.00         9\n",
+            "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        11\n",
+            "\n",
+            "    accuracy                           1.00        30\n",
+            "   macro avg       1.00      1.00      1.00        30\n",
+            "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00        30\n",
+            "\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "import joblib\n",
+        "\n",
+        "joblib.dump(model, 'iris_logistic_regression_model.pkl')\n",
+        "print(\"Model saved to iris_logistic_regression_model.pkl\")\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "LbRKB89f9PeA",
+        "outputId": "dd884167-32aa-444b-984b-6c2302e6c80f"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 99,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Model saved to iris_logistic_regression_model.pkl\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "loaded_model = joblib.load('logistic_regression_model.pkl')\n",
+        "print(\"Model loaded successfully\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "new_predictions = loaded_model.predict(X_test)\n",
+        "print(new_predictions)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "HxP0rhZa9g-X",
+        "outputId": "2df09e3e-98a3-4d90-fd48-6007dfe2838f"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 100,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Model loaded successfully\n",
+            "[1 0 2 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0]\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, new_predictions)\n",
+        "print(f\"Accuracy: {accuracy:.2f}\")\n",
+        "print(\"Classification Report:\")\n",
+        "print(classification_report(y_test, new_predictions))"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "xWcxawsV9jA5",
+        "outputId": "f22a4df2-1014-4c94-d802-ce1f2d9ea836"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 101,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Accuracy: 1.00\n",
+            "Classification Report:\n",
+            "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
+            "\n",
+            "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00        10\n",
+            "           1       1.00      1.00      1.00         9\n",
+            "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        11\n",
+            "\n",
+            "    accuracy                           1.00        30\n",
+            "   macro avg       1.00      1.00      1.00        30\n",
+            "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00        30\n",
+            "\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "etijgWI29oUs"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 101,
+      "outputs": []
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file