---
tags:
  - safe
  - mamba
  - molecular-generation
  - smiles
  - generated_from_trainer
datasets:
  - katielink/moses
model-index:
  - name: SSM_20M
    results: []
---

# SSM_20M

SSM_20M is a mamba-based model designed for molecular generation tasks. **This model was trained using the code available at [https://github.com/Anri-Lombard/Mamba-SAFE](https://github.com/Anri-Lombard/Mamba-SAFE).** It was trained from scratch on the [MOSES](https://huggingface.co/datasets/katielink/moses) dataset, which has been converted from SMILES to the SAFE (SMILES Augmented For Encoding) format to enhance molecular representation for machine learning applications. Leveraging the efficiency of the Mamba framework, SSM_20M achieves performance comparable to transformer-based alternatives such as [SAFE_20M](https://huggingface.co/anrilombard/safe-20m).

## Evaluation Results

SSM_20M demonstrates performance on par with transformer-based models in molecular generation tasks, ensuring both validity and diversity of the generated molecular structures.

## Model Description

SSM_20M utilizes the Mamba framework, which offers linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces, to generate valid and diverse molecular structures. By converting the MOSES dataset from SMILES to SAFE format, the model benefits from improved molecular encoding, facilitating better performance in various applications such as:

- **Drug Discovery:** Identifying potential drug candidates with desirable properties.
- **Materials Science:** Designing new materials with specific characteristics.
- **Chemical Engineering:** Innovating chemical processes and compounds.

### Mamba Framework

The Mamba framework, integral to SSM_20M, was introduced in the following paper:

```bibtex
@article{gu2023mamba,
  title={Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces},
  author={Gu, Albert and Dao, Tri},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00752},
  year={2023}
}
```

We acknowledge and thank the authors for their valuable contribution to the field of sequence modeling.

### SAFE Framework

The SAFE framework, also utilized in SSM_20M, was introduced in the following paper:

```bibtex
@article{noutahi2024gotta,
  title={Gotta be SAFE: a new framework for molecular design},
  author={Noutahi, Emmanuel and Gabellini, Cristian and Craig, Michael and Lim, Jonathan SC and Tossou, Prudencio},
  journal={Digital Discovery},
  volume={3},
  number={4},
  pages={796--804},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry}
}
```

We also acknowledge and thank the authors for their valuable contribution to the field of molecular design.

## Intended Uses & Limitations

### Intended Uses

SSM_20M is primarily intended for:

- **Generating Molecular Structures:** Creating novel molecules with desired properties.
- **Exploring Chemical Space:** Navigating the vast landscape of possible chemical compounds for research and development.
- **Assisting in Material Design:** Facilitating the creation of new materials with specific functionalities.

### Limitations

- **Validation Required:** Outputs should be validated by domain experts before practical application.
- **Synthetic Feasibility:** Generated molecules may not always be synthetically feasible.
- **Dataset Scope:** The model's knowledge is limited to the chemical space represented in the MOSES dataset.

## Training and Evaluation Data

The model was trained on the [MOSES (MOlecular SEtS)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/katielink/moses) dataset, a benchmark dataset for molecular generation. The dataset was converted from SMILES to the SAFE format to enhance molecular representation for machine learning tasks.

## Training Procedure

### Training Hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during training:

- **Learning Rate:** 0.0005
- **Training Batch Size:** 32
- **Evaluation Batch Size:** 32
- **Seed:** 42
- **Gradient Accumulation Steps:** 2
- **Total Training Batch Size:** 64
- **Optimizer:** Adam (betas=(0.9, 0.999), epsilon=1e-08)
- **Learning Rate Scheduler:** Linear with 20,000 warmup steps
- **Number of Epochs:** 10

### Framework Versions

- **Mamba:** [Version specific to your setup]
- **PyTorch:** [Version specific to your setup]
- **Datasets:** 2.20.0
- **Tokenizers:** 0.19.1

## Acknowledgements

We acknowledge and thank the authors of the [Mamba](https://github.com/Anri-Lombard/Mamba-SAFE) and SAFE frameworks for their valuable contributions to the fields of sequence modeling and molecular design.

## References

```bibtex
@article{gu2023mamba,
  title={Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces},
  author={Gu, Albert and Dao, Tri},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00752},
  year={2023}
}

@article{noutahi2024gotta,
  title={Gotta be SAFE: a new framework for molecular design},
  author={Noutahi, Emmanuel and Gabellini, Cristian and Craig, Michael and Lim, Jonathan SC and Tossou, Prudencio},
  journal={Digital Discovery},
  volume={3},
  number={4},
  pages={796--804},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry}
}
```