{"cells":[{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":8,"metadata":{"id":"_7Dv06u3wCgF","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719055848840,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":542,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[],"source":["import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":null,"metadata":{"id":"nljzR6jIRo93"},"outputs":[],"source":["#get all xmls in a dict"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":9,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"wYUxD2tYP4g7","outputId":"e0a1be34-990a-46e1-8cb1-0acc00afb329","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719055855304,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":3805,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Drive already mounted at /content/drive; to attempt to forcibly remount, call drive.mount(\"/content/drive\", force_remount=True).\n"]}],"source":["from google.colab import drive\n","drive.mount('/content/drive')"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":14,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"W419k_HMz4in","outputId":"099d951d-5bf3-49f4-c6c0-512fdcb41e1c","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719058193140,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":183213,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Going through  A00-1031.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-1043.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2004.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2009.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2018.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2019.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2024.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2026.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2030.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2031.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A00-2034.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A88-1019.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  A92-1006.xml  index=  0\n","Going 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W03-1812.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-0308.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-0803.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-0807.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-0811.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-1013.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-1221.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2319.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2401.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2406.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2407.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2609.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-2705.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3103.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3111.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3201.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3205.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3206.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3207.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3208.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3212.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3213.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W04-3219.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  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W99-0604.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0611.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0612.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0613.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0623.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0625.xml  index=  0\n","Going through  W99-0629.xml  index=  0\n","1009\n"]}],"source":["import os\n","import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET\n","import re\n","import pandas as pd\n","# Define the root folder path\n","\n","top_1000_folder = '/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/scisummnet_final_dataset/top1000_complete'\n","subfolders = sorted(os.listdir(top_1000_folder))\n","#df = pd.read_excel('/content/drive/MyDrive/Extractive_summarization/HIPORank/updated_file.xlsx')\n","input_folder = '/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/dataset/inputs'\n","target_folder = '/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/dataset/targets'\n","files = dict()\n","errors = []\n","index = 0\n","# Traverse through each of the 1000 folders\n","for subfolder in subfolders:\n","    subfolder_path = os.path.join(top_1000_folder, subfolder)\n","\n","    if os.path.isdir(subfolder_path):\n","        # Navigate to the documents_xml folder\n","        documents_xml_folder = os.path.join(subfolder_path, 'Documents_xml')\n","        summary_folder = os.path.join(subfolder_path,'summary')\n","        #print(summary_folder)\n","        if os.path.isdir(documents_xml_folder):\n","            # Find the XML file in the documents_xml folder\n","            for file_name in os.listdir(documents_xml_folder):\n","                if file_name.endswith('.xml'):\n","                    xml_file_path = os.path.join(documents_xml_folder, file_name)\n","                    print(\"Going through \",file_name,\" index= \",index)\n","                    # Parse the XML file\n","                    tree = ET.parse(xml_file_path)\n","                    root = tree.getroot()\n","                    #print(str(ET.tostring(root,'utf-8')))\n","                    files[file_name] = str(ET.tostring(root,'utf-8'))\n","\n","\n","# for x in files.keys():\n","#         print(x +\" => \" + files[x])\n","\n","\n","print(len(files))\n","\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","source":["import os\n","\n","directory = '/path/to/your/directory'\n","\n","if os.access(directory, os.W_OK):\n","    print(\"You have write permission to the directory.\")\n","else:\n","    print(\"You do not have write permission to the directory.\")"],"metadata":{"id":"JyceFY048OI9"},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":15,"metadata":{"id":"MlUsBTdubidh","colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"outputId":"9182d352-b183-4021-f1e4-bc006fbcb4e1","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719058391620,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":13169,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["printing last sentence\n","TnT is freely available to universities and related organizations for research purposes (see http://www.coli.uni-sb.derthorstenAnt).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The reduced sentences produced by humans are also provided for comparison.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Even moderately long documents typically address several topics or different aspects of the same topic.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work extends ideas that began in collaboration with Rebecca Bruce and Janyce Wiebe.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is to this project that our future parsing work will be devoted.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","TOEFL is taken by foreign students who are applying to US undergraduate and graduate-level programs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There is a big gap between the summaries produced by current automatic summarizers and the abstracts written by human professionals.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents three trainable systems for surface natural language generation (NLG).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This simple semantic annotation was the only source of task knowledge used to configure the model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This boolean condition is then used to train an improved parser.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","However, a considerably larger corpus would be required to overcome the sparse data problem for other RSA alternations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The proposed method omitted only 5 of 243 noun phrase brackets in the appendix.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In Section 8, we address the problem of portability, and wind up by discussing some shortcomings of Joyce in the conclusion.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Reusable The effort required to retarget a tagger to new corpora, new tagsets, and new languages should be minimal.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a simple part of speech tagger which performs as well as existing stochastic taggers, but has significant advantages over these taggers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have shown that terminology research provides a good application for robust natural language technology, in particular for part-of-speech tagging and word-alignment algorithms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","From the observations in the previous section, we propose the following guidelines for how to train a HMM for use in tagging: able, use BW re-estimation with standard convergence tests such as perplexity.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Ultimately, a multi-engine system depends on the quality of each particular engine.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful insights.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Voutilainen and Juha Heikkild created the original ENGCG lexicon.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For a description of the annotation tool see section 5.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Given the incredibly difficult nature of many NLP tasks, this example of a learned, stochastic approach to name-finding lends credence to the argument that the NLP community ought to push these approaches, to find the limit of phenomena that may be captured by probabilistic, finite-state methods.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sections 5-7 elaborate on Nominator's disambiguation heuristics.\n","printing last sentence\n","Systems that generate natural language output as part of their interaction with a user have become a major area of research and development.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Predicate subcategorization is a key component of a lexical entry, because most, if not all, recent syntactic theories 'project' syntactic structure from the lexicon.\n","printing last sentence\n","Explo i t ing a Probabi l ist ic  Hierarchical Mode l  for Generat ion Srinivas Bangalore and Owen Rambow AT&T Labs Research 180 Park Avenue F lorham Park, NJ 07932 {sr in?,  rambow}@research,  a r t .\n","printing last sentence\n","Effects of Adjective Orientation and Gradability on Sentence Subjectivity Vas i le ios  Hatz ivass i log lou Depar tment  o1 Computer  Sc ience Co lumbia  Un ivers i l y New York,  NY  10027 vh@cs ,  co lumbia ,  edu Janyce  M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The Automated Acquisit ion of Topic Signatures for Text Summarizat ion Chin -Yew L in  and  Eduard  Hovy In fo rmat ion  S(:i(umes I l l s t i tu te Un ivers i ty  of Southern  Ca l i fo rn ia Mar ina  del Rey, CA  90292, USA { cyl,hovy }C~isi.edu Abst rac t In order to produce, a good summary, one has to identify the most relevant portions of a given text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic Acquisition of Domain Knowledge for Information Extraction Roman Yangarber, Ralph Grishman Past Tapanainen Courant  Inst i tute of Conexor oy Mathemat ica l  Sciences Helsinki, F in land New York University {roman [ grishman}@cs, nyu.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","More  accurate  tes ts  Ibr the  s ta t i s t i ca l  s ign i f i cance  of resu l t d i f ferences  * Alexander  Yeh Mitre Corp.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Compar i son  of  A l ignment  Mode ls  for S ta t i s t i ca l  Mach ine Trans la t ion Franz Josef Och and Hermann Ney Lehrstuhl fiir Informatik VI, Comlmter Science Department RWTH Aachen - University of Technology D-52056 Aachen, Germany {och, ney}~inf ormat ik.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The higher performance of our method can be attributed to the enormity of the web data used and the employment of the EM Algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our SVM-based NE recognizer attained F = 90.03%.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Semantic knowledge for particular domains isincreasingly important in NLP.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a clustering algorithm, CBC, for automatically discovering concepts from text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The Penn Chinese Treebank (CTB) is an ongoing project, with its objective being to create a segmented Chinese corpus annotated with POS tags and syntactic brackets.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents a machine learning approach to question classification.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The LinGO Redwoods Treebank Motivation and Preliminary Applications Stephan Oepen, Kristina Toutanova, Stuart Shieber, Christopher Manning, Dan Flickinger, and Thorsten Brants {oe |kristina |manning |dan}@csli.stanford.edu, shieber@deas.harvard.edu, brants@parc.xerox.com Abstract The LinGO Redwoods initiative is a seed activity in the de- sign and development of a new type of treebank.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The conversion of the Penn Tree bank to dependency trees has been performed using head rules kindly provided by Hiroyasu Yamada and Yuji Matsumoto.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","(The rule A Section 7 discusses the advantages of the new architecture, Sec tion 8 describes experimental results, and Section 9 summarises the paper.\n","printing last sentence\n","This research was supported by EPSRC grant GR/M96889, and a Commonwealth scholarship and a Sydney University Travelling scholarship to the second author.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We remain, however, responsible for all content.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we studied language model adaptation for statistical machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We conclude this paper and discuss future directions in Section 5.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the future, we will consider making an increase the context-size, which helped Toutanova et al (2003).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This indicates that CRFs are a viable model for robust Chinese word segmentation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There is a long standing need for higher quality performance in NLP systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In Sec tion 6, we consider the effects that this has on a potential application of distributional similarity techniques, which is judging compositionality of collocations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In our approach the creation of the semantic representations forms a completely It could cost taxpayers 15 million to install and residents 1 million a year to maintain NP The levels of accuracy and robustness recently achieved by statistical parsers (e.g.\n","printing last sentence\n","In our experiments, we used the commer cial ILP package (Xpress-MP, 2003), and were able to process roughly twenty sentences per second.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sentiment recognition is a challenging and difficult part of understanding opinions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our results are summarised in Table 4, where we show the mean ratings for our system (Abstract), the baseline (Extract), and the gold standard.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Rachele De Felice was supported by an AHRC scholar ship for the duration of her studies.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a HMM POS tagger for fine-grained tagsets which splits the POS tags into attributevectors and estimates the conditional probabilities of the attributes with decision trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented two approaches for unsupervised ac quisition of unary entailment rules from regular (non-comparable) corpora.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We wouldalso like to acknowledge the three anonymous reviewers and Derrick Higgins for their helpful com ments and feedback.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have described a uniform approach to analogies, synonyms, antonyms, and as sociations, in which all of these phenomena are subsumed by analogies.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","4 4We provide the Parser and Hash Kernel as open source for download from http://code.google.com/p/mate-tools.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we presented a novel large-scale par allel dataset PWKP for sentence simplification.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Twitter is one of the most popular social network websites and has been growing at a very fast pace.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automated and manual evaluation protocols and results are presented in Section 5, followed by a short discussion.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","D-PATR:  A Deve lopment  Env i ronment fo r  Un i f i ca t ion -Based  Grammars Lauri Karttunen Artificial Intelligence Center SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA and Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford University 1 Introduction I)-PATR is a development environment for unification-based grammars on Xerox l i00 series work stations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Order Variat ion Worder order variation has always been one of the hardest problems for categorial grammars.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO LANGUAGE TRANSLAT ION P.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Parsing Strategies with Lexicalized Grammars: Appl icat ion to Tree Adjoining Grammars * Yves SCHABES,  Anne  ABE ILLE**and  Arav ind  K.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Uniform Architecture for Parsing and Generation Stuart M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Feature Structures Based Tree Adjoining Grammars 1 K.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automated language understanding requires the determination f the concept which a given use of a word represents, a process referred to as word sense disambiguation (WSD).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","CONSTRAINT GRAMMAR AS A FRAMEWORK FOR PARSING RUNNING TEXT Fred Karlsson University of Helsinki Department of General Linguistics Hallituskatu 11 SF-00100 Helsinki Finland e-mail: KARLSS?N@FINUH.bitnet 1.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Toward Memory--based Translation Satoshi SATO and Ma.koto NAGAO Dept.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The synchronous TAG formalism is inherently nondirec- tional.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Typed Unification Grammars Martin C.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic Processing of Large Corpora fbr the Resolution of Anaphor  References Ido Dagan * Alon Itai Computer Science Department Technion, tIaifa, Israel dagan~techunix .b i tnet ,  i ta i~ cs.technion, ac.il Abstract Manual acquisition of semantic onstraints in broad domains is very expensive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we like to raise the ptx~blems and the difficulties in identifying words and suggest the possible solutions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Two-Level Morphology with Composition Lauri Karttunen, Ronald M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Fast Algorithm for the Generation of Referring Expressions Abst rac t We simplify previous work in the development of algorithms for the generation of referring expre~ sions while at the same time taking account of psy- cholinguistic findings and transcript data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Statistical Models of Rogets Categories Trained on Large Corpora David Yarowsky AT&T Bell  Laboratories 600 Mountain Avenue Murray  Hil l  N J, 07974 yarowsky@research.att .com Abst rac t This paper describes a program that disambignates English word senses in unrestricted text using statistical models of the major Rogets Thesaurus categories.\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms ~om Large Text Corpora Mart i  A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF LANGUAGE DATA ORIENTED PARSING RENS BOlt* Department of Computational I Jnguistics University of Amsterdmn Spuistraat 134 1012 VII Amsterdam The Netherlands rens@alf.let.uva.nl PERFORMANCE: Abstract 1)ata Oriented Parsing (IX)P) is a model where no abstract rules, but language xt~riences in the ti3ru~ of all ,malyzed COlpUS, constitute the basis for langnage processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","SURFACE GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF TERMINOLOGICAL NOUN PHRASES Didier BOURIGAULT Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales et Electlicit6 de France Direction des Etudes et Recherches 1, avenue du G6n6ral de Gaulle 92141 Clamart Cedex France Tel : +33 1 47 65 50 64 ABSTRACT LEXTER is a software package for extracting terminology.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING WITH NEURAL NETWORKS Hehnut Schmid Institute for Computational Linguistics, Azenbergstr.12, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany, schmid@ims.uni-stuttgart.de Topic area: large text corpora, part-of-speech tag- ging, neural networks 1 ABSTRACT Text corpora which are tagged with part-of-speech in- formation are useful in many areas of linguistic re- search.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Stochastic Japanese Morphological Analyzer Using a Forward-DP Backward-A* N-Best  Search Algor i thm Masa.aki NAGATA NTT  Network Information Systems l~,~bor~ttorics 1-2356 Take, Yokosuka-Shi, Kanagaw~t, 238-03 Japan (tel) 4-81-468-59-2796 (fax) +81-468-59-3428 (e-mail) nagata@nttnly.ntt .\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Comlex  Syntax :  Bu i ld ing  a Computat iona l  Lex icon Ra lph  Gr i shm:m,  Cather ine  Mac leod,  and Adam Mcyers Computer  Science Depar tment ,  New York Un ivers i ty 715 Broadw,~y, 7th F loor ,  New York, NY 10003, U.S.A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents some implementation details and experimental results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","]~{ECOGNI:ZING ]:F:XT GENII.ES Wl r l l  S:lb,/l:ll,I,; ~/~I,;II/I(~S USING DISCII .\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","K-vec starts by estimating the lexicon.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Prel)ositioual phrase attachment disambiguation is a difficult problem.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Word Sense Disambiguation using Conceptual Density Eneko Agirre* Lengoaia eta Sistema Informatikoak saila.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Lappin and Leass' algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution is capable of high accuracy, but requires in- depth, full, syntactic parsing of text.\n","printing last sentence\n","Role of Word Sense Disambiguation i  Lexical Acquisition: Predicting Semantics from Syntactic Cues Bonn ie  J.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Three New Probabi l is t ic  Mode ls for Dependency  Parsing: An  Exploration* J ason  M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Message Unders tand ing  Conference  - 6: A Br ie f  H is tory Ralph Grishman Dept.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A key issne in modeling the string translation probability Pr(J'~le I) is the question of how we define the correspondence b tween the words of the English sentence and the words of the French sentence.\n","printing last sentence\n","Mot ivat ions and Methods  tbr Text Simpli f icat ion R.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","and EPSRC (Lap ata; grant EP/C538447/1).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We described a statistical syntax-based model that softly aligns a question sentence with a candidateanswer sentence and returns a score.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Common assumptions about the role and useful ness of word sense disambiguation (WSD) models in full-scale statistical machine translation (SMT) systems have recently been challenged.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","and Variational Bayes A Bayesian estimator combines a likelihood termP(x|?, ?) and a prior P(?, ?) to estimate the poste rior probability of a model or hidden state sequence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was funded in part by the DARPA GALE program under a subcontract to SRI International.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Several kinds of Natural Language Processing systems need measures of semantic relatedness for arbitrary wordpairs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Luke Zettlemoyer was funded by a Microsoft graduateresearch fellowship and Michael Collins was sup ported by the National Science Foundation under grants 0347631 and DMS-0434222.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented the HDP-PCFG, a nonparametric Bayesian model for PCFGs, along with an efficient variational inference algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pp.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank the critical and insightful comments from the four anonymous reviewers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We used the Penn Chinese Treebank guidelines (Xueet al, 2005) in searching for a suitable set of reordering rules.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We exploited a large number of binary features for statistical machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Given a source-language (e.g., French) sentence f ,the problem of machine translation is to automatically produce a target-language (e.g., English) translation e?.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented an extension of the state-of-the-artphrase-based approach to statistical machine trans lation that allows the straight-forward integration of additional information, may it come from linguistic tools or automatically acquired word classes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we want to thank the following people,who in different ways assisted us in the organi zation of the CoNLL 2007 shared task: Giuseppe Attardi, Eckhard Bick, Matthias Buch-Kromann,Xavier Carreras, Tomaz Erjavec, Svetoslav Mari nov, Wolfgang Menzel, Xue Nianwen, Gertjan van Noord, Petya Osenova, Florian Schiel, Kiril Simov, Zdenka Uresova, and Heike Zinsmeister.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the multilingual track of the CoNLL 2007 shared task on dependency parsing, a single parser must be trained to handle data from ten different languages: Arabic (Hajic?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The author was supported by the Catalan Ministry of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We close with a discussion that describes several applications of our work (?7).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","over ones like ?six shooter.?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Re search 18002007.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The explosive increase in Web communication hasattracted increasing interest in technologies for automatically mining personal opinions from Web doc uments such as product reviews and weblogs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","System combination has been applied successfully to various machine translation tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was partially supported by a National Science Foundation grant IIS#0840608.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Computational linguists worry constantly about runtime.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The quest for a precise definition of text quality— pinpointing the factors that make text flow and easy to read—has a long history and tradition.\n","printing last sentence\n","Paraphrases are alternative ways of expressing the same information.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","When combined with our previous work on forest-based decoding, it achieves a 2.5 BLEU points improvement over the baseline, and even outperforms the hierarchical system of Hiero by 0.7 points.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We describe our training algorithm in section 2; our generalization of Marton and Resnik’s soft syntactic constraints in section 3; our novel structural distortion features in section 4; and experimental results in section 5.\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was supported in part by the Disruptive Technology Office (DTO)’s Advanced Question Answering for Intelligence (AQUAINT) Phase III Program.\n","printing last sentence\n","This work is partly supported by NSF grant SoD-HCER-0613885 and a grant from Boeing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed above are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Probabilistic models now play a central role in computational linguistics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We developed a graph-based and a transition-based projective dependency parser using beam-search, demonstrating that beam-search is a competitive choice for both parsing approaches.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We hope that our approach will provide some insight into the design of lattice-based search procedures along with the use of non-linear, global loss functions such as BLEU.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper introduces the first unsupervised coreference resolution system that is as accurate as supervised systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many statistical methods in natural language processing aim at minimizing the probability of sentence errors.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are also interested in investigating ways to apply the generative model to the inverse task: generation of a NL sentence that explains a given MR structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank Eric Breck, Lillian Lee, Mats Rooth, the members of the Cornell NLP reading seminar, and the EMNLP reviewers for insightful comments on the submitted version of the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We finally show in Section 6 that our ap proach yields results that are significantly better thanprevious approaches for two language pairs and dif ferent test sets.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Furthermore, by using this joint parsing technique to preprocess the input to a syntactic MT system, we obtain a 2.4 BLEU improvement.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper introduces the first unsupervised approach to learning semantic parsers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We implement the expectation and variance semirings in Joshua (Li et al., 2009a), and demonstrate their practical benefit by using minimumrisk training to improve Hiero (Chiang, 2007).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","And despite its generative semantics, we show that Labeled LDA is competitive with a strong baseline discriminative classifier on two multi-label text classification tasks (Section 7).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Conventional wisdom holds that manual evaluation of machine translation is too time-consuming and expensive to conduct.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main choice in the approach is the partitioning of f(x, y) into components r1(x, y) ...\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we present experiments on cross-lingual parser projection in conditions when no target language trees are available for training (§5) and when some trees are available (§6).\n","printing last sentence\n","By linking topics across languages, polylingual topic models can increase cross-cultural understanding by providing readers with the ability to characterize the contents of collections in unfamiliar languages and identify trends in topic prevalence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We proposed a highly scalable term similarity algorithm, implemented in the MapReduce framework, and deployed over a 200 billion word crawl of the Web.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resolution of entity reference is influenced by a variety of constraints.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Specifically, we make the following contributions: Ambiguity resolution is a central task in Natural Language Processing.\n","printing last sentence\n","In Section 4, we present related work and Section 5 concludes the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Dynamic programming algorithms have been remarkably useful for inference in many NLP problems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Domain adaptation is a common concern when optimizing empirical NLP applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank Nicholas Rizzolo and Dan Roth for helping us replicate their experimental setup, and Heng Ji and Dekang Lin for providing their gender lexicon.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 8 concludes by sketching directions for further work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has presented a method for inducing probabilistic CCGs from sentences paired with logical forms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sociolinguistics and dialectology study how language varies across social and regional contexts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Non-projective dependency parsing is useful for many languages that exhibit non-projective syntactic structures.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a simple, yet effective approach for projecting parsers from languages with labeled training data to languages without any labeled training data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","After describing the model in detail, we evaluate it qualitatively by analyzing the learned n-gram vector representations and compare quantitatively against other methods on standard datasets and the EP dataset.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system performance is dependent on the quantity and quality of available training data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The task consists of deciding, given a text (T) and an hypothesis (H) in different languages, if the meaning of H can be inferred from the meaning of T.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers, especially the reviewer who implemented PRO during the review period and replicated our results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Support from EPSRC grant EP/F042728/1 is gratefully acknowledged by M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We describe related work in §4 and conclude in §5.\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 concludes with a summary and discussion of future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we systematically compared three types of distributional representation and their effect on semantic composition.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented the first system for joint partof-speech tagging and labeled dependency parsing with non-projective dependency trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Compared to Bod (2001), our results show an 11% improvement in terms of relative error reduction and a speedup which reduces the processing time from 220 to 3.6 seconds per WSJ sentence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we describe how co-training (Blum and Mitchell, 1998) can be used to bootstrap a pair of statistical parsers from a small amount of annotated training data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We plan to use this stronger form of information using Pair Hidden Markov Models as described in (Clark, 2001).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Joshua Goodman, Miles Osborne, Andrew Smith, Hanna Wallach, Tara Murphy and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on drafts of this paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For the second and third, we provide differently prepared training corpora to statistical machine translation systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","w+ C P  q;k subject to: w ((q; q:e) As illustrated in Section 1, the same proper name may refer to more than one named entity.\n","printing last sentence\n","In this work we describe a novel technique for computing a consensus translation from the outputs of multiple machine translation systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Dependency representations of sentences (Hudson, 1984; Me´lˇcuk, 1988) model head-dependent syntactic relations as edges in a directed graph.\n","printing last sentence\n","This research is partially supported by the Presto Space EU Project#: FP6-507336.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Opinion mining is a recent subdiscipline of computational linguistics which is concerned not with the topic a document is about, but with the opinion it expresses.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper contributes to the development of NLP and semantic tagging systems in several respects.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 will conclude the paper and give an outlook on possible future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we discuss appropriate uses for Bleu and suggest that for some research projects it may be preferable to use a focused, manual evaluation instead.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The ability to compress sentences grammatically with minimal information loss is an important problem in text summarization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many thanks to John Carroll, Roger Evans and the anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we propose TroFi (Trope Finder), a nearly unsupervised clustering method for separating literal and nonliteral usages of verbs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The term idiom has been applied to a fuzzy category with prototypical examples such as by and large, kick the bucket, and let the cat out of the bag.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our long term goal is to populate databases and ontologies by extracting information from large text collections such as Medline.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we draw some conclusions in Section 8.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sense induction is the task of discovering automatically all possible senses of an ambiguous word.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the last few years, so called finite-state morphology, in general, and two-level morphology in particular, have become widely accepted as paradigms for the computational treatment of morphology.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In other words, given a theory qc and a sentence S, S is provable from T if $ rd(pc1( 2)).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we sketch an approach to machine translation that offers several advantages compared to many of the other strategies currently being pursued.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We report on experiments which show the difference in performance between the NE system with gazetteers of different sizes for three types of named entities: people, organisations and locations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Word classes are often used in language modelling to solve the problem of sparse data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Some more room for improved performance lies in computing the POS tags in the data with a better tagger than presently used.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Inducing Multilingual Text Analysis Tools via Robust Projection across Aligned Corpora David Yarowsky Dept.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A good performance metric should have the following two properties: A working definition of coreference resolution is partitioning the noun phrases we are interested in into equiv alence classes, each of which refers to a physical entity.We adopt the terminologies used in the Automatic Con tent Extraction (ACE) task (NIST, 2003a) and call eachindividual phrase a mention and equivalence class an en tity.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, our method scales to large numbers of training sentences and trains in minutes rather than hours or days for thehigher-numbered IBM models, a particular ad vantage when not using features derived from those slower models.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Bilingual word alignment is the first step of most current approaches to statistical machine translation.Although the best performing systems are ?phrase based?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presented a word aligner trained on anno tated data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Wealso note the prior work of Wu (1996), closely re lated to Tillmann?s model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the basic terminology, Section 3 gives an overview of OPINE, describes and evaluates its main components, Section 4 describes related work and Section 5 presents our conclusion.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sentiment analysis is the task of identifying positive and negative opinions, emotions, and evaluations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resulting system identifies opinionsources with 79.3% precision and 59.5% recall using a head noun matching measure, and 81.2% pre cision and 60.6% recall using an overlap measure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The method for automatically finding the predominant sense beat SemCor consistently in our experiments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Although SVMs do not output probabilities, theeasiest-first method would be easily applied by considering the margins output by SVMs as the confi dence of local classification.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work has been supported by NSF ITR grants 0205448 and 0428193.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors take sole re sponsibility for the work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Are there subsets of the test suitethat are more suited to any particular textual en tailment recognition method?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a new kernel for relation extraction based on the shortest-path between the two rela tion entities in the dependency graph.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Proceedings of HLT/EMNLP 2005 Demonstration Abstracts, pages 34?35, Vancouver, October 2005.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Identifying Word Correspondences in Parallel Texts William A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Procedure for Quantitatively Comparing the Syntactic Coverage of English Grammars E.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Towards History-based Grammars: Using Richer Models for Probabil ist ic Parsing* Ezra Black Fred Jelinek John Lafferty David M.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","One Sense Per  D iscourse William A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","CORPUS-BASED STAT IST ICAL  SENSE RESOLUTION Claudia Leacock, 1 Geoffrey Towell, 2 Ellen Voorhees 2 1Princeton University, Cognitive Science Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 2Siemens Corporate Research, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08540 ABSTRACT The three corpus-based statistical sense resolution methods studied here attempt o infer the correct sense of a polyse- mous word by using knowledge about patterns of word co- occurrences.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","ONE SENSE PER COLLOCATION David Yarowsky* Department  of  Computer  and In format ion Science Univers i ty of  Pennsy lvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 yarowsky@unagi .c is .upenn.edu ABSTRACT Previous work [Gale, Church and Yarowsky, 1992] showed that with high probability a polysemous word has one sense per discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE George A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","THE PENN TREEBANK:  ANNOTATING PREDICATE ARGUMENT STRUCTURE Mitchell Marcus, Grace Kim, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz, Robert MacIntyre, Ann Bies, Mark Ferguson, Karen Katz, Britta Schasberger Department of Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ABSTRACT The Penn Treebank has recently implemented a new syn- tactic annotation scheme, designed to highlight aspects of predicate-argument structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","USING A SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE FOR SENSE IDENTIFICATION George A.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Maximum Entropy Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment Adwait Ratnaparkhi, Jeff  Reynar,* and Salim Roukos IBM Research  D iv is ion Thomas  J.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A subset of the GENIA corpus is annotated for syntactic (tree) structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","was initially supplied in Big Five/ HKSCS.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Maximum Entropy Approach to Chinese Word Segmentation Jin Kiat Low 1 and Hwee Tou Ng 1,2 and Wenyuan Guo 2 1.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks to Kristina Toutanova for her generous help and to Jenny Rose Finkel who devel oped such a great conditional random field package.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This is a China book (Chinese book) compounds): I am a student of university (university student) 8.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Experimental results are given for applying the training method to translation from English to Spanish and Japanese.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Parallel texts (bitexts) have properties that distinguish them from other kinds of parallel data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We achieved good dialogue act labeling accuracy (65% based on errorful, automatically recognized words and prosody, and 71% based on word transcripts, compared to a chance baseline accuracy of 35% and human accuracy of 84%) and a small reduction in word recognition error.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Chinese is written without using spaces or other word delimiters.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos University of Edinburgh We present an implemented system for processing definite descriptions in arbitrary domains.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors wish to thank Christy Doran, Renate Henschel, Adam Kilgarriff, Paul Piwek, Massimo Poesio, Richard Power, and four anonymous referees for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","But the assumption made in the text is entirely reasonable, and simplifies the construction for us.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The reduction in error rate varies with the material in question, but can be as high as 24.3% with the LOB corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the author would like to express his appreciation to the participants of discussions during meetings of the Brown The author wishes to thank Mark Johnson for invaluable discussion, guidance, and moral support over the course of this project.\n","printing last sentence\n","It is argued that this approach is more likely to assist the creation of practical systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic acquisition of lexical knowledge is critical to a wide range of natural language processing tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank Beth Sundheim for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper, and Hai Leong Chieu for his implementation of the HMM-based named entity recognition module.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was completed while the second author was a visiting professor at Harvard University.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Helpful comments from the reviewers of Computational Linguistics are also gratefully acknowledged.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition, the performance of our method is investigated using both the standard Pearson chisquare statistic and the log-likelihood chi-square statistic.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was primarily funded by National Science Foundation grant ITR/HCI #0086132 to the FrameNet project.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work reported in this article was conducted while both authors were in the HCRC Language Technology Group at the University of Edinburgh.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the Appendix, we present an efficient training algorithm for the alignment models presented.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Dennis van Oort and Denis Gerritsen for their help in the implementation and Alexander Koller and Kees van Deemter for some very useful discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","IBM T.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This special issue of Computational Linguistics explores ways in which this dream is being explored.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Keezer for permitting and facilitating our use of the Internet Archive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Special thanks are due to Stephen Clark and Detlef Prescher for making their pseudodisambiguation data sets available.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","My Ph.D.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition to quantifying performance, we analyze the results to investigate the situations in which the selectional preferences achieve the best precision and in which the one-sense-per-discourse heuristic increases performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","CorMet is a corpus-based system for discovering metaphorical mappings between concepts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks to Janet Cahn and to the anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The improvement of the translation results is demonstrated on two German-English corpora taken from the Uerbmobil task and the Nespole!\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the clues are used to perform opinion piece recognition (a type of text categorization and genre detection) to demonstrate the utility of the knowledge acquired in this article.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A phrase-based statistical machine translation approach — the alignment template approach — is described.\n","printing last sentence\n","SBR-89-20239 and DARPA grant no.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, thanks to the anonymous reviewers for several useful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resulting resource can be thought of as shallow, in that it does not represent coreference, quantification, and many other higher-order phenomena, but also broad, in that it covers every instance of every verb in the corpus and allows representative statistics to be calculated.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A system that can produce informative summaries, highlighting common information found in many online documents, will help Web users to pinpoint information that they need without extensive reading.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thus, our method can be applied with great benefit to language pairs for which only scarce resources are available.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Evaluating WordNet-based Measures of Lexical Semantic Relatedness Alexander Budanitsky?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks to the anonymous reviewers of Computational Linguistics for their very helpful comments and suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We present a statistical machine translation model that uses hierarchical phrases—phrases that contain subphrases.\n","printing last sentence\n","This article presents an algorithm for translating the Penn Treebank into a corpus of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) derivations augmented with local and long-range word–word dependencies.\n","printing last sentence\n","This article has shown how to estimate a log-linear parsing model for an automatically extracted CCG grammar, on a very large scale.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This article proposes a novel framework for representing and measuring local coherence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank Takashi Ninomiya and Kenji Sagae for their precious support.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This research was carried out while all the authors were at Stanford University.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The Importance of Syntactic Parsing and Inference in Semantic Role Labeling Vasin Punyakanok??\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work has been partially supported by the Swedish Research Council.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are also extremely grateful to the British Library in London, which made accessible to us virtually every paper we needed for this research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many approaches to automatic sentiment analysis begin with a large lexicon of words marked with their prior polarity (also called semantic orientation).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Over the last two decades, there has been much research on paraphrase extraction and generation within a number of research communities in natural language processing, in order to improve the specific application with which that community is concerned.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This separation is in line with what is commonly assumed in cognitive science and formal linguistics, and we hope it will contribute to make corpus-based modeling a core part of the ongoing study of semantic knowledge in humans and machines.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Heuristics are suggested to decide among the interpretations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The extended formalism makes it easy to describe left extraposition of constituents, an important feature of natural language syntax.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sentences are far more ambiguous than one might have thought.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This processing description specifies in these recognition tasks the role of information from the discourse and from the participants' knowledge of the domain.\n","printing last sentence\n","Also, a commercial on-line parser for Japanese language is being built by Intelligent Technology Incorporation, based on the technique developed at CMU.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","and Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 The syntactic structure of a sentence often manifests quite clearly the predicate-argument structure and relations of grammatical subordination.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The high degree of lexical category ambiguity in languages such as English poses problems for parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We claim that any manageable formalism for naturallanguage temporal descriptions will have to embody such an ontology, as will any usable temporal database for knowledge about events which is to be interrogated using natural language.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Philadelphia, PA 19104-6389 In this paper, I consider a range of English expressions and show that their context-dependency can be characterized in terms of two properties: 1.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The term word association is used in a very particular sense in the psycholinguistic literature.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We present an algorithm for generating strings from logical form encodings that improves upon previous algorithms in that it places fewer restrictions on the class of grammars to which it is applicable.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There are many ways in which the simple models described in this paper can be improved.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The lexical chains also provide a semantic context for interpreting words, concepts, and sentences.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The met* method is compared with approaches from artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical semantics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We will also discuss an application of the approach in a system that computes sense tags for arbitrary texts, even when it is unable to determine a single syntactic or semantic representation for some sentences.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","I would also like to thank several anonymous reviewers for their careful critiques, the outcome of which was a substantially improved document.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","IBM T.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are grateful to Barbara Grosz, Kathy McCoy, Cecile Paris, Donia Scott, Karen Sparck Jones, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on this research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The flourishing renaissance of empiricism in computational linguistics grew out of the experience of the speech recognition community during the 1970s and 1980s.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","All errors and mistakes remain our responsibility.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Much work has been done on the statistical analysis of text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The probability is based on two parameters, the mean and variance of number of foreign characters per English character.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This suggests that a distributional approach can provide an approximate solution to parsing problems that, in the worst case, call for complex reasoning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We present an algorithm for aligning texts with their translations that is based only on internal evidence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Natural languages are full of collocations, recurrent combinations of words that co-occur more often than expected by chance and that correspond to arbitrary word usages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Of the 193 verbs listed above, Lerner detects 174 in the untagged version of the Brown Corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We describe a series of five statistical models of the translation process and give algorithms for estimating the parameters of these models given a set of pairs of sentences that are translations of one another.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank Mitchell P.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank Mats Rooth, Scott Waterman, and four anonymous reviewers for useful comments and discussion.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Here the algorithm tries to combine the constituent to the right of the conjunction with that on the left of the conjunction.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Cue phrases are linguistic expressions such as now and well that function as explicit indicators of the structure of a discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","I also want to thank one of the referees for his judicious comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Japanese Discourse and the Process of Centering Mar i lyn  Walker* University of Pennsylvania Sharon  Cotes University of Pennsylvania Masayo  I ida t Stanford University This paper has three aims: (1) to generalize a computational ccount of the discourse process called CENTERING, (2) to apply this account o discourse processing in Japanese so that it can be used in computational systems for machine translation or language understanding, and (3) to provide some insights on the effect of syntactic factors in Japanese on discourse interpretation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are particularly indebted to Danny Bobrow for helpful discussions in the early stages of the research on rewriting systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We report the results of analyzing 150 test sentences, which are different from the 30 training sentences used in the parameter adjustment, to illustrate the effectiveness of our method.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents an algorithm for identifying the noun phrase antecedents of third person pronouns and lexical anaphors (reflexives and reciprocals).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The paper includes a detailed comparative analysis of statistical sense disambiguation methods.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Machine Translation Divergences: A Formal Description and Proposed Solution Bonnie J.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks are due Dan Jurafsky and Steve Omohundro for extensive discussions on the topics in this paper, and Fernando Pereira for helpful advice and pointers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper concerns relationships among focus of attention, choice of referring expression, and perceived coherence of utterances within a discourse segment.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We present a detailed case study of this learning method applied to part-of-speech tagging.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Collocations are notoriously difficult for non-native speakers to translate, primarily because they are opaque and cannot be translated on a word-by-word basis.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The concept of maximum entropy can be traced back along multiple threads to Biblical times.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We discuss what is wrong with reliability measures as they are currently used for discourse and dialogue work in computational linguistics and cognitive science, and argue that we would be better off as afield adopting techniques from content analysis.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank Chao-Huang Chang, reviewers for the 1994 ACL conference, and four anonymous reviewers for Computational Linguistics for useful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was completed within the Dialogue Group of the Human Communication Research Centre.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Multi-paragraph subtopic segmentation should be useful for many text analysis tasks, including information retrieval and summarization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The need to model the relation between discourse structure and linguistic features of utterances is almost universally acknowledged in the literature on discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Some applications of these algorithms in speech recognition are described and illustrated.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We discuss a number of examples of how stochastic inversion transduction grammars bring bilingual constraints to bear upon problematic corpus analysis tasks such as segmentation, bracketing, phrasal alignment, and parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Using the proposed technique, unknown-word-guessing rule sets were induced and integrated into a stochastic tagger and a rule-based tagger, which were then applied to texts with unknown words.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Probabilistic analogues of regular and context-free grammars are well known in computational linguistics, and currently the subject of intensive research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Work on automatic WSD has a history as long as automated language processing generally.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Test results are compared with those from manually tagged training examples.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We wish to thank Jean Carletta for much help both with designing the experiments and with the analysis of the results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A new method for automatically acquiring case frame patterns from large corpora is proposed.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Best-first parsing methods for natural language try to parse efficiently by considering the most likely constituents first.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was partially supported by NSF grants GER-90-24069, IRI-96-19124, IRI-96-18797, and CDA-96-25374, as well as a grant from Columbia University's Strategic Initiative Fund sponsored by the Provost's Office.\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank our sponsors at the Department of Defense.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","I would like to thank Dick Oehrle and Chris Manning, Eugene Charniak and my other colleagues at Brown, and the CL reviewers for their excellent advice in this research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Both the maps and the alignments are available from the Linguistic Data Consortium.' Texts that are available in two languages (bitexts) are becoming more and more plentiful, both in private data warehouses and on publicly accessible sites on the World Wide Web.\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have proposed novel methods for robust parsing that integrate the flexibility of linguistically motivated lexical descriptions with the robustness of statistical techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Considering empirical evidence from a free-word-order language (German) we propose a revision of the principles guiding the ordering of discourse entities in the forward-looking center list within the centering model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We hope this paper will bring about Teitelbaum's wish.\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical machine translation is a relatively new approach to the long-standing problem of translating human languages by computer.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Some works have been proposed to leverage these characteristics, e.g., the study of the relationship between the content and bloggers?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A Model-Theoretic Coreference Scoring Schem e Marc Vilain, John Burger, John Aberdeen, Dennis Connolly, Lynette Hirschman The MITRE Corporation 202 Burlington Rd .\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","MITRE: DESCRIPTION OF THE ALEMBIC SYSTEM USED FOR MUC-6 John Aberdeen, John Burger, David Day, Lynette Hirschman, Patricia Robinson, and Marc Vilain The MITRE Corporation 202 Burlington Rd .\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The stability, resistance to overtraining, the existence of probability estimates and, now, reasonable speed make TBL an excellent candidate for solving classification tasks in general.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Reference resolution is an important task for discourse or dialogue processing systems since identity relations between anaphoric textual entities and their antecedents is a prerequisite to the understanding of text or conversation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A preliminary version of this paper appears in (Pedersen, 2001).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","While significant effort has been expended on the parsing of written text, parsing speech has received relatively little attention.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The experiments reported in this paper extend prior research in a number of directions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","What is the relation between a person’s knowledge of grammar and that same person’s application of that knowledge in perceiving syntactic structure?\n","printing last sentence\n","We also produce a more embellished parse in which phenomena such as predicate-argument structure, subcategorization and movement are given a probabilistic treatment.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many NLP tasks, such as building machine-readable dictionaries, are dependent on the results of morphological analysis.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition, we achieve higher accuracy by applying weighted voting of 8-SVM based systems which are trained using distinct chunk representations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the paper will empirically evaluate two major questions for each of the tasks: Thus tagging models induced from bilingual alignments can be used to improve these very alignments, and hence improve their own training source.\n","printing last sentence\n","Figure 3 shows an example of a lattice and the slotted lattice derived via the process just described.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Unlike most problems addressed with machine learning, parsing natural language sentences requires choosing between an unbounded (or even infinite) number of possible phrase structure trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","PCFG parsing algorithms with worst-case cubic-time bounds are well-known.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Various researchers have improved the quality of statistical machine translation system with the use of phrase translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we gave a brief introduction of the manual summary evaluation protocol used in the Document Understanding Conference.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","translational equivalence between their components.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We wish to thank Mihai Surdeanu and Marius Pasca from LCC for their contribution to this work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Some of the automatic evaluations we perform are novel as well.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Recent work in statistical text summarization has put forward systems that do not merely extract and concatenate sentences, but learn how to generate new sentences from (Summary, Text) tuples.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Taku Kudo provided the output of his SVM chunker for the significance test.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Improvements in this area will have a significant impact on both semantic and discourse parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This is the best automatically learned part-of-speech tagging result known to us, representing an error reduction of 4.4% on the model presented in Collins (2002), using the same data splits, and a larger error reduction of 12.1% from the more similar best previous loglinear model in Toutanova and Manning (2000).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors thank Dimitra Vergyri, Andreas Stolcke, and Pat Schone for useful discussions during the JHU’02 workshop.\n","printing last sentence\n","Precision And Recall Of Machine Translation\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Detecting entities, whether named, nominal or pronominal, in unrestricted text is a crucial step toward understanding the text, as it identifies the important conceptual objects in a discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented some experiments that compare the accuracy and performance of two stochastic parsing systems, the shallow Collins parser and the deep-grammar-based XLE system.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Much of natural language work over the past decade has employed probabilistic finite-state transducers (FSTs) operating on strings.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resulting summaries yield 88%match with human-written output, which compares fa vorably to the 69% achieved by the standard ?leading The development and application of computational models of text structure is a central concern in natural language processing.\n","printing last sentence\n","Keller and Lapata (2003) investigated the validity of web counts for a range of predicate-argument bigrams (verbobject, adjective-noun, and noun-noun bigrams).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have started exploring the feasibility of automation and we are collecting additional data sets.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Despite the enormous progress in machine translation (MT) due to the use of statistical techniques in recent years, state-of-the-art statistical systems often produce translations with obvious errors.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical Machine Translation systems have achieved considerable progress in recent years as seen from their performance on international competitions in standard evaluation tasks (NIST, 2003).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The noisy-channel model (Brown et al., 1990) has been the foundation for statistical machine translation (SMT) for over ten years.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sections 7 and 8 discuss the evaluation results and give our observations and conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic, accurate and wide-coverage techniques thatcan annotate naturally occurring text with semantic argu ment structure can play a key role in NLP applications such as Information Extraction, Question Answering and Summarization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Then, we will investigate the degree of monotonicity and present the translation results for three tasks: Verbmobil, Xerox and Canadian Hansards.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In a very interesting study of syntax in statistical machine translation, Fox (2002) looks at how well proposed translation models fit actual translation data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Current state of the art concept discovery algorithms generate lists of instances of semantic classes but stop short of labeling the classes with concept names.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Research paper search engines, such as CiteSeer (Lawrence et al., 1999) and Cora (McCallum et al., 2000), give researchers tremendous power and convenience in their research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","At a recent meeting, we presented name-tagging technology to a potential user.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","WordNet::Similarity implements measures of similarity and relatedness that are all in some way based on the structure and content of WordNet.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Phrase Translation Model, does not affect the performance of IBM Model 1.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The three models are combined in a log-linear way, as shown in the following section.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Arabic is garnering attention in the NLP community due to its socio-political importance and its linguistic differences from Indo-European languages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As with many other statistical natural language processing tasks, statistical machine translation (Brown et al., 1993) produces high quality results when ample training data is available.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","During the last five years there has been a surge in work which aims to provide robust textual inference in arbitrary domains about which the system has no expertise.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Note that although we expect that better use of language specific knowledge would improve the results, it would defeat one of the goals of this work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have described an efficient and fully unsupervised method of producing state-of-the-art word alignments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Less unsupervised methods are more likely to be portable to these new domains, since they do not rely as much on existing annotations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The results are somehow surprising, as one would not expect a community-generated categorization to be almost as informative as a well structured lexical taxonomy such as WordNet.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Modeling reorderings between languages has been a major challenge for machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The number of the source articles that contained a mention of the hurricane is shown in the right column.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Learning, broadly taken, involves choosing a good model from a large space of possible models.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we report on experiments that show the robustness of WASP in Section 6, followed by the conclusion in Section 7.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The use of automatic methods for evaluating machine-generated text is quickly becoming mainstream in natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We plan to study additional variants that these results suggest may be helpful.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We describe the OntoNotes methodology and its result, a large multilingual richly-annotated corpus constructed at 90% interannotator agreement.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our approach produces results with accuracy above those of the best individual parsers on both dependency and constituent parsing of the standard WSJ test set.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We refer to the training and inference methods described in this section as the Pairwise Model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Sec tion 6 illustrates these methods in learning Sesotho morphology.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our sentence compression system is freely available for research and educational purposes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Experimental results on Arabic and Chinese to English newswire and newsgroup test data are presented in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Ray Mooney, Rohit Kate, and the three anonymous reviewers for their comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed above are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are also interested in applying our approach to other related areas such as morphology and transliteration.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Acknowledgments We would like to thank Eugene Charniak, Mark Johnson and Noah Smith for helpful discussions and comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work constitutes a step towards better understanding of the interaction of selectional preferences and inferences, bridging these two aspects of semantics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have built a fast user interface for querying the results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Measuring semantic similarity and relatedness between terms is an important problem in lexical semantics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and Sylvia Rebholz for helpful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We present a smoothing technique for unsupervised PCFG estimation which allows us to explore more sophisticated dependency grammars.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","What linguistic features can improve statistical machine translation (MT)?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we present a novel precedence reordering approach based on a dependency parser.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank Erik Sudderth for suggesting sampling the Pitman-Yor hyperparameters and the ACL reviewers for their insightful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a discriminatively trained joint model of parsing and named entity recognition, which improved performance on both tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Bob Moore, Chris Brockett, Chris Quirk, and Kristina Toutanova for their useful discussions as well as the reviewers for their helpful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Special thanks to Kemal Oflazar and Reyyan Yeniterzi of Sabancı University for providing the Turkish-English corpus and to Philip Resnik, Adam Lopez, Trevor Cohn, and especially Phil Blunsom for their helpful suggestions.\n","printing last sentence\n","Many of the most glaring errors made by today’s statistical machine translation systems are those resulting from confusion of semantic roles.\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a resource-light model for vectorspace word meaning that represents words as collections of prototype vectors, naturally accounting for lexical ambiguity.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Research on the automatic correction of grammatical errors has undergone a renaissance in the past decade.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Ultimately, we hope to put the learned conversation structure to use in the construction of a data-driven, conversational agent.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our work joins others in using Wikipedia revisions to learn interesting types of directional lexical relations, e.g, “eggcorns”3 [7] and entailments [8].\n","printing last sentence\n","Coreference systems exploit a variety of information sources, ranging from syntactic and discourse constraints, which are highly configurational, to semantic constraints, which are highly contingent on lexical meaning and world knowledge.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For any statistical machine translation system, the size of the parallel corpus used for training is a major factor in its performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We hope that further work on this non-directional parsing framework will pave the way to better understanding of an interesting cognitive question: which kinds of parsing decisions are hard to make, and which linguistic constructs are hard to analyze?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we examined the viability of sentiment lexicons learned semi-automatically from the web, as opposed to those that rely on manual annotation and/or resources such as WordNet.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented three new, large-margin tuning methods for SMT that can handle thousands of features.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the parsing experiments, we use the following data sets.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the proposed method; Section 3 presents experimental results; Section 4 discusses some details of grammar correction evaluation; and Section 5 concludes the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We release all of these resources to the research community: asked for your last name so he can add you on Facebook.\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a generally applicable vector offset method for identifying linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also report on a preliminary effort towards constructing event chronologies from this data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","One of the primary problems that NLP researchers who work in new languages or new domains encounter is a lack of available annotated data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has presented an original algorithm capable of inducing the accurate morphological analysis of even highly irregular verbs, starting with no paired <inflection,root> examples for training and no prior seeding of legal morphological transformations.\n","printing last sentence\n","This more powerful model gives significant improvements in accuracy over previous approaches to noisy channel spelling correction.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper reviews the framework, discusses some of the pros and cons of this approach using examples from our corpus of news wire stories, and presents an initial evaluation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In statistical machine translation we set up a statistical translation model Pr(fillef) which describes the relationship between a source language (SL) string f and a target language (TL) string ef.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Why use tree-adjoining grammar for statistical parsing?\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the rest of this paper we report on our current system, as well as a number of preliminary experiments on extensions to the system.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Q-26 What is the name of the &quot;female&quot; counterpart to El Nino, which results in cooling temperatures and very dry weather ?\n","printing last sentence\n","Machine learning techniques, which automatically learn linguistic information from online text corpora, have been applied to a number of natural language problems throughout the last decade.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank Noemie Elhadad, Mike Collins, Michael Elhadad and Maria Lapata for useful discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","All of the most accurate statistical parsers [1,3, 6,7,12,14] are lexicalized in that they condition probabilities on the lexical content of the sentences being parsed.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have increased the generator’s reliability by making the ERG monotonic and we expect further improvements in practical performance once we take full advantage of the restrictions in the grammar to cut down the search space.\n","printing last sentence\n","In computational linguistics, a variety of (statistical) measures have been proposed for identifying lexical associations between words in lexical tuples extracted from text corpora.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The first is a fast greedy decoder, and the second is a slow optimal decoder based on generic mathematical programming techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Documents usually include various topics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We conclude with Section 4, followed by an Appendix describing the training algorithm in more detail.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Rational relations on strings have become widespread in language and speech engineering (Roche and Schabes, 1997).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The web results easily outperform the TREC results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Noun phrase coreference resolution refers to the problem of determining which noun phrases (NPs) refer to each real-world entity mentioned in a document.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a simple generative model for the unsupervised distributional induction of hierarchical linguistic structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Possibly there is a way to use both skeletal and the original kind of patterns in a single system.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a method for using word pronunciation information to improve spelling correction accuracy.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we have described an infrastructure for language engineering software which aims to assist the develeopment of robust tools and resources for NLP.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Over the past decade, most work in the field of information extraction has shifted from complex rule-based, systems designed to handle a wide variety of semantic phenomena including quantification, anaphora, aspect and modality (e.g.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments, Rebecca Hwa and Okan Kolak for helpful assistance and discussion, Franz Josef Och for his help with GIZA++, Adwait Ratnaparkhi for the use of MXTERMINATOR, and our collaborators at Johns Hopkins for the use of their computing facilities in parts of this work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The candi dates might be enumerated by a number of methods.The experiments in this paper use the top The perceptron algorithm is one of the oldest algorithms in machine learning, going back to (Rosen blatt 1958).\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical parsing using combined systems of handcoded linguistically fine-grained grammars and stochastic disambiguation components has seen considerable progress in recent years.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In statistical alignment models Pr(fJ1 , aJ1 |eI1), the alignment aJ1 is introduced as a hidden variable: We have presented a framework for statistical MT for natural languages, which is more general than the widely used source-channel approach.\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 7 discusses LM issues, and is followed by conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In Section 5, we compare our baseline metric performance with human evaluations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This will be important for applying the parser to tasks such as language modelling, for which the possibility of incremental processing of CCG appears particularly attractive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In order to estimate the conditional probabilitiesof our model, we recursively smooth empirical es timates e?i of specific conditional distributions with(possible smoothed) estimates of less specific distri butions e?i State-of-the-art statistical parsers use many other features, or conditioning variables, such as head words, subcategorization frames, distance measures and grandparent nodes.\n","printing last sentence\n","I suggest that the Yarowsky algorithm is actually based on a different independence assumption, and I show that, if the independence assumption holds, the Yarowsky algorithm is effective at finding a high-precision classifier.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We study empirically the adequacy of various features for the task of discourse relation classification and we show that some discourse relations can be correctly recognized with accuracies as high as 93%.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work has been supported, in part, by ONR MUM Contract FCP0.810548265, NSA RD02-5700, DARPA/ITO Cooperative Agreement N660010028910, and Mitre Contract 0104187712.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also compare our system with human translators and a commercial system.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The latter difficulty might be addressed by using semantic orientation combined with other features in a supervised classification algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 contains our remarks and possible extensions of the proposed work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It should be a viable alternative to methods such as the boosting or Markov Random Field algorithms described in previous work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors would like to thank Miruna Ticrea for her valuable help with training the classifier.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 5 summarizes the conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we proposed a noisy-channel model for QA that can accommodate within a unified framework the exploitation of a large number of resources and QA-specific techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Kernel methods (e.g., Support Vector Machines (Vapnik, 1995)) attract a great deal of attention recently.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has presented a novel approach to automatic semantic classification of verbs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we show that our aligned corpus has attracted people both inside and outside the NLP community.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our loosely tree-based alignment techniques allow statistical models of machine translation to make use of syntactic information while retaining the flexibility to handle cases of non-isomorphic source and target trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our experiments show that this model can be an effective tool for improving an existing word alignment.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Testing our sister-head model on these languages is a topic for future research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have described the ITG constraints in detail and compared them to the IBM constraints.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we investigate methods to efficiently optimize model parameters with respect to machine translation quality as measured by automatic evaluation criteria such as word error rate and BLEU.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","To our knowledge the work presented here describes the first implemented system for corpus-based anaphora resolution dealing also with non-NP-antecedents.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we have proposed a competition learning approach to coreference resolution.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we explored alternative models for the automatic acquisition of extraction patterns.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Given the comparison results, we can say with confidence that our system achieves at least the performance of state-of-the-art word segmentation systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work described in this paper is motivated by research into automatic pattern acquisition.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our work adopts major components of the algorithm from (Luo & Roukos 1996): language model (LM) parameter estimation from a segmented corpus and input segmentation on the basis of LM probabilities.\n","printing last sentence\n","The advantages of unlexicalized grammars are clear enough – easy to estimate, easy to parse with, and time- and space-efficient.\n","printing last sentence\n","The trends we obtained are different enough from previous work to merit discussion.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The task of word sense disambiguation (WSD) is to determine the correct meaning, or sense of a word in context.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The author was supported by EPSRC grant number R40036.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We close with discussions and conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we introduce a method of detecting learners’ errors, and we examine to what extent this could be accomplished using our learner corpus data including error tags that are labeled with the learners’ errors.\n","printing last sentence\n","We are now prepared to discuss the synchronous case.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Since the two approaches seem to have different strengths, a combined model may outperform both of them.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Much recent work has investigated the application of discriminative methods to NLP tasks, with mixed results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the oracle results suggest that further experimentation with the supertagger will significantly improve parsing accuracy, efficiency and robustness.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Overall, these results show much promise in the use of discriminative learning techniques such as the perceptron algorithm to help perform heuristic search in difficult domains such as statistical parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We compare our approach with some recent work in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We expect to see the proposed model to be further explored in other related areas.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The computational treatment of opinion, sentiment, and subjectivity has recently attracted a great deal of attention (see references), in part because of its potential applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We experiment with several WordNet Similarity measures (Patwardhan and Pedersen, 2003) which aim to capture semantic relatedness within The first sense heuristic which is often used as a baseline for supervised WSD systems outperforms many of these systems which take surrounding context into account.\n","printing last sentence\n","The determination of syntactic structure is an important step in natural language processing as syntactic structure strongly determines semantic interpretation in the form of predicate-argument struc ture, dependency relations or logical form.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Other studies may relate to the use of SCF to generate verb clusters.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we conclude with future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is worthwhile to characterize relation types that are better captured by the sparse kernel, and to determine when using the sparse kernel is worth the increased computational burden.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented an approach to collective information extraction that uses Relational Markov Networks to reason about the mutual influences between multiple extractions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It demonstrates that the broad constituent and dependency structure of a language can be recovered quite successfully (individually or, more effectively, jointly) from a very modest amount of training data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have demonstrated that it is possible to improve the performance of Model 1 in terms of alignment error by about 30%, simply by changing the way its parameters are estimated.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Another interesting work is to study when to stop active learning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Using objective functions to automatically evaluate machine translation quality is not new.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A parser is an algorithm for inferring the structure of its input, guided by a grammar that dictates what structures are possible or probable.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","One of the main features of meetings is the occurrence of agreement and disagreement among participants.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We obtained our best results when we combined a variety of features.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In supervised learning applications, one can often find a large amount of unlabeled data without difficulty, while labeled data are costly to obtain.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We conducted four sets of experiments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Experiments of the parsing of realworld sentences can properly evaluate the effectiveness and possibility of parsing models for HPSG.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was supported by NSF ITR grants 0205456, 0205448, and 0428193.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In section 5, we then evaluate the entire parsing system by training and evaluating on data from the Prague Dependency Treebank.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There has recently been a dramatic surge of interest in sentiment analysis, as more and more people become aware of the scientific challenges posed and the scope of new applications enabled by the processing of subjective language.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We empirically show that the proposed method works well even with a small number of seed words.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A key requirement for any system that produces text is the coherence of its output.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In our experiments, our approach compares favorably to two state-of-the-art coreference systems adopting the standard machine learning approach, outperforming them by as much as 4–7% on the three data sets for one of the performance metrics.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally thanks to the National Science Foundation for its support (NSF IIS-0112432, NSF 9721276, and NSF DMS-0074276).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The alignment template translation model (Och and Ney, 2004) and related phrase-based models advanced the previous state of the art by moving from words to phrases as the basic unit of translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Following up on ideas introduced by (Cherry & Lin, 03) we plan to explore ways to leverage the dependency tree to improve alignment quality.\n","printing last sentence\n","We have created a supervised version of the noisychannel model with some improvements over the K&M model.\n","printing last sentence\n","We discuss future work (§6) and conclude (§7).\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical context free grammars provide another example of statistical models which are restricted to limiting local structure, and which could benefit from modeling nonlocal structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Results on each of these evaluation regimes are then presented (Sections 6 and 7).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Information extraction subsumes a broad range of tasks, including the extraction of entities, relations and events from various text sources, such as newswire documents and broadcast transcripts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","With the dramatic increase in the amount of textual information available in digital archives and the WWW, there has been growing interest in techniques for automatically extracting information from text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We will follow with our experimental results and conclusion and close with a discussion of possible future directions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented the formal description of a Stochastic Lexicalized Inversion Transduction Grammar with its EM training procedure, and proposed specially designed pruning and smoothing techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 provides a summary and description of future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","While our experiments are on German, other languages have word orders that are very different from English, so we believe our methods will be generally applicable.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Future work includes a full-fledged version of SDIG and a more sophisticated MT pipeline with possibly a tri-gram language model for decoding.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Arabic is a morphologically complex language.1 The morphological analysis of a word consists of determining the values of a large number of (orthogonal) features, such as basic part-of-speech (i.e., noun, verb, and so on), voice, gender, number, information about the clitics, and so on.2 For Arabic, this gives us about 333,000 theoretically possible completely specified morphological analyses, i.e., morphological tags, of which about 2,200 are actually used in the first 280,000 words of the Penn Arabic Treebank (ATB).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A simple combination of these representations did lead to improved performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This is especially true when we model the dependencies with discriminative models capable of incorporating long-distance features.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Paraphrases are alternative ways of conveying the same information.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the last decade, the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), has seen a surge in the use of corpus motivated techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Other extensions of this work are to collect more text marked-up with emoticons, and to experiment with techniques to automatically remove noisy examples from the training data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We wish to thank Robert Frederking, Ralf Brown and Jaime Carbonell for their valuable input and suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We will explore how the interaction between the generation and segmentation components can improve the performance of such a system as a whole.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Pronoun resolution is a difficult but vital part of the overall coreference resolution task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we conclude in Section 7.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank three anonymous reviewers for ACL06.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Giving special attention to such cases should help get rid of these errors, and improve the precision of the method.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the method presented here could be useful for lexicographers in the comparison of the quality of dictionaries, and in the detection of missing word senses.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It remains to be seen whether one could enrich existing ontologies with relations harvested by Espresso, and it is our hope that these relations will benefit NLP applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In particular, we expect to be looking into alternative word alignment models and possibly enhancing our system’s decoder using some of the richer, more structured language models that are beginning to emerge.\n","printing last sentence\n","We are planning an evaluation according to this measure after improving the merge stage.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Modern statistical parsers require treebanks to train their parameters, but their performance declines when one parses genres more distant from the training data’s domain.\n","printing last sentence\n","By using a split-and-merge strategy and beginning with the barest possible initial structure, our method reliably learns a PCFG that is remarkably good at parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we presented a MaxEnt-based phrase reordering model for SMT.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Then, we conclude this paper with a discussion in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In §6 we briefly review contrastive estimation (Smith and Eisner, 2005a), relating it to the new method, and show its performance alone and when augmented with structural bias.\n","printing last sentence\n","As a result, the task of our decoder is to find the best target string while Galley’s is to seek the most likely target tree.\n","printing last sentence\n","Our main result is that best performance is obtained when learning segmentation and morpheme tagging in one step, which is made possible by an appropriate text representation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Computational Linguistics, 27(3):351–372.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, some discussion and future work is presented in Section 5.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The growing interest in practical NLP applications such as question-answering and text summarization places increasing demands on the processing of temporal information.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a semi-supervised algorithm based on IBM Model 4, with modeling and search extensions, which produces alignments of improved F-measure over unsupervised Model 4 training.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented an algorithm for inducing semantic taxonomies which attempts to globally optimize the entire structure of the taxonomy.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Named Entity recognition has been getting much attention in NLP research in recent years, since it is seen as significant component of higher level NLP tasks such as information distillation and question answering.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We conclude our work and indicate the future work in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The problem of bootstrapping syntactic structure from unlabeled data has regained considerable interest.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Section 5 provides a discussion of our findings, and Section 6 summarizes our conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a new kernel-based approach to learn semantic parsers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we show that our contextually richer rules provide a 3.63 BLEU point increase over those of (Galley et al, 2004).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Allowing a single gap in bilingual phrases or other types of constituent can improve coverage dramatically.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Probabilistic language models are used extensively in a variety of linguistic applications, including speech recognition, handwriting recognition, optical character recognition, and machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was partially supported by ARDA AQUAINT and by the NSF (award IIS-0208798).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 concludes the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","§5 discusses these results and proposes further lines of research.\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a discriminative, syntactic word alignment method.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work of Joakim Nivre is partially supported by the Swedish Research Council.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we proposed “On-demand Information Extraction (ODIE)”.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we note the connections of minimum risk training to max-margin training and minimum Bayes risk decoding (§7), and recapitulate our results (§8).\n","printing last sentence\n","Assigning syntactic categories to words is an important pre-processing step for most NLP applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, the training and tuning of the parse ranking model has been made more flexible.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In light of the need to reconcile word alignments with phrase structure trees for syntactic MT, we have proposed an HMM-like model whose distortion is sensitive to such trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is not intuitively clear why the SMT system can learn something from its own output and is improved through semi-supervised learning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have shown that WSD improves the translation performance of a state-of-the-art hierarchical phrase-based statistical MT system and this improvement is statistically significant.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In natural language, a word often assumes different meanings, and the task of determining the correct meaning, or sense, of a word in different contexts is known as word sense disambiguation (WSD).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thus we envision forest rescoring as being of general applicability for reducing complicated search spaces, as an alternative to simulated annealing methods (Kirkpatrick et al., 1983).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Acknowledgements Many thanks to Jason Baldridge, Razvan Bunescu, Stefan Evert, Ray Mooney, Ulrike and Sebastian Pad6, and Sabine Schulte im Walde for helpful discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we have addressed a novel type of problem: given a specific concept, discover in fully unsupervised fashion, a range of relations in which it participates.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","On the other hand, the precision on NML and JJP constituents was quite high, so the parser is able to identify at least some of the structure very well.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Hence, we conclude that accurate, large-scale, linguistically-motivated NLP is now practical with CCG.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we compare our framework with related work in Section 5 before we conclude in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems typically require large amounts of knowledge to achieve good performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","SMT practitioners have on the whole found it difficult to integrate syntax into their systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","System combination has been shown to improve classification performance in various tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Grammar induction, the learning of the grammar of a language from unannotated example sentences, has long been of interest to linguists because of its relevance to language acquisition by children.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Furthermore, extensions to the sentence-document model were discussed and it was argued that a nested hierarchical structure would be beneficial since it would allow for efficient inference algorithms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are also actively searching for a larger and more varied set of domains on which to test our techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented two techniques for query expansion in answer retrieval that are based on SMT technology.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The framework presented here shows that with some consideration for its workings, the randomised nature of the Bloom filter need not be a significant impediment to is use in applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper proposes a novel, probabilistic approach to reordering which combines the merits of syntax and phrase-based SMT.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we have presented a novel method for obtaining more reliable translation estimates from small datasets.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We hope that our success with POS tagging will inspire further research into Bayesian methods for other natural language learning tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many NLP tasks can be modeled as a sequence classification problem, such as POS tagging, chunking, and incremental parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our results show that PAS and syntactic parsing are promising methods to address tasks affected by data sparseness like question/answer categorization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We proposed a word-based CWS model using the discriminative perceptron learning algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Referring to an entity in natural language can broadly be decomposed into two processes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented A-WASP, a semantic parsing algorithm based on a A-SCFG that generates logical forms using A-calculus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A similar method can therefore be used to derive tools for subjectivity analysis in other languages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The automatic processing of scientific papers using NLP and machine learning (ML) techniques is an increasingly important aspect of technical informatics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has presented a suite of open-source tools which we believe will be of value to the MT research community.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 6 considers related work, which is then followed by a discussion of future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The last author was supported by NSF IIS-0546554.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank Chris Quirk for inspirations, Yang Liu for help with rule extraction, Mark Johnson for posing the question of virtual ∞-best list, and the anonymous reviewers for suggestions.\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical machine translation (SMT) has seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years, with progress being driven by a move to phrase-based and syntax-inspired approaches.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we presented a general framework for vector-based semantic composition.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Identifying events of a particular type within individual documents – ‘classical’ information extraction – remains a difficult task.\n","printing last sentence\n","We conclude in Section 4 with an examination of related work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work of the second author as well as collaboration visits to Israel was financed by NWO, grant number 017.001.271.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we conclude our work in Section 7.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The well-formedness of the dependency structures enables efficient decoding through dynamic programming.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We believe this general framework could also be applied to other problems involving forests or lattices, such as sequence labeling and machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our results may encourage the adoption of the SSL method for many other real world applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For centuries, the deep connection between human languages has fascinated linguists, anthropologists and historians (Eco, 1995).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have demonstrated that unsupervised POS tagging can reach good results using the robust EMHMM learner when provided with good initial conditions, even with incomplete dictionaries.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have introduced an efficient, distributed clustering algorithm for obtaining word classifications for predictive class-based language models with which we were able to use billions of tokens of training data to obtain classifications for millions of words in relatively short amounts of time.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a generative model for bilingual lexicon induction based on probabilistic CCA.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have shown that it is possible to learn narrative event chains unsupervised from raw text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We proposed a joint Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging model, which achieved a considerable reduction in error rate compared to a baseline twostage system.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was done while L.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have demonstrated how the two dominant approaches to data-driven dependency parsing, graph-based models and transition-based models, can be integrated by letting one model learn from features generated by the other.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This speed-up does not come with a performance cost; we attain an F-score of 90.9%, a 14% relative reduction in errors over previous work on WSJ15.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally we conclude in Section 7 with a summary and potential directions for future work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This research was supported by the GALE program of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Contract No.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We conducted experiments with four semantic classes, achieving high accuracies and outperforming the results reported by others who have worked on the same classes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Although O is NP-hard, we present an approach to solving it using integer linear programming (ILP).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks to the following members of the Stanford NLP reading group for helpful discussion: Sharon Goldwater, Michel Galley, Anna Rafferty.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank the BLLIP team for their comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","These results indicate the power of learning from this new form of automated supervision.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Nonetheless, taking the first unsupervised approach to this problem, we were able to make substantial progress: We achieve an F1 of 53.2%, which closes over half of the gap between a heuristic baseline (26%) and supervised systems (68%–80%).\n","printing last sentence\n","In contrast, our MBR algorithm directly selects the hypothesis in the hypergraph with the maximum expected approximate corpus BLEU score (Tromble et al., 2008).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank Vladislav D.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Sentiment classification is the task of identifying the sentiment polarity of a given text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Xing was supported by NSF DBI0546594, DBI-0640543, IIS-0713379, and an Alfred Sloan Foundation Fellowship in Computer Science.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Syntactic parsing using dependency structures has become a standard technique in natural language processing with many different parsing models, in particular data-driven models that can be trained on syntactically annotated corpora (Yamada and Matsumoto, 2003; Nivre et al., 2004; McDonald et al., 2005a; Attardi, 2006; Titov and Henderson, 2007).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For English and a handful of other languages, there are large, well-annotated corpora with a variety of linguistic information ranging from named entity to discourse structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For the rest of this paper, we will limit ourselves to a 2-gram tag model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In Chinese, word segmentation and part-of-speech (POS) tagging are indispensable steps for higherlevel NLP tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work is funded in part by NSF (IIS-0811974).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We examine the state-of-the-art in NP coreference resolution.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Sasha Blair-Goldensohn for providing us with the TextRels data and for the insightful discussion in the early stages of our work.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a Bayesian model of SCFG induction capable of capturing phrasal units of translational equivalence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper proposes a method for statistical paraphrase generation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Inversion transduction grammar (ITG) constraints (Wu, 1997) provide coherent structural constraints on the relationship between a sentence and its translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our research was partially funded by the NSF via award IIS0811974 and by Robert Bosch LLC.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our query classifier reaches the same level of performance as the KDDCUP 2005 winning systems, which were built with a great deal of knowledge engineering.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","These results taken We have shown that using a few syntactic features leads to state-of-the-art accuracy for discourse vs.\n","printing last sentence\n","Acknowledgments This work was supported by NSF grants IIS-0546554 and ITR-0428020.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In summary, we make three main contributions: The remainder of this paper is divided as follows: Sections 2 and 3 give background, Sections 4 and 5 describe our new parsing algorithms, Section 6 discusses related work, Section 7 presents our experimental results, and Section 8 concludes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We retract former negative results published in Turian et al.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Selectional Preferences encode the set of admissible argument values for a relation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main conclusions of this study are drawn in Section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Statements and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the United States Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on an earlier draft of the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Though exact tree-to-tree translation tends to hamper translation quality by imposing too many constraints during both grammar extraction and decoding, we have shown that using both source and target syntax improves translation accuracy when the model is given the opportunity to learn from data how strongly to apply syntactic constraints.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The cross-entropy difference selection method introduced here seems to produce language models that are both a better match to texts in a restricted domain, and require less data for training, than any of the other data selection methods tested.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We show experimentally that cdec uses less memory and time than comparable decoders on a controlled translation task (§7).\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Matt Callcut for refining the language of this paper, and thank Yuki Arase and the anonymous reviewers for many valuable comments and helpful suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We show experimentally that discriminative models with appropriate feature types can achieve performance close to the upper bound, as defined by the agreement between human examiners on the same test corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank Chris Brockett, Raymond Mooney, Katrin Erk, Jason Baldridge and the anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have proposed the task of lexical normalisation for short text messages, as found in Twitter and SMS data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Information-extraction (IE), the process of generating relational data from natural-language text, continues to gain attention.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our system outperforms all existing systems despite using no annotated logical forms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our results outperform strong unsupervised baselines as well as approaches that rely on direct projections, and bridge the gap between purely supervised and unsupervised POS tagging models.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A template defines a specific type of event (e.g., a bombing) with a set of semantic roles (or slots) for the typical entities involved in such an event (e.g., perpetrator, target, instrument).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We note that in the BOT evaluation, following (Milne and Witten, 2008b) we consider all the titles within a document, even if some the titles were due to mentions we failed to identify.5 We evaluate GLOW on four data sets, of which two are from previous work.\n","printing last sentence\n","We also believe that the annotated data can be useful for research into domain adaptation and semi-supervised learning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The need for statistical hypothesis testing for machine translation (MT) has been acknowledged since at least Och (2003).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our experiments were performed using the Penn Treebank (PTB) and Chinese Treebank (CTB) data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We show that our multi-prototype model improves upon thesingle-prototype version and outperforms other neu ral language models and baselines on this dataset.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Syntactic parsing is a central task in natural language processing because of its importance in mediating between linguistic expression and meaning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main purpose of the paper was to sort out the confusion about the roles of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors in the interpretation and generation of definite noun phrases in discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 It is often remarked that natural language, used naturally, is unnaturally ungrammatical.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Linguists, including computational linguists, have always been fond of talking about trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Section 7 discusses questions of computational complexity and decidability.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A complex value is a collection of features, for example: Most schools of linguistics use some type of feature notation in their phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic descriptions.\n","printing last sentence\n","A classical translating machine stands with one foot on the input text and one on the output.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Its positioning at the center of these trends arises, however, not from the admixture of many discrete techniques, but rather from the application of a single simple yet powerful concept to the encoding of linguistic information.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper sketches the outline of a discourse grammar which acknowledges several different levels of structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The real problem in natural language processing is the interpretation of discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","SOME COMPUTATIONAL PROPERTISS OF  TREE ADJO IN ING GRAMM.~.S* K.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented a general technique of restriction with many applications in the area of manipulating complexfeature-based grammar formalisms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The success of this approach is dependent on marking missing syntactic constituents as elided and missing semantic roles as ESSENTIAL so that reference resolution can know when to look for referents.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Philadelphia, PA 19104 ABSTRACT' A constraint is proposed in the Centering approach to pronoun resolution in discourse.\n","printing last sentence\n","We have studied the structural descriptions (tree sets) that can be assigned by various grammatical systems, and classified these formalisms on the basis of two features: path complexity; and path independence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","EXAMPLE: She often beats her.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This method overcomes the shortcomings of previously existing methods, and has the following desirable properties: The unification method presented here represents a general solution to a seemingly intractable problem.\n","printing last sentence\n","Deduction is explosive, and since the abduction scheme augments deduction with the assumptions, it is even more explosive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main result of this exploratory study is the finding that control is a useful parameter for identifying discourse structure.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For general comments, all the above, and Cede Paris, Stuart Shapiro, and Norm Sondheimer.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The problem of generating a well-formed naturallanguage expression from an encoding of its meaning possesses certain properties which distinguish it from the converse problem of recovering a meaning encoding from a given natural-language expression.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","COOKING UP  REFERRING EXPRESS IONS Robert Dale Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh 2 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh EH8 9LW, Scotland email: rda~uk, ac.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","What is new is that facilities for the computational storage and analysis of large bodies of natural language have developed significantly in recent years, so that it is now becoming possible to test and apply informal assertions of this kind in a more rigorous way, and to see what company our words do keep.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Obviously it would be instructive to conduct a similar analysis on other textual types.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The parser treats this information as another set of unary constraints and applies it to the constraint network.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Mixed Initiative in Dialogue: An Investigation into Discourse Segmentation Marilyn Walker University of Pennsylvania* Computer Science Dept.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our application domain is the domain of stock market reports and the corpus on which our expertise is based consists of more than 10 million words taken from the Associated Press news wire.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Using a similarity metric derived from the distribution of subjects, verbs and objects in a corpus of English text, we have shown the plausibility of deriving semantic relatedness from the distribution of syntactic forms.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resolution of lexical ambiguities in non-restricted text is one of the most difficult tasks of natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Table 4 shows some interesting examples of this.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We thank Susanne Wolff and and Evelyne Tzoulcermann for their pains in aligning sentences.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The final two sections provide a brief comparison to related work and draw conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our attempt to use lexical associations derived from distribution of lexical items in text shows promising results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The French noun interet, for example, is translated into German as either Zins or Interesse according to its sense, but both of these senses are translated into English as interest, and so we make no attempt to distinguish them.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 7 mentions some benefits of using QLF-like representations in implementing natural language systems.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Patti Price for her helpful comments on earlier drafts, as well as for her participation in the development of the notational system used.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The second author is partially supported by DARPA Grant N0014-90-31863, ARO Grant DAAL03-89-C-0031 and NSF Grant 111190-16592.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Word-sense disambiguation is a long-standing problem in computational linguistics (e.g., Kaplan (1950), Yngve (1955), Bar-Hillel (1960), Masterson (1967)), with important implications for a number of practical applications including text-to-speech (TTS), machine translation (MT), information retrieval (IR), and many others.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Char_align has succeeded in meeting many of these goals because it works at the character level and does not depend on finding sentence and/or paragraph boundaries which are surprisingly elusive in realistic applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","However, substantially greater computing power is required before these approaches can become practical, and there is not much room for further improvements in accuracy.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The algorithm is robust, and extensible in several ways.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The success of the HBG model encourages future development of general history-based grammars as a more promising approach than the usual P-CFG.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Gemini is a natural language (NL) understanding system developed for spoken language applications.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented an efficient message passing algorithm for principle-based parsing, where ferent places so that stricter principles are applied earlier.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Both authors' work was partially supported by DARPA and ONR under contract N00014-89-J-1782; Passonneau was also partly supported by NSF grant IRI-91-13064.\n","printing last sentence\n","Statistical data on word cooccurrence relations play a major role in many corpus based approaches for natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As natural language processing systems become more oriented towards solving real-world problems like machine translation or spoken language understanding in a limited domain, their need for access to vast amounts of knowledge increases.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Methods for automatically classifying words according to their contexts of use have both scientific and practical interest.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The desire to combine hand-coded and automatically learned knowledge suggests that we should aim for a high precision learner (even at some cost in coverage), and that is the approach adopted here.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There has been a great deal of interest of late in the automatic induction of natural language grammar.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Hills and valleys of LCP closely correlate with changing of segments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The structure of expository texts can be characterized as a sequence of subtopical discussions that occur in the context of a few main topic discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the final section, we describe an improved statistical method that also permits domain-specific lexical cues to be incorporated probabilistically.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has presented a general-purpose algorithm for lexical ambiguity resolution that is perspicuous, easy to implement, flexible and applied quickly to new domains.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The productive applications must be semantically sound, and therefore have to treated individually.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Models were generated and tested as described in Section 2.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The experiments above demonstrate a number of important points.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We will also study the formal properties of DTG, and complete the design of the Earley style parser.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In essence, our algorithm works by harnessing several powerful, empirically-observed properties of language, namely the strong tendency for words to exhibit only one sense per collocation and per discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","A large-scale natural language generation (NLG) system for unrestricted text should be able to operate in an environment of 50,000 conceptual terms and 100,000 words or phrases.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Parsing a natural language sentence can be viewed as making a sequence of disambiguation decisions: determining the part-of-speech of the words, choosing between possible constituent structures, and selecting labels for the constituents.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As a further step, even with non parallel corpora it should be possible to locate comparable passages of text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have presented a new approach for WSD using an exemplar based learning algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The remainder of the paper is divided into four sections, one describing the overall structure of our models, and one for each of the three major components of parsing, semantic interpretation and discourse.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main contribution of this work has been formal: to establish a normal form for parses of &quot;pure&quot; Cornbinatory Categorial Grammar.\n","printing last sentence\n","This greatly reduces the search space and makes possible a polynomial-time optimization algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Matching parsing algorithms to evaluation criteria is a powerful technique that can be used to improve performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have shown that a simple statistical model based on dependencies between words can parse Wall Street Journal news text with high accuracy.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There can now be as many edges as bit-vectors and, not surprisingly, the computational complexity of the parsing process increases accordingly.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents empirical support for the assumption long held by computational linguists, that intonation can provide valuable cues for discourse processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","To our knowledge, this is the first empirical comparison of smoothing techniques in language modeling of such scope: no other study has used multiple training data sizes, corpora, or has performed parameter optimization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The first author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Fulbright Foundation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This improves parsing performance, and, more importantly, adds useful information to the parser's output.\n","printing last sentence\n","The experiments indicate that categorization decisions can be made with reasonable accuracy on the basis of surface cues.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our use of similarity measure to relax the correctness criterion provides a possible solution to this problem.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We introduced the notion of rhetorical parsing, i.e., the process through which natural language texts are automatically mapped into discourse trees.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","At that level, human translators find the problem quite difficult as well.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We will also extend our analyses to nouns and verbs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 2 describes PARADISE's performance model, and Section 3 discusses its generality, before concluding in Section 4.\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents a trainable rule-based algorithm for performing word segmentation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this manner, the model can account for a wider range of translation phenomena.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors wish to thank Yoram Singer for his collaboration in an earlier phase of this research project, and Giorgio Satta for helpful discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition, we also describe a scoring algorithm for evaluating the cross-document coreference chains produced by our system and we compare our algorithm to the scoring algorithm used in the MUC-6 (within document) coreference task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","At the time of writing, there is something in place for each of the major software components, though in some cases these are little more than stubs or &quot;toy&quot; implementations.\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we showed that the error distributions for three popular state of the art part of speech taggers are highly complementary.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presented a new method for identifying base NPs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main goal of the present work is to develop a language model that uses syntactic structure to model long-distance dependencies.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","However, we have found interesting parallels in how Portuguese and English treat regular sense extensions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have devised an algorithm using context seed word TF/IDF for extracting bilingual lexicon from nonparallel, comparable corpus in English-Chinese.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","But the investigation need not be limited to wordclass tagging, for we expect that there are many other NLP tasks where combination could lead to worthwhile improvements.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We informally present a parser in Section 5.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper reports results from two approaches, one using WordNet and other based on EVCA classes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The meaning of an unknown word can often be inferred from its context.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have described a robust, knowledge-poor approach to pronoun resolution which operates on texts pre-processed by a part-of-speech tagger.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","WYSIWYM editing is a new idea that requires practical testing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Prepositional phrase attachment is the task of deciding, for a given preposition in a sentence, the attachment site that corresponds to the interpretation of the sentence.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As the systems for these languages mature, we will create corresponding MindNets, beginning, as we did in English, with the processing of machine-readable reference materials and then adding information gleaned from corpora.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have outlined an algorithm in this paper that, as it stands, could significantly speed up the task of building a semantic lexicon.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, I proposed a model for determining the hearer's attentional state which is based on the distinction between hearer-old and hearer-new discourse entities.\n","printing last sentence\n","We evaluated the similarity functions introduced in the previous section on a binary decision task, using the same experimental framework as in our previous preliminary comparison (Dagan et al., 1999).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks And although WordNet is hand-built, there is general agreement that corpus-based methods have an advantage in the relative completeness of their coverage, particularly when used as supplements to the more laborintensive methods.\n","printing last sentence\n","An important challenge in computational linguistics concerns the construction of large-scale computational lexicons for the numerous natural languages where very large samples of language use are now available.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The resulting hierarchy is evaluated by human judges, and future research directions are discussed.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper demonstrates a procedure for automatically formulating a single best tag when there are multiple judges who disagree.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The author wishes to thank ACL reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We used our development corpus to explore several alternative evaluation techniques, and then evaluated on the test set, which was kept blind.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","These lists are then used to recognize existential NPs in new texts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Lexicalized grammar formalisms are of both theoretical and practical interest to the computational linguistics community.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","(As a point of comparison, the parser achieves 91% dependency accuracy on English (Wall Street Journal) text.) Much of the recent research on statistical parsing has focused on English; languages other than English are likely to pose new problems for statistical methods.\n","printing last sentence\n","The method described can be seen as a simple case of the gradient descent method proposed by Rapp (1995), which does not need an initial lexicon but is computationally prohibitively expensive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Text in parallel translation is a valuable resource in natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In the ambiguity-preserving translation framework, a model like this one could be used to choose between sets of analyses whose ambiguities cannot be preserved in translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Information overload has created an acute need for summarization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we described the TempEval-2 task within the SemEval 2010 competition.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented the description, evaluation framework and assessment of systems participating in the SemEval-2010 sense induction task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors would also like to acknowledge Giovanni Moretti from CELCT for evaluation scripts and technical assistance, and the volunteer translators that contributed to the creation of the dataset: This work has been partially supported by the ECfunded project CoSyne (FP7-ICT-4-24853).\n","printing last sentence\n","We would also like to thank Carl Sable, Min-Yen Kan, Dave Evans, Adam Budzikowski, and Veronika Horvath for their help with the evaluation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In current work, we are examining how to combine these two approaches.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work of Chater and Finch can be seen as similar to the work presented here given an independence assumption.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It obtained an Fo=1 score of 93.48 on this task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we explore the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for CoNLL-2000 shared task, chunk identification.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There is no question that a great deal of care and expertise went into creating the Chinese Treebank, and that it is a source of important grammatical information that is unique to the Chinese language.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper proposes Japanese dependency analysis based on Support Vector Machines.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Even when the accuracy figures for corpus-based part-of-speech taggers start to look extremely similar, it is still possible to move performance levels up.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This is indeed the case: the -results are summarized in Table 4.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Most approaches to natural language generation (NLG) ignore morphological variation during word choice, postponing the computation of the actual word forms to be output to a final stage, sometimes termed clinearisation'.\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 5 contains an evaluation of co-training for base noun identification.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank Nu Lai for help with the classification of the noun compound relations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This suggests that in a language with MWUs, we do show modest performance gains.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, a LSA procedure for computing document specific similarity values will be evaluated.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our results show strong corpus effects for statistical parsing models: a small amount of matched training data appears to be more useful than a large amount of unmatched data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The result of the work is a prototype program which takes as input set of news stories broken into separate sentences and produces as output a text that combines all the events from all the articles, organized in chronological order.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The advent of large-scale collections of annotated data has marked a paradigm shift in the research community for natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are grateful to Mitch Marcus and the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania for sponsoring the work reported here.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have described the use of Support Vector Machines for the biomedical named entity recognition task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we describe Arabic-to-English name transliteration system using probabilistic finite state machines2 that address both the transliteration of Arab and foreign names into English.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This is why two one letter morphs appear in a sequence in the segmentation el¨ain + tarh + a + n.) In Section 5, we compare the results obtained from our methods to results produced by Goldsmith’s Linguistica on the same data.\n","printing last sentence\n","We expect this rate to gradually increase as the site becomes more widely known and receives more traffic.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","These may be learned using the described methods.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In these experiments we have proposed new measure and weight functions that, as our evaluation has shown, significantly outperform existing similarity functions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In a trigram tagger the score for a tagged sequence t [1:n]paired with a word se quence w [1:n] is 2 P n i=1  t i See (Collins and Duy 2001; Collinsand Duy 2002; Collins 2002) for other applica tions of the voted perceptron to NLP problems.\n","printing last sentence\n","Based on our experimental results, there appears to be no single, universally best knowledge source.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Today, very large amounts of information are available in on-line documents.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The main shortcoming of the phrase-based model in this paper concerns the size of the t-table and the cost of the training procedure we currently apply.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For the future, we plan the application of refined translation and language models for rescoring on word graphs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we present results showing that learning multiple semantic categories simultaneously improves performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The work reported here was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract number N66001-00-C-8008.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Initial evaluation of the grammar on new domains and the growth curve of grammar coverage should bear this out.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","More importantly, the grammar matrix will help to remove one of the primary remaining obstacles to commercial deployment of grammars of this type and indeed of the commercial use of deep linguistic analysis: the immense cost of developing the resource.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The experiences of the ParGram grammar writers has shown that the parallelism of analysis and implementation in the ParGram project aids further grammar development efforts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition, we showed that dynamic features significantly contribute to improve the performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have described experiments comparing the performance of a number of different algorithms for estimating the parameters of a conditional ME model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Named entities are phrases that contain the names of persons, organizations, locations, times and quantities.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","process of intra-family translation was handled by weighted string distance models of cognate similarity with a probabilistic representation of common intrafamily orthographic transformations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There are many people who contributed greatly to making this word alignment evaluation task possible.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Subjectivity is a complex linguistic phenomenon and our evidence suggests that reliable subjectivity classification requires a broad array of features.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","First as a useful visualization tool themselves, and second as seeds for disambiguating further entities.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have shown that co-training is an effective technique for bootstrapping POS taggers trained on small amounts of labelled data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Named entities are phrases that contain the names of persons, organizations and locations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our NER system demonstrates that using a large variety of features produces good performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As a machine learning method, the RRM algorithm seems especially suited to handle additional feature streams, and therefore is a good candidate for classifier combination.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper also again demonstrates how the ease of incorporating features into a discriminative maxent model allows for productive feature engineering.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","German F1 using very limited lexicons is 68.11%.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This system will be evaluated in upcoming iCLEF conferences.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Syntax mediates between surface word order and meaning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Correctly identifying the semantic roles of sentence constituents is a crucial part of interpreting text, and in addition to forming an important part of the information extraction problem, can serve as an intermediate step in machine translation or automatic summarization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We propose to investigate other models such as the probabilistic one given in Section 2.3.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Section 5 summarizes our findings and conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Any opinions, findings, or recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect ARDA’s views.\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper I have shown how keyword extraction from abstracts can be achieved by using simple statistical measures as well as syntactic information from the documents, as input to a machine learning algorithm.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also investigate incorporation of this transliteration system in a cross-lingual spoken document retrieval application, in which English text queries are used to index and retrieve Mandarin audio from the TDT corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We feel that this First International Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff has been useful in that it has provided us with a good sense of the range of performance of various systems, both from academic and industrial institutions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Its high accuracy on makes it a good candidate as a general purpose segmenter.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We look forward to participate forthcoming bakeoff.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper has described the implementation and evaluation of four corpus-based approaches to the semantics of verb-particle constructions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many people are working on acquisition of multiword expressions, although terminology varies.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We evaluated the method over English NN compounds and verbparticles, and showed it to correlate moderately with WordNet-based hyponymy values.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we have analyzed the potential for incremental processing in deterministic dependency parsing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Overall, the results achieved in this SENSEVAL-3 task were quite high.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many thanks to all those who contributed to the Open Mind Word Expert project, making this task possible.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","the glosses.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we introduced ROUGE, an automatic evaluation package for summarization, and conducted comprehensive evaluations of the automatic measures included in the ROUGE package using three years of DUC data.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Experiments were conducted on a training and evaluation set provided by the task organizers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We describe a new corpus of over 180,000 handannotated dialog act tags and accompanying adjacency pair annotations for roughly 72 hours of speech from 75 naturally-occurring meetings.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Natural language decisions often depend on the outcomes of several different but mutually dependent predictions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This research is supported by a National Science Foundation Faculty Early CAREER Development Award (#0092784).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for constructive com ments on the preliminary version of the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","(Rosario and Hearst 2001) focused on the medical domain making use of a lexical ontology and standard machine learning techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In particular, the use of PropBank’s annotation tool and frame files proved invaluable to our effort.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous workshop reviewers for their comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have described here an integrated annotation approach for two areas of biomedical information extraction.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This trade-off between the complexity, accuracy and efficiency of a parsing model is an important area of future research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors wish to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and Google Inc.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In future work we also plan to find the valid contexts for entailment relations.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We close by reviewing prior work in areas related to this paper (§5).\n","printing last sentence\n","Previous work on extracting bilingual or monolingual sentence pairs from comparable corpora has only been applied to documents that are within the same topic, or have very similar publication dates.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Semantic role tagging is thus an one of N classification task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We gratefully acknowledge the support of NSERC of Canada.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We presented a novel approach to the problem of generating sentence-level paraphrases in a broad semantic domain.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we discuss experimental results (Section 4) and give conclusions with possible future directions (Section 5).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Language differences between English and Chinese have made direct porting of an English POS tagging method to Chinese ineffective.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Automatic capitalization is a practically relevant problem: speech recognition output needs to be capitalized; also, modern word processors perform capitalization among other text proofing algorithms such as spelling correction and grammar checking.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Two experiments on the opinion and modality classification tasks are employed to confirm that subtree features are important.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Text summarization is the process of automatically creating a compressed version of a given text that provides useful information for the user.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Having a trusted experimental framework is essential for drawing conclusions on the effects of system changes.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","An important aspect of TextRank is that it does not require deep linguistic knowledge, nor domain or language specific annotated corpora, which makes it highly portable to other domains, genres, or languages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Recently an increasing amount of research has been devoted to investigating methods of recognizing favorable and unfavorable sentiments towards specific subjects within natural language texts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","5.1 Collins Head-Driven Model 2.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The constraints are encoded as the followings.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper introduces several syntax-based metrics for the evaluation of MT, which we find to be particularly useful for predicting a hypothesis’s fluency.\n","printing last sentence\n","High-levels of correlation at the segment level are important because they are likely to yield a metric that is sensitive to minor differences between systems and to minor differences between different versions of the same system* Furthermore, current levels of correlation at the sentence level are still rather low, offering a very significant space for improvement* The results reported in this paper demonstrate that all of the individual components included within METEOR contribute to improved correlation with human judgments* In particular, METEOR is shown to have statistically significant better correlation compared to unigram-precision, unigramrecall and the harmonic FI combination of the two* We are currently in the process of exploring several further enhancements to the current METEOR metric, which we believe have the potential to significantly further improve the sensitivity of the metric and its level of correlation with human judgments* Our work on these directions is described in further detail in Section 4* ing is then also used in order to calculate an aggregate score for the MT system over the entire test set* Section 2 describes the metric in detail, and provides a full example of the matching and scoring* In previous work (Lavie et al*, 2004), we compared METEOR with IBM's BLEU metric and it's derived NIST metric, using several empirical evaluation methods that have been proposed in the recent literature as concrete means to assess the level of correlation of automatic metrics and human judgments* We demonstrated that METEOR has significantly improved correlation with human judgments* Furthermore, our results demonstrated that recall plays a more important role than precision in obtaining high-levels of correlation with human judgments* The previous analysis focused on correlation with human judgments at the system level* In this paper, we focus our attention on improving correlation between METEOR score and human judgments at the segment level.\n","printing last sentence\n","Future work will consider the investigation of more sophisticated representations of sentence structure, such as first order predicate logic or semantic parse trees, which should allow for the implementation of more effective measures of text semantic similarity.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Model 2 (Collins, 2003), and to a synchronous CFG based machine translation system (Chiang, 2005).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Additionally, we plan to investigate the use of the beam strategy of Ratnaparkhi (1997) to pursue multiple parses while keeping the run-time linear.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presented a methodology to identify an opinion with its holder and topic given a sentence in online news media texts.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","To summarize, in order to classify an MWE as non-compositional, we compute an approximation of its compositional meaning and compare this with the meaning of the expression as it is used on the whole.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The SPMT models are similar to the models proposed by Chiang (2005) and Galley et al.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Smoothing is an important technique in statistical NLP, used to deal with perennial data sparseness and empirical distributions that overfit the training corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Discriminative learning methods are ubiquitous in natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Many inference algorithms require models to make strong assumptions of conditional independence between variables.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or official policies, either expressed or implied, of any sponsoring institutions, the U.S.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Experimental results are shown in Section 6, and we conclude in Section 7.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In addition, we achieve an F-measure of 68.9 for link relationidentification and 82.0 for opinion expression ex traction; for the latter task, our system achieves human-level performance.2 This paper presented a global inference approachto jointly extract entities and relations in the con text of opinion oriented information extraction.\n","printing last sentence\n","(Ciaramita et al., 2005)).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This research was partially supported by a National Science Foundation Faculty Early CAREER Development Award (#0092784).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we investigate a new problem of automatically identifying the perspective from which a document is written.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There are many directions for interesting research building on the work done in this shared task.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The parser does not attempt to assign a dependency relation to the root.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is our hope that a better morphological feature set will help with both unlabeled parsing and labeling for highly inflected languages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are grateful for the support from T ¨UB˙ITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) and the Swedish Research Council.\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we demonstrate that interpolation of the two estimates can provide a modest increase in BLEU score over the heuristic baseline.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In recent evaluations, phrase-based statistical machine translation systems have achieved good performance.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","was done by the participants.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this work we applied syntax based resources (the target language parser) to annotate and generalize phrase translation tables extracted via existing phrase extraction techniques.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents an adaptation of the classic syntax-directed translation with linguisticallymotivated formalisms for statistical MT.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper contains three contributions: Workshop on TextGraphs, at HLT-NAACL 2006, pages 45–52, New York City, June 2006.\n","printing last sentence\n","Clustering is the process of grouping together objects based on their similarity to each other.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this section, we first verify the effectiveness of fixed-link pruning, and then test our phrasal ITG, both as an aligner and as a translation model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","ability to guide translation would be enhanced if the constraints encoded in the tags were to be enforced using combinatory operators.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have investigated a number of approaches to mixture-based adaptation using genres for Chinese to English translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","For more on the participating systems, please refer to the respective system description in the proceedings of the workshop.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","HR0011-06-C-0022 and in part under the EuroMatrix project funded by the European Commission (6th Framework Programme).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we described newly developed language-specific instances of the METEOR metric and the process of optimizing metric parameters for different human measures of translation quality and for different languages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The following sources were used in the preparation of the data: http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~ani/DUC2005/ We would like to thank the people and organizations that made these sources available for the challenge.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The paper is structured as follows: in the next section, we describe the difficulty in learning English preposition usage; in Section 3, we discuss related work; in Sections 4-7 we discuss our methodology and evaluation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Section 5 draws the conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is commonly thought that one of the major obstacles to high-performance Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is the fine granularity of sense inventories.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Indeed, since the systems in SemEval did not know the candidate substitutes for a word before hand, the lexical resource is evaluatedas much as the context based disambiguation com ponent.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, Section 4 presents some con clusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","EvaluationThe evaluation approach of TempEval avoids the in terdependencies that are inherent to a network of temporal relations, where relations in one part of the network may constrain relations in any other part ofthe network.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Correctly disambiguating words (WSD), and correctly identifying the semantic relationships be tween those words (SRL), is an important step forbuilding successful natural language processing applications, such as text summarization, question an swering, and machine translation.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The testing data for this task turned out to be espe cially challenging with regard to new frames, since, in an effort to annotate especially thoroughly, almost 10340 new frames were created in the process of an notating these three specific passages.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Thanks to Ben Taskar for pointing out the work of Meil˘a and Jaakkola (2000).\n","printing last sentence\n","For more on the participating systems, please refer to the respective system descriptions in the proceedings of the workshop.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The authors would like to thank Menqgiu Wang and Huihsin Tseng for useful discussions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, conclusion and future work are presented in section 6.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also thank the workshop reviewers for their helpful comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The following ideas are central to our approach: Thanks to Jenny Rose Finkel for suggesting that we evaluate dependency parsing accuracies.\n","printing last sentence\n","Section 7 concludes the paper.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","CoNLL 2008: Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 183?187 Manchester, August 2008 Dependency-based Syntactic?Semantic Analysis with PropBank and NomBank Richard Johansson and Pierre Nugues Lund University, Sweden {richard, pierre}@cs.lth.se Abstract This paper presents our contribution in the closed track of the 2008 CoNLL Shared Task (Surdeanu et al., 2008).\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","All of the data, translations, and human judgments produced for our workshop are publicly available.1 We hope they form a valuable resource for research into statistical machine translation, system combination, and automatic evaluation of translation quality.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We hope the release of the toolkit will greatly contribute the progress of the syntax-based machine translation research.' Large scale parsing-based statistical machine translation (e.g., Chiang (2007), Quirk et al.\n","printing last sentence\n","A well-known problem of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is that performance quickly degrades as soon as testing conditions deviate from training conditions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This work was supported, in part, by BBN Technologies under the GALE Program, DARPA/IPTO Contract No.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are grateful to four anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Extracts 20,176 titles and 15,182 redirects.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are thankful to three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The history of text mining (TM) shows that shared tasks based on carefully curated resources, such as those organized in the MUC (Chinchor, 1998), TREC (Voorhees, 2007) and ACE (Strassel et al., 2008) events, have significantly contributed to the progress of their respective fields.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Complex emotions can be viewed as combinations of these basic emotions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","All of the shared task data is available on the workshop website.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","As with past years, all of the data, translations, and human judgments produced for our workshop are publicly available.2 We hope they form a valuable resource for research into statistical machine translation, system combination, and automatic evaluation of translation quality.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper proposed a novel method to model the compositionality of meaning in distributional models of semantics.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Semantic Parsing, the process of converting text into a formal meaning representation (MR), is one of the key challenges in natural language processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The latter task falls within the scope of semantic analysis of sentences exploiting syntactic patterns, as hedge spans can usually be determined on the basis of syntactic patterns dependent on the keyword.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Microblogging websites have evolved to become a source of varied kind of information.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","There have been ongoing efforts since BioNLP-ST 2009 to develop IE systems based on the task resources, and we hope to see continued efforts also following BioNLP-ST 2011, especially exploring the use of supporting task resources for main tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper presents the task setup, preparation, and discusses the results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Finally, we offer our special thanks to Llufs M`arquez and Joakim Nivre for their wonderful support and guidance without which this task would not have been successful.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We also report in this section our official results in the testing partition.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Tables 39–48 give the automatic scores for each of the systems.\n","printing last sentence\n","The source code and all resources for Meteor 1.3 and the version of Z-MERT with Meteor integration will be available for download from the Meteor website.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Language models are widely applied in natural language processing, and applications such as machine translation make very frequent queries.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We therefore categorize all commercial systems as unconstrained when evaluating the results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The two steps are described in the following section.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","After all, as Woods [1975] has pointed out, while descriptive analyses of language can at best tell us what the brain does, engineering analyses can potentially offer insights on why the brain functions as it does.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The rule-based tagger is based on a learning algorithm called transformation-based errordriven learning.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The backed-off estimate scores appreciably better than other methods which have been tested on the Wall Street Journal corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The final section draws some conclusions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This paper represents a step toward getting as much leverage as possible out of work within that paradigm, and then using it to help determine relationships among word senses, which is really where the action is.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","'Note that this is one of the cases where Church's chunker allows separate NP fragments to count as chunks.\n","printing last sentence\n","A machine translation system must be able to choose among possible translations based on context.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we show that a heuristic case base compression formalism (Daelemans et al., 1996), makes the memory-based approach computationally attractive.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Nearest neighbor grows linearly with the number of training instances as expected; more sophisticated indexing methods can reduce this to logarithmic expected time (Friedman, Bentley, & Finkel, 1977).5 Recent research in empirical (corpus-based) natural language processing has explored a number of different methods for learning from data.\n","printing last sentence\n","The Maximum Entropy model is an extremely flexible technique for linguistic modelling, since it can use a virtually unrestricted and rich feature set in the framework of a probability model.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) model has a short, interesting, and controversial history.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The most computationally expensive part of the system is the word sense disambiguation of the training corpus.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The information can be used in language modeling in addition to the currently popular N-gram models and word trigger pairs.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It has long been observed that selectional constraints and word sense disambiguation are closely linked.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Lastly, this paper clearly demonstrates that schemes for reranking the top 20 parses deserve research effort since they could yield vastly better accuracy results.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper, we examine thresholding techniques for statistical parsers.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The optimal way to analyze linguistic data into its primitive elements is rarely obvious but often crucial.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Semantic information can be helpful in almost all aspects of natural language understanding, including word sense disambiguation, selectional restrictions, attachment decisions, and discourse processing.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In future work, we will investigate modifications of these algorithms and feature set selection that are more effective on highly skewed sense distributions.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Using Lexical Chains for Text Summarization Reg ina  Barz i lay Mathematics and Computer S~nence Dept Ben Gunon University m the Negev Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel regana@cs.bEu ac.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Researchers in computational linguistics (Mann and Thompson, 1988, Matthiessen and Thompson, 1988, Sparck Jones, 1993) have long speculated that the nuclei that pertain to a rhetorical structure tree (RS-tree) (Mann and Thompson, 1988) constitute an adequate summanzation of the text for which that RS-tree was built However, to our knowledge, there was no experiment to confirm how valid this speculation really is In what follows, we describe an experiment that shows that there exists a strong correlation between the nuclei of the RS-tree of a text and what readers perceive to be the most important units in a text We know from the results reported in the psychological literature on summarization (Johnson, 1970, Chou Hare and Borchardt, 1984, Sherrard, 1989) that there exists a certain degree of disagreement between readers with respect to the importance that they assign to various textual units and that the disagreement is dependent on the quality of the text and the comprehension and summarization skills of the readers (Winograd.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","GermaNet is a broad-coverage lexical-semantic net for German which currently contains some 16.000 words and aims at modeling at least the base vocabulary of German.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Also the comments of two anonymous reviewers proved quite helpful.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We are indebted to Renee Pohlmann for giving us good pointers at an early stage of this work, and to AnseImo Peilas and David Fernandez for their help finishing up the test collection.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Conceptual natural language processing typically involves case frame instantiation to recognize events and role objects in text.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Rather than the thousands of edges required by C&C, the parser presented here requires hundreds, or even, if one is willing to pay a small price in accuracy, tens.\n","printing last sentence\n","Named entity recognition is one of the simplest of the common message understanding tasks.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","This too is a topic for future research.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","It is necessary to be careful in evaluating these results, which are only as good as the evaluation function.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our extension of WordNet intends to serve as a lexico-semantic resource for a variety of NLP applications, many of them requiring pragmatic and common-sense knowledge (Harabagm and Moldovan 1998) It is beneficial to transform the conceptual glosses in logical formulae Approach to implement Logical Form Transformations (LFTs) (1) Traditional lexicographic principles determine the discrimination of any conceptual definitions into a genus and the differentia Our LFTs implement the same distinction by always placing the genus predicate on the first position of the LFT, and the rest of the LFT viewed as the definition differentia In the case when the subject or the object are present in the gloss, they share the corresponding arguments with the action/state/event predicate For example, the LFT of (a person who backs a politician) the gloss of {supporter, protagonist, champion, admirer, booster, friend} is LFT = [person n#1(2,1) Sz back v#1(e1,114)) politician n#2(x2) (4) The role of complements within a phrase is replicated in the LFTs Predicates geneiated from modifiers share the same arguments with the predicates corresponding to the phrase heads Adjective piedicates share the same argument as the predicate corresponding to the noun they modify An exemplification is the LFT of the gloss of {art if act , artefact}, which maps (a man-made object) into [ object n#1(xi) Sc man-made a#1(x1)] Similarly, the argument of adverbial predicate is the argument marking the eventuality of the event/state/action they modify For example, the gloss of the verb synset {hare} is (run quickly), producing the LFT = [run(ei,a,i,x2) & quickly(e&quot;)] under the same syntactic role (e g subject, object or prepositional object) By convention, conjunctionpredicates have a variable number of arguments, since they cover a variable number of predicates The first argument represents the &quot;result&quot; of the logical operation induced by the conjunction (e g a logical and in the case of the and conjunction, or a logical or in the case of the or conjunction) The rest of the aiguments indicate the predicates covered by the conjunction, as they are aiguments of those predicates as well (6) We also geneiate 'medicates for every preposition encountered in the gloss The preposition predicates always have two arguments the first argument corresponding to the predicate of the head of the phi ase to which prepositional phi ase is attached, whereas the second argument corresponds to the prepositional object Sources of information.\n","printing last sentence\n","The goal of machine translation is the translation of a text given in some source language into a target language.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We would like to thank David Pierce for his formatting and technical advice.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","The ability to determine the named entities in a text has been established as an important task for several natural language processing areas, including information retrieval, machine translation, information extraction and language understanding.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Unlabeled examples in the named-entity classification problem can reduce the need for supervision to a handful of seed rules.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","We have presented two general approaches to studying parser combination: parser switching and parse hybridization.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","Our new features, and especially the composite ones, are shown to outperform traditional techniques such as TF*IDF [Buckley 1985; Salton 1989] for determining similarity over small text units.\n","found it!\n","printing last sentence\n","In this paper we studied cascaded grammatical relations assignment.\n","found it!\n","<bound method NDFrame.head of       Unnamed: 0  num_sects  num_sents  \\\n","0              0          4        168   \n","1              1          5        149   \n","2              2          5        142   \n","3              3          8        154   \n","4              4          6        185   \n","...          ...        ...        ...   \n","999          999          6        194   \n","1000        1000          7        242   \n","1001        1001          4        141   \n","1002        1002          8        134   \n","1003        1003          5        182   \n","\n","                                           summary_text   paper_index  \n","0     TnT is freely available to universities and re...  A00-1031.xml  \n","1     The reduced sentences produced by humans are a...  A00-1043.xml  \n","2     Even moderately long documents typically addre...  A00-2004.xml  \n","3     This work extends ideas that began in collabor...  A00-2009.xml  \n","4     It is to this project that our future parsing ...  A00-2018.xml  \n","...                                                 ...           ...  \n","999   The ability to determine the named entities in...  W99-0612.xml  \n","1000  Unlabeled examples in the named-entity classif...  W99-0613.xml  \n","1001  We have presented two general approaches to st...  W99-0623.xml  \n","1002  Our new features, and especially the composite...  W99-0625.xml  \n","1003  In this paper we studied cascaded grammatical ...  W99-0629.xml  \n","\n","[1004 rows x 5 columns]>\n"]}],"source":["# Function to extract the last sentence from a text\n","\n","file_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/summaries_pacsum_Scisummnet_dataset_final.xlsx'\n","df = pd.read_excel(file_path)\n","def get_last_sentence(text):\n","    sentences = re.split(r'(?<=[.!?]) +', text)\n","    return sentences[0].strip() if sentences else ''\n","\n","# Process each row in the DataFrame\n","for index, row in df.iterrows():\n","    summary_text = row['summary_text']\n","    last_sentence = get_last_sentence(summary_text)\n","    print(\"printing last sentence\")\n","    print(last_sentence)\n","\n","    # Find the paper_index where the last sentence is a substring of the XML content\n","    found_index = None\n","    for paper_index, xml_content in files.items():\n","        if last_sentence in xml_content:\n","            found_index = paper_index\n","            print(\"found it!\")\n","            break\n","\n","    # Update the DataFrame\n","    df.at[index, 'paper_index'] = found_index\n","print(df.head)\n","\n","# Save the updated DataFrame to an Excel file\n","df.to_excel('updated_file_pacsum.xlsx', index=False)\n","\n","\n","                   # print('CORRESPONDING SUMMARY')\n","                    #print(df['summary_text'][index])\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":17,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"AoV7IQyrvkCS","outputId":"259f7506-0d9c-4834-9f64-f164ba075da3","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719059027146,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":1869,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Excel file '/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/updated_file_pacsum.xlsx' has been updated.\n"]}],"source":["import pandas as pd\n","import re\n","\n","# Define the file path\n","file_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/updated_file_pacsum.xlsx'\n","\n","# Read the Excel file\n","df = pd.read_excel(file_path)\n","\n","\n","# Function to extract the first sentence from a text\n","def get_first_sentence(text):\n","    sentences = re.split(r'(?<=[.!?]) +', text)\n","    return sentences[0].strip() if sentences else ''\n","\n","# Process each row in the DataFrame\n","for index, row in df.iterrows():\n","    # Check if paper_index is empty\n","    if pd.isna(row['paper_index']):\n","        summary_text = row['summary_text']\n","        first_sentence = get_first_sentence(summary_text)\n","\n","        # Find the paper_index where the first sentence is a substring of the XML content\n","        found_index = None\n","        for paper_index, xml_content in files.items():\n","            if first_sentence in xml_content:\n","                found_index = paper_index\n","                break\n","\n","        # Update the DataFrame\n","        if found_index is not None:\n","            df.at[index, 'paper_index'] = found_index\n","\n","# Save the updated DataFrame to the same Excel file\n","df.to_excel(file_path, index=False)\n","\n","print(f\"Excel file '{file_path}' has been updated.\")\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":null,"metadata":{"id":"appJc0hN7j6a"},"outputs":[],"source":["import os\n","import pandas as pd\n","import re\n","from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n","\n","# Define file paths\n","excel_file_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/Extractive_summarization/HIPORank/updated_file.xlsx'\n","base_dir_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/Extractive_summarization/scisummnet_final_dataset/top1000_complete'\n","output_dir_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/Extractive_summarization/HIPORank/dataset/inputs'\n","\n","# Read the Excel file\n","df = pd.read_excel(excel_file_path)"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":18,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"0vmhjzPQ0vBH","outputId":"e0e1c9f6-b103-4030-e27a-10270b8ebeca","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719063256037,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":1639,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Excel file '/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/updated_file_pacsum.xlsx' has been updated.\n"]}],"source":["import pandas as pd\n","\n","# Define the file path\n","file_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/updated_file_pacsum.xlsx'\n","\n","# Read the Excel file\n","df = pd.read_excel(file_path)\n","\n","# Function to remove '.xml' from the end of the paper_index\n","def remove_xml_extension(paper_index):\n","    if isinstance(paper_index, str) and paper_index.lower().endswith('.xml'):\n","        return paper_index[:-4]  # Remove the last 4 characters ('.xml')\n","    return paper_index\n","\n","# Apply the function to the paper_index column\n","df['paper_index'] = df['paper_index'].apply(remove_xml_extension)\n","\n","# Save the updated DataFrame to the same Excel file\n","df.to_excel(file_path, index=False)\n","\n","print(f\"Excel file '{file_path}' has been updated.\")\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":19,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/","output_embedded_package_id":"1fKG_1xMYs_HL7MKa0WAB3MtAj2DyQvaW"},"id":"YCCJOcK2Q8V7","outputId":"553b9983-2e26-4e6c-f9f2-97d26cbe66c0","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719066820515,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":34127,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"text/plain":"Output hidden; open in https://colab.research.google.com to view."},"metadata":{}}],"source":["import os\n","import pandas as pd\n","import re\n","from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n","\n","# Define file paths\n","excel_file_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/updated_file_pacsum.xlsx'\n","base_dir_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/scisummnet_final_dataset/top1000_complete'\n","output_dir_path = r'/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/dataset/inputs'\n","\n","# Read the Excel file\n","df = pd.read_excel(excel_file_path)\n","\n","# Function to extract and concatenate sentences from the XML file\n","def extract_sentences_from_xml(xml_content):\n","    try:\n","        # Parse the XML content\n","        soup = BeautifulSoup(xml_content, 'xml')\n","\n","        # Extract sentences from the first section\n","        sections = soup.find_all('SECTION')\n","        print(len(sections))\n","        if len(sections)>0:\n","            first_section = sections[0]\n","            sentences = first_section.find_all('S')\n","            concatenated_sentences = ' '.join(sentence.get_text() for sentence in sentences)\n","\n","        else:\n","            raise ValueError(\"No sections found\")\n","            sentences = soup.find_all('S')[5:20] #assuming first 8 lines for abstract\n","            concatenated_sentences = ' '.join(sentence.get_text() for sentence in sentences)\n","\n","    except:\n","        # Extract the first 15 sentences if no sections are found (EXCLUDING FIRST 5 ASSUME THEY BELONG TO ABSTRACT)\n","        sentences = soup.find_all('S')[5:20]\n","        concatenated_sentences = ' '.join(sentence.get_text() for sentence in sentences)\n","    print(\"printing introduction \",concatenated_sentences)\n","\n","    return concatenated_sentences\n","\n","# Process each row in the DataFrame\n","for index, row in df.iterrows():\n","    paper_index = row['paper_index']\n","\n","    # Skip rows where paper_index is NaN or empty\n","    if pd.isna(paper_index) or not paper_index:\n","        continue\n","\n","    # Construct the path to the corresponding folder\n","    paper_folder_path = os.path.join(base_dir_path, paper_index, 'Documents_xml')\n","\n","    try:\n","        # Find the XML file in the Documents_xml folder\n","        xml_files = [f for f in os.listdir(paper_folder_path) if f.endswith('.xml')]\n","        if not xml_files:\n","            raise FileNotFoundError(f\"No XML files found in {paper_folder_path}\")\n","\n","        # Read the XML file content\n","        xml_file_path = os.path.join(paper_folder_path, xml_files[0])\n","        print(xml_file_path)\n","        with open(xml_file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n","            xml_content = file.read()\n","\n","        # Extract sentences from the XML file\n","        concatenated_sentences = extract_sentences_from_xml(xml_content)\n","\n","        # Concatenate the extracted sentences with the summary_text\n","        summary_with_sentences = concatenated_sentences + row['summary_text']\n","\n","        # Save the result to a new text file\n","        output_file_path = os.path.join(output_dir_path, f\"{paper_index}.txt\")\n","        with open(output_file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as output_file:\n","            output_file.write(summary_with_sentences.lower())\n","\n","    except Exception as e:\n","        print(f\"Error processing {paper_index}: {e}\")\n","\n","print(\"Text files have been saved to the output directory.\")\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":20,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"QJINv9ByW-qj","outputId":"40ef0904-4cc8-4677-bb1b-95b88ddfb0db","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719067659283,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":781654,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Processing completed.\n"]}],"source":["import os\n","import glob\n","\n","# Define the paths\n","source_base_dir = \"/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/scisummnet_final_dataset/top1000_complete\"\n","target_base_dir = \"/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/dataset/targets\"\n","\n","# Create the target directory if it doesn't exist\n","if not os.path.exists(target_base_dir):\n","    os.makedirs(target_base_dir)\n","\n","# Iterate through each folder in the source base directory\n","for folder_name in os.listdir(source_base_dir):\n","    summary_folder_path = os.path.join(source_base_dir, folder_name, 'summary')\n","\n","    if os.path.isdir(summary_folder_path):\n","        # Find all text files in the summary folder\n","        summary_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(summary_folder_path, '*.txt'))\n","\n","        for summary_file in summary_files:\n","            # Read the content of the text file\n","            with open(summary_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n","                content = file.read()\n","\n","            # Process the content: convert to lower case, remove extra spaces and newlines\n","            processed_content = ' '.join(content.lower().split())\n","\n","            # Determine the target file path\n","            target_file_path = os.path.join(target_base_dir, os.path.basename(summary_file))\n","\n","            # Write the processed content to the target file\n","            with open(target_file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n","                file.write(processed_content)\n","\n","print(\"Processing completed.\")\n"]},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":25,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"tcvcU9M-eZTE","outputId":"07be0bb4-0dd0-4f11-a74b-50a7ed9c258d","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1719067803829,"user_tz":-240,"elapsed":537,"user":{"displayName":"Aditi Paretkar","userId":"17466297872366651006"}}},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["J93-1005.txt\n","C04-1100.txt\n","J08-1002.txt\n","C00-2163.txt\n","D07-1077.txt\n","W09-0441.txt\n","C04-1073.txt\n","W04-2609.txt\n","H94-1020.txt\n","P85-1008.txt\n","J88-2006.txt\n","P88-1012.txt\n","P08-2012.txt\n","W10-3001.txt\n","J91-4003.txt\n","J93-1004.txt\n","P04-1015.txt\n","H05-1073.txt\n","W97-0311.txt\n","P07-1123.txt\n","J10-4006.txt\n","P84-1085.txt\n","W06-3119.txt\n","J99-2004.txt\n","P99-1069.txt\n","C00-2136.txt\n","C96-1005.txt\n","C86-1016.txt\n","P84-1008.txt\n","W05-1513.txt\n","P91-1023.txt\n","P08-2007.txt\n","N01-1021.txt\n","P08-1067.txt\n","A00-2004.txt\n","N03-1017.txt\n","N09-1036.txt\n","P03-2041.txt\n","P89-1010.txt\n","H05-1012.txt\n","J05-4003.txt\n","P98-1081.txt\n","P96-1042.txt\n","P98-1069.txt\n","W04-3250.txt\n","P07-1004.txt\n","P02-1034.txt\n","N07-1011.txt\n","P02-1031.txt\n","P05-1074.txt\n","J97-2003.txt\n","A00-2019.txt\n","W03-1719.txt\n","W95-0103.txt\n","H93-1051.txt\n","E06-1002.txt\n","W08-2121.txt\n","E03-1005.txt\n","N06-1058.txt\n","D08-1059.txt\n","P06-2006.txt\n","C94-1079.txt\n","W04-3213.txt\n","P11-1020.txt\n","P03-1029.txt\n","W02-0505.txt\n","J97-1003.txt\n","H91-1060.txt\n","C04-1024.txt\n","D07-1103.txt\n","N09-1046.txt\n","P07-2045.txt\n","W97-0703.txt\n","W04-3208.txt\n","P05-1012.txt\n","P06-1103.txt\n","W03-1011.txt\n","P97-1003.txt\n","W07-0718.txt\n","J94-4002.txt\n","C04-1080.txt\n","W00-1308.txt\n","W02-1210.txt\n","W96-0208.txt\n","D09-1030.txt\n","P02-1019.txt\n","A97-1029.txt\n","J03-4004.txt\n","P02-1022.txt\n","P01-1030.txt\n","C88-2121.txt\n","P03-1056.txt\n","P87-1015.txt\n","S10-1010.txt\n","P06-1095.txt\n","P08-1004.txt\n","W02-1006.txt\n","W06-3812.txt\n","D07-1074.txt\n","D07-1080.txt\n","C88-2128.txt\n","P09-1039.txt\n","N09-1028.txt\n","W00-1201.txt\n","J96-1002.txt\n","C04-1111.txt\n","N03-1003.txt\n","W04-3103.txt\n","J08-4003.txt\n","W04-3205.txt\n","P04-1036.txt\n","P09-1094.txt\n","J00-4003.txt\n","D11-1062.txt\n","N06-1006.txt\n","J00-1004.txt\n","C94-2178.txt\n","J97-4005.txt\n","W03-0424.txt\n","J99-4004.txt\n","P07-1092.txt\n","N04-1023.txt\n","H94-1046.txt\n","J93-1003.txt\n","W97-0301.txt\n","P99-1067.txt\n","W98-0705.txt\n","N04-1025.txt\n","C04-1197.txt\n","W02-1021.txt\n","N13-1039.txt\n","P96-1027.txt\n","W99-0625.txt\n","P08-1028.txt\n","P03-1013.txt\n","N03-1016.txt\n","N04-1014.txt\n","P02-1033.txt\n","D07-1096.txt\n","D08-1020.txt\n","D08-1014.txt\n","P08-1036.txt\n","E06-1005.txt\n","C92-3150.txt\n","P94-1013.txt\n","I05-3027.txt\n","E06-1015.txt\n","W04-2406.txt\n","P07-1019.txt\n","C90-2067.txt\n","W97-0109.txt\n","W07-0734.txt\n","P03-1058.txt\n","C02-1011.txt\n","J03-1005.txt\n","P11-2031.txt\n","P03-1004.txt\n","W03-1730.txt\n","W10-0204.txt\n","P90-1010.txt\n","P91-1027.txt\n","W97-1306.txt\n","P04-1056.txt\n","W02-2016.txt\n","D10-1125.txt\n","H93-1061.txt\n","D08-1065.txt\n","P89-1031.txt\n","S10-1011.txt\n","N06-1025.txt\n","D07-1091.txt\n","P11-1060.txt\n","N10-1119.txt\n","P05-1073.txt\n","W11-2103.txt\n","P06-1077.txt\n","J04-1002.txt\n","W06-2933.txt\n","N04-1021.txt\n","D09-1001.txt\n","P97-1023.txt\n","P02-1043.txt\n","W98-1106.txt\n","P04-1083.txt\n","W07-2002.txt\n","P11-1098.txt\n","P09-1113.txt\n","W97-0713.txt\n","J05-1003.txt\n","W04-3206.txt\n","P05-1036.txt\n","W97-0209.txt\n","C94-2195.txt\n","E06-1025.txt\n","C90-3030.txt\n","C90-3052.txt\n","D08-1035.txt\n","E06-1042.txt\n","P04-1035.txt\n","P06-4020.txt\n","N07-1051.txt\n","C04-1146.txt\n","H05-1045.txt\n","E06-1031.txt\n","P03-1002.txt\n","P99-1065.txt\n","P06-2014.txt\n","E06-1038.txt\n","N07-1029.txt\n","N04-1033.txt\n","H93-1052.txt\n","H05-1059.txt\n","E06-1032.txt\n","P06-1066.txt\n","P98-2204.txt\n","W02-1028.txt\n","C02-1114.txt\n","E99-1023.txt\n","P03-1001.txt\n","P08-1076.txt\n","W07-0733.txt\n","J96-3004.txt\n","P99-1048.txt\n","W04-2401.txt\n","N12-1052.txt\n","P85-1018.txt\n","P07-1056.txt\n","P99-1068.txt\n","P03-1021.txt\n","J02-3001.txt\n","J82-3004.txt\n","P96-1041.txt\n","W11-1901.txt\n","A00-2034.txt\n","P00-1016.txt\n","P93-1003.txt\n","A94-1006.txt\n","N12-1067.txt\n","P07-1125.txt\n","W04-2705.txt\n","J97-3002.txt\n","W08-1301.txt\n","P86-1031.txt\n","P09-1011.txt\n","P06-1121.txt\n","P10-1146.txt\n","N06-1003.txt\n","P88-1020.txt\n","W00-0717.txt\n","C92-3126.txt\n","W04-3212.txt\n","D07-1072.txt\n","P94-1012.txt\n","P92-1005.txt\n","J90-1004.txt\n","J92-4003.txt\n","P97-1063.txt\n","P02-1035.txt\n","M95-1012.txt\n","E03-1076.txt\n","P92-1032.txt\n","P01-1064.txt\n","J88-1003.txt\n","D09-1086.txt\n","P98-1013.txt\n","P02-1053.txt\n","J02-1003.txt\n","N06-1041.txt\n","D09-1092.txt\n","W09-1304.txt\n","N01-1011.txt\n","E03-1009.txt\n","P08-1088.txt\n","N03-1030.txt\n","N01-1026.txt\n","N06-2015.txt\n","W04-2407.txt\n","W04-3219.txt\n","J05-1004.txt\n","W02-1503.txt\n","N07-4013.txt\n","P06-1067.txt\n","A94-1009.txt\n","J92-1004.txt\n","W07-2018.txt\n","N07-1047.txt\n","D08-1076.txt\n","P02-1040.txt\n",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92-1019.txt\n","P08-1023.txt\n","P08-1085.txt\n","P01-1025.txt\n","A92-1018.txt\n","J93-1006.txt\n","E06-1011.txt\n","J90-2002.txt\n","P00-1065.txt\n","H05-1011.txt\n","H05-1066.txt\n","W95-0115.txt\n","W12-3102.txt\n","H05-1091.txt\n","P02-1014.txt\n","W04-0308.txt\n","C88-1016.txt\n","P04-1075.txt\n","N04-1042.txt\n","P11-2008.txt\n","W03-1728.txt\n","P09-1068.txt\n","P95-1007.txt\n","P93-1024.txt\n","I05-3025.txt\n","J02-4002.txt\n","P09-1010.txt\n","D08-1092.txt\n","P07-1098.txt\n","W04-3230.txt\n","W03-0430.txt\n","N04-4015.txt\n","W99-0501.txt\n","J98-4003.txt\n","J96-2004.txt\n","W06-2922.txt\n","P05-1015.txt\n","J03-4003.txt\n","P09-2012.txt\n","J01-2001.txt\n","W97-0119.txt\n","J94-4004.txt\n","P92-1008.txt\n","I05-3017.txt\n","P00-1058.txt\n","W00-1427.txt\n","N04-1015.txt\n","P07-1107.txt\n","J93-1007.txt\n","P03-1023.txt\n","P90-1032.txt\n","W99-0623.txt\n","P11-1038.txt\n","P08-1066.txt\n","P06-1084.txt\n","P07-1003.txt\n","W03-1809.txt\n","A00-2009.txt\n","C08-1022.txt\n","P95-1037.txt\n","W08-0309.txt\n","D08-1024.txt\n","P07-1040.txt\n","W00-0712.txt\n","N03-1028.txt\n","J07-2003.txt\n","C04-1200.txt\n","P03-1009.txt\n","P07-1037.txt\n","W00-0403.txt\n","J94-3001.txt\n","H05-1010.txt\n","D09-1101.txt\n","W07-0717.txt\n","W98-1118.txt\n","W99-0613.txt\n","P06-1134.txt\n","J08-1001.txt\n","P08-1030.txt\n","J08-2005.txt\n","C00-1044.txt\n","W06-2501.txt\n","W07-2014.txt\n","P98-1034.txt\n","H92-1026.txt\n","W02-0301.txt\n","J94-2001.txt\n","P96-1006.txt\n","P08-1043.txt\n","P05-1059.txt\n","P97-1041.txt\n","P97-1035.txt\n","P93-1001.txt\n","J00-3004.txt\n","P87-1033.txt\n","J92-4007.txt\n","J93-2006.txt\n","P90-1034.txt\n","P12-1092.txt\n","W02-0817.txt\n","N04-1013.txt\n","P07-1121.txt\n","P05-1034.txt\n","D08-1022.txt\n","H05-1021.txt\n","P07-1031.txt\n","P99-1071.txt\n","W00-0730.txt\n","D09-1026.txt\n","P13-1045.txt\n","W09-0432.txt\n","J08-4004.txt\n","P03-1035.txt\n","W06-1606.txt\n","P08-1090.txt\n","D08-1016.txt\n","W04-1221.txt\n","P06-1097.txt\n","N03-1024.txt\n","C96-2141.txt\n","W10-0701.txt\n","C92-2070.txt\n","P94-1020.txt\n","J86-3001.txt\n","J04-3002.txt\n","P04-1014.txt\n","J93-2003.txt\n","J95-2003.txt\n","D10-1001.txt\n","N03-1022.txt\n","J81-4003.txt\n","J02-2003.txt\n","W03-0501.txt\n","P99-1059.txt\n","N06-2033.txt\n","W06-1642.txt\n","P95-1034.txt\n","J00-2004.txt\n","P96-1011.txt\n","P01-1005.txt\n","P91-1034.txt\n","W06-1651.txt\n","W04-0803.txt\n","P00-1041.txt\n","P88-1015.txt\n","P02-1001.txt\n","H05-2018.txt\n","D11-1014.txt\n","W02-0902.txt\n","A00-1031.txt\n","D07-1109.txt\n","P06-1005.txt\n","C96-2183.txt\n","D07-1090.txt\n","W02-0908.txt\n","P94-1019.txt\n","D07-1104.txt\n","P98-1106.txt\n","J93-2005.txt\n","W06-1670.txt\n","P07-1055.txt\n","W01-0514.txt\n","C10-2028.txt\n","P08-2026.txt\n","W04-3111.txt\n","D09-1120.txt\n","P03-2026.txt\n","P05-1053.txt\n","W06-3105.txt\n","W08-0509.txt\n","W07-2016.txt\n","D07-1043.txt\n","P99-1014.txt\n","D09-1127.txt\n","M95-1005.txt\n","P04-1053.txt\n","A97-1030.txt\n","P08-1119.txt\n","W04-3247.txt\n","P09-1074.txt\n","W11-1902.txt\n","E09-1005.txt\n","P98-2173.txt\n","N09-1037.txt\n","P09-1019.txt\n","W06-1607.txt\n","P98-2180.txt\n","P08-1109.txt\n","W06-0301.txt\n","A97-1014.txt\n","C04-1180.txt\n","P97-1017.txt\n","W98-1119.txt\n","P89-1002.txt\n","P02-1062.txt\n","D07-1007.txt\n","D08-1027.txt\n","P98-1112.txt\n","W08-2102.txt\n","C02-2025.txt\n","P93-1008.txt\n","D07-1097.txt\n","C04-1072.txt\n","J97-3003.txt\n","P07-1094.txt\n","P05-1067.txt\n","J01-3001.txt\n","P90-1005.txt\n","P01-1019.txt\n","C92-1025.txt\n","W03-1810.txt\n","P06-2005.txt\n","P96-1024.txt\n","P05-1071.txt\n","J99-1003.txt\n","J04-4002.txt\n","P98-1012.txt\n","W01-0521.txt\n","J93-1001.txt\n","P02-1046.txt\n","N10-1020.txt\n","P84-1075.txt\n","P92-1017.txt\n","P11-1019.txt\n","P07-1106.txt\n","P05-1077.txt\n","W10-1703.txt\n","P99-1004.txt\n","J90-1003.txt\n","N09-2004.txt\n","W04-3239.txt\n","H05-1004.txt\n","J01-2004.txt\n","P85-1011.txt\n","J80-3003.txt\n","P93-1041.txt\n","N04-1022.txt\n","C92-2066.txt\n","P09-1088.txt\n","P04-1043.txt\n","W03-0301.txt\n","A92-1006.txt\n","P05-1045.txt\n","P05-1033.txt\n","H05-1053.txt\n","D08-1031.txt\n","P06-1004.txt\n","D08-1083.txt\n","P03-1012.txt\n","P01-1067.txt\n","E99-1010.txt\n","J08-2002.txt\n","W99-0629.txt\n","C08-1109.txt\n","C10-1152.txt\n","P04-1041.txt\n","W04-3207.txt\n","W08-0336.txt\n","P11-2033.txt\n","W02-0109.txt\n","C00-1072.txt\n","P05-1020.txt\n","J01-2002.txt\n","D07-1101.txt\n","J04-1005.txt\n","N10-1056.txt\n","W98-1411.txt\n","C02-1139.txt\n","P09-1058.txt\n","C10-2005.txt\n","P08-1115.txt\n","P10-1142.txt\n","D08-1068.txt\n","P08-1068.txt\n","J93-2004.txt\n","P05-1044.txt\n","P00-1037.txt\n","W03-1812.txt\n","W05-0602.txt\n","N10-1061.txt\n","W09-1401.txt\n","C92-2082.txt\n","N04-1030.txt\n","P08-1101.txt\n","N10-1115.txt\n","D08-1082.txt\n","P03-1071.txt\n","P06-1114.txt\n","P07-1073.txt\n","C04-1051.txt\n","N01-1024.txt\n","D07-1061.txt\n","P05-1065.txt\n","W07-1401.txt\n","P07-1005.txt\n","P08-1012.txt\n","W06-2915.txt\n","N09-1012.txt\n","W03-0404.txt\n","P06-1010.txt\n","W05-0909.txt\n","P11-1138.txt\n","E87-1002.txt\n","A00-2030.txt\n","C04-1059.txt\n","P07-1007.txt\n","W09-1119.txt\n","C00-2137.txt\n","P06-1015.txt\n","N01-1006.txt\n","P91-1030.txt\n","W02-1039.txt\n","C96-1058.txt\n","H91-1026.txt\n","J05-3002.txt\n","P02-1060.txt\n","P98-2182.txt\n","P06-1123.txt\n","P06-2066.txt\n","W07-1604.txt\n","P04-3022.txt\n","W07-2012.txt\n","P06-1072.txt\n","H05-1044.txt\n","W04-3201.txt\n","P05-3026.txt\n","A00-2024.txt\n","D07-1114.txt\n","A88-1019.txt\n","J03-1003.txt\n","P99-1008.txt\n","C94-1042.txt\n","E03-1008.txt\n","P98-2177.txt\n","A97-1039.txt\n","J04-4004.txt\n","N04-1019.txt\n","N07-1018.txt\n","N09-1003.txt\n","W03-1508.txt\n","N04-1016.txt\n","W02-2026.txt\n","P11-1016.txt\n","P99-1041.txt\n","D11-1033.txt\n","P09-1057.txt\n","P11-1055.txt\n","P06-1009.txt\n","W02-0603.txt\n","J97-1005.txt\n","W95-0104.txt\n","D07-1076.txt\n","P07-1032.txt\n","P09-1040.txt\n","P10-1110.txt\n","P95-1026.txt\n","P05-2008.txt\n","P06-1124.txt\n","D09-1159.txt\n","C04-1046.txt\n","J01-4004.txt\n","P89-1009.txt\n","P03-1022.txt\n","W97-0802.txt\n","C02-1144.txt\n","J00-4005.txt\n","W03-0425.txt\n","C90-3044.txt\n","P05-1001.txt\n","N06-2013.txt\n","A00-2031.txt\n","E03-1071.txt\n","P83-1020.txt\n","N06-1033.txt\n","W11-1802.txt\n","P84-1018.txt\n","A97-1011.txt\n","P96-1021.txt\n","J91-1002.txt\n","C04-1081.txt\n","P06-1101.txt\n","W05-1506.txt\n","P03-1010.txt\n","C02-1150.txt\n","P05-1018.txt\n","E89-1037.txt\n","P04-1013.txt\n","D10-1115.txt\n","W03-1028.txt\n","E06-1043.txt\n","N04-1043.txt\n","W03-0428.txt\n","J04-2003.txt\n","P04-1077.txt\n","W04-0807.txt\n","P91-1022.txt\n","P93-1016.txt\n","W06-1616.txt\n","E06-1051.txt\n","J03-3002.txt\n","N07-1030.txt\n","P06-1085.txt\n","P95-1050.txt\n","A97-1052.txt\n","N04-4026.txt\n","N07-1038.txt\n","P98-2127.txt\n","W93-0301.txt\n","P05-1057.txt\n","W96-0214.txt\n","J93-3003.txt\n","P01-1008.txt\n","P09-1077.txt\n","D11-1125.txt\n","N10-1019.txt\n","P01-1017.txt\n","W06-3601.txt\n","P93-1032.txt\n","E09-1013.txt\n","W00-1303.txt\n","P06-1011.txt\n","J03-3001.txt\n","W06-2932.txt\n","W03-0405.txt\n","D07-1003.txt\n","P03-1069.txt\n","P10-2041.txt\n","Renaming completed.\n"]}],"source":["import os\n","\n","# Define the path to the target directory\n","target_base_dir = \"/content/drive/MyDrive/RA_Internship/PACSUM/DATASET_PACSUM/dataset/targets\"\n","\n","# Iterate through each file in the target directory\n","for filename in os.listdir(target_base_dir):\n","    print(filename)\n","    # Check if the file name contains \".gold\"\n","    if '.gold' in filename:\n","        # Create the new filename by replacing \".gold\" with an empty string\n","        new_filename = filename.replace('.gold', '')\n","\n","        # Construct the full paths for the old and new filenames\n","        old_file_path = os.path.join(target_base_dir, filename)\n","        new_file_path = os.path.join(target_base_dir, new_filename)\n","\n","        # Rename the file\n","        os.rename(old_file_path, new_file_path)\n","\n","print(\"Renaming completed.\")\n"]}],"metadata":{"colab":{"provenance":[]},"kernelspec":{"display_name":"Python 3","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"name":"python"}},"nbformat":4,"nbformat_minor":0}