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# XNNPACK
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XNNPACK is a highly optimized solution for neural network inference on ARM, x86, WebAssembly, and RISC-V platforms. XNNPACK is not intended for direct use by deep learning practitioners and researchers; instead it provides low-level performance primitives for accelerating high-level machine learning frameworks, such as [TensorFlow Lite](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite), [TensorFlow.js](https://www.tensorflow.org/js), [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/), [ONNX Runtime](https://onnxruntime.ai), and [MediaPipe](https://mediapipe.dev).
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## Supported Architectures
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- ARM64 on Android, iOS, macOS, Linux, and Windows
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- ARMv7 (with NEON) on Android
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- ARMv6 (with VFPv2) on Linux
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- x86 and x86-64 (up to AVX512) on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, and iOS simulator
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- WebAssembly MVP
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- WebAssembly SIMD
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- [WebAssembly Relaxed SIMD](https://github.com/WebAssembly/relaxed-simd) (experimental)
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- RISC-V (RV32GC and RV64GC)
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## Operator Coverage
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XNNPACK implements the following neural network operators:
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- 2D Convolution (including grouped and depthwise)
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- 2D Deconvolution (AKA Transposed Convolution)
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- 2D Average Pooling
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- 2D Max Pooling
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- 2D ArgMax Pooling (Max Pooling + indices)
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- 2D Unpooling
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- 2D Bilinear Resize
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- 2D Depth-to-Space (AKA Pixel Shuffle)
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- Add (including broadcasting, two inputs only)
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- Subtract (including broadcasting)
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- Divide (including broadcasting)
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- Maximum (including broadcasting)
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- Minimum (including broadcasting)
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- Multiply (including broadcasting)
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- Squared Difference (including broadcasting)
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- Global Average Pooling
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- Channel Shuffle
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- Fully Connected
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- Abs (absolute value)
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- Bankers' Rounding (rounding to nearest, ties to even)
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- Ceiling (rounding to integer above)
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- Clamp (includes ReLU and ReLU6)
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- Convert (includes fixed-point and half-precision quantization and
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dequantization)
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- Copy
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- ELU
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- Floor (rounding to integer below)
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- HardSwish
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- Leaky ReLU
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- Negate
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- Sigmoid
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- Softmax
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- Square
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- Tanh
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- Transpose
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- Truncation (rounding to integer towards zero)
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- PReLU
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All operators in XNNPACK support NHWC layout, but additionally allow custom stride along the **C**hannel dimension. Thus, operators can consume a subset of channels in the input tensor, and produce a subset of channels in the output tensor, providing a zero-cost Channel Split and Channel Concatenation operations.
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## Performance
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### Mobile phones
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The table below presents **single-threaded** performance of XNNPACK library on three generations of MobileNet models and three generations of Pixel phones.
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| Model | Pixel, ms | Pixel 2, ms | Pixel 3a, ms |
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| ----------------------- | :-------: | :---------: | :----------: |
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| FP32 MobileNet v1 1.0X | 82 | 86 | 88 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v2 1.0X | 49 | 53 | 55 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Large | 39 | 42 | 44 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Small | 12 | 14 | 14 |
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The following table presents **multi-threaded** (using as many threads as there are big cores) performance of XNNPACK library on three generations of MobileNet models and three generations of Pixel phones.
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| Model | Pixel, ms | Pixel 2, ms | Pixel 3a, ms |
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| ----------------------- | :-------: | :---------: | :----------: |
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| FP32 MobileNet v1 1.0X | 43 | 27 | 46 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v2 1.0X | 26 | 18 | 28 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Large | 22 | 16 | 24 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Small | 7 | 6 | 8 |
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Benchmarked on March 27, 2020 with `end2end_bench --benchmark_min_time=5` on an Android/ARM64 build with Android NDK r21 (`bazel build -c opt --config android_arm64 :end2end_bench`) and neural network models with randomized weights and inputs.
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### Raspberry Pi
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The table below presents **multi-threaded** performance of XNNPACK library on three generations of MobileNet models and three generations of Raspberry Pi boards.
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| Model | RPi Zero W (BCM2835), ms | RPi 2 (BCM2836), ms | RPi 3+ (BCM2837B0), ms | RPi 4 (BCM2711), ms | RPi 4 (BCM2711, ARM64), ms |
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| ----------------------- | :----------------------: | :-----------------: | :--------------------: | :-----------------: | :------------------------: |
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| FP32 MobileNet v1 1.0X | 3919 | 302 | 114 | 72 | 77 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v2 1.0X | 1987 | 191 | 79 | 41 | 46 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Large | 1658 | 161 | 67 | 38 | 40 |
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| FP32 MobileNet v3 Small | 474 | 50 | 22 | 13 | 15 |
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| INT8 MobileNet v1 1.0X | 2589 | 128 | 46 | 29 | 24 |
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| INT8 MobileNet v2 1.0X | 1495 | 82 | 30 | 20 | 17 |
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Benchmarked on Feb 8, 2022 with `end2end-bench --benchmark_min_time=5` on a Raspbian Buster build with CMake (`./scripts/build-local.sh`) and neural network models with randomized weights and inputs. INT8 inference was evaluated on per-channel quantization schema.
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## Minimum build requirements
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- C11
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- C++14
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- Python 3
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## Publications
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- Marat Dukhan "The Indirect Convolution Algorithm". Presented on [Efficient Deep Learning for Compute Vision (ECV) 2019](https://sites.google.com/corp/view/ecv2019/) workshop ([slides](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZayB3By5ZxxQIRtN7UDq_JvPg1IYd3Ac/view), [paper on ArXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02129)).
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- Erich Elsen, Marat Dukhan, Trevor Gale, Karen Simonyan "Fast Sparse ConvNets".
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[Paper on ArXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09723), [pre-trained sparse
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models](https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/fastconvnets).
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- Marat Dukhan, Artsiom Ablavatski "The Two-Pass Softmax Algorithm".
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[Paper on ArXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04438).
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- Yury Pisarchyk, Juhyun Lee "Efficient Memory Management for Deep Neural Net Inference".
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[Paper on ArXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.03288).
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## Ecosystem
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### Machine Learning Frameworks
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- [TensorFlow Lite](https://blog.tensorflow.org/2020/07/accelerating-tensorflow-lite-xnnpack-integration.html).
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- [TensorFlow.js WebAssembly backend](https://blog.tensorflow.org/2020/03/introducing-webassembly-backend-for-tensorflow-js.html).
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- [PyTorch Mobile](https://pytorch.org/mobile).
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- [ONNX Runtime Mobile](https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/execution-providers/Xnnpack-ExecutionProvider.html)
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- [MediaPipe for the Web](https://developers.googleblog.com/2020/01/mediapipe-on-web.html).
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- [Alibaba HALO (Heterogeneity-Aware Lowering and Optimization)](https://github.com/alibaba/heterogeneity-aware-lowering-and-optimization)
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- [Samsung ONE (On-device Neural Engine)](https://github.com/Samsung/ONE)
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## Acknowledgements
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XNNPACK is a based on [QNNPACK](https://github.com/pytorch/QNNPACK) library. Over time its codebase diverged a lot, and XNNPACK API is no longer compatible with QNNPACK.
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